OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/David Sassoli

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
David Sassoli - EU Parliament
Brussels, Belgium 3 July 2011
David Sassoli is an elected member of the EU Parliament EU Parliament. He was interviewed by Francesco Brancatella and Fausto Aarya De Santis on the 13th of July 2011 in Brussels, Belgium
David Sassoli e' stato vice direttore del TG1 dal 2006 al 2009. Eletto parlamentare europeo per il Partito Democratico nella legislatura 2009-2014, è stato scelto come capo della delegazione PD all'interno dell'Alleanza Progressista dei Socialisti e dei Democratici.

## Siria e Mediterraneo cooperare con gli altri per difendere i valori della cooperazione

see also: David Sassoli on Wikipedia
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Floris Francesco Capovilla

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Loris Francesco Capovilla is an an Italian Roman Catholic prelateand a cardinal.
He was interviewed by Carlo Di Cicco at Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII, Italy 3 May 2015 Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist
Loris Francesco Capovilla (born 14 October 1915) is an [Italian Roman Catholic prelate and a cardinal. At the age of 108, he is the oldest Roman Catholic bishop from Italy and, since his elevation to the cardinalate in 2014, the oldest member of the College of Cardinals.
He served as the personal secretary to Pope John XXIII from 1958 to 1963.
Loris Francesco Capovilla (Pontelongo, 14 ottobre 1915) è un cardinale e arcivescovo cattolico italiano.
Dal 15 aprile 2015 è il più anziano vescovo d'Italia ed il quarto nel mondo . Sempre tra i vescovi, con riferimento agli anni trascorsi dall'ordinazione presbiterale - ben 75 dal 23 maggio 2015 - è primo tra gli italiani, e quarto a livello mondiale. È stato creato cardinale da papa Francesco il 22 febbraio 2014 a 98 anni, ricevendo il titolo presbiterale di Santa Maria in Trastevere e divenendo in tal modo il membro più anziano del collegio cardinalizio.

## External links

* Profile
* Loreto Site
* Chieti-Vasto Site
* Profile, 4 May 2012, Catholic News Service

## Opere

Capovilla ha curato la pubblicazione di numerosi scritti su e di Papa Roncalli tra cui:
* Il Giornale dell'anima;
* Lettere ai familiari;
* Lettere 1958-1963;
* Giovanni e Paolo, due Papi;
per Grafica e Arte Bergamo;
* Volto d'Angelo;
* Papa Giovanni un secolo;
* L'Ite Missa est di Papa Giovanni;
* la trilogia di cui è autore lo stesso pontefice: Questo è il mistero della mia vita;
* Loris Francesco Capovilla, Papa Giovanni segno dei tempi, Ed. Paoline, Roma 1967;
* Giovanni XXIII nel ricordo del segretario Loris Francesco Capovilla, intervista di Marco Roncalli, Ed. San Paolo, Cinisello Balsamo (MI) anno 1994;
* Pio IX nel pensiero e nel cuore di Giovanni XXIII.
* Ricordo dal Concilio - Siamo appena all'aurora a cura di Ernesto Preziosi
Ha pubblicato sullo stesso tema centinaia di opuscoli e di articoli in quotidiani, settimanali e riviste.
* ↑ Loris Francesco Capovilla: Pio IX nel pensiero e nel cuore di Giovanni XXIII
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Etikwa Ikutu

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Interview on Youtube ⇒ playlist ⇒ Development education conference
Etikwa Ikutu Member of the European NGO confederation for relief and development Brussels, May 2011
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Ita Mehrotra

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
ta Mehrotra Indian Student India, New Delhi, September 2011
⇒ Ita Mehrotra
Youtube ⇒ playlist
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Interviews/Debate among Sierra Leonian & Italian journalists

Testimonials - Development Cooperation Handbook Steps and Tools
Francesco Brancatella of TG11 (Italian television) and Stefano De Santis (The Eugad project) meet a group of journalists from Sierra Leone. They decide to interview each other and discuss about the obstacle of reciprocal understanding.
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Debate among Sierra Leonian and Italian journalists Local Radio station, Kono, Sierra Leone
December 2010
# Economic Sophisms/Chapter 40

