OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kicad/Introduction

Kicad Navigation
Introduction KiCad eeschema Introduction to eeschema eeschema commands eeschema hierarchical sheets File Formats FAQ Autorouter Installing on Mac OS
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## Introduction

The KiCAD suite is a group of programs for schematics and PCBs that is available for the following operating systems:
* FreeBSD
* GNU/Linux
* Mac OS X -- Installing on Mac OS
* Most unix-like operating systems
* Microsoft Windows

## Programs

The following programs are delivered with the Kicad EDA Suite:
The software package includes:
* KiCad - the project manager program that facilitates the use of all the other programs.
* Eeschema - Schematic editor used to draw schematics
* Pcbnew - PCB editor used to layout PCBs; generates the production files (Gerber files)
* Cvpcb - Associate schematic components with physical modules (packages/padlayout) for placement on the PCB.
* Gerbview - Visualize Gerber files.
* Bitmap2Component - Convert bitmaps into symbols or footprints.
* PCB Calculator - Calculator around PCB issues.

## Further reading

* Official site: http://www.kicad.org/
* "KiCad Documentation"
* KiCad discussion forum: http://forum.kicad.info/
* KiCad source code on Launchpad. Mirror site: KiCad source code on GitHub.
* KiCad as used by RepRap
* "KiCad tutorial: Creating Gerber Files" as used by Opendous Inc.
* KiCad tutorial: generating Gerber and Drill files" by Qi Hardware
* KiCadHowTo wiki : Tutorials and help with using KiCad
* Transtronics wiki: Kicad: a tutorial for re-building from source, and some ideas for improvements.
* "Curious Inventor: Tutorials for KiCad - A Free Open Source Schematic and PCB Layout Editor"
** "Curious Inventor: KiCad Overview and Schematic Tutorial"
** "Curious Inventor: Designing PCBs in Kicad and PcbNew"
* "Wayne and Layne: Kicad Tutorial: PCB edges"
* Blacklisted site, but very good libraries. Lain Walter - elettronica - "KiCad Electronic CAD libraries".
* foss-pcb: ideas for improving KiCad into a state-of-the-art PCB design tool
* "KiCad Development"
* "Numato KiCad Library Archive"
* "Dangerous Prototypes: Our KiCad EDA experience with ATX breakout v2"
* "KiCad Librarian" is a utility to manage and maintain KiCad libraries with schematic symbols and footprints.
* "image to Kicad module converter" -- how to put a QR code on your PCB.
* "Installing the latest KiCAD on Ubuntu 14.04LTS".
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Data/Storage/Filetypes/GIfTI

GIfTI is the Geometry format under the Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative (NIfTI). Basically, it is the surface-file format complement to the NIfTI volume-file format .nii. Programs which support the Gifti format, intended to allow exchange of each others surface files, include: Freesurfer, Caret, BrainVISA, Brain Voyager, CRkit, VisTrails and AFNI.
In Freesurfer, the GUI utilities freeview and tksurfer can open and display .gii files directly. The tool 'mris_convert' can be used to convert between native Freesurfer surface formats (like lh.pial) and gifti (lh.pial.gii) for exchange with other packages. See the output of 'mris_convert -help' for examples. ie. mris_convert lh.pial lh.pial.gii
1.http://ftp.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/GIfTI
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Data/Storage/Organization

There also exists a format for organizing and describing outputs and datasets of neuroimaging experiments called the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) format. The BIDS standard uses file formats compatible with existing software, unifies the majority of practices already common in the field, and captures the metadata necessary for most common data processing operations.
Certain preprocessing workflows, such as fMRIprep, will require the data to be in BIDS format.

## References

* ↑ Gorgolewski, K., Auer, T., Calhoun, V. et al. The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments. Sci Data 3, 160044 (2016). doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.44
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Field map correction/Echo times

Echo time (TE)
The echo time (TE) is defined as the time interval between an excitation pulse and data acquisition. It is usually expressed in milliseconds.
- measured 90° pulse
- determines influence of T2 on image contrast
MR-Echos- Different ways to generate a MR Signal over time
- RF pulse decays exponentially (relaxation time T2*) - to get the signal maximum not directly after HF excitation (RF-pulse) but during signal aquisition you can use MR-Echos
Spin Echo
- after RF pulse (90° pulse) apply 180° pulse - out of phase spins are going back into phase and a new MR signal is generated
- spin echo increasing and reaches it maximum after double of run time (echo time) - several spin echos are generated by a multi echo sequence - procedure can be repeated until transverse magnetization is lost throughout T2 relaxation - dispersed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMh11VtUA5o - consolidated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFp2Z3wjrmo
Gradient Echo
The gradient echo is generated through immediate changes of the magnetic field directly after the RF pulse (gradient pulse -). It means that the magnetic field gets smaller in one direction and larger in the opposing one. As we all might know is the precession frequency of spins proportional to the field strength. Therefore spins are now rotating at different speeds along the field change. Spins dephase! By reversing the polarity of the gradient from - to +, the spins will be in-phase again, they rephase! We measure an echo during the rephasing of the FID.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMh11VtUA5o
The echo time TE has to be considerable shorter for a gradient echo sequence than for a spin echo technique. The underlying mechanism for that is like followed. The 180 degree pulse is omitted in gradient echo technology. This means that the static T2* dephasing mechanism is not cancelled as in spin echo technology. Instead gradient pulses are used to quickly destroy the FID and build it back up again, all within the T2* decay. The echo time for a gradient echo has to fit into the T2* time. This is why the gradient echo technique is faster than the spin echo technique.
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Introduction/Local Manual of Style
## Navigation

At the top of each page, include a Navigate template within a <noinclude> element. This will automatically include the page in Book:Neuroimaging Data Processing
If the page is within a chapter, put the book-slash-chapter title in Book. If there is a previous page at the same level of depth, put that page's title in Prev. Put the current page's title in Curr. If there is a next page at the same level of depth, put that page's title in Next.
For example, this page's template is filled out like:
When a new page is added or a page is moved, update the surrounding and containing pages to reflect the new structure.
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Data/Storage/Filetypes/NIfTI
## Introduction

NIfTI (Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative) is a kind of data format extending from ANALYZE$^{TM}$7.5 file format.

## Compatibility to different softwares
### FSL

in FSL (version 4.1.9) the data format by default is NIfTI.

### SPM
## Reference

1. http://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/nifti-1
2. http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fsl-4.1.9/fsl/formats.html
# Neuroimaging Data Processing/Glossary
### BOLD

blood-oxygen-level-dependent

### EPI

(gradient-echo) echoplanar imaging

### fMRI

functional magnetic resonance imaging

### MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

### rotation

turning the entire image around an axis in space: x-y, x-z, y-z (in the absence of translation)

### TE

echo time

### TR

repetition time

### translation

moving the entire image volume along an axis in space: x-,y-, and z-axes (in the absence of rotation)

### volume

one 3-dimensional image, i.e., one timepoint in a 4-dimensional fMRI image

### voxel

one 3-dimensional unit (length × width × height) in a 3-dimensional image (analogous to a pixel in a 2-dimensional image)

## See also

* Glossary. Introduction to Computers and Communications Technology
* Glossary. The Open Source Handbook of Neuroscience
# Handbook of Management Scales/Relational transparency
## Relational transparency (alpha = 0.87)
### Description

Scales were developed and validated for four dimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing.

### Definition

The authors define authentic leadership as "a pattern of leader behavior that draws upon and promotes both positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate, to foster greater self-awareness, an internalized moral perspective, balanced processing of information, and relational transparency on the part of leaders working with followers, fostering positive self-development".
Relational transparency refers to "presenting one’s authentic self (as opposed to a fake or distorted self) to others".

