OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Turkish/Numbers
### Numbers: non-negative integers

Digits:(Rakamlar) 0 sıfır 1 bir 2 iki 3 üç 4 dört 5 beş 6 altı 7 yedi 8 sekiz 9 dokuz
Ten and above: 10 on 11 on bir ("ten one"), 12 on iki, 13 on üç, ... 20 yirmi 21 yirmi bir, 22 yirmi iki ,... 30 otuz 40 kırk 50 elli 60 altmış 70 yetmiş 80 seksen 90 doksan 100 yüz 200 iki yüz, 300 üç yüz ,...
1 000 bin 2 000 iki bin, 3 000 üç bin ,... 10 000 on bin, 20 000 yirmi bin, 30 000 otuz bin ,...
1 000 000 bir milyon 1 000 000 000 bir milyar 1 000 000 000 000 bir trilyon, 1 000 000 000 000 000 bir katrilyon
Use spaces: 123 456 789 (which is read: yüz yirmi üç milyon dört yüz elli altı bin yedi yüz seksen dokuz) should be written with spaces for easier reading. But (of course) not if you are writing down some amount of money on a check or something alike.

### Spelling out numbers

While spelling out a number, we say it in packs of 2 or 3, rather than one by one. Phone numbers are formattet accordingly.
* 0527 442 57 63 - sıfır beş yüz yirmi yedi, dört yüz kırk iki, elli yedi, altmış üç
Years are read as if they are one big number.
* 1984 - bin dokuz yüz seksen dört
* 2022 - iki bin yirmi iki

### Decimal fractions

0.2 (engl.) = 0,2 (tr.) sıfır virgül iki
0.01 = 0,01 sıfır virgül sıfır bir
3.14159 = 3,14159 üç virgül bir dört bir beş dokuz

### Saymak  : To count

sum : toplamak (toplamak also means to tidy up, or put things together,or to collect) subtract : çıkarmak (The verb çıkarmak also means to take something out of something(eg. Cebinden para çıkardı-He has taken out money from his pocket) )) multiply : çarpmak (the verb çarpmak also means to collide) divide : bölmek
+ artı - eksi x çarpı/kere / bölü 3+3=6 -> üç artı üç eşittir altı

### Fractions

One way of expressing fractions is to use the expression "bölü" (divided by):
4/5 = four divided by five = dört bölü beş
2/7 = iki bölü yedi
13/97 = on üç bölü doksan yedi

### Examples/Training

a) Word to numeral
doksan dokuz
yetmiş yedi
seksen sekiz
altmış altı
elli beş
otuz üç
kırk dört
on bir
yirmi iki
b) Numeral to word
77
44
99
11
12
15
25
111
222
# Turkish/Lesson Nine - Kinship

Turkish makes a number of distinctions that English does not. As a result, Turkish often has more than one kinship term corresponding to a single English term.
There is more than one word in Turkish for saying uncle, aunt, grand mother etc..
Anne - Mother
Baba - Father
Kardeş - Sibling / Brother or sister younger than you
Abla - Sister older than you
Ağabey (Abi) - Brother older than you
Oğul - Son
Kız - Daughter (also means Girl)
Çocuk - Daughter and son (also means child)
Evlat = Çocuk (Rare)
In Turkish there are three kinds of uncles and three kinds of aunts. Your mother's brother is your dayı, your father's brother your amca. An uncle who is related only by marriage, not by blood, that is, your mother's sister's husband or your father's sister's husband, is your enişte. Similarly, your mother's sister is your teyze, your father's sister your hala. An aunt who is related only by marriage, that is, your mother's brother's wife or your father's brother's wife, is your yenge.
Kuzen - Cousin
Yeğen - Niece/Nephew
Anneanne - Grandmother (Your mother's mother)
Babaanne - Grandmother (Your father's mother)
Dede - Grandfather
Büyük anne - Grandmother
Büyük baba - Grandfather
Eş - Wife or husband
Karı - Wife
Hanım = Karı (Polite)
Koca - Husband
Bey = Koca (Polite)
Kayınpeder (Kaynata) - Father in law (Your wife or husband's father)
Kayınvalide (Kaynana) - Mother in law (Your wife or husband's mother)
Dünür - The father-in-law or mother-in-law of your child
Kayınbirader - brother in law
Baldız - Wife's sister
Bacanak - Wife's sister's husband
Görümce - Your husband's sister or your brother's wife
Elti - Your husband's brother's wife
# Turkish/Loanwords

Like every natural language Turkish has many loanwords. A good indicator of whether a word is original Turkish or a loanword is to look at the vowels in the word. If the word internally doesn't follow vowel harmony, you know it's probably a loanword. Also, if you find two vowels right next together within a word (impossible in standard Turkish) or long vowels, then it's a loanword. This is one of the biggest problems Turkish speakers have with English. They can't figure out how to pronounce words that don't follow the rules they've been using their entire lives. The most ancient layer of loanwords in Turkish are words borrowed from Mongolian, another East Asian language that has vowel harmony and many of the same sound rules, so these loanwords can be more difficult to identify; however, there are relatively few of them.

## Arabic

* aile - عائلة - family
* bina - بناء - building
* beyaz - أبيض - white
* ceviz - جوز - walnut
* din - دين - religion
* hayat - حياة - life
* insan - إنسان - human
* kahve - قهوة - coffee
* kalem - قلم - pen
* kalp - قَلْب - heart
* kitap - كتاب - book
* mektup - مكتوب - letter
* sabah - صباح - morning
* sebep - سبب - reason
* sel - سيل - flood
* takvim - تقويم - calendar
* zaman - زمان - time
* zeytin - زيتون - olive

## French

* kuaför - coiffeur - hairdresser
* argo - argot - slang
* randevu - rendez-vous - meeting
* bisiklet - bicyclette - bicycle
* asansör - ascenceur - elevator
* pantolon - pantalon - trousers
* kravat - cravate - tie (clothing)
* lavabo - lavabo - washbasin
* tuvalet - toilette - toilet
* banliyö - "banlieue" - suburban (train)
* mizanpaj - mise-en-page - layout
* sütyen - soutien-gorge - bra
* müzisyen - musicien - musician
* orgazm - orgasm

## Persian

* birader - برادر - brother
* çehre - چِهرِه - face
* dut - توت - mulberry
* dürbün - دوربین - binoculars
* hafta - هَفتِه - week
* lacivert - لاجورد - navy blue
* Perşembe - پَنج‌شَنبِه - Thursday
* sade - سادِه - plain
* şah - شاه - king
* şehzade - شاهزادِه - prince
* siyah - سياه - black

## Turkish loanwords

English, and many other languages, have taken some words from Turkish:
* yogurt (yoğurt)
* kebab or shish kebab (kebap or şiş kebap)
* baklava (baklava)
* caviar (havyar)
* pastrami (pastırma)
* bergamot (bey armudu)
* bulgur (bulgur)
* caracal (karakulak)
* dolman (dolaman)
* gilet - jelick (yelek)
* horde (ordu)
* Janissary (Yeniçeri)
* kefir (kefir)
* kielbasa (külbastı)
* lackey (ulak)
* latten (altın)
* odalisque (odalık)
* pierogi (börek)
* sarma (sarma)
* shabrack (çaprak)
* turquoise (turkuaz)
* Dolmetscher (dilmaç)
* Богатыр (batur)
* μπουζούκι (bozuk)
* καΐκι (kayık)
* kessar (kaşar)
* tiorba (torba)
# Turkish/NegativePast Continuous Tense

Negative Forms of Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense 1 (Seen), Negative: anlamamak (not to understand) anlamıyordum (I wasn't understanding) anlamıyordun (You weren't understanding) anlamıyordu (He/She/It wasn't understanding) anlamıyorduk (We weren't understanding) anlamıyordunuz (You weren't understanding) anlamıyorlardı (They weren't understanding)
gitmemek (not to go) gitmiyordum (I wasn't going) gitmiyordun (You weren't going) gitmiyordu (He/She/It wasn't going) gitmiyorduk (We weren't going) gitmiyordunuz (You weren't going) gitmiyorlardı (They weren't going)
Past Continuous Tense 2 (Heard), Negative: anlamamak (not to understand) anlamıyormuşum
anlamıyormuşsun
anlamıyormuş
anlamıyormuşuz
anlamıyormuşsunuz
anlamıyorlarmış
gitmemek (not to go) gitmiyormuşum
gitmiyormuşsun
gitmiyormuş
gitmiyormuşuz
gitmiyormuşsunuz
gitmiyorlarmış
# Turkish/Nominal Sentences

In Turkish, not every sentence has to have a verb. In fact, even a single noun can be a sentence. There are two types of these sentences, copular sentences and var/yok sentences, both of which will be covered in this article.

## Copular Sentences

In Turkish, there is no verb to be. Instead, the following suffixes are appended into a noun to convey the meaning of to be:
All of these suffixes are subject to vowel harmony, as explained in its article. The y in parenthesis is added if the word stem ends in a vowel. However, in the third person, no suffix is used. This means, a sentence in Turkish may be as simple as this:
* O bir öğretmen. He is a teacher.
Speakers of Russian may be familiar with this.

