# AP Biology/Vocabulary
## Chapter 1

Introduction: Themes in The Study of Life
No vocabulary for this chapter.

## Chapter 2

The Chemical Context of Life
* Matter: Substance that has mass and occupies space
* Element: Any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter.
* Compound: A substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight.
* Trace Elements: Elements essential for growth, but required only in minute amounts.
* Atom: The smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
* Neutrons: A subatomic particle with no net charge. Neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
* Protons: Positive charge of an atom located in the nucleus.
* Electrons: Negatively charged sub-atomic particles that orbit the atomic nucleus. The mass of electrons in orbit (of an atom) forms the electron shell or electron cloud of the atom.
* Atomic Nucleus: The positively charged "core" of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons.
* Dalton:
* Atomic Number: Number indicating the number of protons in any given atom of an element. Each element has a unique atomic number.
* Mass Number: Sum of the protons and neutrons in any given atom of an element.
* Atomic Weight:
* Isotopes: Variations of an element with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons.
* Radioactive Isotopes:
* Energy: The ability to do work, or the work required to start or carry out a reaction or process.
* Potential Energy: The possibility (potential) of an object or substance to do work.
* Energy Levels:The energy characteristic of a stationary state of a physical system, especially a quantum mechanical system.
* Electron Shells:
* Orbital:
* Valence Electrons:An electron in an outer shell of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms.
* Valence shell:
* Chemical bonds: Special linkages between two or more molecules or compounds.
* Covalent Bond: Chemical bonding in which two atoms "share" one or more electrons.
* Molecule:
* Structural Formula:
* Molecular Formula:
* Double Covalent Bond:
* Valence:
* Nonpolar bond:
* Polar Covalent Bond:
* Electronegativity:
* Nonpolar Covalent Bond:
* Polar Covalent Bond:
* Ion: A charged particle.
* Cation:a positively charged ion. Happens due to the loss of electrons.
* Anion:a negatively charged ion. Happens due to te gain of electrons.
* Ionic Bond:A Chemical bond formed between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.
* Hydrogen Bond: Chemical bonding in which two molecules are linked together by one or more hydrogen atoms.
* Van Der Waals Interactions:
* Chemical Reactions:
* Reactants: Substances that interact with one another or with an external source in a reaction.
* Products: Substances produced from the interactions stated above in a reaction.
* Chemical Equilibrium: State in which the quantity of reactants is equivalent to the quantity of products. Example: H$_2$ + O$_2$ --> H$_2$O

## Chapter 3

Water and The Fitness of The Environment
* Polar Molecules:
* Cohesion:
* Adhesion:
* Surface Tension:
* Kinetic Energy:
* Heat:
* Temperature: The measure of heat in a substance.
* Celsius Scale:
* Calorie (cal):
* Kilocalorie (kcal):
* Joule (J):
* Specific Heat:
* Heat of Vaporization:
* Evaporative Cooling:
* Solution:
* Solvent: Substance in which the solute (below) is dissolved.
* Solute: Substance that dissolves or will dissolve in a solution.
* Aqueous Solution:
* Hydrophilic:
* Hydrophobic:
* Mole (mol):
* Molecular Weight:
* Molarity:
* Hydrogen Ion:
* Hydroxide ion (OH-):
* Acid:
* Base:
* pH Scale:
* Buffers:
* Acid Precipitation:

## Chapter 4

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
* Organic Chemistry: The study of substances which have carbon-hydrogen bonds.
* Hydrocarbons:
* Isomers:
* Structural Isomers:
* Geometic Isomers:
* Enantiomers:
* Functional Groups:
* Hydroxyl Group:
* Alcohols:
* Carbonyl Group:
* Aldehyde:
* Ketone:
* Carboxyl Group:
* Carboxylic Acids:
* Amino group:
* Amines:
* Sulfhydryl Group:
* Thiols:
* Phosphate Groups:

## Chapter 5

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
* Macromolecule:
* Polymer:
* Monomers:
* Condensation Reaction:
* Dehydration Reaction:
* Hydrolysis:
* Carbohydrates:
* Monosaccharides:
* Disaccharide:
* Glycosidic Linkage:A covalent bond between two glycogin molecules.
* Starch:
* Glycogen:
* Cellulose:
* Chitin:
* Lipids:A combination of a glyceral and 3 fatty acids. Hydrophobic.
* Fat:
* Fatty Acid:
* Triacylglycerol:
* Saturated Fatty Acid:
* Unsaturated Fatty Acid:
* Phospholipids:
* Steroids:
* Cholesterol:
* Proteins:
* Conformation:
* Polypeptides:
* Amino Acids:
* Peptide Bond:
* Primary Structure:
* Secondary Structure:
* Alpha Helix:
* Pleated Sheet:
* Tertiary Structure:
* Hydrophobic Interaction:
* Disulfide Bridges:
* Quaternary Structure:
* Denaturation:
* Chaperone Proteins:
* Gene:
* Nucleic Acids:
* Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
* Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):
* Nucleotides:
* Pyridmidine:
* Purines:
* Ribose:
* Deoxyribose:
* Polynucleotide:
* Double Helix:

## Chapter 6

An Introduction to Metabolism
* Metabolism:
* Catabolic Pathways:
* Anabolic Pathways:
* Bioenergetics:
* Kinetic Energy:
* potential Energy:
* Thermodynamics:
* First Law of Thermodynamics:
* Second Law of Thermodynamics:
* Gibbs Free Energy:
* Exergonic Reaction:
* Endergonic Reaction:
* Metabolic Disequilibrium:
* Energy Coupling:
* ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):
* Phosphorylated Intermediate:
* Enzymes:
* Catalyst:
* Activation Energy (energy of activation):
* Substrate:
* Active Site:
* Induced Fit:
* Cofactors:
* Coenzymes:
* Competitive Inhibitors:
* Noncompetitive Inhibitors:
* Allosteric Site:
* Feedback Inhibition:
* Cooperativity:

## Chapter 7

A Tour of the Cell
* Light Microscopes (LMs):
* Resolving power:
* Organelles:
* Electron Microscope(EM):
* Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):
* Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):
* Cell Fraction:
* Ultracentrifuges:
* Prokaryotic Cell:
* Nucleoid:
* Cytoplasm:
* Cytosol:
* Plasma Membrane:
* Nucleus:
* Nuclear lamina:
* Chromatin:
* Chromosomes:
* Nucleolus:
* Ribosomes:
* Endomembrane System:
* Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
* Smooth ER:
* Rough ER:
* Glycoproteins:
* Transport Vesicles:
* Golgi Apparatus:
* Lysosome:
* Phagocytosis:
* Food Vacuoles:
* Contractile Vacuoles:
* Central Vacuoles:
* Tonoplast:
* Mitochondria:
* Chloroplasts:
* Cristae:
* Mitochondrial Matrix:
* Plastids:
* Thylakoids:
* Grana:
* Stroma:
* Peroxisome:
* Cytoskeleton:
* Microtubules:
* Microfilaments:
* Intermediate Filaments:
* Centrosomes and Centrioles:
* Centrosome:
* Centrioles:
* Cilia:
* Flagella:
* Basal Body:
* Dynein:
* Actin:
* Myosin:
* Pseudopodia:
* Cytoplasmic Streaming:
* Primary Cell Wall:
* Middle Lamella:
* Secondary Cell Wall:
* Extracellular Matrix (ECM):
* Collagen:
* Proteoglycans:
* Fibronectins:
* Integrins:
* Plasmodesmata:
* Plasmodesma:
* Tight Junctions:
* Desmosomes:
* Gap Junctions: