OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GarageBand/Making a Song with Apple Loops

Now that you are familiar with the GarageBand interface you can learn how to use the loops that come with GarageBand and how to use these to create a song.
* To start, open the 'Loops Bank' panel.
* Use the filters to filter out a certain loop, say a drum line. By clicking on the loop in the right side of the panel you can hear a preview of the loop.
* When you have found the right loop, click and drag it into the working plane. It's best to put it at the beginning of the song so the project stays ordered.
* Next we can make the loop longer so our song will last a bit longer as well. Do this by clicking and dragging the right upper corner of the loop to the right until it’s long enough. If this is done right, the corner of the cursor turns into this icon.
* Continue adding new loops and tracks and by using the 'play' button you can listen to your song. If want to add a loop but you already have the instrument track in your project drag the new loop to a position with in that track to add it instead of making a whole new track.
* For example, try putting a piano loop into the default piano track.
* Don't forget to "file > save" your project every now and then so you can revert to it if you've messed things up.
# GarageBand/The Big Picture

It's important to understand how each iLife app fits in with the other five. After all, part of iLife's allure is that everything is tightly integrated.

#### GarageBand is in charge of:

* Making songs and podcasts.
* Scoring videos made in iMovie.

#### GarageBand provides:

* iTunes with your own songs.
* iWeb with your own podcasts.
* iMovie with an application to score movies with.

#### GarageBand relies on:

* iPhoto to provide photos for podcasts.
* iMovie to provide movies for scoring.
# GarageBand/The Loop Browser

In addition to letting you record your own musical performances (see the next chapter), GarageBand comes stocked with a library of musical building blocks called "loops". These beats, basslines, hooks, and other assorted bits of music are best taken along with other, more varied sounds that you record yourself, but for the purposes of learning how to use GarageBand, your first project will be composed exclusively from loops.
* This column is a filter for all the loops. You can click on the buttons to filter the loops out that you want. In this case 'Urban Bass' loops which show up on the right side of the panel.
* In this column you can see if a loop is a midi track or an actual recording. The loops with green icons are midi and the ones with blue icons are actual recordings.
* This column shows the name and also the description of the loop.
* This column shows the original tempo of the loop. When your project is a different tempo, the loop will adjust to it. If the tempos of your project and the loop differ greatly, the loop might not sound very good.
* In this column you can find the key of the loop. In case you do not know the meaning of key, use loops from the same key and they are likely going to sound nice together. Still you can use a mix of keys and this will make your song sound more experimental.
* This column shows the length of the loop in beats.
* You can also use the search function to search for loops.
# GarageBand/Recording in GarageBand

The next step is to learn how to make and edit both software instrument and real instrument recordings.
* 'Software instrument' recording means that a USB midi keyboard is used or the Musical typing function in GarageBand.
* Either plug in your USB keyboard or select "Window > Musical Typing" and a window will open showing which keys of the keyboard you can use to play with. Make sure you leave this window open or musical typing won't work.
* Start by creating a new track with the '+' button and the detailed information window will pop up.
** Make sure that the 'Software Instrument' tab is selected.
** In this menu you can select the primary instrument.
** In this menu you can select different types the primary instrument and its sound.
** Finish by clicking on 'Create'.
* Next you should make sure the 'Cursor' at the point that you want your recording to start.
* Then if you want GarageBand to count a measure before you start, so you have the rhythm select "Control > Count in".
* To actually record press the red "Record" button and play away. To stop recording press the button again.
* When finished recording the recording acts just like any other loop and can be repeated or trimmed. You can trim a loop by clicking and dragging the right bottom corner of the loop.
* When you want to record in an already existing track, select it before recording.
* When you have finished the project you can export it to your "iTunes" library by selecting "File > Export To iTunes.
# GarageBand/History

GarageBand was developed by Apple under the direction of Gerhard Lengeling, formerly of the German company Emagic, makers of Logic Audio. (Emagic was acquired by Apple in July 2002.)
The application was announced during Steve Jobs's keynote speech at the Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco on 6 January 2004; musician John Mayer assisted with its demonstration.
GarageBand 2 was announced at the (2005) Macworld Conference & Expo on January 11, 2005. It shipped, as announced, around 22 January 2005. Major new features included the abilities to view and edit music in Musical Notation form, to record up to 8 tracks at once, to fix timing and pitch of recordings, to automate track pan position, master volume, and master pitch, to transpose both audio and MIDI, and to import MIDI files.
GarageBand 3, announced at 2006's Macworld Conference & Expo, includes a 'podcast studio', including the ability to use more than 200 effects and jingles, and integration with iChat for remote interviews.
The latest version of GarageBand is part of iLife '08. It incorporates the ability to separately record sections of a song such as bridges and chorus lines, support for automation of tempos and instruments, and a "Magic GarageBand" feature that includes a virtual jam session with a complete 3D view of the instruments.
# Dutch/Vocabulary/Time

| noicon De tijd | Time |
| noicon het horloge | Watch |
| noicon de wekker | Alarm |
| noicon de klok | Clock |
| noicon de wijzer | Hand, Indicator |
| noicon de eeuw | Century |
| noicon het jaar | Year |
| noicon de maand | Month |
| noicon de week | Week |
| noicon de dag | Day |
| noicon het uur | Hour |
| noicon het kwartier | Quarter of an hour |
| noicon de minuut | Minute |
| noicon de seconde | Seconde |
| noicon het heden | Present |
| noicon de toekomst | Future |
| noicon het verleden | Past |
| noicon De tijd | Time |
| noicon vandaag | Today |
| noicon morgen | Tomorrow |
| noicon gisteren | Yesterday |
| noicon overmorgen | Day after tomorrow |
| noicon eergisteren | Day before yesterday |
| noicon onlangs | Recently |
| noicon voortaan | Henceforth |
| noicon sindsdien, sedertdien | Ever since |
| noicon vaak, dikwijls | Often |
| noicon soms | Somtimes |
| noicon zelden | Seldom |
| noicon dagelijks | Daily |
| noicon altijd | Always |
| noicon nooit | Never |
| noicon nu | Now |
| noicon toen | Then |
# Dutch/Vocabulary/True friends

Some of the easiest words are the ones that are written the same and have the same meaning. All you need to master is the gender (de/het) and a somewhat different pronunciation. We are not including English loans here.
| Nederlands | English |
| noicon het web | web |
| noicon het net | net |
| noicon de winter | winter |
| noicon de pan | pan |
| noicon de pen | pen |
| noicon de pin | pin |
| noicon de top | top |
| noicon de arm | arm |
| noicon de lip | lip |
| noicon open | open |
| noicon in | in |
| noicon het begin | begin |
| noicon het end | end |
| noicon het water | water |
| noicon de wind | wind |
| noicon de hand | hand |
| noicon de grip | grip |
# Dutch/Vocabulary/Vegetables

Both Dutch and Flemish cuisine can boast on a wealth of high quality vegetables. Here is a collection of them. Click on the arrow buttons to hear the pronunciation.
cardoon: de kardoen :
| carrot: de wortel | celeriac: de knolselderij | cucumber: de komkommer | endive: de andijvie (Cichorium endivia) | Belgian endive: de witlof, witloof (Cichorium intybus) |
| garlic: de knoflook | ginger: de gember | leek: de prei | lentil: de linzen (plural) | lettuce: de sla |
| onion: de ui | pea: de erwt | cauliflower: de bloemkool | potato: de aardappel | sauerkraut: de zuurkool |
| radish: de radijs | shallot: de sjalot | sorrel: de zuring | spinach: de spinazie | tomato: de tomaat |
| turnip: de knolraap | horse radish: de mierikswortel | glasswort: de zeekraal | kale: de boerenkool | purslane: de postelein |
| asparagus: de asperge | black salsify: de schorseneer | chives: de bieslook | snow pea: de peul | field pea: de kapucijner |
| celery: bleekselderij | beetroot: de kroot, de rode biet | rutabaga: de koolraap, de knol | rapini: de raapstelen | rapunzel : de veldsla |

