OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in travel photography

Travel photography is a genre that involves the depicting of nature, people with their traditions and customs, historical objects; in other words, everything that deserves to be captured during a visit to one or more countries.

## General information

This genre is rooted in the research activities of scientific expeditions of the past centuries. Today everyone can creating photographs with views of distant countries: both the tourist from the category of vacationers (in order to fill the family album with memorable pictures), and the professional photographer (for subsequent publication of works in printed editions, or holding personal photo exhibitions). It should be noted that (regardless of skills and abilities) travelers, in particular supporters of Long intercontinental trips and expeditions, whose routes include visits to places where seldom have been foreigners, have a better chance of capturing something extraordinary.
Travel photography intersects with landscape and genre photography, as well as street photography and some other genres.

## Ways of implementation

There is no universal scheme for achieving success. Buy a ticket to the islands of Oceania, or to Africa, planning to visit 5-10 exotic countries during the trip, and then luck will smile at you. Be prepared for overnight stays at construction sites, cemeteries, in public toilets, possible infection with tropical fevers and other unforeseen circumstances. Before leaving, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the text of the textbook on hobo tourism.

## See also

Night photography is an adjacent genre, the mastery of the art of which opens up new opportunities for a traveler.

## Gallery

* Sacred animal (India) Photo taken in creative trip to India
* Pygmy people (Uganda) Photo taken on a Second creative trip to Africa
* The food is still alive (Laos) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Excursion (Sudan) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa
* The owner of yurt (Mongolia) Photo taken in Creative trip to Mongolia
# Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours

Interior photography in hobo tours is an informal genre that combines elements of interior photography and ruins photography.

## General information

This is a direction of photographic art known to only a few: those who are involved in photography and bum tourism at the same time.
A characteristic feature is the shocking for viewer, unusual, destroying stereotypes about staying on foreign trips, the display of accommodation facilities. The presence in the frame of the "bed" of an international tramp is an additional detail, without which a photograph of this type would look less documentary.

## Ways of implementation

The space where you are going to take your pictures is not always sufficiently lit by natural light, so you'll need a flash. You should preferably use a wide-angle lens (which always important for interior photography) in order to capture as much space as possible, but if you don't have one, you can applied a normal lens.
In any case, the compositional solution is of paramount importance, the correctness of which, combined with the storyline, will be decide by the viewer's imagination, turning your photo work into a separate story.

## Gallery

* Tramp apartments, Sabah (Malaysia) Photo taken on the Papuan expedition
* Overnight near the lift at student residence in Kyoto Photo from a bum tour of winter Japan
* Abandoned house, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Photo taken on the Papuan expedition
* A hotel room in Cairo (Egypt) Photo taken on the Third trip to Africa
* Overnight stay in ruins, Port Vila (Vanuatu) Photo taken on the Expedition to Oceania
# Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in straight (pure) photography

Straight (pure) photography is a photography style, whose supporters adhere to the most accurate, realistic reflection of reality, where the object is always in focus, which allows you to see the details and there are all the qualities that distinguish photography from other forms of fine art.

## General information

The movement originated in the West around the 1930s. Landscapes, people, architecture served as the subject of portray; and the distinguishing features are high image sharpness, sometimes maximum contrast and in addition — strict composition, the absence of blurry details, the inadmissibility of any additional transformations (both during shooting and during post-processing), natural richness of tones and lighting specifics.

## Ways of implementation

The style is harmoniously combined with genre and street photography, experience in these genres will help you master the art of pure photography.
To create vivid images, you will need to work with lighting, expressive cropping (in order to remove “extra” space, level the horizon line, etc.) and other methods that do not require optical changes in the image.
The concept of direct photography taboos everything that can change the picture, making it less true. You should refuse to use light filters during shooting, and in post-processing — special development and printing processes; do not crop the image, as a result of which the perception of the meaning of what is happening can be changed (distorted).
In other words, the photographic work you create should recreate reality as the human eye sees it, without using staging, blurring or compositing.

## Gallery

* Checkered world (Afghanistan, 2008) Photo taken on an Afghan expedition
* Cyclist (Sudan, 2011) Photo taken on a Third creative trip to Africa
* Festive mood (Brunei, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Teacher and his blind mother (Indonesia, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Monks (Thailand, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Young Traders (Papua New Guinea, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* At the bus station (Paraguay, 2014) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* Family business (Indonesia, 2013) Photo taken on a Papuan expedition
* Waiting for the bus (Peru, 2015) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
* Индейцы (Mexico, 2015) Photo taken on a Latin American expedition
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Video/Supported Codecs

When choosing to convert regular video to Flash Video, there are two basic codecs to keep in mind - each have different uses and strengths.

## Keep Codec Dynamics in Mind

Codecs stand for Compression/Decompression - it is important to remember that neither of the primary Flash codecs are lossless - which means you will lose some data whenever you encode your source video into Flash. In order to shrink the file size of video to allow for transmission over the internet, some data is thrown out, regardless of whatever method you use. This is why you should avoid double compression - in other words trying to compress a previously compressed video file - when creating Flash Video. If you try to double compress a video, you will end up losing more data than you would have if you used high quality video, without necessarily decreasing the file size significantly.
Sorensen Spark was the primary codec for Flash Video for Flash versions 6-7. Because it's been around longer, several more years in fact, it has a wider area of compatibility than the VP6 codec does. If your video is intended to be watched by the general public over the internet, it might not be a bad idea to use the Sorensen codec to encode your video. Because video encoded with the Sorenses codec will play on Flash Player versions 6 and later, it is ideal for reaching the broadest audience.
The On2 VP6 Vodec
With the advent of Flash 8, a new codec has been created that greatly improved encoding and playback of Flash Video. That codec is On2 VP6, and features much better compression and image quality than the Sorensen codec.
There is a drawback to using the new codec however, because users will only be able to watch video encoded with VP6 in Flash Player 8 or newer, and playback requires more processing power than previous codecs. Adobe even has specific size limits and bits per second limitations it recommends to avoid taxing the computers that are displaying your Flash video.
In the end, it is a matter of balancing availability versus file size and quality, so use whichever codec fits your desired project.
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Video

Video in Flash can seem daunting, but once you've got down the basics, it really becomes a matter of repeating the same series of steps to achieve a desired result. For this book, we'll be covering the following topics:
* Supported Video Codecs
* Importing Video
* Using Flash Video Encoder
* Using The FLVPlayback Component
Flash designates video files by giving it a .flv extension, which stands for Flash Video. Flash Video is quickly becoming one of the premiere video formats due to its ease of use and small file size.
There are a number of ways you can display video content.
* Load a Flash Video File at Runtime, which involves creating a separate .flv file and uploading it to your server, then loading it from another Flash movie.
* Embedding the video directly into the .swf file. This method is good for compatibility as it only requires Flash Player 6 or later, but can also result in large file size for the SWF file.
* Import a video into a flash document and then exporting it as a .flv file.
* Simply encoding a video using the Flash Video Encoder.
* Using a third party application such as Quicktime or Sorensen Squeeze to create the flash video file. Flash 8 will also allow you to link video content in Quicktime format without embedding them directly into your .swf file.
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Video/Using The FLVPlayback Component

The FLVPlayback component is designed to let you play FLV video over the internet. The following types of servers and video playback is supported:
* Progressive download over HTTP
* Streaming video over a Flash Communication Server (FCS)
* Streaming video from a Flash Video Streaming Service (FVSS)
The FLVPlayback Component has several features and it can be easily dragged onto a stage and set up to play FLV files.
Figure 1: FLVPlayback Component on a stage.
After the FLVPlayback Component has been dragged to the stage, there are a few parameters to be set-up. Select the FLVPlayback Component player and open up the parameters. To open the parameters, choose Window > Properties > Parameters. A dialogue box will appear where the properties area is. See Figure 2. Here you can change the size of the video, the path to the video, and so on.
Figure 2: FLVPlayback Component Parameters.
The most important part of the parameters is the contentPath. Double click on "contentPath" and a new dialogue box will appear.
Figure 3: contentPath dialog box.
Input either the URL to the FLV, or the relative path of it. If the main SWF is in your "home" folder, and the FLV file is in your "flvideo" folder, then the relative path to said video is /home/flvideo/videoname.flv.
The remaining parameters do the following:
* autoPlay: Setting this to "true" will automatically play the video once the page is loaded.
* autoRewind: Setting this to "true" will rewind the movie to the beginning after it is done playing.
* autoSize: Setting this to "true" will set the dimensions of the movie to the source FLV file.
* bufferTime: Time in seconds to buffer a movie in memory before it begins playing it. It is very useful when streaming FLV files, but it has little bearing on progressive download FLVs, unless they are of a very high quality.
* contentPath: A URL to an FLV file or XML file that determines how to play one or more FLV files.
* cuePoints: This is used to synchronize points in the FLV file with other Flash animations, graphics, text, etc.
* isLive: Setting this to "true" determines if the FLV file is streaming from a FCS server.
* maintainAspectRatio: Setting this to "true" will keep the aspect ratio of the FLV file if it is rescaled.
* skin: Allows you to choose a custom made UI for your FLVPlayback Component player.
* skinAutoHide: If the mouse is not hovered over the video, the skin is hidden.
* totalTime: The number of seconds a FLV file has.
* volume: A percentage representing the volume of a FLV file.
# Beginner's Guide to Interactive Fiction with Inform 7/Introduction to Interactive Fiction
## What is Interactive Fiction?

Interactive Fiction (commonly abbreviated as IF) is a genre of writing that evolved out of older text-based adventure games. The main point of differentiation is that the player can input commands and influence how the story proceeds. This makes the player an active participant as opposed to a passive observer.
A typical IF follows the player as they interact with the places, people, and things within it. The player inputs commands via the command prompt. An example of playing through a very minimalist piece of IF is:
Magic Flask An Interactive Fiction by Dylan Greene Release 1 / Serial number 140527 / Inform 7 build 6L02 (I6/v6.33 lib 6/12N) SD
Altar You can see a flask here.
>get flask
You got the flask!
# Beginner's Guide to Interactive Fiction with Inform 7

The design and implementation of interactive fiction (i.e., text-based computer games) began in the 1970s. At that time, games were written in general-purpose programming languages by professional programmers and/or computer science majors in universities.
In more recent years, specialized languages have been developed for authoring interactive fiction (called "IF" for short). These languages, and the compiler software that they use, are available as free downloads. IF programming languages are widely used by hobbyist programmers, many of whom have little or no training in computer science. However, most IF languages closely resemble traditional programming languages such as C. As a result, they can be rather intimidating for those who have no experience in programming.
Inform 7 (website) presents an entirely new approach to IF authorship, one that has proven to have wide appeal to new authors. In Inform 7, the author can write in a manner that closely approximates normally written English. Certain special conventions have to be followed, and Inform 7's version of English is less tolerant of grammatical ambiguities than English itself. This is because, in the final analysis, Inform 7 is still a programming language. Computer programming requires precision after all.
Nonetheless, Inform 7 is an important development in IF. Inform 7 gives people who have never done any programming and are only marginally computer-literate a great set of tools with which to write their own text-based games. This guide is aimed at helping new users learn the language as well as the tools that come with the official app.
The Inform 7 app can be downloaded at its website – which holds multiple additional tools that can help to manage the content and flow of the adventure. Also, there are additional editors for using Inform 7 in that allows people to program via a web browser:
* Playfic for Inform 7 (exclusively): a good introduction to learning the language without having to download anything, and with an online platform to share creations with other people.
* Borogrove, another online editor with multiple other languages – another good place to experiment and create with the language, and decide if it's right for you.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction to Interactive Fiction
* Getting Started with Inform 7
* Designing Objects
* Designing NPCs
* Designing Puzzles
# Beginner's Guide to Adobe Flash/Video/Exporting

To export a movie go to File>Export Movie or press Ctrl+alt+shift+S. Then a dialogue box appears select the location where you want to export, then select the file type or format which you can select from 16 types.
* .swf (Flash movie)
* .swt (Flash generator template)
* .spl (future splash player)
* .avi (Windows video format)
* .mov (QuickTime movie)
* .gif (animated pic)
* .wav (Windows Audio format)
* .emf (EMF images in sequence)
* .wmf (WMF images in sequence)
* .eps (EPS images in sequence)
* .ai (Adobe Illustrator sequence)
* .dxf (Autocad sequence)
* .bmp (bitmap sequence)
* .jpg (JPEG sequence)
* .gif (GIF sequence)
* .png (PNG sequence)
# C Programming/complex.h/catan
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex arc tangent value, in the range of a strip mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis and in the interval [-π/2, +π/2] along the real axis.
# C Programming/complex.h/cabs
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex absolute value.
# C Programming/complex.h/carg
## Description

carg is a standard library function which calculates the argument (phase angle) of a complex number. It takes a single parameter and returns the phase angle of that value (converted if necessary to a complex number) within the range [π, −π].
This function takes a single parameter of type complex and returns a result of type double.
A complex number can be represented:
* in rectangular co-ordinates as $Z=A+Bi$
* in polar co-ordinates as $z=re^{ia}$
where:
* A = creal(Z) is the real part
* B = cimag(Z) is the imaginary part
* r = cabs(z) is the radius
* a = carg(z) is the phase (angle or the argument)
Hence this function returns phase of complex number Z used in polar co-ordinates. The return value is in radians, in the range [π, -π]. When we use this function, we must include the <complex.h> header file.

## Example 1

Output:

## References

* ↑ carg function
* ↑ C in a Nutshell:carg
# C Programming/complex.h/casin
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex arc sine value, in the range of a strip mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis and in the interval [-π/2, +π/2] along the real axis.
# C Programming/complex.h/casinh
## Description

casinh is one of the Standard C library functions in the complex.h header file. It is used to calculate the complex and inverse hyperbolic sine of given angle or number. Just like sine operator has inverse as sin inverse, hyperbolic sine of complex number has this as an inverse function.
if casinh(x) = y, then x = csinh(y). It can be also evaluated as: casinh(x) = clog(x+csqrt(x*x+1))

### return value

This function returns complex arc hyperbolic sine,in the range mathematically unbounded along real axis and in the interval $[-i\pi /2,+i\pi /2]$ along imaginary axis.

### compatibility

Win32, C99 7.3.6.2

## See also

* cacosh
* catanh

## External links

* casinh(3) – Linux Library Functions Manual
# C Programming/complex.h
## Summary

complex.h is a header file that defines functionality for complex arithmetic. These functions use the built-in type complex which was introduced with the C99 revision of C.
This header should not be confused with the C++ standard library header <complex>, which implements complex numbers in a completely different way (as a template class, complex<T>).

## Macros

Universal macro:
* complex - alias of _Complex
* _Complex_I - constant, which has type "const float _Complex" and value of imaginary unit I, I*I=-1
Defined only for `C99 Annex G`-compatible compiler modes - native support of imaginary types (it is very rare because Annex G is mathematically incorrect):
* imaginary - alias of _Imaginary
* _Imaginary_I Expands to a constant expression of type const float _Imaginary with the value of the imaginary unit.
Universal alias of I:
* I - alias of _Imaginary_I if it is defined else - alias of _Complex_I
Application may undefine complex, imaginary, and I macros if they interfere with internal values.

## Functions Overview

Each function declared in complex.h has three versions, each of which works with a different floating-point type (double, float and long double). Only the double version of each function is listed here; to use the float (or long double) version, append an f (or an l, respectively) to the function's name (e.g., cabsf and cabsl).
Note that all angles are in radians.

### Basic operations

| cabs | computes absolute value |
| carg | computes argument of a complex number |
| cimag | computes imaginary part of a complex number |
| creal | computes real part of a complex number |
| conj | computes complex conjugate |
| cproj | computes complex projection into the Riemann sphere |

### Exponentiation operations

| cexp | computes complex exponential |
| clog | computes complex logarithm |
| csqrt | computes complex square root |
| cpow | computes complex power |

### Trigonometric operations

| csin | computes complex sine |
| ccos | computes complex cosine |
| ctan | computes complex tangent |
| casin | computes complex arc sine |
| cacos | computes complex arc cosine |
| catan | computes complex arc tangent |

### Hyperbolic operations

| csinh | computes complex hyperbolic sine |
| ccosh | computes complex hyperbolic cosine |
| ctanh | computes complex hyperbolic tangent |
| casinh | computes complex hyperbolic arc sine |
| cacosh | computes complex hyperbolic arc cosine |
| catanh | computes complex hyperbolic arc tangent |

## References

* ↑ complex.h: complex arithmetic – Base Definitions Reference, The Single UNIX® Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group
* ↑ Dr. Dobb's journal: software tools for the professional programmer, Volume 27 "many results in Annex G are pure invention and mathematically incorrect"
# C Programming/complex.h/cacosh
## Description

These functions shall return the complex arc hyperbolic cosine value, in the range of a half-strip of non-negative values along the real axis and in the interval [-iπ, +iπ] along the imaginary axis.
# C Programming/assert.h/assert
## Return value

The assert macro returns a void, i.e. no value.

## Notes

The behaviour of the assert macro depends on the value of the NDEBUG macro. See assert.h for more details.
If NDEBUG is defined then the macro assert, regardless of argument, is defined as
If NDEBUG is not defined the assert macro acts as a diagnostic test. If the expression argument of the macro is false (see C Programming/Control), then the macro expands to a statement which writes the text of the argument, the present file name, line number and function name to the standard error stream. Finally the assert macro calls the abort function.
Each time the assert.h header is included the assert macro is redefined depending on the value of NDEBUG.
# C Programming/complex.h/cacos
## Description

These functions compute and return the complex arc cosine value, in the range of a strip mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis and in the interval [0, π] along the real axis.
# Castles of England/Norfolk

| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Baconsthorpe Castle | Fortified manor house | 140115th century | Fragmentary ruins | EH | |
| Burgh Castle | Motte and bailey | 110112th century | No visible remains | EH / Norfolk Archaeological Trust | Site of medieval motte and bailey castle within surviving walls of the Roman fort of Saxon Shore. |
| Caister Castle | Quadrangular castle | 14321432–46 | Fragmentary ruins | HC | Moated, built largely of brick by Sir John Fastolf, a relatively intact 90 ft tower remains. |
| Castle Acre Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–12th century | Fragmentary remains | EH | Extensive earthworks. |
| Castle Rising | Keep | 1138c.1138 | Ruins | EH | |
| Claxton Castle | Castle | 130114–15th century | Fragmentary ruins | Private | |
| Norwich Castle | Keep | 1095c.1095–1110 | Intact | HM | Prison during 18–19th centuries. |
| Oxburgh Hall | Fortified manor house | 1482c.1482 | Intact | HH | 170118th and 19th century additions. |
| Thetford Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111th century | Earthworks | HC Local authority | One of the highest mottes in England, about 80 ft high. |