# Punjabi/Print version

* ਹਰਿਮੰਦਿਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ- Golden Temple at Amritsar, IndiaPunjabi, a language of the Indo-European family, is native to the Punjab region. In Eastern Punjab (India), it is written in Gurmukhi script; Shahmukhi, an adapted derivative of the Perso-Arabic script, is used in Western Punjab (Pakistan). In India, it is recognized as the first official language of Punjab, while being accepted as a secondary official language in several other states. It is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan although it lacks an official status. It is spoken internationally by an estimated 100 to 125 million people and is the tenth most widely spoken language in the world. It has a place of pride in Canada, where it is the third most spoken language, and in England and Wales, where it is the fourth most spoken language. This wiki book seeks to help readers learn this fascinating language.

# Gurmukhi script

Punjab was divided between the nations of India and Pakistan following the partition in 1947. While Punjabi is still spoken as a first language in the two provinces, different writing systems are in vogue on either side of the international border - Gurmukhi script in Eastern Punjab and Shahmukhi script in the Western part. This module deals with the Gurmukhi script.
Gurmukhī, which means 'from the mouth of the Guru', was standardized in the 16th century by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad. The alphabet is also called 'Pæntī' meaning 'thirty five'. Later on, new letters were added to accommodate Persian sounds. The present alphabet consists of forty one letters. The letters are systematically arranged:
* Row 1 contains the vowels and fricatives.
* Rows 2-6 contains phonetically arranged consonants.
* Row 7 contains miscellaneous consonants (approximants, lateral and trill).
* Row 8 contains the consonants added later to accommodate Persian sounds.
The arrangement of consonants in rows 2-6 is based on the Devanagari alphabet - each row contains consonants with a common place of articulation (but varying in aspiration, voicing, tone and nasalization); the rows, themselves, are ordered by the place of articulation moving in an outward fashion, beginning with the velar consonants, followed by palatals, retroflexes, dentals and ending at the labials.
A Gurmukhi vowel is called a 'mātrā'. Gurmukhi is an abugida in which all consonants have an inherent vowel. Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to, are used to change the inherent vowel. In the absence of a consonant, the vowel signs are indicated on the first three letters of the alphabet.
Gurmukhi also has three sub-joined conjuncts, which will be discussed later in the module. Gurmukhi also has the capability to write half consonants (lacking an inherent schwa ending) as in Devanagari; however these are infrequent, except for two consonants, which will be discussed along with the other conjuncts. Gurmukhi has its own set of numerals, 0 through 9, which have been supplanted by the Hindu-Arabic numerals. The usage of punctuation marks is almost identical to that in English, except for a vertical bar representing the end of a sentence. The script does not make any distinction between upper and lower case letters as in the Latin script.
Gurmukhi is a near phonetic script, where each sound is represented by a unique combination of consonants and vowels. Thus once the learner becomes well acquainted with the letters and the sounds they represent, transliteration into Latin script will no longer be required to supplement the Gurmukhi spellings to indicate pronunciation. Thus, it will be dispensed with in subsequent modules. It is, therefore, important that you thoroughly learn and practise the letters before moving on to the subsequent modules of the book.

## First row of Gurmukhi

Gurmukhi is arranged into eight rows, first seven of five letters each and the last of six letters. The first row (ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਵਰਗ) consists of
    ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ
These letters are called urha, airhaa, eerhi, sussa and hahaa. The first three letters ੳ, ਅ and ੲ, the only letters of this kind, have no sounds of their own and act as matra (vowel) carriers. Let us first study ਹ.
ਹ Haha, the fifth letter of Gurmukhi, is pronounced the same as /h/ in English. For example, the word who will be written as ਹੂ in Gurmukhi. The matra attached with ਹ represents the /oo/ vowel as in boot. Thus we have
    ਹੂ /hoo/ = who
Now have a look at another word how which will be written in Gurmukhi as
    ਹਾ + ਉ = ਹਾਉ /hau/ = how
The matra attached with ਹ represents vowel /a/ as in /last/. The second letter of this example is
ੳ Urha, the first Gurmukhi letter, has no sound of its own and is used as a matra (vowel) carrier. In the above example the matra attached with ੳ represents vowel /u/ as in put. Now let us learn ਸ also
ਸ Sussa, the fourth Gurmukhi letter, is pronounced the same as /s/ in English. If we add ਸ to ਹਾਉ we get
    ਹਾ + ਉ + ਸ = ਹਾਉਸ /haaus/ = house
The word eye when written in Gurmukhi illustrates the remaining two letters of the first row namely
ਅ Airha, the second letter of Gurmukhi script and
ੲ Irhi, the third letter of Gurmukhi script are both used as matra (vowel) carriers. See how eye is written in Gurmukhi
    ਆ + ਇ = ਆਇ = eye
The matra attached with ਅ represents vowel /a/ as in last and the one attached with ੲ represents vowel /i/ as in list. Look at some more illustrations of the use of ਸ in transliteration of the words sigh and ice in Gurmukhi
    ਸਾ + ਇ = ਸਾਇ /sai/ = sigh
    ਆ + ਇ + ਸ = ਆਇਸ /aais/ = ice

### Exercises

1. Practice module, accessible from navigation menu above, has been provided to help you practice writing Gurmukhi letters. Use it to write the letters of the first row in your note book as many times as you may feel comfortable. You can click one of the letters below to go to see its animation.
    ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਹੂ
* ਆਇ
* ਹਾਉਸ
* ਆਇਸ
* Who
* Eye
* House
* Ice
3. Write the above listed words in Gurmukhi and English side by side
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Us
* How
* Sigh
* Hiss
* High
* ਅ + ਸ = ਅਸ
* ਹਾ + ਉ = ਹਾਉ
* ਸਾ + ਇ = ਸਾਇ
* ਹਿ + ਸ = ਹਿਸ
* ਹਾ + ਇ = ਹਾਇ

### Summary

You have learnt ੳ, ਅ, ੲ, ਸ and ਹ, the five letters of the first row (ਪ੍ਰਥਮ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi script. We have specially selected examples familiar to an English knowing learner. Besides the above named letters you also encountered some of the matras (vowels) which we explained without naming them. In the next chapter you will learn the vowel sounds and the matras representing these vowels in Gurmukhi.

## Punjabi Vowels

Now that you have already learnt the first five letters of the Gurmukhi script, it is time to turn attention to the vowels. Matras represent vowels in Gurmukhi. The letters ੳ, ਅ and ੲ are not consonants but are merely the matra carriers. When a consonant is not available to attach matra one of these matra carriers is used. Armed with this knowledge you can now proceed to learn the ten Gurmukhi matras.
    ਅ ਆ ਇ ਈ ਉ ਊ ਏ ਐ ਓ ਔ
Here we have used letters ੳ, ਅ or ੲ only to demonstrate how matras combine with other letters. In reality they can combine with any other letter as well. However when they combine with matra carriers they individually combine with only the matra carriers as they have above. We now explain each of the above matras.

### ਅ Mukta

    Mukta literally means free and therefore, has no symbol. It is equivalent to a in above or e in (British) dancer. Hence forth in this module mukta vowel will be denoted by /a/.
       ਅ + ਸ = ਅਸ /as/ = us

### ਆ Kanna

    Kanna is equivalent to a in alter or father. Hence forth in this module we will denote kanna vowel with /aa/.
       ਸਾ /saa/ = saw
       ਹਾ + ਉ = ਹਾਉ /haau/ = how
       ਹਾ + ਉ + ਸ = ਹਾਉਸ /haaus/ = house
       ਆ + ਇ = ਆਇ = eye
    Vowels in Punjabi come in pairs, a short vowel and a long one. Here mukta and kanna form one such pair where mukta is the short vowel and kanna the long one. ਇ and ਈ; ਉ and ਊ; ਏ and ਐ; ਓ and ਔ are other pairs.

### ਇ Sihari

    Sihari is equivalent to i in pin or thin. Hence forth in this module we will denote sihari vowel with /i/.
       ਹਿ + ਸ = ਹਿਸ = hiss
       ਆ + ਇ + ਸ = ਆਇਸ /aais/ = ice
       ਆ + ਇ = ਆਇ = eye
       ਉ + ਏ + ਸਿ + ਸ = ਉਏਸਿਸ = oasis
    A distinct characteristic of sihari is that unlike other matras it precedes the letter it is spoken after.

### ਈ Bihari

    Bihari is equivalent to ea in teacher or ee in seek. We will denote bihari vowel with /ii/ in this module. See the following examples of use of bihari.
       ਸੀ = see
       ਹੀ = he

### ਉ Aunkarh

    Aunkarh is equivalent to u put or oo in book. We will denote aunkarh vowel with /u/ in this module. See the following examples of use of aunkarh.
       ਹਾ + ਉ + ਸ = ਹਾਉਸ /haaus/ = house
       ਸਿ + ਉ = ਸਿਉ = sew

### ਊ Dulenkarh

    Dulenkarh is equivalent to oo in boot. We will denote dulenkarh vowel with /oo/ in this module. See the following example of use of dulenkarh.
       ਹੂ /hoo/ = who

### ਏ Lanv

    Lanv is equivalent to a as in hate or rate. We will denote lanv vowel with /e/ in this module.See the following examples of use of lanv.
       ਏ + ਸ = ਏਸ = ace
       ਹੇ = hey

### ਐ Dulawan

    Dulawan is equivalent to a in matter or hat. We will denote dulawan vowel with /ae/ in this module. See the following examples of use of dulanvan.
       ਐ + ਸੇ = ਐਸੇ = assay

### ਓ Horha

    Horha is equivalent to o sound as in English home. Horha vowel will be denoted with /o/ in this module. See the following examples of use of horha.
       ਸੋ = sow
       ਹੋ = hoe
    NOTE : When horha is used with ੳ there is no space left above ੳ for placing horha and therefore whenever horha has to be used with ੳ the upper semi-circle is left open to denote horha matra. In all other cases horha is written as in ਹੋ.

### ਔ Kanaorha

    Kanaorha is equivalent to o as in odd or hot. Kanaorha will be denoted with /ao/ in this wikibook. See the following examples of use of kanaorha in Punjabi words.
       ਸੌ + ਸ = ਸੌਸ = sauce

### Exercises

1. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi.
* ਸੋ
* ਏਸ
* ਆਇ
* ਸੌਸ
* ਉਏਸਿਸ
* So/Sow
* Ace
* Eye
* Sauce
* Oasis
2. Write the above listed words in Gurmukhi and English alongside each.
3. Write these English words in Gurmukhi.
* He
* Sew
* Harass
* Cess
* assay
* ਹੀ
* ਸਿ + ਉ = ਸਿਉ
* ਹ + ਰੈ + ਸ = ਹਰੈਸ
* ਸੈ + ਸ = ਸੈਸ
* ਐ + ਸੇ = ਐਸੇ

### Summary

We have devoted this lesson to learning of the ten matras which represent the vowels. However we have still not touched the diacritics which form integral part of Gurmukhi script. We will learn the diacritics in the next lesson.

## Diacritics

You have already learnt the first five letters and the ten matras (vowels) of Gurmukhi. In this chapter you will learn the diacritics of Gurmukhi and their usage in Punjabi.
Diacritics are the signs that are added to vowels and consonants to add phonetic value to them. Punjabi has three diacritics namely bindi (ਆਂ), tippi (ਅੰ) and udhak (ਅੱ) used with vowels. These diacritics are lexically significant as their use changes the meaning of the words. Therefore learning correct usage of these diacritics is important.

### ਆਂ - bindi

    Bindi is the dot above ਆ and

### ਅੰ - tippi

    Tippi is the inverted semi-circular shape above ਅ. Bindi and tippi are used with vowels to nasalize the vowel sounds or to reinforce the following nasal sound and therefore come along with one of the matras. Both serve the same purpose but bindi is used with kanna, bihari, lanv, dulavan, horha and kanaorha whereas tippi is used exclusively with mukta, sihari, aaunkarh and dulaenkarh. See the following examples.
       ਆ + ਉਂ + ਸ = ਆਉਂਸ = ounce
       ਹੈਂ + ਸ = ਹੈਂਸ = hence
       ਸੈਂ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸ = sense
       ਸਾ + ਇੰ + ਸ = ਸਾਇੰਸ = science
       ਸਿੰ + ਸ = ਸਿੰਸ = since
       ਐ + ਸੰ + ਸ = ਐਸੰਸ = essence

### ਅੱ - udhak

    Udhak is used to reinforce the sound of the consonant that follows. It is interesting to note that udhak comes with the letter preceding the letter to be reinforced.
       ਸੈੱ + ਸ = ਸੈੱਸ = cess
       ਅ +ਸੈੱ + ਸ = ਅਸੈੱਸ = assess
       ਸੈਂ + ਸੱ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸੱਸ = census

### Exercises

1. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi.
* ਆਉਂਸ
* ਐਸੰਸ
* ਸਾਇੰਸ
* ਅਸੈੱਸ
* Ounce
* Essence
* Science
* Assess
2. Write the above listed words in Gurmukhi and English side by side.
3. Write these English words in Gurmukhi.
* Hence
* Census
* Since
* Cess
* Sense
* ਹੈਂ + ਸ = ਹੈਂਸ
* ਸੈਂ + ਸੱ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸੱਸ
* ਸਿੰ + ਸ = ਸਿੰਸ
* ਸੈੱ + ਸ = ਸੈੱਸ
* ਸੈਂ + ਸ = ਸੈਂਸ

### Summary

So you have learnt the first five letters, the ten matras and three diacritics of Gurmukhi. You are now ready to move on to the others rows of Gurmukhi letters. In the next lesson you will learn the five velars of Gumukhi script.

## Second row - the Velars

Now that you are armed with the knowledge of letters ੳ, ਅ, ੲ, ਸ and ਹ along with the vowels and the diacritics let us move on to the second row (ਕ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi script. The letters of this row are called velars because they are articulated at velum. Velum is the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth. The back part of the tongue called dorsum touches the velum for their articulation and hence they are also occasionally called dorsals.
The second row of Gurmukhi consists of the following five letters.
    ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ
These letters are called ਕ - kukka, ਖ - khukha, ਗ - gugga, ਘ - ghugga and ਙ - ngunga. Their pronunciation is ਕ - /k/, ਖ - /kh/, ਗ - /g/, ਘ - /gh/ and ਙ - /ng/. We now consider each of them one by one.

### ਕ Kukka

    The sixth letter of Gurmukhi is equivalent to /k/ in English. This illustration will explain its usage.
       ਕੇ + ਕ = ਕੇਕ = cake
    See how ਹ that you learnt in first lesson and ਕ combine to give hook and hockey.
       ਹੁ + ਕ = ਹੁਕ = hook
       ਹਾ + ਕੀ = ਹਾਕੀ = hockey

### ਖ Khukha

    The seventh letter of Gurmukhi is equivalent to /kh/ as in Kazakh. This sound is rarely used in English but is quite prevalent in Punjabi. The word khaki contains both the letters ਕ and ਖ
       ਖਾ + ਕੀ = ਖਾਕੀ = khaki
    If you have difficulty pronouncing ਖ try this - while producing /k/ sound expel much breath from the throat, the resultant sound shall be ਖ. Sounds so produced, that is by throwing breath out with a rush, are called aspirated sounds.
    The second letter ਜ਼ in the following example is equivalent to /z/.
       ਕ + ਜ਼ਾ + ਖ = ਕਜ਼ਾਖ = Kazakh (Kazakh language or a Kazakhstan national)

### ਗ Gugga

    The eighth letter of Gurmukhi is equivalent to /g/. The words gas and hug when written in Gurmukhi will further illustrate its use.
       ਗੈ + ਸ = ਗੈਸ = gas
       ਹੱ + ਗ = ਹੱਗ = hug

### ਘ Ghugga

    There is no English equivalent of ਘ, the ninth letter of Gurmukhi. ਘ sound is produced by combining ਕ sound with a tone in the initial position and a tone with ਗ sound elsewhere. The nearest English equivalent of ਘ is /gh/ and nearest examples illustrating the use ਘ will be ghost and Ghana. In the examples below the letters ਟ and ਨ represent /t/ and /n/ sounds to be introduced later.
       ਘੋ + ਸ + ਟ = ਘੋਸਟ = ghost
       ਘਾ + ਨਾ = ਘਾਨਾ = Ghana

### ਙ Ngunga

    The tenth letter of Gurmukhi is equivalent to /ng/ as in sing. The use of this letter is becoming scarce in Punjabi. It never comes at the initial position in any Punjabi word. The words sing and king will be written in Gurmukhi as
       ਸਿੰ + ਙ = ਸਿੰਙ = sing
       ਕਿੰ + ਙ = ਕਿੰਙ = king

### Exercises

1. Use Practice module to write the letters of the second row in your note book as many times as you may feel comfortable. You can click one of the letters below to go to relevant page of the practice module.
    ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਹੁਕ
* ਹੱਗ
* ਹਾਂਗਕਾਂਗ
* ਕੇਕ
* ਕਾਂਗੋ
* ਕਿੰਙ
* ਖਾਕੀ
* ਸੇਕ
* ਕਿਸ
* Hook
* Hug
* Hongkong
* Cake
* Congo
* King
* Khaki
* Sake
* Kiss
3. Write the above listed words in Gurmukhi and English side by side.
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Gas
* Hockey
* Case
* Kiosk
* Excess
* Egg
* Sick
* Hague
* ਗੈ + ਸ = ਗੈਸ
* ਹਾ + ਕੀ = ਹਾਕੀ
* ਕੇ + ਸ = ਕੇਸ
* ਕਿ + ਔ + ਸ + ਕ = ਕਿਔਸਕ
* ਇ + ਕ + ਸੈੱ + ਸ = ਇਕਸੈੱਸ
* ਐੱ + ਗ = ਐੱਗ
* ਸਿੱ + ਕ = ਸਿੱਕ
* ਹੇ + ਗ = ਹੇਗ

### Summary

In this lesson we have learnt the five letters of the second row (ਕ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi script. These letter are kukka (ਕ = /k/), khukha (ਖ = /kh/), gugga (ਗ = /g/), ghugga (ਘ = /gh/) and ngunga (ਙ = /ng/). We have seen that ਖ and ਘ sounds are rarely used in English and ਙ in Punjabi.

## Third row of Gurmukhi - the Palatals

Let us recall that besides vowels and diacritics you have already learnt the first ten letters of Gurmukhi viz. ੳ, ਅ, ੲ, ਸ, ਹ, ਕ, ਖ, ਗ, ਘ and ਙ. We now move on to the third row (ਚ ਵਰਗ). These letters are called palatals for they are articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate, the middle part of the roof of the mouth. The palatals are
    ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ
These are called ਚ - chucha, ਛ - chhuchha, ਜ - jujja, ਝ - jhujja and ਞ -neya. Their pronunciation is ਚ -/ch/, ਛ - /chh/, ਜ - /j/, ਝ - /jh/ and ਞ - /ny/. We now briefly explain each of these

### ਚ Chucha

    The eleventh letter of Gurmukhi is equivalent to /ch/ of English. Now, how do you write catch in Gurmukhi? I write it for you below
       ਕੈ + ਚ = ਕੈਚ = catch
    This example illustrates the use of ਚ as well as ਕ which you learnt in the last chapter. Here are some more examples illustrating the use of ਚ.
       ਚੈੱ + ਕ = ਚੈੱਕ = cheque
       ਸੱ + ਚ = ਸੱਚ = such

### ਛ Chhuchha

    There is no English equivalent of ਛ, the twelfth letter of Gurmukhi. It is the aspirated form of ਚ and is articulated the same way as ਚ with much breath being ejected from the mouth. Examine the following Punjabi example
       ਛਾਂ /chhan/ = shade

### ਜ Jujja

    The thirteenth letter of Gurmukhi is equivalent to English /j/. Writing judge in Gurmukhi will illustrate its use.
       ਜੱ + ਜ = ਜੱਜ = judge
    Here are some more illustrations
       ਜੱ + ਗ = ਜੱਗ = jug
       ਜੈ + ਕ = ਜੈਕ = jack

### ਝ Jhujja

    The fourteenth letter of Gurmukhi is not spoken in English. ਝ sound is produced by combining ਚ sound with a tone in the initial position and a tone with ਜ sound elsewhere. Its use in Punjabi is not infrequent.
       ਝੱ + ਟ = ਝੱਟ /jhatt/ = instantly
       ਝੁ + ਗੀ = ਝੁਗੀ /jhuggii/ = cottage
       ਝੰ + ਡਾ = ਝੰਡਾ /jhandhaa/ = flag

### ਞ Neya

    The twentieth letter of Gurmukhi is also not spoken in English. It is equivalent to the sound made by the letter Ñ in Spanish (like in the word jalapeño). It is not commonly used in modern Punjabi.
       ਜੰ + ਞ = ਜੰਞ = marriage party

### Exercises

1. Use Practice module to write the letters of the third row many times in your note book. You can click one of the letters below to go to relevant page of the practice module.
    ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਚਾਕ
* ਐੱਜ
* ਹੈਚ
* ਚੈੱਸ
* ਸਕੈੱਚ
* ਜੌਗ
* Chalk
* Edge
* Hatch
* Chess
* Sketch
* Jog
3. Write the above listed words in Gurmukhi and English side by side.
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Jaw
* Jockey
* Inch
* Eschew
* Chick
* Each
* Junk
* ਜਾ
* ਜੌ + ਕਿ = ਜੌਕਿ
* ਇੰ + ਚ = ਇੰਚ
* ਇ + ਸ + ਚੂ = ਇਸਚੂ
* ਚਿ + ਕ = ਚਿਕ
* ਈ + ਚ = ਈਚ
* ਜੰ + ਕ = ਜੰਕ

### Summary

In this chapter we have learnt the alphabets of the third row (ਚ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi. The letters are ਚ called chucha, ਛ called chhuchha, ਜ called jujja, ਝ called jhujja and ਞ called neya. In the next lesson we will learn the alphabets of the fourth row.

## Fourth row of Gurmukhi - the Retroflexes

This chapter will be devoted to the fourth row (ਟ ਵਰਗ ) of Gurmukhi consisting of five letters called the Retroflexes. They are so called because of the manner of articulation by touching the roof of the mouth by a curled up tongue with a flap.
The Gurmukhi retroflexes are
    ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ
These are called ਟ - tainka, ਠ - thutha, ਡ - dudda, ਢ - dhuda and ਣ -nhanha. They are pronounced as ਟ - /t/, ਠ - /th/, ਡ - /d/, ਢ - /dh/ and ਣ - /nh/. Each of these letters is explained below.

### ਟ Tainka

    The twenty-first letter of Gurmukhi is equivalent to English /t/. Transcription of tank and test shall demonstrate its use.
       ਟੈਂ + ਕ = ਟੈਂਕ = tank
       ਟੈ + ਸ + ਟ = ਟੈਸਟ = test

### ਠ Thutha

    The twenty-second letter is not spoken in English. Nevertheless there are words in some Asian languages which are familiar to and are spoken by speakers of English language and which illustrate the use of this sound. For example the word thug will be written in Gurmukhi as under
       ਠੱ + ਗ = ਠੱਗ = thug
    Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. The first part (we will come back to the other part later) Kath of Kathmandu will be written in Gurmukhi as
       ਕ + ਠ = ਕਠ = Kath
    ਠ is an aspirated form of /t/. This implies that its sound is produced the same way as /t/ but by simultaneously exhaling much breath. So speaking /t/ continuously and expelling much breath from the mouth will correctly produce this sound.

### ਡ Dudda

    ਡ is equivalent to English /d/. The words desk and date will demonstrate its use.
       ਡੈ + ਸ + ਕ = ਡੈਸਕ = desk
       ਡੇ + ਟ = ਡੇਟ = date

### ਢ Dhudda

    ਢ sound is produced by combining ਟ sound with a tone in the initial position of a word and with a tone and ਡ sound elsewhere. This is how the word Dhaka, the Bangladesh capital, will be transcribed in Gurmukhi
       ਢਾ + ਕਾ = ਢਾਕਾ = Dhaka

### ਣ Nahnha

    The last letter ਣ of this row is not spoken in English. It is similar to /n/ except that instead of tongue touching the teeth, it touches the roof of the mouth with a flap. To produce the sound ਣ /nh/ continue to repeat /n/ and simultaneously touch the roof of the mouth with a flap. Haryana, a state of India, will be written as
       ਹ + ਰਿ + ਆ + ਣਾ = ਹਰਿਆਣਾ /Hariaanhaa/ = Haryana
    No Punjabi word starts with this letter.

### Exercises

1. Use Practice module to write the letters of the fourth row many times in your note book as you did earlier. You can click one of the letters below to go to relevant page of the practice module.
    ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਟੈਸਟ
* ਏਇਟ
* ਕਾਇਟ
* ਕਠਮੰਡੂ
* ਗੈਸਟ
* Test
* Eight
* Kite
* Kathmandu
* Guest
3. Write the following words in Gurmukhi and English.
* ਡਾਇਜੈਸਟ
* ਢਾਕਾ
* ਡੈਡਿਕੇਇਟ
* ਡਿਸਾਇਡ
* ਠੱਗ
* ਡਾਇਜੈਸਟ - Digest
* ਢਾਕਾ - Dhaka
* ਡੈਡਿਕੇਇਟ - Dedicate
* ਡਿਸਾਇਡ - Decide
* ਠੱਗ - Thug
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Seed
* Toast
* Stick
* Daddy
* Cheat
* Diet
* Dictate
* Toad
* Dust
* Sudan
* ਸੀ + ਡ = ਸੀਡ
* ਟੋ + ਸ + ਟ = ਟੋਸਟ
* ਸ + ਟਿ + ਕ = ਸਟਿਕ
* ਡੈ + ਡੀ = ਡੈਡੀ
* ਚੀ + ਟ = ਚੀਟ
* ਡਾ + ਇ + ਟ = ਡਾਇਟ
* ਡਿ + ਕ + ਟੇ + ਟ = ਡਿਕਟੇਟ
* ਟੋ + ਡ = ਟੋਡ
* ਡੱ + ਸ + ਟ = ਡੱਸਟ
* ਸੂ + ਡਾ + ਨ = ਸੂਡਾਨ

### Summary

In this lesson we have learnt the five letters of the fourth row of Gurmukhi script. We found that ਠ thutha, ਢ dhudda and ਣ nahnha sounds are not spoken in English but we found a way to produce these sounds by relating them to other similar sounds. We also found that letter ਣ never occupies the initial position in any Punjabi word.

## Fifth row of Gurmukhi - the Dentals

We have already learnt the velars, palatals and retroflexes besides the vowel carriers and ਸ and ਹ. We now move on to the fifth row (ਤ ਵਰਗ ) of Gurmukhi consisting of the dentals. The dentals are so called because of the fact that they are articulated with the tongue touching the upper teeth.
The Gurmukhi dentals are
    ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ
These are called ਤ - tutta, ਥ - thuththa, ਦ - dudda, ਧ - dhudda and ਨ - nunna. They are pronounced ਤ - /t/, ਥ - /th/, ਦ - /d/, ਧ - /dh/ and ਨ - /n/. Each of these letters is explained below.

### ਤ Tutta

    ਤ sound is not found in English. It is produced the same way as /t/ except that instead of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth it touches the teeth. The world famous monument of love Taj is spelt in Gurmukhi as
       ਤਾ + ਜ = ਤਾਜ = Taj
    Tibet will be written in Gurmukhi as under
       ਤਿੱ + ਬ + ਤ = ਤਿੱਬਤ = Tibet
    ਤ /t/ is a dental sound. It is produced the same way as /t/ but by placing the tongue against the upper teeth, as is done to produce th sound in then. To produce ਤ sound repeat the /t/ sound and continue to do so by placing the tongue against the upper teeth. This will produce the ਤ sound.

### ਥ Thuththa

    ਥ is same as /th/ in thank. Let us see some examples of its use in English words
       ਥੈਂ + ਕ = ਥੈਂਕ = thank
       ਥੀ + ਸਿ + ਸ = ਥੀਸਿਸ = thesis
       ਥਿੱ + ਕ = ਥਿੱਕ = thick

### ਦ Dudda

    ਦ is equivalent to /th/ as in the. Here are some examples of its use in English words
       ਦਿੱ + ਸ = ਦਿੱਸ = this
       ਦੈ + ਟ = ਦੈਟ = that

### ਧ Dhuddaa

    ਧ has no equivalent in English. ਧ sound is produced by speaking ਤ combined with a tone in an initial position of a word and a tone with ਦ sound elsewhere.
       ਬੁੱ + ਧਾ = ਬੁੱਧਾ /Budhaa/ = Buddha

### ਨ Nuna

    ਨ is equivalent to /n/. Let us see some examples of use of ਨ in English words written in Gurmukhi
       ਨੈੱ + ਟ = ਨੈੱਟ = net
       ਨਿ + ਬ = ਨਿਬ = nib
       ਨੋ + ਟ = ਨੋਟ = note

### Exercises

1. Use Practice module to write the letters of the fifth row many times in your note book as you did earlier. You can click one of the letters below to go to relevant page of the practice module.
    ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਤਾਜ
* ਸੋਵੀਅਤ
* ਥੈਂਕ
* ਦੈਂਸ
* ਨਾਇਨ
* Taj
* Soviet
* Thank
* Thence
* Nine
3. Write these words in Gurmukhi and English side by side.
* ਥਿੱਕ
* ਕਜ਼ਾਖਸਤਾਨ
* ਨਥਿਙ
* ਥੀਸਿਸ
* ਬੁੱਧਾ
* ਥਿੱਕ - Thick
* ਕਜ਼ਾਖਸਤਾਨ - Kazakhstan
* ਨਥਿਙ - Nothing
* ਥੀਸਿਸ - Thesis
* ਬੁੱਧਾ - Buddha
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Tibet
* Noon
* Thatch
* Sooth
* Than
* Then
* Notice
* Nuisance
* Thin
* Night
* ਤਿੱ + ਬ + ਤ = ਤਿੱਬਤ
* ਨੂ + ਨ = ਨੂਨ
* ਥੈ + ਚ = ਥੈਚ
* ਸੂ + ਨ = ਸੂਨ
* ਦੈ + ਨ = ਦੈਨ
* ਦੈੱ + ਨ = ਦੈੱਨ
* ਨੋ + ਟਿ + ਸ = ਨੋਟਿਸ
* ਨ + ਊ + ਸੰ + ਸ = ਨਊਸੰਸ
* ਥਿ + ਨ = ਥਿਨ
* ਨਾ + ਇ + ਟ = ਨਾਇਟ

### Summary

In this lesson we have learnt the five letters of the second row of Gurmukhi script. These letter are ਤ tuta, ਥ thutha, ਦ duda, ਧ dhuda and ਨ nunna. In the next lesson we will introduce the next five letters of Gurmukhi.

## Sixth row of Gurmukhi - the Labials

You have already learnt the velars, palatals, retroflexes and dentals besides the vowel carriers and ਸ and ਹ. In this lesson we will learn the letters of the sixth row (ਪ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi consisting the Labials. The Labials are articulated with lips. The Gurmukhi labials are
    ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ
They are called ਪ - puppa, ਫ - phupha, ਬ - bubba, ਭ - bhubba and ਮ - mumma. Their pronunciation is ਪ - /p/, ਫ - /ph/, ਬ - /b/, ਭ - /bh/ and ਮ - /m/. Each of them is explained below.

### ਪ Puppa

    This is how words peach and pass are written in Gurmukhi
       ਪੀ + ਚ = ਪੀਚ = peach
       ਪਾ + ਸ = ਪਾਸ = pass

### ਫ Phupha

    ਫ is equivalent to /ph/. For illustration of the use of ਫ see these example
       ਫੋ + ਟੋ = ਫੋਟੋ = photo
    NB : We have used /ph/ to denote that this sound which is produced by closing both lips (bilabial) is aspirated version of the plosive /p/. The English /f/ or /ph/ are in fact labio-dental fricatives. See Phonetics for more details.

### ਬ Bubba

    ਬ is equivalent to /b/. The words bus and biscuit are written in Gurmukhi as
       ਬੱ + ਸ = ਬੱਸ = bus
       ਬਿ + ਸ + ਕੁ + ਟ = ਬਿਸਕੁਟ = biscuit

### ਭ Bhubba

    There is no equivalent of ਭ in English. ਭ sound is produced by combining ਪ with tone in initial position of a word and a tone with ਬ sound elsewhere. Here are some Punjabi examples.
       ਭਾ + ਰ = ਭਾਰ /bhaar/ = weight
       ਭਾ + ਗ = ਭਾਗ /bhaag/ = part
       ਭਾ + ਲੂ = ਭਾਲੂ /bhaloo/ = bear

### ਮ Mumma

    Let's now go to the last letter of this row which is ਮ and is equivalent to /m/. We have already seen Gurmukhi transcription of Pyjama(ਪ + ਜਾ + ਮਾ = ਪਜਾਮਾ) above which illustrates use of ਮ. Here are some examples.
       ਮਿੰ + ਟ = ਮਿੰਟ /mint/ = minute
       ਮੈ + ਨ = ਮੈਨ = man

### Exercises

1. Use Practice module to write the letters of the fifth row many times in your note book as you did earlier. You can click one of the letters below to go to relevant page of the practice module.
    ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਪਾਸ
* ਪੀਚ
* ਬੱਸ
* ਬੀਸਟ
* ਬੂਮ
* Pass
* Peach
* Bus
* Beast
* Boom
3. Write the following words in Gurmukhi and English.
* ਬਜਟ
* ਮੱਟਨ
* ਪਿਕਨਿਕ
* ਮੈਚ
* ਬੀਕ
* ਬਜਟ - Budget
* ਮੱਟਨ - Mutton
* ਪਿਕਨਿਕ - Picnic
* ਮੈਚ - Match
* ਬੀਕ - Beak
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Aim
* Boot
* Peach
* Pakistan
* Bharat
* Madam
* Matter
* Bucket
* Mikhail
* Concept
* ਏ + ਇ + ਮ = ਏਇਮ
* ਬੂ + ਟ = ਬੂਟ
* ਪੀ + ਚ = ਪੀਚ
* ਪਾ + ਕਿ + ਸ + ਤਾ + ਨ = ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ
* ਭਾ + ਰ + ਤ = ਭਾਰਤ
* ਮੈ + ਡ + ਮ = ਮੈਡਮ
* ਮੈ + ਟ + ਰ = ਮੈਟਰ
* ਬੱ + ਕ + ਟ = ਬੱਕਟ
* ਮਿ + ਖਾ + ਇ + ਲ = ਮਿਖਾਇਲ
* ਕ + ਨ + ਸੈ + ਪ + ਟ = ਕਨਸੈਪਟ

### Summary

In this lesson we have learnt the five letters of the second row of Gurmukhi script. These letter are ਪ puppa, ਫ phupha, ਬ bubba, ਭ bhubba and ਮ mumma. In the next lesson we will introduce the next five letters of Gurmukhi.

## Seventh row of Gurmukhi - the Last Group

The last six chapters were devoted to learn the velars, palatals, retroflexes, dentals and labials. In this chapter we will learn the letters of the seventh row (ਯ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi consisting of the Semi vowels. The letters of the seventh row of Gurmukhi are
    ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
They are called ਯ - yaiia, ਰ - raaraa, ਲ - lallaa, ਵ - vavaa and ੜ - rhaarhaa. Their pronunciation is ਯ - /y/, ਰ - /r/, ਲ - /l/, ਵ - /v/ and ੜ - /rh/. Each of them is explained below.

### ਯ Yaiiaa

    This is how words yak and yes are written in Gurmukhi
       ਯਾ + ਕ = ਯਾਕ = yak
       ਯੈੱ + ਸ = ਯੈੱਸ = yes

### ਰ Raaraa

    ਰ is equivalent to /r/. For illustration of the use of ਰ see these examples
       ਰੈ + ਟ = ਰੈਟ = rat
       ਰੇ + ਡੀ + ਓ = ਰੇਡੀਓ = radio

### ਲ Lallaa

    ਲ is equivalent to /l/. The words lava and jail are written in Gurmukhi as
       ਲਾ + ਵਾ = ਲਾਵਾ = lava
       ਜੇ + ਲ = ਜੇਲ = jail

### ਵ Vavvaa

    ਵ is equivalent to /v/. Notice the words vest and velar in Gurmukhi below.
       ਵੈ + ਸ + ਟ = ਵੈਸਟ = vest
       ਵੈ + ਲ + ਰ = ਵੈਲਰ =velar

### ੜ Rhaarhaa

    Last letter ੜ has no English equivalent. We will denote it with to /rh/. Have a look at a Punjabi example.
       ਵਾ + ੜ = ਵਾੜ = fence
       ਮਾ + ੜਾ = ਮਾੜਾ = weak, bad

### Exercises

1. Use Practice module to write the letters of the seventh row many times in your note book as you did earlier. You can click one of the letters below to go to relevant page of the practice module.
    ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
2. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਯੈੱਸ
* ਰੇਡੀਓ
* ਲੈਟਰ
* ਵੈਸਟ
* ਯੀਸਟ
* Yes
* Radio
* Letter
* Vest
* Yeast
3. Write the following words in Gurmukhi and English.
* ਲੇਮ
* ਵਿੰਡ
* ਰੀਡ
* ਯੀਲਡ
* ਵਾਇਟ
* ਲੇਮ - Lame
* ਵਿੰਡ - Wind
* ਰੀਡ - Read
* ਯੀਲਡ - Yield
* ਵਾਇਟ - White
4. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Leap
* Rate
* Yellow
* Wax
* Lake
* Welding
* Loom
* Yak
* Lady
* Wet
* ਲੀ + ਪ = ਲੀਪ
* ਰੇ + ਟ = ਰੇਟ
* ਯੈ + ਲੋ = ਯੈਲੋ
* ਵੈ + ਕ + ਸ = ਵੈਕਸ
* ਲੇ + ਕ = ਲੇਕ
* ਵੈ + ਲ + ਡਿੰ + ਗ = ਵੈਲਡਿੰਗ
* ਲੂ + ਮ = ਲੂਮ
* ਯੈ + ਕ = ਯੈਕ
* ਲੇ + ਡੀ = ਲੇਡੀ
* ਵੈੱ + ਟ = ਵੈੱਟ

### Summary

In this lesson you have learnt the five letters ਯ, ਰ, ਲ, ਵ and ੜ. We are left with only the last row which you will learn in the next chapter.

## Eighth row of Gurmukhi - the Neo-group

In the previous chapters we have learnt all the letters of original Penti, the velars, the palatals, the retroflexes, the dentals, the labials and the sonorants in addition to the vowel carriers and ਸ and ਹ. Here we will learn the letters of the eighth row (ਨਵੀਨ ਵਰਗ) of Gurmukhi. This group of letters is called the Neo group because the letters have been added to Gurmukhi to represent sounds borrowed from Persian and other foreign languages. The Neo group consists of the following letters
    ਸ਼ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ਫ਼ ਲ਼
These are called ਸ਼ - susse pair bindi, ਖ਼ - khukhe pair bindi, ਗ਼ - gugge pair bindi, ਜ਼ - jujje pair bindi , ਫ਼ - phuphe pair bindi and ਲ਼ - lulle pair bindi. ਸ਼ is pronounced as /sh/, ਖ਼ as /khh/, ਗ਼ as /ghh/, ਜ਼ as /jhh/ , ਫ਼ as /phh/ and ਲ਼ as /lh/.

### ਸ਼ - sasse pair bindi

    This is how words shark and shore are written in Gurmukhi
       ਸ਼ਾ + ਰ + ਕ = ਸ਼ਾਰਕ = shark
       ਸ਼ੋ + ਰ = ਸ਼ੋਰ = shore

### ਖ਼ - khakke pair bindi

    This sound is not found in English. However here are some Punjabi examples
       ਖ਼ + ਤ = ਖ਼ਤ = letter
       ਤ + ਖ਼ + ਤ = ਤਖ਼ਤ = throne
       ਖ਼ + ਰ + ਗੋ + ਸ਼ = ਖ਼ਰਗੋਸ਼ = rabbit
       ਸ਼ਾ + ਖ਼ = ਸ਼ਾਖ਼ = branch

### ਗ਼ - gagge pair bindi

    This sound is also not found in English. However here are some Punjabi examples
       ਗ਼ + ਮ + ਲਾ = ਗ਼ਮਲਾ = flower pot

### ਜ਼ - jajje pair bindi

    This sound is equivalent to /z/. Here are some examples
       ਜ਼ਿ + ਪ = ਜ਼ਿਪ = zip
       ਜੈ + ਬ + ਰਾ = ਜ਼ੈਬਰਾ = zebra

### ਫ਼ - fufe pair bindi

    As in
       ਫ਼ਾ + ਰ + ਸੀ = ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ = faarsi(persian)

### ਲ਼ - lulle pair bindi

Some of these letters merely represent the sounds borrowed from foreign languages but the use of others is lexically significant for that changes the word meanings. For example
    ਗਲ = talk and ਗਲ਼ = decompose
    ਸੇਰ = a unit of measurement and ਸ਼ੇਰ = lion

### Exercises

1. Read these English words written in Gurmukhi
* ਸ਼ੈੱਡ
* ਸ਼ਾਉਟ
* ਐਸ਼
* ਗੱਸ਼
* Shed
* Shout
* Ash
* Gush
2. Write these English words in Gurmukhi
* Shop
* Shoe
* Rush
* Blush
* Push
* ਸ਼ੌ + ਪ = ਸ਼ੌਪ
* ਸ਼ੂ
* ਰੱ + ਸ਼ = ਰੱਸ਼
* ਬ + ਲੱ + ਸ਼ = ਬਲੱਸ਼
* ਪੁ + ਸ਼ = ਪੁਸ਼

### Summary

In this lesson we have learnt the six letters of the eighth row of Gurmukhi script. These letter are ਸ਼ susse pair bindi, ਖ਼ khukhe pair bindi, ਗ਼ gugge pair bindi, ਜ਼ jujje pair bindi , ਫ਼ phuphe pair bindi and ਲ਼ lulle pair bindi. We have now learnt the complete Gurmukhi alphabet:
    ੳ ਅ ੲ ਸ ਹ
    ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ
    ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ
    ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ
    ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ
    ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ
    ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ
    ਸ਼ ਖ਼ ਗ਼ ਜ਼ ਫ਼ ਲ਼

## Conjuncts

Three consonants are used in Punjabi as conjuncts. These are half haha - ਹ੍ as in ਨ੍ਹ = ਨ+ਹ੍; half rara - ਰ੍ as in ਪ੍ਰ = ਪ+ਰ੍; and half vava - ਵ੍ as in ਸ੍ਵ = ਸ+ਵ੍. They are used only as inferior conjugates in the conjugal pair of consonants. The principal use of such conjuncts is in the words borrowed from other languages like Sanskrit, English etc. Here are some examples of the use of conjugate haha
    ਜਿੰਨ੍ਹਾ /jinnaa/ = whom
    ਯਗ੍ਹਾ /jaggaa/ = place
    ਵਜ੍ਹਾ /vajjaa/ = reason
In the above examples the conjugate haha is not spoken as normal haha but a low tone following the conjugate full consonant. Let us now see some illustrations of the use of conjugate rara.
    ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ /amrit/ = nectar
    ਪ੍ਰਿੰਟਰ /printar/ = printer
    ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ /profesar/ = professor
Here are some illustrations of conjugate vava
    ਸ੍ਵੈਮਾਨ /svemaan/ = self-respect
    ਸ੍ਵੈਜੀਵਨੀ /svejiivanii/ = auto-biography
    ਸ੍ਵੀਕਾਰ /sviikaar/ = accept
Among these conjugate consonants half vava i.e. ਵ੍ is used only with ਸ (ਸ੍ਵ).
In the above examples where ever a lag matra is added to a conjunct the matra actually combines with the conjugate diacritic which is invariantly spoken before the full consonant.

### Exercises

Write three examples each of conjugate haha, rara and vava.
* ਜਿੰਨ੍ਹਾ
* ਯਗ੍ਹਾ
* ਵਜ੍ਹਾ
* ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤ
* ਪ੍ਰਿੰਟਰ
* ਪ੍ਰੋਫੈਸਰ
* ਸ੍ਵੈਮਾਨ
* ਸ੍ਵੈਜੀਵਨੀ
* ਸ੍ਵੀਕਾਰ

# Muharni

Welcome to Muharni, the next big step in learning Punjabi. Muharni is an integral part of practice of Punjabi phonology. Here you will learn how to speak Punjabi words through practice. But if you have not mastered the Gurmukhi script you are strongly advised to go back to the Gurmukhi script module and practise thoroughly before returning. In this module you will be expected to have the basic skills of using the Gurmukhi letters, matras and other diacritics.
While learning Gurmukhi you came across many English examples to illustrate the sounds represented by the Gurmukhi letters. We now gradually introduce you to Punjabi words and through them the Punjabi phonology. Muharni is the traditional way of learning sounds by actually speaking them. It consists of the letters of Gurmukhi script in its natural order each letter followed by a word starting with that letter. It is recited as a rhyme. The result is that while you learn some Punjabi words you also acquire some proficiency in Punjabi phonology. After you have picked up the sounds from each letter of Gurmukhi letters you will be presented each letter of Gurmukhi as it combines with the matras. This will equip you with every sound of Punjabi language whether consonant or vowel.
The Muharni module will consist of 9 chapters and shall be finished in two weeks. You are expected to practice thoroughly each chapter before moving to the next. The eighth chapter contains all the words learnt in other chapters. Each of the first eight chapters has sound files to help you speak the words of Muharni. You can assume that you are ready to move to the next module if you can speak all the words of the muharni at a stretch. The ninth chapter gives you a complete list of consonants as they combine with vowels.

## First Row

Look at the following pictures. The caption below each picture describes in Punjabi the object in the picture. Once you have recognized the objects, use your knowledge of Gurmukhi to read the captions. The captions contain the initial letter of the object name besides the object name in Punjabi and in English. Follow this by loudly reading each caption without the English word. Take the help of the sound file if necessary. Practise it repeatedly till you master it i.e. till you are able to fluently speak it.
* Punjabi Muharni - First row
* ੳ - ਊਠ Camel
* ਅ - ਅਨਾਰ Pomegranate
* ੲ - ਇੱਟ Brick
* ਸ - ਸੱਪ Snake
* ਹ - ਹਾਥੀ Elephant
Play for following Muharni - first row.

### Exercises

1. Practise speaking the words of the Muharni given above in the text.
2. Write the following words in alphabetical order.
    1. ਹਾਥੀ, 2. ਅਨਾਰ, 3. ਊਠ, 4. ਇੱਟ, 5. ਸੱਪ
* ਊਠ
* ਅਨਾਰ
* ਇੱਟ
* ਸੱਪ
* ਹਾਥੀ

## Second Row

Look at the following pictures. The caption below each picture describes in Punjabi the object in the picture. Once you have recognized the objects, use your knowledge of Gurmukhi to read the captions. The captions contain the initial letter of the object name besides the object name in Punjabi and in English. Follow this by loudly reading each caption without the English word. Take the help of the sound file if necessary. Practise it repeatedly till you master it i.e. till you are able to fluently speak it.
* Punjabi Muharni - Second row
* ਕ - ਕਬੂਤਰ Pigeon
* ਖ - ਖੰਭ Feather
* ਗ - ਗੇਂਦ Ball
* ਘ - ਘੋੜਾ Horse
* ਙ - ਖਾਲੀ
Play for following Muharni - second row.