## Sources

|w:en:List of vegetables
# Dutch/Websites

Due to recent spam and vandalism, this page has been protected. Please suggest links to resources on the talk page.
* Free Online Dutch Tutorial
* Dutch To English Dictionary
* Language translation, o.a. Dutch to English and English to Dutch
* Online Dutch Grammar Tutorial
* Online Dutch Lessons
# Dutch/Vocabulary/Transport

Memorize the following words. For a pronunciation push the button. For a self test see Dutch/Vocabulary/Transport/Selftest
| de auto | de fiets | de trein | de vrachtauto |
| het vliegtuig | de motor | het jacht | de bus |
| het schip | de tram | de helikopter | de luchtballon |
# Dutch/Vocabulary/Transport/Selftest

Test your knowledge by hovering the mouse over the picture after saying what it should be in Dutch
# Dutch/Vocabulary/What time is it?

Hoe laat is het? Saying what time it is quite different from English usage. In the following examples, we use times from 3 to 4 o'clock.
In Dutch time is told by reference to the closest whole or half hour.

## __:00 / __:15 / __:30 / __:45

These are the four cardinal moments in an hour. Notice halfvier! The Dutch way of indicating half hours is towards the next hour, not past the previous one.
| 3:00 | 3:15 | 3:30 | 3:45 |
| noicon drie uur | noicon kwart over drie | noicon halfvier | noicon kwart voor vier |

## __:00

Example:
| 3:00 | noicon drie uur |
In a full sentence time telling is usually initiated with Het is... ("It is ...")
* noicon Hoe laat is het?
* noicon Het is drie uur.

## __:01 to __:19

In this interval reference is made to the previous whole hour with the preposition over or, less frequently na. The word minuut can be omitted in fast speech. Sometimes an inflected form of the numeral tweeën, drieën, vieren is used, but more often this is cut short to just twee, drie, vier etc. The quarter hour __:15 has its own name kwart.
Examples:
| 3:01 | noicon een minuut over drie | noicon een over drie | |
| 3:05 | noicon vijf over drie | noicon vijf minuten over drie | noicon vijf minuten na drieën |
| 3:15 | noicon kwart over drie | | |
| 3:19 | noicon negentien over drie | noicon elf voor halfvier | |
A more general way of indicating time is to say:
| noicon Het is even over drieën. | It is just after three. |
| noicon Het is een paar minuten over drie. | It is a few minutes after three |

## __:20

Between 3:15 and 3:20 (depending on the speaker) the reference point starts to shift to the nearest half hour, using the preposition voor.
Example:
| 3:20 | noicon twintig over drie | (reference past the whole hour; not used everywhere), |
| or |
| 3:20 | noicon tien voor halfvier | (reference towards the coming half hour) |

## __:21 to __:29

From __:20 on the reference point is the next half hour point.
Examples:
| 3:21 | noicon negen voor halfvier |
| 3:22 | noicon acht voor halfvier |
| 3:29 | noicon een (minuut) voor halfvier |

## __:30

As said before the way the half hour is indicated differs by a whole hour between Dutch and English. All half hours are written as a single word: halfeen, halftwee, etc. through halftwaalf.
Example:
| 3:30 | noicon halfvier | half past three |

## __:31 to __:39

Beyond __:30 the half hour remains the point of reference, using over or sometimes na.
Examples:
| 3:31 | een over halfvier |
| 3:35 | noicon vijf over halfvier |
| 3:39 | negen over halfvier |

## __:40

From __:40 on the reference point can become the upcoming whole hour
Example:
| 3:40 | noicon tien over halfvier | |
| or |||
| 3:40 | noicon twintig voor vier | noicon twintig voor vieren |

## __:41 to __:59

From the quarter hour on, the reference point is the whole hour.
Examples:
| 3:41 | noicon negentien voor vier or elf over halfvier |
| 3:42 | achttien voor vier or twaalf over halfvier |
| 3:45 | noicon kwart voor vier |
| 3:55 | vijf voor vier |
| 3:59 | noicon een (minuut) voor vier(en) |
# Dutch/Vocabulary/The numbers/Hover test

Pick a word at random and say the translation in Dutch, then hover your mouse over the word and see if your are right.
| 7 | 13 | 100 | 52 | 12 | 21 | 6 |
| 9 | 90 | 19 | 67 | 76 | 25 | 1345 |
| 82 | 23 | 2 | 1 | 84 | 250 | 1.000.000 |
| 17 | 3 | 5 | 15 | 33 | 60 | 88 |
| 32 | 4 | 41 | 43 | 700 | 900 |
| 1000 | 53 | 81 | 36 | 29 | 30 | 11 |
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Cooperation and Communication/The difference between "communication" and "information"

Communication is different from information: communication is active interaction while information is an isolated action.
In the case of 'information:
* it is the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver; the content of the message refers to "objective" facts and it codified independently from the human relationship between the informer and the informed..
* the whole message is codified through a conventional system of sign and composition rules.
* the message is sent intentionally by the sender who expects an obtainable results.
In the case of communication:
* it is a bi-directional sequence of transmission of messages where the counterparts are both "senders and receivers";
* the meaning of these messages can be understood only in the context of the actual interaction of the communicators.
* besides the message codified through a "conventional" language the communicating actors send also a series of message codified "naturally" (e.g. body language) that clarify the relational content of the human relationship between the counterparts: viz. the tone of the voice, the rhythm of the sentence, the physical postures, etc. constitute clusters of information that acorganization the linguistic messages and propose an interpretation modality of the relationship.
* not all messages are transmitted consciously (body may speak differently from what we expect);
* the results of communication can be pre-planned by the actors before the communication is undertaken, because results depend on the other's choices; (e.g. the voice can reveal anxiety and may prompt unexpected results of hostility, etc.)
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Cooperation and Communication/The efficacy of communication dependent upon only one of its mode

An important pre-requisite for an efficacious communication activity is to visualise properly which one of the three major varieties of communication represents our priority. In fact the approach that can be considered adequate in one modality may be counterproductive in the other modality.
* Propaganda has to "win over" the resistance of the counterpart and therefore it requires "arms" and "strategies". Victory is achieved when persuasion is achieved. The method of persuasion is the "rhetoric": it is of two kinds: the friendly and the hostile. Therefore success is based upon seduction and/or threats.
* Information has to be "objective", i.e. it has to furnish to the counterpart with adequate knowledge for aware choices. The one who delivers the information should present herself as "neutral" with respect to the choices that the counterpart will do.
* Education has to be "maieutic", i.e. has to help the counterpart to develop her personality according to what she values most. To educate is to help the person to develop her faculties and to express her individuality. In order to become education, communication primarily has to built a sense of respect and trust in the community that the learner considers as its own.
The efficacy of communication dependent upon only one of its modalities: either seducing or objective, or self-revealing.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Communication and Knowledge Management/How communication works

http://www.kautilyasociety.com/tvph/communication_skill/how_communication_works.htm
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Communication and Knowledge Management/Training as a Communication Strategy

http://www.kautilyasociety.com/tvph/tasks_tools/training_as_a_communication.htm
# Dutch/Practical

There are different words for newspaper in Dutch. In the Netherlands the word krant is used. In the Dutch provinces North-Brabant, Limburg and in Belgium Gazet or Gazette is used. Another word is Courant or in Afrikaans, the variant in South Africa and Namibia, written as Koerant. A Dagblad is a daily paper and a Weekblad comes once per week.
These examples of papers which are also online are very practical to learn reading Dutch.

