OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Linus Pauling
## Introduction

Linus Pauling, an American biochemist, was one of the most prominent chemists in history. He is the only person to be awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes. He was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances." In 1962 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing."

## Personal Life

Linus Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon on February 28, 1901. At the age of 16, he was admitted to Oregon State University, then called Oregon Agricultural College. During the last two years at school, he began working on the electronic structure of atoms and how they are bonded together. He focused his studies on physical and chemical properties of the atoms that substances were composed of, thus, he became one of the founders of quantum chemistry. In 1922, he graduated with a degree in chemical engineering and attended Caltech for graduate school. There, he researched using X-ray diffraction to solve the structure of compounds.

## Structural Biochemistry

One of the many discoveries of chemistry that Linus Pauling contributed to is proposing an accurate structure of the secondary structure of proteins. In 1951, Pauling, along with Robert Corey and Herman Branson, proposed the alpha helix and beta sheet structures of proteins. They were able to do this from looking at the structures of amino acids and peptides and the peptide bond's planar nature. Pauling was also able to assume that the amount of amino acids per helix could be a non-integer number, which it is (3.7 amino acid residues per turn). Linus Pauling also studied enzymes and was one of the first to postulate that the transition state needs to be stabilized in order for the enzymes to complete a reaction. This helped root the understanding of enzyme mechanisms. He was also one of the first to figure out that the ability of antigens and antibodies to bind was due to complementary structures between the two.

## References

"Linus Carl Pauling: A Biographical Timeline." Oregon State University. Web. 06 Dec. 2012. <http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/lpbio/timeline.html>
"Configurations of Polypeptide Chains With Favored Orientations Around Single Bonds." PMC. Web. 06 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063460/>
"Linus Pauling." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Web. 06 Dec. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs>
# Radiation Oncology/Miscellaneous/Transfusion-Associated Graft-versus-Host Disease

* Rare complication of blood transfusion
* Immunologically competent donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the recipient's lymphoid tissue
* Can develop 2 days to 6 weeks after the transfusion
* Typical symptoms include fever, erythematous maculopapular rash, which can progress to generalised erythroderma, toxic epidermal necrolysis in extreme cases, hepatomegaly, cough, abdominal pain, vomiting, and profuse diarrhea (up to 8 liters/day)
* Laboratory findings include pancytopenia, marrow aplasia, abnormal liver enzymes, and electrolyte imbalance (when diarrhea is present)
* TA-GvHD can be suspected from a biopsy of the affected skin or liver and established by HLA analysis of the circulating lymphocytes
* Prevention includes gamma irradiation of the lymphocyte-containing blood components such as red blood cells, platelets and granulocytes
* Dose of 2500 cGy is required to completely inactivate T cells
* Treatment is supportive:
** No available form of therapy has proven effective
** TA-GvHD is fatal in more than 90% of cases
# Radiation Oncology/Mesothelioma

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
* Staging
* Official Guidelines
* Overview
* Mesothelioma randomized evidence
# Radiation Oncology/Mesothelioma/Guidelines

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Official Guidelines for Mesothelioma
General
* NCCN: Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
** Guideline link
* ESMO: Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
** Guideline link
Surgical Management
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
* NICE: "Pemetrexed for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma" (2008)
** Guideline link
* Ontario: "The Use of Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: A Clinical Practice Guideline" (2005)
** Guideline link
# Radiation Oncology/Miscellaneous
## Geriatric Oncology

* Arya Amini et al. Radiation Therapy in Older Adults With Cancer: A Critical Modality in Geriatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Jun 1;40(16):1806-1811. (PMID: 35417248)
* Falk Roeder et al. Geriatric Radiation Oncology: What We Know and What Can We Do Better? Clin Interv Aging. 2023 May 4;18:689-711. (PMID: 37168037)

## Transfusion Medicine

* Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD)

## Regenerative Medicine

* Stem Cell Therapy
* Organ Transplantation
* Anti-Aging Medicine

## Natural Medicine

* Energy Medicine
* Quantum Medicine
* Orthomolecular Medicine

## Traditional Medicine

Traditional alternative medicine may include:
* Acupuncture
* Ayurveda
* Homeopathy
* Naturopathy
* Chinese or Oriental medicine

## Telemedicine

* Gary D Lewis et al. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2020. Long-Term Institutional Experience With Telemedicine Services for Radiation Oncology: A Potential Model for Long-Term Utilization (PMID: 32391444)

## Health Informatics

* DICOM-RT
* Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

## Precision Medicine

* Next Generation Sequencing
* Michael Baumann et al. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016 Apr. Radiation oncology in the era of precision medicine (PMID: 27009394)

## Translational Medicine

* C N Coleman et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001. Translational research in radiation oncology (PMID: 11172972)

## Evidence-based Medicine

* S M Bentzen. Radiother Oncol. 1998 Jan. Towards evidence based radiation oncology: improving the design, analysis, and reporting of clinical outcome studies in radiotherapy (PMID: 9488121)
# Radiation Oncology/Melanoma/Unknown Primary

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Melanoma From an Unknown Primary (MUP)
* No primary lesion is identified in up to 20% of pts presenting w/ palpable evidence of regional metastatic melanoma.
* Proposed causes include:
** Failure to recognize a primary lesion during clinical examination
** Prior removal of the primary lesion during traumatic injury or by excision w/o pathologic diagnosis
** de novo malignant transformation of ectopic nodal melanocyte (s)
** Spontaneous regression of the primary lesion.
Survival :
| | Median Survival | 5yr OS | DFS | 5yr DFS |
| MUP | 165 mo | 58% +/- 7% | 34 mo | 47% +/- 7% |
| MKP | 35 mo (p=0.006) | 40% +/-7% | 19 mo (p=0.066) | 35% +/- 7% |
# Radiation Oncology/Mesothelioma/Randomized

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Mesothelioma Randomized Evidence

## Unresectable disease

* British MS01 (2001 - 2006) - Active Symptom Control vs. ACS + MVP vs. ACS + vinorelbine
** Randomized, 3 arms. 409 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Arm 1) Active symptom control (steroids, analgesics, bronchodilators, palliative RT) vs. Arm 2) ASC + MVP (mitomycin 6 mg/m2, vinblastine 6mg/m2, cisplatin 50mg/m2) vs. Arm 3) ASC + vinorelbine 20 mg/m2
** 2008 PMID 18486741 -- "Active symptom control with or without chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MS01): a multicentre randomised trial." (Muers MF, Lancet. 2008 May 17;371(9625):1685-94.)
*** Outcome: median OS ASC 7.6 months vs. ASC + chemo 8.5 months (NS); subset trend benefit for vinorelbine 9.5 months (p=0.08)
*** Toxicity: No difference
*** Conclusion: Addition of MVP or vinorelbine to active symptom control offered no significant benefit
* EORTC-NCIC 08983 (2000-2003) - Cisplatin vs. Cisplatin + Raltitrexed
** Randomized. 250 patients with advanced malignant pleural
mesothelioma. Arm 1) cisplatin 80 mg/m2 vs. Arm 2) cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + raltitrexed 3 mg/m2
** 2005 PMID 16192580 -- "Randomized phase III study of cisplatin with or without raltitrexed in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: an intergroup study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group and the National Cancer Institute of Canada." (van Meerbeeck JP, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):6881-9.)
*** Outcome: median OS cisplatin 9 months vs. cisplatin + raltitrexed 11 months (SS); 1-year OS 40% vs. 46% (SS)
*** Conclusion: Raltitrexed and cisplatin improves survival compared with cisplatin alone
* Pemetrexed Trial (1999-2001) - Cisplatin vs. Cisplatin + Pemetrexed
** Randomized. 456 patients with chemo-naive and inoperable mesothelioma. Arm 1) cisplatin 75 mg/m2 vs. Arm 2 cisplatin 75 mg/m2 + pemetrexed 500 mg/m2
*** 2003 PMID 12860938 -- "Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma." (Vogelzang NJ, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jul 15;21(14):2636-44.)
*** Outcome: median OS cisplatin 9 months vs cisplatin/pemetrexed 12 months (SS); time-to-progression 3.9 months vs. 5.7 months (SS)
*** Conclusion: Pemetrexed + cisplatin + vitamin supplements resulted in superior outcome compared with cisplatin alone
# Rueda de Casino/El Dedo
### El Dedo

* Pronunciation: El dAY-do
* English: The finger
* Related commands: En Loji, Montaña
Summary: video (Media Noche). Right-to-right, follower turns right, left, leader turns right, Enchufa then Dile Que No.
Description:
From Guapea, instead of pushing, the leader changes to a right-to-right hold, and turns the follower to her right, then an Enchufa, still right-to-right.
He then turns himself to the left, turning his back on the follower, changing hands behind his back, so that he has left-to-right. He then does an Enchufa and Dile Que No.
Throughout the first two turns, the leader is moving clockwise around the follower.
Hand Signal: Raise the little finger of the right hand.
There are some variations:
* Some leaders will keep right-to-right throughout, taking their right arm above their head.
* Some leaders will reach to the middle with their right hand, after changing to left-to-right, and all push away from each other in the middle.
# Rueda de Casino/Enchufa con Viaje
### Enchufa con Viaje

* Pronunciation: En-chOO-fa con biAh-kay
* English: Connect her, with a journey
* Related commands: Enchufa
Summary: Enchufa, then miss out one follower while you turn twice
Description:
From Guapea, start the follower off doing a Vacílala, and turn to your right at the same time, moving on the inside of the circle, to pass the next follower. Then turn to your left to meet the follower after. Altogether it's the same distance as Dame Dos.
This move is normally from the initial position (when the men are facing anti-clockwise).
# Rueda de Casino/Dame Una
### Dame Una

* Pronunciation: dAH-may OO-na
* English: Give me one
* Related commands: No Me Gusta
Summary: The same as dame
Description:
The same move as dame.
# Rueda de Casino/Dame Tres
### Dame Tres

* Pronunciation: dAH-may trezz
* English: Give me three
* Related commands: Dame Dos
Summary: The same as dame, but miss out two partners
Description:
This is like dame dos, but instead of missing out one partner, the leader misses out two. The same technique is used for this as for dame dos.
# Rueda de Casino/Dile Que No
### Dile Que No

* Pronunciation: dEE-lay kay no
* English: Tell her no
* Related commands: None
Summary: video (Media Noche). Cross body step
Description:
This is the Cuban version of the cross-body step. It is pretty much the same, but doesn't have to move through 180 degrees like the cross-body step does. This move takes us from para el medio position into the Cuban basics, i.e., it makes the leaders face clockwise instead of anticlockwise.
# Rueda de Casino/Enchufa Doble Sácala Doble
### Enchufa Doble Sácala Doble

* Pronunciation: en-chOO-fa dOH-blay sAH-cah-lah dOH-blay
* English: Connect her twice, take her out twice
* Related commands: Enchufa Doble
Summary: Enchufa Doble, then the leader changes hands, and makes the follower do a right turn in the centre, twice.
Description:
Enchufa Doble, then the leader changes hands so that he has right-to-right, faces the centre, then pushed the follower out of the circle, so that she steps back on her right, facing the centre, and then she comes into the centre, turns to her right and goes back out. She repeats this turn, then Dile Que No.
The leader needs to be firm with this, push her straight back out of the circle, otherwise she may turn. Also, some followers will be unfamiliar with the right turn (it's actually the same footwork as Setenta for the followers, except with less turn), so you may need to use your left hand to 'guide' her back out of the circle.
# Rueda de Casino/Dame Dos
### Dame Dos

* Pronunciation: dAH-may doss
* English: Give me two
* Related commands: Dame Tres
Summary: video (Media Noche). The same as dame, but miss out a partner
Description:
When the caller calls dame dos, the leaders all change partners, but miss one out.
An easy way of doing this is to follow the leader in front, watching his back. If he misses the call, or doesn't know what dame dos is, then that way you shouldn't bump into him.
# Rueda de Casino/Dame Otra
### Dame Otra

* Pronunciation: dAH-may OH-tra
* English: Give me another
* Related commands: No Me Gusta
Summary: video (Media Noche). Identical to dame
Description:
This would usually only be called if the caller is repeating dame and just wants to avoid shouting the same command again.
# Rueda de Casino/El Pozo
### El Pozo

* Pronunciation: El pOH-so
* English: The well
* Related commands: None
Summary: Bring up water from a well
Description:
During Para el Medio, you start to 'scoop' with your left arm as you go into the middle, and lift your arm over your head as you come out.
A variant is El Pozo Con Ducha (The well, with a shower), where the hand that comes over your head wriggles to emulate a shower.
# Rueda de Casino/Enchufa
### Enchufa

* Pronunciation: en-chOO-fa
* English: Plug her
* Related commands: Enchufa Doble, Enchufa y Sacla, Enchufa para Arriba, Enchufa con Rounded, Dile Que No
Summary: video (Media Noche). Follower's left turn and leaders move to the next follower.
Description:
This seems to vary in name from enchufa, enchufe and enchufla to even enshufta.
The leader turns the follower to her left, and at the same time moves around so that when she has finished her turn she is facing him. It's about 140 degrees around, depending on the dancers and the size of the rueda. The leader normally then moves to the right of the follower, and moves on to the next follower, doing a Dile Que No. If the enchufa is in the middle of another move, this moving on doesn't happen, i.e., enchufa is often used to mean a follower's left turn.
# Structural Biochemistry/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
## Overview

