OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Semantic Web/Intertwining: Difficult, But Important

Although the Semantic Web as a whole is still very much at a grassroots kind of level, people are starting to take notice; they're starting to publish information using RDF, and thereby making it fit for the Semantic Web.
However, not enough is being done to link information together... in other words, the "Semantic" part of the "Semantic Web" is coming along nicely, but where's the "Web"? People are not using other people's terms effectively; when they use other terms, they often do so because they're aimlessly trying to help, but just generating noise in the process. If you're going to use other people's data, try to find out what the advantage is in doing that beforehand. For example, just because you use the term "dc:title" in your RDF rather than a home brewed ":title", does that mean that suddenly a Dublin Core application is going to be able to "understand" your code? Of course not. What it does mean however is that if the "dc:title" property in your instance is being put to use in such a way that information may be need to repurposed from it in the near future, then you may gain some advantage because "dc:title" is such a commonly used term, you may be able to modify a current rules file, or whatever.
Another part of the problem may be due to a problem similar to the one that the early World Wide Web experienced: why bother publishing a Web site when there is no one else's site to link to or be linked to? Why bother publishing a Web site when so few people have browsers? Why bother writing a browser when there are so few Web sites? Some people have to make the leaps for it all to happen, and that's a slow process.
What can be done about the situation? Well, it may hopefully sort itself out. Another well-known principle that applies very well to Semantic Web applications is that there is no point in reinventing the wheel; viz., if someone has already invented a schema which contains a comprehensive and well understood and used set of terms that you also need to use in your application, then there is no point in trying to redo the work that they have done. At some points this may lead to a form of "schema war", but survival of the fittest should see to it that a core of the best schemata are put to the most use. This is probably what TimBL means when he says that terms will just "emerge" out of the Semantic Cloud, that when people keep using the term "zip", rather than just recording that my term "zip" is equivalent to your term "zip" which is equivalent to someone else's term "zip", we'll all just use the same URI, and hence interoperability will be vastly improved. Does It Work? What Semantic Web Applications Are There?
I addressed this in a previous article: The Semantic Web: Taking Form, but it does bear repeating: the Semantic Web already works, and people are using it.
# Removal of Skunk Odor
## Table of contents

* Removing Odor
* Discouraging Skunks
# Religious Headcoverings/Judaism

Orthodox Jewish married women follow the teaching of certain rabbis over the centuries and in their everyday life keep their heads covered out of modesty. Interestingly enough, unmarried women are not under this religious obligation.
Scarves and hats are used by these married women, as might be expected, but in the Hassidic tradition wigs are also used to cover the head. Thus we have the ironic situation that a woman whose hair is not her best feature might wear an attractively styled wig made from real hair that looks natural and enhances her looks - and this out of religious obligation.
# Religious Headcoverings

This book will explore the practice of head covering in various religions. The history of the practice will be discussed, as well as current trends.

## Contents

* History
* Judaism
* Christianity
* Islam
* Hinduism
* Works Cited
# Religious Headcoverings/Islam

Sources for religious obligation According to mainstream Islamic scholars, covering all but the face and hands in opaque loose material when in public is obligatory for all Muslim women who have reached menarche. Covering is also considered obligatory during prayer. The verse quoted to explain the obligation of head covering for women is in Surah al-Nur, ayah 31: "And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or the slaves whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O ye Believers! turn ye all together towards Allah, that ye may attain Bliss."[Quran 24:31 -Yusuf Ali]
This requirement is relaxed for older women, as Surah al-Nur, ayah 60, states: "Such elderly women as are past the prospect of marriage - there is no blame on them if they lay aside their (outer) garments, provided they make not a wanton display of their beauty: but it is best for them to be modest: and Allah is One Who sees and knows all things." But older women who are used to wearing hijab may continue wearing it past this point.
The Qur'an does not address head covering during prayer, but a hadith states: "The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: Allah does not accept the prayer of a woman who has reached puberty unless she wears a veil." This is interpreted to include prayers in private as well as congregational prayer.
Alternate views Some lay Muslims and Muslim scholars have come to the conclusion that covering the body and a general attitude of modesty is required of Muslim men and women, but that covering the head is not required. They point out that the Qur'an directs women to cover "except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof", and that in Arab society, this did not include the head, whereas in other cultural contexts, the head and neck ordinarily appear. This view is not widely accepted among Islamic scholars.

## References

* ↑ https://islamqa.info/en/answers/126265/what-are-the-limits-of-the-awrah-during-prayer
# Structural Biochemistry/Prednisone
## Introduction

Prednisone is a drug that belongs to the class of corticosteroids which is a steroid. Steroids are hormones with similar chemical structure that gather together as a group. In general, Prednisone is produced by your adrenal gland which is located on top of kidneys. It is used to treat people who have low levels of corticosteroids. It works in preventing the flammable substances in the body. Patients with the following conditions can be treated with Prednisone: skin conditions, lupus, arthritis, breathing disorder, or allergic disorder at regular doses, or it can be treated with cancer at higher doses. This drug is no t highly recommended since it has really severe side effects.

## History and Usage

Arthur Nobile was the one who identified the structure of Prednisone in 1950. Not until 1955, Prednisone synthesis was carried out in the laboratory of Schering Corporation; it is a replica of cortisone- which is produced by the outer portion of the adrenal glands. Nowadays, Prednisone can be prescribed as generic drugs.
Prednisone comes as a tablet so it can be taken directly by mouth. You should eat something first before taking this drug. You should be taking at direct dose as prescribed because it can cause serious side effects if you overdose. Your doctor will adjust your dose while you follow up with the treatment- but mostly the lowest dose that your body can take. Do not stop using Prednisone even if you feel better because your body might not have enough steroids that come from this drug to function normally.

## Mechanism

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid receptor. It will first be metabolize to its active form and come across the cell membrane and attach to specific cytoplasmic receptors. This results in leukocyte infiltration of inflammation, interference of inflammatory response, and suppression of immune response. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions which is a mechanism of prednisone can be described as followed:
* Inhibition of gene transcription
* Blockage of osteocalcin
* Changing in transcription of collegenase gene
* Increase the synthesis of annexin-1

## Side Effects

You should remember that Prednisone is a type of steroid. It is a really powerful drug that can save life if it is used properly. Just as many other drugs, it also has side effects that can be really harmful. Some common minor side effects that you might experience while using this drug are:
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Sleeping disorder
* Skin allergy
* Extreme tiredness
* Weak muscle
Other people might face severe side effects that needs to be taken with cautions and notify your doctor immediately
* Vision problem
* Sore throat, fever, hacking cough
* Rash
* Stomach pain
* Vomiting
* Depression, confusion
* Breathing disorder

## References

http://www.gihealth.com/html/education/drugs/prednisone.html
http://www.drugs.com/prednisone.html
AHFS Consumer Medication Information- Prednisone
# Structural Biochemistry/Prion Proteins

Prion proteins are those that can be mis-folded and cause harmful neurodegenerative diseases. A commonly known prion disease is one that affects cattle called Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or "Mad Cow Disease". A newer form of this disease that affects humans is the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Prion proteins are in the mammalian genome and are mostly expressed in the brain. In the body there exist two forms: a normal cellular protein and an isoform that is a pathogen. There is no difference in the chemical make-up of the two forms except that their conformations, folding is different. Research into the mechanisms in which a cellular prion protein becomes mis-folded remains unclear. This remains a problem because there is no effective way to combat the infections from such diseases. Unlike cancer or other pathogens that spread through the body by passing genetic material to the host cell and use it to generate more copies of themselves to infect more cells. Prion diseases cannot be targeted like cancer by finding cells that are rapidly multiplying, because the genome of the cell is not being affected only the proteins are. As a consequence the infectious agents can also be much smaller than viruses and bacteria.
The Prion Hypothesis
This idea that proteins can infect other proteins without the use of nucleic acids to transfer genetic material is contested. Part of proving the hypothesis is that the mechanism for the mis-folding is unclear. A search for possible cofactors that might facilitate the changes in conformations of the prion proteins could better explain and prove the hypothesis.
# Structural Biochemistry/Proliferation
## Proliferation

In the ventricular zone of the late neural induction stage, the wall of the emerging brain is only one cell deep. During the proliferation period, cells begin to extend their processes across the ventricular zone through the cell division cycle: G1-S-G2_M
* Caption1
* Caption2
# Structural Biochemistry/Proliferative and Antiproliferative Genes

Proliferation is the growth or production of cells in an organism. Controlling proliferation, which is achieved by the genes of a cell, maintains the homeostasis of the body. Proliferative genes such as proto-oncogenes, that promote cell division, facilitate growth. Antiproliferative genes, on the other hand, inhibit proliferation and are important in limiting positive cell growth. Antiproliferative genes are categorized into three groups: tumor suppressor genes, genes that can kill a cell through loss of function, and genes that code for growth inhibitory proteins. Problems in either proliferative or antiproliferative genes may cause uncontrolled cell growth, leading to severe consequences.

## References

J P Rouault, R Rimokh, C Tessa, G Paranhos, M Ffrench, L Duret, M Garoccio, D Germain, J Samarut, and J P Magaud: "BTG1, a member of a new family of antiproliferative genes." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556617/?tool=pubmed
# Structural Biochemistry/Precipitation of Nucleic Acids With Alcohols

In order to concentrate DNA and remove detergents, salts, and other low molecular weight contaminants from our synthesized DNA, Alcohol precipitation is used. The nucleic acids will not precipitate if there is a monovalent cation to neutralize the negative charges and permit the DNA to aggregate. Na or Cl acetate are most often used in the lab to precipitate DNA because it can also serve as a buffer around PH 5.2. which provide an acidic environment that favors precipitation of DNA. NH4 acetate will be use when there are free deoxynucleotide since they co-precipitate less with NH4 than with Na or Cl. After adding salts, isopropanol or ethanol will be added to reduce solubility which will favor DNA precipitation. Alcohol will form hydrogen bonds with water, in other words, reduces the amount of water for dissolved substance. In addition, the polarizability, or capacity of alcohols to shield opposite charges (keep them away from each other) is less than that of water.
# Roman Culture/Juno

Juno was an ancient goddess of Rome, and the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Hera. She was a powerful figure in Roman mythology, and the month of June was named after her. Juno was considered the protector and special counselor of the Roman State, but was also equated with a myriad of other names, positions, and roles. She has a primal connection with the ideas of “vital energy” and “eternal youthfulness”, but also with strength and sovereignty. In other instances, she represents power, in politics and war. Her cult following was also confusingly complex, being a mixing pot of “regality, military protection, and fertility”. She was worshipped as one of the Triad on the Capitol in Rome, along with Jupiter and Minerva, but her character was considered far more complex and diverse than any other Roman deity.
While her primary role as the queen goddess is widely debated, most scholars agree that she consists of an “interdependence of three traits: sovereignty, war, and fertility”. First and foremost, Juno was the queen of the gods and shared an interesting relationship with Jupiter as both his sister and wife. As a guardian, she watched over the finances of the empire and looked out for the women of Rome. In some interpretations, Juno was the physical expression of femininity and fertility, and was often connected to childbirth and marriage. Being a goddess of so many different roles, Juno’s worshippers spanned the vastness of the Roman Empire, with temples being offered to her in many major cities. One of the most famous of them rested on Arx of the Capitoline hills.
Juno had a number of festivals commemorating her different roles. The Matronalia, an annual festival held on the first of March, celebrated her role Juno Lucina as the “protectress of the Matronae and of the preservation of marriages” by worshippers who sacrificed cows and lambs in her honor at her temple in Cispius. The Matronalia was also a conglomeration of three festivals, as it was also considered the beginning of the new year and the birth of Romulus; two events tied that could be considered closely tied with Juno’s representation of fertility.

## External Link

Juno. Encyclopedia Mythica. Retrieved December 9, 2011, from Encyclopedia Mythica Online.

## See Also

Checked for grammar and originality by Griffin Donohue on 12/20/11
# Roman Culture/Images of Aeneas

Aeneas was a hero and a legend in Roman history. Many emperors and leaders in Rome liked to trace their lineage back to Aeneas. Aeneas’s tale begins when he is forced to abandon Troy after the Greeks have sacked it, and then he encounters many rough obstacles on his way to Italy. These two images depict Aeneas saving his father, Anchises, and his son, Ascanius, from Troy after it is sacked by the Greeks. One of the images shows how emperors like Caesar liked to trace themselves back to Aeneas. Aeneas is well known in Roman mythology for having such a large role in the founding of Rome as is mentioned in the beginning of The Aeneid. “In Italy your son will crush a fierce race in a great war. Romulus, will then lead the race and found the walls of Mars for Romans- named for him” (Vergil, The Aeneid p. 9). These words were uttered by Jove in The Aeneid showing how much the gods favor Aeneas as well as mankind.