## Nederlandse kranten, Dutch newspapers

* http://www.telegraaf.nl - De Telegraaf
* http://www.nrc.nl - NRC Handelsblad
* http://www.volkskrant.nl - De Volkskrant
* http://www.algemeendagblad.nl - Algemeen Dagblad
* http://www.fd.nl - Het Finaciele Dagblad
* http://www.parool.nl - Het Parool
* http://www.trouw.nl - Trouw
* http://www.nd.nl - Nederlands Dagblad
* http://www.spitsnet.nl - Sp!ts
* http://www.metronieuws.nl - Metro
* http://www.refdag.nl - Reformatorisch Dagblad
* http://www.nu.nl/

## Belgische kranten, Belgian newspapers

* http://www.demorgen.be - De Morgen
* http://www.standaard.be - De Standaard
* http://www.gva.be - Gazet van Antwerpen
* http://www.hbvl.be - Het Belang van Limburg
* http://www.hln.be - Het Laatste Nieuws
* http://www.nieuwsblad.be - Het Nieuwsblad

## Surinaamse kranten, Surinamese newspapers

* http://www.dwtonline.com De Ware Tijd (DWT)
* http://www.dbsuriname.com - Dagblad Suriname

## Kranten van de Nederlandse Antillen, newspapers of the Netherlands Antilles

* http://www.antilliaansdagblad.com/ - Antillians Dagblad
* http://www.antilliaansweekblad.com/ $^{[deadlink]}$ - Antillians Weekblad
* http://www.amigoe.com - Amigoe

## Suid-Afrikaanse koerante (Afrikaans), South African newspapers

* http://www.dieburger.com/ - Die Burger
* http://www.rapport.co.za - Rapport
* http://www.dieson.co.za/$^{[deadlinkJanuary2010]}$ - Die son (mobile, working version)

## Namibiese koerante (Afrikaans), Namibian newspapers

* http://www.republikein.com.na/ -Republikein

## Zie ook, See also

* http://www.kidon.com/media-link/nederlands.php - A collection of newspapers in Dutch, een verzameling van kranten in het Nederlands
* enkele taalsites (, )
# Dutch/Quiz/Cycle2
## Final test of the Beginner Level

Are you ready to move on to the Intermediate Level, you think? Well, here is a quiz to prove that to yourself. Set a goal and be terribly honest with yourself. There are a few tricky ones!
First fill in all the answers, then push the button at the bottom. If the result is not what you hoped for, it may give you a clue as to what parts you need to revisit before you move on. Remember: kids love to play "again!" It is their secret weapon.

### Quiz

The idea is to tick off / fill in all the appropriate responses of all the questions and then finally to push the button on the bottom to see how well you have done. Good luck!
# Herhaling 5-8
## The gender problem revisited

As we have seen before the three gender system that Dutch inherited from West-Germanic is evolving into something different. The situation today differs a bit from region to region and is still evolving, the South (Flanders) retaining much of the old system, but let us try to summarize northern usuage.
* there is a growing rift in how animate (persons) and inanimate (things) nouns are treated
* for persons natural gender (masc.-fem.) dominates
* for things grammatical gender (common - neuter) dominates
* personal, possessive even relative pronouns are increasingly reserved for persons
* for things demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs dominate
Approximately we can summarize current usage as follows:
| | persons | things |
| gender | natural | grammatical |
| contrast | masc-fem | common - neuter |
| substantive pronoun | personal hij,zij, hem, haar, (het,) hen, hun,ze | demonstrative die,dat het, ze |
| adjective pronoun | possessive zijn, haar, hun | pronominal adverb ervan |

### Double gender

Diminutives of persons are an interesting group of words because they straddle the growing animate-inanimate rift. They often show signs of both natural and grammatical gender:
* Zij is een mooi meisje. Zij heeft een klein broertje. Hij is ziek.
Grammatically meisje and broertje are grammatically neuter as all diminutives. Mooi en klein therefore have no inflections after the indefinite article. These words are however frequently referred to by the feminine and masculine personal pronouns hij and zij, following natural gender.
# Dutch/Toets 5-8

fill in the correct pronoun
ze gaf het ijsje aan het meisje ze gaf het .... (haar) de jongens zien de clown ze zien .... (hem) het meisje loopt naast de jongen zij loopt naast .... (hem) dat is de bal van die meisjes daar dat is ... hun bal dat is de zoon van de die vrouw die vrouw is .... zijn mama Hij is .... haar zoon
die dat de hond is lief Die hond is lief het ijsje is koud dat ijsje is koud het meisje is bang voor de hond dat meisje is bang
die kinderen spelen op straat ze spelen (er) graag
source (native speaker)
# Dutch/Quiz/Cycle1
## End of Cycle 1: Quiz

This quiz is intended for people who have finished with the 12 lessons of Cycle 1 of the Beginner Level.

### Quiz

The idea is to tick off all the appropriate responses of all the questions and then finally to push the button on the bottom to see how well you have done. Good luck!
# Dutch/Vocabulary/Animals

Dutch/Vocabulary/Animals/Selftest
| lion - de leeuw ( lioness - de leeuwin cub - de welp) | tiger - de tijger ( tigress - de tijgerin cub - de welp) | snake - de slang | frog - de kikker |
| horse - het paard (stallion - de hengst mare - de merrie foal - het veulen) | cattle - het rund (bull - de stier cow - de koe calf - het kalf) | sheep -het schaap ( ram - de ram ewe - de ooi lamb - het lam) | chicken - de kip (cock - de haan hen - de hen chick - het kuiken) |
| de vogel | de worm | de mier | de vis |

## Quizlet

There is also a Quizlet set on animals to practice on.
# English-Hanzi/Purpose

A purpose is the aim of something.
目的是某事物的目标。
# English-Hanzi/Quantity

A quantity is a datum that is used to count the amount of something.
数量 是 用来 计算 某事物 的 量 的 数据。
# English-Hanzi/Puff

Special:search/puff prefix:English-Hanzi/
Puff is a kind of soft pastry. Its filling can be cream, jam, or others.
puff 是 一种 松软 糕点。它的 馅料 可以 是 奶油，果酱，或 其他。
# English-Hanzi/Pufferfish

Pufferfish is a poisonous fish. It fills with air like a balloon when in danger.
河豚 是 有毒 的 鱼类。它 在 危险 时 好像 气球 充满 空气。
# English-Hanzi/Quinoa

Quinoa is a flowering plant and an annual herb, mainly used as edible seeds. Its seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins and dietary minerals, and its content is much higher than many grains.
藜麦是开花植物和一年生草本植物，主要用作食用种子。 它的种子富含蛋白质，膳食纤维，B族维生素和膳食矿物质，其含量远高于许多谷物。
# English-Hanzi/Railway

Railway is a metal track that trains run on it.
铁路 是 火车 在 它 上面 运行 的 金属 轨道。
# English-Hanzi/Pulmonary heart disease

Pulmonary heart disease is the enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance (such as from pulmonic stenosis) or high blood pressure in the lungs.
肺心病是心脏右心室的扩大和衰竭，是对血管阻力增加（如肺动脉狭窄）或肺部高血压的反应。
# English-Hanzi/Punctuation mark

A punctuation mark is a symbol that is used in writing, such as a comma, full stop, or question mark.
标点符号 是 用于 书写 的 符号，例如 逗号，句号，或 问号。
# English-Hanzi/Question

A question is a query.
一个 疑问 是 一个 怀疑。
# English-Hanzi/Question mark

A question mark is a symbol that is used at the end of a question sentence.
问号 是 在 问句 结束 时 使用 的 符号。