OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Software Tools For Molecular Microscopy/Utilities
## Utilities
#### BBHP/Suprim add-ons

    Website: http://coan.burnham.org/other-projects Contact: coan@burnham.org Two plugins for the Burnham-Brandeis Helical Package and/or Suprim, tkfilter for tomogram symmetry filtering and tkstraighten for boxing and straightening helical filaments. Support: Operating systems: Image format support: MRC Cost: Free for academic users Primary Publication to Cite: unpublished

#### crop

    Website: http://emlab.rose2.brandeis.edu/software Current version: 1.0 Contact: niko @brandeis.edu Program for cutting sections out of 2D and 3D density maps. Support: Operating systems: Linux/Mac Image format support: MRC Cost: Free/Open Source, GPL Primary Publication to Cite: unpublished

#### diffmap

    Website: http://emlab.rose2.brandeis.edu/software Current version: 1.12 Contact: niko @brandeis.edu Program to calculate difference maps between two density maps. Support: Operating systems: Linux/Mac Image format support: MRC Cost: Free/Open Source, GPL Primary Publication to Cite: unpublished

#### em2em

    Website: http://www.imagescience.de/em2em.html Contact: em2em@ImageScience.de Program to convert images (2D images and 3D volumes) from/to formats typically used in the EM community. Support: Operating systems: Most platforms (Linux/Unix, Mac OS X (intel), MS Windows) Image format support: Most formats (IMAGIC, Spider, CCP4, MRC, CCP4, TIFF, etc.) Cost: Free Primary Publication to Cite: unpublished

#### Matlab functions for 3dEM file formats

    Website: http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/27021 Contact: Fred Sigworth Support: Operating systems: MATLAB-supported systems Image format support: Imagic, MRC and DM3 Cost: Free/Open Source, BSD license Written In: MATLAB Primary Publication to Cite: Unpublished

#### MoniTEM

    Website: http://cores.imp.ac.at/monitem Current version: 1.0.1 Contact: Guenter Resch <guenter.resch@imba.oeaw.ac.at> A software tool for the Tecnai and Titan platform of TEMs designed to increase system uptime by constant monitoring. Support: Operating systems: Windows Image format support: n/a Cost: Free Primary Publication to Cite: Brunner, M. J., and Resch, G. P. (2009): Automated monitoring to reduce electron microscope downtime. Ultramicroscopy 109, 1389-92.
# Soil Erosion by Water/Exercise A

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# Exercise A

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# Soil Erosion by Water/Further Reading

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# Further reading
## en

* Morgan, R.P.C (2005). Soil Erosion and Conservation. 3rd ed., Blackwell, Oxford.
* Lal, R. (1994). Soil Erosion Research Methods. 2nd ed., Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, IA.
* Harmon, R.S., and Doe Ill, W.W. (2001). Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modelling. Kluver Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
* Toy, T.J., Foster, G.R., and Renard, K.G. (2002). Soil Erosion: Processes, Prediction, Measurement, and Control. Wiley & Sons, New York

## de

* Morgan, R.P.C (1999). Bodenerosion und Bodenerhaltung. Thieme, Stuttgart.
* Richter, G. (1998). Bodenerosion: Analyse und Bilanz eines Umweltproblems. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt
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# Soil Erosion by Water
## Preface
### Objectives

Chapter 1 Processes and Mechanics of Water Erosion summarizes the prevailing mechanical principles of processes related to soil erosion by water on hillslopes, such as infiltration, rainsplash detachment and transport, interrill detachment, particle transport, rill erosion, and sediment continuity.
Chapter 2 Soil Conservation Measures merely enumerates soil conservation strategies and measures without explaining their effects and modes of action in details.
Finally, Exercises aim to reflect and discuss which of the driving factors of soil erosion processes may be influenced by soil conservation measures, and which influence the various soil conservation measures will have on soil erosion processes.

### Demarcations

Some specific topics in terms of soil erosion are explicitly not subject of this document: • Gully erosion, mass movements, and soil erosion by wind as specific types of soil erosion with very different processes, • The economic, social, and ecologic effects of soil erosion on goods, soil, plants, and creatures, waters, and landscape as a whole, • The variety of specific soil erosion research methods, and their suitablility to derive process-related equations, • The topics of erosion hazard assessment, and of erosion modelling.
Literature listed in section Further Reading is recommended for further information on topics such as these.

## Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Processes and Mechanics of Water Erosion
* Process Basics
* Soil Hydrologic Basics
* Rainsplash
* Soil Detachment by Interrill Overland Flow
* Transport of Soil Particles by Interrill Flow
* Rill Erosion
* Sediment Continuity
* Further Reading
Chapter 2: Soil Conservation Measures
* Strategies
* Techniques
Exercises
* Exercise A
* Exercise B
# Soil Erosion by Water/Exercise B

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# Statics/Trusses

Trusses are series of trianglular supports with no intraspan loads. Classified as two force members,the beams have applied forces only at the ends. The resultant forces at the ends must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, along the line of the joints of the member. These forces are called axial forces. The member is said to be in compression if T is negative (ie, the forces at each end are toward each other) or in tension if T is positive.
The main strategies for analyzing trusses are the method of joints and the method of sections.

## Engineering Trusses

The following picture shows a three member truss. Angles, and one force are given in the picture. Find the force in the vertical and diagonal member by using what you know about equilibrium.
Then assign a coordinate system. In this problem a two dimensional X,Y plane can be used with the positive X axis being horizontal running from left to right(pointing to the right). The Y axis will be vertical and pointing upwards.
Since this is a statics problem, the joint cannot move. The only way the joint won't move is if the forces acting on it are in equilibrium (the net force must be equal to zero in all directions). An intelligent step now would be to sum X and Y forces at the joint.
Assign variable names so you don't get members confused with each other, let's call the vertical member's tension $T_{1}$ and the diagonal member's tension $T_{2}$.
$\sum F_{x}=0=-10-T_{2}\cos(30)+T_{1}\cos(90)$
$\sum F_{y}=0=T_{1}+T_{2}\sin(30)$
The cosine of 90 degrees is zero so $T_{1}$ drops out. You could also drop out $T_{1}$ simply by noticing that $T_{1}$ does not have an X component.
$\sum F_{x}=0=-10-T_{2}\cos(30)$
$\ T_{2}=-11.547N$
The negative sign indicates that the force is in the opposite direction as in the picture. This means the member is in compression instead of tension. Now we can solve for $T_{1}$.
$\sum F_{y}=0=T_{1}+T_{2}sin(30)$
$\sum F_{y}=0=T_{1}+-11.547sin(30)$
$\ T_{1}=5.774N$
This answer came out positive, meaning the direction indicated in the picture was correct and the member is in tension.
The problem has been solved, we know the force in every member of the truss and whether the member is in tension or compression. If you are having problems visualizing the problem see if the image below helps.
Quick links:Statics, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
# Statics/Preliminary Principles

* Measurement and Units
* Vector Math
# Statics/Resultants of Force Systems (contents)

A force system is a collection of forces acting at specified locations (may also include couples). Thus the set of forces shown on any free body diagram make up a force system. Force system is simply a term used to describe a group of forces.

## Resultants

When two or more forces or moments are combined, the combination is called a resultant. Any force system can be simplified about a point to a resultant consisting of one force and one couple (either or both of which may be zero). The force is applied to the point and is the vector sum of all of the forces in the system. The couple is the vector sum of all of the couples in the force system plus the vector sum of all of the moments about the point of all of the forces in the force system. One immediate consequence of this definition of resultant is that the resultant about any point of the external force system acting on any system in equilibrium must be zero. The statement that the sum of the external forces and the sum of the external moments acting on a system in equilibrium is zero is often replaced by the statement that the resultant acting on a system in equilibrium is zero. An important attribute of the resultant of a force system is that if you apply the resultant of a force system to a rigid body, the effect on that rigid body is exactly the same as the effect of the original force system. It is in this sense that the resultant is "equivalent" to the original force system. Thus as we study the behavior of rigid bodies under the action of forces, the resultant of the external force system will be of vital interest. Care must be taken in replacing force systems with their resultant when dealing with deformable bodies as the effects of the resultant acting on a non-rigid system will be different than the effects of the actual force system.

## Equipollence

The "equivalence" of effect on a rigid body of a force system and its resultant is the motivation for the term equipollence. Two force systems are said to be equipollent if they have the same resultant about a point. Thus two equipollent force systems have the same effect on a rigid body. Thus the precise way to state what we have learned about the toe is that the upper clamping surface exerts a force system on the toe that is equipollent to a force of 540 lb in the -Y direction acting at a point at the top, middle of the toe. Typically we are not this precise and merely state that the clamping surface is exerting a force of 540 lb in the -Y direction on the top, middle point of the toe. It is important for you to recognize that when you hear such statements, what they mean is that the force system acting on the object is equipollent to the specified force and that the particular distribution or combination of forces involved may be quite complicated.
# Statics/Rigid Body Equilibrium (contents)

Rigid body equilibrium exists when a rigid body under the influence of a force system is in a stable equilibrium.

## What is a rigid body?

It is a fictional object that is a useful approximation. The rigid body cannot be deformed, which means it cannot be squished or broken. Mathematically, we would say that every point on the rigid body will retain their distance and position relative to one another not matter the force. If we were to subject it to two forces approaching infinity, it would not be harmed.

## How are they useful?

Rigid bodies are useful approximations because we will often be faced with materials that are not under enormous amounts of strain- the force is very small relative to the material's modulus of elasticity. We will go over how to see whether or not a rigid body is in equilibrium in two dimensions, and then be able to generalize that to three dimensions.
# Statics/Two-Dimensional Equilibrium

There are six equations expressing the equilibrium of a rigid body in 3 dimensions.
Sum of Forces: $\sum _^F_{x}=0$, $\sum _^F_{y}=0$, $\sum _^F_{z}=0$
Sum of Moments: $\sum _^M_{x}=0$, $\sum _^M_{y}=0$, $\sum _^M_{z}=0$
In two dimensions one direction of force and two directions of moments can be ignored. When forces exist only in the x and y directions, there cannot be a moment in any direction except z. The equations of concern when forces only exist in the x and y directions are shown below.
Sum of Forces: $\sum _^F_{x}=0$, $\sum _^F_{y}=0$
Sum of Moments: $\sum _^M_{z}=0$
To solve two dimensional statics problems:
* draw a free body diagram
* Write equations for force equilibrium
* Write equations for moment equilibrium
* Once you have the same number of equations as unknowns the problem can be solved, you may have to strategically pick points to write moment equations etc.

## Couple

A couple exerts the same moment at every point as demonstrated in this section. After looking at the picture to the right the following equations can be written. Counter clockwise moments are considered positive and clockwise negative. F1 = F2
$\sum M_{A}=F_{1}*a-F_{2}*(b+a)=F_{1}*a-F_{1}*(b+a)=-F_{1}*b=-F*b$
$\sum M_{B}=-F_{1}*(b+c)+F_{2}*(c)=-F*b$
$\sum M_{C}=-F_{1}*d-F_{2}*e=-F*(d+e)=-F*b$
The moment about all points is the force multiplied by the distance between the forces. If you found the moment about D, or any other point you would continue to find the same moment. All points have the same moment, even points that aren't in the x-y plane.

## Example 1
### Question

The picture to the right shows the forces acting on a parked car. If the weight of the car acts exactly halfway between the two wheels and the weight is 1000 lbs how much force is exerted on the rear wheel? What about the front wheel?

### Answer

Writing the force equations
$\sum F_{x}=0$
There are no forces in the x direction
$\sum F_{y}=0=R_{f}+R_{B}-W=R_{f}+R_{B}-1000lbs$
Writing moment equation about front wheel
$\sum M_{f}=0=-5ft*W+10*R_{B}=-5000lbft+10*R_{B}$
$\ R_{B}=500lb$
subbing $R_{B}$ back into the $sumF_{y}$
$\sum F_{y}=0=R_{f}+R_{B}-W=R_{f}+500lbs-1000lbs$
$\ R_{f}=500lbs$
Please note that $R_{f}$ and $R_{B}$ are distributed over two wheels. Each front wheel supports half of $R_{f}$ and each back wheel supports half of $R_{B}$.

