OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Justification, salvation and grace

Looking at salvation by grace through faith which is not of our works but God who did it for us as a human race .Ephesians 2:8 and 9 adds on and says that none should boast because we do not save ourself except for the grace of God. Our part is to use faith to take what is ours (salvation), we do not deserve to perish , the fire in hell is been made for the devil and his angels from the beginning of all wars that are heavenly. Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels: Mathew 25vs 41.Faith is our part to play believing in what you have never seen but you are convicted of its existence. The world was created by faith by Him from whom all things began.
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Major events and important movements in church history
## History of Christianity

Christianity is the religion instituted by Jesus Christ that has defined an era in history continuously for the last 2000 years plus. It teaches that there is no salvation without Christ's atonement, without faith in God and a belief in the gospels. Though the great moral principles which it reveals and teaches and the main doctrines of the gospel have been preserved without interruption, the genius of the different nations and ages has materially colored its character. The first community of the followers of Jesus was formed at Jerusalem soon after the death of their Master in 30/33 AD. Another was formed at Antioch in Syria about 59/65 AD, where the followers of Jesus were first called Christians. The travels of the apostles spread Christianity through the provinces of the Roman Empire, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, the islands of the Mediterranean, Italy and the northern coast of Africa, as early as the first century. At the end of the third century almost one-half of the inhabitants of the Roman Empire, and of several neighboring countries, professed this belief, and in the twenty-first century it is still spreading through missionary work. As a result of this missionary zeal, Christians have suffered persecution down through history, on the other hand, holy wars have been fought in the name of Jesus and free-thinkers have been subject to various inquisitions in the name of love, but the successes outweigh the setbacks and in the Christian viewpoint the world is a better place for the gospel outreach. Many offshoots sprang from the main trunk. The Gnostics who date from the days of the apostles professed a deeper knowledge of God’s hidden spiritual realities with a degree of asceticism, while incorporating Jesus in the system, but often combined this with a desire for moral freedom. The Arians of the fourth century believed the Son was created inferior to the Father. The Nestorians of the fifth century believed in two separate persons of Jesus, divine and human, in one personality. These early questions were representative of the dissonant voices which detracted from the message. The most important events in the subsequent history of Christianity were the division of the Roman Church in 1054 and the Western Reformation beginning in 1517. The number of Christians in the world in 1900 was computed at 477,000,000. Of these about 230,000,000 were Roman Catholics, 98,000,000 belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church and 149,000,000 were Protestants. The figures for the year 2000 approximate 1,000,000,000 plus for Catholics, 240,000,000 for Orthodox, 590,000,000 for Protestants, and 275,000,000 for other Christian identity groups. Of the various churches of Protestants the most numerous are the Lutheran and the Calvinistic churches.

## Early Cartography

* Palestine
* Eastern Mediterranean

## The Church and World History

* The Roman Empire
Return to Christianity contents page
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Overview
## Significant wikis on Christianity

Notice: Wikibboks does not officially sanction any of the following. Use at your own risk.
* WikiChristian - A wiki for Christians to discuss the Bible, current issues in the church, church history, Christian music and movies, and Christian doctrine and theology.

## Chapter 1: The essence of Christianity

* The essence of Christianity
* God the father
* Jesus
* Holy Spirit
* Becoming a Christian
* Living as a Christian

## Chapter 2: Christian texts and writings and the arts

* The Bible
* Creeds and catechisms
* Famous ancient Christian texts
* Famous works of fiction
* Famous works of non-fiction
* Christian music
* Christian movies and television

## Chapter 3: Church history

* Major events and important movements in church history
* Famous Christians
* Authors
* Bible Characters
* Evangelists

## Chapter 4: Denominations

* An introduction to denominations
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Roman Catholicism
* Protestant churches

## Chapter 5: Prophetic Movements

* Mormonism (1830)
* Adventism (1863)
* Christian Science (1879)

## Chapter 6: Christian doctrine and debates

* The nature of Christ
* Justification, salvation and grace
* Other teachings and debates

## Chapter 7: Other religions

* Christianity and the world's religions
* Islam
* Hinduism
* Buddhism
Return to Biblical Studies/Christianity contents
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Major events and important movements in church history/Eastern Mediterranean in New Testament Times

                Return to Church History
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Major events and important movements in church history/Palestine map

The old family Bible under careful scrutiny yields some treasure, if only to emphasize that according to Mark 16, the road to Emmaus should have been toward Galilee (North country) and Bethany should have sufficient water (John 3:23), near to Nazareth. (Mark 1:10):
* three Bethabara(s) - southern site preferred by Origen, 3rd century A.D., as place of Jesus' baptism (John 1:28).
* two Bethany(s) - one beyond the Jordan which is dissected by the Kings Highway trade route through Damascus.
* two Emmaus(s)
       Josephus in Antiquities places Emmaus near to Tiberias, built by Herod the Tetrarch on Lake Gennesareth (Galilee) to honor Roman Emperor Tiberius. The attraction of the small village of Emmaus, named, the warm baths or springs, was its reputation (Josephus, Wars) as a place of healing. Vespasian made his camp there, before the seige of Gamala in 67 A.D.
       not exactly - a smaller Wilderness of John 11:54, opposite Ephraim, according to map, west of Jordan is devoid of settlement and possibly "the wilderness."
Highlights − The Holy Land, Jesus, and Beyond
   * A Savior is Born: Bethelehem
   * Hometown: Nazareth
   * Ministry: from Sidon to the Decapolis
   * Last Known Dwelling: Capernaum
   * Died: Jerusalem
   * Rose: on the third day, but according to local authorities, body was spirited away.
Map Find:
Decapolis: Ten Cities of the Greeks−Scythopolis, Damascus, Dion, Gadara, Gerasa, Hippos, Kanatha, Pella, Philadelphia, and Raphana
Where was the birthplace of the Christian Gospel?
What is the symbol for East on the Wind Compass Rose?
Bonus question: Identify the Bethabara (of the ______) opposite Bethabara (of the Greeks) and put your name on the map.
John 1 − 2 − 3 −  4
Return to Church History
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Major events and important movements in church history/Parallels The Roman Empire

PERIOD OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE  C.E.  1 - 476 :
| Century Characteristics | Development of Christianity | The Roman Empire | Arts, Sciences, etc. | Literature |
| 1 - 100 AD | | 1. Caius Caesar makes peace with the Parthians. Tiberius | | Ovid Metamor- |
| | | returns to Rome. | | phoses, |
| | | 6. Varus, encamped on the Weser, governs lower Germany | | Heroides, &c. |
| | 8. Jesus reasons with the | like a Roman province. | | |
| | doctors of letters. | | 9. Celsus advances | Apion of Al- |
| | | | the science of | exandria |
| | | 14. Augustus dies at Nola; is succeeded by Tiberius as | medicine. | writes on |
| | | Emperor. | | grammar. |
| | | 19. The Jews are banished from Rome. | | |
| | 25. Pontius Pilate, Gov- | | | |
| | vernor of Judea. | | | |
| | 26. John the Baptist be- | 26. Thrace becomes a Roman province. | 26. The Druids in | |
| | gins his ministry. | | Germany. | |
| | 27. Jesus baptisted by John. | | | |
| CHRISTIANITY | 29. Twelve Apostles sent | | | |
| founded amid | abroad. | | | |
| skepticism | 30. Crucifixion of the Sav- | 30. Agrippina banished. | | |
| and | ior, Friday, April 3, at | | | |
| persecutions. | 3 p.m. (some say Apr. 7) | | | |
| | 34. St. Paul converted to | | | |
| | Christianity. | 37. Tiberius succeeded by Caligula, noted for his profligacy. | | |
| | 41. Herod's persecutions. | 41. The amiable Claudius becomes Emperor. | | |
| | 45. First mission of Paul. | 48. Census of the city, 6,900,000. | 50. Columella, born | |
| | 51. Paul preaches at | | in Spain, writes | |
| | Athens. | 54. Nero, Emperor; a profligate and tyrant. | on husbandry. | |
| | 58. Paul imprisoned by | | | Seneca |
| | Felix. | | | De Clementia |
| | 59. Disciples first called | 59. Nero orders death of his mother Agrippina the Younger. | | |
| | Christians at Antioch. | | | |
| | 60. Paul appeals to Caesar. | | | |
| | 61. Paul imprisoned in | 61. Revolt of the Britons under Queen Boadicea. | | |
| | Rome | | | |
| | | TO BE CONTINUED | | |
Back to Church history
Return to Christianity contents page
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Prayer

The example given by the Lord Jesus:
       Our Father, the One in heaven,
       Your name be kept holy always.
       Your kingdom come even now,
       Your will be done on earth as in heaven.
       Give us again our daily bread.
       And forgive us our trespasses,
       As we forgive those who trespass against us.
       Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.
       For Yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever.
       Amen.
Matthew 6: 9-13 (Modernity version) Known as The Lord's Prayer, but wholly for the disciples benefit (according to Luke).
God − The Son − The Holy Spirit
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Living as a Christian

In the Catholic Church there are titles for those who do and do not participate. A “practicing Catholic” is a catholic who has completed the holy sacraments, attends Catholic Mass (Church) every week including holy days of obligation and attends Confession at least once per year. Those who consider themselves Catholic and do not meet these standards is considered a “Lapsed Catholic.”
In Protestantism; Pastor Rex Humbard once said, the Christian life is like a bicycle, either go on or go off. Thus, after the believer turns to Jesus, there are certain things required:
* To grow in Christ. (Eph. 4: 15)
* To grow in grace and knowledge of the things of God (2 Peter 3: 18)
* To grow as the Word is read. (1 Peter 2: 2)
* To love one another. (John 13: 35) (1 Cor. 13)
* To be a witness of Jesus to others (Acts 1: 8)
* To give to God what is God’s. (Luke 20: 25)
* To pray always. (1 Thess. 5: 17)
* To pray in the Holy Spirit. (Jude 20)
* To receive help from the Holy Spirit when we do not know how to pray. (Rom. 8: 26)
* To join a body of believers. (Heb. 10: 24,25)
       With oneness in unity of purpose. (Rom. 12: 5)
       With oneness, but different ministries. (Eph. 4: 11,12)
       With oneness in symbols. (Rev. 19: 7)
       With oneness in testimony. (Rev. 12: 10,11)
       With oneness as children of God. (Matt. 5: 9)
    And if the Holy Spirit is in you, He who raised up Christ from the dead will add to your mortal existence such abundant Life as comes with the indwelling of His Spirit. Therefore, brothers and sisters, we are under no obligation to live a life ruled by our baser instincts. For if you follow that path, death is near; but under the powerful sway of the Spirit, when you put those inclinations aside, you will live. For all who are led by the Holy Spirit are children of God. (Romans 8: 11-14 in Modernity)
    I may not be the man I want to be; I may not be the man I ought to be; I may not be the man I could be; I may not be the man I truly can be; but praise God, I'm not the man I once was.
God − The Son − The Holy Spirit
Return to Christianity contents page
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Mormonism

Official church websites: Mormon.org and lds.org.
See also: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
# Brlcad/How to mged/library command
## Library Commands

* cho_close
* cho_open
* dgo_E
* dgo_assoc
* dgo_autoview
* dgo_blast
* dgo_clear
* dgo_draw
* dgo_erase
* dgo_erase_all
* dgo_ev
* dgo_get_autoview
* dgo_headSolid
* dgo_how
* dgo_illum
* dgo_nirt
* dgo_observer
* dgo_open
* dgo_overlay
* dgo_qray
* dgo_report
* dgo_rt
* dgo_rtabort
* dgo_rtarea
* dgo_rtcheck
* dgo_rtedge
* dgo_rtweight
* dgo_set_outputHandler
* dgo_set_plOutputMode
* dgo_set_transparency
* dgo_shaded_mode
* dgo_vdraw
* dgo_vnirt
* dgo_who
* dgo_zap
* dm_best_name
* dm_best_type
* dm_bg
* dm_bounds
* dm_clearBufferAfter
* dm_close
* dm_configure
* dm_debug
* dm_depthMask
* dm_drawCentreDot
* dm_drawDataAxes
* dm_drawGeom
* dm_drawLine
* dm_drawModelAxes
* dm_drawPoint
* dm_drawSList
* dm_drawString
* dm_drawVList
# Brlcad/How to mged/comment

Comments are pieces of text or whitespace that can be included in a script to make the code more understandable to a programmer. Comments have no effect on the running script and are ignored by the mged interpreter.
In mged, comments can be inserted by prefixing them with a hash symbol. The mged interpreter will ignore the hash symbol and any other characters that follow it until the end of the line:
# Brlcad/How to mged/developer command
## Developer Commands

* aip
* cmd_win
* collaborate
* get_autoview
* get_comb
* get_dm_list
* get_more_default
* get_regions
* get_sed
* get_solid_keypoint
* grid2model_lu
* grid2view_lu
* gui_destroy
* hist
* make_name
* mged_update
* mged_wait
* mmenu_get
* mmenu_set
* model2grid_lu
* model2view
* model2view_lu
* oed_reset
* output_hook
* put_comb
* put_sed
* rset
* sed_reset
* set_more_default
* share
* solids_on_ray
* stuff_str
* svb
* tie
* view2grid_lu
* view2model
* view2model_lu
* view2model_vec
* view_ring
* winset
# Brlcad/How to mged/mode/object editing mode

Object Editing Mode (also known as Matrix Editing Mode) allows transformations and rotations on combined objects to be undertaken.
# Brlcad/How to mged/precedence

The three geometric boolean operators have the following order of precedence:
# Brlcad/How to mged/draw a cuboid

The following program demonstrates how to draw a simple 2x3x4 cuboid:
# Brlcad/How to mged/graphics display window
## Display type options

The following graphics display window types are supported by brlcad:
* nu - no geometry display
* x - traditional X windowing system display
* glx - X windowing system display that supports Irix glx
* ogl - X windowing system display that supports opengl

## Display Modes

The graphics display window supports the following modes:
* interlay mode
* overlay mode
* underlay mode
# Brlcad/How to mged/in

The in command is used to create new objects and insert them into the database. Note that the database must be opened before insertion can take place:
# Brlcad/How to mged/fbclear

There is currently no fbclear command available from within mged. However, it is possible to execute the external fbclear utility by using the exec command:
# Brlcad/How to mged/mode

The mged geometry editor has several modes:
* object editing mode
* primitive editing mode
* solid illumination state
* object illumination state
* viewing mode
# Nakhmanson Gambit, Kf6 Defence, Rook Attack
### 9. Re1

The prospect of White's rook joining the attack should set off alarm bells for Black, and indeed this position with White to play would be mate in 8 starting with Rxe4. More annoyingly, the same move 9...Be7?? that is recommended against 9.Qxe4, fails in comical fashion against the Rxe4 threat: 10.Rxe4 Qe8 (to guard against Rf4 followed by Qf7) 11.Bg5+ Kg6 12.Nh4+ Kh5 13.g4#. Checkmate by five unique pieces!
The e4-knight can't be defended, but Black can threaten to defend it with the accurate 9...Ne7! to ensure that it's a queen and not a rook that captures it.
So Black's responses to both 9. Qxe4 and 9. Re1 entail putting a minor piece on e7, but you have to pick the right one, and if you pick the wrong one you get checkmated. To remember which is which, think: Attack the queen if you can. If the queen's on d5 because White has played Re1, you can attack it with 9...Ne7. If the queen's on e4 because White has played Qxe4, you can't attack it, so play 9...Be7 instead.
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# Nakhmanson Gambit, Kf6 Defence, Rook Attack
### 9...Ne7

White's queen is attacked and Black is threatening to hold on to the e4-knight with …d5, so White is forced to go 10. Qxe4.
10. Bg5+ doesn't work. 10…Nxg5 11.Qd4 Kf7 12.Nxg5+ Kg8 13.Rxe7 would be checkmate if Black was forced to take the rook, but she isn't; she gets 13...d5! in after all, and after something like 14.Re5 she has time to start driving pieces off with 14...h6.
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# Nakhmanson Gambit, Kf6 Defence, Rook Attack
### 10. Qxe4

In the analogous position with a knight on c6 and a bishop on e7, Black needs to play 10…d5 to avoid a draw by repetition. Here 10…d5 would be inaccurate, but not immediately fatal: 11.Qf4+ forces Black to self-pin with 11…Bf5 (11…Nf5?? 12.Qg5+) and then White has a pleasant choice between g4 and Nd4 to exploit the pin.
Black preserves the piece and the advantage by simply running away with 10...Kf7. Now that the e7-knight covers d5 and f5, the king can hide on g8 without getting checkmated by a queen on d5, which is always a plus.
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# Nakhmanson Gambit, Ke8 Defence
### 9. Re1

If Black could make five consecutive moves here, they would be:
* ...Be7, to block the e-file and allow the king to remain on e8;
* ...d6, to let the c8-bishop out;
* ...Rf8 to control f5,
* ...Bf5 to chase a rook off e4 and keep control of g6, and
* ...h6 to keep White's minor pieces out of g5.
White's counter-plan involves putting enough pressure on e7, by doubling rooks on the e-file and placing a bishop on g5, that the Black king is forced to shelter on f8 and block in its own rook. White can then transfer the pressure to the f-file, and the resulting stranglehold over Black's forces should be enough to force perpetual check even if she doesn't manage to win the piece back.
Black's plan begins with 9...Be7. It could also begin with 9...d6, but the f8-bishop isn't going to go anywhere other than e7, whereas the d-pawn has ambitions of getting to d5 in one move if White goes Qxe4 for some reason.
There is an alternative defensive setup with 9...Qf6. Black is hoping for 10.Rxe4+? Be7 11.Bg5 Qf7, when White must start moving pieces backwards and the Black king can hide on d8. Unfortunately, an alert White player will switch course with 10.Qxe4+! (now that the Black queen isn't on d8, ...d5 isn't going to gain a tempo on the White queen) 10...Be7 11.Bg5 Qf7 12.Ne5. However Black chooses to trade knights (12...Nxe5 or 12...Qe6 13.Nxc6) the e7-bishop is falling, after which Black will need a miracle to win the double-rook, opposite-coloured-bishops ending even with an extra pawn.
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# Nakhmanson Gambit, Kf6 Defence
### 8...Kf6

Black is still up two pieces and a pawn, but the knight on e4 is toast. With
* 9. Qxe4 White can capture it immediately, or with
* 9. Re1 White can take advantage of the fact that it's not going anywhere, due to the threat of Bg5+ picking up the Black queen.
White's two moves require two distinct responses from Black, but don't worry: picking the wrong one will lead to instant death, and then you can start a new game with your king back on e8.
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# Nakhmanson Gambit, Kf6 Defence, Queen Capture
### 9...Be7

Black has vacated f8 for the king, and Plan A is to make an immediate dash for f8. For example, if White pretends the last move didn't happen and presses ahead with 10. Bg5+, Black has the simple 10...Kf7 11.Qd5+ Kf8 12.Rae1 Bf6! and all White's invasion routes are blocked.
White can take counter-measures against ...Kf7, though. After 10. Qf4+, the Black king must temporarily rest on g6 (pending ...Bf6 and then ...Kf7), and now one advantage of 9...Be7 becomes apparent: White doesn't have the crushing knight check on h4.
Another attempt to cut the king off from f7 is 10. Ng5, when Black has time to go 10...d5 11.Qf4 Bf5 12.g4 Qd7! and suddenly Black is better developed than White.
10. Re1 carries a subtler threat which, if Black reacts with the automatic 10...Kf7, allows White to escape with perpetual check: 11.Qd5+ Kf8 12.Ng5 and now Black must pin her own bishop with 12...Qe8 to guard against the mate on f7, because the queen is trapped after 12...Bxg5?? 13.Bxg5. With the bishop paralysed, the White queen can check endlessly on d5 and f5.
The move that shows up 10.Re1 as a serious mistake is 10...d5! denying the queen both the d5 and f5 squares, although Black must not fall for either 11.Qf4+ Bf5?? 12.Qg5+ or 11.Qf4+ Kg6 12.Rxe7 Nxe7?? 13.Ne5+ Kh5 14.Qg5# (the king is safe on h5 after the correct 12...Qxe7 13.Nh4+ Kh5 14.h3 Qe1+ 15.Kh2 Qe5).
Finally there is 10. b4, which may be White's best move. She is trying to either distract the c6-knight away from the defence of e5 and d4 (10...Nxb4?? 11.Qf4+ Kg6 12.Ne5+ Kh5 13.Qg4#) or kick it away. 10...Kf7 is playable but invites 11.b5 with further complications including a future Ba3, so the critical move is again 10...d5! 11.Qf4+ Kg6 12.b5 Qd6! Here White has no good way to keep the queens on and so might as well take the knight, leaving Black with only one extra pawn and the bishop pair in a queenless middlegame.
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# Nakhmanson Gambit, Ke8 Defence
### 9...Be7

White recaptures with the rook: 10. Rxe4+. Recapturing with the queen walks into ...d5 freeing Black's position significantly, while Rxe4+ makes a start on doubling rooks on the e-file.
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# Nakhmanson Gambit, Ke8 Defence
### 10. Rxe4

Black can accede to the draw immediately with 10...Kf8 11.Ng5 Qe8 (the queen is trapped after 11…Bxg5?? 12.Bxg5) 12.Qf5+ Kg8 13.Qd5+ etc.
Or Black can make White put some more effort in with 10...d6.
Objectively, 10...Rf8 is best avoided, as it commits Black to sacrificing queen and knight for two rooks on e7, for example 11.Bg5 cxb2 12.Rae1 d6 13.Bxe7 Nxe7 14.Qb5+ c6 15.Qxb2 Rf6 16.Qb3 d5 17.Rxe7+ Qxe7 18.Rxe7+ Kxe7. White is probably better despite the material favouring Black, as it's going to require some ingenuity just to get the queenside rook and bishop off their starting squares.
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