OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hexdump

Hexdump is a command-line tool used to show the raw bytes of a file in various ways including hexadecimal, available on Linux, FreeBDS, OS X, and other platforms. Hexdump is not part of traditional Unix systems or GNU commands.

## Options

Command-line options aka switches of hexdump:
* -b: One-byte octal display.
* -c: One-byte character display.
* -C: Canonical hex+ASCII display.
* -d: Two-byte decimal display.
* -e format_string: Format the data as specified in the format string.
* -f format_file: Use newline-separated format strings from the file.
* -n length: Process only length bytes of input.
* -o: Two-byte octal display.
* -s offset: Ignore offset bytes from the beginning of the input.
* -v: Use unabbreviated display rather than displaying some sequences merely as *.
* -x: Two-byte hexadecimal display.

## Examples

Examples of hexdump use:
* hexdump -v -e '"" 1/1 "%02X" " "' myfile
** Shows the bytes in hexadecimal using capitalized letters, each byte separated by a space. The first "" specifies and empty prefix, while the last " " specifies a single-space suffix.

## Versions

A different version of hexdump for MS Windows is available from GnuWin32 project.

## External links

* hexdump at freebsd.org
* hexdump(1) OS X Manual Page at developer.apple.com
# High School Biology
## Table of Contents

    Authors
* Foundations of Life Science
* Chemical Basis of Life
* Cell Structure and Function
* Photosynthesis
* Cellular Respiration
* Cell Division and Reproduction
* Mendelian Genetics
* Molecular Genetics
* Human Genetics
* Biotechnology
* History of Life
* Evolutionary Theory
* Evolution in Populations
* Classification
* Principles of Ecology
* Biomes, Ecosystems, and Communities
* Populations
* Ecology and Human Actions
* The Human Body
* Nervous and Endocrine Systems
* Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
* Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
* Digestive and Excretory Systems
* Immune System and Disease
* Reproductive System and Human Development

## Resources

* PDF Version (Part 1) (info)
* PDF Version (Part 2) (info)
* Workbook (info)
* Teacher's Guide (info)
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Biomes, Ecosystems, and Communities

* Biomes
* Terrestrial Biomes
* Aquatic Biomes
* Community Interactions
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Biology/Blood

Blood in our bodies is pumped by the heart so that the whole body receives it. Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide ,as in it takes oxygen to the body and carries carbon dioxide from the body.
# Geometry for Elementary School/Copying a line segment

This construction copies a line segment ${\overline {AB}}$ to a target point T. The construction is based on Book I, prop 2.

## The construction

* Let A be one of the end points of ${\overline {AB}}$. Note that we are just giving it a name here. (We could replace A with the other end point B).
* Draw a line segment ${\overline {AT}}$
* Construct an equilateral triangle $\triangle ATD$ (a triangle that has ${\overline {AT}}$ as one of its sides).
* Draw the circle $\circ A,{\overline {AB}}$, whose center is A and radius is ${\overline {AB}}$.
* Draw a line segment starting from D going through A until it intersects $\circ A,{\overline {AB}}$ and let the intersection point be E . Get segments ${\overline {AE}}$ and ${\overline {DE}}$.
* Draw the circle $\circ D,{\overline {DE}}$, whose center is D and radius is ${\overline {DE}}$.
* Draw a line segment starting from D going through T until it intersects $\circ D,{\overline {DE}}$ and let the intersection point be F. Get segments ${\overline {TF}}$ and ${\overline {DF}}$.

## Claim

The segment ${\overline {TF}}$ is equal to ${\overline {AB}}$ and starts at T.

## Proof

* Segments ${\overline {AB}}$ and ${\overline {AE}}$ are both from the center of $\circ A,{\overline {AB}}$ to its circumference. Therefore they equal to the circle radius and to each other.
* Segments ${\overline {DE}}$ and ${\overline {DF}}$ are both from the center of $\circ D,{\overline {DE}}$ to its circumference. Therefore they equal to the circle radius and to each other.
* ${\overline {DE}}$ equals to the sum of its parts ${\overline {DA}}$ and ${\overline {AE}}$.
* ${\overline {DF}}$ equals to the sum of its parts ${\overline {DT}}$ and ${\overline {TF}}$.
* The segment ${\overline {DA}}$ is equal to ${\overline {DT}}$ since they are the sides of the equilateral triangle $\triangle ATD$.
* Since the sum of segments is equal and two of the summands are equal so are the two other summands ${\overline {AE}}$ and ${\overline {TF}}$.
* Therefore ${\overline {AB}}$ equals ${\overline {TF}}$.
# Geometry for Elementary School/Introduction
## Why geometry?

Geometry is one of the most elegant fields in mathematics. It deals with visual shapes that we know from everyday life.

## Who should use this book?

This book is intended for use by a parent (or a teacher or ward) and a child. It is recommended that the parent have some familiarity with geometry, but this is not necessary. The parent can simply read the chapter before teaching the child and then learn it together.

## Book guidelines

The classic book about geometry is Euclid's Elements. This book helped teach geometry for hundreds of years, so we feel that writing this book based on the Elements is a correct step.
We will adapt parts of the book for children and modify the order of some topics in order to make the book clearer.
The learning will be based on constructions and proofs. A construction is a method of creating a geometric object (such as a triangle) using a set of tools. In the case of this book, the tools we will be using are a compass and a ruler. A proof is a logical trail where we can prove one fact by starting with some given information and make a series of conclusions based on that information. Oftentimes it is more difficult to prove a result than to simply find the result.
The constructions are useful for letting the child experience geometric ideas and get visual results.
The proofs are a good way to understand geometry and are a good basis for future study of logic.
Since the book is for children, we omit some of the proof details and use intuition instead of precise definition. On the other hand, we insist on correct and elegant proofs. Precise definitions and exact proofs can be found in regular geometry books and can be used to extend to material to some of the children.

## Notation

The notation that is used in the book is defined the first time it is used. However, in order to simplify its use, it is also summarized in the notation section of the conventions chapter at the end of the book.

## How to contribute to this book

This book uses British English as a primary language; however, there is a table provided at the end of this book that summarises all the American terms that readers may come across.

## Before using this book

Make sure that these resources are available before using this book:
* A protractor
* A compass
* A ruler
* Graph paper
* Single-lined paper
# Geometry for Elementary School/Coordinates

In this section, we will talk about coordinates, which are related to the position of figures.

## Introduction

Coordinates are very useful in daily lives. Without them, the longitude and latitudes, and grid references would be lost, making it impossible to navigate. Many of the things you learn in computer literacy lessons, such as image editing, would be harder.
But what on earth are coordinates anyway? Coordinates is a means of getting the precise location of objects. For example, if you look at a map, you can easily locate a place given its easting and northing. However, those are for geography applications and are not useful for mathematic calculations. Therefore, two independent coordinate systems have been invented: The rectangular coordinate system (or Cartesian coordinate system), and the polar coordinate system. We will try to compare the two later. But first, let's learn what different coordinate systems can do.

## Table of contents

* Rectangular coordinate system
* Polar coordinate system
# Geometry for Elementary School/Copying an angle

In this chapter, we will show how to copy an angle $\angle ABC$ to other angle $\angle CDE$. The construction is based on Book I, proposition 23.

## The construction

* Draw a line between A and C and get $\triangle ABC$.
* Copy the triangle $\triangle ABC$ and get $\triangle CDE$

## Claim

The angles $\angle ABC$ and $\angle CDE$ are equal.

## Proof

* The triangles $\triangle ABC$ and $\triangle CDE$ congruence.
* Therefore the angles of the triangles equal.
* Hence, $\angle ABC$ and $\angle CDE$ are equal.
Note that any two points on the rays can be used to create a triangle.
# Geometry for Elementary School/Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent
## What is it?

Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent means exactly that. Consider congruent triangles ABC and DEF. Since the triangles are congruent, all sides are congruent and all angles are congruent.
# Geometry for Elementary School/Copying a triangle

In this chapter, we will show how to copy a triangle $\triangle ABC$ to other triangle $\triangle CDE$ . The construction is an excellent example of the reduction technique – solving a problem by solution to a previously solved problem.