## Example 2

Question:
       A uniform ring of mass $m\,\!$ and radius $r\,\!$ carries an eccentric mass $m_{0}\,\!$ at a radius $b\,\!$ and is in equilibrium position on an incline, which makes an angle $\alpha \,\!$ with the horizontal. If the contacting surfaces are rough enough to prevent slipping, write the expression for the angle $\theta \,\!$ which defines the equilibrium position.
       Answer: $\theta =sin^{-1}[{\frac {r}{b}}(1+{\frac {m}{m_{0}}})sin\alpha ]\,\!$
# Statics/Particle Equilibrium (contents)

All statics problems involve the state of particle equilibrium. Particle equilibrium is defined as the state in which the particle, or object, is not translating or rotating. This requires that the sum of forces and moments (sometimes called torques, although that term has a more specific meaning) acting on the particle to be zero. When these conditions are met, the particle is in particle equilibrium.
# Statics/Quizzes

What does the moment equal at a cantilever end? Answer: Zero.
When we call system of forces is not equilibrium stable? Answer: When the sum of all forces doesn't equal Zero.
# Statics/Three-Dimensional Equilibrium

There are six equations expressing the equilibrium of a rigid body in 3 dimensions.
Sum of Forces: $\sum _^F_{x}=0$, $\sum _^F_{y}=0$, $\sum _^F_{z}=0$
Sum of Moments: $\sum _^M_{x}=0$, $\sum _^M_{y}=0$, $\sum _^M_{z}=0$
To solve three dimensional statics problems:
Im mad bc why r there only 5 problems here i need the six specific equilibruim equations for a 3 dimensional system. HELP BRO.
* Resolve force components
* Resolve moments about a point
* Resolve moments about a line or axis. See Scalar Triple Product
Knowing how to find the Determinate of a matrix can help a lot here.
# The Computer Revolution/MIS/OIS
### Office Information Systems

Office Information Systems (OIS) are used in virtually every area of business for a variety of purposes. Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org are OIS that are widely used in business from the small entrepreneur to the large bureaucratic organizations.

#### Microsoft Word

Microsoft word is a component of the Microsoft Office system; however, it is also sold as a standalone product or included in Microsoft Works Suite. Beginning with the 2003 version, the branding was revised to emphasize Word's identity as a component within the Office suite: Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office Word instead of merely Microsoft Word.
Microsoft Office Word helps create and share their professional-looking content by combining a comprehensive set of writing tools with an easy to use interface.
The following link provides a detailed overview of Microsoft Office, http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word/HA101656411033.aspx

### Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel allows the user to analyze, share and manage information to make informed decisions and can be purchased online at the following website: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/default.aspx. Regular updates are available as well as a user friendly HELP database. Following is the most current updates for editing cells found in Microsoft Excel.
A free alternative to Microsoft Excel is OpenOffice.org's Calc.
# The Computer Revolution/MIS/DSS
## DSS Decision Support System

A computer based information system that provides a flexible tool for an analysis and helps managers focus on the future. It takes all kinds of data from all different places and gathers it in a way that humans can understand it.
Features Inputs or Outputs- input includes internal data, ie- prossed transaction data. Output are demand reports on which a top manager can make a dicision about problems.
Tactical Managers- used to assist tactical level manager in making tactical decisions.
Produces Analytic models- this is a key attribut to the DSS as it uses models.
Uses
Dss are developed to support the types of decision faces by managers in specific indistries, ie- airline and real estate. American Airlines produced a DSS that helps to decide how much to over book and how to set prices for each seat so that a plane is filled and profits are maximized.

### DSS Applications Development

About 1980, people started the activities that related to expanding DSS applications. Those actions expanded the decision support systems which beyond the management and business application domain. These diverse systems called Decision Support Systems(DSS). During those days, people recognized that DSS could be used to support decision-makers at any level and in an organization. As well, it could support operations decision making, strategic decision-making and financial management.
# The Computer Revolution/MIS/SDLC

SDLC or System Development Life Cycle is a flow chart that describes the development of a system from the time it is first studied until the time it is updated or replaced. System development typically consists of six steps: Preliminary investigation, System Analysis, System Design, System Acquisition, System Implication, and System Maintenance. These six steps are what make a SDLC. The basic function of a SDLC is to keep organized and be able to lay out neatly the process of system development. Each step consists of some type of documentation that carries forward to the next step of the cycle. Each step discusses the development of the next step in the cycle. These charts help to document the progress made during each step of the system development process.
# Middleware

In the computer industry, middleware is a general term for any programming that serves to "glue together" or mediate between two separate and often already existing programs. A common application of middleware is to allow programs written for access to a particular database to access other databases. http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/middleware Stimulated by the growth of network-based applications, middleware technologies are taking an increasing importance. They cover a wide range of software systems, including distributed objects and components, message-oriented communication, and mobile application support. http://middleware.objectweb.org/
Typically, middleware programs provide messaging services so that different applications can communicate. The systematic tying together of disparate applications, often through the use of middleware, is known as enterprise application integration (EAI).In all of the above situations, applications use intermediate software that resides on top of the operating systems and communication protocols to perform the following functions : Hiding distribution, i.e. the fact that an application is usually made up of many interconnected parts running in distributed locations; Hiding the heterogeneity of the various hardware components, operating systems and communication protocols; Providing uniform, standard, high-level interfaces to the application developers and integrators, so that applications can be easily composed, reused, ported, and made to interoperate; Supplying a set of common services to perform various general purpose functions, in order to avoid duplicating efforts and to facilitate collaboration between applications. These intermediate software layers have come to be known under the generic name of middleware. The role of middleware is to make application development easier, by providing common programming abstractions, by masking the heterogeneity and the distribution of the underlying hardware and operating systems, and by hiding low-level programming details.
If used for web database applications, middleware is oftentimes written as scripts, such as JavaScript, VBScript, CGI, or PHP. Alternately, there are now capabilities in web authoring software that can automatically generate the needed scripts to connect a dynamic webpage to a database, depending on the configuration the web developer sets.
# The Computer Revolution/Networks/Components
## Network Backbones

Backbones are the basic infrastructure of the internet. They are high speed lines that directly connect large hubs, companies and academic institutes. Typically trunk line backbones are made of fibre optic cables. Many of these fibre optic cables are bundled together to increase capacity. The rating system for fibre optic cables is designated with OC for optical carrier. For example an OC-3 has a transmitting capacity of 155Mbps whereas an OC-48 can transmit 2488Mbps (2.488Gbps). An OC-48 is about 44,430 times faster than a standard 56Kbps modem still available today. This huge network of backbones between countries governments, educational institutions, research institutions and companies operate their own backbones which interconnect. The entire network is a gigantic agreement between these institutions sprawling around the world allowing the freedom of intercommunication.

## Network Operating System

A Network Operating System (NOS) is software that serves the following three purposes:
* It controls a network and the messages (packets) and queues it receives
* It controls access to network resources (e.g., files) by multiple users
* It provides for certain administrative functions, such as security
A NOS is not the same as Windows XP (a networking tool provided by an existing operating system), as an example. A networking operating system is an OS that has been written to keep a network running at peak performance.
A NOS is most often used with LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks), but might also be used in conjunction with larger network systems.
NOS is an operating system that also has special functions for connecting computers and devices into a LAN or Inter-networking. Some of the more common NOS for DOS and Windows systems are Novell Netware, Windows NT and 2000, Sun Solaris and IBM OS/2. The Cisco Internet Operating System (IOS) is also a NOS that specializes in the Internet working capabilities of network devices.
Some of the features of the Network Operating System are:
* Basic operating system features such as support for processors, protocols, automatic hardware detection, and multi-processing of applications
* Security features that include authentication, logon restriction and access control
* Provide name and directory services
* Provide other services, such as file, print, web, back-up and replication
* Support Internet working (e.g., routing, WAN ports)
* Support and user management for logging off and on (remote access), system management, administration and auditing tools with graphic interfaces
* Clustering capabilities for fault tolerant and high availability systems