# Flora of New York/Ginkgoales, Pinales

| ← Polypodiales | Flora of New York — Pinales | Flora of New York — Pinales | Flora of New York — Pinales | Flora of New York — Pinales | → Nymphaeales & magnoliids |
| ← Polypodiales | Table of contents | Genus index | Protected species index | Invasive species index | → Nymphaeales & magnoliids |
* The gymnosperms in New York include the conifers and ginkgos.
* spermatophytes
* gymnosperms
* Cycadales—Cycadaceae—Cycas (1 genus of >100 species, no record in NY)
* Ginkgoales—Ginkgoaceae—Gingkgo biloba (1 extant species, planted, not naturalized in NY)
* Gnetales―Gnetaceae―Gnetum (1 tropical genus, no record in NY)
* Pinales
* Pinaceae
* Pinoideae
* Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)
* Pinus subg. Pinus spp. (8 hard pines)
* Piceoideae
* Picea spp. (6 spruces)
* Laricoideae
* Larix laricina (tamarack, American larch)
* Larix decidua (European larch)
* Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch)
* Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
* Abietoideae
* Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)
* Abies balsamea (balsam fir)
* Cupressaceae
* Taxodioideae
* Taxodium distichum (baldcypress)
* Cupressoideae
* Thuja occidentalis (arborvitae, white-cedar)
* Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
* Juniperus communis (common juniper, ground juniper)
* Juniperus horizontalis (creeping juniper)
* Chamaecyparis tyoides (Atlantic white cedar)
* Taxaceae
* Taxus canadensis (American yew)
* Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew)
* Taxus baccata (English yew)
* angiosperms
* Magnoliidae
* ↑ P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017. Page last updated: 02/06/2021
* ↑ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz; James L. Reveal; Aljos Farjon; Martin F. Gardner; Robert R. Mill; Mark W. Chase (2011). "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms." Phytotaxa 19 Magnolia Press
* ↑ Jin-Hua Ran, Ting-Ting Shen, Hui Wu, Xun Gong, Xiao-Quan Wang (2018). "Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pinaceae updated by transcriptomic analysis," Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 129 pp. 106-116, ISSN 1055-7903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.011.
| Clade | Order | Family | Subfamily | Genus | Common names | # |
| gymnosperms | Ginkgoales | Ginkgoaceae | — | Ginkgo | maidenhair tree, ginkgo | 1 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Pinaceae | Pinoideae | Pinus subg. Strobus | soft pine | 1 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Pinaceae | Pinoideae | Pinus subg. Pinus | hard pines | 8 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Pinaceae | Piceoideae | Picea | spruce | 5 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Pinaceae | Laricoideae | Pseudotsuga | Douglas-fir | 1 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Pinaceae | Laricoideae | Larix | larch, tamarack | 3 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Pinaceae | Abietoideae | Tsuga | hemlock | 1 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Pinaceae | Abietoideae | Abies | fir (true firs) | 4 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Cupressaceae | Taxodioideae | Taxodium | cypress | 1 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Cupressaceae | Cupressoideae | Thuja | arborvitae, white-cedar | 1 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Cupressaceae | Cupressoideae | Juniperus | juniper, red-cedar | 4 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Cupressaceae | Cupressoideae | Chamaecyparis | cedar, false cypress | 2 |
| gymnosperms | Pinales | Taxaceae | — | Taxus | yew | 3 |

# Order Ginkgoales

The order Ginkgoales contains a single existing species: Ginkgo biloba.

## Family Ginkgoaceae

As the sole family of the Ginkgoales, Ginkgoaceae (the ginkgo family) contains Ginkgo biloba as the only extant species.

### Ginkgo

* Ginkgo biloba leaves The ginkgo or maidenhair tree is widely planted worldwide, including New York state, but the dioecious tree rarely escapes cultivation, and is unlikely to reach maturity as a naturalized tree in this region. This tree has been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas.
* ↑ Ginkgoaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Ginkgo biloba excluded. 2017 New York Flora Atlas
Ginkgoales — Ginkgoaceae — Ginkgo :
| Genus Ginkgo (excluded species) | Maidenhair tree | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Ginkgo biloba L.1771. Ginkgo biloba L. 1797. Salisburia adiantifolia Sm. 1824. Salisburia biloba Hoffmanns. 1826. Salisburia ginkgo (L.) Rich. nom.illeg. 1866. Pterophyllus salisburiensis J.Nelson | Ginkgo, Maidenhair treeNoyer du Japon, Ginkgo biloba | Introduced from  Asia, N.Y. excluded | | excluded NYFA-Excluded | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |

# Order Pinales

* The order Pinales contains the conifers, or cone-bearing seed plants. In New York, this includes the three families Pinaceae (pine, fir, spruce, and larch), Cupressaceae (cypress, juniper, and arborviteae), and Taxaceae (yew).
* Most of the Pinales are "evergreen," maintaining most of their foliage and its green color through the winter. The exception is the genus Larix (larch) in the Pinaceae. Larix trees are deciduous and lose their needle-like leaves in the winter. Most Pinales also have "needle-like" leaves, often referred to simply as needles. Though many are very flat needles, such as the yews, spruces, and firs. And most of the Cupressaceae leaves could be described as more "scale-like".

## Family Pinaceae

* The Pinaceae (pine family)...
* ↑ Pinaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

### Subfamily Pinoideae
#### Pinus
##### Pinus subg. Strobus

* Subgenus Strobus contains the soft pines, only one of which is found in New York.

###### Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae

* Pinus strobus, Five Ponds Wilderness AreaThe only member of the Quinquefoliae (white-pines) found outside of cultivation in New York is Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), and it has been reported from every county in the state. The members of this section normally have their needle-like leaves grouped in bundles (fascicles) of five, though some may occasionally be found in bundles of three or four.
* The oldest living eastern white pine on record dates to the mid 16th century, and was found in Nelson Swamp, Madison County, in 1997.
* ↑ William Kates (1997). "Eastern white pine outside Syracuse discovered to be oldest one on record." The Associated Press via The Daily Gazette, Saratoga, NY, 25-Apr-1997.
* ↑ "ESF Dendrologist Honored by SUNY," SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF), Office of Communications, 11-Jun-1998
Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae :
| Genus Pinus subg. Strobus sect. Quinquefoliae | Soft, white pines | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Pinus strobus L.1753. Pinus strobus L. 1903. Strobus strobus (L.) Small 1932. Pinus strobus  f. prostrata  Fernald & Weath. 1940. Pinus strobus  var. chiapensis  Martínez 1964. Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen | Eastern white pine, Northern white pine, Weymouth pine (UK), Soft pinePin blanc, Pin strobus, Pin du Lord Weymouth | Native, CoC: 3, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies Note: SNA |

##### Pinus subg. Pinus

* Subgenus Pinus contains the hard pines, and has two sections represented in New York.

###### Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Trifoliae

* The Trifoliae contains most of the North American hard pines, four of which are native to New York.
Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Trifoliae :
| Genus Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Australes | Hard pines: southern yellow | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Pinus rigida Mill.1768. Pinus rigida Mill. | Pitch pine, Northern pitch pine, Torch pine, Sap pinePin rigide, Pin à feuilles rigides | Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Pinus echinata Mill.1768. Pinus echinata Mill. | Shortleaf pine, Short-leaved pine, Arkansas pine, Southern yellow pine | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Pinus sect. Trifoliae subsect. Contortae | Hard pines: scrub pines | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb.1789. Pinus sylvestris  var. divaricata  Aiton 1803. Pinus banksiana Lamb. 1893. Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw. | Jack pine, Scrub pine, Banksian pine, Black pine, Gray pine, Hudson Bay pinePin gris, Pin de Banks | Native, CoC: 9, Rare FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: SNA |
| Pinus virginiana Mill.1768. Pinus virginiana Mill. | Virginia pine, Scrub pine, Jersey pinePin de Virginie | Native, CoC: 3, Endangered, NE-5 Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NX ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: SNA |
| ↑ Category 5 Plants - native invasives - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service (doubtfully invasive in New York, where it is considered to be endangered) ||||||

###### Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus

* Pinus resinosa plantation North Elba in Essex CountySection Pinus contains mostly Old-World hard pines, but it also includes the commercially important red pine (Pinus resinosa), which is native to North America, including parts of New York.
* The three other species of this section found in New York are non-native introductions. This group has needles in bundles of two.
Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus :
| Genus Pinus subg. Pinus sect. Pinus | Hard pines | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Pinus resinosa Aiton1789. Pinus resinosa Aiton | Red pine, Norway pinePin rouge, Pin résineux | Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: SNA |
| Pinus sylvestris L. var. sylvestris1753. Pinus sylvestris L. | Scots pine, Scotch pine, Caledonian pinePin sylvestre, Pin d'Écosse | Introduced from  Eurasia, Potentially invasive,  Invasive.org: ,  USGS: L48 invasive, CP-5 WW | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: SNA |
| Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1828. Pinus pallasiana Lamb. 1910. Pinus nigra  ssp. austriaca  Asch. & Graebn. 1914. Pinus nigra  ssp. pallasiana  Holmboe | Austrian pine, European black pinePin noir, Pin noir d'Autriche | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Potentially invasive,  USGS: L48 invasive | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies Note: SNA |
| Pinus thunbergii Parl.1868. Pinus thunbergii Parl. 1949. Pinus thunbergiana Franco | Japanese black pine | Introduced from  Japan,  South Korea, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 59%,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: ,  USGS: L48 invasive, NE-4 | NYFA: X GBIF | USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies Note: SNA |
| ↑ Despite the fact that one of its vernacular names is "Norway pine," Pinus resinosa is native only to North America. ↑ Although "pin d'Écosse" is a literal translation of "Scots pine," "pin sylvestre" is more commonly used as the French vernacular name of Pinus sylvestris. ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Pinus thunbergii: Moderate (59). ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ||||||

### Subfamily Piceoideae
#### Picea

* Picea rubens red spruce conesThere are three spruce species that are native to New York State, but the two non-native species seem to be more well-known.
* Spruce trees can be easily distinguished from other conifers by their needles, which
* grow singly (unlike pine-needles, which grow in clusters),
* are square or triangular in cross-section (unlike fir and hemlock needles, which are flatter),
* are relatively hard with sharp points,
* are attached to small woody projections that remain after needles fall.
* Spruce cones are also papery, unlike most other conifers.
* However, it's usually more difficult to differentiate spruces trees from each other. Douglas fir can also be misidentified as a spruce because of their needles, which are also square in cross-section, but not as stiff.
| Spruce | Picea | Leaf length (inches) | Cone length (inches) | Height (feet) | Width (feet) | Growth form | Habitat | Twig color | Bark color |
| Red | P. rubens | 1/2 - 5/8 | 1.0 - 1.5 | 60 - 80 | 15-20 | pyramid | upland | orange-brown | gray-brown, red-brown |
| Black | P. mariana | 1/4 - 1/2 | 0.75 - 1.5 | 40 - 50 | 15-20 | slender | bog | brown | gray-brown, red-brown |
| White | P. glauca | 1/3 - 3/4 | 1.5 - 2.5 | 40 - 90 | 10 - 20 | conical | upland | light brown, pale | gray-brown |
| Norway | P. abies | 1/2 - 1 | 4 - 6 | > 120 | | conical | | orange-brown | red-brown, later gray |
| Blue | P. pungens | 1/2 - 5/4 | 2 - 4 | 50 - 80 | | conical | upland | |
Pinales — Pinaceae — Pinoideae — Picea :
| Genus Picea | Spruce | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Picea rubens Sarg.1771. Pinus mariana Du Roi 1831. Picea rubra Link 1879. Picea nigra  var. rubra  Engelm. 1898. Picea rubens Sarg. 1903. Picea australis Small | Red spruceÉpinette rouge | Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.1768. Abies mariana Mill. 1770. Pinus abies  var. mariana  Münchh. 1785. Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold 1831. Picea nigra Link 1888. Picea mariana Britton, et al. | Black spruce, Bog spruce, Swamp spruceÉpinette noire, Épinette à bière, Épicéa marial, Épicéa noir | Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss1768. Abies canadensis Mill. 1785. Pinus glauca Moench 1831. Picea alba (Aiton) Link 1897. Picea canadensis  var. glauca   in… 1907. Picea glauca Voss | White spruce, Cat spruce, Black Hills spruce, Canadian spruce, Skunk spruceÉpinette blanche, Épinette glauque, Épicéa blanc, Épicéa glauque | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 4-5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos BONAP LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies |
| Picea abies (L.) Karst.1753. Pinus abies L. 1779. Pinus excelsa Lamb. 1842. Picea excelsa (Lamb.) Link 1881. Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. | Norway spruce, White spruceÉpinette de Norvège, Épicéa élevé, Épicéa commun | Introduced from  Europe, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: ,  USGS: L48 invasive, CP-4 Perennial, Tree | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Picea pungens Engelm.1879. Picea pungens Engelm. 1883. Picea pungens Regel 1897. Picea parryana Sarg. | Blue spruce, Colorado blue spruce, Colorado spruce, Silver spruceÉpinette de Colorado, Épinette bleue, Épicéa de Colorado | Introduced from  U.S. Rocky Mts., Probably not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree | NYFA: X | USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Alexey Zinovjev & Irina Kadis (2010) "Norway spruce: Yet another invasive tree in New England." Salicicola, Eastern Massachusetts Vascular Plants. ||||||

