OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Dirigible Plum
## Overview

Dirigible Plums are a possibly magical plant mentioned in connection with the Lovegood family. It is described as resembling an orange radish.

## Extended Description

Dirigible Plums first appear in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, where we see Luna Lovegood wearing them as earrings. Harry, seeing them, wonders why anyone would wear radishes on their ears.
We also see her wearing them numerous times in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. To Harry's relief, she leaves them behind for the Christmas party in Professor Slughorn's rooms.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the Trio see them in Xeno Lovegood's garden, where they are named, for the first time, by a sign that reads:
PICK YOUR OWN MISTLETOE KEEP OFF THE DIRIGIBLE PLUMS
In discussion with Xeno Lovegood, the Trio discover that he is attempting to replicate Rowena Ravenclaw's lost Diadem. This diadem was supposed to give Ravenclaw additional intelligence. One of the components of the Diadem under construction is a Dirigible Plums attached at the forehead, which Xeno explains is to "enhance the ability to accept the unexpected."

## Analysis

One wonders why these fruits would be called "dirigible plums" as "dirigible" implies some sort of ability to set a direction. From the limited description we have, however, we can deduce that like radishes, dirigible plums come to a point. Presumably, their "dirigible" nature is indicative of the fact that, because of this point, they can be given an orientation, a direction.
Xeno's explanation of the use of Dirigible Plums in his recreation of Ravenclaw's Diadem clarifies why Luna is always wearing them as earrings. However, we have already seen that Xeno has unconventional ideas, including belief in the existence of creatures like the Crumple-Horned Snorkack and Nargles, and in magical effects caused by Gnome bites; it is quite likely that Xeno's belief in their effects is just as misplaced.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Draught of Living Death
## Overview

The Draught of Living Death is a powerful sleeping potion.

## Extended Description

The Draught of Living Death brings upon its drinker a very powerful sleep that can last indefinitely. No antidote is mentioned in the books, though presumably there must be one.
This potion is mentioned by Professor Snape in Harry's first-ever Potions lesson. Snape asks Harry what he would get if he were to mix the root of Asphodel and an infusion of Wormwood; Harry, of course, cannot answer.
It is mentioned again in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. In Professor Slughorn's first NEWT Potions class, the class members are called upon to produce the Draught of Living Death. At this point we find that this potion also contains sopophorous bean juice and chopped valerian root, probably among other ingredients.
We do not, of course, learn the full set of ingredients for the Draught at any point. We do learn that the standard instructions do not produce as effective a Draught as is possible. Harry finds that the marginal comments in his textbook specify alterations to the standard formulas. Changes to the Draught of Living Death include crushing the sopophorous bean rather than cutting it, and stirring once clockwise after every seven times counter-clockwise, rather than continuously counter-clockwise. Following the marginal instructions results in Harry getting better results than Hermione, who is of course following the book's instructions precisely.

## Analysis

In the American edition of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Professor Dumbledore, reasoning with Draco Malfoy, says that if Draco chooses to abandon the mission he has been given, Dumbledore can protect him and his family, by making it seem that they are all dead, if necessary. One wonders whether the Draught of Living Death, or some derivative of it, would be involved in such a ruse.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Diricawl
## Overview

The Diricawl is a plump-bodied flightless bird which originated in the Mauritius. It is noticed for its ability to escape danger. It vanishes and then appears elsewhere. With this incredible ability, muggles have been led to think they have hunted it to extinction, but they are wrong. The Muggles call them "dodo".

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Dissendium
## Overview

Dissendium is a single-purpose spell; used on the statue of the hump-backed, one-eyed witch in the third-floor corridor at Hogwarts, it causes her hump to hinge open

## Extended Description

When her hump is open, it reveals the end of a passageway that goes to the basement of Honeyduke's Sweetshop in Hogsmeade. Harry uses this passageway to leave the castle without permission, in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban; the twins have apparently been doing the same for years, as the Marauders did many years before them; and it seems Sirius Black is also using this as a means of getting into the castle.

## Analysis

A certain number of spells seem to have a single use at a single location, much like passwords; rather than being available for general use, they seem to be tied to specific locations or artifacts. Dissendium appears to be one such; similar to Alohomora, the unlocking spell, but tied to this one statue. The Marauder's Map is similarly opened and hidden with passwords that are not, strictly speaking, magical at all, though they have magical effects.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Doxy
## Overview

A Doxy (otherwise known as Biting Fairy) is a small fairy-like creature, covered in hair with two pairs of arms and two pairs of legs. Doxies have two rows of sharp, venomous teeth.

