OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Indonesian Philosophy/Preface

    "Indonesian Philosophy is generic designation for tradition of abstract speculation held by the people who inhabit the region now known as Indonesia. Indonesian philosophy is expressed in living languages found in Indonesia (approximately 587 languages) and its national language Bahasa Indonesia, comprising many diverse schools of thought receiving influences of Eastern and Western origins, besides its indigenous, original philosophical theme."
       — Wikipedia:Indonesian philosophy
This book introduces some philosophical themes occurring in Indonesian philosophical discussions and discourses. For the last two centuries, the ethnic group philosophies has been studied partially by some Western researchers (especially the Dutch ones). There are Javanese, Buginese, Batak, Minangkabau, or Balinese philosophies to be studied, but there is no effort to integrate them into a certain philosophy named with its regional origin, like what the philosophy historians call 'Western philosophy', 'Indian philosophy', or 'Chinese philosophy'. It has been high time to integrate all the ethnic philosophies into an 'Indonesian philosophy' nowadays. This is what this book engages: it integrates them into a particular philosophy called 'Indonesian philosophy'.
Readers will find it 'amazing' when seeing some elements of Indian, Persian, Arabian, and Western origin in some contents of the Indonesian philosophy, since Indonesian philosophers accept all the influence of the foreign philosophies of the foreign origin without being confused or cultural shock. This is the open-mindedness of Indonesians that make all these live in harmony. Pluralism, besides being the social fact, is the intellectual richness of Indonesia that Indonesians may be proud of.
# Introduction to Information Literacy in the K12 Classroom
## Table of Contents

    Forward
    Contributors
* Introduction to Information Literacy in the Digital Age
** A Brief History of Literacy
** A Brief Introduction to Information Literacy
** An Introduction to Information Literacy Competencies for Digital Learners
** Links for teachers
* Information Literacy Models
* Information Literacy Theories
* Information Literacy and English Language Learners (ELL)
** English Language Learners Background Information
* nformation Literacy and Differentiation
* Information Literacy and Technology Tools
** Blogs
** Open Source Software
** Photo Sharing
** Skype
** Twitter
* Information Literacy and the Application of Technology Tools
** Library Resources
* Information Literacy Standards for Student Learning
* Introduction to Information Literacy and Safety
* Information Literacy in the Digital Age Lesson Ideas
# Pinyin/Chemistry

Chemistry is a fundamental natural science subject that study the characteristics, compositions, structures and laws of change of substances. The subject of chemistry study involves the interactions between substances or the interactions between matters and energy. Traditional chemistry always involves the contact and changes of two substances, that is chemical reaction, or is a process of a substance changing into another substance. These changes sometimes need electromagnetism, in which electromagnetism is involved in triggering chemical actions. But sometimes chemistry needs not to be involved in reactions between substances. Spectroscopy studys the relationships between substances and light, and these relationships do not involve chemical reactions.
Huàxué shì yīmén yánjiū wùzhí de xìngzhì, zǔchéng, jiégòu, yǐjí biànhuà guīlǜ de jīchǔ zìrán kēxué. Huàxué yánjiū de duìxiàng shèjí wùzhì zhījiān de xiānghù guānxì, huò wùzhì hé néngliàng zhījiān de guānlián. Chuántǒng de huàxué chángcháng dōu shì guānyú liǎng zhǒng wùzhì jiēchù, biànhuà, yějiùshì huàxué fǎnyìng, yòu huòzhě shì yīzhǒng wùzhì biànchéng lìngyī zhǒng wùzhì de guòchéng. Zhèxiē biànhuà yǒushí huì xūyào shǐyòng diàncíbō, dāngzhōng diàncíbō fùzé jīfā huàxué zuòyòng. Bùguò yǒushí huàxué dōu bù yīdìng yào guānyú wùzhì zhījiān de fǎnyìng. Guāngpǔxué yánjiū wùzhì yǔ guāng zhījiān de guānxì, ér zhèxiē guānxì bìngbù shèjí huàxué fǎnyìng.
# Pinyin/Cherry

See also
A cherry is a roundish small piece of fruit with a core inside. Its color varies from pale yellow to red or purple and even nearly black.
Yīngtáo shì yǒu hér de yuánxíng xìxiǎo shuǐguǒ. Yǒu bùtóng de yánsè, cóng qiǎnhuáng zhì hóngsè huò zǐsè, shènzhì jiējìn hēisè.
# Pinyin/Checkpoint

See also
# Pinyin/Chengdu

Chengdu is the capital of Sichuan province of China. It is a sub-provincial city. It is situated inland of China in Chengdu plain of the west of Sichuan basin. It is an important core city in the central of China. It is the logistic, commercial, financial, technological, cultural, educational, transportational and communicational center in the southwest region of China. It has 2,300 years of recorded history. It is situated in Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone, which is the largest economic zone in the west of China. It has an area of 12,000km2+, with a population of 14,000,000+.
Cherngdu shih ZG Sihchuan Sheeng d sheenghuih. ta shih fuhsheengjir cherngshi. ta weihyur ZG neihluh d Sihchuan Perndih xibuh d Cherngdu Pirngyuarn. ta shih ZG zhongbuh zhohngyaoh d zhongxin cherngshih. ta shih ZG xinarn dihqu wuhliur, shangmaoh, jinrorng, kejih, werhuah. jiaohyuh, jiaotong, tongxihn zhongxin. ta yoou 2300-duo niarn yoou jihzaai d lihshii. ta suoozaih d Cherngdu-Chorngqihng Jingjihqu shih ZG xibuh zuihdah d jingjihqu. ta d miahnji 1'2000km2+, rernkoou 1400'0000+.
# Pinyin/Chemotherapy

See also
# Dell Inspiron 8000
## CPU

* CPU: Pentium 3 1GHz

## Memory

* Memory: 256MB
* Memory Type:

## Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia GeForce 2 Go (32Mb)
* Screen Size:
* Maximum Screen Resolution: 1400 * 1240

## Audio

* Audio Chipset:

## Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Dell Inspiron 8100
## CPU

* CPU: Pentium 3M 1.13GHz

## Memory

* Memory: 256MB
* Memory Type:

## Video Graphics Display

* Video Graphics Chipset: Nvidia GeForce 2 Go (32Mb)
* Screen Size:
* Maximum Screen Resolution:

## Audio

* Audio Chipset:

## Pointing Device

* Pointing Device Type: Touchpad
# Laptop Computer Models/Clevo

    Clevo D470K
    Clevo D900T
    Clevo D901C
    Clevo M555N
# Irish/Reference/Alphabet

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies

## Alphabet | An Aibítir

Modern Irish uses the Latin alphabet. The basic alphabet consists of 18 letters:
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u
Variations of a, e, i, o and u written with an acute accent (Irish: Síneadh fada or just fada for short) also exist in Irish. They denote both a longer pronunciation and a different vowel quality:
Á á, É é, Í í, Ó ó, Ú ú
There are, however, some instances where letters outside the normal 18 letter alphabet are used. An example of this would be the Irish word for "zoo" which is "zú" even though the Irish alphabet lacks a letter Z. "Sú" means juice so it would not be possible to translate "zoo" with the letter S.
In addition to these letters others are used in words borrowed from other languages. The letters are usually called by their English names, except that the letter a is called "ah". The names of the vowels with accents take the formula "name of vowel" + "fada, thus the name "Ciarán would be spelled out loud as "C, I, A, R, A-fada, N".

## Older Writing Systems
### Ogham

The oldest known Irish writing uses Ogham, an early alphabet that resembles tally marks. For more information, see the Wikipedia article on Ogham. Ogham is interesting culturally but not relevant for most modern Irish students.

### Gaelic Type

From the 16th century until the end of the 1940s, most Irish language books were printed in what is now known as Gaelic Type. This was a font based on the handwritten letters found in medieval manuscripts. There were very few books published in Irish until the Irish Language Revival started in the late 19th/early 20th Century.
Gaelic Type used special marks to indicate sounds that were not well represented with Roman letters. These included the punctum delens, a dot over a consonant letter, such as ċ or ġ, to indicate a séimhiú. Eventually these fonts were replaced by Latin fonts for practical reasons, and the punctum delens was replaced by a 'h' after the consonant.
The Gaelic script is still used decoratively. With the ease of use of true type fonts on PCs the old fonts, known as "seanchló" (Old Type) or Cló Gaelach (Gaelic Type) have undergone a renaissance.

#### The Old Spelling and Punctum Delens | An Seanlitriú agus an Ponc Séimhithe

The Gaelic typeface and punctum delens are strongly linked with the older spelling, which was less phonetic than the spelling we use today, and more about being historically correct. Thus, it was cluttered with mute letters. Modern spelling can be used with the Gaelic typeface and punctum delens, but this is extremely rare - mostly you can count on all books in Gaelic type being in the old spelling. In fact, there seems to be just one book around printed in Gaelic type with punctum delens, but using a modern spelling - Niall Ó Dónaill's Na Glúnta Rosannacha.
# Irish/Dictionaries

Dictionary resources (at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies) This page is a soft redirect.
# Irish/History

History of the Irish Language (at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies) This page is a soft redirect.
# Irish/Prefixes

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies
As in many other languages, Irish adds prefixes (réimíreanna) to words to create new words. If you become familiar with the prefixes below, you may double your vocabulary!
Note that some prefixes are separated from the base word by a hyphen, and some prefixes cause lenition.
| prefix | meaning | examples |
| ain- | negation (in-, un-, not-) over- | ceart (right) becomes aincheart (unjust). fios (knowledge) becomes ainfhiosracht (overcurious). |
| an- | very | maith (good) becomes an-mhaith (very good). |
| ard- | high, arch- | rí (king) becomes ardrí (high king). deagánach (deacon) becomes ard-deagánach (arch-deacon). |
| ath- | re- | déan (do, make) becomes athdéan (redo, remake). |
| ban- | female (-ess, -ix) | údar (author) becomes banúdar (authoress). |
| breac- |
| ceann- | chief, main -headed | litir (letter) becomes ceannlitir (capital letter). |
| comh- | mutual, joint | ceol (music) becomes comhcheol (harmony). |
| dea- | good, well | scéal (news, story) becomes dea-scéal (piece of good news). |
| dearg- | red-, real, utter | gráin (hatred) becomes dearg-ghráin (intense hatred). |
| dé- | bi-, di-, two- | taobh (side) becomes déthaobhach (bilateral). |
| di- | de-, dis-, in-, un- | scéal (news, story) becomes díscéil (uninformative). |
| do- | in-, un-, not- | déanta (done, complete) becomes dodhéanta (impossible, hard to do), |
| droch- |
| dú- |
| for- | overly, more than pro- (in various senses) | daonna (human) becomes fordaonna (superhuman). dubh (dark, black) becomes fordhubh (gloomy). ainm (noun) becomes forainm (pronoun). |
| gar- | near; rough, approximate great- or grand- (for relations) | amharc (sight, view) becomes gar-amharc (close-up). meastachán (estimate) becomes garmheastachán (rough estimate) uncail (uncle) becomes garuncail (grand-uncle). |
| il- | many, multi- | eochair (key) becomes ileochair (master key). |
| in- | capable of | creidte (believed) becomes inchreidte (believable). |
| iar- |
| íos- |
| lán- | total | cead (permission) becomes lánchead (full permission). |
| leath- |
| meán- |
| mí- |
| mion- | small, micro- | insint (telling) becomes mioninsint (detailed report). |
| neamh- |
| oir- |
| os- |
| príomh- | of importance, main focus | cathair (city) becomes príomhchathair (capital city) |
| réamh- | pre-, preliminary | feiceáil (seeing) becomes reamhfheiceáil (foresight). |
| ró- | over- | minic (often) becomes rómhinic (too often). |
| sár- | exceeding, ultra- | riail (rule) becomes sár-riail (golden rule). |
| sean- |
| so- | easy | briste (broken) becomes sobhriste (fragile, easily broken). |
# Irish/Question Formation

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies
Just as in English, most questions in Irish are formed using special words and constructions. article gives a comprehensive overview of Irish question formation, question words, and other grammatical and syntactical topics related to asking questions in Irish.

## The Interrogative Copula

Text

## Is and Ta

Text

## Question Words

Text

## Answering Questions

Text
# Irish/Other Resources

Other Irish language resources (at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies) This page is a soft redirect.
# Irish/Reference

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies
# Irish/Reference/Dialects

Lessons
Unit One: 1 2 3 4
Unit Two: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Unit Three: Lesson Index
Language Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation - Grammar
Wikiversity
More Irish language resources can be found at Wikiversity's Department of Irish Studies

## Overview

Considering the small size of the country, the number of different dialects of the Irish language is quite astonishing. From Dún na nGall to Corca Dhuibhne, different versions of this beautiful language are to be heard. The difference can sometimes be so great that someone from Galway may have difficulty understanding someone from Donegal or West Kerry.

## Dialects
### Munster Irish/Gaolainn

I will get around to doing this up as soon as I can but for now, the Wikipedia article is very detailed and is a great learning resource. Munster Irish

### Connacht(Galway) Irish/Gaeilge na Gaillimhe

Once again, the Wikipedia article is very well written and is a good resource for now. Connacht Irish
# Lingua Franca Nova/8
## Vole, pote, e debe

La xica pote dansa.
El vole dansa con la xico.
La xica demanda ce la xico dansa con el.
El fa ce la xico dansa!
La xico debe studia la dansa.
La xica pote instrui el.
La instrui es un labora!
La xico vole besa la xica.
Esce la xica permete ce la xico besa el?
Si, el permete la besa.
La xico va selebra!

## Ta

< Lingua_Franca_Nova/7
> Lingua_Franca_Nova/9
# Lingua Franca Nova/7
## E e o

Cual es tua opina?
Esce tu valua lingua franca nova per comunica internasional?
O esce tu valua engles o un otra lingua natural o creada?
Per multe persones, incluinte los ci parla engles, engles no es fasil e la spele es noncoerente.
Lfn es vera coerente, ma no pare tro artifisial.
Donce, lfn es fasil per cada person.
Vera, lfn es plu fasil per parlores de linguas romanica.
* Me parla engles e franses.
* Tu pote aprende o deutx o espaniol en esta anio en scola, ma no ambos.
* No me e no tu pote parla xines.
* Si tu vole aprende lingua franca nova, alora me vole aprende lo ance.
* La radio de Joan es sola per Joan.
* Esta canta es par Maria, ci canta el con Eva.
* Me es contra la gera, sin duta.
* Me crede esta car me crede a pas.
* Me come la come de matina pos cuando me bani me e ante cuando me vade a mea ofisia.
* Joan es triste de cuando sua can mori.
* El va es triste asta cuando el va compra un otra can.
* La ruido ia continua en cuando los ia atenta oia la musica.
* Nos aprende engles afin nos pote leje Shakespeare.
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/6
> Lingua_Franca_Nova/8
# Lingua Franca Nova/9
## La casa

La familia Grapa abita en un casa grande. Prima, nos entra tra un porte duple. La sofito de la salon es alta. A fas de la entra es un foco en la ximine. Nos pasea sur un tapeto mol a un scalera a supra. La sala de dormi de senior e seniora Grapa es vera lusosa. La leto ave telones e cuxines de seda e la fenetras ave cortinas rica. Esta fenetras abri a un balcon con un vista de la jardin. La otra salas es ance bela. Lo es clar: La Grapas ave multe mone!
Me? Me abita en un aparte peti. Lo ave sola un sala, cual es la salon, la sala de come, la cosina, e mea sala de dormi ance. Mea vestes es en un sesto en un angulo, e mea telefon pende sur la mur. Me no ave spasio sufisinte per un portaflor. Cisa me va move mea casa a un saleta de la Grapas!
Un casa simple: No tro grande, no tro peti.
Como "portacandela" e "portaflor" es...
portafolio
portajoala
portamoneta
portapen
portasene
portasigareta
portaspino
Como "parapluve" e "parasol" es...
paracolpa
parafango
parafoco
paralampa
paralampo
paravento
paraxoca
Como "gardaroba" es...
gardacomeda
gardacosta
gardaxasa
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/8
> Lingua_Franca_Nova/10
# Lingua Franca Nova/6
## Cualias

Per crea un ajetivo de un verbo:
* La om pinti la casa
* Cual om? → la om ci pinti la casa → la om pintinte
* Cual casa? → la casa cual la om pinti → la casa pintida
Per crea un frase pasiva:
* La casa es pintida par la om.
* La casa es pintida.
* Lo ia es pintida ier.
* Lo va es pintida doman.
O tu pote dise...
* Algun pinti la casa.
* On ia pinti la casa.
* Algun va pinti la casa.
Per crea un frase continuante:
* La om es pintinte cada dia.
* La om es pintinte.
* El ia es pintinte ier.
* El va es pintinte doman.
O tu pote dise...
* El continua pinti.
* El ia continua pinti.
* El va continua pinti.
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/5
> Lingua_Franca_Nova/7
# Lingua Franca Nova/5
## Demandas

Tu parla lingua franca nova?
    Si, me parla lo.
Esce tu parla multe linguas?
    Si, me parla multe linguas.
Tu parla cuanto linguas?
    Me parla tre linguas.
Tu parla cual linguas?
    Me parla engles, franses, e lingua franca nova.
Do tu parla lingua franca nova?
    Me parla elefen a la interede.
Cuando tu parla lingua franca nova?
    Me parla elefen a la interede cuando me ave tempo libre.
Tu parla con ci?
    Me parla con mea amis.
Perce tu parla elefen?
    Me parla elefen car lo es divertente.
    Me parla lo afin me pote parla con mea amis.
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/4
> Lingua_Franca_Nova/6
# Lingua Franca Nova/4
## La pasada e la futur

A esta sera Peter va encontra Maria.
Aora Peter es nervosa.
Peter pensa ce el pote surprende Maria.
A la anio ante esta anio, Peter ia aprende jua la gitar.
Esce Maria va gusta escuta cuando el jua la gitar?
Esce Maria va gusta ce Peter jua la gitar per el?
Posible Maria va vole dansa en cuando el jua la gitar.
Aora el no sabe, ma doman el va sabe plu ca oji.
Ma la espeta es difisil, e Peter deveni plu rapida vea oji ca ier.
Ier Peter no ia es nervosa.
Tu es joven.
Me es vea.
Me ia es joven.
Tu va es vea.
Tota de nos ia es joven en la pasada.
Tota de nos va es vea en la futur.
Nota de pronunsia:
ia es pronunsiada como |yah|
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/3
> Lingua_Franca_Nova/5
# Lingua Franca Nova/s1

La padre es la sposo de la madre.
La fia es la sore de la fio.
La madre e la padre e la enfantes es la familia.
On ave tre enfantes.
La padre es un om.
La madre es un fem.
Retorna
# Lingua Franca Nova/3

Disionario (LFN-Engles)

## Atas

La fio core.
El core a la gato.
La fia salta.
El salta supra la can.
La om senta.
La fem sta.
La om vea pasea.
El pasea a sua seja.
La fem vea dormi.
El dormi en sua leto.

## Core

En elefen, la verbo no cambia:

## Plu frases

La om ariva a la casa.
La can entra la casa
La fia core sirca la leto
La gato sorti la casa
La fem rola tra sua leto
La fio para contra la fia
La fio dona la gato a la fia.
El prende esta de el.
El lasa la gato cade.
La gato cade.
El recolie la gato.
< Lingua_Franca_Nova/2
> Lingua_Franca_Nova/4
# Literary Criticism/Reading Novels

| ←Reading as a Literary Critic | Literary Criticism Reading Novels | Reading Plays→ |
Develop a sensitivity to the 'voice' telling the story. From whose perspective is the story being told? Is there a first person narrator? How does the way in which he or she describes events reflect his or her perspective and attitudes, and is his or her narration 'reliable'? If the story is told in the third person, does it focus on describing the thoughts and feelings of one character, does it only describe external actions, or does the author allow us to 'see inside' the thoughts of many different characters?
You must be able to visualize the 'flow' of a story, understanding where the character(s) go, where events happen, how the characters and the plot develop, and the themes within the story.
It is helpful to construct a flow chart after reading showing prominent characters, where they go, what happens to them, how they change (for this you must look very carefully at their actions and dialogue and ask yourself 'Is that what they would have done/said at a previous point in the story?), and what events caused that change.
The most important thing to read for is character development, where you analyze characters to see how they have changed over the course of the story.
# Literary Criticism/Preface

| Literary Criticism Preface | Introduction→ |
This is the Wiki-Textbook on Literary Criticism. Feel free to contribute!
# Literary Criticism/Shakespeare Statistics

| ←Comparison Exercises | Literary Criticism Shakespeare Statistics | Glossary→ |
Shakespeare Statistics :
| Longest Play | Hamlet: 4024 lines |
| Shortest Play | Comedy of Errors: 1786 lines |
| Longest Leading Role | Hamlet: 1495 lines |
| Shortest Leading Role | Bottom, A Midsummer NIght's Dream: 261 lines |
| Longest Female Role | Cleopatra, Antony and Cleopatra, 686 lines |
| Bloodiest Play | Titus Andronicus: 14 characters die; one every 180 lines |
| Plays in which men are disguised as women or women as men | 6: A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, Cymbeline, Merchant of Venice, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Twelfth Night |
| Character who appears in most plays | Several characters appear in four plays: Mistress Quickly, Bardolph, Pistol, and Nym all appear in both parts of Henry IV, Henry V, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and Henry V's brothers the Dukes of Bedford and Gloucester appear in both parts (Bedford) or only one part (Gloucester) of Henry IV, Henry V, and either the first two parts (Gloucester) or just the first part (Bedford) of Henry VI; Falstaff appears in only three plays, both parts of Henry IV and The Merry Wives of Windsor; he's mentioned but does not appear in the script or stage directions of Henry V; and he's similar to but a different character from the Sir John Fastolf who appears in Henry VI part 1. |
# Literary Criticism/Reading as a Literary Critic

| ←Introduction | Literary Criticism Reading as a Literary Critic | Reading Novels→ |
The most important pre-requisite to literary criticism is the ability to read like a literary critic. You must read not only for content and understanding of the subject, but you must also be careful to read for any and all literary devices, as well as trying to understand the reason and motivation behind every line. This is a difficult habit to get into, but it is helpful to take notes while you read.
In other words, a careful reader does not just read a text for the 'story'. Rather than just being interested in what happens or what is being described by a literary work, a critical reader is interested in how the writer has used language, form and style in order to convey meaning and affect the reader's response to the subject matter. A critical reader pays attention to patterns in texts and to how these establish tone, register, atmosphere and mood.