### Subfamily Laricoideae
#### Pseudotsuga

* Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Douglas-firAlthough commonly called Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga trees are not true firs. The genus name means "false hemlock," but phylogenetically, Douglas firs are more often grouped in the Pinoideae with the pines, spruces and larches than with either the firs or hemlocks, which are placed in the Abietoideae. Recent studies, in fact, place Douglas fir closer to the larches, in the subfamily Laricoideae.
* Douglas-firs are often planted in New York but seldom if ever naturalize permanently.
* ↑ Lin, Ching-Ping et al. “Comparative Chloroplast Genomics Reveals the Evolution of Pinaceae Genera and Subfamilies.” Genome Biology and Evolution 2 (2010): 504–517. PMC. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
Pinales — Pinaceae — Laricoideae — Pseudotsuga :
| Genus Pseudotsuga | Douglas fir | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Francovar. glauca (Beissn.) Franco1884. Tsuga douglasii  var. glauca  Beissn. 1890. Pseudotsuga douglasii  var. glauca  Mayr 1897. Pseudotsuga taxifolia  var. glauca  Sudw. 1934. Pseudotsuga flahaultii Flous 1950. Pseudotsuga menziesii  var. glauca  Franco | Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Douglas-fir, Blue Douglas-fir, Colorado Douglas-fir, Inland Douglas-firDouglas bleu, Douglas de Menzies bleu | Introduced, ¿Naturalized? | | NYFA: X | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Larix

* Larix laricina (Tamarack) foliage & conesThe larches (Larix spp.) are deciduous conifers. Of the three species found in New York, only the American larch or tamarack is native to the state. The European and Japanese larches occasionally naturalize near plantations and individuals that have been planted.
* Among the other words for tamarack is hackmatack, which means "wood used for snowshoes" in the Abenaki language.
* ↑ "An introduction to Tamarack Trees & Traditions", NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art, 1994-2000
Pinales — Pinaceae — Laricoideae — Larix :
| Genus Larix sect. Larix | Larch | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Larix laricina (DuRoi) K.Koch1771. Pinus laricina Du Roi 1803. Larix americana Michx. 1839. L. intermedia Lodd. ex J.Forbes 1873. L. laricina (Du Roi) K.Koch 1908. L. alaskensis W.Wight 1947. L. laricina  var. (W.Wight) Raup  {{{5}}} 2008. L. laricina  ssp. (W.Wight) Silba  {{{5}}} | Tamarack American larch Eastern larch Red larch Hackmatack Alaska larch Mélèze laricin ⓘ Épinette rouge ⓘ Fausse épinette rouge ⓘ | Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 5 iNat | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Larix decidua Mill.1753. Pinus larix L. 1768. Larix decidua Mill. 1805. Larix europaea DC. | European larch ⓘ | Introduced from  Europe, Naturalized Perennial, Tree | NYFA: X iNat | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière1856. Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière 1858. Larix leptolepis (Siebold & Zucc.) Gordon 1858. Pseudolarix kaempferi (Lamb.) Gordon | Japanese larch | Introduced from  eastern Asia, Naturalized Perennial, Tree | NYFA: X | USDA-XN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |

### Subfamily Abietoideae
#### Tsuga

* Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière foliage and conesTsuga contains the hemlocks, of which, the only New York native is the eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Hemlocks in eastern North America are threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae).
Pinales — Pinaceae — Abietoideae — Tsuga :
| Genus Tsuga | Hemlock | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière1763. Pinus canadensis L. 1842. Picea canadensis Link 1855. Tsuga canadensis Carrière 1862. Abies canadensis  var. gracilis | Eastern hemlock, Canadian hemlock, Canada hemlockPruche du Canada, Pruche de l'Est, Tsuga du Canada | Native, Secure | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Abies

* Abies balsamea balsam firThe genus Abies contains the "true" firs. It does not include the Douglas-firs of the genus Pseudotsuga, which is in the Laricoideae with larches, not here in the Abietoideae with hemlocks.
Pinales — Pinaceae — Abietoideae — Abies :
| Genus Abies | Fir | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.1753. Pinus balsamea L. 1768. Abies balsamea Mill. 1770. Pinus abies  var. balsamea  Münchh. 1810. Peuce balsamea Rich. | Balsam fir, Canada balsamSapin baumier, Sapin | Native, CoC: 6, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.1833. Abies grandis (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl. | Grand fir, Lowland white fir | Introduced from  western N.A., No specimens | | NYFA: X0 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Abies (excluded species) | Fir | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Abies magnifica A.Murray bis1863. Abies magnifica A.Murray bis 1875. Picea magnifica Gordon 1876. Pseudotsuga magnifica W.R.McNab 1876. Pinus magnifica W.R.McNab | California red fir, Shasta red fir, Red fir | Introduced from  western US, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.1813. Pinus fraseri Pursh 1817. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. | Fraser fir | Introduced from  western VA & NC, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| Abies homolepis Siebold & Zucc.1842. Abies homolepis Siebold & Zucc. | Nikko fir | Introduced from  Asia, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies |
| Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.1858. Picea concolor Gordon & Glend. 1861. Abies concolor Lindl. ex Hildebr. | White fir, Colorado white fir, Silver fir, Colorado fir, Rocky Mountain white fir | Introduced from  western US, No specimens | | NYFA: 0 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |

## Family Cupressaceae

* The Cupressaceae (cypress family)...
* ↑ Cupressaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

### Subfamily Taxodioideae

* The Taxodioideae contains the three genera: Cryptomeria (1 Japanese species), Glyptostrobus (1 Asian species), and Taxodium (1-3 North American species).

#### Taxodium

* Taxodium distichum in TexasThere are about three Taxodium taxa, all of which are native to southeastern North America. Of these, Taxodium distichum var. distichum has been reported in New York, mainly along the Hudson River and on Long Island. Whether it has truly naturalized in the state in uncertain.
Pinales — Cupressaceae — Taxodioideae — Taxodium :
| Genus Taxodium | Cypress | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
| Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.var. distichum1753. Cupressus disticha L. 1789. Cupressus disticha  var. nutans  Aiton 1810. Taxodium distichum Rich. 1827. Taxodium distichum  var. nutans  Sweet 1927. Taxodium ascendens  var. nutans  Rehder | Baldcypress, Bald cypress, Swamp cypress | Introduced from  southern US, N. America native OBL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: X NYFA: 8 counties 14 counties | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |

### Subfamily Cupressoideae

* Most of the Cupressoideae in New York go by the common names "cedar" or "juniper." But there is some resistance to calling any of them "cedar," as this could be seen to imply that they are of the Eurasian genus Cedrus, which does not have any naturalized populations in New York, and is normally included in the Pinaceae, not Cupressoideae. Instead, many prefer the common names "arborvitae" or "whitecedar" for Thuja occidentalis, and "red juniper" or "redcedar" for Juniperus virginiana.

