OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# JavaScript/Exercises/Collisions
## Speed

When objects move around, they do this at a certain speed. Therefore you should add two properties to the object's class representing its speed in x-direction and in y-direction. Positive values represent the direction to the right resp. bottom, and negative to the left resp. top. Furthermore, the class needs functions to modify the speed.

## Collision - 1

Objects can collide with other objects or with the border of the canvas. Algorithms to detect such collisions depend on the object's type: concerning the x-direction for rectangles, the left side is given by the starting point, and for circles, the left side must be computed from the central point and the radius. A collision with the canvas' border is a collision 'from inner to outer', a collision between objects is always 'between outer and outer'.
Nevertheless, it's possible to develop generic algorithms that solve many of the 'collision' problems. Every single 2-dimensional object and every group of such objects can be surrounded by their minimum bounding box (MBB), which is a rectangle by definition. Hence the collision of objects can be solved by an algorithm that detects the collision of their MBBs, at least in the first approximation. It is not absolutely exact in all cases, but for our examples, it should be sufficient.

## Constant speed

We create a ball (circle) and let him move within the canvas.
* As usual, the function playTheGame contains the 'logic' of the game. It is straightforward: move the ball according to it's 'speed'. The 'speed' is the number of pixels by which it should advance.
* A function detectBorderCollision checks whether the border of the canvas is touched by the current step. If that is the case, the speed is reversed to the opposite direction.
* detectBorderCollision checks whether the border of a rectangle is touched by a rectangle that moves within its inner space. This is different from the case where two rectangles collide like two cars.
* The 'outer' rectangle is the canvas itself. We use its properties as the four first arguments of the function call.
* The ball inside the canvas is not a rectangle; it's a circle. We 'compute' the MBB of the circle and use the properties of the MBB as the four last arguments of the function call. (For this algorithm, the MBB delivers not only an approximation of the problem, it's an exact solution.)

## Changing speed

The example is identical to the above one with the additional feature of changing the speed of the ball. It adds two HTML elements input type="range" as a slider. The sliders indicate the intended speed in x- and y- directions.

## Collision - 2

The example is identical to the above one with the additional feature of detecting an obstacle (rectangle). If the ball collides with the obstacle, the game stops.
The collision is detected by the function detectRectangleCollision. It compares two rectangles. We use the MBB of the circle as the second parameter, which leads to a slight inaccuracy.

## See also

* MDN: Rendering in a canvas
* MDN: requestAnimationFrame
* MDN: setInterval
# JavaScript/Dates

In JavaScript, a Date is an object. Hence it must be explicitly created with the new operator.
Date contains a value that represents the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970 UTC. It's worth mentioning what it does not contain: There is no information about a timezone within the object. Nevertheless, you can convert it to an appropriate string of any arbitrary time zone. Other methods can select parts like the month or the day of the week, or you can use the number for any computation, and more.

### Constructor

The default constructor creates the Date object as of the current point in time of your computer.
You can pass parameters to the constructor to generate a certain Date object.

### Methods

Some often used methods of Date are:
Static methods
* Date.now: Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC calibrated (plus/minus some hours) to the timezone of your computer.
* Date.UTC(<parameters>): Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.
* Date.parse(text): Parsing of strings with Date.parse is strongly discouraged due to browser differences and inconsistencies.
Instance methods
* toISOString: Returns a string in ISO 8601 format.
* getFullYear: Returns the full 4-digit year.
* getMonth: Returns the current month. [0 - 11]
* getDate: Returns the day of the month. [1 - 31]
* getDay: Returns the day of the week. [0 - 6]. Sunday is 0, with the other days of the week taking the next value.
* getHours: Returns hours [0 - 23] based on a 24-hour clock.
* getMinutes: Returns minutes. [0 - 59]
* getSeconds: Returns seconds. [0 - 59]
* getTime: Returns the time in milliseconds since January 1, 1970.
* valueOf: Returns the time in milliseconds since January 1, 1970. Equivalent to getTime.
* getTimezoneOffset: Returns the difference in minutes between UTC and local time.
* setFullYear(year): Stores the full 4-digit year within the Date object.
* setMonth(month, day): Sets the month, and optionally the day within the month. '0' is January, ...

### 'As Integer'

The Date can be returned as an integer by the method valueOf or by prefixing the constructor with a + sign, e.g., to use it for "seeding" a PRNG (Pseudo Random Number Generator) or to perform calculations.

