OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Rumex crispus

Curled dock :
| Binomial: | Rumex crispus |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Type: | Perennial |
| Light requirements: | Sun to medium shade |
| Water requirements: | Drought tolerant |
| Soil requirements: | Any but wet soils |
| Pest issues: | Some |
| Disease issues: | Some |
| Weediness: | Weedy |
| Seed Dispersal: | On clothing or fur, water, wind |
| Toxicity and edibility: | Edible roots |
Curled Dock (Rumex crispus), also known as Curley Dock or Yellow Dock, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, but invasive in other parts of the world.

## Description

The mature plant is a reddish brown colour, and produces a stalk that grows to about 1 m high. It has smooth leaves shooting off from a large basal rosette, with distinctive waved or curled edges. On the stalk flowers and seeds are produced in clusters on branched stems, with the largest cluster being found at the apex. The seeds are shiny, brown and encased in the calyx of the flower that produced them. This casing enables the seeds to float on water and get caught in wool and animal fur, and this helps the seeds to spread to new locations. The root-structure is a large, a yellow, forking taproot.

## Ecology

Curled Dock is a widespread naturalised species throughout the temperate world, which has become a serious invasive species in many areas, including throughout North America, southern South America, New Zealand and parts of Australia. It spreads through the seeds contaminating crop seeds, and sticking to clothing.
Curled Dock grows in roadsides, all types of fields, and low-maintenance crops. It prefers rich, moist and heavy soils.

## Uses

It can be used as a wild leaf vegetable; the young leaves should be boiled in several changes of water, or can be added directly to salads. Once the plant matures it becomes too bitter to consume. Dock leaves are an excellent source of both vitamine A and protein.
The roots have also been used medicinally as an astringent, tonic, and laxative.

## Control

* Mowing: Generally not found as a lawn weed, but can survive occaiasional mowing
* Cultivation: Cultivation is only effective on seedlings, as the plants develop thick taproots
* Pulling: Pulling is a good technique, though care should be taken to get the deep roots
* Barriers: This plant can push up light barriers
* Disposal: Safe to compost, but hot piles only if seeds are present.

## References

* ↑ Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, Weeds of The Northeast, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Pp. 286-287.
* ↑ Lee Allen Peterson, Edible Wild Plants, (New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977), p. 154.
* ↑ A Modern Herbal: Docks
# Horticulture/Rots

Rots :
| Type: | Fungi, Bacteria, or Nematodes |
| Conditions: | Wet conditions, wounds. |
Rot is a symptom that can have many causes, such as bacteria, fungi, or nematodes. The organisms that cause rots can either be the primary infectious agent, or more commonly opportinistic organisms that enter through wounds or following infection by other pathogens.

## Symptoms and Signs

Rots are grouped by the part of the plant affected.
* Damping Off describes the rotting of seeds or young seedlings, especially in flats.
* Root Rots affect the root system, and are frequently lethal. They are most common in wet soils, particularly among plants not adapted to wet conditions.
* Crown Rots affect the crowns of herbaceous plants, where the root system meets the stems and foliage. Crown rots often appear when a plant's crown has been covered by mulch or leaves.
* Stem Rots affect the plant stems.
* Cambium Rots affect the cambium layer of woody plants, leading quickly to wilt.
* Wood Rots affect the internal woody tissue of woody plants.
* Fruit Rots affect the fruits, either while still on the plant or more often post-harvest.

## Controls

* Exclusion: Avoid wounding plants.
* Cultivation: Ensure well-drained soils.
* Cultural Controls: Ensure good air circulation. Rotate to crops not affected by known pathogens of any affected crop.
* Physical Removal: Removing the rotted tissue, and some of the surrounding tissue to ensure removal of the causal organism.
# Horticulture/Rubus occidentalis
## References

Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America. The common name Black Raspberry is shared with the closely related western American species Rubus leucodermis. Other names occasionally used include wild black raspberry, black caps, black cap raspberry, and thimbleberry.
Rubus occidentalis is a deciduous shrub growing to 2–3 m tall, with thorny shoots. The leaves are pinnate, with five leaflets on leaves strong-growing stems in their first year, and three leaflets on leaves on flowering branchlets. The flowers are distinct in having long, slender sepals 6–8 mm long, more than twice as long as the petals. The round-shaped fruit is a 12–15 mm diameter aggregation of drupelets; it is edible, and has a high content of anthocyanins and ellagic acid.
Black raspberries are high in anthocyanins. This has led to them being very useful as natural dyes and, since anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants, to a great deal of interest in them for their potential nutraceutical value. Extensive work has been ongoing at Ohio State University to evaluate their benefit for cancer treatment in mammalian test systems, and the first clinical trials on patients with esophageal cancer.
It is also closely related to the raspberries Rubus idaeus and Rubus strigosus, sharing the distinctively white underside of the leaves and fruit that readily detaches from the carpel, but differing in the ripe fruit being black, and in the stems being more thorny. The black fruit makes them look like blackberries, though this is only superficial, with the taste being unique and not like either raspberry or blackberry. In much of the Mid-Atlantic United States, black raspberries are simply called Blackberries, even though they are not.

## Commercial growing and processing

The center for black raspberry production is in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The main cultivar, 'Munger', is grown on about 600 ha (1500 acres). Other cultivars include 'John Robertson', 'Allen', 'Jewel', 'Blackhawk', 'Macblack', 'Plum Farmer', 'Dundee', 'Hanover', and 'Huron'. The plants are summer tipped by hand, mechanically pruned in winter and then machine harvested. The yields are generally low per acre and this is why the fruits are often expensive.
The species has been used in the breeding of many Rubus hybrids; those between red and black raspberries are common under the name purple raspberries; 'Brandywine', 'Royalty' and 'Estate' are examples of purple raspberry cultivars.
The berries are typically dried, frozen or made into purées and juices or processed as colorants. Two well known liqueurs predominantly based on black raspberry fruit include France's Chambord Liqueur Royale de France and South Korea's various manufacturers of Bokbunja.

## References

* ↑ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Rubus occidentalis
* ↑ Michigan Bee Plants: Rubus occidentalis
* ↑ Oklahoma Biological Survey: Rubus occidentalis
* ↑ Bioimages: Rubus occidentalis
* ↑ Ohio State University: Black raspberries show multiple defenses in thwarting cancer
* ↑ PubMed: Abstract
* Black Raspberry - watercolor 1893
# Horticulture/Salix discolor

American Pussy Willow :
| Binomial: | Salix discolor |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Type: | shrub or tree |
Salix discolor (American Pussy Willow) is a species of willow native to North America, one of two species commonly called Pussy Willow.
It is native to the northern forests and wetlands of Canada (British Columbia east to Newfoundland) and the northeastern contiguous United States (Idaho south to Wyoming, and east to Maine and Maryland).

## Description

It is a weak-wooded deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 6 m tall, with brown shoots. The leaves are oval, 3-14 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad, green above and downy grey-white beneath. The flowers are soft silky silvery catkins, borne in early spring before the new leaves appear, with the male and female catkins on different plants (dioecious); the male catkins mature yellow at pollen release. The fruit is a small capsule 7-12 mm long containing numerous minute seeds embedded in cottony down.

## Uses

As with the closely related Salix caprea (European Pussy Willow), it is also often grown for cut flowers.
Like other willows, it contains salicin, and was used by Native Americans as a painkiller.

## References

* 1 2 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Salix discolor
* 1 2 Plants of British Columbia: Salix discolor
* 1 2 3 Borealforests: Salix discolor
# Glossary

The following terms are used throughout the FutureBASIC / FBtoC documentation.

## A

address - a location in memory. See also: RAM, memory. FB Topics: ...
algorithm -
argument -
arithmetic conversion -
array -
array bounds -
ASCII -
assignment -
attributes -

## B

base
binary
bit
block
breakpoint
byte

## C

character
check box
click
clipboard
compile
compiler
constant
cussor

## D

data
data file
debug
declaration
default
device
dialog
dimension
directory
document
double click
double precision
drag

## E

enabled
event
event trapping
executable file
execute
exponent
expression
extension

## F

file
floating point
function

## G

global

## H

hexadecimal
highlight

## I

I/O - see input/output
input
include
input/output
integer
interface

## K

keyword

## L

label
list box
local
logical device
long

## M

memory -
menu
modular programming
module
mouse
multidimensional array

## N

null

## O

operand
operator
output
overflow

## P

palette
parameter
pass
path
pointer
port
precedence (in equations) -
procedure
program
prompt

## R

RAM -
read-only file
record
recursion
redirect
relational database
root
run
run-time library

## S

scope
select
sequential file
serial port
simple variable - a variable that stores a single value, not part of an array.
single precision
source file
stack
stand-alone file
standard input
standard output
statement
static array
string
subroutine
symbol

## T

text
text box
text file
title bar
toggle
two's complement (base-2)
type (of variable)
type declaration

## U

user-defined

## V

variable

## W

window
# Futurebasic/Language/fsref legacy
## FSRef Structures-- Legacy Discussion

The preferred way of accessing files and folders in OS X.

### Description

Unlike FSSpecs which are limited to file and folder names of 31 characters, FSRefs are built to handle long Unicode file names and the more robust demands of OS X.
A discussion of FSRef's in FB and FBtoC would be difficult without comparing their functionality with FSSpecs. While FSSpecs may be antiquated in the Carbon API—contrary to popular folklore they are not yet deprecated—FB file and folder functions were designed to utilize FSSpecs (FB's older "working directory" functions are long obsolete and are not recommended nor supported in OS X.) Nevertheless, FB can be adapted to handle FSRefs without too much pain. On the other hand, FBtoC offers native support for FSRefs.
While users were able to directly access the three components of an FSSpec—the file or folder name, the volume reference number and ID of its parent, an FSRef is "opaque" to the user. This means that gleaning information from an FSRef requires helper Toolbox functions.
Differences between FSSpecs and FSRefs are evident when their structures are examined (these definitions are found in the Carbon Files.h header):
FSSpec structure:
FSRef structure:
The differences which will probably have the biggest impact on your code are that FSRefs cannot represent items which do not exist, and an FSRef's opaque data structure, defined above as an hidden array of 80 bytes, is not documented. In particular, an FSRef does not contain the name of the item to which it refers unlike an FSSpec. This comes as no surprise when you consider that Mac OS X allows the use of file names containing Unicode characters, with a maximum length of 255 UniChars. Compared with the static functionality of FSSpecs, FSRefs are dynamic in nature.

### Creating an FSRef File Reference in FB

FB's file and folder functions were written in the era when FSSpecs were king. One of the more common uses for them is when opening a file or folder with FB's Files$ function. Here we see FB's code to obtain an FSSpec to a text file:
To obtain a more versatile and OS X-friendly FSRef with FB's Files$ function, the resultant FSSpec needs to be converted to an FSRef. This requires a few more lines of code:

### Creating an FSRef File Reference in FBtoC

Finally, FBtoC offers native handling of FSRefs allowing our function to be written like this:

### Creating an FSRef File Reference in both FB and FBtoC

Combining these simple approaches is this example which returns an FSRef in both FB and FBtoC

### Obtaining File Names with FSSpecs and FSRefs

To obtain a file name from an FSSpec, a user simply had to peek inside its sructure or record like this:
Of course the resultant file name was limited to 31 characters and, for longer names in OS X is truncated with garbage characters.
Obtaining a file name from an FSRef is a bit more difficult, but this function should do the job:
# Futurebasic/Language/printing
## Printing from FB

Revised: February 2002 (FB^3 Release 6)

## Description

You may envision the printed page as something very similar to a window. In general, commands used to produce any type of display on the screen will produce a similar imprint on the page. The exception would be controls which cannot be sent to the printer port.
You instruct your program to switch to the printer using the route command.
You may freely switch back and forth between the printed page and the screen by executing route commands. When it is time to eject a page or to terminate printing entirely, you can clear the page with clear lprint or close down the printer (which has the side effect of automatically clearing the page) with close lprint.

### Page Size

You can query the printer as to how large the page is by routine output to the printer, then executing window functions.

### Print Dialogs

Two dialogs are used before printing. The first is a style dialog that lets the user determine page orientation, scaling, and other items. This is usually brought up in response to selection of the Page Setup item under the File menu. The syntax is def page.
The second common dialog is a job dialog. It lets the user determine how many copies will be printed, which page numbers will be included, and other items that vary from one printer to the next. The job dialog is brought up with def lprint and is normally displayed before each print session. Note that the Print Manager actually handles the details of the job. If the user wants to print 2 copies of pages 7 through 10, your application may happily print a single copy of the entire document and the Print Manager correctly filter the output to adhere to the user's request.

### Notes

Do not call clear lprint or close lprint when output is being routed to the printer. This may cause the system to crash. Instead, route output back to the screen, then clear or close.

### Appearance Manager Printing

Because buttons cannot be sent to the printed page, Appearance Manager edit fields cannot be printed. There is a simple work around. Create the edit fields in a window, then use the edit field statement (with only the field number as a parameter) and it will be copied to the printer. The following example show how this is done.
In this example, we did not clear or close the printer (clear lprint or close lprint). This is because the operation is automatically performed when the program terminates.
# Futurebasic/appendix/styleguide
## Style Guide for FutureBASIC Documentation

When contributing, follow as closely as possible the conventions stated in the chapter titled "Introduction to the FB Language." These conventions include the following:
* Items in italics represent placeholders which should be replaced as indicated in the description;
* Items in bold text represent literal text that you should enter exactly as shown;
* Items in plain non-italic text represent literal text that you should usually enter exactly as shown.

### Code Samples

Please adhere to the following coding standards:
* FB keywords: lower case (print, not PRINT) or "camel case" (HandleEvents, not HANDLEEVENTS).
** The mixed-case format is preferred.
** Please do not color code the Wikibook text.
** When we export to HTML or HTML Help, a CSS "class" will be added (<code class="keyword">) to control the appearance of keywords. It should be noted that WIkibooks do not support CSS.
* Toolbox calls: Apple's naming convention
* User functions: capitalized (fn MyFunction)
* Variables: start with a lowercase letter (x, myVariable)
* Globals: start with lowercase g (gSomeGlobal)

#### Code within Text

The <code> tag is supported by Wikibooks. This tag renders enclosed text in a monospace font, usually Courier or Courier New. Unfortunately, the text is not always easy to read, so please avoid using italics or other effects unless absolutely essential.

#### Blocks of Code

Use a <pre> (pre-formatted) tag for large blocks of code:
The <PRE> tag places example code within a box. It also preserves formatting by rendering the code in a monospace font.

### Document Organization

When documents can be organized in folders (directories), the following standards are used:
* Language: An Overview of Syntax, Organized by Functionality
* Intro: An Introduction to Programming in FutureBASIC (Note: please compose content for true beginning programmers)
* Programming: Intermediate to Advanced Programming Topics
* FBtoC: An Explanation of FBtoC
* Tutorials: Programming Examples and More
* Appendix: Additional Information
Folder names are in lowercase when appearing in Wikibook links. These folders are divided further into specific topics. Always consult the table of contents before creating sub-folders (sub-sections) for this text. The Wikibook entries are linked from FutureBASIC → "Major Section" → "Sub-section" and this organization will be automatically recreated when a Wikibook is exported. Since the Wikibook is our central repository for content, please maintain the organization. Reorganizing a Wikibook requires copying pages to new locations and then deleting the originals.
# Horticulture/Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Greenhouse Whitefly :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Trialeurodes vaporariorum |
| Family: | Aleyrodidae |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Incomplete |
| Damaging stages: | nymph and adult |
Trialeurodes vaporariorum, commonly known as the glasshouse or greenhouse whitefly inhabits the world’s temperate regions. It is a primary insect pest of many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops, frequently being found in glasshouses and other protected horticultural environments. Adults are 1-2 mm in length, with yellowish bodies and four wax-coated wings held near parallel to the leaf surface.

## Symptoms and Signs

All life-stages apart from eggs and pupae cause crop damage through direct feeding, inserting their stylet into leaf veins and extracting nourishment from the phloem sap. As a by-product of feeding, honeydew is excreted and that alone can be a second, major source of damage. The third and potentially most harmful characteristic is the ability of adults to transmit several plant viruses. The crop hosts principally affected are vegetables such as cucurbits, potatoes and tomatoes, although a range of other crop and non-crop plants including weed species are susceptible, and can therefore harbour the infection.

## Ecology

Females are capable of mating less than 24 hours after emergence and most frequently lay their eggs on the undersides of leaves. Eggs are pale yellow in colour, before turning grey prior to hatching. Newly hatched larvae, often known as crawlers, are the only mobile immature life-stage. During the first and second larval instars, the appearance is that of a pale yellow/translucent, flat scale which can be difficult to distinguish with the naked eye. During the fourth and final immature life-stage (the pupa), compound eyes and other body tissues become visible as the larvae thicken and rise from the leaf-surface.

## Host plants

Greenhouse whiteflies feed on a wide range of plants, including plants in the following genera:
* Aster
* Brassica
* Camellia
* Cercis
* Cucumis
* Dahlia
* Hydrangea
* Ilex (Holly)
* Ipomoea
* Lactuca (Lettuce)
* Lilium
* Lonicera
* Lycopersicon
* Ocimum
* Rhododendron (Rhododendron, Azalea)
* Salvia (Sage)
* Verbena

## Control

Effective control has been provided for many years through the release of beneficial insects, such as the w:aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsia formosa. If required, integrated pest management strategies can incorporate applications of selective chemical insecticides that complement these natural enemies. For the majority of outdoor crops chemicals are still the most widely used method of control.
# Horticulture/Trifolium pratense

Red Clover :
| Binomial: | Trifolium pratense |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Type: | herbaceous perennial |
| Weediness: | can be weedy |
Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) s a species of clover, native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa, but planted and naturalised in many other regions. The plant was named Trifolium pratense by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753. Pratense is Latin for "found in meadows". It is widely grown as a fodder crop, valued for its nitrogen fixation which increases soil fertility. For these reasons it is used as a green manure crop. Several Cultivar Groups have been selected for agricultural use, mostly derived from var. sativum. It has become naturalised in many temperate areas, including the Americas and Australasia as an escape from cultivation.
It is the national flower of Denmark and the state flower of Vermont.

## Description

It is a herbaceous perennial plant, very variable in size, growing to 20-80 cm tall. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate (with three leaflets), each leaflet 15-30 mm long and 8-15 mm broad, green with a characteristic pale crescent in the outer half of the leaf; the petiole is 1-4 cm long, with two basal stipules. The flowers are dark pink with a paler base, 12-15 mm long, produced in a dense inflorescence 2-3 cm diameter.

## Varieties

There are seven varieties:
* Trifolium pratense var. pratense Widespread.
* Trifolium pratense var. americanum Southeastern Europe (despite the name).
* Trifolium pratense var. frigidum Mountains of central and southern Europe (Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans).
* Trifolium pratense var. maritimum Southern Baltic Sea coast.
* Trifolium pratense var. parviflorum Europe.
* Trifolium pratense var. sativum Mediterranean region. Robust-growing, with hairless or nearly hairless foliage.
* Trifolium pratense var. villosum Alps. Densely hairy foliage.

## Uses

The isoflavones and phytoestrogens from Red Clover have been used to treat the symptoms of menopause. Women who are pregnant and breastfeeding should avoid ingesting Red Clover. It has also been reported that red clover can be used for therapeutic purposes for coughs, bronchitis, eczema, sores, scrofula and can be gargled for mouth ulcers and sore throats. It is also an ingredient in eight-herb essiac tea.

## Pests and Diseases

w:List of red clover diseases

## References

* Flora Europaea: Trifolium pratense
* Germplasm Resources Information Network: Trifolium pratense
* Embassy of Denmark, Washington - Other National Symbols