## Images

* http://universalheretic.wordpress.com/2010/08/02/god-of-the-week-aeneas/
* http://www.livius.org/a/1/romans/coin_caesar_aeneas.jpg
# Roman Culture/Images of Bacchus

Source: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermes_di_Prassitele,_at_Olimpia,_front.jpg>
This is a statue called, "Hermes bearing the good person", made by the famous sculptor Praxiteles. It is statue of Hermes holding baby Dionysus before Hermes takes him to King Athamas, who was to raise Dionysus. The statue is made out of marble and one of Hermes' arms is badly damaged. Some archaeologists postulate that the damaged arm was once holding a clump of grapes teasingly above baby Dionysus' head. One of baby Dionysus' arms is also heavily damaged, but some archaeologists postulate that his arm was reaching toward the grapes that Hermes supposedly held teasingly above his head.
Source: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dionysos_Louvre_Ma87_n2.jpg>
This statue is called, "Statue of Dionysus", the maker is unknown. The statue is made out of marble and is from the second century C.E. It was found in Italy and the arms and legs were heavily repaired in the eighteenth century. Dionysus is wearing a wreath and has Hellenistic-style hair. He leans on a woody grape vine. According to mythology, Dionysus created the first grape vine from his blood.
# Roman Culture/Images of Minerva

Picture 1 source: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Image:Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith.jpeg
Minerva of Peace: A mosaic, created by American painter Elihu Vedder, is a representation of the Roman goddess Minerva, titled “Minerva of Peace.” Although her helmet and shield lay on the ground beside her, she holds a double headed spear as a reminder to her enemies of the vigilance she has for the country she protects. As the goddess of learning, she holds a scroll inscribed with several disciplines of learning. The owl, often associated with Minerva, is symbolic of wisdom and the small statue of Nike holds out a laurel wreath for victory and a palm branch for peace. Description source: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2007684425/
Picture 2 source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Sulis_Minerva_head_Bath.jpg
Sulis Minerva: Discovered in 1727, this gold head of the goddess Sulis Minerva was found at a Roman site in Britain. It is slightly larger than life size and was part of a full body statue that stood in a temple beside the Sacred Spring. It may have been crafted in the later part of the first century AD which is also around the time the site was founded meaning that this piece was over three hundred years old before it was damaged. Description source: http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/walkthrough/6_temple_courtyard/minervas_head.aspx
# Roman Culture/Jewelry

Roman women would wear many different types of jewelry whereas men typically only wore rings which they would use with wax to seal documents. Jewelry could be made out of gold or bronze and use glass and stone beads.
The top necklace on the right is from between the 1st century B.C.E. to the 1st century C.E. It is made of carnelian and gold. The carnelian beads are ancient and are strung on modern gold links. There is a child’s head carved into the carnelian stone which is set in a gold setting that may or may not be ancient.
The bottom necklace on the right is from the 3rd century C.E. It is made of four braided gold chains and contains eight ancient Roman coins.
EDITED: by Ariel Turpin on 12/14/2011 Checked for formatting, spelling, grammar, and plagiarism.
# Roman Culture/Game Venues
## The Colosseum

The Colosseum, also known as the Amphitheatrum Flavium, was the largest amphitheater built within the Roman Empire. Construction started in 72 CE under orders from the emperor Vespasian. It was completed in 80 CE under the emperor Titus. It was capable of seating up to 50,000 people, a number that rivals modern day sports stadiums.
The building was created for the purpose of public entertainment, showcasing events funded for the people by wealthy citizens. Most famously, it was used for gladiatorial combat. They had a strong religious element, but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular event was the wild animal hunts. Gladiators would be pitted against ferocious, exotic animals such as hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, large cats, and bears. Ancient writers refer to events that involved flooding the arena floor and staging mock naval battles (naumachia) within the Colosseum. It is unknown at this time about the logistics of how the Colosseum would be filled with water for these events. The Colosseum would also host recreations of natural scenes, with authentic plants and animals. These sylvan scenes would also often depict scenes out of Roman mythology.
The name "Colosseum" is derived from a nearby bronze statue of the emperor Nero, done in a style after famous Colossus of Rhodes. The Colosseum was located east of the famous Roman Forum. Unlike Greek amphitheaters that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is a free standing structure. The entrances and exits were each numbered, and provided an orderly way for spectators to reach their seats. Much like our stadiums of today, seating was tiered. At the north and south ends of the arena, there were reserved box seats for the emperor and the Vestal virgins. These seats had the best view of the arena. Around the same level were the sections reserved for senators. Above them were seats for the noble class known as the equites. Beyond that were the sections reserved for the plebeians, divided by income.
EDITED: by Ariel Turpin on 12/14/2011 Checked for formatting, spelling, grammar, and plagiarism.

## References

* ↑ , by BBC.
* ↑ , by The Colosseum.net
* ↑ Claridge, Amanda (1998). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (First ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998. pp. 276–282. ISBN 0-19-288003-9.