### Timezones

The Date object purely contains a whole number (Integer). It does not know anything about timezones. As long as you don't specify timezones in any form, you work in your local timezone.
But sometimes it's necessary to consider timezones.

### New API: Temporal

The object Date has some inconsistencies and shortcomings, especially: weak timezone support, no support for non-Gregorian calendars, missing calendar functions, and more. Possibly they will be fixed in a new Temporal API in one of the subsequent JavaScript versions.

### Exercises

    ... are available on another page (click here).
# Healthy eating habits/Eating Carbohydrates to optimise sprinting performance

The following article provides information on the role carbohydrates play in high intensity sprint training for athletes.
By Monica Brennan.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CloseAll

Usage:
Close all of SCREEN's windows (on- and offscreen). Closing each on-screen window takes about a second. After closing the last on-screen window the cursor is made visible.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CloseScreen

Usage:
Close any of SCREEN's windows (on- or offscreen). Closing an on-screen window takes about a second. After closing the last on-screen window the cursor is made visible.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CopyWindows

Usage:
Copy images, very quickly, between two windows (on- or off- screen). copyMode can be only 'srcCopy' on Win. (default, will scale image to fit in dstRect). Use with Rush for reliable timing. See Rush.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/BringMATLABToFront

Usage:
Bring forward n-th window in MATLAB Window menu. If not specified, n defaults to 0 (the command window).
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/BringWindowToFront

Usage:
Bring specified window to front.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/BlitImage255

Usage:
Copy imageArray to a window, slowly. imageArray may be double or uint8. Its values, which should be non-negative integers, are copied to the window, by CopyBits or CopyBitsQuickly. imageArray can be an MxN array (for any window) or MxNx3 array (only if the window pixelSize is 16 or 32 bits). In the latter case the three r g b components are combined, as appropriate for the window pixelSize, to form a single value that is copied to the window. In 16-bit mode r, g, and b each contribute 5 bits. In 32-bit mode r, g, and b each contribute 8 bits.
rect is in window coordinates. The whole image is copied to rect, scaling if necessary. The rect default is the imageArray's rect, centered in the window. The orientation of the array in the window is identical to that of MATLAB's numerical array displays in the Command Window. The first pixel is in the upper left, and the rows are horizontal. Unless you specify a Quickly copyMode, PutImage inherits the behavior of [[Psychtoolbox:Screen Commands:CopyBits, scaling the image into the rect.
The copyMode argument is a string variable that is passed to the VideoToolbox CopyWindows routine. copyMode can be 'srcCopy' (default) or 'bltFast'.
The copying is done in two stages. First, slowly, from the image array into a temporary offscreen window, and then, quickly, from there to the window designated by windowPtr.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/ClearScreen

Usage:
Fill rect. color is the clut index (scalar or [r g b] triplet) that you want to poke into each pixel; default produces white with the standard CLUT for this window's pixelSize. Default rect is entire screen, so you can use this function to clear the screen.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Close

Usage:
Close any of SCREEN's windows (on- or offscreen). Closing an on-screen window takes about a second. After closing the last on-screen window the cursor is made visible.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Computer

Usage:
Return information about the computer in a Matlab struct.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/CopyWindow

Usage:
Copy images, very quickly, between two windows (on- or off- screen). copyMode can be only 'srcCopy' on Win. (default, will scale image to fit in dstRect). Use with Rush for reliable timing. See Rush.
# Knots/Decorative knots/Carrick mat

The Carrick mat is essentially a flattened Turk's head knot. To tie it, follow the same steps except keep it flat.
* Make this shape.
* Put the end underneath the other end, then over under over.
* Follow the end back through
* A finished knot
# Knots/Decorative knots/Turk's head knot
## Use

The Turk's head knot is a decorative knot primarily used by Scouts as woggles to attach their neckerchiefs. Like most decorative knots, it is hard to tie for the first time.