## Extended Description

Doxies are pests; Doxycide, a black liquid that effectively knocks them out, is needed to dispose of them.
Doxies are encountered in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when an infestation of them was found in the curtains of the drawing room at number twelve, Grimmauld Place. Fred and George, who had been hired to help with the spraying, secretly pocketed a large number of Doxy eggs, which were presumably used when developing Skiving Snackboxes for Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes.
In the run-up to the O.W.L. exams in that same book, one of the students, named Howard Dingle but otherwise unseen, claims to have powdered Dragon claw available for sale. Hermione, who is a Prefect, confiscates and examines it, and finds it to be dried Doxy droppings.
From a throw-away comment by Aberforth Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, "They'd be on you like Bowtruckles on Doxy eggs," we surmise that Doxy eggs are a favoured food for Bowtruckles, when they can find them. Doxy eggs are apparently hard to find.

## Analysis

Doxies are not described in the books; though Harry sees them quite close to and actually has to spray one of them that is headed for his face, the author does not go into detail as to what he sees. This description is courtesy Magical Beasts and Where to Find Them, by "Newt Scamander".

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Disillusionment
## Summary

The Disillusionment Charm allows you to either become temporarily invisible or temporarily unnoticable, depending on how well it is cast.

## Extended Description

The Disillusionment Charm makes you blend in with your surroundings to a certain extent; depending on how well it is cast, it can make you nearly invisible.
Mad-Eye Moody casts this charm on Harry in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when he and the Advance Guard are transporting Harry to the Headquarters of the Order.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, we learn that many Invisibility Cloaks are made by casting Disillusionment Charms over ordinary traveling cloaks. A number of other techniques are used as well. None of these techniques are perfect; physical and spell damage, or simple age, will cause them to fail.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Dittany
## Overview

Dittany is a plant that was spoken of in the reference One Thousand Magical Herbs and Fungi. In this passage it is said that many believe dittany to have magical powers.

## Extended Description

Dittany is first mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone; Harry, on his Easter holiday, looking it up as part of his studying. No mention of its properties or uses are made at this time.
Not much mention is made of Dittany until Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. There, when Harry uses the Sectumsempra curse on Malfoy, Professor Snape says that he will use Dittany on Malfoy's closed wounds to avoid scarring.
Dittany is used extensively on wounds in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, starting with the occasion when Ron loses a piece of his arm through being Splinched.

## Analysis

Dittany is a real herb; the name refers to two different species, White Dittany Dictamnus albus and Dittany of Crete Origanum dictamnus. Both plants have medicinal value against digestive ills, and White Dittany also secretes an oil which has some anti-inflammatory properties.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6
## Contents
### Authors

    Contributors to this book

### Front matter

    Initial remarks

### Intro

    Installing and using Python – where to get help

### Hello, World

    The famous first program – screen output – numbers and calculations

### Who Goes There?

    Interactive input – strings

### Count to 10

    while loops

### Decisions

    if statements

### Debugging

    Finding out what goes wrong

### Defining Functions

    Structuring programs with the use of functions

### Advanced Functions Example

    (Almost) mind-blowing example of how programmers can think

### Lists

    Variables containing more than one value

### For Loops

    A second kind of loop

### Boolean Expressions

    Computer logic – true and false – and and or – not

### Dictionaries

    Variables containing key/value pairs

### Using Modules

    Extensions to the standard set of functionality

### More on Lists

    Using elements or parts of lists

### Revenge of the Strings

    Advanced text manipulation

### File IO

    Reading from files and writing to files

### Dealing with the imperfect

    How to handle errors

### The End

    How to go further

### FAQ

    Some frequently asked questions
# Nomenclatural Citations/Taxons
## Overview of current descriptions

This page gives an overview of the present content.

## A

* Agaricus adirondackensis
* Agaricus albo-flavidus
* Agaricus americanus
* Agaricus carnosior
* Albugo chardiniae
* Allium scorodoprasum
* Apiothyrium
* Apiothyrium arcticum
* Ascochyta vindobonensis
* Ascochytella astragalina
* Asteromella inulae
* Asteromella pistaciarum
* Asteromella velata
* Astyanax endy

## B

* Bacillus bataviensis
* Bacillus drentensis
* Bacillus novalis
* Bacillus odysseyi
* Bacillus soli
* Bacillus vireti
* Bordetella ansorpii
* Briardia hydrophila

## C

* Caeoma saxifragae-aquaticae
* Camarosporium smilacicolum
* Cenangium strasseri
* Chaetopiospora
* Collostroma
* Collostroma gelatinosum
* Coniothyrium asperulum
* Coniothyrium iranicum
* Cyclotella desikacharyi
* Cyclura lewisi
* Cymbothyrium
* Cymbothyrium sudans

## D

* Deightonia
* Deightonia rhombispora
* Didymella syriaca
* Diplodiella anatolica
* Diplodina pannonica
* Dolosicoccus
* Dolosicoccus paucivorans
* Dothiorella sileris

## E

* Erioderma confusum
* Erioderma coriaceum
* Erioderma pellitum
* Erioderma reticulatum
* Eriosporopsis
* Eriosporopsis albida
* Erysipelothrix inopinata
* Erysipelotrichaceae

## G

* Gloniopsis buxi
* Grateloupia huertana

## H

* Hemisphaeropsis
* Hemisphaeropsis magnoliae
* Hendersonia dactylonis

## I

* Impatiens psittacina

## L

* Lactobacillus paracollinoides
* Lecidea circinarioides
* Leptopeltina
* Leptopeltopsis
* Leptopeltopsis nebulosa

## M

* Methanocalculus chunghsingensis
* Microcetus
* Microcetus lappus
* Moeszopeltis
* Moeszopeltis gragaria
* Mycosphaerella clematidina
* Mycosphaerella dictamni
* Mycosphaerella insulana
* Mycosphaerella taeniographoides
* Mycrothyrium pyrenaicum
* Myoictis leucura

## N

* Nannfeldtia
* Nannfeldtia atra
* Neobroomella
* Neobroomella ciliata
* Neogibbera
* Neogibbera sinensis
* Neosphaeropsis iranica
* Nocardia asiatica
* Nocardioides aquiterrae

## O

* Ocellariella

## P

* Paenibacillus favisporus
* Parasphaeropsideae
* Phaeochorella zonata
* Phomachorella
* Phomachorella parinarii
* Phyllosticta diedickei
* Placostromella
* Placostromella macrospora
* Plenodomus haematites
* Plenodomus syriacus
* Pseudonocardia chloroethenivorans
* Puccinia achilleicola
* Puccinia ankarensis
* Puccinia cardui-carlinoidis
* Puccinia garhadioli
* Pycnodermella
* Pyrenopeziza capsulicola

## R

* Rhodosticta coluteae

## S

* Selenophoma proximella
* Septoria acericola
* Septoria karelii
* Septoria sileris
* Septoria sleumeri
* Septoria vindobonensis
* Siphulella
* Sirodomus
* Stegophorella
* Stegophorella lagerheimii
* Stephanothecaceae
* Streptomyces yeochonensis

## T

* Thryptospora
* Thryptospora singularis
* Tsukamurella strandjordae
* Tuberculina hyalospora

## U

* Ustilago sleumeri

## W

* Williamsia maris

## X

* Xenodimerium
* Xenodimerium mycophilum
* Xenomeris alpina
# Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/Authors
## Josh Cogliati

    User:Jrincayc, jjcogliati-jan2007 AT yahoo.com

### Contributors

* Kiah Morante (User:greenmanwitch)
* Elizabeth Cogliati
* James A. Brown
* Joe Oppegaard
* Benjamin Hell (User:Siebengang)
# OCaml

OCaml is a powerful programming language from the functional programming family. Its main strengths are ease of use and type safety.
This book aims at being an introduction to functional programming with OCaml (or 'Objective Caml').
For learning more about the OCaml language and how it is linked to other languages, don't hesitate to read Wikipedia's article about OCaml.

# Contents
## Beginner Level

* Introduction
* Getting Started
* Basics of Programming
* Lists
* Arrays
* Types
* Functions
* Operators
* Higher-order functions
* Abstract Data Types
* Modules

## Intermediate Level

* Type Inference
* Functors
* GADTs
* Data structures
* Exceptions
* The Standard Library
* The Containers Library

## Advanced Level

* Monads

## Further reading

* F Sharp Programming
# OCaml/Bases
## Installing OCaml
### Unix

Most Linux distributions have OCaml in their repositories; it is usually named ocaml. It's also in the ports of FreeBSD, OpenBSD and NetBSD. You can also download the source from here. See the README and INSTALL files for instructions on how to build OCaml.

### Windows

The most recent Windows binaries for OCaml can be installed from here.

## The Toplevel

After successful installation, open a terminal and execute ocaml. You are now in the Toplevel, an environment for interactively evaluation of Ocaml expressions and definitions, such as the following one.
;; ends an expression.
# OC Photography Program/The Masters
## The masters

Yahoo and Google are good places to search for these names; you can find a lot about these photographers there.

## Early Pioneers

* Nicéphore Niépce (1765-1833)
* Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877)
* David Octavius Hill (1802-1870)
* Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)
* Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon) (1820–1910)
* Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)
* Jacob Riis (1849-1914)
* w:Roger Fenton (1819-1869)
* w:Mathew_Brady (1823-96)
* Timothy O'Sullivan (1840-1882)
* Eugène Atget (1857-1927)

## Modern Classics

* Lewis Hine (1874-1940)
* Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946)
* Edward Steichen (1879-1973)
* Edward Weston (1886-1958)
* Man Ray (1890-1976)
* Alexander Rodchenko (1891-1956)
* Jacques Henri Lartigue (1894-1986)
* André Kertész (1894-1985)
* Wegee (Arthur H. Fellig) (1899-1968)
* Ansel Adams (1902-1984)
* Frederick Sommers (1905-1999)
* August Sander (1876-1964)
* Karl Blossfeldt (1865-1932)
* Horst P. Horst (1906-1999)
* Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004)
* Yousuf Karsh (1908-2002)
* Robert Doisneau (1912-1994)
* Robert Capa (1913-1954)
* W. Eugene Smith (1918-1978)
* The Farm Security Administration photographers (Listed on the Wikipedia Farm Security Administration page)
* Walker Evans (1903-1975)
* Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)
* Minor White (1908-1976)
* Vivian Maier (1926-2009)

## Contemporary Masters

* Richard Avedon (1923-2004)
* William Klein (1928-)
* Ralph Gibson (1939)
* Josef Koudelka (1938-)
* Sebastião Salgado (1944-)
* Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-1989)
* Michael Kenna (1953-)
* Helmut Newton (1920-2004)
* Diane Arbus(1923-1971)
* Robert Frank (1924-)
* Robert Heinecken (1931-2006)
* Duane Michals (1932-)
* Franco Fontana (1933-)
* David Hockney (1937-)
* William Eggleston(1939-)
* Joel-Peter Witkin (1939-)
* William Wegman (1943-)
* Jeff Wall (1946-)
* Sandy Skoglund (1946-)
* Stephen Shore (1947-)
* Bernard Faucon (1950-)
* Nan Goldin (1953-)
* Philip-Lorca diCorcia (1953-)
* Cindy Sherman (1954-)
* Augusto De Luca (1955-)
* Andreas Gursky (1955-)
# Object Oriented Programming/Properties

Properties in OOP are also able to be looked at as functions, a property houses a function that can have its procedures or variables altered without directly going to the code and editing it. A property can be changed or updated based on user input which allows for a lot of user-interactive programs and applications.'
In Python, the property keyword allows you to define getter, setter, and deleter methods for class attributes, making them act like properties. This enables you to control the access and modification of class attributes while providing a clean interface for external code. In example , we use the @property decorator to create getter methods for each attribute, allowing us to access these attributes using obj.attribute1
sss

## See also

* Wikipedia:Property(programming)
* Python Programming/Classes
# Class Methods

If you are familiar with regular functional programming, then you are well acquainted with functions. For those who do not know(or forgot), a function is a block of code that executes a specific task when called by the program. Class methods are nearly identical to functions in practical use, but there are a few key differences. A method is a function that belongs to its class. Methods, assuming that they are dynamic and not static, can access properties as well as other methods that belong to its class. Methods can also be called manually by the user of the class, assuming it's a public and not a private method, once it has been instantiated. Below is an example of what the use of class methods can look like.

# Example 1
## Main.py

In the example above, a method called squared will take the value of self.value and multiply it by itself. Here, the method is public so it is able to be called by Main.py.

# Example 2
## Main.py

In this example, we call the method squared but then that method calls another method add_ten. Just like functions, methods can be called within other methods. Now, you should be able to see the functionality of methods inside of their classes.

## See also

* Wikipedia:Method(Computer programming)
* Python Programming/Classes

## YouTube tutorials

* Special (Dunder/Magic) Methods
# Object Oriented Programming/Interfaces?

Interfaces?

## See Also?

* Wikipedia:Interface_(computing)?
* Python Programming/GUI Programming?
# Object Oriented Programming/Messages, Protocols and Dispatch
## Delegation
### Virtualization and Polymorphism

Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form, that is one name, multiple forms. In oops, an operation may exhibit different behaviour in different instances. The concept of polymorphism is implemented using function overloading and operator overloading.
# Object Oriented Programming/Private vs Public

Private vs. Public

## See also

* Wikipedia:Class(computer programming)
* Programming Fundamentals/encapsulation
# Opticks Developer Guide/Overview

Opticks supports processing almost any type of remote sensing data and makes adding capability easy. Using the plug-in architecture and public interface, you can quickly add your own processing algorithms or support for new types of remote sensing data. The plug-in architecture and public interface enable hundreds of developers to extend the capabilities of Opticks while minimizing conflicts. Opticks is also open source and licensed under LGPL 2.1. This means you can easily extend Opticks functionality, provide the capability to the open source community, or even embed it in your commercial application.
Opticks development features:
* Extensive API. Hundreds of classes with hyper-linked documentation. See the Opticks 4.1.1 API.
* LGPL v2.1 license. This license allows any plug-ins that you write to be placed under your own license, be it a commercial or open-source.
* Large development community. Over a hundred developers and twenty organizations are already developing with Opticks.
* Native Opticks functionality built using the public API. Over 150 plug-ins included in the core software.
* Software development help using the developer mailing list and mailing list archives. Ask questions of the project team members and get your development questions answered.
* Access to the full source code. Access to the Opticks source code isn't necessary to start building your own plug-ins. However, the source code is available if you want to extend the core capability or need help understanding Opticks. The source code is available on the downloads page.
Visit the Opticks site for more information: http://www.opticks.org
# Optics

All help is welcome.

## Optics

about this book

## Contents

* Light
** Nature of light
*** Waves
*** Evidence for wave properties of light
*** Evidence for light as a stream of particles
** Features of a wave
* Propagation of light
** Fermat's Principle
** Refraction
** Total internal reflection
* Fibre optics
* Images
** Images
*** Real images
*** Virtual images
** Curved mirrors
** The mirror equation
* Lenses
** Introduction
** Refraction at a spherical interface
** A lens
*** Locating the image
*** The lensmaker’s equation
*** Converging and diverging lenses
* Optical instruments using lenses
** Single-lens systems
*** A magnifying glass
** Compound optical systems
** The refracting telescope
* Interference and diffraction
** Wave phenomena
** Huygens’ Principle
*** Introduction
*** Interference
*** Diffraction
** Summary of formulas in this chapter
* Small angle approximation
** Small angle approximation
* Derivations for the Module 7 exam
** Derivations for the Module 7 exam
X-ray optics
Authors

## External Resources

* Diffractive optics papers and patents.
* Also available and news and events.
* Gradient-index optics reviews, theory and ideas
# Optics/Evidence for light as a stream of particles

Light is the thing we define as the visible part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves.
With the help of the impulse of a particle and the impulse of a(n) (electromagnetic) wave, evidence for light being a stream of particles and vice versa can be found.
The impulse/momentum of a "normal particle" is defined as:
$p({\text{particle}})=mv$
A scientist named Louis de Broglie found that the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave can be approached with planck's constant and the impulse of the waves. The formula looks like this:
$\lambda ={h \over p}$
or
$p({\text{EM}})={h \over \lambda }$
Applying $p=mv$, we get:
$\lambda ={h \over {mv}}$
Rearranging the above equation, we have:
${h \over \lambda }=mv$
Which is equivalent to:
$p({\text{EM}})=p({\text{particle}})$
Therefore, we conclude that an electromagnetic wave is just a stream of particles and vice-versa.