This process involves with the conversion of pyruvate molecule into compound called acetyl coenzyme A, or acetyle CoA. This step is the junction between glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid cycle) and is accomplished by a multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes three reactions:
* Pyruvate's carboxyl group (COO$^–$), which is fully oxidized and is removed to release CO$_2$
* The remainning two-carbon is oxidized and form a compound named acetate. An enzyme transfers the extracted electrons to NAD$^+$, storing energy in the form of NADH
* Finally, coenzyme A(CoA), a sulfur-containing compound derived from a B vitamin, is attached to the acetate by an unstable bond and this makes the acetyl group become very reactive. acetyl CoA has a high potential energy will undergoes the Citric Acid cycle to release energy to make ATP.

## Reference

1. Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell biology Jane B. Reece ... [et al.].. 9th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings :, 2011. Print.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Usage of Antibody in Protein Research

The first usage of antibodiesis identifying and locating intracellular and extracellular protein by flow cytometry technique.
In immnunoprecipitation, an antibody is used to separate its specific protein target and anything bound to them from other molecules in a cell lysate.
In a western blot, an antibody is used to identify proteins separated by electrophoresis. This technique is useful for mixtures of many proteins.
In immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence, an antibody is used to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a microscope.
Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies, using ELISA and ELISPOT techniques.
# Tablature/Drums

Drum Tabs
How to read drum tabs:
No good music Hot Water Music:

## L

Less Than Jake:
* 3 Quartz Drunk
* Anchor
* Great American Sharpshooter
* Help Save the Youth of America From Exploding
* Look What Happened

## P

Propagandhi:
* Nailing Descartes to the Wall / (Liquid) Meat is Still Murder
# Tablature/Drums/Hot Water Music - Trademark

<< Drum tabs
Hot Water Music - Trademark
<< Drum tabs
# Tablature

Tablature (or tabs for short) is a way of notating music in a way that is easy to understand and easy to notate in digital form. Tablature is most common for guitar, bass (guitar), and drums, though tablature may exist for other instruments. One advantage of tablature is that it does not require the reader to be able to read standard music notation. There are, however, some pitfalls to tablature notation. For guitar, it doesn't usually show the rhythm or fingering of the song. So in order to be able to play a piece of music from tablature, it is essential to have heard the song before and be reasonably familiar with it.

## Notation

Tablature is written on lined paper similar to normal music paper (called a music staff). For guitar, each line corresponds to a string; thus there are 6 lines (4 for bass). Numbers are used to indicate which string to pick and which fret to stop. For example:
Means you pluck the top E string 4 times on the open string.

## Tablature by Instrument

* Bass tabs
* Drum tabs
* Guitar tabs
* Keyboard tabs

## External Links

* 911Tabs The best collection of guitar tablature and chords.
* Ultimate Guitar An extensive collection of guitar and bass tablature.
* Tab Wiki
* DrumTabs.org - Explanation of drumtabs, examples, history, and drum tab resources.
* A.d.a.m. Tablature for Recorder, Flute, Guitar, Keyboard, Saxophone, Clarinet - a.d.a.m. method, on-line lessons, Christmas songs, melodies, Start to play the easiest way
* How To Read Guitar Tabs
# WikiLang/Blackfoot/Counting

Blackfoot language uses a decimal numeral system and uses the arab numbers as numeric symbols, the same way English do.
| # | Blackfoot word |
| 1 | ni't |
| 2 | náátsi |
| 3 | nioókska |
| 4 | niisó |
| 5 | niisito |
| 6 | naa |
| 7 | ihkitsik |
| 8 | náániso |
| 9 | piihkssó |
| 10 | kiipó |

## Portal

* WikiLang/Blackfoot/Portal
# WikiLang/Blackfoot/Animals

This article is part of the vocabulary section of the Blackfoot language. It lists a sample of animal names in Blackfoot with their English translation.
| English | Blackfoot |
| dog | omitaa |
| horse | ponokáómitaa |
| buffalo | iiníí |
| elk | Ponok |
| wolf | ómahkapi'si |
| bear | kiááyo |
| lynx | natáyo |
| fox | máóhkataatoyi |
| deer | áwatoyi |
| porcupine | kai'skááhpa |
| hare | ááattsistaa |
| mouse | kaanaisskiinaa |
| bird | pi'ksíí |
| eagle | ksikkihkíni |
| bustard | áápsspini |
| owl | sipistoo |
| snake | pitsííksiinaa |
| fish | mamíí |
| turtle | sspopíi |
| bee | naamóó |

## Portal

* WikiLang/Blackfoot/Portal
# WikiLang/Algic

Algic languages are a family of indigenous languages of North America. The Algic family includes the Algonquian languages family as well as the Wiyot and Yurok languages.
All Algic languages still spoken are endangered or vulnerable.
There are 41 living Algic languages, with a total of about 138,000 speakers.