### Items

* Says exactly what he or she means.
* Is willing to admit mistakes when they are made.
The authors reported two sample items of this scale only.

### Source

* Walumbwa et al. (2008): Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure? Journal of Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 89–126

### Related Scales

* Self-awareness
* Internalized moral perspective
* Balanced processing
# Handbook of Management Scales/Referral
## Referral (alpha = 0.94)
### Description

The scale has previously been used by Price/Arnould (1999) and Cahill (2006).

### Items

* I often mention this logistics service provider (LSP) to my co-workers in a positive way.
* I often recommend this LSP to persons outside my company.
* We often recommend this LSP.

### Source

* Wallenburg (2009): Innovation in logistics outsourcing relationships: proactive improvement by logistics service providers as a driver of customer loyalty. Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 75–93.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Relational commitment
## Relational commitment (alpha = 0.781; composite reliability = 0.806; AVE = 0.51)
### Items

* We have a long term commitment to the relationship.
* We view the relationship with the service provider as a partnership.
* Our senior management seeks to develop a positive relationship with the provider and their management team.
* Both risks and rewards are shared with the external provider.
* We make investments that are unique to our relationship with the provider.

### Source

* Handley/Benton (2009): Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 344–361.

### Related Scales

* Interorganizational loyalty
* Relational embeddedness
* Supplier commitment

## Relational commitment (alpha = 0.86)
### Description

To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Cullen et al. (1995), Kale et al. (2000), McEvily & Marcus (2005), and Sarkar et al. (2001).

### Definition

Relational commitment captures the partners’ intent to establish enduring, reciprocal obligations in their alliance (Madhok, 1995).

### Items

In this alliance, the firm and its partner:
* Invest the resources needed for maintaining alliance operations (e.g., dedicated and trained personnel, marketing funds, engineering resources). (0.83)
* Receive support for this alliance from their respective corporate management. (0.83)
* Regularly share and exchange information. (0.85)
* Have effective conflict resolution mechanisms (e.g., identifying problems, escalating, intervening, communicating, and jointly solving problems to overcome disagreements). (0.84)

### Source

* Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479

### Related Scales

* See above
# Handbook of Management Scales/Relational identification
## Relational identification (alpha = 0.84, 0.82)
### Description

Based on different field samples, new measurements are developed for relational identification and collective identification, as two types of group identification (= employee identification developed in organizational workgroups).

### Definition

When people’s experience within a workgroup plays an important role in shaping their self-concept, they develop identification with the workgroup (= group identification).
Relational identification refers to the extent to which one includes the connections and role relationships with group members in one’s self-concept.

### Items

I feel strongly identified with this workgroup because ...
* I frequently participate in the social events organized by this group. (0.73)
* I share mutual respect with other members. (0.71)
* I attend social occasions with other members on a regular basis. (0.68)
* I coordinate my own work well with other members. (0.68)
* I maintain a straightforward work relationship with other members. (0.68)
* I communicate a lot with other members outside work. (0.67)
* Other members are considerate of my non-work-related needs. (0.64)

### Source

* Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731

### Comments

Strictly speaking, the word "because" in the introductory half-sentence makes the measurement of the items formative rather than reflective; this half-sentence might thus be re-worded in future studies. The mean of the scale was relatively large (study 1: 5.15, study 2: 5.47); given that a 7-point scale was used and the "ideal" mean of such a scale would be 4, words like "very" or "always" might be included in future studies to shift the mean towards this ideal value.

### Related Scales

* Collective identification
# Handbook of Management Scales/Range flexibility
## Range flexibility
### Items

For your manufacturing plant how important is the ability to (1 - no importance, 4 - very important, 7 - absolutely critical):
* Offer a large number of diverse product features.
* Offer a large degree of product variety.
* Adjust product mix.

### Source

* Anand/Ward (2004): Fit, Flexibility and Performance in Manufacturing: Coping with Dynamic Environments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 369–385.

### Related Scales

* Mobility flexibility
# Handbook of Management Scales/Recruiting and selection for flexible employees
## Recruiting and selection for flexible employees
### Items

* We use attitude/desire to work in a team as a criterion in employee selection.
* We use problem-solving aptitude as a criterion in selection of employees.
* We use work values and behavioral attitudes as a criterion in employee selection.
* We select employees who can provide ideas to improve the manufacturing process.
* We select employees who are able to work well in small groups.

### Source

* Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Recognize organizational differences
## Recognize organizational differences (alpha = 0.82)
### Items

* Prior to forming this particular alliance, the firm and this partner actively sought to acknowledge their organizational differences. (0.78)
* Organizational differences between the firm and this partner were identified or emerged. (0.87)
* The firm and this partner openly discussed their organizational differences. (0.90)

### Source

* Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479

### Comments

The word "or" in the second item might make it a bit vague.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Relational embeddedness
## Relational embeddedness (alpha = 0.90)
### Description

To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Kale et al. (2000), and McEvily & Marcus (2005).

### Definition

Relational embeddedness defines the degree to which alliance relationships are driven by social attachment and interpersonal ties (Granovetter, 1985).

### Items

In this alliance, employees from both firms:
* Engage in joint field activities (e.g., trade shows, marketing campaigns, conferences, coordinated presale, training). (0.91)
* Meet frequently to work together on joint activities. (0.93)
* Have developed good interpersonal relationships (chemistry) that facilitate joint activities. (0.90)

### Source

* Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479

### Comments

All items contain the words "joint activities", indicating that embeddedness is closely defined by this aspect. However, this term seems to be vague, as the very different examples in the first item demonstrate.

### Related Scales

* Relational commitment
# Handbook of Management Scales/Radical innovation
## Radical innovation (alpha = 0.78)
### Description

A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enhancing are composed of two distinct constructs that, although correlated, separately characterize an innovation: new competence acquisition and competence enhancement/destruction. Scales are developed to measure these constructs and show that new competence acquisition and competence enhancing/destroying are different from other innovation characteristics including core/peripheral and incremental/radical, as well as architectural and generational innovation types.
Following the typical process of scale construction, the empirical analysis is divided into four stages:
* content face validity analysis with expert judges.
* scale puriﬁcation through exploratory and conﬁrmatory factor analysis.
* assessment of discriminant and convergent validity through analysis of covariance structures.
* nomological validity through the analysis of the effect of innovation characteristics on time to introduction and commercial success.

### Definition

Incremental innovations are those that improve price/performance advance at a rate consistent with the existing technical trajectory. Radical innovations advance the price/performance frontier by much more than the existing rate of progress.

### Items

* INNOVATION is a minor improvement over the previous technology. (Reversed)
* INNOVATION was a breakthrough innovation.
* INNOVATION led to products that were difficult to replace with substitute using older technology.
* INNOVATION represents a major technological advance in SUBSYSTEM.

### Source

* Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Relational capital
## Relational capital (alpha = 0.83)
### Description

A previously multi-item 7-point scale was used. It was further pretested with six logistics researchers and six executive managers of logistics service providers to ensure face validity.

### Definition

Relational capital involves an atmosphere of forbearance, respect and balanced reciprocity (Wallenburg & Raue, 2011) and creates a mutual confidence that no party will exploit the others’ vulnerabilities even if there is such opportunity (Kale et al., 2000).

### Items

The cooperation is characterized by…
* …close personal interaction.
* …personal friendship.
* …mutual trust.
* …high reciprocity.

### Source

* Raue, J.S. & Wieland, A. (2015): The Interplay of Different Types of Governance in Horizontal Cooperations. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 401–423

### Comments

With values above 5, the mean values of the first and third items were a bit too high. Here, words like "very" or "strong" could be added in front of these items to shift their mean values towards 4.

### Related Scales

* Trust (and other scales mentioned there)
# Kinyarwanda/Nouns
### Noun Classes

Kinyarwanda has a number of different noun classes.
Sing./Pl.
u-mu-/a-ba-
u-mu-/i-mi-
i-(ri)-/a-ma-
i-ki- (i-gi-)/i-bi-
i-n-/i-n-
u-ru-/i-bi-
a-ka-/u-tu-
u-bu-/u-bu-
u-ku-/a-ma-
a-ha-/a-ha-
When proceeded by a demonstrative, a the first vowel prefix is dropped. (e.g. umu --> mu) The u-mu-/a-ba- group is used for words representing humans.
# Kinyarwanda
## Brief Contents

* Introduction to Kinyarwanda
* Pronunciation
* Orthography
* Grammar
* Nouns
* Verbs
* Pronouns
* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Participles
* Gerunds
* Conjunctions
* Prepositions
* Interjections
* Appositive
* Punctuation
* Syntax
* Figures of Syntax

## Detailed Contents

* Introduction
* Grammar
** Nouns
*** Concrete
**** Proper
**** Common
***** Individual
***** Collective
*** Abstract
**** Attribute
**** Verbal
*** Words and word groups used as nouns
**** Adjectives made nouns
**** Pronouns made nouns
**** Verbs made nouns
**** Participles made nouns
**** Adverbs made nouns
**** Conjunctions made nouns
*** Countable and uncountable nouns
*** Compound nouns
*** Inflections of Nouns
**** Genders
**** Numbers
**** Cases
*** The noun as a modifier
*** The syntactic functions of nouns
*** References
* Verbs
** Present and past
*** Present simple
*** Present continuous
*** Present simple and present continuous
*** Past simple
*** Past continuous
*** Past simple and past continuous
** Present perfect and past
*** Present perfect
*** Present perfect continuous
*** Present perfect and past
*** Past perfect
*** Past perfect continuous
*** Past perfect and simple past
** Future
*** Future perfect
*** Future perfect continuous
*** Future simple
*** Future with 'ngiye'
* Pronouns
** Demonstrative pronouns
** Interrogative pronouns
** Personal pronouns
** Possessive pronouns
** Relative pronouns
* Adjectives and adverbs
** Adjectives
*** Function
*** Form
*** Adjectives word order
*** Personality adjectives
*** Adjectives from nouns
** Adverbs
*** Function
*** Adverb form
*** Kinds of adverbs
**** Adverbs of degree
**** Adverbs of time
**** Adverbs of manner
**** Adverbs of place
**** Conjunctive adverbs
*** Adverbs word order
*** Comparative forms of adverbs
*** Adverbs with different forms and meanings
*** Adverbs with different forms and same meanings
** Adjectives and adverbs
** Comparison
** Superlatives
* Conjunctions
* Prepositions
* Interjections
* Functions
* Gerund and participles
* Punctuation
* Orthography
* Pronunciation
* Syntax
** Appositives
** Figures of Syntax
* Study guide

### References

* Jouannet, Francis (ed.) (1983). Le Kinyarwanda, langue bantu du Rwanda. Paris: Société d’Études Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France (SELAF).
* Kimenyi, Alexandre (1980). A Relational Grammar of Kinyarwanda. University of California Press.
* Kimenyi, Alexandre . Kinyarwanda. California State University at Sacramento. [Online]: http://www.kimenyi.com/kinyarwanda.php
* Habumuremyi, Emmanuel et al. (2006). IRIZA-STARTER 2006: The 1st Kinyarwanda-English and English-Kinyarwanda Dictionary. Kigali: Rural ICT-Net
# Kinyarwanda/Adjectives

Kinyarwanda language has less than twenty adjectives. This means that in some cases, Kinyarwanda lacks adjectives to qualify nouns. At this time, it makes them from other nouns. In translating a text expreesed by adjectives in other languages is rendered, for example, by either the possessive construction (X of Y) or by the relative clause construction.
e.g. 'a stupid boy' : umuhungu w'igicucu