| ←Domination by Labour | Economic Sophisms by Author:Frédéric Bastiat Advertisement |
capital, are in little request in B, and will soon fall in price there.
Nor is this all. While A is always selling, and B is always buying, money passes from B to A. It becomes abundant in A, and scarce in B.
But abundance of money means that we must have plenty of it to buy everything else. Then in A, to the real dearness which arises from a very active demand, there is added a nominal dearness, which is due to a redundancy of the precious metals.
Scarcity of money means that little is required for each purchase. Then in B a nominal cheapness comes to be combined with real cheapness.
In these circumstances, industry will have all sorts of motives—motives, if I may say so, carried to the highest degree of intensity—to desert A and establish itself in B.
Or, to come nearer what would actually take place under such circumstances, we may affirm that sudden displacements being so repugnant to the nature of industry, such a transfer would not have been so long delayed, but that from the beginning, under the free régime, it would have gradually and progressively shared and distributed itself between A and B, according to the laws of supply and demand—that is to say, according to the laws of justice and utility.
And when I assert that if it were possible for industry to concentrate itself upon one point, that very circumstance would set in motion an irresistible decentralizing force, I indulge in no idle hypothesis.
Let us listen to what was said by a manufacturer in addressing the Manchester Chamber of Commerce (I omit the figures by which he supported his demonstration):—
"Formerly we exported stuffs; then that exportation gave place to that of yarns, which are the raw material of stuffs; then to that of machines, which are the instruments for producing yarn; afterwards to the exportation of the capital with which we construct our machines; finally, to that of our workmen and our industrial skill, which are the source of our capital. All these elements of labour, one after the other, are set to work wherever they find the most advantageous opening, wherever the expense of living is cheaper and the necessaries
# Economic Sophisms/Chapter 8

| ←Petition of the Manufacturers of … generally … everything connected with Lighting | Economic Sophisms by Author:Frédéric Bastiat Differential Duties | Immense Discovery→ |
A Poor vine-dresser of the Gironde had trained with fond enthusiasm a slip of vine, which, after much fatigue and much labour, yielded him, at length, a tun of wine; and his success made him forget that each drop of this precious nectar had cost his brow a drop of sweat. "I shall sell it," said he to his wife, "and with the price I shall buy stuff sufficient to enable you to furnish a trousseau for our daughter." The honest countryman repaired to the nearest town, and met a Belgian and an Englishman. The Belgian said to him: "Give me your cask of wine, and I will give you in exchange fifteen parcels of stuff." The Englishman said: "Give me your wine, and I will give you twenty parcels of stuff; for we English can manufacture the stuff cheaper than the Belgians." But a Customhouse officer, who was present, interposed, and said: "My good friend, exchange with the Belgian if you think proper, but my orders are to prevent you from making an exchange with the Englishman." "What!" exclaimed the countryman; "you wish me to be content with fifteen parcels of stuff which have come from Brussels, when I can get twenty parcels which have come from Manchester?" "Certainly; don't you see that France would be a loser if you received twenty parcels, instead of fifteen?" "I am at a loss to understand you," said the vine-dresser, "And I am at a loss to explain it," rejoined the Customhouse official; "but the thing is certain, for all our deputies, ministers, and journalists agree in this, that the more a nation receives in exchange for a given quantity of its products, the more it is impoverished." The peasant found it necessary to conclude a bargain with the Belgian. The daughter of the peasant got only three-quarters of her trousseau; and these simple people are still asking themselves how it happens that one is ruined by receiving four instead of three; and why a person is richer with three dozens of towels than with four dozens.
# Trash Variation (Vienna Gambit)

Black's move is a mistake. White should now play 4. fxe5, practically forcing Nxe5, after which White will play 5. d4 followed by 6. e5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 Nc6
* 4
* fxe5
* Nf3
* Bc4
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Vienna Game

Tension builds up. The Black knight begins to be threatening. White should react quickly.
A common mistake is to immediately take the black knight with 5. Nxe4. After 5...dxe4, White has too few options to pursue his development; the f3-square is under control, the queen's bishop is blocked and the d-pawn cannot advance safely. Moreover, it is going to be hard to defend the e5-pawn against Nc6. It looks possible to catch up with 6. d4 but it seems that Black has equalized.
5. Nf3 looks like the most solid move. It defends the e5-pawn (who is quite fragile now that he is away from home) and secures the strategic d4-square. It also prevents the Qh4+ threat.
5. d3 is a good way to deal with the problem quickly. Black's knight will have to retreat or, more likely, to be traded with White's knight. White should be aware that Black can launch an aggressive attack with Bb4 and Qh4, sacrificing the knight, but preventing castling after 5...Bb4 6. dxe4 Qh4+ 7. Ke2 (7. g3 is bad because the white knight is pinned: 7...Qxe4+).
5. Qf3 is supposed to allow Nxe4 (or to force Black to play Nxc3) while playing an active game. But after 5...Nc6, things get complicated: 6. Nxe4 Nd4 and White must now defend the c2-pawn to avoid the fork (7. Qd3 dxe4 8. Qxe4 is a trap because of 8...Bf5).

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 d5 4. fxe5 Nxe4
| 5 |
| Nf3 - | = |
| d3 - | = |
| Qf3 - | = |
| Nxe4 - | = |
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# Vienna Game

Black's counter-attack leaves White with few options. White is almost forced to take the e-pawn: 4. fxe5.
4. d3 is hard to refute but it gives initiative to Black. This move is usually played to strengthen the center, but in this case, Black has many ways to break it down easily. The threat Qxd1 Kxd1 prevents White's d-pawn from protecting the king's pawn effectively. Also note that White's f-pawn is no longer protected by the e5 trap, because Black can reply with Ng4 or d4.
4. exd5 is not advised since it will dramatically weaken White's pawn structure (doubled pawns on the d-file and the d5-pawn is en prise). In this case, Black should not immediately take back the d-pawn with 4...Nxd5 but rather try to exploit the weakness in White's pawn structure with 4...e4 or 4...exf4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 d5
| 4 |
| fxe5 - | = |
| d3 - | =/+ |
| exd5 - | +/= |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Vienna Game

As no good square is available to retreat, Black should exchange the knight : 5...Nxc3.
The other options include two ways of launching aggressive attacks against White :
    5...Bb4
    5...Qh4+

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 d5 4. fxe5 Nxe4 5. d3
| 5 |
| ... Nxc3 | = |
| ... Bb4 | = |
| ... Qh4+ | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Vienna Game

As Black knight is under attack, the natural move is 4...Nxe4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 d5 4. fxe4 Nxe4
| 4 |
| ... Nxe4 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Qh5/4...Nd6/5. Bb3/5...Nc6
## Vienna Game, Falkbeer Defence

Black has defended his extra pawn, but by doing so he left his Nd6 in a very delicate position, since it is the only piece preventing the mate in f7. White can exploit this weakness attacking it with
    6. Nb5,
a powerful move which is the natural prosecution of the sharp situation originated by Black's choices. This move continues the path towards the Frankenstein-Dracula variation.
If White does not like to meet his opponent on this terrain, he may enter into a sideline, Adams' Gambit (named after Weaver Adams), by playing
    6. d4,
letting Black keep a material advantage, compensated by his cramped position.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Bc4 Nxe4 4. Qh5 Nd6 5. Bb3 Nc6
| | 6 |
| Frankenstein-Dracula Variation | Nb5 g6 | Qf3 f5 | Qd5 Qe7 | Nxc7+ Kd8 | Nxa8 b6 | ∞ |
| Adams' Gambit | d4 - |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

Tim Harding, "Dracula Has Risen from the Grave - or Has He?", chesscafe.com, February 1998.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Qh5/4...Nd6/5. Bb3/5...Nc6/6. Nb5
## Vienna Game, Falkbeer Defence

With his last move, 6. Nb5, White has launched a very dangerous attack against Black's Nd6, the key piece of the defence, which is immobilized (6...Nxb5?? 7. Qxf7#). White now menaces the obvious 7. Nxd6+, leading to a forced mate (7...cxd6?? 8. Qxf7#; 7...Ke7 8.Nf5+ Kf6 9. Qxf7+ Kg5 10. Nh3+ Kg4 11. f3#).
The only solution for Black is to defend f7 with another piece, and the only one available is the Queen. However, after 6...Qe7? or 6...Qf6?, White may play 7. Nxc7+ followed by 8. Nxa8, gaining the exchange.
This material loss is unavoidable, but, before it happens, Black has the opportunity to improve his position with some intermediate moves, advancing the pawns to block White Queen's attack lines. On the other hand, White can repropose the mate threat, moving his Queen to different offensive positions. Therefore, the game continues:
    6...g6 7. Qf3 f5 8. Qd5
At this point, Black can no more defer the protection of f7 with his Queen, and therefore he is forced to allow the Knight fork on c7:
    8...Qe7 (or 8...Qf6) 9. Nxc7+ Kd8 10. Nxa8
In order to sacrifice only the exchange, and not the whole Rook, Black then plays
    10...b6,
preparing Bb7.
The final result of this sharp sequence is the Frankenstein-Dracula Variation.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Bc4 Nxe4 4. Qh5 Nd6 5. Bb3 Nc6 6. Nb5
| | 6 |
| Frankenstein-Dracula Variation | ... g6 | Qf3 f5 | Qd5 Qe7 | Nxc7+ Kd8 | Nxa8 b6 | ∞ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

Tim Harding, "Dracula Has Risen from the Grave - or Has He?", chesscafe.com, February 1998.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Qh5/4...Nd6/5. Bb3/5...Nc6/6. Nb5/6...g6/7. Qf3/7...f5/8. Qd5/8...Qe7/9. Nxc7/9...Kd8/10. Nxa8/10...b6
## Vienna Game, Frankenstein-Dracula Variation

The players have reached the base position of the Frankenstein-Dracula opening. Such variant owes its name to Tim Harding, a chess author that, in his 1973 book "Bishop’s Opening", commented that, because of its extreme sharpness, it would have been appropriate for a duel between the two literary monsters. Harding then explicitly introduced the name "Frankenstein-Dracula Variation" in his 1976 book about Vienna Opening.
The position is, indeed, very delicate: White has a Rook more, but he is likely to lose the Knight in a8, so that he has actually only an exchange advantage. The backdraw of this material gain is the underdevelopment: during the first ten moves, White has touched four times his Queen's Knight that is about to be captured, and three times the Queen, so that his only developed light piece is the Bb3. Moreover, his Queen is in a risky position in the middle of the board, with very few escape routes in case she was attacked. On the contrary, Black has gained space with pawns, his Knights are active and the Bishops are ready to be placed on important diagonals. Black can therefore begin a dangerous attack.
White must therefore consolidate his position. In parallel, he should prepare a counterattack against the opposite King, which is not well fortified. In the immediate, after a series of nearly forced moves, he has however various choices: he can try to recover his delay in development by playing moves such as d3, d4 or Nf3, bring the Queen to a safer place with Qf3, or even grab another pawn with Nxb6. According to the chess writer Carsten Hansen (as of 2000), this last choice is the main line. The move 11. d3 is instead described by Hansen as a previous main line, while Harding in 1998 considered it the most usual choice.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Bc4 Nxe4 4. Qh5 Nd6 5. Bb3 Nc6 6. Nb5 g6 7. Qf3 f5 8. Qd5 Qe7 9. Nxc7+ Kd8 10. Nxa8 b6
| 11 |
| Nxb6 - | | ∞ |
| d3 Bb7 | h4 - | | ∞ |
| Nf3 - | | ∞ |
| d4 - | | ∞ |
| Qf3 - | | ∞ |
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## References

* Tim Harding, Bishop’s Opening, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1973.
* Tim Harding, Vienna Opening, Nottingham: The Chess Player, 1976.
* Tim Harding, "Kibitzer – Frankenstein and Dracula at the Chessboard", chesscafe.com, 1996.
* Tim Harding, "Kibitzer – Dracula Has Risen from the Grave - or Has He?", chesscafe.com, February 1998.
* Carsten Hansen, "Checkpoint – Tales from the Crypt", chesscafe.com, August 2000.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Qh5/4...Nd6/5. Qxe5
## 5. Qxe5+

This move is an anti-climax, useful if White wanted to scare Black but not actually follow through with the plan. After a queen exchange with 6. Qe7 7. Qxe7+ Bxe7, White can save the bishop with Bb3 or Be2 then develop with Nf3, d4, and castling, having a slight advantage due to Black's knight blocking the d5 pawn and a rather bad queen's bishop, as well as first move advantage. However, Black can move the knight to f5 and allow the d pawn to move to activate the queen's bishop, and c6 to support a future d5 to take space in the center. This is still a rather interesting game, just not crazy.

## Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Bc4 Nxe4 4. Qh5 Nd6 5. Qxe5+
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| ... Qe7 | Qxe7+ Bxe7 | Bb3 O-O | Nf3 Nc6 | = |
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# Vienna Game

Black should not play 3...exf4 because after 4. e5, the black knight has no free square but its home square. The correct move here is 3...d5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4
| 3 |
| ... d5 | = |
| ... d6 | |
| ... exf4 | +/- |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# English-Hanzi/Taste

Taste is the sense that you recognize foods in the mouth.
味觉 是 认知 口中 食物 的 感官。
# English-Hanzi/Tea

Special:search/tea prefix:English-Hanzi/
Tea is a popular drink all over the world. It is made by soaking the dried leaves or flowers of the plant Camellia sinensis in hot water. Tea can be added with other herbs, spices, or fruit flavors such as lemon. All teas are made from Camellia sinensis.
茶 是 世界上 受 欢迎 的 饮料。 它 是 通过 在 热水 中 浸泡 植物 Camellia sinensis 的 干 叶 或 花 制成 的。 茶 可以 添加 其他 草药，香料，或 水果 香味 如 柠檬。 所有 的 茶 都 是 由 Camellia sinensis 制成 的。
Sometimes the word "tea" is used for other drinks that have been made by soaking fruit or herbs in hot water, like "rosehip tea" or "camomile tea".
有时，“茶” 一词 用于 通过 在 热水 中 浸泡 水果 或 草药，如 “玫瑰果 茶” 或 “甘菊 茶” 制成 的 其他 饮料。
# English-Hanzi/Term

A term is the name of something.
术语是某事物的名称。
# English-Hanzi/Test

A test is an examination.
测验 是 一种 考试。
# English-Hanzi/Tempura

Special:search/tempura prefix:English-Hanzi/
Tempura is a food originated from Portugal but popularized by Japan. It is a kind of deep fried seafood or vegetables.
tempura 是 来 自 Portugal 的 食物，但 由 日本 普及。这 是 一种 油炸 的 海鲜 或 蔬菜。
# English-Hanzi/Theater

Theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage.
剧院是一种精美艺术的合作形式，它使用现场表演者（通常是演员或女演员）在特定地点（通常是舞台）的现场观众面前呈现真实或想象事件的体验。
# English-Hanzi/Television

Television is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images and sound.
电视是用于传输运动图像和声音的电信媒体。
# English-Hanzi/Tattoo

Tattoo is a permanent picture on the body. It is drawn by using a needle to put ink into the skin.
纹身 是 身体 上 的 永久 图画。它通过使用针将油墨放入皮肤来绘制。
# English-Hanzi/Teacher

Teacher is a teaching person.
老师 是 教学 的 人。
# English-Hanzi/Thing

A thing is something that its name is not mentioned.
一个 东西 是 它 的 名字 没 被 提到 的 某事物。
# Electronics Handbook
## Basics

* Matter
* Electricity
* Conductor and Electricity
* Laws

## Intermediate

* Electricity Source
* Components
* Circuits
* Devices

## Advanced

* Measuring Devices
* Electronic Machines
* Electronic Systems

## References

* Symbols
* Component Identification
* Glossary

## Further reading

* Electronics, Electronics Fundamentals, Electronics Communication
* Digital Electronics, Circuit Theory, Communication Systems, Signals and Systems
# Electronics Handbook/Circuits
## Circuit Analysis

* Nodal Analysis
* Mesh Analysis
* Superposition

## Resistor Circuits

* T
* π
* Current Divider
* Voltage Divider
* Y Delta Conversion

## RLC Circuit Configurations

* Series Circuit
* Parallel Circuit
* Two Port Network

## Solid State Device Circuit

* Diode Configurations
* NPN Transistor Configurations
* PNP Transistor Configurations

## Integrated Chip Circuit

* Operational Amplifier Configurations
* Mutivibrator Configurations
# Electronics Handbook/Circuits/Diode Configurations
## Digital Logic Gate

AND Gate
OR Gate
# Electronics Fundamentals/Semi Conductor Devices/Transistor/Electronic Switch

Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power applications such as switched mode power supply and for low-power applications such as logic gates.
In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises the base and collector current rise exponentially, and the collector voltage drops because of the collector load resistor. The relevant equations:
    V$_{RC}$ = I$_{CE}$ × R$_C$, the voltage across the load (the lamp with resistance R$_C$)
    V$_{RC}$ + V$_{CE}$ = V$_{CC}$, the supply voltage shown as 6V
If V$_{CE}$ could fall to 0 (perfect closed switch) then Ic could go no higher than V$_{CC}$ / R$_C$, even with higher base voltage and current. The transistor is then said to be saturated. Hence, values of input voltage can be chosen such that the output is either completely off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only "on" and "off" values are relevant.

## References

* ↑ apart from a small value due to leakage currents