OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Linux Kernel/sb bread
## sb_bread
### SHORT DESCRIPTION

Calls __bread(sb->_bdev,block,sb->s_blocksize);

### RETURN

Returns the return value of __bread
# The Linux Kernel/wikis

Linux kernel wikis statuses
https://wiki.kernel.org/
* EXT4
* btrfs
* I2C
* PA RISK
* Reiser4
* Perf
* bot tests
** kselftest
* Semantic parser
* RAID
* Darcut - an event driven initramfs infrastructure
* Backports
* Wireless
* XFS
* hwmon
Other
* https://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/
* https://gitlab.com/apparmor/apparmor/-/wikis/home
* https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/
** TODO
Outdated, Historic, stalled, frozen wikis
* https://rt.wiki.kernel.org/ is being migrated to https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/start
* https://ieee1394.wiki.kernel.org/ - 2016
* https://kgdb.wiki.kernel.org/ - 2014
* https://ckpt.wiki.kernel.org/ - 2013
* https://ata.wiki.kernel.org/ - 2013
* https://security.wiki.kernel.org/ - 2012, moved to http://kernsec.org/wiki/ and dead
* https://hail.wiki.kernel.org/ - 2010, cloud computing umbrella effort for several inter-related projects.
* https://modules.wiki.kernel.org/ - 2010
# The Lyrics of Henry VIII/Aboffe all thynge, Farthing

[f. 24$^v$]
Aboffe all thynge now lete vs synge both day and nyght Adew mornyng a bud is spryngynge 5 of the red rose and the whyght
now let us synge. Adew mornyng. Adew mornyng now let vs syng 10 a bud is spryngynge off the red rose and the whyght.
Aboffe.
ffaredynge

## Textual Commentary

“Aboffe all thynge” is a round in commemoration of a royal birth (as is the unattributed “Adew adew le company” [H 53]), likely that of Henry’s first male child and potential monarchical heir born 1 January 1511. As with Skelton’s “A lawde and prayse” (1509), wherein he notes with reference to the newly-crowned Henry VIII that “The Rose both white and Rede / In one rose now dothe grow” (ll. 1–2), here allusion is made to the strength of the Tudor dynasty as a union of the Yorkists and Lancastrians, represented by their badges of the white rose and red rose, respectively. See also “I loue I loue and whom loue ye” (LFay ff. 40$^v$–46$^r$), a lyric seemingly in celebration of Henry VIII’s older brother Prince Arthur’s birth, wherein Arthur is given the name of “rose” (l. 23) and he, along with his parents, are referred to as “rosys thre” (l. 40). In LFay, see also “Lett serch your myndis” (f. 11$^r$; l. 6), which likely contains reference to Arthur using the same image, and the unattributed “This day day dawes” (ff. 108$^v$–112$^r$) where Elizabeth of York is likely meant in an allusion to a queen gathering a “lyly whighte rose” (l. 5). Arthur would not live to see the crown, but his younger brother would. As the son of Henry Tudor (Lancaster) and Elizabeth (York), Henry VIII was the first of the Tudor monarchs to embody the union of the two factions, and in this lyric the imagery of their traditional badges is transferred to Henry and Katherine’s son, the new heir.
    4 mornyng Mourning.
    5 a bud is spryngynge Cf. the similar image of “Lett serch your myndis” (LFay f. 11$^r$): “By droppys of grace that on them down doth rayn / Through whose swete showris now sprong ther is ayen / a rose most riall” (ll. 4–6).
This piece is indexed in Robbins Index & Suppl. 112.5 and Ringler MS TM50. It is reprinted in Chappell Account 382, Flügel Anglia 232, Stevens M&P 391, and Stevens MCH8 18.

## Textual Notes
### Texts Collated

Texts Collated: H$^1$ (f. 24$^v$).
    9 Adew mornyng] A dew mornyng a dew H$^1$
# Strategy for Information Markets/Background/Self assessment

Quiz #1 (Self-Assessment)

## Questions #1 and #2, Supply and Demand

1. Demand is given by $Q_{D}=100-P$. Supply is given by $Q_{S}=3P$. Draw supply and demand, and solve graphically and algebraically for equilibrium price and quantity.
* Algebraically, we can solve for the two quantities being equal: $Q_{D}=Q_{S}\Rightarrow 100-P^{e}=3P^{e}\Rightarrow P^{e}=25$.
* Then, the equilibrium quantity can come out of either the demand or supply function: $Q_{D}=100-25=75$.
2. Suppose supply decreases so that $Q_{S}=3P-24$. Draw the shift in supply and solve graphically and algebraically for the new equilibrium price and quantity.
* To draw, shift the supply curve by noticing that the new supply curve has the same slope as the old one (3, or 1/3 depending on perspective) and solving $Q_{S}=0$ to find the new intercept at $P=8$.
* Algebraically: $Q_{D}=Q_{S}\Rightarrow 100-P^{e}=3P^{e}-24\Rightarrow 4P^{e}=124\Rightarrow P^{e}=31$.
* $Q_{D}=100-31=69$.

## Questions #3 and #4, Monopoly Pricing

3. Suppose there is a monopolist facing the demand given by $Q_{D}=100-P$, and cost of production is $1000+20Q$. Find marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC). Draw the monopolist’s decision problem and solve graphically and numerically for the profit-maximizing quantity and price.
* Revenue is simply price times quantity, but there's a hitch. Since we want to find marginal revenue, that is the change in revenue from an increase in quantity, we need the revenue function to be in terms of quantity, not in terms of price. So, the first thing is to take the demand function $Q_{D}=100-P$ and turn it into the inverse demand function $P=100-Q_{D}$.
* Then $R=PQ=(100-Q)Q=100Q-Q^{2}$.
* Marginal revenue is the derivative with respect to quantity: $MR={\frac {dR}{dQ}}=100-2Q$.
* Marginal cost is similarly the derivative of total cost with respect to quantity: $MC={\frac {dC}{dQ}}=20$.
* Solving algebraically, the monopolist maximizes profit where $MR=MC:100-2Q=20;Q^{*}=40$
* To get a quantity of 40, we look back at the inverse demand function to find the price, and the monopolist sets a price of $P^{*}=60$.
4. On the graph, identify the producer’s surplus, the consumer’s surplus, and the deadweight loss. How much is each?

## Questions #5 and #6, Expected Utility

5. Suppose that Anne has a utility of money (in dollars) given by $U(m)=(m)^{\frac {1}{2}}$. What is her utility for a lottery ticket which pays $100 with probability 1/5, and otherwise nothing?
* $U(lottery)=(1/5)100^{\frac {1}{2}}+(4/5)0^{\frac {1}{2}}=(1/5)10=2$
6. What is the most money Anne would pay for a gamble which pays $36 with probability 2/3, and $81 with probability 1/3?
* $U(gamble)=(2/3)36^{\frac {1}{2}}+(1/3)81^{\frac {1}{2}}=(2/3)6+(1/3)9=4+3=7$.
* So the utility of the gamble is 7, but that's not in dollars. A utility of 7 can come from a variety of gambles, or from a sure thing of $U(m)=(m)^{\frac {1}{2}}=7\Rightarrow m=7^{2}=49$.
* The gamble is worth $49 to Anne. That's called the certainty equivalent of the gamble. Since it's worth $49, that's also the most Anne would be willing to pay for the gamble.
# Strategy for Information Markets/Background/Oligopoly
### Background

An oligopoly is very similar to a monopoly in a sense where one company dominates the market but in this case there are at least two firms dominating the market. These firms are able to influence the price for a product in the market. A key component to an oligopoly is interdependence between the few firms which means that each firm must take into consideration reactions of the other firms in the market when the firm decides on a price. The products that the oligopolistic firms produce are typically very similar and are competing for market share. These companies don't have complete control since there are more than one firm with market power.

### Etymology

The word "oligopoly" comes from two Greek words: oligo, meaning "few," and polein, "sellers."

### Concentration Ratios

A Concentration Ratio is a tool used to illustrate total output produced in a certain industry by a given number of firms. Oligopolies can be discovered using concentration ratios because it measures the total market share dictated by the certain amount of firms. When a high concentration ratio is present in an industry, it can be identified the industry as an oligopoly.

### Examples of Oligopolies

      * Cell Phone Companies: AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, T-Mobile
      * Laundry Detergent: Tide, Arm & Hammer, All, Cheer

### Barriers To Entry

Oligopolies tend to continuously dominate the market because it can be costly or difficult for potential rivals to enter the industry. These high start up costs can be too expensive and the company is at risk due to the uncertainty for success. Paying for high start up costs will put a company in the negatives and can cause a company to become bankrupt.

### Cournot Solution

In 1838 the first solution to oligopolistic interdependence is associated with Antoine Augustin Cournot who was a French economist as well as a mathematician. Even though most theories only applied to two firms he always emphasized his analysis to three or more. He resolved this problem by suggesting that firms strive to maximize their profits under the assumption that its rivals’ outputs were constant. Each oligopoly firm will supply that remaining share to maximize profits. Cournot’s wanted to provide his awareness of the interdependence between the oligopolists and he also made demand curves to illustrate the market's reaction.
# Structural Biochemistry/Adult Stem Cells
## Overview

Long after our embryonic stem cells have differentiated, we all still harbor other types of multitalented cells, called adult stem cells. These cells are found throughout the body, including in bone marrow, brain, muscle, skin, and liver. They are a source of new cells that replace tissue damaged by disease, injury, or age.
Researchers believe that adult stem cells lie dormant and largely undifferentiated until the body sends signals that they are needed. Then selected cells morph into just the type of cells required. Like embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have the capacity to make identical copies of themselves, a property known as self-renewal. But they differ from embryonic stem cells in a few important ways. For one, adult stem cells are quite rare. In addition, adult stem cells appear to be slightly more “educated” than their embryonic predecessors, and as such, they do not appear to be quite as flexible in their fate.

## Application

However, adult stem cells already play a key role in therapies for certain cancers of the blood, such as lymphoma and leukemia. Doctors can isolate from a patient’s blood the stem cells that will mature into immune cells and can grow these to maturity in a laboratory. After the patient undergoes high-dose chemotherapy, doctors can transplant the new infection-fighting white blood cells back into the patient, helping to replace those wiped out by the treatment. Although researchers have been studying stem cells from mouse embryos for more than 20 years, only recently have they been able to isolate stem cells from human embryos and grow them in a laboratory. In 1998, James A. Thomson of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, became the first scientist to do this. He is now at the forefront of stem cell research, searching for answers to the most basic questions about what makes these remarkable cells so versatile. Although scientists envision many possible future uses of stem cells for treating Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, and many other disorders affected by damaged or dying cells, Thomson predicts that the earliest fruits of stem cell research will be the development of powerful model systems for finding and testing new medicines, as well as for unlocking the deepest secrets of what keeps us healthy and makes us sick.

## References

* ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Inside the Cell. September 2005.<http://www.nigms.nih.gov>.
* ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Inside the Cell. September 2005.<http://www.nigms.nih.gov>.
# Structural Biochemistry/Acetyl-CoA
## Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl coenzyme A, or better known as acetyl-CoA, is an important molecule used in metabolic processes. It is primarily used by the body for energy production through the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle.

## Formation

Acetyl-CoA is a product of the oxidation of several amino acids, pyruvate and fatty acids. It is formed after pyruvate enters the mitochondria via active transport. The oxidation transformation that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is known as a pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. In this process, each pyruvic acid molecule loses one carbon atom, and combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is then exhaled out of the cell. This process is catalyzed by a complex of three enzymes through a process known as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).

## Functions

The main function of Acetyl-CoA is to carry acyl groups or thioesters. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, an important part of cholesterol and ketone synthesis. It can also be found as a vital reagent in the synthesis of fatty acids and sterols, as well as the oxidation of fatty acids as well as the breaking down of many amino acids.
Acetyl-CoA is well known as the junction between Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle as well as an essential component in balancing between carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Acetyl-CoA has also been a central metabolite that is involved in many metabolic transformations within the cell. The acetyl group of the acetyl-CoA is used to oxidize via the TCA cycle to reduce NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2, respectively. These products are then used to fuel ATP production through the electron transport train.
In May 2011, Ling Cai et al. found that Acetyl-Coa functioned as a carbon-source rheostat that signals the initiation of the cellular growth program by promoting the acetylation of histones specifically at growth genes. By intimately coordinating with nutrient availability, the acetyl-CoA was concluded to play as a critical signal for metabolic growth and proliferation.
Activation of acetyl-CoA: Some acetyl groups within the cell are tagged with coenzyme A (CoA). Acetyl-CoA molecules are tagged at the back end by a process called condensation with carbon dioxide, catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase in order to redirect acetyl groups into fatty acid biosynthesis.

## References

* ↑ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-acetyl-coa.htm
* ↑ http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB01206
# Structural Biochemistry/Adalat
## Overview

Adalat is drugs with generic name nifedipine produced by Bayer and is classified as a calcium channel blocker. It has the chemical name 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro=2,6=dimethyl-4=(2=nitrophenyl I)-dimethyl ester. The drug is often prescribed to treat hypertension. The drug is available in tablet form and has a bioavailability of 84-89 percent after oral administration. Nifedipine is metabolized via the cytochrome P450 3A4 system, located both in the intestinal mucosa and in the liver with a half life of 2 hours. The drug is 1,4 dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and is a selective vasodilator. Normally in the heart, heart rate is increased by calcium ions binding to calcium channels within the heart. The increased heart rate causes vasoconstriction in the arteries by shrinking the artery wall. What the drug does is actually block calcium from interacting with the calcium channels within the heart and this allows the artery walls to dilate to prevent hypertension while the heart slows down. Some of the extreme side effects include hypotension, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. It is also important to not have grape fruit with this drug.

## Side Effects

Contact a doctor if you present one or more of the following symptoms after taking adalat:
* hives
* difficulty breathing
* swelling of lips, face, throat or tongue
* worsening angina
* feel like passing out
* short of breath
* swelling on your limbs
* fast heartbeat pounding
* numbness
* jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)
* chest pain or heavy feeling
Less serious side effects include:
* headache
* dizziness
* drowsiness
* constipation
* nausea
* diarrhea
* stomach pain
* insomnia
* rash or itching
* joint pain
* more urination than usual

## Incompatibility with other drugs

Adalat might produce severe reactions if mixed with one or more of the following medications:
* acarbose
* cimetidine
* fentanyl or other narcotic pain medications
* digoxin
* nefazodone
* St. John's wort
* rifabutin
* blood thinner
* anti-fungal medication
* beta-blocker
* heart rhythm medication
* HIV/AIDS medication
* seizure medication

## References

http://www.drugs.com/adalat.html
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3846
http://www.rxlist.com/adalat-drug.htm
https://online.epocrates.com
http://online.factsandcomparisons.com
# The science of finance/Summary

We want to finance the most profitable projects. We must therefore be able to evaluate them beforehand. Evaluation of projects presents the most basic principles of economic and financial evaluation. It explains the dual origin of economic value, use value and exchange value, the creation of value by composition of projects, options, because it is perhaps the most important concept for economic evaluation, because our wealth is essentially a wealth of options, the net present value of certain and uncertain projects, and the economic value of the common order. The subject of project evaluation is further developed in a supplementary chapter (not yet written) devoted to risk assessment.
Inequalities in front of finance explains the origin of interest rates and other property income, which make the financial system very unequal, since it privileges the owners to the detriment of the less fortunate. Finance sometimes makes it possible to partially correct certain economic inequalities by offering means of entrepreneurship, but even so it remains profoundly inegalitarian.
It seems that to advance funds it is necessary to dispose of it in advance. But it is to count without the banking system capable of advancing funds that are created at the very moment they are loaned. It looks like counterfeit money, but it's very different, because money is created in exchange for promises of repayment. How can we create money from scratch? shows how the banking system works and why money creation is not necessarily an evil. Money can be created to meet the real investment needs and the ability of the economy to engage in profitable projects. A good project is a sufficient guarantee to legitimize the creation of the money that finances it.
To benefit from sustainable prosperity, economies must navigate between two pitfalls, too little investment, lack of private investors or of sufficient money creation, and too much investment, because of the exaggerated optimism of private investors or an excess of money creation. Financing the economy presents the basic knowledge that shows how to proceed, and why it is difficult. It emphasizes the importance of countercyclical monetary and fiscal policies. Paradoxically the state has to spend less when it earns more and it has to spend more when it earns less.
This book is translated from the French language Wikibook La science de la finance.
# The science of finance/Thierry against the dragon Crypto

Winter is coming and it will be hard. People are stocking up. They are not consuming all their wealth. They are saving it, because they do not want to starve to death when winter comes.
Crypto is a very gluttonous and very thieving dragon. He devours almost all the wealth saved for the winter. So people are afraid.
When Thierry learns this, he says to himself that something must be done : "We cannot let this dragon starve us." But Thierry is small. He is not muscular and he has no weapons. So he goes to see the Goddess, the Truth, and he says to her "Madam Truth, I would like a sword." The Goddess answers him in a stern tone: "But why do you want a sword? - It is because of the dragon Crypto. He devours all our wealth and we are afraid of dying this winter."
Then the goddess smiles at him and gives him the most beautiful sword of all, very strong, very sharp, and very light, because she sees that Thierry is not muscular. Thierry thanks her and gets ready to go in search of Crypto. But the Goddess stops him: "Wait, you also need a shield. Crypto spits flames and he could burn you. But with this shield you will be protected. He always returns to the sender the projectiles and flames that bounce off it"
She gives Thierry the most beautiful, the lightest and most powerful shield.
When Thierry arrives in front of Crypto, he tells him: "Dragon Crypto, if you don't stop devouring our wealth, I will kill you."
Crypto laughs: "But Thierry, did you see yourself? You are very small, so small that I don't even want to eat you. Your sword and shield are ridiculous. You can't do anything against me. Go away quickly before I get angry, because if I get angry you will be burned by my flames."
Thierry stays straight in front of the dragon. He is not afraid because he knows that the Truth protects him. He insists: "Dragon Crypto, if you do not promise to stop devouring our wealth, I will kill you now."
Crypto gets angry at this affront: "Little insolent, you will receive the punishment you deserve." And he spits his flames. Thierry brandishes his shield, the flames bounce and Crypto has his eyes burned by his own flames. Then it is easy for Thierry to thrust his sword into the throat of Crypto, who has become blind. And the dragon dies.
# The wave of a photon
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* The double slit experiment
* Measuring the particle
* Marking the wave, Quantum erasers
* Other experiments
* Calculations
# Weatherization/Overview of weatherization procedures
## Typical weatherization procedures

Typical weatherization procedures include:
* Sealing bypasses (cracks, gaps, holes), especially around doors, windows, pipes that penetrate the attic ceiling, and other areas with high potential for heat loss, using caulk, foam sealant, weather-stripping, window film, door sweeps, electrical receptacle gaskets, and so on to reduce infiltration.
* Protecting pipes from corrosion and freezing.
* Installing footing drains, foundation waterproofing membranes, interior perimeter drains, sump pump, gutters, downspout extensions, downward-sloping grading, French drains, swales, and other techniques to protect a building from both surface water and ground water.
* Providing proper ventilation to unconditioned spaces to protect a building from the effects of condensation.
* Installing roofing, building wrap, and siding, or making sure they are in good condition on an existing building.
* Installing insulation in walls, floors, and ceilings, around ducts and pipes, around water heaters, and near the foundation and sill.
* Installing storm doors and storm windows.
* Replacing old drafty doors with tightly sealing, foam-core doors.
* Replacing older windows with low-energy, double-glazed windows.
Sometimes, people use the phrase "whole-house weatherization". This extends the traditional definition of weatherization to include installation of modern, energy-saving heating and cooling equipment, or repair of old, inefficient equipment (furnaces, boilers, water heaters, programmable thermostats, air conditioners, and so on). The "Whole-House" approach also looks at how the house performs as a system.
The practice of installing a vapor barrier inside the house has more to do with protecting the house from itself (its own internal moisture and temperature differences) than with protecting the house from the elements, therefore, vapor barriers are not technically weatherization. However, you should understand the concept of vapor barriers before installing insulation or siding, or altering the ventilation in your house. Some houses do not need vapor barriers (depending on climate, type of insulation, amount of conditioned space within house, and so on).