## How to tie

* Have in your hand about a metre of rope.
* In the end, make a loop with end 2, then another that goes over it. (Figure 1, bottom of page)
* Bring end 1 under end 2, then put it over, then under, then over, then under the rope each time that you cross it. You will then get something like figure 2.
* Slide your thumb or a stick (of a diameter of about 2cm) into the square that has formed in the centre of the knot. In doing so, you will be able to keep this space open and use it to shape your knot.
* Still using end 1, follow end 2, as in figure 3.
* Do as many cycles as you like. Usually, people make three turns, but nothing is stopping you from defying that tendency! The only thing to be aware of is how much rope you have left.
* The hardest part is over. You only have left to tighten your knot. To do that, start with one of the ends of the rope, then tighten the knot (not too hard) around your thumb or the stick that you placed in the middle. It's a long process, but you will see your knot taking shape.
* Cut the excess rope, and secure the two extremities in the ring (using a small reef knot or stitches, or you could also dip the whole thing in melted wax to solidify it). In doing so, you won't see the ends, which will make your knot even more attractive.
* Place your knot on an object of your choice and proudly show your creation to others!
* Figure 1
* Figure 2
* Figure 3
# Knots/Heaving knots

Heaving knots make ropes easier to throw.
* Knots/Heaving knots/Heaving line knot
* Knots/Heaving knots/Monkey fist
# Knots/Binding knots/Surgeon's knot

* Surgeon's knot
* Use: The surgeon's knot is similar to a square knot, except that the first stage is doubled (ie. two half-hitches were tied). This helps the knot stay tight while it is being tied.
# Knots/Caring for cordage

Cordage is often expensive, and may be difficult to replace. For all cordage, there are some things you can do to maximize its lifespan:
* Protect cordage from rough treatment
* Do not stand on cordage, especially synthetics
* Keep cordage away from chemicals, oil, grease dirt and grit
* Avoid extremes of cold or heat
* Limit exposure to sunlight, even for UV-stable cordage
* Thoroughly wash and rinse your cordage regularly
* Keep natural fibre ropes dry
* Only short lengths of non-production rope should be folded; everything else should be coiled.
* Load-bearing cordage must be inspected regularly
** Look for cut or frayed fibres, wrinkled or ruptured sheath, glazing/fusing from thermal friction
** Even though the sheath is flawless, it may mask internal damage
* Keep a log for load-bearing cordage
** Cordage with a history of hard work, or severe shock-loading should be retired or downgraded
** Base your cordage life cycle on the specifications and the specific applications. Ask your vendor for assistance, if necessary, or get training.
# Knots/Components
## Components
### Bight

    The center part of a length of rope, string, or yarn as opposed to the ends.
   * A "bight" is any curved section, slack part, or loop between the ends of a rope.
   * The phrase "in the bight" implies a U-shaped section of rope is itself being used in making a knot. Many knots can be tied either with the end or in the bight.

### Bitter end

    This is a commonly misused term, meaning the end of the line at the bitts. A bitt is a metal block with a crosspin used for tying lines to, found on docks.

### Loop

    A full circle formed by passing the working end over itself. Note that the term 'loop' is also used to refer to a category of knots (see 'Categories' below).

### Elbow

    Two crossing points created by an extra twist in a loop.

### Standing end

    The end of the rope not involved in making the knot, often shown as unfinished.

### Standing part

    Section of line between knot and the standing end.

### Turn

   * A turn or single turn is a single pass behind or through an object.
   * A round turn is the complete encirclement of an object; requires two passes.
   * Two round turns circles the object twice; requires three passes.

### Working end

    The active end of a line used in making the knot. May also be called the 'running end'.

### Working part

    Section of line between knot and the working end.
# Knots/Decorative knots

Decorative knots (as you may have guessed) are knots that are designed to have aesthetic appeal. They are hard and long, but fun to tie.

## Decorative knots

* Carrick mat
* Monkey fist
* Rhona-H mat
* Turk's head knot
# Knots/Decorative knots/Rhona-H mat

The Rhona-H mat is a decorative knot. It is named after the ship on which the author of Knots for Beachcombers and Mariners learned it. It takes a lot of rope. In the photos, the rope is 5mm in diameter and 5m long.
* Make the shape shown, using temporary fixtures if desired. (Putty is used in the photo.)
* Put the working end over the right side, under the middle and over the left, then under the loop.
* Do that a bunch of times. When done, put the working part over the standing end.
* Put the rope under, over and under through the first loop to join them together.
* Put the rope over, under and over through the other loop to finish off the first layer. At this point, the rope should alternate going over and under at each crossing through the whole wreath.
* Follow the end through a bunch more times.

## References

* 2003, Edwards, Ron, Knots for Beachcombers and Mariners, ISBN 1 875872 69 8
# Leonese/Vocabulary/The body

| English | Asturian |
| body | cuerpu |
| head | cabeza/cachola/tiesta |
| face | cara/rostru |
| forehead | frente |
| hear | pelu |
| eye | güeyu |
| eyebrow | ceya |
| eyelash | pistaña |
| eyelid | párpagu |
| nose | ñariz/ñapa |
| ear | oreya |
| mouth | boca |
| lip | llabiu |
| cheek | carriellu/mexella |
| chin | cazu |
| tongue | llingua |
| gums/gingiva | ancía |
| neck | cuellu |
| nape | ñuca |
| shoulder | costazu/costín/hombru |
| chest | pechu |
| arm | brazu |
| elbow | coldu |
| hand | manu |
| finger | deu |
| nail | uña |
| clica | vagina |
| pirula | penis |
| rodiella | knee |
# Less

Less is a command-line pager: a program that shows one page out of a file in a terminal window and shows more pages one at a time upon user request, irrespective of file size. Another noted similar program is more.
Less allows moving back and forth, supports arrow keys, and, when at the end of a pipeline, shows as much of the buffer as it can from the content fed into it, refreshing its buffer regularly as the pipeline provides more of the content.
Examples:
* less --help
** Displays help in the less command itself. -h and -H do not output help.
* less --version
* less -V
** Outputs version.
* less -psearchterm MyFile.txt
** Option -p opens the files at the occurrences of the searchterm.
* grep dog AnimalData.txt | less

## Keyboard commands

Keyboards commands that can be used once less is started:
* up and down arrow keys - scroll up or down
* page up or page down - as expected
* home - go to the top of the file
* end - go to the bottom of the file
* space - scroll forward
* q - quit
* h - help
* / - forward regex search
* n - next occurrence of a search match
* N - previous occurrence of a search match
* -i - ignore case in further searches
Links:
* less man page - section COMMANDS, freebsd.org

## Versions

Versions of GNU less can be seen in http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/less/.
Greenwood Software less versions can be seen in http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/download.html and http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/old.html.
A version of less for MS Windows is available from GnuWin32 project, as well as from Cygwin.

## License

Less is dual-licensed under GNU GPL V3+ and The Less License, a BSD-like license. It follows from README file from less-481.tar.gz GNU less distribution. The Less License is stated in the LICENSE file in the same distribution.

## External links

* less home page, greenwoodsoftware.com
* less(1) OS X Manual Page at developer.apple.com
* less man page, freebsd.org
* GNU less pages at gnu.org; no user manual apparent
* Wikipedia article on Less
# Lesson One

| bad | good |
| Introduction | Organic Chemistry/Introduction |
| Overview of Functional Groups | Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups |
| Authors | Organic Chemistry/Authors |
# Leonese/Vocabulary/The colors

| English | Asturian |
| Yellow | Mariellu |
| Red | Bermeyu |
| Orange | Naranxa |
| Green | Verde |
| Blue | Azul |
| Purple/Violet | Viola |
| Black | Prietu |
| Grey | Buxu |
| Pink | Rosa |
| Brown | Marrón |
| White | Blancu |
# Leonese/Vocabulary/Seasons

| English | Asturian |
| Spring | Primavera |
| Summer | Branu |
| Autumn | Seronda |
| Winter | Iviernu |
# Let Us GCC
## Purpose

Purpose of this book to give GCC/G++ code for "Let us C" - Book by Yashavant Kanetkar. We will be translating his old code to new Standard C++ Code. you can run this code under Windows and Linux with Standard C++ compiler such as GCC/G++.

## Who is working on this?

OS-Contrib Community. A dedicated community for Contribution to Open Source/Free Software from India.

## How I can help ?

Read the Yashwant Kanetkar's books and Copy paste the bad code here which will run in TC3. We will translate this code to new Standard C++ code.

## Code listings
### Chapter 1

* Code 1.1
* Code 1.2
* Code 1.3

### Chapter 2

* Code 2.1
* Code 2.2
* Code 2.3
* Code 2.4
* Example 2.1
* Example 2.2
* Example 2.3
* Example 2.4
* Example 2.5
* Example 2.6
# Korean/Lesson II4

* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* — Reading and writing •
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2급: High beginner —
* 1. Sports •
* 2. Jobs •
* 3. Downtown •
* 4. Public transportation •
* 5. At the hotel •
* 6. At the library •
* 7. At the farm •
* 8. Medical care •
* 9. The Weather •
* 10. At the movies
* 3단계: Low intermediate •
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar
* Bus 버스 (beoseu)
* Taxi 택시 (taek shi)
* Train 기차 (gi cha)[This is just train in general. KTX is the new bullet train in Korea and they will know what you are talking about if you ask for the location of KTX, but remember that KTX is more expensive. You can also ride the 새마을 for about $10 less or the 무궁화 for half the cost of KTX, but neither are as fast nor as well kept.]
* Subway 지하철 (ji ha cheol)
* Car 차 (Cha)[also the word for tea]
* Station 역 (yeok)[as in subway/train station. For example, Seoul station is 서울역]
* Subway line or route 선 (seon). [For example, if you took the yellow subway route, or the 분당선, there is a stop at 야탑 where there is an awesome public park and bungee jumping.]
# Korean/Lesson II5

* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* — Reading and writing •
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2급: High beginner —
* 1. Sports •
* 2. Jobs •
* 3. Downtown •
* 4. Public transportation •
* 5. At the hotel •
* 6. At the library •
* 7. At the farm •
* 8. Medical care •
* 9. The Weather •
* 10. At the movies
* 3단계: Low intermediate •
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar
호텔 (ho-tel), Hotel 예약 (ye-yak) reserve, make a reservation

## Dialogue

여기 위키 호텔인가요? 방 있어요?
# Korean/Lesson II6

* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* — Reading and writing •
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2급: High beginner —
* 1. Sports •
* 2. Jobs •
* 3. Downtown •
* 4. Public transportation •
* 5. At the hotel •
* 6. At the library •
* 7. At the farm •
* 8. Medical care •
* 9. The Weather •
* 10. At the movies
* 3단계: Low intermediate •
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar

### Vocabulary

* 도서관(圖書館): library
* 잡지(雜誌) : magazine
* 책(冊) : book
# Korean/Lesson II8

* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* — Reading and writing •
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2급: High beginner —
* 1. Sports •
* 2. Jobs •
* 3. Downtown •
* 4. Public transportation •
* 5. At the hotel •
* 6. At the library •
* 7. At the farm •
* 8. Medical care •
* 9. The Weather •
* 10. At the movies
* 3단계: Low intermediate •
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar

### Vocabulary

* hospital 병원
* emergency 응급, 긴급
* ambulance 구급차
* doctor 의사
* nurse 간호사
* fever 열
* headache 두통
* stomachache 복통
* cough 기침
* throat 목, 목구멍
* pain 고통, 아픔
* medicine 약
* prescription 처방전
* flu 독감
* catch a cold 감기에 걸리다
* illness,disease 병
* surgery 수술

### Dialogue

D: 어디가 아프세요? Where does it hurt? P: 두통이 있어요. I have a headache.
D: 감기에 걸리신 것 같아요. You seem to have caught a cold.
P: 감사합니다. Thank you.
# Korean/Lesson II2

* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* — Reading and writing •
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2급: High beginner —
* 1. Sports •
* 2. Jobs •
* 3. Downtown •
* 4. Public transportation •
* 5. At the hotel •
* 6. At the library •
* 7. At the farm •
* 8. Medical care •
* 9. The Weather •
* 10. At the movies
* 3단계: Low intermediate •
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar

### Vocabulary

* 경찰관 (gyeongchalgwan) police officer
* 소방관 (sobanggwan) fire fighter
* 교사/선생님 (gyosa/seonsaengnim) teacher
* 학생 (haksaeng) student
* 예술가 (yesulga) artist
* 의사 (uisa) doctor
* 간호사 (ganhosa) nurse
* 정치인 (jeongchiin) politician
* 대통령 (daetongryeong) the president
* 국회의원 (gukhoe-uiwon) member of the National Assembly
* 이발사 (ibalsa) barber
* 회사원 (hwoesawon) office worker
* 운동 선수 (undong seonsu) athlete
** 육상 선수 (yuksang seonsu) (track-and-field) athlete
** 야구 선수 (yagu seonsu) baseball player
** 축구 선수 (chukgu seonsu) soccer player
** 농구 선수 (nong-gu seonsu) basketball player
** 수영 선수 (suyeong seonsu) swimmer
* 과학자 (gwahakja) scientist
* 가수 (gasu) singer
* 연예인 (yeonyein) entertainer
* 배우/여배우 (bae-woo/yeobae-woo) acter/actress
* 군인 (goon-in) soldier
* 조종사 (jojongsa) pilot
* 기사 (gisa) engineer
* 기술자 (gisulja) mechanic
* 음악가 (eumakga) musician