OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Lonicera japonica

Japanese Honeysuckle :
| Binomial: | Lonicera japonica |
| Type: | Woody vine |
| Seed Dispersal: | Birds |
| Ripe Seed: | Winter |
| Vegetative Spread: | Rampant spreader |
The Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; Suikazura 水鬘 or スイカズラ in Japanese) is a species of honeysuckle native to eastern Asia including Japan, Korea, northern and eastern China, and Taiwan.

## Description

It is a twining vine able to climb to 10 m high or more in trees, with opposite, simple oval leaves 3–8 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. The flowers are double tongued, white to yellow, and sweetly scented. The fruit is a globose dark blue berry 5–8 mm diameter containing numerous seeds.

## Ecology

Japanese Honeysuckle has become an invasive exotic weed in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand and much of the United States, including Hawaii, as well as a number of Pacific and Caribbean islands. It is classified as a noxious weed in several US states, including Illinois and Virginia. It has done severe damage to eastern American woodlands, often forming vast colonies on forest floors that displace virtually all native ground plants, and climbing into trees and shrubs and severely weakening and even killing them by cutting off sap flow and shading their leaves. Scientists and conservationists have suspected for some time now that it releases allelopathic chemicals into the ground, inhibiting the growth of other plants.
Nonetheless, this species is still sold by American nurseries, often as the cultivar 'Hall's Prolific'. It is an effective groundcover, and does have pleasant, strong-smelling flowers, but the damage it does far outweighs any positive qualities. The only invasive exotics that compete with this plant for total damage done in the eastern United States are Kudzu and Multiflora Rose.

## Uses

The Japanese Honeysuckle flower is of high medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called rěn dōng téng (忍冬藤) or jīn yín huā (金銀花; lit. "gold silver flower"). It has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and is used to dispel heat and remove toxins, including carbuncles, fevers, influenza and ulcers. It is, however, of cold and yin nature, and should not be taken by anyone with weak and "cold" digestive system. In Korean, it is called geumeunhwa. The dried leaves are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

## Control

* Mowing: Mowing is effective if done regularly.
* Cultivation: Grows back from small fragments.
* Pulling: A big job, but effective.
* Flame: Repeated burning is effective over time.
* Systemic herbicides (synthetic): Glyphosate can be either sprayed or applied to cut stems.
* Grazing: Goats provide good control.
* Disposal: Chipping.
# IB Mathematics SL

The IB Mathematics Standard Level course covers the basics of mathematics. The first examinations for this course is set to be held in 2014.

## Topics

* Prior Learning
* Topic 1: Algebra
* Topic 2: Functions and equations
* Topic 3: Circular functions and trigonometry
* Topic 4: Vectors
* Topic 5: Statistics and Probability
* Topic 6: Calculus
# IB Mathematics (HL)/Vectors

A vector has both a magnitude and a direction. It is represented in terms of 2d or 3d entity.
In 2D representation: r = 7i+8j
In 3D representation: r = 9i+5j+6k
i, j, k denotes magnitude in the direction of x,y and z axis respectively.
# Prior Learning

The International Baccalaureate expects Mathematics Standard Level students to know these formulae and related concepts.

## Area of a parallelogram:

$A=b\times h$

## Area of a triangle:

$A={\frac {b\times h}{2}}$

## Area of a trapezium

$A={\frac {1}{2}}(a+b)h$

## Area of a circle

$A=\pi r^{2}$

## Circumference of a circle

$C=2\pi r$

## Volume of a Pyramid

$V={\frac {1}{3}}(Area_{base}\times height)$

## Volume of a Cuboid (rectangular prism)

$V=l\times w\times h$

## Volume of a Cylinder

$V=\pi r^{2}h$

## Area of the curved surface of a cylinder

$A=2\pi rh$

## Volume of a Sphere

$V={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}$

## Volume of a cone

$V={\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}h$

## Distance between two points $(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})$ and $(x_{2},y_{2},z_{2})$

$d={\sqrt {(x_{1}-x_{2})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{2})^{2}+(z_{1}-z_{2})^{2}}}$

## Coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment with endpoints ($x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}$) and ($x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}$)

$\left({\frac {x_{1}+x_{2}}{2}},{\frac {y_{1}+y_{2}}{2}},{\frac {z_{1}+z_{2}}{2}}\right)$
# IB Mathematics (HL)/Statistics

A statistic is a single number that represents or helps to describe one aspect of a data set.
By calculating a statistic, you summarise the data and lose detail. Usually, this means you cannot recreate the original data, even from a collection of statistics.
Examples of statistics include: the mode, median, mean and range (of discrete data), estimated mean, estimated median and modal class of grouped data, interquartile range.
For IB you also need to know the meaning and method for finding the mean and standard deviation of data sets. The mean is an example of a statistic that measures location. The standard deviation is a an example of a statistic that measures dispersal, or spread. It is common when comparing data sets to comment about both dispersal and location.
# Topic 3: Circular Functions and Trigonometry
## Introduction

"The aims of this topic are to explore the circular functions and to solve problems using trigonometry. On examination papers, radian measure should be assumed unless otherwise indicated."
- From IB Math SL Guide

## Circle
### Radian Measure

There are 2π radians in a complete circle, and π radians in a half circle. Therefore as there are 360 degrees in a complete circle, and 180 degrees in a half circle, we can derive this equation to convert
Degrees = Radians * 180/π
Radians = Degrees * π/180

### Length of an arc

The length of an arc is equal to s=r(θ), where r= radius, (θ)=inscribed angle in radians, and s=the length of the arc.
This formula is synonymous with the formula for the circumference of a circle where (theta)=2(pi).

### Area of a Sector

A = (1/2)(θ)(r^2) where r is the radius.

## Cosine and Sine (relative to Unit Circle)

sinθ=y cosθ=x tanθ=y/x CAST Beginning from the IV section will let you know which are positive (Cosine, All, Sine, Tangent)
| Quadrant | SIN | COS | TAN |
| I | + | + | + |
| II | + | - | - |
| III | - | - | + |
| IV | - | + | - |

## Double Angle Formulae

sin2(θ)= 2sin(θ)cos(θ)
cos2(θ)= cos^2(θ)-sin^2(θ)= 2cos^2(θ)-1=1-2sin^2(θ)

## Triangles
### Area

Area of a triangle = (1/2) ab sin C
# International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Great Britain/Neopost Newspaper Machines
#### Neopost Machines Used on Newspaper Wrappers

Whilst postal regulations normally required the frank to be printed at the top right hand corner of the mail item, this was not always possible on newspaper wrappers due to the limited space available for printing. One solution was to print the frank across the right hand side of the wrapper, to which end Neopost modified several machines for use by newspaper companies.
    6 London EC2 "The Financial Times"
    1d 1½d 1d 1½d 1d Design A Design A Design B Design B Design B Type A9Ai Type A9Aii Type Type Type Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left Frank and town name upright, value die at left of townmark, lower frame line broken -7 III 27 -3 XII 27 27 XII 28 11 I 28 10 VI 32 -3 I 28 - 14 I 30 24 I 30 23 I 33
    10 London EC3 "Lloyd's List" / "Lloyd's Daily Index"
    1d 1½d 2½d 1d Design A Design A Design A Design B Type A9Ai Type A9Aii Type A9Ai Type Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left Frank and town name upright, value die at left of townmark 11 VIII 26 23 X 26 7 X 29 24 II 31 24 IV 30 - 21 VI 34 -7 II 35
    109 London EC2 "The Financial News" / "Investor's Chronicle"
    1d 1d 1½d Design B Design B Design B Type Type Type Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left, date figures seriffed Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left, date figures sans serif Frank and town name rotated 90 degrees left, date figures sans serif 13 I 30 18 VII 33 13 V 29 17 II 33 30 V 38 -
# International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog/Great Britain/UPF Model "HS" & "EHS"
#### Universal Postal Frankers Ltd. Model "HS" and "EHS".

Ten International Postal Supply Co., Ltd. Model "M" cancelling machines were imported from the United States in 1923 by Universal Postal Frankers Ltd., and these were fitted with single-value detachable meters manufactured at UPF’s experimental works. Two versions of the machine were created, the Model "HS" (High Speed) and the Model "EHS" (Extra High Speed). One machine (London W.C.2., M# blank) was used for demonstration purposes, while another was returned to IPS in 1924 fitted with a 1½d meter. The Model HS/EHS could not print a slogan, although the demonstration machine is known with a separately applied slogan.
Machines known postally used are listed below.
    1 London S.W.11. User: Freemans
    ½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D. M# "1)". SEP 12 1930
    ½d Die A2 Type A5B. Centre bar D. OCT 4 1932 JUL 21 1933
    ½d Die A3 Type A5A. Centre bar E. SEP 25 1935
    2 Watford User: A. Wander & Co.
    ½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D. M# small. MAY 22 1926 MAY 14 1929
    ½d Die A2 Type A5B. Centre bar D. M# large. a. Error: printed in black (DEC 11 1929). JUL 1 1927
    ½d Die B1 Type B3. Used for a short period in May 1930. MAY 15 1930
    3 London E.C.3. User: J. Henry Schröder & Co.
    2½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar C. NOV 5 1934 AUG 7 1935
    2½d Die B1 Type B3. Used for a few days in March 1931. MAR 9 1931
    3A London E.C.3. User: J. Henry Schröder & Co.
    ½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D. M# with superscript "A". FEB 27 1928 OCT 28 1934
    1d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar C. M# with normal "A". FEB 12 1930 AUG 5 1930
    1½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D. M# with superscript "A". AUG 8 1924 JAN 20 1939
    2½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D, but M# underlined. M# with superscript "A". a. Error: year figures inverted. SEP 11 1924 AUG 3 1934
    2½d Die A2 Type A5A. Centre bar C. M# with normal "A". APR 7 1936 AUG 22 1938
    3 London W.1. User: Selfridge & Co.
    ½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar C. MAR 27 1924 FEB 16 1925
    ½d Die A2 Damaged version of ½d Die A1. Missing upper arc and "ONE". One example known. NOV 16 1925
    1½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar C. JAN 8 1924 MAR 10 1927
    2½d Die A1 Listed in The Stamp Lover, Nov. 1926, but actual examples not seen.
    4 London S.W.1. User: Harrods, Ltd.
    ½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar C with a small nick in the middle. M# raised with partial underline. JUL 17 1924 NOV 2 1929
    1d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D, but M# with underline. DEC 3 1924 FEB 16 1927
    1½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D. OCT 3 1924 JAN 18 1926
    6 London E.C.1. User: Carreras, Ltd.
    ½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D. JUL 1 1925
    1½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar D. MAY 8 1925 OCT 17 1925
    X1 London S.W.1. User: Harrods, Ltd.
    ½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar E. Relief machine: M# with "X" prefix. M# seriffed. JUN 11 1924
    1½d Die A1 Type A5A. Centre bar C. Relief machine: M# with "X" prefix. M# sans-serif. JUL 4 1924 JUL 24 1924
# Grenada

* The first meter appeared in 1961. All stamps are inscribed “GRENADA” either in the frank or the town mark.
1. Neopost "Frankmaster" / "305" (MV), 1961. [$50]
    Upright frank with simulated perforation border.
    “GRENADA” and “WEST INDIES” flank crown and small “EiiR” in curved panel at top.
    Side panels contain a single vertical line.
    M# with “N” prefix in lower corners.
    TM: DC
    V/F: 0·00
2. Neopost “2205” (MV). [$25]
    Similar to Type 1 but frank is square frank with straight-line border.
    M# with “N” prefix.
    TM: BIC
    V/F: 0·00
3. Neopost "Frankmaster" / "305" (MV). [$100]
    Provisional stamp from meter originally used in Trinidad & Tobago.
    Country name removed from top panel.
    Town mark with “GRENADA” at bottom.
    M# “RN 65”.
    TM: DC
    V/F: 0·00
4. Pitney Bowes-GB “6300” series (MV). [$25]
    Horizontal frank with three fleur de lis at left and crown above two horizontal lines at right.
    Bottom with M# with “P.B.” prefix at left and “POSTAGE” at right.
    TM: DC
    V/F: $ ≋0.00
5. Pitney Bowes-GB “5000” series (MV). [$10]
    Horizontal frank with three fleur de lis at both sides.
    “POSTAGE PAID” at top below country name.
    Date figures raised in relation to value figures.
    M# with “P.B.” prefix breaking bottom panel
    TM: DC
    V/F: ≋0.00
6. Pitney Bowes-GB “A900” (MV). [$10]
    Similar to Type 5 but “POSTAGE PAID” at bottom above M#.
    Date and value figures at same height.
    Value figures large.
    M# with “PB” prefix above bottom frame line
    TM: DC
    V/F: ≋00.00
7. Neopost “Electronic” (MV). [$10]
    Nearly square frank with straight-line border.
    “GRENADA/WEST INDIES” at top.
    M# with “RN” prefix at bottom.
                                                                                  A. Wide space between M# and prefix
                                                                                  B. M# and prefix close together.
                                                                            TM: DC
                                                                            V/F: ≋0,00
# Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Sample chapter