### Exercises

* Practise speaking the words of the Muharni given above in the text. Play the sound file for help in speaking.
* Write the following words in alphabetical order.
   * ਗੇਂਦ, 2. ਕਬੂਤਰ, 3. ਘੋੜਾ, 4. ਖੰਭ
* ਕਬੂਤਰ
* ਖੰਭ
* ਗੇਂਦ
* ਘੋੜਾ

## Third Row

Look at the following pictures. The caption below each picture describes in Punjabi the object in the picture. Once you have recognized the objects, use your knowledge of Gurmukhi to read the captions. The captions contain the initial letter of the object name besides the object name in Punjabi and in English. Follow this by loudly reading each caption without the English word. Take the help of the sound file if necessary. Practise it repeatedly till you master it i.e. till you are able to fluently speak it.
* Punjabi Muharni - Third row
* ਚ - ਚਾਕੂ Knife
* ਛ - ਛੱਤਰੀ Umbrella
* ਜ - ਜਹਾਜ਼ Aeroplane
* ਝ - ਝੰਡਾ Flag
* ਞ - ਖਾਲੀ
Play for following Muharni - third row.

### Exercises

* Practise speaking the words of the Muharni given above in the text. Play the sound file for help in speaking.
* Write the following words in alphabetical order.
   * ਜਹਾਜ਼, 2. ਝੰਡਾ , 3. ਚਾਕੂ, 4. ਛੱਤਰੀ
* ਚਾਕੂ
* ਛੱਤਰੀ
* ਜਹਾਜ਼
* ਝੰਡਾ

## Fourth row - the Retroflexes

Look at the following pictures. The caption below each picture describes in Punjabi the object in the picture. Once you have recognized the objects, use your knowledge of Gurmukhi to read the captions. The captions contain the initial letter of the object name besides the object name in Punjabi and in English. Follow this by loudly reading each caption without the English word. Take the help of the sound file if necessary. Practise it repeatedly till you master it i.e. till you are able to fluently speak it.
* Punjabi Muharni - Fourth row
* ਟ - ਟਮਾਟਰ Tomato
* ਠ - ਠੋਡੀ Chin
* ਡ - ਡਾਕੀਆ Postman
* ਢ - ਢੋਲ Drum
* ਣ - ਖਾਲੀ
Play for following Muharni - fourth row.

### Exercises

1. Practise speaking the words of the Muharni given above in the text. Play the sound file for help in speaking.
2. Write the following words in alphabetical order.
    1. ਠੋਡੀ, 2. ਢੋਲ, 3. ਡਾਕੀਆ, 4. ਟਮਾਟਰ
* ਟਮਾਟਰ
* ਠੋਡੀ
* ਡਾਕੀਆ
* ਢੋਲ

## Fifth row - the Dentals

Look at the following pictures. The caption below each picture describes in Punjabi the object in the picture. Once you have recognized the objects, use your knowledge of Gurmukhi to read the captions. The captions contain the initial letter of the object name besides the object name in Punjabi and in English. Follow this by loudly reading each caption without the English word. Take the help of the sound file if necessary. Practise it repeatedly till you master it i.e. till you are able to fluently speak it.
* Punjabi Muharni - Fifth row
* ਤ - ਤੋਤਾ Parrot
* ਥ - ਥੈਲਾ Bag
* ਦ - ਦੰਦ Teeth
* ਧ - ਧੌਣ Neck
* ਨ - ਨੱਕ Nose
Play for following Muharni - fifth row.

### Exercises

1. Practise speaking the words of the Muharni given above in the text. Play the sound file for help in speaking.
2. Write the following words in alphabetical order.
    1. ਥੈਲਾ, 2. ਧੌਣ, 3. ਤੋਤਾ, 4. ਨੱਕ, 5. ਦੰਦ
* ਤੋਤਾ
* ਥੈਲਾ
* ਦੰਦ
* ਧੌਣ
* ਨੱਕ

## Sixth row - the Labials

Look at the following pictures. The caption below each picture describes in Punjabi the object in the picture. Once you have recognized the objects, use your knowledge of Gurmukhi to read the captions. The captions contain the initial letter of the object name besides the object name in Punjabi and in English. Follow this by loudly reading each caption without the English word. Take the help of the sound file if necessary. Practise it repeatedly till you master it i.e. till you are able to fluently speak it.
* Punjabi Muharni - Sixth row
* ਪ - ਪਪੀਤਾ Papaya
* ਫ - ਫੁੱਲ Flower
* ਬ - ਬੰਦੂਕ Gun
* ਭ - ਭਾਲੂ Bear
* ਮ - ਮੱਛੀ Fish
Play for following Muharni - sixth row.

### Exercises

1. Practise speaking the words of the Muharni given above in the text. Play the sound file for help in speaking.
2. Write the following words in alphabetical order.
    1. ਭਾਲੂ, 2. ਪਪੀਤਾ, 3. ਮੱਛੀ, 4. ਬੰਦੂਕ, 5. ਫੁੱਲ
* ਪਪੀਤਾ
* ਫੁਲ
* ਬੰਦੂਕ
* ਭਾਲੂ
* ਮੱਛੀ

## Seventh row - the Semi-vowels

Look at the following pictures. The caption below each picture describes in Punjabi the object in the picture. Once you have recognized the objects, use your knowledge of Gurmukhi to read the captions. The captions contain the initial letter of the object name besides the object name in Punjabi and in English. Follow this by loudly reading each caption without the English word. Take the help of the sound file if necessary. Practise it repeatedly till you master it i.e. till you are able to fluently speak it.
* Punjabi Muharni - Seventh row
* ਯ - ਯੱਕਾ Ace
* ਰ - ਰੇਸ਼ਮ Silk
* ਲ - ਲੂੰਬੜੀ Fox
* ਵ - ਵੱਛਾ Calf
* ੜ - ਖਾਲੀ
Play for following Muharni - seventh row.

### Exercises

1. Practise speaking the words of the Muharni given above in the text. Play the sound file for help in speaking.
2. Write the following words in alphabetical order.
    1. ਵੱਛਾ, 2. ਰੇਸ਼ਮ, 3. ਲੂੰਬੜੀ, 4. ਯੱਕਾ
* ਯੱਕਾ
* ਰੇਸ਼ਮ
* ਲੂੰਬੜੀ
* ਵੱਛਾ

# Vocabulary

Welcome to the Vocabulary module of Punjabi wikibook! Vocabulary is important stage of language acquisition and precedes script learning during mother tongue acquisition. We have however started with Gurmukhi script as this wikibook teaches Punjabi as a formalised process rather than informal.
The only prerequisite for this module is knowledge of Gurm ukhi script. If you have not mastered it you are strongly advised to go back to the Gurmukhi script module and practise thoroughly before returning. In this module you will be expected to have basic skill of using the letters, matras and the diacritics and to read the printed/written Punjabi words.
The module has been divided into twenty chapters, each chapter consisting of a classified group of words. Every chapter starts with general information on the group and at places the leading member of the group. You are expected to devote about an hour to each lesson/session in which you will learn about 15 to 30 words each. After you are through with this module you will have a wealth of around 500 commonly spoken Punjabi words enough for you to start learning Punjabi conversation.
During the course of the module you will also learn some linguistic patterns and rules of grammar. The linguistic pattern or rules of grammar are not required to be memorized and can be dropped during first reading.

## ਰੰਗ: Colors رنگ

Color in Punjabi is ਰੰਗ. The picture shows the National Flag of India, called ਤਿਰੰਗਾ - the Tricolor. The three strips have the following colors
* ਕੇਸਰੀ = safron (Top strip)
* ਚਿੱਟਾ = white (Middle strip)
* ਸਾਵਾ = green (Lower strip)
The ਕੇਸਰੀ color represents bravery, the ਚਿੱਟਾ color represents peace and ਸਾਵਾ color symbolizes progress. In the middle of the flag is Ashok Chakra in ਨੀਲਾ (blue) color having twenty four spokes portraying the prevalence of righteousness all 24 hours of the day.
The following are some more colors in Punjabi. ( musculine/ feminine)
* ਰੱਤਾ = red لال
* ਪੀਲਾ = yellow پیلا
* ਗੁਲਾਬੀ = pink گلابی
* ਸੁਨਹਿਰਾ = golden سنہرا
* ਚਾਂਦੀ= silver چاندی
* ਭੂਰਾ = brown بھورا
* ਨਾਭੀ = maroon
* ਸੂਹਾ = crimson سوہا
* ਸੰਤਰੀ, ਨਾਰੰਗੀ, ਕੇਸਰੀ = orange
* ਜਾਮਨੀ = purple
* ਲੀਲਾ= blue
* ਕਾਲਾ = black کالا
* ਭੂਸਲਾ, ਭੂਸਲੀ = grey
* ਊਦਾ, ਊਦੀ = violet
* ਗੋਰਾ, ਗੋਰੀ = light
* ਹਨੇਰਾ, ਹਨੇਰੀ = dark
ਰੱਤਾ color is associated with danger while ਸੂਹਾ color is generally associated with bridal wear. Many young Sikhs prefer ਨਾਭੀ color turbans (sikh head-wear).

### Exercises

1. Write the Punjabi names of the colors found in the Tricolor.
* Safron: ਕੇਸਰੀ
* White: ਚਿੱਟਾ
* Green: ਸਾਵਾ
* Blue: ਨੀਲਾ
2. What are the following colors called in Punjabi
* Pink
* Purple
* Golden
* Red
* Pink: ਗੁਲਾਬੀ
* Purple: ਜਾਮਨੀ
* Golden: ਸੁਨਿਹਰਾ
* Red: ਰੱਤਾ

### Conclusion

In this chapter you were introduced to Punjabi vocabulary through colors. Colors make excellent adjectives like-
* ਰੱਤਾ ਦੁਪੱਟਾ = red head scarf
* ਗੁਲਾਬੀ ਗੱਲ੍ਹ = pink cheek
* ਸੁਨਹਿਰਾ ਭਵਿਖ = golden future
* ਨਾਭੀ ਪੱਗ = maroon turban
* ਕਾਲਾ ਕਾਂ = black crow
Next chapter shall be devoted to the introduction to birds of Punjab.

## ਪੰਛੀ - Birds

Bird is called ਪੰਛੀ in Punjabi. ਮੋਰ i.e. peacock, a symbol of grace, joy, beauty and love, is the National bird of India. It looks beautiful when it fans its tail feathers. Here are some more birds.
* ਤੋਤਾ = parrot
* ਬਟੇਰਾ = quail
* ਬਗਲਾ = egret
* ਕਬੂਤਰ = pigeon
* ਤਿੱਤਰ = partridge
* ਚਕੋਰ = chukar partridge
* ਬੁਲਬੁਲ, ਕੋਇਲ = nightingale
* ਪਪੀਹਾ/ਬੰਬੀਹਾ = brainfever bird
* ਬਾਜ = hawk
* ਚੀਲ = vulture
* ਇੱਲ, ਚੀਲ = kite
* ਚਿੜੀ = sparrow
* ਘੁੱਗੀ = dove
* ਟਟੀਹਰੀ = lapwing, Skylark
* ਗਟਾਰ, ਸਾਰਖ = common myna
* ਬੱਤਕ = duck
* ਹੰਸ = swan
* ਕੁੱਕੜ = cock, rooster, cockerel
* ਉੱਲੂ = owl
* ਕਾਂ = crow
* ਸਾਰਸ = crane
* ਚੱਕੀਰਾਹਾ = common hoopoe,
* ਕਠਫੋੜਾ = woodpecker
* ਨੀਲਕੰਠ = indian roller

### Exercises

1. Write names of ten birds in Punjabi.
2. Regular Punjabi nouns end with kanna(ਆ). Plurals of regular nouns are formed by replacing kanna(ਾ) with lanv( ੇ). Now write the plural forms of the following regular Punjabi nouns.
* ਤੋਤਾ
* ਬਟੇਰਾ
* ਬਗਲਾ
* ਤੋਤੇ
* ਬਟੇਰੇ
* ਬਗਲੇ
3. Plurals of irregular nouns ending with a vowel are formed by adding ਆਂ. Write the plural forms of the following Punjabi nouns.
* ਚਿੜੀ
* ਉੱਲੂ
* ਚਿੜੀਆਂ
* ਉੱਲੂਆਂ
4. Plurals of irregular nouns ending with a consonant are formed by adding ਾਂ. Write the plural forms of the following Punjabi nouns.
* ਬਤਖ਼
* ਗਟਾਰ
* ਤਿੱਤਰ
* ਕਬੂਤਰ
* ਬਾਜ
* ਮੋਰ
* ਬਤਖ਼ਾਂ
* ਗਟਾਰਾਂ
* ਤਿੱਤਰਾਂ
* ਕਬੂਤਰਾਂ
* ਬਾਜਾਂ
* ਮੋਰਾਂ

### Conclusion

In this chapter you were introduced to birds. You also learnt the concept of number in Punjabi nouns. The next chapter shall be devoted to animals.

## ਜਾਨਵਰ - Animals

Animals are called ਜਾਨਵਰ in Punjabi. Given below are the Punjabi equivalents of some common animal names.
* ਘੋੜਾ = horse
* ਵਛੇਰਾ = foal/baby horse
* ਕੁੱਤਾ = dog
* ਕਤੂਰਾ = puppy
* ਬਘਿਆੜ = wolf
* ਖੋਤਾ = donkey
* ਚੂਹਾ = rat
* ਨੇਲ/ਨਿਉਲਾ = mongoose
* ਬਿੱਲੀ = cat
* ਬਲੂੰਗਾ/ਬਲੂੰਗੜਾ = kitten
* ਬੱਕਰੀ = goat
* ਮੇਮਣਾ = kid/baby goat
* ਕਿਰਲੀ = lizard
* ਬੋਤੀ = camel - female
* ਗਾਂ = cow
* ਵੱਛਾ = calf(cow)
* ਮੱਝ = buffalo
* ਕੱਟਾ = calf(buffalo)
* ਭੇਡ = sheep
* ਲੇਲਾ = lamb
* ਸੇਹਾ = rabbit
* ਸਹਿਆ/ਸਹਾ = hare/jackrabbit
* ਸੂਰ = pig
* ਖੱਚਰ = mule
* ਬੋਤਾ = camel
* ਗਾਲੜ੍ਹ/ਕਾਟੋ = squirrel
* ਸਰਦੂਲ = lion
* ਬਾਘ = tiger
* ਚੀਤਾ = cheetah
* ਰਿੱਛ = bear
* ਸੱਪ = snake
* ਸਪੋਲ਼ੀਆ = snakelet, small snake
* ਬਿੱਛੂ/ਠੂਹਾਂ = scorpion
* ਹਿਰਨ = deer
* ਬਾਰਾਂਸਿੰਗਾ = stag
* ਗੈਂਡਾ = rhinoceros
* ਹਾਥੀ = elephant
* ਬਾਂਦਰ = monkey
* ਗਿੱਦੜ = jackal
* ਲੂੰਬੜੀ = fox
* ਗਿਰਗਿਟ = chameleon
* ਲੰਗੂਰ = langur
* ਕੱਛੂਆ = tortoise
* ਡੱਡੂ = frog
* ਮੱਛੀ = fish
* ਘੜਿਆਲ = alligator
* ਮੱਛ = crocodile
* ਗੋਹ = monitor lizard
* ਚਮਗਾਦੜ/ਚਮਗਿੱਦੜ = bat
* ਕੰਡਿਆਲ਼ਾ/ਕੰਡੇਰਨਾ/ਝਾਹਾ = hedgehog
* ਸੇਹ = porcupine
* ਗੰਡੋਆ = earthworm

### Exercises

1. Write names of ten animals in Punjabi. 2. Masculine gender in Punjabi is called ਪੁਲਿੰਗ and feminine gender is called ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ. All the above animal names, nouns as they are, bear gender. Regular masculine nouns, as in the case of first five animal names above, end with kanna(ਾ). Gender of regular masculine nouns is changed by replacing kanna(ਾ) with bihari(ੀ). Now change the gender of the following regular masculine nouns
    ਘੋੜਾ, ਕੁੱਤਾ, ਚੂਹਾ, ਖੋਤਾ
    ਘੋੜੀ, ਕੁਤੀ, ਚੂਹੀ, ਖੋਤੀ
3. Regular feminine nouns, as in the case of sixth to ninth animal names above, end with bihari(ੀ). The gender of the regular feminine nouns is changed by replacing the bihari(ੀ) with kanna(ਾ). Now change the gender of the following regular feminine nouns
    ਬਿੱਲੀ, ਬੱਕਰੀ, ਕਿਰਲੀ, ਬੋਤੀ
    ਬਿਲਾ, ਬੱਕਰਾ, ਕਿਰਲਾ, ਬੋਤਾ
4. Change the number of the following:
    ਘੋੜਾ, ਕੁੱਤਾ, ਚੂਹਾ, ਮੱਝ, ਭੇਡ
    ਘੋੜੇ, ਕੁਤੇ, ਚੂਹੇ, ਮੱਝਾਂ, ਭੇਡਾਂ

### Conclusion

In this chapter you were introduced to animals. You also learnt the concept gender in Punjabi. The next chapter shall be devoted to flowers.

## ਫੁਲ - Flowers

Flower is called ਫੁਲ in Punjabi. ਕਮਲ i.e. lotus, a symbol of spirituality, fruitfulness, wealth, knowledge and illumination, is the National flower of India. Some other flowers are called:
* ਗੁਲਾਬ = rose
* ਚਮੇਲੀ = jasmine
* ਗੇਂਦਾ = marigold
* ਨਰਗਸ = narcissus
* ਗੁਲ ਬਹਾਰ = daisy
* ਗੁਲਦਾਉਦੀ = chrysanthemum
* ਚਾਂਦਨੀ = plumeria
* ਗੁਲਨਾਰ = carnation
* ਡੇਹਲੀਆ = dahlia
* ਮਹਿੰਦੀ = mignonette, henna
* ਸੂਰਜਮੁਖੀ = sunflower
* ਸਰ੍ਹੋਂ = mustard
* ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਰਾਣੀ = night blooming jasmine
* ਚੰਬੇ ਦੀ ਕਲੀ = Cabe of clove

### Exercises

1. Write names of any five flowers in Punjabi.
* ਗੁਲਾਬ (rose)
* ਗੇਂਦਾ (marigold)
* ਕਮਲ (lotus)
* ਸੂਰਜਮੁਖੀ (sunflower)
* ਚਮੇਲੀ (jasmine)

### Conclusion

In this chapter you have been introduced to flowers of Punjab. In the next chapter you will learn fruits

## ਫਲ਼ - Fruits

ਅੰਬ i.e. mango, the king fruits, is the national fruit of India. Other fruits of Panjab are
* ਨਾਰ = pomegranate
* ਅਨਾਨਾਸ = pineapple
* ਸੇਅ = apple
* ਸੰਤਰਾ = orange
* ਅੰਗੂਰ = grapes
* ਕੇਲਾ = banana
* ਪਪੀਤਾ = papaya
* ਨਾਸ਼ਪਾਤੀ = pear
* ਅਮਰੂਦ = guava
* ਖ਼ਰਬੂਜਾ = musk melon
* ਹਦਵਾਣਾ or ਮਤੀਰਾ = watermelon
* ਜਾਮਣ = black plum
* ਆੜੂ = peach
* ਅਲੂਚਾ = prune
* ਆਲੂਬੁਖਾਰਾ = plum
* ਬੇਰ = jujube berry
* ਤੂਤੀ = mulberry
* ਖ਼ੁਰਮਾਨੀ or ਖੁਮਾਨੀ = apricot or dehydrated apricot
* ਖਜੂਰ = dates
* ਅਖ਼ਰੋਟ = walnut
* ਬਦਾਮ = almond
* ਕਾਜੂ Kajhu = cashew
* ਨਿੰਬੂ Limbu= lemon
* ਮੁਸੰਮੀ = sweet lime
* ਚੀਕੂ Chiku = sapodilla
* ਕਰੌਂਦਾ/ ਆਮਲਾ = gooseberry
* ਮੇਵਾ Mewa = Dry Fruits

### Exercises

1. Write names of ten fruits in Punjabi. 2. Identify the regular noun forms amongst the above fruit names and change the number.
* ਸੰਗਤਰਾ: ਸੰਗਤਰੇ orange
* ਕੇਲਾ: ਕੇਲੇ banana
* ਪਪੀਤਾ: ਪਪੀਤੇ papaya
* ਖ਼ਰਬੂਜਾ: ਖ਼ਰਬੂਜੇ
* ਹਦਵਾਣਾ: ਹਦਵਾਣੇ watermelon
* ਖਜੂਰ: ਖਜੂਰਾਂ dates
* ਤੂਤੀ: ਤੂਤੀਆਂ
juji berry

### Conclusion

In this chapter you were introduced to fruits of Punjab. The next chapter shall be devoted to trees.

## ਰੁੱਖ - Trees

A tree is called ਰੁੱਖ in Punjabi. ਬੋਹੜ i.e. banyan is the National tree of India. It is a leading component of the triveni, consisting of the banyan tree, the sacred fig tree and the neem tree. From times immemorial it has been central to the Indian village life.
* ਬੋਹੜ = banyan (Ficus benghalensis)
* ਪਿੱਪਲ = peepal or sacred fig (Ficus religiosa)
* ਨਿੰਮ = neem or margosa tree (Azadirachta indica)
* ਟਾਹਲੀ = shisham (Dalbergia sissoo)
* ਤੂਤ = mulberry (Morus alba)
* ਧਰੇਕ = Melia azedarach, commonly known as the chinaberry tree
* ਬਰਕੈਣ
* ਅੰਬ = mango tree (Mangifera indica)
* ਅਖ਼ਰੋਟ = walnut tree
* ਅਮਰੂਦ
* ਅਮਲਤਾਸ
* ਅਉਲਾ
* ਆੜੂ
* ਅਨਾਰ
* ਨਾਸ਼ਪਾਤੀ
* ਬਾਂਸ = bamboo
* ਢਕਾਂਸੂ
* ਸਿੰਬਲ = silk cotton tree
* ਕਿੱਕਰ = babool(Acacia nilotica)
* ਇੰਮਲੀ = tamarind
* ਲਸੂੜਾ = assyrian plum
* ਬੇਰੀ = berry tree
* ਸਫ਼ੈਦਾ = eucalyptus, poplar
* ਜਾਮਣ = black plum
* ਅੱਕ = milkweed (Calotropis procera)
* ਜੰਡ
* ਵੰਣ
* ਕਰੀਰ = caper plant
* ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਰਾਣੀ = night blooming jasmine
* ਸਰੀਂਹ
* ਫਰਾਂਹ
* ਤੁਣ
* ਮਲ਼੍ਹਾ
* ਪੇਂਦੁ ਬੇਰੀ
* ਹਰਚੰਦੌਰੀ
* ਬਿਲ

### Exercises

1. Write names of any five trees in Punjabi. {{HideNseek|title=Solution|text=
* ਅੰਬ mango tree
* ਟਾਹਲੀ shisham
* ਪਿੱਪਲ peeple
* ਬੋਹੜ banyan
* ਕਿੱਕਰ babool
2. Write the names of five fruit bearing trees.
* ਅੰਬ mango tree
* ਅਖ਼ਰੋਟ walnut tree
* ਬੇਰੀ berry tree
* ਜਾਮਣ black plum
* ਇੰਮਲੀ

### Conclusion

In this chapter, you were introduced to trees. The next chapter shall be devoted to vegetables.

