# Lombard/Pronominal and adverbial particles

* The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

## Pronominal particles (and adverbial particle “ghe”)
### Western Lombard

Pronominal particles (not in suffix form) are placed before the predicate, when there is more than one type follow the order of the table below. Attention: they can be used for verbs in the moods indicative, subjunctive or conditional, instead in the other cases the suffixes are used (see the following paragraph).
| | Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic $^1$ | Complement of term Complement of advantage | Direct object | Complement of topic $^2$ Complement of motion from place $^{3attention}$ Complement of specification Partitive complement |
| 1^sing. | ghegaagh / gh' | memaam/ m' | memama / m' | ne |
| 2^sing. | ghegaagh / gh' | tetaat / t' | tetaat / t' | ne |
| 3^sing. "m" | ghegaagh / gh' | ghegaagh / gh' | elal | ne |
| 3^sing. "f" | ghegaagh / gh' | ghegaagh / gh' | la | ne |
| 1^pl. | ghegaagh / gh' | ne | ne | ne |
| 2^pl. | ghegaagh / gh' | vean / v' | veav / v' | ne |
| 3^pl. "m" | ghegaagh / gh' | ghegaagh / gh' | je ja / ia ai /ei | ne |
| 3^pl. "f" | ghegaagh / gh' | ghegaagh / gh' | je ja / ia ai /ei | ne |
| Reflexive | - | se | se | - |

#### Dialects

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MI
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VA
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 agh before vowel, "gh'" before consonant in PV
* 1 2 MI
* 1 2 VA
* 1 2 3 4 "at" before vowel, "t'" before consonant in PV
* 1 2 MI
* 1 2 VA
* 1 2 "at" before vowel, "t'" before consonant in PV
* ↑ MI
* ↑ VA
* ↑ MI
* ↑ MI
* 1 2 MI
* 1 2 "av" before vowel, "v'" before consonant in PV
* ↑ MI when using it, you should not use the universal weak pronoun a
* ↑ Lagh -MI (archaic) when using it, you should not use the universal weak pronoun a
* ↑ when using it, you should not use the universal weak pronoun a
* ↑ MI when using it, you should not use the universal weak pronoun a
* ↑ Lagh -MI (archaic) when using it, you should not use the universal weak pronoun a
* ↑ when using it, you should not use the universal weak pronoun a
In addition: en = a (Universal weak subject personal pronoun) + ne and when the univesal pronoun is optional 'en or ne is used depending on the phonetics
em (archaic)= a ( Universal weak subject personal pronoun)) + me $^1$ complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "sora" or "in su" (or, soeu...) $^2$ complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposizzion "de" (in dialet Milanes o "da" depending on the dialect...)
$^3$ complement of motion from place that in estende form would be introduced by the preposizzion "de" (o "da" depending on the dialect...)
Attention: Its usage as a complement of motion from place is not allowed in all the dialects; for example it is allowed in Laghee dialect but it is not allowed Milanese dialect.
In the dialects where it cannot be used as a complement of motion from place the estende form "via / via de lì / via de là" is used istead as a complement of motion form place.
Examples:
El ne va (Laghee dialect)
El va via de là (MIlanes dialect)
In addition: There i salso the passivating impersonal pronominal particle "se" (o sa depending on the dialect) which is used to construct the impersonal or passive impersonal forms. ►see►►Lombard/Verbal diathesis

### Eastern Lombard

| | Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic $^1$ | Complement of term Complement of advantage | Direct object | Complement of topic $^2$ Complement of motion from place $^{3attention}$ Complement of specification Partitive complement |
| 1^sing. | ghe | me | me | ne |
| 2^sing. | ghe | te | te | ne |
| 3^sing. "m" | ghe | ghe | la | ne |
| 3^sing. "f" | ghe | ghe | la | ne |
| 1^pl. | ghe | me | me | ne |
| 2^pl. | ghe | ve | ve | ne |
| 3^pl. "m" | ghe | ghe | ja / ia | ne |
| 3^pl. "f" | ghe | ghe | ja / ia | ne |
| Reflexive | - | se | se | - |
$^1$ Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "sora" or "in su" (o su, soeu...) $^2$ Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "de" (o "da" dependig on the dialects...)
$^3$ Complement of motion to place that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "de" (o "da" depending on the dialects...).
In addition: There i salso the passivating impersonal pronominal particle "se" (o sa depending on the dialect) which is used to construct the impersonal or passive impersonal forms. ►see►►Impersonal passive form ►see►►Impersonal active form

#### Dialects

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 BG
* 1 2 BG
* 1 2 BG
* ↑ BG
* ↑ BG
* ↑ BG
* 1 2 BG
* ↑ BG
* ↑ BG

### References

* Claudio Beretta, A lezione di grammatica milanese, Circolo Filologico Milanese, pag.78-79 MI
* Nozioni di Grammatica del Dialetto BergamascoBG

## Pronominal particles as a suffix
### Western Lombard

Attention: they can be used for infinitive, gerund moods and imperative mood in 1st and 2nd person
| | Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic $^1$ | Complement of term Complement of advantage | Direct object | Complement of topic $^2$ Complement of motion from place $^3$ Complement of specification Partitive complement |
| 1st sing. | -gh | -m | -m | -nn/-n |
| 2nd sing. | -gh | -t | -t | -nn/-n |
| 3rd sing. "m" | -gh | -gh | -ll / -l | -nn/-n |
| 3rd sing. "f" | -gh | -gh | -lla / -la | -nn/-n |
| 1st pl. | -gh | -n /-nn | -n /-nn | -nn/-n |
| 2nd pl. | -gh | -v | -v | -nn/-n |
| 3rd pl. "m" | -gh | -gh | -i | -nn/-n |
| 3rd pl. "f" | -gh | -gh | -i | -nn/-n |
| Reflexive | - | -ss -s | -ss -s | - |
$^1$ Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "sora" or "in su" (o su, soeu...) $^2$ Complement of topic that in extended form would be introduced by the preposition "de" (o "da" dependig on the dialects...)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 in NOL the letter is doubled in cases where the accent falls on the preceding vowel
* 1 2 MI
* ↑ added to the infinitive or to the gerund in MI
* ↑ added to the imperative in MI
* ↑ added to the infinitive or to the gerund in MI
* ↑ added to the imperative in MI

### Esatern Lombard

Attention: they can be used for infinitive mood and imperative mood in 1st and 2nd person
| | Attention: it is not a pronominal particle but an adverbial one in function of: Complement of state in place Complement of motion to place Complement of motion through place or it is pronominal in function of: Complement of topic $^1$ | Complement of term Complement of advantage | Direct object | Complement of topic $^2$ Complement of motion from place $^3$ Complement of specification Partitive complement |
| 1st sing. | -ga | -m | -m | -nn/ -n |
| 2st sing. | -ga | -t | -t | -nn/ -n |
| 3rd sing. "m" | -ga | -ga | -ll / -l | -nn/ -n |
| 3rd sing. "f" | -ga | -ga | -lla /-la | -nn/ -n |
| 1st pl. | -ga | -n | -n | -nn/ -n |
| 2nd pl. | -ga | -s | -s | -nn/ -n |
| 3rd pl. "m" | -ga | -ga | -i | -nn/ -n |
| 3rd pl. "f" | -ga | -ga | -le | -nn/ -n |
| Reflexive | - | -ss -s | -ss -s | - |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 in NOL the letter is doubled in cases where the accent falls on the preceding vowel
* 1 2 BG

## How to add suffixes
### Western Lombard

(examples in Milanese dialect)
Note: The gerund it exists only in some dialect of southern Lombardy and imported from the Italian language

#### 1st conjugation

| Suffix to be added | Rule for the infinitive | Examples | Rule for the imperative | Examples | Rule for the gerund | Examples |
| -m | add -m | mangià → mangiàm | | 2nd person singolar mangia → mangiom 2nd person plural mangé → mangem | add -om | mangiand → magiandom |
| -t | add -t | mangià → mangiàt | | | add -ot | mangiand → magiandot |
| -gh | add -gh | mangià → mangiàgh | 2nd person singolar Replace the suffix with -egh (*with the exception of monosyllabic verbs, for which -gh is added) 1st person plural add -igh 2nd person plural Replace the suffix with -eegh | 2nd person singolar mangia → mangegh da → dagh 1st person plural mangem → mangemigh 2nd person plural mangé → mangeegh dé → deegh | add -om | mangiand → magiandom |
| -n | add -nn | mangià → mangiànn | | | add -on | mangiand → magiandon |
| -v | add -v | mangià → mangiàv | | | add -ov | mangiand → magiandov |
| -ss | add -ss | mangià → mangiàss | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -es (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural add -es 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -eeves and move the accent to ee | 2nd person singolar mangia → manges 1st person plural mangèm → mangèmes 2nd person plural mangé → mangeeves | add -os | mangiand → magiandos |
| -nn | add -nn | mangià → mangiànn | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -en''' (i after g o c is removed) (*except for monosyllabic verbs, for which -nn is added) 1st person plural add -en 2nd person plural replace the suffix with-een (i after g o c is removed) | 2nd person singolar mangia → mangen da → dann 1st person plural mangèm →mangèmen 2nd person plural mangé→ mangeen dé → deen | add -on | mangiand → mangiandon |
| -ll | add -ll | mangià → mangiàll | replace the suffix with -el (i after g o c is removed) | mangia → mangel | add -ol | mangiand → mangiandol |
| -la | add -lla | mangià → mangiàlla | replace the suffix with -ela (i after g o c is removed) | mangia → mangela | add -ol | mangiand → mangiandola |
| -i | add -i | mangià → mangiài | replace the suffix with -ei (i after g o c is removed) | mangia → mangei | add -oi | mangiand → mangiandoi |

#### 2nd conjugation

| Suffix to be added | Rule for the infinitive | Examples | Rule for imperative | Examples | Rule for the gerund | Examples |
| -m | add -m | piasé → piasém | | | add -om | piasend → piasendom |
| -t | add -t | piasé → piasét | | | add -ot | piasend → piasendot |
| -gh | add -gh | piasé → piaségh | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -egh 1st person plural replace the suffix with -égh 2nd person plural add -igh | 2nd person singolar ved → vedegh 1st person plural vedì → vedégh 2nd person plural vedèm → vedèmigh | add -ogh | piasend → piasendogh |
| -n | add -nn | piasé → piasénn | | | add -on | piasend → piasendon |
| -v | add -v | piasé→ piasév | | | add -ov | piasend → piasendov |
| -ss | add -ss | piasé→ piaséss | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -es (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -eeves and move the accent to ee | 2nd person singolar piàs → piases 1st person plural … 2nd person plural piasì → piaseeves | add -os | piasend → piasendos |
| -nn | add -nn | vedé → vedénn | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -en''' (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with-én (i after g o c is removed) | 2nd person singolar ved → veden 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural vedì → vedeen | add -on | vedend→ vedendon |
| -ll | add -ll | vedé → vedéll | replace the suffix with -el (i after g o c is removed) | véd → vedel | add -ol | vedend→ vedendol |
| -la | add -lla | vedé → vedélla | replace the suffix with -ela (i after g o c is removed) | véd → vedela | add -ola | vedend→ vedendola |
| -i | add -i | vedé → vedéi | replace the suffix with -ei (i after g o c is removed) | véd → vedei | add -oi | vedend→ vedendoi |

#### 3rd conjugation

| Suffix to be added | Rule for the infinitive | Examples | Rule for the imperative | Examples | Rule for the gerund | Examples |
| -m | replace the suffix with -om add -iom after g o c add -som after ù | scriver → scrivom lensger → lengiom tradù → tradusom | | | add -om | scrivend → scrivendom |
| -t | replace the suffix with -et add -som after ù | scriver → screvet lensger → leget tradù → traduset | | | add -ot | scrivend → scrivendot |
| -gh | replace the suffix with -igh add -sigh after ù | scriver → scrivigh lensger → ligigh tradù → tradusigh | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -egh 2nd person singolar add -igh 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -eegh | 2nd person singolar scrìv → scrivegh 1st person plural scrivem → scrive,gh 2nd person plural scrivì → scriveegh | add -ogh | scrivend → scrivendogh |
| -n | replace the suffix with -en add -sen after ù | scriver → scriven lensger → legen tradù → tradusen | | | add -on | scrivend → scrivendon |
| -v | replace the suffix with -ev add -sev after ù | scriver → scrivev lensger → legev tradù → tradusev | | | add -ov | scrivend → scrivendov |
| -ss | replace the suffix with -s (solo una "s") add -sess after ù | lensger→ lenges | 2nd person singolar add -es (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural add -es 2nd person plural aggiungi -eeves e porta l'avvento sopra "ee" | 2nd person singolar scond → scondes 1st person plural scondem → scondemes 2nd person plural scondì → scondeeves | add -os | scrivend → scrivendos |
| -nn | replace the suffix with -en | lensger → lensgen | 2nd person singolar cambia el sufiss con -en''' (i after g o c is removed) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with-een (i after g o c is removed) | 2nd person singolar scond → sconden 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural scondì → scondeen | add -onn | lensgend→ lensgendonn |
| -ll | replace the suffix with -el add -ll after ù | lensger→ lensgel tradù → tradull | add -el | lénsg → lensgel | add -ol | scrivend → scrivendol |
| -la | replace the suffix with -ela add -lla after ù | lensger → lensgela tradù → tradùlla | add -ela | lensg → lensgela | add -ola | legend→ legendola |
| -i | add -ei add -i after ù | lensger → lensgei tradù → tradùi | add -ei | lénsg → lensgei | add -oi | legend→ legendoi |

#### 4th conjugation

| Suffix to be added | Rule for the infinitive | Examples | Rule for the imperative | Examples | Rule for the gerund | Examples |
| -m | add -m | fornì → fornìm | | | add -om | fornend → fornenendom |
| -t | add -t | fornì → fornìt | | | add -ot | fornend → fornendom |
| -gh | add -gh | fornì → fornìgh | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -egh (*except for monosyllabic verbs, to which -gh is added) 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -éegh 2nd person plural add -igh | 2nd person singolar finiss → finissegh dì → digh 2nd person singolar disì → diseegh 2nd person plural desem → disemigh | add -ogh | fornend → fornendogh |
| -n | add -nn | fornì → fornìnn | | | add -on | fornend → fornendon |
| -v | add -v | fornì → fornìv | | | add -ov | fornend → fornendov |
| -ss | add -ss | fornì→ fornìss | 2nd person singolar cambia 'l sufiss con -isses (for inchoative verbs) or replace the suffix with -es (for non-inchoative verbs) 1st person plural replace the suffix with -issemess (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -emes (for non-inchoative verbs) 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -eeves | 2nd person singolar cusiss → cusisses 1st person plural cusissem → cusissemes sentem → sentemes 2nd person plural cusì → cuseeves | add -os | fornend → fornendos |
| -nn | add -nn | fornì → fornìnn | 2nd person singolar replace the suffix with -en (for inchoative verbs) or replace the suffix with -issen (for non-inchoative verbs) (i after g o c is removed) (*except for monosyllabic verbs, to wich -nn is added) 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural replace the suffix with -en (for inchoative verbs) or replace the suffix with -isseen (for non-inchoative verbs) (i after g o c is removed) | 2nd person singolar finiss → finissen senta → senten di → dinn 1st person plural ... 2nd person plural finì → finisseen sentì → senteen | add -on | fornend→ fornedon |
| -ll | add -ll | fornì → fornìll | replace the suffix with -issel (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -el (for non-inchoative verbs) | finiss → finissel senta → sentel | add -ol | fornend→ fornendol |
| -la | add -lla | fornì → fornìlla | replace the suffix with -issela (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -ela (for non-inchoative verbs) | finiss → finissela senta → sentela | add -ola | fornend→ fornendola |
| -i | add -i | fornì → fornìi | replace the suffix with -issei (for inchoative verbs) o replace the suffix with -ei (for non-inchoative verbs) | finiss → finissei senta → sentei | add -oi | fornend→ fornendoi |

#### Combined suffixes

The suffixes can also be more than one but at most two, in this case we are talking about combined suffixes. The order of the suffixes is that of the table. Suffixes consisting only of consonants are added to the end of the word with an "e" in between (in milanese o or an other vowel depending on the dialect, for example it’s quite evident that in Varesino dialect "a" is used instead)
for example: -gh + -ll = -ghel , -m + -nn = -men , -ss + -el = -ssel; the only exception is the first person plural (num) which for phonetic reasons is replaced by the first person singular, i.e., for example: -n + -el does not become -nel , but -mel, like the singular.
Examples:

### Eastern Lombard

The manner of adding suffixes is similar to that of Western Lombard.