This is a sample chapter for Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21. The purpose is to explain how chapters will link to the main page of the Wikibook.
When you are ready, you can link your chapter to the book in the same way as this chapter is linked. That is to say that under the relevant issue (History, Evidence, Truth or Power), you should type in the title of your chapter. You can then link that title using the 'link' icon and typing in your title in this format: Issues in Interdisciplinarity 2020-21/Title of chapter.
When you publish your changes, the title of your chapter will be red. Click on it and you can start editing your chapter.
If you've linked it correctly, a reader should be able to head back to the main page of the Wikibook using the link at the top of the page (see the link at the top of this page, for example). If there is no link, you haven't linked up your chapter correctly.
Note that, after the first letter (which is automatically capitalised), Wikimedia is case-specific. If you haven't managed to link your chapter correctly, it may be because you haven't capitalised the 'i' at the beginning of 'interdisciplinarity' (or it may be that you haven't spelt 'interdisciplinarity' correctly - it's easily done!)
Don't worry if you need to retitle or move your chapter - both these things are possible. Also, do not worry if you have set up a separate page for your chapter - this can be moved so it sits within the Wikibook. If you need help doing these things, talk to your seminar-leader.
# The Power of Christianity in modern society

This Wikibook is going to explore the issue of power (direct or indirect) through the disciplines of medicine, gender studies and ecology.
# Song Examples for the Campfire Diploma
### D major chord and 4/4 strumming pattern

* Brother Jakob

### (1) Chord changes from D to A and 4/4-strumming patterns

* Play a chord for one bar
* A '-' means play the chord for another bar
* (!!!) means easy song for practicing.
* He's got the whole world (!!!)
* Rock My Soul more examples
* YT Achey breaky heart (Billy Ray Cyrus)
* YT Bruttosozialprodukt (Geier Sturzflug) A - D -
* YT Polly Wolly Doodle
* YT Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder (Tote Hosen) D - - A , A - - D (!!!)
* YT Jambalaya (Hank Williams)
* YT Kreuzberger Nächte sind lang (Gebrüder Blattschuss) D - - A , A - - D
* YT Lord of the Dance (T+M: Sidney Carter 1963) D D A A | D D A D | D D D A | D D A D
* YT Das Lummerlandlied (Augsburger Puppenkiste) D- A--- D-
* YT Mendocino (Sir Douglas Quintet) D - - -, A - - -, - - D -
* YT Roadrunners (The Modern Lovers)
* YT Tulsa Time (Don Williams)
# Guitar/Technical Exercises

These two exercises will increase the strength, fluency and accuracy of your playing. They should be played daily and on all strings in all positions.
# Guitar/Slides

The slide is one of the simplest guitar techniques. There are two kinds of slides: shift slides and legato slides. In a shift slide, a note is fretted, then struck, and then the fretting finger slides up or down to a different fret, and the string is struck again. A legato slide differs in that the string is struck only for the first note.
The first slide pictured is a shift slide; the second is a legato slide. A few tablature writers do not distinguish between the two slides, using only shift slide notation. The abbreviation "sl." for slide may be omitted. When sliding from a higher fret to a lower fret, the slanted lines are usually changed to have a downward slope instead of an upward slope, to emphasize the sliding "down". It is possible to slide up from an open string, but this often does not sound as clean because this requires a hammer-on at the first fret (or for really fast slides, a higher fret) before sliding up. Likewise, it is possible to slide down to an open string but it requires a pull-off at the first (or some other) fret.
In Internet tablature, a slide from the third fret to the fifth might be written like any of these:
Internet tablature rarely distinguishes between the two kinds of slides.
Less commonly, tablature can instruct the guitarist to "slide into" or "slide out of" a note. In printed tablature, they are notated identically except, in the case of slide-into, the first note is omitted, and in the case of slide-out-of, the second note is omitted. In other words, the note slides in from nowhere, or out to nowhere. It simply tells the guitarist to quickly slide from or to an arbitrary point, usually only a few frets away.
Good sliding keeps the new note audible, while keeping the note in tune. If you don't press the string hard enough, you mute the string or buzz it on the frets. Too hard and the string bends out of tune. The latter does not happen often, but sounds awful and should be avoided.

