OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Computer Revolution/Internet/Communication/Costs of Webcasting

Prices vary depending on the complexity of the presentation, the overall length of the content and the number of viewers that you are expecting.
Your webcasting provider should be able to give you a quote for a specific production very quickly but only if you can provide them with a good description of the scope of the project. The more online examples a provider can show you (from existing clients), the easier it is to say "how much is one of those?"
If you already have video content then prices fall drastically but you should also consider repurposing the existing footage to be more effective on the web. A short introduction and conclusion for an existing piece of video with a web specific call to action can be filmed very economically.
A CEO style message introducing the company or a new product or service is also a cost effective way of engaging your website visitors. Those of us old enough to remember Victor Kiam ("I liked [the shaver] so much I brought the company") are grateful that this sort of direct sell has become much subtler in recent years. But a simple, honest and personal message is actually much more powerful on the web than on any other medium.
We use the phrase "your best sales pitch every time" and it's true...webcasting enables you to deliver a powerful, consistent message time after time to thousands of potential customers.
At the other end of the scale, an all singing, all dancing production (sometimes literally) will obviously cost more. However, while quality should not be diminished just because the final version is for internet delivery, simplicity is the key to a successful web campaign and that means the production should cost a fraction of what you'd expect to pay for a full scale TV ad.
Streaming costs are determined by the number of viewers to a particular video and prices vary dramatically. This is often because a client cannot give an accurate indication of the number of viewers they are expecting. The more specific you can be ("it's going on the homepage which currently gets 20,000 unique impressions a month"), the more cost effective the quote. That may sound odd but we buy wholesale bandwidth depending on the number of live projects we have on the go. Being able to predict the requirement accurately makes our buying more efficient and we can pass that saving on to you.
Always decide on the criteria for what you consider to be an acceptable ROI before you embark on a webcasting project - an experienced streaming provider should be able to help you with this. One of our customers - an established online retailer - was surprised when their sales doubled from the day they added video demonstrations of their products to their website. We weren't surprised at all and by analysing the live stats coming back from the twenty or so different videos, we were also able to tell them which were the best sellers.
# The Computer Revolution/Internet/Communication/Benefits of Webcasting

There are many benefits of streaming for organisations and anyone wishing to distribute content:
Cost Effective Distribution
Webcasting is one of the cheapest ways of distributing audiovisual content to a mass audience. All that is required is for viewers to have internet access, and to download a free streaming media player. The content can easily be hosted on servers by any webcasting company like Makeni, allowing instant global viewing.
Immediate Global Viewing
Streaming technology is continuously improving, and one of the main benefits of streaming is the ability for a video file to start playing almost immediately on the user’s computer. The user does not have to wait for the file to download before playing can start. In the past, the waiting times could be as long as 30 seconds. Today, with broadband connections, streaming can start almost the moment that the streaming file is selected by the user.
Unlimited Audience
Unlike any event venue, the global internet audience of a webcast has virtually no limits. By simply sharing the broadcast over multiple servers, Makeni can support tens of thousands of simultaneous users.
# Quantum Chemistry/Implicit differentiation

Provide a brief description of implicit differentiation.

### Example

Differentiate the function with respect to x
$x^{2}+xy+y^{2}$
Where $y=y(x)$
# Structural Biochemistry/DNA recombinant techniques/Plasmid/Lysogenic Pathway
## Overview

During the lysogenic pathway, a lambda phage containing virus DNA attaches itself onto a host bacterium cell containing a plasmid. The lambda phage releases into the host cell where it is integrated into the host's genome. The phage DNA is then incorporated into the host chromosome and is replicated along with the rest of the host's DNA and remains inactive. This can continue for several generations until environmental factors activate the expression of the dormant phage DNA. The progeny DNA is then released from the host genome and is enclosed into virus packages. The bacterium then lyses and releases the progeny virus particles also called virions.
According to an article posted in the September 2008 issue of Biophysical Journal,a new study reveals that these bacteria infecting cells can make collective decisions on whether they should kill host cells immediately after infection or enter a present, but not visible state to remain in the host cell. The fate of a cell is controlled by the number of infecting diseases in a coordinated fashion. According to Joshua Weitz, a Georgia Tech professor, he states, "In the case of perhaps the most extensively studied bacteriophage, lambda phage, experimental evidence indicates that a single infecting phage leads to host cell death and viral release, whereas if two or more phages infect a host, the outcome is typically latency."
# The Devonshire Manuscript/O myserable sorow withowten cure

* ←when I bethynk my wontet ways || width="200" align="right" | Sum summ say I love sum say I moke→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 58v
f. [58v] 1 O myserable sorow with{w+t+}owten cure 2 yf it plese the lo / to haue me thus suffir 3 at lest / yet let her know what I endure 4 and this my last voyse cary thou thether 5 wher lyved my hope now ded foreer{w+r+}$^{1,}$$^2$ 6 for as ill grevus is my banyshement 7 as was my plesur whan she was present finis mh$^{3,}$$^4$

## Notes & Glosses

1. A large inkblot follows the line, obscuring what may have been the written-out "er" of "forewer," which the scribe may have appended with the supralinear.
 2. The abbreviation is unique within the manuscript.
 3. The initials "MH" may refer to Lady Mary Howard. If so, her unmarried name is being used, offering a possible clue towards a time frame or an indication of her feelings.
 4. Consider the names of the two women as in "Madame margeret" (68r).

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H7. In the poem, the speaker laments his banishment from his beloved.
A light annotation appears in the left margin, “m h,” possibly entered by Margaret Douglas. An unknown hand also enters the same initials beneath the poem, but these could be linked to the following poem (or to neither). The initials might refer to Margaret Douglas's betrothed name “Howard” as a bold assertion of her solidarity with Thomas Howard, who was imprisoned because of their relationship. Alternatively, the initials might refer to Mary Howard's support of the beleaguered couple. By using her maiden name to associate herself to her brother Thomas Howard, Mary distances herself from her husband Henry Fitzroy (an illegitimate son of Henry VIII). The initials “mar h” also appear at the end of "Wyth sorowful syghes and wondes smart" (26v).

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 229.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/O ye louers that hygh vpon the whele

* ←O very lord / o loue / o god alas || width="200" align="right" | It was my choyse yt was no chaunce /→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 30r
f. [30r] 1 O ye louers that hygh vpon the whele 2 ben sette of fortune in good aventure 3 god grawnte that ye fynden aye loue of stele 4 and longe maye yowr lyfe in ioye endure 5 but whan ye comen by my sepulture 6 remembre that yowr felowe resteth there 7 for I louyd eke thowgh I vnworthy were

## Commentary

Entered by TH2, this is an excerpt from Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, Book IV, 323-39. TH2 may have copied the lines from Thynne’s edition of Chaucer (c. 1532). In this passage, Troilus has just found out about Criseyde’s exile from Troy and laments the fickleness of Fortune. Troilus asks lucky lovers to remember him--their unlucky fellow--when they pass his sepulture. The Devonshire Manuscript contains others verses from Troilus and Criseyde (see: "And now my pen alas wyth wyche I wryte" (29v(1)); "O very lord / o loue / o god alas" (29v(2));"for thylke grownde that bearyth the wedes wycke" (59v); "yff yt be so that ye so creuel be" (91r(2)); "Wo worthe the fayre gemme vertulesse" (91v(1)); "for loue ys yet the moste stormy lyfe" (91v(2)); "Also wyckyd tonges byn so prest" (91v(3)); "And who that sayth that for to love ys vyce" (92r); and "but now helpe god to quenche all thys sorow" (93r).Other medieval and Chaucerian excerpts in the manuscript, possibly copied from Thynne's edition, include selections from Hoccleve, "Womans harte vnto no creweltye" (89v(1)) and "ys thys afayre avaunte / ys thys honor" (89v(2)); Richard Roos' La Belle Dame Sans Merci, "O marble herte and yet more harde perde" (90r(1)) and "Alas what shuld yt be to yow preiudyce" (90r(2)); the Chaucerian "Remedy of Love" first printed in Thynne's edition "yff all the erthe were parchment scrybable" (90r); and Chaucer's Anelida and Arcite, "for thowgh I had yow to morow agayne" (91r).

