OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aymara/Alphabet

Aymaran Alphabet or Aymaran Transliteration is an variant of Latin alphabet. Aymaran alphabet are composed with 32 letters, that is:
Aymaran Alphabet :
| Capital Letter | Small Letter | IPA | Description |
| A | a | [a] | It is pronounced according to International Phonetic Alphabet. It is same as "i" in high in English, but not longer and not diphthongized. |
| Ch | ch | [t͡ʃ] | Like cheap in English. |
| Chh | chh | [t͡ʃʰ] | It is an aspirated consonant. |
| Chʼ | chʼ | [t͡ʃʼ] | It is an eyective consonant. |
| I | i | [i] | Like cream in English, but not longer. |
| J | j | [h] Southern Aymara (Tacna, Puno and Moquegua). [x] Central Aymara (Bolivia, Chile and Argentina). | Like hot in English. Like the Spanish j. |
| K | k | [k] | Like the Spanish k. |
| Kh | kh | [kʰ] | It is an aspirated consonant. |
| Kʼ | kʼ | [kʼ] | It is an eyective consonant. |
| L | l | [l] | Like the Spanish l. |
| Ll | ll | [ʎ] | Like in Spanish llave |
| M | m | | |
| N | n | | |
| Ñ | ñ | | |
| P | p | | |
| Ph | ph | | It is an aspirated consonant. |
| Pʼ | pʼ | | It is an eyective consonant. |
| Q | q | | |
| Qh | qh | | It is an aspirated consonant. |
| Qʼ | qʼ | | It is an eyective consonant. |
| R | r | | |
| S | s | | |
| T | t | | |
| Th | th | | It is an aspirated consonant. |
| Tʼ | tʼ | | It is an eyective consonant. |
| U | u | | |
| W | w | | |
| X | x | | |
| Y | y | | |
| Ä | ä | | |
| Ï | ï | | |
| Ü | ü | | |
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Infection

Open wounds are a serious hazard in a survival situation, not only because of the tissue damage and blood loss, but also because of the increased possibility of infection. Little can be done to prevent wound contamination at the time of the injury. Proper wound care can minimize further contamination and promote healing and preservation of function in the injured part.
* Clothing should be cut or torn away from a wound; drawing clothes over the wound may introduce bacteria into the wound.
* Whenever possible, avoid touching the wound with fingers or any unsterile object. All water and instruments used in wound care should be sterilized by boiling. Washing your hands before you treat any wound is very important in keeping down infection.
* Clean all wounds as soon after occurrence as possible. Only antiseptics especially designed to use in open wounds should be used directly in the wound.

## NOTE

    Common antiseptics such as Merthiolate, iodine, and Mercurochrome should never be applied directly to a wound. These solutions destroy only part of the bacteria and actually damage the exposed tissues.
* When cleansing solutions for wounds are not available, and medical attention will not be available for a while, a suitable substitute may be a poultice made of fern root. To prepare a poultice, you boil finely chopped roots in water until syrupy. Allow the poultice to cool and apply directly to the wound.
* The “open treatment” method is the safest way to manage wounds in a survival situation. No attempt should be made to close a wound by stitching. The wound should be left open to permit drainage of pus from infection. As long as a wound can drain, it generally will not become life threatening. If a wound is gaping, the edges can be brought together with adhesive tape cut in the form of a butterfly or dumbbell. When a butterfly bandage is applied properly, only a small portion of the adhesive is in contact with the wound; but a large surface of the tape is in contact with the skin on either side of the wound, providing traction that pulls the edges of the wound together. The narrow center permits some free drainage from the wound, and the strips can be removed easily if the wound has to be opened should infection develop.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Kneecap splint

Carefully straighten the injured limb. Immobilize the fracture by placing a padded board under the injured limb. The board should be at least 4 inches wide and should reach from the but- tock to the heel. Place extra padding under the knee and just above the heel, as shown in the illustration. Use strips of bandage to fasten the leg to the board in four places: (1) just below the knee; (2) just above the knee; (3) at the ankle; and (4) at the thigh. DO NOT COVER THE KNEE ITSELF. Swelling is likely to occur very rapidly, and any bandage or tie fastened over the knee would quickly become too tight. Treat the victim for shock and evacuate as soon as possible.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Pack strap carry

With the pack-strap carry, it is possible to carry a heavy person for some distance. Use the following procedure:
* Place the casualty in a supine position.
* Lie down on your side along the casualty’s uninjured or less injured side. Your shoulder should be next to the casualty’s armpit.
* Pull the casualty’s far leg over your own, holding it there if necessary.
* Grasp the casualty’s far arm at the wrist and bring it over your upper shoulder as you roll and pull the casualty onto your back.
* Raise up your knees, holding your free arm for balance and support. Hold both the casualty’s wrists close against your chest with your other hand.
* Lean forward as you rise to your feet, and keep both of your shoulders under the casualty’s armpits. Do not attempt to carry a seriously injured person by means of the pack-strap carry, especially if the arms, spine, neck, or ribs are fractured.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison

With poison container in hand, call the local poison control center and do NOT try to make the patient vomit. Only induce vomiting if a poison center worker or a doctor advises you to do so. If the poison is on the skin or clothes, remove the clothing and wash with a large amount of water. If poison gets in the eyes, flush the eyes with clean water for 10 minutes.
Get the victim to a hospital as soon as possible, and if possible, bring the poison container with you.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Insect bites

Though ticks and leeches are not technically insects, we will deal with them here as if they are. Most of the time insect bites and stings will not require first aid. However, you should be aware that there are many insect-borne diseases including Lyme's disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, malaria, yellow fever, bubonic plague, etc. Be on the alert for any sickness following an insect bite, and contact a doctor if you suspect transmission of an insect-borne disease.
First aid is aimed at reducing the discomfort caused by an insect bite or sting and preventing infection:
* Get away from the insects to avoid additional bites or stings.
* For stings, scrape the stinger away - do not use tweezers or otherwise pinch a stinger, as this will cause more venom to be injected into the wound.
* Place an ice pack over the affected area to reduce pain and swelling.
* Apply hydrocortizone, calamine lotion, or make a paste from three parts baking soda and one part water and apply that to the affected area.
* Give the patient an antihistamine such as Benadryl.
* Remove ticks by pulling them straight out with a pair of tweezers. Be careful not to break a tick's mouth parts off beneath the skin. Contact the child's doctor who may ask you to save the tick and bring it in for testing. Do not try to remove a tick by touching it with a hot match head or by covering it with petroleum jelly.
* Do not scratch
* Wash the affected area with soap and water.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Internal injuries

Internal soft-tissue injuries may result from deep wounds, blunt trauma, blast exposure, crushing accidents, bone fracture, poison, or sickness. They may range in seriousness from a simple bruise to life-threatening hemorrhage and shock.
Visible indications of internal soft-tissue injury include the following:
* Vomiting or coughing up bright red blood.
* Excretion of tarry black stools.
* Excretion of bright red blood from the rectum.
* Passing of blood in the urine.
* Nonmenstrual vaginal bleeding.
* Nosebleed.
* Pooling of the blood near the skin surface.
More often than not, however, there will be no visible signs of injury, and you will have to infer the probability of internal soft-tissue injury from other symptoms such as the following:
* Pale, moist, clammy skin.
* Subnormal temperature.
* Rapid, feeble pulse.
* Falling blood pressure.
* Tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
* Fainting.
* Dehydration and thirst.
* Yawning and air hunger.
First aid’s goal must be to obtain the greatest benefit from the victim’s remaining blood supply. The following steps should be taken:
* Treat for shock.
* Keep the victim warm and at rest.
* DO NOT give the victim anything to drink
* Splint injured extremities.
* Apply cold compresses (ice packs) to identifiable injured areas.
* Transport the victim to a medical treatment facility as soon as possible.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Non-swimming rescue

Unless you have been trained to properly do so, avoid swimming to the assistance of a person who is drowning. A drowning non-swimmer is typically in a panic, and may grab onto anyone or anything he can reach in an effort to support their airway above the surface of the water. If the victim submerges the rescuer, the rescuer's life is endangered and the original victim has nobody to assist them.
Instead of entering the water, do one of the following:
* Talk the victim in; coach them to kick their legs
* Throw life ring, life jacket, or some other flotation device to the victim
* Reach an item such as a rope, pole, oar, or paddle to the victim, and once the victim grabs it, pull them in
* Wade into shallow water attempt the above
* Row out to the victim in a boat, or use powered craft if possible; try the above from in the boat
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Improvised litter

Standard stretchers should be used whenever possible to transport a seriously injured person. If none are available, it may be necessary for you to improvise. Shutters, doors, boards, and even ladders may be used as stretchers. All stretchers of this kind must be very well padded and great care must be taken to see that the casualty is fastened securely in place. Stretchers may be improvised by using two long poles (about 7 feet or 2.1 meters long) and strong cloth, such as a rug, a blanket, a sheet, a mattress cover, two or three gunny sacks, or two coats. The figure here shows an improvised stretcher made from two poles and a blanket.
CAUTION: Many improvised stretchers do not give sufficient support in cases where there are fractures or extensive wounds of the body. They should be used only when the casualty is able to stand some sagging, bending, or twisting without serious consequences. An example of this type of improvised stretcher would be one made of 40 to 50 feet of rope or 1 1/2-inch firehose.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Litter carry

When transporting an injured person, always see that the litter is carried feet forward no matter what the injuries are. This will enable the rear bearer to observe the victim for any respiratory obstruction or stoppage of breathing.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison ivy

* Poison Ivy
* Poison Oak
Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac all cause a rash when oils from the plant come into contact with the skin. The contact does not have to be direct – it can be transferred from the plant to another item, and then to the skin. Tools, pets, and clothing can all transfer the oil from the plant to the skin. The best defense against this rash is to be able to recognize these plants, stay alert, and avoid contact. If you do come into contact with any of them, the first thing you should do is immediately wash the affected area with soap and water. This will, in many cases, prevent the rash from developing. If contact went undetected and a rash does develop, apply Calamine lotion or a cortizone cream to the affected area. If the rash develops on the face or genitals, seek medical attention.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Wide Wide Value
## Description

Returns a value given an image of the value as a Wide_Wide_String argument (X).
This function returns a value given an image of the value as a Wide_Wide_String, ignoring any leading or trailing spaces.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Wide Wide Width
## Description

Maximum length of Wide_Wide_String returned by S’Image.
S'Wide_Wide_Width denotes the maximum length of a Wide_Wide_String returned by S'Wide_Wide_Image over all values of the subtype S, assuming a default implementation of S'Put_Image. It denotes zero for a subtype that has a null range. Its type is universal_integer.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Write
## Description

Writes X to Stream.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Wchar T Size
## Description

Standard'Wchar_T_Size (Standard is the only allowed prefix) provides the size in bits of the C wchar_t type primarily for constructing the definition of this type in package Interfaces.C. The result is a static constant.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Wide Wide Image
## Description

Image of the value of X as a Wide_Wide_String.
S'Wide_Wide_Image calls S'Put_Image passing Arg (which will typically store a sequence of character values in a text buffer) and then returns the result of retrieving the contents of that buffer with function Wide_Wide_Get.
X'Wide_Wide_Image denotes the result of calling function S'Wide_Wide_Image with Arg being X, where S is the nominal subtype of X (Ada 2022).
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Wide Image
## Description

Image of the value of X as a Wide_String.
S'Wide_Image calls S'Put_Image passing Arg (which will typically store a sequence of character values in a text buffer) and then returns the result of retrieving the contents of that buffer with function Wide_Get.
X'Wide_Image denotes the result of calling function S'Wide_Image with Arg being X, where S is the nominal subtype of X (Ada 2022).
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Wide Width
## Description

Maximum length of Wide_String returned by S’Image.
S'Wide_Width denotes the maximum length of a Wide_String returned by S'Wide_Image over all values of the subtype S, assuming a default implementation of S'Put_Image. It denotes zero for a subtype that has a null range. Its type is universal_integer
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Wide Value
## Description

Returns a value given an image of the value as a Wide_String argument (X).
This function returns a value given an image of the value as a Wide_String, ignoring any leading or trailing spaces.
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Width
## Description

X'Width is an Ada attribute where X is any discrete type. This attribute represents the number of characters it takes to represent the "longest" type value using the X'Image attribute.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Attributes
* Ada Programming/Attributes/'Image

### Ada Reference Manual

* 13.3 Operational and Representation Attributes (Annotated)
* Annex K Language-Defined Attributes (Annotated)
# Ada Programming/Attributes/'Word Size
## Description

Standard'Word_Size (Standard is the only allowed prefix) provides the value System.Word_Size. The result is a static constant.
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Lenses/Worked Solutions

1. A lens has a focal length of 10 cm. What is its power, in dioptres?
Always use SI units, so 10 cm = 0.1m.
$P={\frac {1}{f}}={\frac {1}{0.1}}=10{\mbox{ D}}$
2. Light reflected off a cactus 1.5m from a 20D lens forms an image. How many metres is it from the other side of the lens?
u must be negative, as per the Cartesian convention, so u = -1.5.
${\frac {1}{v}}={\frac {1}{-1.5}}+20={\frac {58}{3}}{\mbox{ D}}$
$v={\frac {3}{58}}=0.0517{\mbox{ m}}=51.7{\mbox{ mm}}$
3. A lens in an RGB projector causes an image to focus on a large screen. What sort of lens is it? Is its power positive or negative?
The wavefronts are being caused to spread out (diverge) more by the lens. Hence, it is a diverging lens. The wavefronts are losing curvature, so the lens has a negative power.
4. What is the focal length of a 100D lens?
$100={\frac {1}{f}}$
$f={\frac {1}{100}}=0.01{\mbox{ m}}=10{\mbox{ mm}}$
5. The film in a camera is 5mm from a lens when automatically focussed on someone's face, 10m from the camera. What is the power of the lens?
5mm = 0.005m
${\frac {1}{0.005}}={\frac {1}{-10}}+P$
$200=P-0.1$
$P=200.1{\mbox{ D}}$
Since lenses are generally made to have nice round powers, this was probably a 200D lens. However, this is in real life, and this an hypothetical question with numbers picked out of thin air by me.
6. The light from a candle is enlarged by a factor of 0.5 by a lens, and produces an image of a candle, 0.05m high, on a wall. What is the height of the candle?
$0.5={\frac {0.05}{h_{1}}}$
$2={\frac {h_{1}}{0.05}}$
$h_{1}=100{\mbox{ mm}}$
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Large Units

The distances in space are so large that we need some very large units to describe them with.

## Light Years

A light year is the distance that light travels in one year. The velocity of light is constant (3 x 10$^8$ms$^{−1}$), so 1 light year is:
$3\times 10^{8}\times 365.24\times 24\times 60\times 60\approx 9.46\times 10^{15}{\mbox{ m}}$
Light seconds, light minutes, light hours and light days are less commonly used, but may be calculated in a similar fashion.

## Astronomical Units

1 astronomical unit (denoted AU) is the mean average distance from the Earth to the Sun. This is approximately 150 x 10$^9$m.

## Parsecs

Degrees can be divided into minutes and seconds. There are 60 minutes in a degree, and 60 seconds in a minute. This means that 1 second is $^1$/$_{3600}$ of a degree. A degree is denoted °, a minute ' and a second ". The definition of a parsec uses a simplified form of triangulation. It assumes that the perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit passes through the Sun and a celestial object. A parsec is the distance from the Sun to this celestial object if the angle between the perpendicular and the line connecting the Earth to the celestial object is one arcsecond (1/3600 of a degree). This gives us the following right-angled triangle (the distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1 AU):
$\tan {1''}=\tan {\left({\frac {1}{3600}}^{\circ }\right)}=4.85\times 10^{-6}={\frac {1}{\mbox{parsec}}}$
Therefore, a parsec is 206,265 AU.

## Questions

1. What is one parsec in m?
2. Convert 3 light days into km.
3. Convert 5.5 parsecs into light years.
4. The difference in angle of a star on the perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit which passes through the Sun when viewed from either side of the Earth's orbit is 0.1°. How far away is the star in parsecs?
Worked Solutions
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Leptons

Leptons are particles which interact with all the fundamental forces except for the strong nuclear force. There are two types of leptons: electrons and neutrinos.

## Electrons

Electrons are particles with a charge of -1.6 x 10$^{−19}$C. There are three types of leptons: the electron (e$^-$), the muon (μ$^-$), and the tauon(τ$^-$), one for each generation. These leptons have antiparticles, each with a charge of +1.6 x 10$^{−19}$C: the positron (e$^+$), the antimuon (μ$^+$), and the antitauon (τ$^+$), respectively.

## Neutrinos

Neutrinos are chargeless, and almost massless. Loads of them travel around the universe and through you at speeds close to the speed of light. The symbol for a neutrino is the Greek letter nu (ν), with its generation (e, μ or τ) in subscript. If it is an antineutrino, the symbol has a bar above it. So, the symbol for a muon-antineutrino is ${\bar {\nu _{\mu }}}$.

## Lepton Number

All leptons have a lepton number of 1. All antileptons have a lepton number of -1. In a nuclear reaction, the lepton number before the reaction must equal the lepton number after the reaction. This necessitates the existence of neutrinos. When a nucleus gives off a beta particle (electron), the lepton number before the emission is 0. Without neutrinos, the lepton number after the emission would be 1, not 0. In reality, an electron-antineutrino is also emitted, with a lepton number of -1, and so the total lepton number both sides of the reaction is 0.
The situation is actually slightly more complicated, as the lepton number from each generation of particles must also be conserved. The lepton number from the beta particle cannot be balanced out by a tauon-antineutrino, since this is from a different generation.

## Questions

1. An electron is produced by a nuclear reaction, but an electron-antineutrino is not produced. What other particle is produced?
2. Why do electrons not make up part of the nucleus?
3. Why did it take until the 1950s to detect the first antineutrino?
4. Complete the following equation for the emission of a beta particle from a nucleus:
$_{0}^{1}n\to _{1}^{1}p\;+\;?\;+\;?$
5. Complete the following equation for the emission of an antielectron from a nucleus:
$_{1}^{1}p\to _{0}^{1}n\;+\;?\;+\;?$
6. Complete the following equation for the capture of an electron by a nucleus:
$_{1}^{1}p+\;?\to _{0}^{1}n\;+\;?$
Worked Solutions
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Light as a Quantum Phenomenon/Worked Solutions

1. How much energy does a photon with a frequency of 50 kHz carry?
$E=hf=6.626\times 50\times 10^{3}\times 10^{-34}=3.313\times 10^{-29}{\mbox{J}}\,$
2. A photon carries 10$^{−30}$J of energy. What is its frequency?
$f={\frac {E}{h}}={\frac {10^{-30}}{6.626\times 10^{-34}}}\approx 1509{\mbox{Hz}}$
3. How many photons of frequency 545 THz does a 20W monochromatic bulb give out each second?
First calculate the amount of energy given out per. second:
$P={\frac {\Delta E}{t}}$
$\Delta E=Pt=20\times 1=20{\mbox{J}}\,$
Then, calculate the amount of energy carried by each photon:
$E=hf=6.626\times 545\times 10^{12}\times 10^{-34}\approx 3.61\times 10^{-19}{\mbox{J}}\,$
Then divide the former by the latter to give the number of photons n:
$n={\frac {20}{3.61\times 10^{-19}}}\approx 5.54\times 10^{19}{\mbox{ photons}}$
4. In one minute, a monochromatic bulb gives out a million photons of frequency 600 THz. What is the power of the bulb?
First calculate the energy carried by one photon:
$E=hf=6.626\times 10^{-34}\times 600\times 10^{12}\approx 3.98\times 10^{-19}{\mbox{J}}\,$
Then work out the energy carried by 1,000,000 photons:
$E=10^{6}\times 3.98\times 10^{-19}=3.98\times 10^{-13}{\mbox{J}}$
Then work out the power of the bulb:
$P={\frac {\Delta E}{t}}={\frac {3.98\times 10^{-13}}{60}}=6.63\times 10^{-15}{\mbox{W}}$
...maybe its a nanobulb.
5. The photons in a beam of electromagnetic radiation carry 2.5μJ of energy each. How long should the phasors representing this radiation take to rotate?
First calculate the frequency of each photon:
$f={\frac {E}{h}}={\frac {2.5\times 10^{-6}}{6.626\times 10^{-34}}}\approx 3.77\times 10^{27}{\mbox{Hz}}$ (That's one nasty gamma ray.)
Then calculate the time taken for one 'wavelength' to go by:
$f={\frac {1}{t}}$
$t={\frac {1}{f}}={\frac {1}{3.77\times 10^{27}}}\approx 2.65\times 10^{-28}{\mbox{s}}$
# A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Leptons/Worked Solutions

1. An electron is produced by a nuclear reaction, but an electron-antineutrino is not produced. What other particle is produced?
A positron, since this is the only other first-generation particle with a lepton number of -1.
2. Why do electrons not make up part of the nucleus?
Electrons do not interact with the strong nuclear force.
3. Why did it take until the 1950s to detect the first antineutrino?
They are tiny, chargeless, and almost massless.
4. Complete the following equation for the emission of a beta particle from a nucleus:
$_{0}^{1}n\to _{1}^{1}p\;+\;_{-1}^{0}e^{-}\;+\;_{0}^{0}{\bar {\nu }}_{e}$
5. Complete the following equation for the emission of an antielectron from a nucleus:
$_{1}^{1}p\to _{0}^{1}n\;+\;_{1}^{0}e^{+}\;+\;_{0}^{0}\nu _{e}$
6. Complete the following equation for the capture of an electron by a nucleus:
$_{1}^{1}p+\;_{-1}^{0}e^{-}\to _{0}^{1}n\;+\;_{0}^{0}\nu _{e}$