## The construction

* Construct a triangle from the sides of $\triangle ABC$ : ${\overline {AB}}$, ${\overline {AC}}$, ${\overline {BC}}$ and get $\triangle CDE$.

## Claim

The triangles $\triangle ABC$ and $\triangle CDE$ are congruent.

## Proof

* ${\overline {AB}}$, ${\overline {AC}}$, ${\overline {BC}}$ are sides of the triangle $\triangle ABC$ and therefore obey the triangle inequality.
* Therefore one can build a triangle whose sides equal these segments.
* The sides of the triangle $\triangle ABC$ and $\triangle CDE$ are equal.
* Due to The Side-Side-Side congruence theorem the triangles $\triangle ABC$ and $\triangle CDE$ congruence.
# Geometry for Elementary School/Extras

In this section we will go to some of the extra stuff. Some you will learn later in secondary school. The rest are just for fun! Just make sure you have passed the test. Or else, you won't deserve the fun!

## Table of contents

* Some impossible constructions
* Pythagorean theorem
* A proof of irrationality
* Fractals
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/9wm

    Type: Stacking
    Language: C
    Licence: 9wm

### Features

Features of the *9wm* window manager are:
* Uses the xlib toolkit
* Useless windowborders do not provide windowmotion
* A rightclick on the desktop gives a contextmenu that provides windowmotion and facility to launch a terminal emulator
* No menubar
* No titlebars
* No multidesk facilities
* No maximize facility
* No desktop shortcuts
* No desktop wallpaper
* No theme support
* No xkeys support
* A three-button mouse is required
* Uses a clickfocus model
* No additional taskswitching facility
* Applications launched via a terminal only
* Has a limit of to 32 hidden windows
* Lightweight - Has few dependencies and rated as a pinhammer on the hammer scale
* Supports focusstealing by failing the launch test, giving focus to window placement facility
* Not accessibility friendly - utilizes middleclick, rightclick and has no keyboard equivalents for some operations and provides support for focusstealing

### Resizing Windows

The 9wm window manager does not provide the facility to maximize a window: windowmotion is provided via a rightlick context menu: To resize a window, rightclick desktop or window border, reshape, rightclick: border, rightclick a corner position, drag to size.

### Review
#### Operation

9wm is awkward to use because every new window has to be swept out before it can appear on the desktop and it is necessary to access a context menu on the desktop to move or resize windows. There is no facility to maximize windows.

#### Accessibility

9wm is not accessibility friendly because it requires a multibutton mouse and there is no keyboard equivalents for some operations. The following [accessibility] restrictions apply to this window manager:
* Requires a multi-button mouse
* Requires middleclick functionality for some operations
* Requires rightclick functionality for some operations
* Has no keyboard equivalents for some operations

### Dependencies

9wm is dependent on the following xlib libraries:
* libx11-6
* libxext6

### Resources used

* VIRT | RES | SHR | %CPU | %MEM
* 2796 | 1116 | 924 | 0.0 | 0.2
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/aewm

Type: stacking Language: C Licence: AEWM
The aewm window manager is minimalistic and is controlled entirely by the mouse. It contains no visible user interface components except window frames.

## Operation
### Raising and lowering windows

Windows are raised and lowered by clicking the titlebar:
* Left Click - Raise Window
* Middle Click - Move Window
* Right Click - Lower Window

### Resizing windows

You can maximize and normalize a window using the scrollwheel in the meta button. Resizing of windows is achieved by applying a middleclick event to the meta button.

### Showing and hiding windows

Windows are hidden by applying either a leftclick or rightclick event to the meta button. There is no iconification of hidden windows, making it necessary to apply a rightclick context event to the desktop to restore the window via the tasklist.

### Context events

The following context events are available from the desktop:
* Left Click - Launch menu
* Middle Click - Open a terminal
* Right Click - Task List
The following context events are available from the meta button:
* Left Click - Hide Window
* Middle Click - Resize Window
* Right Click - Hide Window

## Features

Features of the aewm window manager include:
* Stacking windows
* A configurable rootmenu is provided by the aemenu module
* Window decorations include borders and titlebar
* titlebar has a meta button
* useless borders
* follow focus with no autoraise
* click to raise
* Program launch via aemenu
* context operations on the desktop, titlebar and meta button
* tasklisting via desktop context operation
* Written in C
* Uses the xaw or gtk toolkit
* Small modular design
* No menubar
* No multiple desktop support
* No desktop icons
* No wallpaper
* No theme support
* No grouped windows
* Configurable via a configuration file
* Lightweight (rated 2 on the hammer scale)
* Requires a 3 button mouse

## Modules

* aedesk
* aemenu
* aepanel
* aesession

## Review

The aewm window manager is awkward to use because there is no facility to maximize windows, and it is necessary for the desktop to be visible in order to launch programs and to show hidden tasks. Additionally useless borders are used, so windows cannot be resized by dragging their edges. It is also necessary to drag the titlebar with a middle click in order to move windows. Dragging with a left click will not work.
The aewm window manager is not accessibility friendly because it does not provide keyboard equivalents for its operations and is not touchscreen friendly because it requires a multibutton mouse.
# 3dwm

    Type: Compositing
    Language:
    Licence: LGPL
The 3D Workspace Manager is a compositing window manager developed as an open source project at Chalmers University Media Laboratory in Sweden by Niklas Elmqvist and Robert Karlsson. 3D Workspace Manager acts as a platform for the research and development of future three dimensional user interfaces and interfaces with X11 to provide necessary backwards compatibility with legacy applications.

### Features

* Titlebars
* Titlebar buttons for menu and close

### 3dwm Provides Inspiration for the Microsoft Task Gallery

The project provided inspiration for the Microsoft Task Gallery, and 3dwm was mentioned on the Microsoft Research Website.

### 3dwm Related Websites

- Official home page
# 2wm

    Type: Dynamic
    Language:
    Licence:
2wm is an initial version of the stereo window manager written by Anselm Garbe.

### Features

Features of 2wm include:
* Feels like a lightweight version of dwm
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/MaXX Interactive Desktop

Type: Stacking Language: Licence:
The 5dwm stacking window manager is now known as the MaXX Interactive Desktop.

## Features

Features of the 5dwm window manager include:
* Stacking windows
* Titlebars
* Borders
* Titlebars have minimize, maximize and menu buttons

## External links

* Project Homepage
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/aewm++

Type: stacking Language: C++ Licence:
The aewm++ window manager is minimalistic and is controlled entirely by the mouse. It contains no visible user interface components except window frames. It is based on aewm, but rewritten in C++.

## Operation
### Raising windows

A window can be raised by clicking on it.

### Resizing windows

Resizing of windows is achieved by applying a middleclick event to the meta button.

### Showing and hiding windows

Windows are hidden by applying a rightclick event to the titlebar button. Windows can be shaded by applying a middleclick event to the titlebar button.
There is no iconification of hidden windows, making it necessary to apply a rightclick context event to the desktop to restore the window via the tasklist.

### Context events

The following context events are available from the desktop:
* Left Click - Launch menu
* Middle Click - Task List
* Right Click - Open a terminal
The following context events are available from the meta button:
* Left Click - Hide Window
* Middle Click - Resize Window
* Right Click - Hide Window
The following context events are available from the titlebar:
* Click and Drag - Provides window motion
* Middle Click - Shade and unshade window
* Right Click - Move to workspace (0 to 3)
* Double Click - Maximize, Restore or Unshade Window

## Features

Features of the aewmpp window manager include:
* Stacking windows
* Written in C++
* Window decorations include borders and titlebars
* Useless borders
* Titlebar has a meta button
* Click to focus
* Program launch via a context event on the desktop
* Context operations on the desktop, titlebar and meta button
* Task listing via a desktop context operation
* No menubar
* Multiple desktop support
* No theme support
* No grouped windows
* No desktop icons
* Lightweight (rated as 2 on the hammer scale)
* Requires a 3 button mouse

## Review

The aewm++ window manager is awkward to use because it is necessary for the desktop to be visible in order to launch programs and to show hidden tasks.
The aewm++ window manager is not accessibility friendly because it does not provide keyboard equivalents for its operations and is not touchscreen friendly because it requires a multibutton mouse.
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/4dwm

    Type:
    Language:
    Licence:
4dwm is a window manager that is normally used on Silicon Graphics workstations running IRIX. 4dwm is derived from the older mwm window manager and uses the Motif widget toolkit on top of the X Window System found on most Unix systems.
4dwm was one of the first default graphical user interface desktops to be standard on a particular Unix computer system. Other X window managers that mimic the 4dwm look and feel include 5dwm.

## Features

* A stacking window manager
* Uses the motif widget library
* Applications can be launched via a menu panel
* Window decorations include borders and a titlebar
* Titlebar provide a meta button and facilities to minimize and maximize windows
* Support for themes
# Guide to X11/Window Managers/JWM

JWM (Joe's Window Manager) is a lightweight stacking window manager written by Joe Wingbermuehle. JWM is written in C and uses only Xlib at a minimum.
* License: GPLv2
* Type: Stacking
* Website: www.joewing.net/programs/jwm

## Features

* Xft
* Xinerama
* FriBidi
* The Shape extension
* Like Windows 98
* WM spec hints support
* PNG, JPG and XPM support
# Hepatology/Chronic Viral Hepatitis

Chronic Viral Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver due to 5 types of viruses (Hep A Virus, Hep B Virus, Hep C Virus, Hep D Virus, and Hep E Virus).
# Hempl/TODO

A list of TODOs:
* Mizar32/USB: Add pictures of USB plugs and sockets
* Add information for the new ks0108b glcd module
# Hepatology/Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic liver disease characteristically progresses through successive stages before terminating in cirrhosis, the end stage live disease. the disease, a companion to uncontrolled, prolonged alcohol ingestion takes years to develop(5-10 years). the first change which is noticeable is, fatty change of the liver. then comes the alcoholic hepatitis stage characterized by the inflammatory process and then the stage of cirrhosis. laboratory findings include AST level increase in particular. cirrhosis itself proceeds through micro nodular and macronodular stages and finally ending in a shrunken , fibrotic liver.
# Mizar32 software

Two pieces of software are factory-programmed into the Mizar32's flash memory:
* The tiny (8KB) USB DFU bootloader
* The Hempl system

## The DFU bootloader

When the Mizar32 powers on or when its Reset button is pressed, the DFU bootloader is the first program that it runs. This checks if the user button is pressed and, if it is, allows you to update the rest of the firmware from your PC.
If it isn't, it runs:

## Hempl

Hempl is recursive for Hempl's embedded mini PicoLisp.
It is a software system for natively programming microcontrollers (interactively and incrementally) using PicoLisp. Hempl can read S-expressions from a micro SD card or from the console (over UART, USB or Telnet).
Hempl is influenced by and is a fork of the eLua project. For now, it runs on the following hardware platforms:
* Mizar32 models A, B and C from SimpleMachines, Italy
* STM3210E evaluation board (STM32F103ZE) and ET-STM32 stamp board
It implements:
* Modified miniPicoLisp (See the PicoLisp reference for details)
* Support for
** FAT filesystem on MMC/SD card
** console on the RS232 serial port or on USB serial port
** iv, a vi clone (running natively on Mizar32) for editing text files
* Hardware driver modules: adc, i2c, pio, pwm, spi, tmr, uart
* Extension modules: cpu, elua, pack, pd, term
* TCP/IP Networking uIP module: net
* Extension modules for the Mizar32 to drive the LCD character display and the Real Time Clock.
If you have the Mizar32 A or B models with 256KB or 512KB of flash, you can run the Hempl firmware out-of-the-box. If you have a 128KB flash Mizar32 C and you need to load a bigger Hempl image than will fit in 128K flash, you can still do it by loading the image from SDCard to SDRAM and executing it in SDRAM (with a speed penalty) using the emBLOD second-stage bootloader.

## Further reading

* Reviving Lisp for smaller programmable machines
* The PicoLisp documentation.