## ਭਾਜੀਆਂ - Vegetables

cooked vegetables, called ਭਾਜੀਆਂ in Punjabi, are an essential part of a Punjabi meal. Green vegetables are called ਸਾਗ.
Here are common vegetables of Punjab.
* ਗੋਭੀ = cauliflower
* ਬੰਦ ਗੋਭੀ = cabbage
* ਆਲੂ = potato
* ਬਤਾਓ = brinjal/eggplant
* ਭਿੰਡੀ = okra/ladies finger
* ਮਟਰ = peas
* ਘੀਆ = gourd
* ਟਿੰਡੋ = apple gourd
* ਕਰੇਲਾ = bitter gourd
* ਪੇਠਾ = wax gourd
* ਤੋਰੀ = sponge gourd
* ਗੰਢਾ = onion
* ਟਮਟਰ = tomato
* ਲਸਣ = garlic
* ਆਦਾ = ginger
* ਸੁੰਢ = dried ginger
* ਖੁੰਭ = mushroom
* ਫਲ਼ੀਆਂ = beans
* ਰਾਜ ਮਾਂਹ = kidney beans
* ਗਾਜਰ = carrot
* ਮੂਲੀ = radish
* ਚੁਕੰਦਰ = beetroot
* ਸ਼ਲਗਮ = turnip
* ਅਰਬੀ = taro root
* ਜਿਮੀਕੰਦ = elephant foot yam
* ਸ਼ਿਮਲਾ ਮਿਰਚ = capsicum (Red,Green,Yellow Pepper)
* ਖੀਰਾ = cucumber
* ਤਰ = snake cucumber
* ਪਾਲਕ = spinach
* ਧਨੀਆ = coriander plant and seeds
* ਪੁਦੀਨਾ = mint

### Exercises

1. Write names of ten vegetables in Punjabi. 2. Recall that regular noun forms ending with kanna bear masculine gender and those ending with bihari bear feminine gender. That is true even for inanimate things like vegetables. Now use this to identify the three masculine nouns and two feminine nouns among the above list of vegetables.
* ਘੀਆ
* ਕਰੇਲਾ
* ਖੀਰਾ
* ਗੋਭੀ
* ਮੂਲੀ

### Conclusion

You were introduced to Punjabi vegetables in this chapter. In the next chapter you will be introduced to Punjabi food.
Punjabi/Vocabulary/Plant

## ਖਾਣ- ਪਾਣ - Food

ਰੋਟੀ also called ਫ਼ੁਲਕਾ or ਟੁਕ / ਟੁਕਰ is a flat bread cooked in tandoor, a special oven or a flat pan called ਤਵਾ. It is the staple food of Punjabis. It is made of wheat flour. ਮੱਕੀ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ made of the corn flour or ਮਿਸੀ ਰੋਟੀ made from gram flour, called ਵੇਸਣ, are also Punjabi delicacies. Other foods are-

### Breads

* ਪਰੌਂਠਾ = A stuffed bread cooked with ghee (clarified butter)
* ਪੂਰੀ= A fried bread
* ਭਟੂਰਾ = A bread fried with baking powder and curd
* ਕੁਲਚਾ = A piece of bread like burger and filled with baked vegetable
* ਮਾਲ੍ਹ ਪੂੜਾ = Flour batter fried on tawa like a parantha and served with kheer

### Rice

* ਉਬਾਲੇ ਚੌਲ = Boiled rice
* ਪੁਲਾਉ = Rice fried with jeera or peas and then boiled in limited water
* ਜਰਦਾ = Sweet rice
* ਖਿਚੜੀ = Rice cooked with lentils
* ਖੀਰ = Rice pudding (Rice cooked in milk to add taste sugar or jaggery are added)

### Vegetables and dals

* ਭਾਜੀ = Baked Vegetable (also a vegetable dish)
* ਸਾਗ = A dish made from the mustard stems
* ਦਾਲ = A dish made from pulses specially lentils
* ਮਸਰ, ਮਾਂਹ,ਸਾਵਤ ਮੂੰਗੀ, ਧੋਵੀਂ ਮੂੰਗੀ , ਮੋਠ, ਰੌਂਗੀ, ਅਰਹਰ = Different types of lentils
* ਰਾਜ ਮਾਂਹ = Kideny beans
* ਕਾਬਲੀ ਛੋਲੇ = Chickpeas
* ਕਾਲੇ ਛੋਲੇ = Grams
* ਕੜ੍ਹੀ ਪਕੌੜਾ = Pakorhas cooked in curd with gram flour

### Non-vegetarian dishes

* ਮਾਸ = meat
* ਕੁਕੜ = Chicken
* ਮੱਛੀ = Fish
* ਆਂਡੇ = Eggs

### Dairy products

* ਦੁੱਧ = Milk
* ਦਹੀਂ = Curd
* ਰੈਤਾ = Vegetables in curd
* ਦਹੀਂ ਭੱਲੇ = Curd with deep fried moong balls
* ਮੱਖਣ = Butter
* ਲੱਸੀ = Butter milk

### Snacks

* ਪਤੌੜ = Deep fried balls of gram flour and vegetables
* ਸਮੋਸਾ = Potatoes and assorted vegetables rolled in wheat flour and cooked in oil
* ਆਲੂ ਟਿੱਕੀ = Mashes potatoes round shaped and fried on tawa

### Sweets

* ਜਲੇਬੀ = Orange sweet
* ਲੱਡੂ = Orange sweet made from gram flour
* ਬਰਫੀ = Indian confictionary made from milk
* ਪੇਠਾ = Pumpkin in syrup
* ਪੰਜੀਰੀ = A dry dish made from wheat flour with dry fruits
* ਪਿੰਨੀ = Sweets like Panjiri compressed into a ball
* ਸੇਵੀਆਂ = Vermicelli
* ਗਜਰੇਲਾ = Carrot dessert
* ਰਸ ਗੁਲੇ = A sweet made from coconut
* ਗੁਲਾਬ ਜਾਮਨ = A sweet made from milk powder
* ਬਾਲੂੂਸ਼ਾਹੀ = A sweet made from maida, yoghurt, oil and sugar
* ਕੁਲਫੀ = Frozen milk concentrate
* ਪੇੜਾ = A milk based sweet
* ਪਤੀਸਾ = A sweet made from besan
* ਗੁਲਗਲੇ = A sweet fried in oil.

### Flavours

* ਕਰਾਰਾ, ਕਰਾਰੀ = spicy
* ਮਿੱਠਾ, ਮਿੱਠੀ = sweet
* ਰਸੀਲਾ, ਰਸੀਲੀ = juicy
* ਲੂਣਾ, ਲੂਣੀ = salty
* ਕੌੜਾ, ਕੌੜੀ = bitter
* ਖੱਟਾ, ਖੱਟੀ = sour
* ਤੇਨਰਮ, ਤੇਨਰਮੀ = bland
* ਤਿੱਖਾ,ਤਿੱਖੀ = pungent
* ਸੁਆਦਲੀ = tasty
* ਸਥੂਲ = gross

### Cooking/ eating utensils

* ਚਮਚਾ = spoon
* ਕਾਂਟਾ = fork
* ਪਿਆਲਾ = glass
* ਥਾਲ = plate
* ਪਤੀਲਾ = pot
* ਤਵਾ = skillet
* ਭਾਂਡਾ = dishes
* ਕੜਛੀ = mixing spoon
* ਕਰਦ = kitchen knife

### Cooking verbs

* ਚੂਰਣਾ = Scramble
* ਭੁੰਨਣਾ = roast ( ਭੁੱਝਣਾ = to be roasted)
* ਉਬਾਲਣਾ = boil ( ਉਬਲਣਾ = to be boiled)
* ਜਿਊਰਣਾ = soak
* ਰਿੰਨਣਾ/ ਪਕਾਉਣਾ = cook ( ਰਿੱਝਣਾ/ ਪੱਕਣਾ = to be cooked )

### Staple foods

* ਫਲੀਆਂ = beans
* ਦਾਲਾਂ, ਮਸਰਾਂ = lentils
* ਫਲ= fruit
* ਤਰਕਾਰੀਆਂ, ਸਬਜ਼ੀਆਂ = vegetables
* ਮਾਸਾਂ, ਗੋਸ਼ਤਾਂ = meat
* ਅਨਾਜਾਂ = gains
* ਗਿਰੀਆਂ = nuts

### Diets

* ਸ਼ਾਕਾਹਾਰੀ = vegetarian
* ਮਸਾਸ਼ਹੀ = Non Vegetarian

## ਪਿੰਡੇ ਦੇ ਅੰਗ - Parts of Body

* ਪਿੰਡਾ(m) = body
* ਸਿਰ (m) = head
* ਸ਼ਕਲ = face
* ਅੱਖ(f) = eye
* ਭਰਵੱਟੇ(m) = eyebrows
* ਝਿੰਮਣੀ, ਪਲਕਾਂ(f) = eye lashes
* ਨੱਕ(m) = nose
* ਨਾਸਾਂ(m) = nostrils
* ਕੰਨ(m) = ear
* ਦੰਦ(m) = tooth
* ਜੀਭ= tongue
* ਮਸੂੜੇ (m) = gums
* ਬਾਜਾਂ, ਵਰਾਛਾਂ(m) = both ends of lip
* ਤਾਲੂ= roof of the mouth
* ਜਬਾੜਾ, ਹੜਬਾਂ(f) = jaw
* ਕੇਸ = hair
* ਮੱਥਾ(m) = forehead
* ਪੁੜਪੜੀ = temple
* ਖਾਖ, ਗੱਲ੍ਹ(f) = cheek
* ਬੁੱਲ੍ਹ(m) = lip(s)
* ਠੋਡੀ(f) = chin
* ਮੁੱਛ(m) = moustache
* ਦਾੜ੍ਹੀ(f) = beard
* ਧੌਣ(f) = neck
* ਸੰਘ(m) = throat
* ਗਿੱਚੀ(f) = nape
* ਮੋਢਾ(m) = shoulder
* ਬਾਂਹ = arm
* ਕੱਛ(f) = armpit
* ਅਰਕ, ਕੂਹਣੀ(f) = elbow
* ਡੌਲਾ = brachium
* ਹੱਥ(m) = hand
* ਗੁੱਟ(m)= wrist
* ਵੀਹਣੀ(f) = forearm and wrist
* ਅੰਗੂਠਾ(m) = thumb
* ਉਂਗਲ(f) = finger
* ਚੀਚ੍ਹੀ = little finger
* ਤਲੀ(f) = palm
* ਪੋਟੇ/ਪੋਟਾ(m) = finger tips
* ਹਿੱਕ(f) = chest
* ਮੰਮਾ(f) = breast
* ਪਿੱਠ(f) = back
* ਚਿੱਤੜ , ਬੂਦ = buttocks
* ਲੱਕ(m)= waist
* ਲੱਤ(f) = leg
* ਪੱਟ(m) = thigh
* ਗੋਡਾ(m) = knee
* ਚੱਪਣੀ(f) = knee cap
* ਪਿੰਨੀ = shin
* ਪੈਰ(m) = foot
* ਅੱਡੀ = heel
* ਗਿੱਟਾ(m) = ankle
* ਦਮਾਗ= brain
* ਚਿੱਤ(m) = heart
* ਫੇਫੜਾ(m) = lung
* ਢਿੱਡ = belly
* ਧੁੰਨੀ = belly button
* ਮਿਹਦਾ(m) = stomach
* ਕਾਲਜਾ, ਜਿਗਰ(m) = liver
* ਅੰਤੜੀ(f) = intestine
* ਗੁਰਦਾ(m) = kidney
* ਮੇਰੂ(f) = spine
* ਪੱਸਲੀ(f) = rib
* ਚੂਚੀ(f) = nipple
* ਨਹੁੰ(m) = nails
* ਚਮੜੀ(f) = skin
* ਨਾੜ(f) = veins
* ਰੱਤ = blood
* ਹੱਡ , ਹੱਡੀ= bone
* ਵੀਰਜ(m) = semen

## ਟੂਮਾਂ- Jewellery

Punjabi womenfolk are particularly fond of jewellery, which finds a prominent place in Punjabi folklore and literature.
* ਹਾਰ = necklace
* ਗਾਨੀ = chain worn round the neck
* ਮਾਲ਼ਾ = necklace of beads
* ਕੈਂਠਾ = a thick solid necklace
* ਕੋਕਾ, ਲੌਂਗ = nose pin or nose stud
* ਨੱਥ = a chain like jewel for nose
* ਮੁੰਦਰੀ, ਛਾਪ, ਛੱਲਾ = ring
* ਵਾਲੀਆਂ = earring
* ਝੁਮਕੇ = ear droppings
* ਬੁੰਦੇ = ear studs
* ਚੂੜੀ, ਵੰਗ, ਕੰਗਣ = bangle
* ਗਜਰਾ = a thick bangle for women
* ਕੜਾ = stout
* ਝਾਂਜਰ, ਪੰਜੇਬ, ਪਾਇਲ = anklet
* ਟਿੱਕਾ = a Jewel for forehead
* ਸੱਗੀ ਫੁੱਲ = a head ornament
Other objects and metals connected with jewellery are ਹੀਰਾ (diamond), ਮੋਤੀ (pearls), ਸਿਉਨਾ (gold) and ਚਾਂਦੀ (silver) etc.

### Exercises

1. Write in Punjabi names of four jewellery items worn around the neck.
* ਹਾਰ
* ਗਾਨੀ
* ਮਾਲ਼ਾ
* ਕੈਂਠਾ
2. Write in Punjabi names of three jewellery items worn on ears.
* ਵਾਲੀ
* ਝੁਮਕੇ
* ਬੁੰਦੇ

## ਆਵਾਜਾਈ - Transport

* ਵਾਹਨ = Vehicle
* ਬੱਸ/ਲੌਰੀ= bus
* ਰੇਲ ਗੱਡੀ = train
* ਜਹਾਜ਼ = aeroplane or ship
* ਹੈਲੀਕਾਪਟਰ = helicopter
* ਕਿਸ਼ਤੀ = boat
* ਟਰੱਕ,ਲੌਰੀ = truck
* ਗੱਡੀ = car
* ਗੱਡਾ = bull cart
* ਰੇਹੜਾ = horse cart
* ਸਾਈਕਲ = cycle
* ਰਿਕਸ਼ਾ = rickshaw
* ਟਾਂਗਾ = Tonga
* ਵੈਨ = van
* ਟੈਂਪੂ = three wheeler
* ਟਿਪਰ = tipper
* ਐਬੂਲੈਂਸ = ambulance
* ਮੋਟਰਸਾਇਕਲ,ਬਮਬੁਕਾਟ = motorcycle
* ਸਵਾਰੀ = passenger
* ਸਮਾਨ = load

## ਖੇਡਾਂ - Sports

Sports in Punjabi is ਖੇਡਾਂ. ਹਾਕੀ (hockey) is India's national sport. India won the Olympics title in hockey from 1928 to 1956 and then in 1984. The picture shows Dhian Chand, the legendary Indian hockey player in the 1936 Olympic semi-finals versus France.
* ਹਾਕੀ = hockey
* ਪੈਰਗੇਦ = football
* ਕਬੱਡੀ/ਕੌੜੀ = kabaddi
* ਖੋ-ਖੋ = kho kho
* ਵਾਲੀਗੇਦ = volleyball
* ਸਿਕਗੇਦ = Basketball
* ਿੱਕਾ = badminton
* ਤੇਂਸ = tennis
* ਦੌੜਾਂ = athletics
* ਲੰਮੀ ਛਾਲ = long jump
* ਉੱਚੀ ਛਾਲ = high jump
* ਗੋਲਾ ਸੁਟਣਾ = shot put
* ਪੋਲ ਵਾਟ = pole vault
* ਤੈਰਾਕੀ = swimming
* ਵਰਜਿਸ਼ = gymnastics
* ਛਿੰਝ = wrestling
* ਮੁੱਕੇਬਾਜੀ = Boxing
* ਤੀਰ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੀ = archery
* ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨੇ ਬਾਜ਼ੀ = shooting
* ਭਾਰ ਚੁਕਣਾ = weight-lifting
* ਸ਼ਤਰੰਜ = chess

## Metals

Metal is ਧਾਤ in Punjabi. ਲੋਹਾ, that is iron, is the most common metal while ਇਸਪਾਤ, that is steel, is a very sturdy metal alloy. Punjabi women love gold(ਸੋਨਾ) jewellery. The picture shows the world famous Golden Temple, the Sikh shrine at Amritsar. The better part of the temple is gold plated.
* ਸੋਨਾ = gold
* ਚਾਂਦੀ = silver
* ਤਾਂਬਾ = copper
* ਲੋਹਾ = iron
* ਸਿੱਕਾ = lead
* ਕਾਂਸੀ = bronze
* ਪਲਾਟੀਨਮ = platinum
* ਇਸਪਾਤ, ਫੌਲਾਦ = steel
* ਪਿਤਲ = brass
* ਐਲੂਮੀਨੀਅਮ = aluminum
* ਰਾਂਗ = tin
* ਜਿਸਤ = zinc
* ਨਿਕਲ = nickel

## Furniture

Furniture in Punjabi is ਸਜਣਾ. ਕੁਰਸੀ and ਮੇਜ਼ are the most commonly used articles of furniture.
* ਕੁਰਸੀ = chair
* ਮੇਜ਼ = table
* ਸੋਫ਼ਾ/ਗੱਦਾ = sofa
* ਮੰਜਾ/ਸੇਜ = bed
* ਗੱਦਾ = matteress
* ਤਖਤ = throne
* ਤਖਤਪੋਸ਼ = a broad wooden piece of furniture for sitting or squatting on
* ਬੈਂਚ = bench
* ਡੈਸਕ = desk
* ਸਟੂਲ = stool
* ਚੌਕੀ = a low broad stool
* ਪੀਹੜੀ = A small and low woven piece of furniture to sit on.
* ਮੂਹੜਾ = mat
* ਸੰਦੂਕ = wooden or iron trunk
* ਅਲਮਾਰੀ = wardrobe

### Exercises

1. List any five items of furniture in Punjabi.
2. Identify masculine and feminine nouns from amongst the items of furniture listed in this chapter by identifying regular noun forms.

#### Masculine nouns

* ਮੰਜਾ
* ਸੋਫ਼ਾ
* ਗੱਦਾ
* ਮੂਹੜਾ

#### Feminine nouns

* ਕੁਰਸੀ
* ਚੌਕੀ
* ਪੀਹੜੀ
* ਅਲਮਾਰੀ

### Conclusion

In this chapter you have been introduced to the commonly used furniture in Punjabi homes and offices. In the next chapter you will learn about the relations.

## ਸਾਕ- Relations

A relation is called ਸਾਕ in Punjabi. We continue with the concept of gender we introduced in Animals chapter. The list below contains masculine relations only where the noun is regular but where ever the noun is irregular the feminine gender form is also provided. For a description of regular and irregular nouns click here
* ਪਿਓ, ਪੇ= father
* ਮਾ, ਬੇਬੇ = mother
* ਪੁੱਤ = son
* ਧੀ = daughter
* ਭਰਾ = brother
* ਭੈਣ = sister
* ਘਰਵਾਲਾ, ਖਸਮ = husband
* ਵਹੁਟੀ = wife
* ਦਾਦਾ = paternal grandfather (father's father)
* ਦਾਦੀ = paternal grandmother (father's mother)
* ਪੋਤਾ, ਪੋਤਰਾ= grand-son (son's son)
* ਪੋਤੀ/ਪੋਤਰੀ = grand-daughter (son's daughter)
* ਨਾਨਾ = maternal grandfather (mother's father)
* ਨਾਨੀ = maternal grandmother (mother's mother)
* ਦੋਹਤਾ= grand son (daughter's son)
* ਦੋਹਤੀ =grand daughter (daughter's daughter)
* ਚਾਚਾ = uncle (younger brother of father)
* ਚਾਚੀ = aunt (wife of father's younger brother)
* ਤਾਇਆ = uncle (elder brother of father)
* ਤਾਈ = aunt (wife of father's elder brother)
* ਭਤੀਜਾ = nephew (brother's son)
* ਭਣੇਵਾਂ = nephew (sister's son)
* ਮਾਮਾ = uncle (mother's brother)
* ਮਾਮੀ = aunt (wife of mother's brother)
* ਫੁੱਫੜ = husband of father's sister
* ਭੂਆ = father's sister
* ਮਾਸੜ = husband of mother's sister
* ਮਾਸੀ = mother's sister
* ਮਿੱਤ, ਸੰਗਿ= friend
* ਸੇਹਲੀ = female friend
* ਸਹੁਰਾ = father-in-law
* ਸੱਸ = mother-in-law
* ਜੁਆਈ = son-in-law
* ਨੂੰਹ = daughter-in-law
* ਸਾਲ਼ਾ = brother-in-law (wife's brother)
* ਜੀਜਾ = brother-in-law (sister's husband)
* ਜੇਠ = brother-in-law (elder brother of husband)
* ਦਿਉਰ = brother-in-law (younger brother of husband)
* ਭਾਬੀ = sister-in-law (brother's wife)
* ਨਨਾਣ = sister-in-law (husband's sister)
* ਕੁੜਮ = father-in-law of son or daughter
* ਕੁੜਮਣੀ = mother-in-law of son or daughter

### Exercises

1. Write the feminine gender form of the following:
    ਸਾਲਾ, ਮਾਮਾ, ਚਾਚਾ, ਪੋਤਾ
    ਸਾਲੀ, ਮਾਮੀ, ਚਾਚੀ, ਪੋਤੀ
2. Write the masculine gender form of the following:
    ਦਾਦੀ, ਭਣੇਂਵੀ, ਭਤੀਜੀ
    ਦਾਦਾ, ਭਣੇਂਵਾ, ਭਤੀਜਾ
3. Change the gender of the following nouns:
    ਮਾਸੀ, ਸੱਸ, ਜੇਠ, ਦਿਉਰ, ਭੂਆ
    ਮਾਸੜ, ਸਹੁਰਾ, ਜੇਠਾਣੀ, ਦਰਾਣੀ, ਫੁੱਫੜ

## ਵਾਰ - Weekdays

Week is ਪਖਵਾੜਾ or ਹਫ਼ਤਾ in Punjabi and day is ਦਿਹਾੜ. Following are the Punjabi days of the week.
* ਐਤਵਾਰ = Sunday (aitvaar)
* ਸੋਮਵਾਰ = Monday ( somvaar)
* ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ = Tuesday ( mangalvaar also depicted as 'ਕਰੜਾ-ਵਾਰ')
* ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ = Wednesday ( budhvaar)
* ਵੀਰਵਾਰ = Thursday ( veervaar)
* ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ / ਜੁੰਮਾ = Friday ( shukarvaar)
* ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ = Saturday ( shanicharvaar)
ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ is sometimes written or spoken as ਸ਼ਨੀਵਾਰ ( shanivār).

### Week/day related other words

* ਅੱਜ = Today
* ਅੱਜੇ = Very today.
* ਕੱਲ੍ਹ = Yesterday
* ਭੱਲਕੇ = Tomorrow
* ਪਰਸੋਂ = A day after tomorrow (or the day before yesterday)
* ਚੌਥੇ = A day after ਪਰਸੋਂ
* ਇਸ ਪਖਵਾੜੇ = This week (ਇਸ = This)
* ਅਗਲੇ ਪਖਵਾੜੇ = Next week (ਅਗਲੇ = Next)
* ਪਿਛਲੇ ਪਖਵਾੜੇ = Last week (ਪਿਛਲੇ = Last)

### Exercises

1. Write the names of the days of week in Punjabi.
Punjabi/Vocabulary/Months Punjabi/Vocabulary/Numbers Punjabi/Vocabulary/Miscellaneous

# Conversation

Punjabi/Conversation Punjabi/Conversation/MeetingPeople Punjabi/Conversation/SeekingAttention Punjabi/Conversation/MakingTelephoneCall Punjabi/Conversation/SeekingAdvice

# Grammar

Punjabi/Grammar Punjabi/Grammar/Parts of speech Punjabi/Grammar/Noun Punjabi/Grammar/Pronoun Punjabi/Grammar/Adjective Punjabi/Grammar/Verb Punjabi/Grammar/Participle Punjabi/Grammar/Adverb Punjabi/Grammar/Postposition Punjabi/Grammar/Conjunction Punjabi/Grammar/Interjection

# Miscellaneous

Punjabi/Contributors Punjabi/Language Punjabi/Literature Punjabi/Culture Punjabi/About Punjabi Wikibook Punjabi/About Using Punjabi Wikibook

# Appendices

Punjabi/Phonetics Punjabi/Phonetics Punjabi/Dictionary Punjabi/Dictionary/ੳ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਅ Punjabi/Dictionary/ੲ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਸ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਹ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਕ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਖ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਗ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਘ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਙ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਚ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਛ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਜ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਝ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਞ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਟ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਠ Punjabi/Dictionary/ਡ
* ↑ "vegetables name in punjabi". TrendPunjabi.com. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.