## Family

Algic
* Algonquian (40)
** Blackfoot [bla] (A language of Canada)
** Cheyenne [chy] (A language of United States)
** Menominee [mez] (A language of United States)
** Miami [mia] (A language of United States)
** Shawnee [sjw] (A language of United States)
*** Arapaho (2)
**** Arapaho [arp] (A language of United States)
**** Gros Ventre [ats] (A language of United States)
*** Cree-Montagnais (9)
**** Atikamekw [atj] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Moose [crm] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Northern East [crl] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Plains [crk] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Southern East [crj] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Swampy [csw] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Woods [cwd] (A language of Canada)
**** Montagnais [moe] (A language of Canada)
**** Naskapi [nsk] (A language of Canada)
*** Eastern Algonquian (12)
**** Malecite-Passamaquoddy [pqm] (A language of Canada)
**** Micmac [mic] (A language of Canada)
**** Mohegan-Pequot [xpq] (A language of United States)
**** Narragansett [xnt] (A language of United States)
**** Powhatan [pim] (A language of United States)
**** Wampanoag [wam] (A language of United States)
***** Abenaki (2)
****** Abenaki, Eastern [aaq] (A language of United States)
****** Abenaki, Western [abe] (A language of Canada)
***** Delaware (2)
****** Munsee [umu] (A language of Canada)
****** Unami [unm] (A language of United States)
***** Nanticoke-Conoy (2)
****** Nanticoke [nnt] (A language of United States)
****** Piscataway [psy] (A language of United States)
*** Fox (2)
**** Kickapoo [kic] (A language of United States)
**** Meskwaki [sac] (A language of United States)
*** Ojibwa-Potawatomi (9)
**** Algonquin [alq] (A language of Canada)
**** Chippewa [ciw] (A language of United States)
**** Ojibwa, Central [ojc] (A language of Canada)
**** Ojibwa, Eastern [ojg] (A language of Canada)
**** Ojibwa, Northwestern [ojb] (A language of Canada)
**** Ojibwa, Severn [ojs] (A language of Canada)
**** jibwa, Western [ojw] (A language of Canada)
**** Ottawa [otw] (A language of Canada)
**** Potawatomi [pot] (A language of United States)
*** Unclassified (1)
**** Lumbee [lmz] (A language of United States)
** Ritwan (2)
*** Wiyot [wiy] (A language of United States)
*** Yurok [yur] (A language of United States)

## See also

* WikiLang/North America

## Sources

* ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/by-language-family
* ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/by-language-family
* ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/family/17-649
# WikiLang/Antarctica

There are no languages native to Antarctica.

## Other projects

* Antarctica article on English Wikipedia

## Portal

* Back to Main page
# WikiLang/Atikamekw/Animals

This article is part of the vocabulary section of the Atikamekw language. It lists a sample of animal names in Atikamekw with their English translation.
| English | Atikamekw |
| dog | atimw |
| horse | atikw |
| buffalo | picikiw |
| moose | mos |
| deer | wackeciw |
| wolf | mahikan |
| bear | masko |
| lynx | piciw |
| fox | wakoc |
| beaver | amiskw |
| racoon | esipan |
| porcupine | kakw |
| hare | wapocw |
| squirrel | anikotcac |
| bird | pirecic |
| eagle | mikisiw |
| bustard | niska |
| owl | ohomisiw |
| snake | kinepikw |
| fish | kinocew |
| turtle | mikinakw |
| bee | amo |

## Portal

* WikiLang/Atikamekw/Portal
# WikiLang/Atikamekw/Portal

| Sections | Technical info |
| Quick overview of Atikamekw Vocabulary Animals Other projects Wikipedia in Atikamekw Words with a translation in Atikamekw on the French Wiktionary (French) | Endonym: Atikamekw nehirowimowin Other names: Atikamekw, Attikamek Language family: Algic languages/Algonquian languages/Cree languages Script(s): Latin alphabet (LTR) ISO 639: atj Language status: Developing Number of speakers: approx. 5,900 Regions: Quebec, Canada Dialects: Majority language(s): French English Wikipedia article about the language: Atikamekw language Ethnologue page about the language: Atikamekw |