## C C C C | F F C C | G F C G

    Guitar Slide Training - Folkblues in C.mid (help·info)

## E E E E | A A E E | H7 A E H7

    Guitar Slide Training - Folkblues in E.mid (help·info)
# Guitar/Song Examples
## Song Examples:

{{{1}}}
This is a Container for one or more song examples.
Examples are integrated as templates.
They are located as a subordinate page in the main lesson of the volume.

### or for Summaries

(Appendix of a Diploma)
# Guitar/Song Library

The following pages contain recommended links to external websites containing tabs, chords and video lessons which would help you learn playing the songs on your guitar.
* Guitar Tabs Song Library
* Guitar Chords Song Library
# Handbook of Management Scales/Communication of manufacturing strategy
## Communication of manufacturing strategy
### Items

* In our plant, goals, objectives, and strategies are communicated to me.
* I know how we are planning to be competitive at this plant.
* I understand the long-run competitive strategy of this plant.

### Source

* Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Common benefit
## Common benefit (AVE = 0.63; CR = 0.91)
### Description

The author (1) adopts a coopetition-based approach in theoretically conceptualizing value creation in interfirm alliances as a construct consisting of three dimensions: common benefit, private benefit$_{cooperation}$, private benefit$_{competition}$ and (2), based on data collected in India, empirically validates a scale to measure these dimensions.

### Definition

Common benefit is defined as “a supernormal profit jointly generated in an exchange relationship that cannot be generated by either firm in isolation and can only be created through the joint contributions of the specific alliance partners” (Dyer & Singh, 1998, p. 662). Note: Dyer & Singh term it “relational rent” rather than “common benefit”.

### Items

Within the alliance boundary, this alliance has led to:
* … the development of new resources and new capabilities leading to competitive advantage. (0.77)
* … more effective exploitation of existing resources leading to improved cost effectiveness. (0.85)
* … the development of new knowledge leading to increased innovation. (0.77)
* … more effective exploitation of existing knowledge leading to greater efficiency. (0.90)
* … more efficient deployment and utilization of resources leading to continuous improvement of quality of products and services. (0.85)
* … a more effective penetration of market leading to improvement of market positions of both alliance partners. (0.60)

### Source

* Rai (201_): A Co-opetition-Based Approach to Value Creation in Interfirm Alliances: Construction of a Measure and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties. Journal of Management, Vol. __, No. __, pp. __-__.

### Related Scales

* Alliance performance
* Value creation in interfirm alliances: common benefit, private benefit$_{cooperation}$, private benefit$_{competition}$
# Handbook of Management Scales/Community-oriented CSR
## Community-oriented corporate social responsibility (CSR) (alpha = 0.86)
### Description

A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural equation modeling to assess different types of validity of the proposed scale. The scale consists of six dimensions: community-oriented, natural environment-oriented, employee-oriented, supplier-oriented, customer-oriented, and shareholder-oriented CSR.

### Definition

Corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) is defined as “an organization’s context-specific actions and policies designed to enhance the welfare of various stakeholder groups by accounting for the triple bottom line of economic, social, and environmental performance”.

### Items

* Our company invests in humanitarian projects in poor countries. (0.80)
* Our company provides financial support for humanitarian causes and charities. (0.77)
* Our company contributes to improving the well-being of populations in the areas where it operates by providing help for schools, sporting events, etc. (0.73)
* Our company invests in the health of populations of developing countries (e.g., vaccination, fight against AIDS). (0.69)
* Our company helps NGOs and similar associations such as UNICEF, the Red Cross, and emergency medical services for the poor. (0.65)
* Our company gives financial assistance to the poor and deprived in the areas where it operates. (0.62)
* Our company assists populations and local residents in case of natural disasters and/or accidents. (0.60)

### Source

* El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_