### Pronoun dropping

In Turkish, similar to many other languages, the pronoun is usually omitted while forming a sentence. The rules of pronoun dropping are rather complex, and are covered in Turkish/Pronouns. It is for now enough to know that the pronoun isn't necessary. Therefore, the following examples are completely valid:
* Evdeyim. I'm home.
* Aptalsın. You are dumb.
* Öğrenciyiz. We are students.
* Bizimlesiniz. You are with us.
The suffix for onlar is used only when the pronoun is dropped.
* Onlar evde. They are home.
* Evdeler. They are home.

### Negative

In order to negate a copular sentence, the word değil is used. Copular suffixes are appended to değil instead.
* Öğretmen değilim. I'm not a teacher.
* Zeki değilsin. You aren't smart.
The word değil is pronounced /dɛjil/ in formal speech, and /diːl/ in casual speech.

### Questions

Questions are formed with mı/mi/mu/mü, which undergoes vowel harmony, but is written as a separate word. The question particle comes before the copular suffixes, but after değil.
* Aptal mısın? Are you dumb?
* Sırada mıyız? Are we next?
* Öğretmen değil misin? Aren't you (a/the) teacher?

## var/yok Sentences
### There is...

To say that a thing exists, we just use the word var.
* Vakit var. There is time.
* Üç çocuk var. There are three children.
To say that a thing does not exist, we use the word yok.
* Hiç vakit yok. There isn't any time/There is no time.
* Evde soğan yok. There aren't onions in the house.
Questions may be formed by adding the word mı after var and mu after yok.
* Domates var mı? Are there tomatoes?
* Kimse yok mu? Isn't there anyone?/Is there no one?

### I have...

Turkish also lacks a verb for to have. Instead, we just use var/yok together with possessive suffixes.
* Kaç çocuğun var? How many children do you have? Literally: How many of your children are there?
* Yakıtım yok. I don't have fuel. Literally: My fuel doesn't exist.
Noun constructs and possessive suffixes are covered in greater detail in another article.
# Tyap/Conjunctions
## Conjunction

Word that join two or more phrases, clauses or sentences together.e.g "mang" ,"a" etc
Examples:
* Fang a myam
* Nat a hyat nyang ji nyou.
* Myiam Fang Mang Lyuut Tyap
<<Back to previous Lesson
On to the next Lesson>>
# Tyap/Tyiet 1/Lesson 1 (Salutations)

<<Back to previous Lesson
On to the next Lesson>>
# Tyap/Phonology
## Tyap Phonology
### Intonation

Tyap is a tonal language with a high, mid, low, mid low, high-low and low-high ranges, but only one (the high tone indicated by the acute accent) is used for writing. Tyap has no nasal vowel sounds. It, however, has nasal consonants sounds (m /m/, n /n/ and ng /ŋ/) which are also tonal. Tyap also uses the underscore diacritic mark usually placed under vowels "a" and "i"; a̱ denotes the schwa sound /ǝ/ while i̱ denotes the shortened "i" sound /ɨ/.

### Vowels

The seven vowels of Tyap can be classified as either short or long monophthongs sounds. Short Monophthongs : a a̱ e i i̱ o u Long Monophthongs : a a̱a̱ ee ii i̱i̱ oo uu The language has five (or six) diphthongs: /ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi/.

### Consonants

Labialization and palatalization of consonant sounds are responsible for the many consonant sounds in the language unlike in english. The language has over 80 monographic and digraph labialized and palatalized consonant sounds, classified into fortis and lenis modifications.
# Tyap/Professions

Professional / Anyet Ntam Teacher = Atyu tyiet Doctor Abok Carpenter kapinta Driver Atyu-luk Farmer Atyu-khap Pilot = Atyu-luk girgi-tazwa Police Nggwon shan Soldier Akhwot-akwop Barber Atyu-kwat Tailor = Atyu-twai ayatoot Typist = Atyu-tswot ntakada Author/writer = Atyu-lyuut ntakada Hunter = Atyu-akat Blacksmith = Afwu Singer/ musician = Atyu-abwon
# Tyap/Interjections
## Interjection

Word that expresses emotion, e.g. Ka̱t!, kaai!, Kwot!
Example:
* Ka̱t! bredi, ka̱ n na shyia̱.
* Kaai! N kan bai a̱ji bah.
<<Back to previous Lesson
# Tyap/Prepositions
## Prepositions

Prepositions shows relationship between a noun, pronoun or other words in a sentence e.g. tafa ,tazwa
Examples:
* Akwi shyia tafa tebru kani
* Agwaza shyia tazwa
<<Back to previous Lesson
On to the next Lesson>>
# Tyap/Pronouns
## Pronouns

A pronoun is a word use in place of a noun.