##### Thuja

* Thuja occidentalis northern whitecedar, arborvitaeThuja (pronounced either thoo-juh or thoo-yuh) is Greek for juniper and other trees with aromatic wood. There are two North American Thuja species: T. occidentalis (eastern arborvitae or northern whitecedar) and T. plicata (western redcedar). There are also three asian Thuja species. Of the five Thuja species, only T. occidentalis is known to occur in New York.
Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Thuja :
| Genus Thuja | Arborvitae | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Thuja occidentalis L.1753. Thuja occidentalis L. | Eastern arborvitae, Eastern white cedar, Northern whitecedar, Swamp cedarThuya occidental, Cèdre, Balai, Cèdre blanc | Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACW-UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos ADF Images Wikispecies |

##### Juniperus

* Juniperus virginiana
Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Juniperus :
| Genus Juniperus | Juniper | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana1753. Juniperus virginiana L. 1857. Sabina virginiana  var. virginiana | Eastern red cedar, Eastern redcedar, Pencil cedar, Virginia cedar, Eastern juniper, Red juniperGenévrier de Virginie, Genévrier rouge, Cèdre rouge | Native, CoC: 3, Secure FAC-UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh1787. Juniperus canadensis Lodd. ex Burgsd. 1814. Juniperus communis  var. depressa  Pursh 1818. Juniperus depressa Raf. 1838. Juniperus communis  var. canadensis  Loudon | American common juniper, Dwarf juniper, Prostrate juniper, Ground juniperGenévrier commun déprimé, Genévrier nain, Genévrier du Canada | Native, CoC: 4, Likely secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Juniperus communis L. var. communis1753. Juniperus communis L. 1768. Juniperus suecica Mill. 1822. Juniperus hemisphaerica C.Presl 1881. Juniperus communis  ssp. hemisphaerica  Nyman 1887. Juniperus communis  f. suecica  Beissn. | Eurasian common juniper, Common juniperGenévrier commun | Introduced from  Eurasia, Unknown naturalization FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: X NYFA: Tompkins (1946) ? counties | USDA-0 Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Juniperus horizontalis Moench1794. Juniperus horizontalis Moench 1807. Juniperus prostrata Pers. 1814. Juniperus sabina  var. procumbens  Pursh 1838. Juniperus sabina  var. humilis  Hook. 1843. Juniperus virginiana  var. prostrata  Torr. 1857. Sabina prostrata Antoine 1912. Sabina horizontalis Rydb. | Creeping juniper, Trailing juniper, Prostrate juniper, Horizontal juniper, Creeping savinGenévrier horizontal, Genévrier rampant, Savinier | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 FACU Perennial, Shrub, subshrub | | Chenango, Clinton, Genesee, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga NYFA: 1 | USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Juniperus (excluded taxa) | Juniper | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Juniperus sabina L.1753. Juniperus sabina L. | SavinSabine | Introduced from  Eurasia, Cultivated Perennial, Tree-shrub | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Juniperus horizontalis. Endangered, S1/G5. ||||||

##### Chamaecyparis

* Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar)Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar) is restricted primarily to acidic coastal swamps, where it can form dense stands.
Pinales — Cupressaceae — Cupressoideae — Chamaecyparis :
| Genus Chamaecyparis | False cypress | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.1753. Cupressus thyoides L. 1888. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1962. Chamaecyparis henryae H.L.Li 1966. Chamaecyparis thyoides  var. henryae  Little | Atlantic white cedar, Southern white cedar, Atlantic white cypress | Native, CoC: 10, Threatened, S2, G4, NYNHP: 2 OBL Perennial, Tree, Part shade | | Nassau, New York, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk, Westchester NYFA: 2 | USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.1844. Retinispora squarrosa Zucc. 1847. Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1867. Chamaecyparis obtusa  f. plumosa  Carriere | Sawara false cypress ⓘ Sawara-cypress ⓘ | Introduced from  Japan, Not naturalized | | Orange NYFA: Xm | USDA-W0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Chamaecyparis (excluded taxa) | False cypress | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.1844. Retinospora obtusa Siebold & Zucc. 1847. Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. 1871. Cupressus obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) F. Muell. | Hinoki false cypress | Introduced from  Taiwan & Japan, N.Y. excluded | | excluded NYFA-Excluded | USDA-X Go Botany-0 VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN FoC Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program (2021). Online Conservation Guide for Chamaecyparis thyoides. ||||||

## Family Taxaceae

The Taxaceae (yew family)...

### Taxus

* Taxus canadensisThe American yew (Taxus canadensis) is the only Taxus species native to New York. The Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata) and the English yew (Taxus baccata) are widely cultivated in New York and occasionally escape. The Japanese yew has been found to naturalize and has become common in the forests of some New York counties. Its invasive tendencies deserve monitoring.
* ↑ Taxaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
Pinales — Taxaceae — Taxus :
| Genus Taxus | Yew | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Taxus canadensis Marshall1785. Taxus canadensis Marshall 1803. Taxus baccata  var. minor  Michx. 1856. Taxus baccata  var. canadensis  A.Gray 1894. Taxus minor Britton 1903. Taxus baccata  ssp. canadensis  Pilg. 2007. Taxus canadensis  var. minor  Spjut | American yew, Canada yew, Ground hemlock, ShinwoodBuis de sapin, L'if du Canada, Sapin trainard | Native, CoC: 9, Secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Shrub | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies Note: WBA |
| Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc.1846. Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 1867. Taxus baccata  var. cuspidata   1903. Taxus baccata  ssp. cuspidata    auct. Taxus baccata non L. | Japanese yew, Rigid branched yew | Introduced from  eastern Asia, Potentially invasive, CP-5 NE-4,, WW | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Taxus baccata L.1753. Taxus baccata L. 1829. Taxus fastigiata Lindl. | English yew, European yew, Common yewL'if commun | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa, Rare escape | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Taxus × media Rehder  Taxus baccata ×   Taxus cuspidata1923. Taxus × media Rehder | Anglo-Japanese yew, Anglojap yew, Hybrid of  English yew &  Japanese yew | Introduced, No specimens, IO | | USDA-00 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehder  Taxus canadensis ×   Taxus cuspidata1925. Taxus × hunnewelliana Rehder | Hunnewell yew, Hybrid of  American yew &  Japanese yew | Introduced, No specimens, Cultivated | | ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ Appendix 5. Plant species of concern (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ||||||

#### Taxus species differentiation

| Character | Taxus canadensis American yew | Taxus cuspidata Japanese yew | Taxus baccata English yew |
| Habit | low, straggling, diffusely branched, spreading to prostrate | upright | upright |
| Mature height (m) | 2 | up to 16 | 10 - 20(-40) |
| Mature dbh (m) | | | 4 |
| Winter bud scales | sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded | sharply pointed to cuspidate, keeled or folded | blunt at the apex, slightly keeled |
| Leaf blade taper to apex | abrupt | abrupt | gradual |
| Leaf blade width (mm) | 1 – 2.4 | 2 - 3 | 2 - 3 |
| Leaf blade length (mm) | 10 - 25 | 15 - 25 | 10 - 40 |
| Leaf upper (dorsal) surface | dark green to yellow-green | dark green, prominent midrib when dry | dark green |
| Leaf lower (ventral) surface | pale green, mostly without cuticular papillae along stomatal bands | 2 wide tawny stomatal bands | dark green |
| Number of cells from margin to stomata band | (8-) 16 - 18 (-22) | 11 - 13 | 4 - 7 |
| Stomata rows per band | (4-) 5 - 7 (-11) | 7 - 15 (-19) | 8 – 10 |
| Petiole | gradually curved or abrupt bend near the junction of the branch, not clasping the branchlet | abrupt bend near the junction of the blade, clasping the branchlet | |
| Seed shape near apex | round or somewhat compressed | 4- or 5-angled |
| Bark | reddish, very thin | | brown, thin, scaly |
| Cone (aril). All red when ripe | | | |
| ↑ Christopher J. Earle (2015) The Gymnosperm Database Taxus: Go Botany (2.2), New England Wild Flower Society, 2015 Dennis Collins, Robert R. Mill & Michael Möller (2002). "Species separation of Taxus baccata, T. canadensis, and T. cuspidata (Taxaceae) and origins of their reputed hybrids inferred from RAPD and cpDNA data." Am. J. Bot. February 2003 vol. 90 no. 2 175-182. Richard W. Spjut (2010). "Overview of the Genus Taxus (Taxaceae): The Species, Their Classification, and Female Reproductive Morphology." The World Botanical Associates, Inc. ||||