## Textual Notes
#### Texts Collated

STC 5068.16

#### Collation

1 louers that] louers/that T5068.16 2 ben] Ben T5068.16 fortune in] fortune/in T5068.16 aventure] auenture T5068.16 3 god grawnte] God lene T5068.16 4 and] And T5068.16 maye] mote T5068.16 yowr] your T5068.16 5 but] But T5068.16 6 remembre] Remembreth T5068.16 yowr] your T5068.16 7 for] For T5068.16 louyd] loued T5068.16 eke thowgh I] eke/though I T5068.16
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Pacyence of all my smart

* ←Sum tyme I syghe sumtyme I syng || width="200" align="right" | Who wold haue euer thowght→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 21r
f. [21r] 1 #3 Pacyence of all my smart 2 ffor fortune ys tornyd awry 3 pacyence must ese my hart 4 that mornes{es} contynually 5 pacyence to suffer Wrong 6 ys a pacyence to long 7 pacyence to have A nay 8 of that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] I most Desyre 9 pacyence to haue allway 10 & euer{u'} burne lyke fyre 11 pacyence with{w+t+}owt Desart 12 ys grownder of my smart 13 Who can with{w+t+} mery hart 14 set forthe sum plesant song 15 that Allways felys but smart 16 and neuer{u'} hathe but wrong 17 yet pacyence euermore 18 must hele the wownd & sore 19 pacyence to be content 20 {es}{w+t+} withith froward fortunes trayn 21 pacyence to the intent 22 ssumwhat to slake my payn 23 I se no Remedy 24 But suffer pacyently 25 To playn wher ys none ere 26 my chawnce ys chawnsyd so 27 ffor yt dothe well apere 28 my frend ys tornyd my foo 29 But syns there ys no defence 30 I must take pacyence

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H2. The poem describes the speaker's suffering due to a friend-turned-foe and his or her enduring patience. The poems “What nedythe lyff when I requyer” (43r-44r) and “Greting to you bothe yn hertye wyse” (79r-79v) depict similar themes: the former recounts how lovers become enemies while the latter includes a warning about false friends.
Rebholz notes that this poem may belong to a group of Wyatt's poems inspired by Serafino's Canzona de la Patientia. Lines 1-2 of "Pacyence of all my smart" translate the first two lines of Serafino's poem.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed., Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems (London: Penguin, 1978), 233-34.
* ↑ Rebholz, 502.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/O marble herte and yet more harde perde

* ←yff all the erthe were parchment scrybable || width="200" align="right" | Alas what shuld yt be to yow preiudyce→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 90r
f. [90r] 1 O marble herte and yet more ^$^{harde}$ perde 2 wych mercy may not perce for no labor 3 more stronge to bowe than ys a myghty tree 4 what avanay avayleth yow to shewe so great rygor 5 pleasyth ^ $^{yt}$ yow more to se me dye thys hour 6 before yowr yowr eyen for yowr dysporte and play 7 than for to shewe some comforte and socour 8 to respyte death / wych chaseth me alway

## Commentary

Transcribed by TH2, this entry is an excerpt (lines 717-24) from Richard Roos’ adaptation of La Belle Dame Sans Merci by Alain Chartier. The speaker in this excerpt rebukes the lady for her callousness and cruel delight at his pain. TH2 enters another excerpt from the same poem below this selection ("Alas what shuld yt be to yow preiudyce" (90r(3)); TH2 most likely copied both passages from Thynne’s edition of Chaucer (c. 1532).
Other medieval and Chaucerian excerpts in the manuscript, possibly copied from Thynne's edition, include selections from Hoccleve ("Womans harte vnto no creweltye" 89v(1) and "ys thys afayre avaunte / ys thys honor" (89v(2)), verses from Troilus and Criseyde (see: "And now my pen alas wyth wyche I wryte" (29v(1)), "O very lord / o loue / o god alas" (29v(1)), "O ye louers that hygh vpon the whele" (30r), "for thylke grownde that bearyth the wedes wycke" (59v), "yff yt be so that ye so creuel be" (91r(2)), "Wo worthe the fayre gemme vertulesse" (91v(1)), "for loue ys yet the moste stormy lyfe" (91v(2)), "Also wyckyd tonges byn so prest" (91v(3)), "And who that sayth for to love ys vyce" (92r), and "but now helpe god to quenche all thys sorow" (93r)); the Chaucerian "Remedy of Love" first printed in Thynne's edition ("yff all the erthe were parchment scrybable" (90r)), and Chaucer's Anelida and Arcite ("for thowgh I had yow to morow to agayne" (91r)).
TH2 separates the passages on the page with flourishes.

## Textual Notes
#### Texts Collated

T5068.13

#### Collation

1 herte and] herte/and T5068.13 perde] parde T5068.13 2 wych] Whiche T5068.13 labor] labour T5068.13 3 more] More T5068.13 stronge] strange T5068.13 than] thna T5068.13 ys] is T5068.13 tree] tre T5068.13 4 what] What T5068.13 avayleth] auayleth T5068.13 yow] you T5068.13 rygor] rigour T5068.13 5 pleasyth] Pleaseth T5068.13 yt yow] it you T5068.13 thys] this T5068.13 6 before] Before T5068.13 yowr] your T5068.13 eyen for] eyen/for T5068.13 yowr] your T5068.13 dysporte] disporte T5068.13 7 than] Than T5068.13 8 to] To T5068.13 death / wych] dethe/whiche T5068.13
# Web App Development with Google Apps Script/syntax
## ajax

Ajax stands for "Asynchronous JavaScript and XML" and it's the ability for a web page to communicate with a server without reloading the page.
To do it in Google Apps Script you use the google.script.run tool. This command, which has several varieties, runs JavaScript code on Google's servers and potentially returns information back to your web page.
For example, if you wanted to send a name to a server, then check if it's in your spreadsheet and return true if it is and false if it's not that you can set to a variable, you'd do this:
First the server side code:
Now the portion of "main.html" with the JavaScript you'd be doing
The flow is: main javascript -> function on server -> returns data to your SuccessHandler -> your successHandler does something.

## Array numbering

A simple (and quite forgivable) mistake is to be off by a row or column when moving data back and forth between google sheets and javascript is the array numbering issuer. Javascript starts numbering at zero while google sheets starts numbering at 1. Here's an example:

## filter

If you need to filter an array, use, um, filter:
As with find, forEach, and map you can also use the index if you want:

## find

If you need to find an element in an array, find is super helpful:

## forEach

If you need to loop through an array and do something with every element, you could of course do this:
But you could also do this, which I think reads better:
Note that you never have to initialize the "i" variable this way.
If you need to access the item (fruit) and the location (index) that it's in the array:
Note the parentheses around fruit, i that makes that magic work. Also note that you still don't have to declare the i variable!

## includes

If you're looking to see if an array includes a particular element, try includes:

## map

Similar to forEach, map is a great way to create a new array based on an existing array. Let's say you wanted to add a tag around some text in an array:
You can also have easy access to the index of the item in the array:

## sort

Sorting arrays is quite valuable and sometimes a pain. Assume you have a 2D array from a spreadsheet with columns of "name", "age", "email". If you want to sort them by age, do this:
really sort needs to return a true or false when determining who should go first, but by subtracting two numbers, if you get a zero or a negative number it'll be treated as false whereas a positive number will be treated as true.
If you wanted to sort by the age and the name (alphabetically) you could:
# Comparison issues

When comparing values, know the behaviour of your programming language. For example in PHP, "==" is a loose comparison that ignores the type and may give you unexpected behaviour. "===" is used for exact comparison. Using the wrong type of comparison can lead to security issues.

## To prevent comparison issues

* Know comparison types in your programming language and use the correct one
* When in doubt (especially with PHP), use a strict comparison (PHP: "===")
* When comparing strings for equality, make sure you actually check that the strings are equal and not that one string contains the other

## Rationale

Using a too loose comparison can easily cause security issues. For example, in PHP, the following will evaluate to TRUE:
The hex string, which could be a token or hash, is automatically parsed as an integer, and as it starts with a letter and thus cannot be parsed, the result is 0.
Accidentally checking for strings being contained instead of checking for strings being equal can allow attackers to bypass e.g. whitelist checks.
# Web Application Security Guide

This guide attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of web application security. Common web application security issues and methods how to prevent them are explained. Web server and operating system security are not covered. The guide is intended mainly for web application developers, but can also provide useful information for web application reviewers.
The checklist gives a short summary containing only the individual guidelines. It is recommended to take the time and read the full version, where the guidelines are explained in detail, especially if any questions arise.
Most web application developers probably (hopefully) already know some or even most of the points mentioned in this guide. However, there will probably be something new for every developer. Remember, as a developer it is your responsibility to develop your application securely, and a single mistake may be enough to allow an attack.

## Contents

* Checklist
* Topics
** Miscellaneous points
** File inclusion and disclosure
** File upload vulnerabilities
** SQL injection
** Cross-site scripting (XSS)
** XML and internal data escaping
** XML, JSON and general API security
** (Un)trusted input
** Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)
** Clickjacking
** Insecure data transfer
** Session fixation
** Session stealing
** Truncation attacks, trimming attacks
** Password security
** Comparison issues
** PHP-specific issues
** Prefetching and Spiders
** Special files
** SSL, TLS and HTTPS basics
* Further reading
* Authors
The print version provides the entire book on a single page.
# Clickjacking

In Clickjacking attacks, the target site is embedded in an IFRAME on the attacking site and either kept in the background, but mostly covered by other elements or made transparent and kept in the foreground. The user is then incited to click a certain location (e.g. when using the transparency method by placing a button in the background). Instead of the visible button, the click hits the invisible window. The placement of the IFRAME and button is chosen so that the click triggers the action wanted by the attacker (e.g. change settings). As the user is logged into the target site, the click can trigger actions that would otherwise be unreachable for the attacker. Multiple Facebook spam waves were generated using this method.

## To prevent this type of attack

* Prevent (i)framing of your application in current browsers by including the HTTP response header “X-Frame-Options: deny”
* Prevent (i)framing in outdated browsers by including a JavaScript frame breaker which checks for (i)framing and refuses to show the page if it is detected
* For applications with high security requirements where you expect users to use outdated browsers with JavaScript disabled, consider requiring users of older browsers to enable JavaScript

## Rationale

The X-Frame-Options header is required as JavaScript frame breakers could be ineffective in some newer browsers that allow undetectable framing. However, older, still common browsers ignore the header and thus require additional protection using classic JavaScript based frame breakers. Since (as opposed to the header method) those do not work if JavaScript is disabled, additional measures may be necessary.
# Web Application Security Guide/Authors

The initial version of the Web Application Security Guide was written in 2011 by Jan Schejbal.
The main contributors to the current version are:
* Jan Schejbal
* (list yourself if you make significant contributions)
Other contributors who can be seen on the version tab of each page have helped to improve this guide.
# Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)

Cross-site request forgery occurs if a third-party web site causes the browser of the logged-in user to make a request to your service. With GET forms, this can be done using IFRAMEs or IMG tags. With POST forms, this is possible using a FORM element with the action attribute pointed to your site, possibly submitted using JavaScript. Both methods require no user interaction. The browser automatically submits the session cookie of the user. This can allow an attacker to trigger unwanted action with the permissions of the logged-in user.

## To prevent this type of attack

* Include a hidden form field with a random token bound to the user’s session (and preferably the action to be performed), and check this token in the response
* Make sure the token is non-predictable and cannot be obtained by the attacker
** do not include it in files the attacker could load into his site using <script> tags
* Referer checks are not secure, but can be used as an additional measure

## Rationale

CSRF attacks allow attackers to abuse existing user sessions. The same-origin-policy of web browsers prevents the attacking web site to read the content (and thus the token) of the targeted site. As the token is bound to the session, the attacker cannot gain the token by simply visiting the web site himself. The token needs to be non-predictable (secure randomness), as otherwise the attacker could simply guess it.
Referer checks are unreliable, as some user agents do not send the header and some personal firewalls filter or falsify it for privacy reasons. Additionally the attacker can avoid sending a Referer, for example (tested with IE8 and Firefox 6) simply by setting window.location using JavaScript.
# Web App Development with Google Apps Script/templates
## Templates

* Google Apps Script