### Types

* Personal pronoun:e.g nung, nung-wu, N, Zu, gu, Zit.
Examples:
* Zi ya chyi-agavang.
* N chat gu.
* Yei gu.
* Agwaza biyang zit.
* Indefinite pronoun: e.g konyan(everybody)
Examples:
* Konyan chat chyi-agavang.
* Zit chat agyang
* Interrogative pronoun: e.g ihwa(what), aji(where), ajau(there), ana/will.
* A nat aji?
* Ihwa nang aya?
* Ana ya kyak wu?
<<Back to previous Lesson
On to the next Lesson>>
# Visual Studio/The IDE
## The First Boot

When you first launch Visual Studio, you are asked to choose a default environment that best corresponds to the language(s) you plan to develop. While the keyboard shortcuts and other settings will try to match the language used, you can always change this within Settings. Note that if you are upgrading from a previous version of Visual Studio (whether that version still resides on the hard drive or not), you may not see this screen. You will not see this screen if you are updating within the same version of Visual Studio (for 2017).
You will also be given an opportunity to enter a license key (for paid editions) or account details (Visual Studio 2013 onwards) if required.
The first startup will take more time than usual; this is Visual Studio setting up the default environment.

## Welcome screen

This section applies to VS 2019 only. Visual Studio 2017 and earlier versions will automatically go straight to the IDE.
When VS 2019 first launches, it goes to a welcome screen which shows the latest recent projects and some useful places (like creating a new project) to start. If you click the "Continue without code" option, it goes straight to the IDE, much like older versions of Visual Studio.

## Selecting a new project

Once you are in the IDE, go to File>New>Project.
By default, it will point to the language you selected at startup. Choose a name and hit OK. In this case, we chose a C++ Windows Console Application.

### Configuring .NET Feamework version

For some projects, you can choose the .NET Framework version you wish to target. In the screenshot above, the target is set to v2.0. Note that this is not applicable for every type of project, if it isn't applicable, then the version you select will have no effect.
This feature is most important on VB and VC# projects as the features available depend on the version you choose to target. This will, naturally, also impact the Windows versions the program can run.

## Initial wizards

When you select a project, you will (often) be faced with a set of wizards which configure the initial properties of your project. The options are mostly self-explainatory and differ with the project you chose.
Once you complete the wizard(s), you will directly face the code environment.
# Visual physics and mathematics

Pythagoras and the origin of harmony
Light
Gravitation
Fluid dynamics
Crystal structures
Quantum Physics
Relativity
Heat
Chua system
Percolation
Vibrations
Shock waves

## See also

First lesson in mathematical painting
E = m c²
Principles of science
# Visual Studio/Python

Since Visual Studio 2010, VS has support for debugging and running Python applications.

## Notes

Python is an interpreter, not a compiler. This means that, barring syntax errors, the code is executed at runtime. Hence Visual Studio (and others) have weak IntelliSense support.

## Installation

Follow the instructions here. In particular, while you can use Visual Studio 2017's installer to install Python, this isn't needed and Python can be installed otherwise. The same applies if you want to use alternative Python distributions like Anaconda-Python.

## Usage

Once you've installed it, a new project can be created by Python -> Python Application or from the option "From Existing Python Code". Running the Python code will open a command window where the code is run, and one can set breakpoints like any other program.
# Visual Studio/Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is a distant derivative of Visual Studio, but there are major differences which one should be aware of. Here we present a brief guide to the usage of this code editor.

## Differences

* VS Code is a code editor. You'd most likely use it to maintain code rather than debug it. However, as you'll see below, it is often possible to enable debugging.
* It is modular. The core of VS Code is based on the Electron framework, and extensions are added it to add more features. This is the reason Java debugging is possible on VS Code; this is not possible in any version of Visual Studio.
* Most of VS Code is open-source and released under the MIT license. Visual Studio is fully proprietary.
* VS Code is cross-platform and available for Mac and Linux.
Both software follow different update schedules.

## Installation

VS Code can be installed from [https://code.visualstudio.com/].

## Main page

When VS Code is started, you'll be given an option to install additional support for popular languages. It is suggested that you do so for those which you mostly program in.

## Extensions

The bane of VS Code is extensions, more so than Visual Studio. One uses it to install practically any additional support on top of VS Code's barebones editor.
On the left bar, click Extensions. This gives you a bar with installed and recommended extensions (see right side). To add a new extension, search for it. Then a list of possible extensions matching your search will come up. Click Install for the one(s) you need. VS Code will ask to restart itself when the installation is complete; this is necessary for the extension to be activated.
# Visual physics and mathematics/Cover

Visual physics and mathematics
A collective and multimedia wikibook (unfinished)
WIKIBOOKS
# Visual physics and mathematics/Chua system

The Chua system is a system of three ordinary differential equations (Differential equations, dynamical systems and an introduction to chaos, Hirsch, Morris William., Smale, Stephen, Devaney, Robert Luke, 2004):
* dx/dt = a(y - x$^3$/16 + x/6)
* dy/dt = x - y + z
* dz/dt = -by
For example b=28 and a =15.4
It is a deterministic three-dimensional flow:
All trajectories converge towards an attractor:
It is a strange attractor because it is chaotic. A moving point circulates on the 8 in a way that seems disordered: a few turns on the left part of the 8 then a few turns on the right part and so on, but the number of turns on each part is unpredictable.
A zoom on the Chua attractor:
The attractor varies depending on the parameter a:
# Visual physics and mathematics/Crystal structures
### A very little grain of salt

Each line represents a bond between two ions in a crystal of NaCl (sodium chloride = ordinary salt). Blue and green distinguish the two kinds of ions. It is a centered cubic crystal. Each Na$^+$ ion is surrounded by 8 close neighbors Cl$^-$. Likewise, each Cl$^-$ ion is surrounded by 8 close neighbors Na$^+$. Two nearby ions always have opposite charges, because opposite charges attract each other while charges of the same sign repel each other.

### Crystal galaxies

What would we see if we were small enough to be inside a crystal and see its atoms as stars, or if we looked up at the sky in a crystal galaxy?
Cubic galaxy
Diamond sky
A bright line of stars reveals that the line of vision (the line from the center of the eye to the center of the object) is in a plane of stars. These planes are like the faces of a precious stone:

### The simple cubic structure

The simple cubic structure is the simplest crystal structure:

### The repetition of the same

The simple cubic structure is a stack of cubes in the three directions of space. A crystal structure is obtained by the repetition of the same cell, not necessarily cubic, in one or more directions of space.
A crystal structure can be in two dimensions:
A stack of identical spheres has the structure of a crystal.
A frieze has the structure of a one-dimensional crystal:

### The face-centered cubic structure

This structure is obtained by repeating a face-centered cubic cell:

### The diamond structure

This structure is obtained by repeating the following cell:
Promenades inside a diamond:
# XQuery/Basic Session Management
## Motivation

You want to associate some behavior of your web application with a users's login session.

## Method

There are several functions provided by eXist and other web servers to manage information associated with a login session.
Before you add any session attributes this might return only a single variable such as:
This will return the following attributes:
These attributes will remain associated with the user until the user logs out or their session times out, typically after 15 minutes of inactivity.
One sample use of session attributes is to keep track of user interface preferences. For example if a user wants to have their data sorted by a person's zip code you can add that to their session variable.
# XQuery/Changing Permissions on Collections and Resources
## Motivation

You want to change permissions on a set of collections and resources.

## Method

There are two functions we will use:
For collections:
and for resources:
The $perm is a decimal number.
As of 1.5 you can use the function xmldb:string-to-permissions("rwurwu---") to get this decimal number.

### Sample to get decimal values for guest permissions

Returns the following

### Recursive Script to Remove All Guest Permissions

Warning, this breaks several features. You must run many functions as non-guest.
# XQuery/Checking for Required Parameters
## Motivation

You want to check for required parameters and return a useful error message if the required parameters are not present.

## Approach

To solve this problem we will use the get-parameter function and only return results if the parameter is present. If it is not present then we will return a useful error message.

## Output

If you do not supply the required parameter the following will result:

## Checking for multiple Arguments

The following example checks for multiple arguments. In this case if parameter 1 OR parameter 2 is missing an error will be generated.
Note that the following logic is equivalent:
if (not($parameter-1) or not($parameter-2))
if (not($parameter-1 and $parameter-2))
Sometimes the second form is easier to read.

## Returning HTTP Status Codes

There is considerable discussion if you should also return a HTTP error code such as a 400 error. In general if the checks to the parameters are part of your business logic and not part of the communication protocol you should never return HTTP codes. This tells the calling application that they got the base URL correct and there was no permission problems but the application logic detected an error. The client application should then understand how to parse error documents and display the relevant error messages to the user.
For further details see HTTP Status Codes

## Checking for File Availability

Many times a URL parameter is used to open a specific file from a data collection within an application.
You can use the doc-available function and following code sample to check for the existence of a file: