OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/int

The int keyword is used in field, method, property, and variable declarations and in cast and typeof operations as an alias for the .NET Framework structure System.Int32. That is, it represents a 32-bit signed integer whose value ranges from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# Cell Biology/Introduction to Cell Biology
## Introduction to Cell Biology

It is easy to recognize life. Cats, trees in our gardens, ourselves etc. are all alive. Computers, the air we breathe, waterfalls, etc. whereas, not alive. But what is life? What makes living beings different from sand, water?
Cell biology tries to answer what life is, where it comes from and how it functions. From that, cell biologists draw a general rule for all living things on Earth.
# Cell Biology/Lysosomes

Cell Biology | Parts of the cell | Organelles
<< Golgi apparatus | Lysosomes | Peroxisomes >>

## Lysosomes

Membrane-bound sacs called lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that can break down such macromolecules as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides (Figure 6-23). Lysosomes have several functions. They fuse with incoming food vacuoles and expose the nutrients to enzymes that digest them, thereby nourishing the cell. Lysosomes also function like safety officers when they help destroy harmful bacteria. In certain cells—for example, your white blood cells—lysosomes release enzymes into vacuoles that contain trapped bacteria and break down the bacterial cell walls. Similarly, lysosomes serve as recycling centers for damaged organelles. Without harming the cell, a lysosome can engulf and digest another organelle. This makes molecules available for the construction of new organelles.The structures vary in size from 0.2 to 2 micrometers in diameter. The staining reveals a crystal like matrix in spherical vesicles. The crystalloid matrix is urate oxidase. These are small organelles containing around 40 enzymes for intercellular digestion. The lysosome membrane helps to protect the enzymes as much as it helps protect the cell. This is because the optimal pH for these enzymes is around a pH of 5. The membrane of the lysosome is again a lipid bilayer and is thought to have a ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ into the lysosome to maintain the pH. This also has another affect, that is free protons. Other small molecules can pass through the lysosome membrane, but will then become charged by picking up a free proton, then they are less likely to be able to leave the lysososome. A good reference on Lysosomes is at
    http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/lysosome.htm
<< Golgi apparatus | Lysosomes | Peroxisomes >>
Cell Biology | Parts of the cell Organelles
# Cell Biology/Introduction/Introduction to Cell Biology
## Introduction to Cell Biology

It is easy to recognize life. Cats, trees in our gardens, ourselves, etc., are all alive. Computers, the air we breathe, waterfalls, etc., these are not alive. But what is life? What makes living beings different from sand, water?
Cell biology tries to answer what life is, where it comes from and how it functions. From that, cell biologists draw a general rule for all living things on Earth.
* Cats
* Oak
* Human
* Computer
* Atmosphere
* Waterfall
# Cell Biology/Introduction/The great ancestor
## Introduction to Gene Expression

All cells today have some common properties. Their genetic instructions are stored in DNA molecules. The DNA can be thought as 2 candy bars. These 2 bars will be separated, each bar transcribed to one RNA. In that bar, amino acids (can be thought as candies), will be separated again, rearranged into meaningful orders. This is called translation. When it is done, the bar (which arranged candies) is now our protein. There are 20 amino acids. However, their order in proteins varies from species to species. That means all cells have same set of amino acids, but they translate it differently. It is analogous to Latin symbols, each language has its own properties.

## The Great Ancestor

Because basic properties of all cells are so identical, people think they must have been derived from one ancestor. Scientists have estimated that ancestor living around 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago.

## Evolution

Cells reproduce themselves by splitting their genetic instructions into 2 parts, each one pasted to a daughter cell. That explains why 2 daughter cells look like their mother. But this splitting (mutation) is not perfect. It corrupts at some stage, somewhere. That again explains why 2 daughter cells are not completely identical to their mother. If mutation leads to bad results (the descendants die easier, etc.) the daughter cells will be eliminated (because they die soon). If mutation leads to good results, its descendants will survive. If mutation is neither good nor bad, the nature will not like it very much, but it will survive anyway. From time to time, species emerged and species extinct. The good survive, the bad die. All diverge from one ancestor.
It is helpful to note that 2 daughter cells are chemically alike, in other words, they are one species. It is not necessary that their size is the same, as yeasts' daughter cells are asymmetric.
# Cell Biology/Membranes/Cholesterol

<< Phospholipids | Cholesterol | Semi-permeability and Osmosis >>
Cholesterol is a major component of cell membranes and serves many other functions as well. Cholesterol helps to 'pack' phospholipids in the membranes, thus giving more rigidity to the membranes. In colder conditions cholesterol also serves to keep the fluidity in the cell membrane, by keeping space in between the phospholipids. Also cholesterol serves diverse functions such as: it is converted to vitamin D (if irradiated with Ultra Violet light, modified to form steroid hormones, and is modified to bile acids to digest fats.
# Cell Biology/Introduction/The elements of life

The various elements that make up the cell are:
* 59% Hydrogen (H)
* 24% Oxygen (O)
* 11% Carbon (C)
* 4% Nitrogen (N)
* 2% Others - Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), etc.
The difference between these elements is their respective atomic weights, electrons, and in general their chemical properties. A given element can only have so many other atoms attached. For instance carbon (C) has 4 electrons in its outer shell and thus can only bind to 4 atoms; Hydrogen only has 1 electron and thus can only bind to one other atom. An example would be Methane which is CH$_4$. Oxygen only has 2 free electrons, and will sometimes form a double bond with a single atom, which is an 'ester' in organic chemistry (and is typically scented).
| Methane | Water | Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) |
| H | H-C-H | H | H H \ / O | H | H-C-O-H | H |
As for the organic molecules that make up a typical cell:
* 50% protein
* 15% nucleic acid
* 15% carbohydrates
* 10% lipids
* 10% Other
Here is a list of Elements, symbols, weights and biological roles.
| Element | Symbol | Atomic Weight | Biological Role |
| Bromine | Br | 79.9 | Defense and pigmentation in certain marine organisms, esp. algae. |
| Calcium | Ca | 40.1 | Bone; muscle contraction, second messenger |
| Carbon | C | 12.0 | Constituent (backbone) of organic molecules |
| Chlorine | Cl | 35.5 | Digestion and photosynthesis |
| Chromium | Cr | 52.0 | Metabolism of sugars and lipids in humans. |
| Copper | Cu | 63.5 | Part of Oxygen—carrying pigment of mollusk blood. |
| Fluorine | F | 19.0 | For normal tooth enamel development |
| Hydrogen | H | 1.0 | Part of water and all organic molecules |
| Iodine | I | 126.9 | Part of thyroxine (a hormone) |
| Iron | Fe | 55.8 | Hemoglobin, oxygen caring pigment of many animals |
| Magnesium | Mg | 24.3 | Part of chlorophyll; essential cofactor for many enzymes of energy metabolism. |
| Manganese | Mn | 54.9 | Essential to some enzyme actions. |
| Nitrogen | N | 14.0 | Constituent of all proteins and nucleic acids. |
| Oxygen | O | 16.0 | Respiration; part of water; and in nearly all organic molecules. |
| Phosphorus | P | 31.0 | Constituent of DNA and RNA backbones; high energy bond in ATP. |
| Potassium | K | 39.1 | Generation of nerve impulses. |
| Selenium | Se | 79.0 | For the working of many enzymes. |
| Silicon | Si | 28.1 | Diatom shells; grass leaves. |
| Sodium | Na | 23.0 | Part of Salt; nerve conduction |
| Sulfur | S | 32.1 | Constituent of most proteins. Important in protein structure: Sulfide bonds are strong. |
| Zinc | Zn | 65.4 | Essential to alcohol oxidizing enzyme. |
# Cell Biology/Membranes/Hydrophobicity

<< Proteins and channels | Hydrophobicity | Self-assembly >>
Hydrophobicity literally means "fear of water". The opposite of this is hydrophilicity which means "love of water". These two terms denote the properties of molecules or parts of molecules to bond with water (hydrophilicity) or reject water (hydrophobicity). This effect is seen when one puts a drop of oil on water. The oil (hydrophobic) remains on the surface and sticks together instead of mixing with the water (hydrophilic). In cells these properties are essential. Most of the cell is hydrophilic but there are hydrophobic borders (membranes) which compartmentalize the cell into different spaces and hereby separate reactions. Of course there must be some sort of interaction between compartments and this is facilitated by membrane proteins (look here to read up on membrane proteins).
These membranes are formed with molecules with hydrophobic properties, such as phospholipids, cholesterol and membrane proteins. The phospholipids and membrane proteins also have hydrophilic properties which stand in contact with the cytosol or the extracellular matrix.
# English-Hanzi/Dehydration

Dehydration (hypohydration) means less water in something. The word comes from the ancient Greek word for water, hydor.
People get dehydrated when they lose more water than they take in. The human body needs water to survive. If a person gets badly dehydrated, their body will be unable to work the right way. Bad dehydration can cause organ damage and even death.
脱水（缺水）意味着 更少 的 水分。这个 词 来源于 古希腊语 中 的 水，hydor。
人们在失去更多的水时会脱水，人体需要水才能生存。如果一个人脱水严重，他们的身体将无法正确工作。严重脱水会导致器官损伤甚至死亡。
# English-Hanzi/Dialectics

Dialectics is the method for seeking truth from facts.
辩证法 就是 从 事实 找出 真理 的 方法。
# English-Hanzi/December

December is the last month of a year.
十二月 是 一年 的 最后 一个 月。
# English-Hanzi/Dementia

Special:search/dementia prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/brain disease prefix:English-Hanzi/
Dementia is a brain disease. It affects the patient's memory, thinking and activity.
痴呆症 是 一种 脑部 疾病。它 影响 患者 的 记忆，思考 和 活动。
# English-Hanzi/Denmark

Denmark is a Nordic country with a population of about 6 million.
丹麦是北欧国家，人口约600万。
# English-Hanzi/Diabetes

Special:search/diabetes prefix:English-Hanzi/
If the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin effectively, it cannot control the blood sugar levels normally. This condition is called diabetes.
如果 身体 不能 产生 足够 的 胰岛素 或 不能 有效 使用 胰岛素，就 不能 正常 控制 血糖 水平。这种 状况 称为 糖尿病。
# English-Hanzi/Deal

A deal is an agreement.
一个 交易 是 一个 协议。
# English-Hanzi/Degeneration

Degeneration is the process that something becomes worse gradually.
退化 是 某事物 逐渐 变坏 的 过程。
# English-Hanzi/Diet

Diet is the food that an animal eats usually.
饮食 是 动物 通常 吃 的 食物。
# English-Hanzi/Difficulty

Difficulty is something that causes problems.
困难是导致问题的某事物。
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Clustering/Expectation Maximization (soon)
## Introduction

In statistics an optimization problem is used to maximize or minimize a function, and its variables in a specific space. As these optimization problems may assume various different types, each one with its own characteristics, many techniques exists to solve some of these.
The Maximum Likehood is one of these techniques and its principal goal is to adjust a statistic model with specific data set, estimating its unknown parameters so the function can describe all the parameters in the dataset. In other words, the method will adjust some variables of a statistical mode from a dataset or a known distribution, so the model can “describe” each data sample and estimate others. This technique is very important in data mining and knowledge discovery area as it can be used as basis for most complex and powerful methods.
The Expectation-Maximization method is one of the methods developed from Maximum Likehood, trying to estimate the likehood in problems which some variables are unobserved. This method was first documented in 1977 by [2], although the technique was informally proposed in literature, as suggested by the author. So, this work was its first formalization in the literature.
The function can be calculated approximating the parameters in an iterative process, which steps called Expectation (E-step) and Maximization (M-step) are executed to find the unobserved variables and re-estimate the parameters for the maximum likehood, respectively. The next section will describe the method with more details, presenting an algorithm with all steps of the calculation of the function.

## Algorithm: Brief Overview

(Under Construction: Translation)

## Algorithm in R

(Under Construction: Translation)

## Algorithm: Visualization

(Under Construction: Translation)

## Case study

(Under Construction: Translation)

## References

(Under Construction: Translation)
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/readonly

The readonly keyword is closely related to the const keyword at a glance, with the exception of allowing a variable with this modifier to be initialized in a constructor, along with being associated with a class instance (object) rather than the class itself.
The primary use for this keyword is to allow the variable to take on different values depending on which constructor was called, in case the class has many, while still ensuring the developer that it can never intentionally or unintentionally be changed in the code once the object has been created.
This is a sample usage, assumed to be in a class called SampleClass:
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/sbyte

The sbyte keyword is used in field, method, property, and variable declarations and in cast and typeof operations as an alias for the .NET Framework structure System.SByte. That is, it represents an 8-bit signed integer whose value ranges from -128 to 127.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/sealed

The sealed keyword is used to specify that a class cannot be inherited from. The following example shows the context in which it may be used:
Notice: The sealed class inheritance is the same as that of a final class in Java.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/return

The return keyword is used to return execution from a method or from a property accessor. If the method or property accessor has a return type, the return keyword is followed by the value to return.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/select

The select contextual keyword is used to determine what variables to return at the end of a query, e.g., 'from item in dataset select id'. Immediately following the contextual keyword select is an expression that may be as simple as a single attribute of each item returned or the item itself. The expression could include a list of attributes or it could be a more complex expression that transforms the returned results of the query into new types.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/set

The special identifier set is used to declare the write accessor for a property.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/protected

The protected keyword is used in field, method, and property declarations to make the field, method, or property protected to its enclosing class. That is, it is not visible outside of its class.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |