OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Messier Index/M99

Messier 99 (also known as M99 or NGC 4254) is an w:unbarred spiral galaxy approximately 60 million w:light-years away in the w:constellation w:Coma Berenices.
The galaxy has a normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with w:VIRGOHI21. The gravity from the w:dark galaxy w:VIRGOHI21 appears to have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects have a close encounter, before they go their separate ways. It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over. Three supernovae have been observed in this galaxy.

## History

Messier 99 was discovered by w:Pierre Méchain on w:March 17, w:1781. The discovery was then reported to w:Charles Messier, who included the object in the w:Messier Catalogue, which was the first astronomical catalogue of star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies.
Messier 99 was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was first seen. The spiral pattern was first identified by w:Lord Rosse in the mid-nineteenth century.

## External links

* SEDS: Spiral Galaxy M99
* UniverseToday: Dark Matter Galaxy?
* PPARC: New evidence for a Dark Matter Galaxy

## References

* ↑ R. W. Sinnott, editor (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-933-34651-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4254. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
* 1 2 "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 4254. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
* 1 2 K. G. Jones (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd edition ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37079-5. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
# Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids/Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next Chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
Next Category: Tissues Go to first page: Serum Go back to: Saliva

# Articles and Web Pages for Review and Inclusion

Metabolomic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals changes in phospholipase expression in the CNS of SIV-infected macaques
J Clin Invest. 2008 July 1; 118(7): 2661–2669.
Mohd KFH

#### Main Focus

       Identify the main focus of the resource. Possible answers include specific organisms, database design, intergration of information, but there are many more possibilities as well.

#### New Terms
##### New Term 1

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 2

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 3

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 4

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 5

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 6

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 7

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 8

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 9

    Definition. (source: http://)

##### New Term 10

    Definition. (source: http://)

#### Summary

       Enter your article summary here. Please note that the punctuation is critical at the start (and sometimes at the end) of each entry. It should be 300-500 words. What are the main points of the article? What questions were they trying to answer? Did they find a clear answer? If so, what was it? If not, what did they find or what ideas are in tension in their findings?

#### Relevance to a Traditional Metabolism Course

       Enter a 100-150 word description of how the material in this article connects to a traditional metabolism course. Does the article relate to particular pathways (e.g., glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, steroid synthesis, etc.) or to regulatory mechanisms, energetics, location, integration of pathways? Does it talk about new analytical approaches or ideas? Does the article show connections to the human genome project (or other genome projects)?
# Metabolomics/Analytical Methods/Fluids

Back to Previous Chapter: Hormones Next chapter: Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
Go to Tissues Go back to Sample Preparation
* Serum
* Plasma
* Urine
* Saliva
* Cerebrospinal Fluid
# Messier Index/Print Version

* Messier_Index/Print_Version/1
* Messier_Index/Print_Version/2
* Messier_Index/Print_Version/3
* Messier_Index/Print_Version/4
# Metabolomics

etabolism has been studied on some level for hundreds or thousands of years. People often associate metabolism with nutrition. In the life sciences, a detailed discussion of metabolism is usually presented in a variety of courses, including introductory biology, cell biology, microbiology and biochemistry. With the advent of the human genome project, there is a shift in perspective in the life sciences to something called "systems biology" in which we view living organisms or groups of organisms as systems with a number of components. The question then becomes, "if I perturb the system by changing concentrations of a component, or I remove a component or I add a new component, how is that going to affect the system?
This site is being developed at the Rochester Institute of Technology for the purpose of introducing a systems biology perspective to the traditional metabolism course that is part of our one year biochemistry course sequence. Here is a proposed time line within our program.
2008 Project Begins. We are simply trying to populate the topics with links to excellent web resources and open access articles. Students will write brief summaries of each resource they identify.
2009 Project Refinements. We will re-evaluate the table of contents and reorganize it to reflect the most important content areas, adding or removing additional table of contents entries as appropriate. Students will actually write individual chapters based on the linked web resources and open access articles.
2010 Working Textbook. The second draft of each chapter will be prepared and input will be solicited from the broader community of life science educators. This refinement process will continue indefinitely until either (a) metabolomics is incorporated into all existing educational materials relating to metabolism or (b) my preferred choice - online textbooks become the norm, freeing students from the cost of purchase and freeing faculty from having 1000 kg of textbooks on their shelves.
Please also view our book on Proteomics.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction to Metabolomics
* Metabolites
* Hormones
* Analytical Methods
* Computational Modeling of Metabolic Control
* Nutrition
* Databases
* Applications
* Contributors
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਜ

Practice writing ਜ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਢ

Practice writing ਢ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਞ

Practice writing ਞ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਠ

Practice writing ਠ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਙ

Practice writing ਙ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਝ

Practice writing ਝ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਟ

Practice writing ਟ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਡ

Practice writing ਡ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਚ

Practice writing ਚ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# Punjabi/Gurmukhi/Practice/ਛ

Practice writing ਛ by following its animation or click below to practice writing a different letter.
# QEMU/NetBSD

QEMU is included in the NetBSD pkgsrc tree. To install, use
# pkgin add qemu
To build from source, download the pkgsrc tree and
# cd /path/to/pkgsrc/emulators/qemu && make update
# QEMU/OpenBSD

QEMU is included in the OpenBSD ports tree. To install, simply set PKG_PATH appropriately and
# pkg_add -i qemu
To build from source, make sure the appropriate ports tree is installed and
# cd /usr/ports/emulators/qemu && make install
# QEMU/MinGW

* There are pre-compiled binaries for Windows. It may save some time to use them. However as of this writing, they are out of date with respect to the source repository, by a full version number.
* Download the source code at the main website's download page.
* Run ./configure from the directory where the source archive was extracted. This should automatically detect that your system is MinGW.
* Dependencies - There are several libs required that may not be installed as of yet. If configure ends complaining that one of these is missing then follow those steps.
** zlib
*** Download the zlib source code into a different directory and
**** Run ./configure in that directory
**** Run make -f win32/Makefile.gcc
**** Run export LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib
**** Run export INCLUDE_PATH=/usr/include
**** Run export BINARY_PATH=/usr/bin
**** Run make install -f win32/Makefile.gcc
** gettext
*** Purportedly required for glib.
*** Download here.
*** Extract and run ./configure (this will take a while as it repeats many tests in each build subdirectory)
*** Run make.
*** If it fails with a syntax error at line 103 of test-lock.c, then change that function to return pthread_t instead of void* and remove the cast on the error line. Then run make again.
*** Once the build succeeds, run make install. It will install to /usr/local. Documentation and examples will be created for each existing language.
** libiconv
*** Purportedly required for glib.
*** Download at the project's homepage.
*** Run ./configure in the extraction directory. The same configuration script that was run so many times for configuration of gettext will be invoked many times now.
*** Run make.
*** Run make install.
** glib
*** Required for pkg-config.
*** Here is a page about compiling glib on MinGW. It mentions that gettext and libiconv are required.
*** The source can be obtained here.
*** Run ./configure in the extraction directory.
*** If it complains it can't find zlib, then follow the instructions at the French wiki and export CFLAGS and LDFLAGS. The values recommended may be wrong, these were used:
**** export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/lib -L/usr/lib"
**** export CFLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include"
**** Then you'll probably find that pkg-config is required to build glib.
**** There's a suggestion to use Cygwin to bootstrap the process by using its pkg-config and dll for MinGW. This probably makes sense to the people responsible for glib.
** pkg-config
*** You may or may not have gtk installed, and the FAQ at MinGW says at the moment that gtk is required to install pkg-config. This may or may not be installed along with GIMP, and MinGW may need to be setup to make it available.
*** That FAQ has a bad URL at present for the pkg-config download, but at the moment it was available at freedesktop.org.
*** Run ./configure from the directory where pkg-config is extracted.
# QEMU/UI
## Seamless pointer

By default, QEMU uses a PS/2 controller to provide a pointer. This kind of device uses relative coordinates, thus the requirement for mouse-grabbing.
However, for guest systems that support USB HID devices, it can also emulate USB Tablets, which use absolute coordinates.
To enable this functionality you just need to add one of those. See Tablets.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gibbon
## Overview

Gibbon (no first name given) is a Death Eater who takes part in the battle at the Hogwarts Astronomy tower.

## Role in the Books
### Half-Blood Prince

Gibbon is one of the Death Eaters who takes part in the Battle under the Astronomy Tower at Hogwarts. When we first see him, he is dead; a large, blond Death Eater, who we later learn is Thorfinn Rowle, had tried to kill Remus Lupin, and Lupin had ducked. The curse had hit Gibbon, who had apparently run up to the top of the Astronomy Tower to conjure the Dark Mark, and was then returning to the battle.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gideon Prewett
## Overview

Gideon Prewett was a member of the original Order of the Phoenix, and one of Molly Weasley's brothers.

## Role in the Books
### Philosopher's Stone

In their first meeting, Hagrid mentions to Harry that Voldemort killed some of the best wizards of the age such as the Prewetts, along with the Bones and the McKinnons.

### Order of the Phoenix

At the celebratory party at Grimmauld Place for Ron and Hermione's appointment as Prefects, Alastor Moody shows Harry a photograph of the original Order of the Phoenix. Gideon Prewett is in that photo, with his brother Fabian, and Moody says it took five Death Eaters to kill them.
Gideon and Fabian were Molly Weasley's brothers. It is in part because she has lost immediate family members to Death Eaters already that her greatest fear, as shown by the Boggart in that same chapter, is of her own family members dying. We suspect that her apparent fear that Harry will die is an indication that she feels Harry to be part of her family.

## Strengths

Gideon was apparently a skilled wizard, evidenced by the fact that he and his brother fought through multiple Death Eaters before being killed.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gawain Robards
## Overview

Gawain Robards works in the Ministry of Magic as an Auror.

## Role in the Books
### Half-Blood Prince

When Rufus Scrimgeour is visiting the Weasley family at Christmas, he holds out the possibility of discussions with Gawain Robards, who has replaced Scrimgeour as the head of the Auror department, as incentive for Harry to toe the Ministry line.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Frank Bryce
## Overview

Frank Bryce is the elderly Muggle caretaker and gardener of the old Riddle manor in Little Hangleton.

## Role in the Books
### Goblet of Fire

Frank Bryce, a villager from Little Hangleton, had been invalided out of the war (timing suggests this would have been World War II) and had come home, where he had started work for the Riddle family as caretaker and gardener. When the Riddle family, Tom and his parents, had been found dead, he was the natural suspect and had been brought in for questioning; however, when they were unable to find a cause of death, Frank had been released. He had continued to keep the old manor house as best he was able, while it apparently changed ownership several times, and eventually fell vacant, though the village was never entirely sure of him. It was as part of his caretaking duties that, now quite elderly, he happened upon a couple of people who had apparently taken up residence in the house; investigating, he overheard them planning to kill someone, one Harry Potter, and discussing Bertha Jorkins who they had already, apparently, killed. While he is listening to this, a very large snake passes by; Frank is amazed when the snake evidently reports on his presence to the occupants of the room. The two people in the room, Wormtail and Lord Voldemort, then kill Frank.
Albus Dumbledore later remarks that he believes Frank's death is part of a pattern of deaths and disappearances that marks Voldemort's return to power, though the Ministry do not agree.
In the climactic duel between the now-returned Voldemort and Harry, their two brother wands are forced to duel each other. This results in the appearance of the Priori Incantatem effect, in which Voldemort's wand is forced to disgorge the last few spells it has performed. Frank Bryce is one of the five recent victims of Voldemort's wand whose shades appear as a result. Although somewhat shocked and amazed to find out Voldemort was indeed a wizard and that Harry is also one, he nonetheless reveals to Harry that Voldemort killed him, and shows the boy his support as his spell and Voldemort's clash, and as long after as the effect allows.

## Weaknesses

Frank Bryce's weaknesses become apparent as we explore his relationship with the village characters. He appears to be very antisocial as a result of the war. This estrangement prevents his correcting the village people's belief that he murdered the Riddles. Though he was proven innocent, people still continue to distrust him. An additional weakness is that he has a stiff leg as a result of the war wound that returned him home. This makes it harder for him to move around, and renders him incapable of chasing the village boys when they tear up the garden or try to damage the big house.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Frank Longbottom
## Overview

Frank Longbottom is Neville's father.

## Role In The Books
### Goblet of Fire

Harry finds out by watching the scene of a trial, in Dumbledore's Pensieve, why Neville is being raised by his grandmother. Frank was an Auror, and shortly after Lord Voldemort's disappearance was attacked and tortured by Barty Crouch Jr., Bellatrix Lestrange, Rodolphus Lestrange, and Rabastan Lestrange, who used the Cruciatus Curse on him and his wife, Alice, until they lost most of their mental faculties. The two of them are now residing at St. Mungo's.

### Order of the Phoenix

At the celebration feast for Ron and Hermione becoming Prefects, Alastor Moody shows Harry a picture of the old Order. In that picture, we see Alice and Frank Longbottom smiling and waving.
Before Potions class one day, Draco Malfoy, taunting Harry, mentions something about people with mental infirmities being forced to stay at S. Mungo's. Neville, pushed beyond his endurance, tries to attack him, but is restrained by Harry and Ron. Ron and Hermione wonder what that was all about, but while Harry knows, he also cannot answer because of his promise to Dumbledore.
Just before Christmas, while Harry, Ron, Ginny, and Hermione are visiting Mr. Weasley at St. Mungo's, they run into Neville and his grandmother who are visiting Neville's parents.
When Neville is captured by Death Eaters in the Battle in the Ministry, Bellatrix Lestrange says she will torture him as she tortured his parents. She is stopped only by the arrival of members of the Order arriving.

## Strengths

In order to be employed as an Auror, Frank must have been a quite skilled wizard.

## Analysis

Neville Longbottom's parents were not killed, since this is not a killing curse. They were driven to madness and reside in a special ward (for those suffering from long-term spell damage) at St. Mungo's Hospital.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Documenting Your Sources  (13 Jan 2009)

** Reasons For Documenting Your Sources (Jan 11, 2005)
** How To Choose The Proper Documentation (13 Jan 2009)
** Location Of Citations In The Text (09 Nov 2009)
** Basic Guidelines for Citing Resources (13 Jan 2009)
*** APA Style Documentation (13 Jan 2009)
**** APA Style In-Text Citations (Jan 11, 2005)
**** APA Style Reference Lists (13 Jan 2009)
*** MLA Style Documentation (13 Jan 2009)
**** MLA Style In-Text Citations (13 Jan 2009)
**** MLA Style Short Quotations (13 Jan 2009)
**** MLA Style Footnotes and Endnotes (15 Apr 2010)
**** MLA Style Tables and Figures (15 Apr 2010)
**** MLA Style Reference Lists (13 Jan 2009)
** References (13 Jan 2009)
# Professional and Technical Writing/Documenting Your Sources/APA Style Documentation
## APA Style Documentation

American Psychological Association Style (APA) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.
Title page:
* Contains title
* Is double spaced
* Contains author name
** First name, middle initial(s), last name
** Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (Ph.D.)
* Contains name of institutional affiliation
** Location author conducted research (if applicable)
* Has a page header with title flush to the left and page number flush to the right
** Should be no more than 12 words
** Emit all abbreviation or words that contain no purpose
Essay body:
* Is typed and double spaced on 8.5" by 11" paper
* Has one inch margins
* Is written with 10-12 pt. font
* Is written in Times New Roman font, or a similar style
* Includes a page header containing title of your page in all capital letters
# Professional and Technical Writing/Documenting Your Sources/APA Style In-Text Citations
## APA Style In-Text Citations

When citing an APA source from your bibliography in the text, the author's name and publication year are put in parentheses in the normal sentence punctuation. A comma is placed between the name of the author and the date. For the citing of a specific page in the cited publication, p. with the page number following is used. If more than one page is being referred to, use pp. with the referred pages listed afterward.
Example: English Springer Spaniels originated in England in the year 1802 (Harris, 1977, p.28).
* Harris is the author and the information came from a book he wrote that was published in 1977. The information was found on page 28.
Example: English Springer Spaniels were used for hunting (Harris et al., 1977).
* Harris and three or more others are the authors of the cited information. "et al" is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase, et alii, which means "and others".
Example: English Springer Spaniels come in black and white colors (AKC Dog Book, 1977).
* The information came from a book call the "AKC Dog Book" that was published in 1977.
* If more than one source by the same author published in the same year is used, differentiate the citations as seen in the following example:
Example: (Smith, 1989a) and (Smith, 1989b)
* Consult publication manual of the American Psychological Association for more referencing examples.
Example: According to Keith, Snowboarding had progressed enormously in the past 20 years (2010, pp. 25-28).
* If the Author's name is incorporated into the sentence written itself, only the year and the page numbers are necessary in the parentheses.
# Radiation Oncology/Antibodies

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials