OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Docker

Docker is a container technology, performing operating-system-level virtualisation.

# Singularity

Singularity is another container technology that performs operating-system-level virtualization. One of the main uses of Singularity is to bring containers and reproducibility to scientific computing and HPC.

## SPM Containers

Official SPM12 Dockerfile and singularity.def (using the Standalone SPM):
For example, to start SPM with its graphical user interface:
If the container's root filesystem is mounted as read only (--read-only flag), you need to bind mount an extra volume:

## See also
### Singularity

SingularityCE User Guide
(how to install singularity on Ubuntu)
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/From Kadsura Ananosma To Kyllinga Brevifolia

TCM | Pulse | TCM Terms | Acupuncture | Formula Design | Single Herbs | Usage Of Herbs | Prescriptions | Usage Of Prescriptions | Sources | Materia Medica | Interactions |
Glossaries

## From Kadsura Ananosma to Kyllinga Brevifolia

| Source of Materia Medica | Chinese Term | Transliteration | Common English Name |
| Kadsura Ananosma | 波罗香藤 | Bo Luo Xiang Teng | |
| Kadsura Angustifolia | 狭叶南五味子 | Xia Xie Nan Wu Wei Zi | Narrowleaf Kadsura |
| Kadsura Coccinea [Syn. Kadsura Chenensis, Kadsura Hainanensis] | 冷饭团 | Leng Fan Tuan | Blacktiger Kadsura |
| Kadsura Heteroclita [Syn. Uvaria Heteroclita] | 异型南五味子 | Yi Xing Nan Wu Wei Zi | Curious Kadsura |
| Kadsura Interior | 内南五味子 | Nei Nan Wu Wei Zi | Fengqing Kadsura |
| Kadsura Japonica | 日本南五味子 | Ri Ben Nan Wu Wei Zi | Japanese Kadsura |
| Kadsura Lancilimba | 披针叶南五味子 | Pi Zhen Ye Nan Wu Wei Zi | Lanceolate Kadsura |
| Kadsura Peltigera [Syn. Kadsura Longipedunculata] | 长梗南五味子 | Chang Geng Nan Wu Wei Zi | Longpeduncle Kadsura |
| Kaempferia Galanga | 山柰 | Shan Nai | Galanga Resurrectionlily |
| Kaempferia Marginata | 苦山柰 | Ku Shan Nai | Bitter |
| Kaempferia Pandurata | 提琴状山奈 | Ti Qin Zhuang Shan Nai | Fiddle-leaf Resurrectionlily |
| Kalmia Latifolia | 宽叶山月桂 | Kuan Ye Shan Yue Gui | Mountain Laurel |
| Kalopanax Pictum | 着色刺楸 | Zhuo Se Ci Qiu | Picture Kalopanax |
| Kalopanax Septemlobus | 刺楸树皮 | Ci Qiu Shu Pi | Septemlobate Kalopanax Bark |
| Kandelia Candel | 秋茄树 | Qiu Qie Shu | Kandelia |
| Kerria Japonica | 棣棠花 | Di Tang Hua | Japanese Kerria Flower |
| Kigelia Pinnata | 吊灯树 | Diao Deng Shu | Sausagetree |
| Kleinhovia Hospita | 面头叶 | Mian Tou Ye | Smallleaf Knema |
| Knema Globularia | 小叶红光树 | Xiao Ye Hong Guang Shu | Small-leaf Knema |
| Knoxia Valerianoides | 红芽大戟 | Hong Ya Da Ji | Red Knoxia |
| Kobresia Nepalensis | 尼泊尔嵩草 | Ni Bo Er Song Cao | Nepal Kobresia |
| Koelpinia Linearis | 蝎尾菊 | Xie Wei Ju | Linear Koelpinia |
| Koelreuteria Paniculata | 栾华 | Luan Hua | Paniculate Goldraintree Flower |
| Koelreuteria Paniculata | 栾树 | Luan Shu | Paniculate Goldraintree Root-bark |
| Kokoona Ochracea | 赭黄栲古那 | Zhe Huang Kao Gu Na | Brown-yellow Kokoona |
| Kopsia Flavida | 黄红色蕊木 | Huang Hong Se Rui Mu | Yellow-red Kopsia |
| Kopsia Fruticosa | 红花蕊木 | Hong Hua Rui Mu | Redflower Kopsia |
| Kopsia Griffithii | 马来西亚蕊木 | Ma Lai Xi Ya Rui Mu | Malaysia Kopsia |
| Kopsia Longiflora | 长花蕊木 | Chang Hua Rui Mu | Longflower Kopsia |
| Kopsia Officinalis | 云南蕊木 | Yun Nan Rui Mu | Medicinal Kopsia |
| Kopsia Pauciflora | 少花蕊木 | Shao Hua Rui Mu | Fewflower Kopsia |
| Kummerowia Striata | 鸡眼草 | Ji Yan Cao | Striate Kummerowia |
| Kyllinga Brevifolia | 水蜈蚣 | Shui Wu Gong | Shortleaf Kyllinga |
back to :
* Source Of Materia Medica
* Glossaries
Ref: "Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines - Molecular Structures, Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications" Zhou, Jiaju, Xie, Guirong, Yan, Xinjian. Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York (2011). ISBN 978-3-642-16740-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-16741-6
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/From Quassia Africana To Quisqualis Indica

TCM | Pulse | TCM Terms | Acupuncture | Formula Design | Single Herbs | Usage Of Herbs | Prescriptions | Usage Of Prescriptions | Sources | Materia Medica | Interactions |
Glossaries

## From Quassia Africana to Quisqualis Indica

| Source of Materia Medica | Chinese Term | Transliteration | Common English Name |
| Quassia Africana | 非洲苦木 | Fei Zhou Ku Mu | African Quassia |
| Quassia Amara | 美洲苦木 | Mei Zhou Ku Mu | Surinam Quassia |
| Quercus Aliena | 槲栎 | Hu Li | Peking Oak |
| Quercus Dentata | 槲叶 | Hu Ye | Daimyo Oak Leaf |
| Quercus Iberica | 伊比利亚栎 | Yi Bi Li Ya Li | Iberian Oak |
| Quercus Infectoria | 没食子 | Mo Shi Zi | Aleppo Gall (Galla Halepensis) |
| Quercus Mongolica | 蒙古栎 | Meng Gu Li | Mongolian Oak |
| Quercus Phillyraeoides | 菲利桂栎 | Fei Li Gui Li | Mocketprivet-like Oak |
| Quercus Robur | 欧洲白栎 | Ou Zhou Bai Li | Common Oak |
| Quercus Rubra | 红栎 | Hong Li | Spanish Oak |
| Quercus Tinctoria | 着色栎 | Zhuo Se Li | Black Oak |
| Quillaja Saponaria | 皂皮树 | Zao Pi Shu | Soapbark Tree |
| Quisqualis Indica | 使君子 | Shi Jun Zi | Rangooncreeper |
| Quisqualis Indica | 使君子叶 | Shi Jun Zi Ye | Rangooncreeper Leaf |
| Quisqualis Indica Var. Villosa | 毛使君子 | Mao Shi Jun Zi | Villous Rangooncreeper |
back to :
* Source Of Materia Medica
* Glossaries
Ref: "Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines - Molecular Structures, Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications" Zhou, Jiaju, Xie, Guirong, Yan, Xinjian. Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York (2011). ISBN 978-3-642-16740-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-16741-6
# Structural Biochemistry/Protein function/Abzyme
## What is it?

An abzyme is an antibody that expresses catalytic activity. A single molecule of an antibody-enzyme, or abzyme, is capable of catalyzing the destruction of thousands of target molecules. The efficiency of abzyme technology could permit treatments with smaller doses of medicines at lower costs than are possible today. An abzyme is used to lower the activation energy of a reaction allowing for the transition state to be possible and the product to be formed. Abzymes are typically artificially made by having the immune system make antibodies that bind to a molecule that resembles the transition state (Transition State Analogue) of the catalytic process that the researchers want to emulate. Therefore by creating this antibody, now becoming a catalytic antibody allows for this antibody to act as an abzyme reducing the activation energy of the reaction and allowing for the transition state to occur. Abzymes however do occur naturally in the human body.

## Uses in Medicine

Abzyme are currently being researched for the possible use against HIV infection. The abzymes could target a specific site on the HIV infected cells that do not mutate and then make the virus inert. This is an on going research project by the University of Texas Medical School.By exploiting the highly specific antigen binding properties of antibodies, experimental strategies have been made to produce antibodies to catalyze that chemical reactions. These abzymes are chosen from monoclonal antibodies which are created by immunizing mice with haptens which mimic the transition states of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The rate of this reaction is promoted by enzyme catalysts that stabilize the transition state of this reaction, thereby decreasing the activation energy and allowing for more rapid conversions of substrate product. To successfully create abzymes that are complementary in structure to this transition state, mice were immunized with an aminophosphonic acid hapten. The study of catalytic antibodies as a whole has vastly increased current understanding of the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis and represents another step forward in the attempts to create artificially engineered biological enzymes.

## Sources

http://www.uth.tmc.edu/pathology/research/circ/hiv.html - Includes Pictures of Abzymes and how they affect HIV
* 1 2 3 4 5 Biology, Eight Edition,Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2008.
# Structural Biochemistry/Protein function/Additional Globins

The human genome sequence has revealed two new globins, neuroglobin and cytoglobin. These proteins are both monomeric, and resemble myoglobin more than hemoglobin. Neuroglobin is expressed in the brain and in the retina. Its roles include protecting neural tissues from hypoxia, insufficient oxygenation of the blood or tissue. Cytoglobin is expressed throughout the body. Spectroscopy exhibits that the proximal and sital histidines are coordinated to iron in the deoxy form in both proteins. The distal histidine is displaced on oxygen binding.

## References

Berg, Jeremy "Biochemistry", Chapter 7 Hemoglobin: Portrait of a Protein in Action. 197-198. sixth edition. Freeman and Company, 2007.
# Structural Biochemistry/Protein function/Additional Globins2

Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin are two new heme-containing repiratory proteins, which were revealed through the human genome sequence. These proteins are both monomeric, and are structurally similar to myoglobin more than hemoglobin. The expression of neuroglobin is restricted to the brain and is mostly observed in the retina. Its roles include protecting neural tissue from hypoxia and insufficient oxygenation of the blood, through its roles in neuronal oxygen homeostasis. Cytoglobin on the other hand is expressed mainly in fibroblasts and other similar cells throughout the body, and may be involved in collagen synthesis. Spectroscopy data has shown that both proteins have the proximal and sital histidines coordinated to iron in the deoxy form and the distal histidine is displaced on oxygen binding.

## History of Neuroglobin

Neuroglobin was first identified by an Italian researcher, Thorsten Burmester et al. in 2000, and the 3D structure of the neuroglobin of human body was discovered in 2003. In 2004, the neuroglobin of murine was determined at a further highly resolution.

## Functions of Neuroglobin

Neuroglobin, has the symbol of NGB, is an intracellular hemoprotein that involved in cellular oxygen homeostasis. Neuroglobin is a monomer which expressed in the central nervous system, retina, endocrine tissues, and cerebrospinal fluid. Neuroglobin reversibly binds oxygen with affinity which is higher than hemoglobin, and also increase the existence of oxygen in brain tissue and gives the protection under ischemic or hypoxic conditions in order to limiting the brain damages.

## Functions of Cytoglobin

Cytoglobin is the protein product that can be found in human body and mammalian. Just like the Neuroglobin, Cytoglobin is also a globin molecule located in the brain of mostly marine mammals. It has always been considered to be a method to protect the brain under the condition called hypoxia.Cytoglobin is also the transferring reagent of oxygen from arterial blood to the brain. Cytoglobin is a hexacoordinate hemoglobin. It may scavenge reactive oxygen species such as nitric oxide, and also facilitate diffusion of oxygen through tissues, or serve a protective function during oxidative stress

## References

Berg, Jeremy "Biochemistry", Chapter 7 Hemoglobin: Portrait of a Protein in Action. 197-198. sixth edition. Freeman and Company, 2007.
# Saylor.org's Comparative Politics/Comparative Case Studies

This last unit will introduce you to area studies as they are conducted in political science and international studies. Please bear in mind that this unit is by no means exhaustive either geographically or topically. Over the course of this unit, we will apply factor analysis and other comparative methods we learned in earlier units to practical examples from 4different regions of the world (Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East). The classification for such area studies have developed out of the standard geopolitical organization of American political science. For instance, Asian politics is often divided into East, South, Southeast, and Central Asia sub-fields. Likewise, political scientists often divide Africa into the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and sub-Saharan Africa. This unit will also look at how political elites and policy makers hold distinct views on democratization and modernization and how those views impact political conflict in these regions.
# Saylor.org's Comparative Politics/Criteria of Democracy
## Dahl's Criteria for Democracy

At its base, a democracy is where the heads of government in a state's are chosen by a vote of the citizens of the state; their votes must be made without coercion and after voters have had the opportunity to hear the candidates. Robert Dahl, a leading scholar on democracy, has provided a framework for when a country is a democracy; these five criteria include:
Effective participation meaning that the people should have an adequate and equal opportunity to have their voices heard in the decision making process, voting equality meaning that all votes should count equally (for instance, Bill Gates's vote is no more important than yours or mine), enlightened understanding which means that the people should have adequate and equal access to information so that they can make the best possible decision, control of the agenda meaning only the people should be able to decide what decisions are debated and voted upon and, finally, the system must be inclusive meaning that all adults in the society, unless incapable, should be authorized to participate in the political process and not precluded therefrom. (Adopted from Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics pg 108-118 and 129-131)
# Saylor.org's Comparative Politics/Comparing Ideology, Policy, and Decision Making

This unit deals with ideology and decision-making tactics. We first compare five different ideologies that shape mainstream political party platforms and governance in contemporary democratic systems (conservatism, liberalism, Christian democracy, social democracy, and environmentalism). We then look at frameworks for understanding the policy process before discussing the ways in which policymakers garner feedback and use indecision strategically. The unit concludes with a focus on informal influences that shape government policy choices.
# Saylor.org's Comparative Politics/Comparing Political Structures and Institutions

Constitutions are road maps for political systems. They are an expression of collective values, and they enable developing institutions to begin to maintain security and stability. Constitutions define political leadership, modes of representation, a legal framework, and the limits of a government's power. Though constitutions vary from state to state, they also have many similarities. In this unit, we will look at how those similarities have emerged to serve common needs. We will also consider the ways in which differences between constitutions reflect the varying values and interests of diverse constituencies. For instance, legislatures may be divided into different types of houses and may have different rules for selecting their members, but they typically have the same lawmaking purpose. We will see that these similarities and differences can be traced to specific reasons that enable us to better understand a given culture or society. For example, the way in which a government is organized often reflects the social stratification of the political community in question.
This unit looks at each characteristic of government as a factor to be used in a comparative study of different governments. These factors are derived from not only the written constitution, but the types of political leadership and bureaucracy that have emerged in a society over time. In each case, we will discuss political factors with an eye toward comparison. We will identify the degree of bureaucratic privatization in a given system, discuss how the geography of a society determines the ways in which different levels of government interact, ask why certain governments tend towards immobilization in their policy-making, and explore how each of these factors leads to patterns in the political process over time.
# Trainz/containers/attached-track container/attached-track container Example-2

Back to the Top
* ↑   containers — attached-track container ↓
* Trainz Annotated Reference Pages Trainz Asset Maintenance and Creation
* TOC | Beginnings | Fun | AM&C | Creation | InBook Refs | ORP Refs:  • Index • Containers • Kinds • Tags | Appendixes  • Vers
Glossary :
HKeys-CM :
HKeys-DVR :
HKeys-SUR :
HKeys-WIN :
Mouse use :
Notations :
Template:TRS-example
# Trainz/containers/flowsize container

Back to the Top
* Trainz Annotated References
* TOC | Beginnings | Fun | AM&C | Creation | InBook Refs | ORP Refs:  • Index • Containers • Kinds • Tags | Appendixes  • Vers
Glossary :
HKeys-CM :
HKeys-DVR :
HKeys-SUR :
HKeys-WIN :
Mouse use :
Notations :
The Flowsize container is a top-level config.txt file entry used by Engines (sometimes called Enginespec) and Steam-engine (aka Steam Enginespec) assets.

## Supported Tags

The Flowsize container supports the following tags. Each tag is show here with its default value.

#### trainbrakepipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### epreservoirpipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### no3pipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### no4pipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### auxreservoirvent

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### auxreservoir_no3

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### auxreservoir_trainbrakepipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### autobrakecylindervent

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### equaliser_mainreservoir

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### equaliservent

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### equaliserventhandleoff

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### equaliserventemergency

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### no3pipevent

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### no3pipe_mainreservoir

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### compressor

    Type: Integer
    Desc:

#### trainbrakepipe_reservoir

    Type: Integer
    Desc:

#### trainbrakepipevent

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### no3pipe_autobrakecylinder

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### epreservoirpipe_autobrakecylinder

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### mainreservoir_ep

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### vacuumbrakepipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### vacuumbrakepipereleasevent

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### vacuumbrakepipevent

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### vacuumbrakereservoir_vacuumbrakepipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### vacuumbrakecylinder_vacuumbrakepipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:

#### highspeedexhauster_vacuumbrakepipe

    Type: Decimal
    Desc:
# Trainz/containers/member-of-groups container

Back to the Top
| ← Prev kuid-table container | ↑ containers — Trainz Config Container ↓ | mesh-table container Next → |
Glossary :
HKeys-CM :
HKeys-DVR :
HKeys-SUR :
HKeys-WIN :
Mouse use :
Notations :
* [e]
* KINDs (type asset groups) and containers
* KIND Achievement-category
* KIND Achievement-group
* KIND Activity
* KIND Asset-group
* KIND Behavior
* KIND Bogey
* bogeys container
* KIND Buildable
* class library
* KIND Controlset
* KIND Consist
* KIND Drivercharacter
* KIND Drivercommand
* KIND Engine
* KIND Enginesound
* KIND Environment
* extensions container, or extensions
* KIND Fixedtrack
* flowsize container
* KIND Gameplaymenu
* KIND Groundbrush
* KIND Groundtexture
* KIND Hornsound
* KIND HTML-asset
* KIND Industry
* KIND Interior
* junction-vertices container
* KIND Library
* kuid-table
* KIND Map
* KIND Mesh
* member-of-groups
* mesh-table container
* KIND Module
* KIND MOCrossing
* KIND MOJunction
* KIND MOSignal
* KIND MOSpeedboard
* obsolete-table
* privileges
* queues container
* KIND Pantograph
* KIND Product
* KIND Product-category
* KIND Profile
* KIND Region
* season-selector container
* KIND Scenariobehavior
* KIND Scenery
* KIND Scenery-Trackside
* KIND SceneryWithTrack
* script-include-table container (TBS)
* KIND Servlet
* smoke container
* KIND Steam-engine
* KIND Texture
* KIND Texture-group
* thumbnails container, or (TBS)
* KIND Track
* track-lod-tree container
* KIND Tracksound
* KIND Traincar
* KIND TrainzBaseSpec
* KIND Turntable
* volume container
* KIND Water2
The member-of-groups container is a top-level config.txt file entry which can be used by any Content_Types. This container was introduced in trainz-build 3.5 as a result of lobbying by user-content creators to provide better sorting and selection capabilities in Content Managers and TrainzUtil and is not valid in older-version Config.txt files. This means if an asset with such a container tag name is detected when an asset is retrograded, it will generate a fault message in the older version of Trainz.
The container holds a regular list of kind asset-group KUIDs. This asset will be considered as a member of each listed asset group.
If no entries are specified for a given "member-of-groups" container, or if the asset omits the "member-of-groups" container, then the simulator may specify some default asset groups based on the asset's Config.txt file. The exact behavior may change between different versions of the simulator, however the current logic is described on the N3V Wiki at Known Asset-Groups.
The actual interpretation of what membership of a given asset-group means is documented here.

# "member-of-groups" Example

The following is an example of a simple member-of-groups container. This example declares the asset as a member of the 'Bridge Spline Group' and the 'Road Spline Group' (not necessarily a sensible combination.)
# Telugu/Literature

Telugu literature can be broadly discussed in to six ages as mentioned below:
* Pre-Nannaya period (up to 1000 A.D.)
* Age of Puranas (1000 A.D. - 1400 A.D.)
* Age of Poet Srinatha (1400 A.D. – 1500 A.D.)
* Age of Prabandhas (1500 A.D. -1600 A.D.)
* Southern Region period (1600 A.D. -1800 A.D.)
* Modern Age (1800 A.D. – Till date)
During the age of Pre-Nannaya period, there were only inscriptions since 575 A.D. Nannayya Bhattaraka (11th Century A.D.) translated the Sanskrit Mahabharata into Telugu and this can be quoted as the first best citation of Telugu literature. The diction was highly mastered by Nannaya that many historians’ school of thought says that there might have been earlier works in Telugu, which base his major work.
Tikkanamatyulu (13th century) and Yerrana also called Yerrapragada (14th century) resumed the translation of the remaining portions of Mahabharata started by Adi Kavi Nannaya Bhattaraka.
In the age of Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhowma (popular poet in 14th century) few poets translated Sanskrit slokas and dramas and others came out with native narrative poems. The popular Telugu literary form, Prabandha was evolved during this period.
The first Ramayana in Telugu is reffred as the Ranganatha Ramayanam, works done by by Gona Buddha Reddi. Later, the memorable religious poets such as Potan (14th Century), Jakkana (14th century) and Gaurana (first half of the 15th century) have done greatest works in these roots.
Golden period of Telugu literature was in between 16th - 17th centuries when Sri Krishnadevaraya has shown interest in Telugu Literature. Manucharitra by Peddana is another outstanding Mahakavya other than Sri Krishna Devaraya’s Amukthamalyada. As the Telugu literature flourished in the south in the Samsthanas like Madurai, Tanjavur etc., which renamed this age as `Southern Period'.
Mughals conquered Deccan in 1687 A.D., with which the Telugu Literature lost its speciality growth. The period of transition emerged after a long gap of 200 years, when a memorable Europeans, C.P.Brown played an important role in the development of Telugu language and literature. Later the Telugu Literature was also influenced by the European literary forms such as novels, short stories, dramas etc.
Kandukuri Viresalingam Pantulu, the father of modern Telugu literature inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield wrote a novel called Rajasekhara Charitamu. He was the first and the greatest among modern times, who used literature to suppress social evils and superstitions. The age was followed by other famous Telugu writers such as Rayaprolu Subba Rao, Gurazada Appa Rao, Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Jashuva, Devulapalli Krishna Sastry, Sri Sri, Puttaparty Narayana Charyulu and many others.
# Telugu/Colors

* ఎరుపు (erupu) - red
* తెలుపు (telupu) - white
* నలుపు (nalupu) - black
* కాషాయం (khaashaayam) - orange
* గులాబి (gulaabi) - pink
* నీలం (neelamu) - blue
* ఆకుపచ్చ (aakupachha) - green
* పసుపుపచ్చ (pasupupachha) - yellow
* మయూర వర్ణం (mayoora varnam) - aqua
* గోధుమ (godhuma) - brown
* ఊదా (oodaa) - violet
* బంగారు (bangaaru) - gold
* బూడిద (boodida) - gray