OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Old School RuneScape/Quests/Wanted!

After the Recruitment Drive quest the player became a member of the Temple Knights, however there's been a small problem with the application: You have to be a member of the White Knights of Falador to apply. So to become a member: really help out the white knights, though you already did this in Black Knights' Fortress, you are going to have to do something even more big than stopping a Black Knight invasion.
The main reward for this quest is access to the White Knight's armoury, this armour is about equal to adamant in stats and each piece gives a +1 bonus to prayer. It also contains the only halberd that can be bought outside the elven lands. In order to gain access to all of the equipment, players must rise in the White Knight's ranks. Though if a player of a higher rank first buys the item from the armoury, anybody who has completed the quest can buy it from them and wield it. In order to gain White Knight ranks, players must kill black knights. The best places for this are the Black Knights Fortress and their hangout in the far south part of Taverley Dungeon (Taverley is much preferred).
White Knight ranks and requirements:
1. Novice - 0 kills
2. Peon - 100 kills
3. Page - 200 kills
4. Noble - 400 kills
5. Adept - 800 kills
6. Master - 1600 kills
# Old School RuneScape/Skills/Experience Table

This table shows players how much experience they need to reach to get to the next level, as well as the experience difference from the last level they were at.
| Level | Experience needed to reach level | Experience difference from last level |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | 83 | 83 |
| 3 | 174 | 91 |
| 4 | 276 | 102 |
| 5 | 388 | 112 |
| 6 | 512 | 124 |
| 7 | 650 | 138 |
| 8 | 801 | 151 |
| 9 | 969 | 168 |
| 10 | 1,154 | 185 |
| 11 | 1,358 | 204 |
| 12 | 1,584 | 226 |
| 13 | 1,833 | 249 |
| 14 | 2,107 | 274 |
| 15 | 2,411 | 304 |
| 16 | 2,746 | 335 |
| 17 | 3,115 | 369 |
| 18 | 3,523 | 408 |
| 19 | 3,973 | 450 |
| 20 | 4,470 | 497 |
| 21 | 5,018 | 548 |
| 22 | 5,624 | 606 |
| 23 | 6,291 | 667 |
| 24 | 7,028 | 737 |
| 25 | 7,842 | 814 |
| 26 | 8,740 | 898 |
| 27 | 9,730 | 990 |
| 28 | 10,824 | 1,094 |
| 29 | 12,031 | 1,207 |
| 30 | 13,363 | 1,332 |
| 31 | 14,833 | 1,470 |
| 32 | 16,456 | 1,623 |
| 33 | 18,247 | 1,791 |
| 34 | 20,224 | 1,977 |
| 35 | 22,406 | 2,182 |
| 36 | 24,815 | 2,409 |
| 37 | 27,473 | 2,658 |
| 38 | 30,408 | 2,935 |
| 39 | 33,648 | 3,240 |
| 40 | 37,224 | 3,576 |
| 41 | 41,171 | 3,947 |
| 42 | 45,529 | 4,358 |
| 43 | 50,339 | 4,810 |
| 44 | 55,649 | 5,310 |
| 45 | 61,512 | 5,863 |
| 46 | 67,983 | 6,471 |
| 47 | 75,127 | 7,144 |
| 48 | 83,014 | 7,887 |
| 49 | 91,721 | 8,707 |
| 50 | 101,333 | 9,612 |
| 51 | 111,945 | 10,612 |
| 52 | 123,660 | 11,715 |
| 53 | 136,594 | 12,934 |
| 54 | 150,872 | 14,278 |
| 55 | 166,636 | 15,764 |
| 56 | 184,040 | 17,404 |
| 57 | 203,254 | 19,214 |
| 58 | 224,466 | 21,212 |
| 59 | 247,886 | 23,420 |
| 60 | 273,742 | 25,856 |
| 61 | 302,288 | 28,546 |
| 62 | 333,804 | 31,516 |
| 63 | 368,599 | 34,795 |
| 64 | 407,015 | 38,416 |
| 65 | 449,428 | 42,413 |
| 66 | 496,254 | 46,826 |
| 67 | 547,953 | 51,699 |
| 68 | 605,032 | 57,079 |
| 69 | 668,051 | 63,019 |
| 70 | 737,627 | 69,576 |
| 71 | 814,445 | 76,818 |
| 72 | 899,257 | 84,812 |
| 73 | 992,895 | 93,638 |
| 74 | 1,096,278 | 103,383 |
| 75 | 1,210,421 | 114,143 |
| 76 | 1,336,443 | 126,022 |
| 77 | 1,475,581 | 139,138 |
| 78 | 1,629,200 | 153,619 |
| 79 | 1,798,808 | 169,608 |
| 80 | 1,986,068 | 187,260 |
| 81 | 2,192,818 | 206,750 |
| 82 | 2,421,087 | 228,269 |
| 83 | 2,673,114 | 252,027 |
| 84 | 2,951,373 | 278,259 |
| 85 | 3,258,594 | 307,221 |
| 86 | 3,597,792 | 339,198 |
| 87 | 3,972,294 | 374,502 |
| 88 | 4,385,776 | 413,482 |
| 89 | 4,842,295 | 456,519 |
| 90 | 5,346,332 | 504,037 |
| 91 | 5,902,831 | 556,499 |
| 92 | 6,517,253 | 614,422 |
| 93 | 7,195,629 | 678,376 |
| 94 | 7,944,614 | 748,985 |
| 95 | 8,771,558 | 826,944 |
| 96 | 9,684,577 | 913,019 |
| 97 | 10,692,629 | 1,008,052 |
| 98 | 11,805,606 | 1,112,977 |
| 99 | 13,034,431 | 1,228,825 |
# Old School RuneScape/Quests/Zogre Flesh Eaters

This quest allows players to fletch and use brutal arrows, which can only be used with ogre bows and do more damage than normal arrows of the same type. This also allows players access to a "cure disease" potoin which may be used in the Tai Bwo Wannai cleanup minigame as well as in the [[Old School RuneScape /Quests/Shades of Mort'ton|Shades of Mort'ton]] quest.
# Old School RuneScape/Quests/Witch's Potion

Description: Become one with your darker side. Tap into your hidden depths of magical potential by making a potion with the help of Hetty the Rimmington witch.
Starting Point: Talk to Hetty in her house in Rimmington, south of Falador and west of Port Sarim.
Difficulty: Easy
Length: Short
Requirements: None
Items needed: A rat's tail, burnt meat, an eye of newt, an onion, and 10 gp.
Talk to Hetty and tell her you want to know more about the black arts. She will tell you she needs four ingredients you have to get. You need to get a rat's tail, burnt meat, an eye of newt, and an onion.
Rat's Tail: You need to start the quest to get rat's tails. Just kill a rat and it will drop a tail.
Burnt Meat: If your cooking is low, just pick up the meat cows drop and cook it. Since your level is low, you'll burn more often. So once you've burnt a piece of meat, continue on. If your cooking is too high, cook a piece of meat on a range, and then use the cooked piece of meat again on the range to burn it. You can only use the meat dropped from cows, giant rats, and bears for this quest.
Eye of Newt: You can buy an eye of newt from the magic shop in Port Sarim, it is labelled with a small fire on your map.
Onion: Onions can be found north west of Rimmington. Just grab one.
When you have all these items, talk to Hetty. She'll put them in her cauldron and tell you to drink from it. Drink from the cauldron to complete the quest.
Reward: 1 Quest Point and 375 magic experience.
# Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/Authors
## Authors

The authors who have contributed to this manual are encouraged to list their names and institutions here.
Peri SJ Coleman, Principal Consultant, Delta Environmental Consulting, 12 Beach Road, St Kilda SA, AUSTRALIA
Brian V Timms, Honorary Research Associate, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney NSW, AUSTRALIA
Fuland123
# Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies
## Contents

* Scope and Introduction (Feb 25, 2009)
* Describing your lake - hydrogeomorphology (Feb 26, 2009)
** Effects of salinity on evaporation rate
** Sequential crystallisation of brine salts (Feb 26, 2009)
* Measuring physical characteristics of the geomorphology
** Measuring the hardness of playa crusts (Feb 25, 2009)
* Measuring physical characteristics of the brine
** Salinity
*** Measuring brine density (July 9, 2019)
*** Measuring electrical conductivity (Feb 25, 2009)
*** Measuring refractive index (Feb 25, 2009)
*** Measuring chloride concentration (Feb 25, 2009)
*** Evaporating brine and weighing the residue (gravimetry)
** Light penetration
** Color (Feb 25, 2009)
** Turbidity (Feb 25, 2009)
** Suspended solids (Feb 25, 2009)
** Temperature (Mar 19, 2009)
** pH (Feb 25, 2009)
* Looking deeper - preparing to analyse (Feb 25, 2009)
* Inorganic chemical characteristics
** Dissolved oxygen
** Nutrients
*** Nitrogen (Feb 25, 2009)
*** Phosphorus
*** Other nutrients
** Alkalinity
** Additional non-metallic substances
** Hardness (Calcium & Magnesium) (Feb 25, 2009)
** Additional metals
* Organic chemical characteristics
** BOD
** TOC
** Tannins and humic compounds
* Biological characteristics (Feb 25, 2009)
** Emergent macrophyte vegetation and terrestrial fringing vegetation
** Submerged aquatic macrophytes and macroalgae
** Phytoplankton (Mar 1, 2009)
** Periphyton (Mar 1, 2009)
** Benthic mat communities
** Productivity
** Zooplankton
** Macroinvertebrates (Feb 26, 2009)
** Vertebrates (Feb 26, 2009)
** Bacteriology
** Putting it together - integrated biological approaches (Feb 25, 2009)
* References
* Authors
# Methods Manual for Salt Lake Studies/Measuring the hardness of playa crusts

Authors: Fuland123, PSJ Coleman,

### Overview

Playa crusts may comprise fine clays, gypsum, salt or calcite crusts, or fine powdery materials. The hardness of such surfaces may be relatively constant (eg gypsum crusts) or may vary markedly with wetting (e.g. clay pan surfaces). Hardness of crust materials may be measured in situ or by taking a piece of the crust away for testing. Vigar's needle (or similar) penetrometers are ideal for measuring a crust's resistance to penetration in situ.

### Use of a needle penetrometer

This section needs a method description and photograph of the equipment
The section below needs some overview/description

### Calculation of the Rockwell Hardness Number

During a Rockwell test, the force on the indenter is increased from a preliminary test force to a total test force, and then returned to the preliminary test force. The difference in the two indentation depth measurements, while under the preliminary test force, is measured as h (see Fig. 1).
The unit measurement for his mm. From the value of h, the Rockwell hardness number is derived. The Rockwell hardness number is calculated as:
For scales using a diamond conical indenter (see Tables 1 and 2): Rockwell Hardness = 100 - h/0.002 Rockwell Superficial Hardness = 100 - h/0.001 where h is in mm.
For scales using a ball indenter (see Tables 1 and 2): Rockwell Hardness = 130 – h/0.002 Rockwell Superficial Hardness = 100 – h/0.001 where h is in mm.
The Rockwell hardness number is an arbitrary number, which, by method of calculation, results in a higher number for harder material. Rockwell hardness values shall not be designated by a number alone because it is necessary to indicate which indenter and forces have been employed in making the test (see Tables 1 and 2). Rockwell hardness numbers shall be quoted with a scale symbol representing the indenter and forces used. The hardness number is followed by the symbol HR and the scale designation. When a ball indenter is used, the scale designation is followed by the letter “W” to indicate the use of a tungsten carbide ball or the letter “S” to indicate the use of a steel ball.
Examples: 52 HRC = Rockwell hardness number of 52 on Rockwell C scale 79 HR30N = Rockwell superficial hardness number of 79 on the Rockwell 30N scale 89 HRBW = Rockwell hardness number of 89 on the Rockwell B scale using a tungsten carbide ball indenter
A reported Rockwell hardness number or the average value of Rockwell hardness measurements shall be rounded in accordance with Practice E 29 with a resolution no greater than the resolution of the hardness value display of the testing machine. Typically, the resolution of a Rockwell hardness number should not be greater than 0.1 Rockwell units.

### Links

* See TianXing Hardness testers for more on this.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Halohydrins

Halohydrins are formed in addition reactions with alkenes, and either an aqueous solution of a halogen or the corresponding hypohalous acid (eg HOBr or HOCl).
Halohydrin formation uses a cyclic bridged ion as an intermediate. Because of this, the stereochemistry of the reaction process is anti.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Inductive effect

The Shifting of electrons in a sigma bond in response to the electronegativity of nearby atoms.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Hydroboration
## Hydroboration basics

By reacting an alkene with borane, a useful reaction intermediate called an organoborane can be formed. An organoborane can be oxidized to form a terminal alcohol, or it can be protonated to form an alkane.
(Basic examples of reduction and protonolysis here)

## History

Hydroboration reactions were developed by Herbert C. Brown during his research at Purdue University. It earned him the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (along with Georg Wittig) because of the practical applications to synthesis, namely pharmaceuticals.

## Formation of borane reagents

Borane is not stable, it must be generated in situ from a borohydride salt (eg NaBH$_4$) at the time of organoborane formation. Diborane exists in equilibrium with borane.

## Hydroboration/Protonolysis

After one has formed an organoborane, it can be be reacted with an organic acid to obtain an alkane. The two hydrogens are added with syn stereospecificity

## Hydroboration/Oxidation

Organoboranes can be oxidized in a basic peroxide solution to form alcohols. The alcohol that is formed is the opposite product that would be formed by oxymercuration or hydration. The hydrogen and hydroxide groups add syn to each other.

## Regiochemistry of products

Boration reactions generate anti-Markovnikov products because hydrogen adds second as a hydride nucleophile. (In most other reactions, hydrogen usually adds first as an electrophile.) The borane adds first, which is an honor usually reserved for the strongly electrophilic proton.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Halogenation

There are several ways to halogenate Alkenes. The simplest is by adding appropriate hydrogen halides, where the reaction follows Markovnikov's rule. This rule states that the halogen will become bonded to the more highly substituted carbon. This is a result of greater carbocation stability of more highly substituted carbon atoms, which have more ability to distribute the positive charge to the attached alkyl groups. When both carbon atoms have the same number of substituents, a mixture of products will often result.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Hydroboration/oxidation

Hydroboration/oxidation is a two-step reaction that converts alkenes into alcohols with anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry.
First, borane, BH$_3$ is allowed to react with the alkene. The boron atom will generally react with the less substituted carbon, and it will also donate a proton to the other carbon across the double bond. If there is an excess of the alkene, a trialkylborane will be formed. That is, one molecule of borane can react with up to three molecules of the alkane if necessary. Tetrahydrofuran, a cyclic ether, is usually used as a solvent for this first step in the reaction because it can form a complex with the borane that gives the boron atom a complete octet (boron only has 6 valence electrons when it is in pure borane, which makes it highly unstable.)
Now, we have a trialkylborane, which may be fine if that is what one is trying to synthesize, but most chemists are more interested in converting this borane intermediate into 3 alcohol molecules. The way this is done is to react the trialkylborane with hydrogen peroxide in a basic, aqueous solution. This causes the borane intermediate to be converted into three molecules of an alcohol. B(OH)$_3$ is also produced, but is probably ignored by most chemists.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Hydrohalogenation

Alkenes are electron-rich. Just look at those electrons all clumped together in the carbon-carbon double bond. They act as Lewis bases (they give up electrons).
Hydrohalogenation follows Markovnikov's rule. That is, the carbon of the double bond that starts out more substituted receives the halogen (becomes more substituated) while the carbon of the double bond that starts out less substituted ends up with the hydrogen.
The H$^+$ is attracted to the electron-rich double bond and adds first, on the carbon with more hydrogens, leaving the other carbon with a positive charge (a carbocation). Then the X$^-$ reacts with the carbocation.
Read about Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov on Wikipedia.
# Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Overview of addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement reactions

<< Cycloalkanes | Next >>
The real heart of organic chemistry is the reactions. Everything that you study is geared to prepare you for organic syntheses and other chemical transformations performed in the lab. This chapter gives you the basic tools to begin looking at these reactions.

## Some basic reaction types

One way to organize organic reactions places them into a few basic categories:
* addition reactions
* elimination reactions
* substitution reactions
* rearrangement reactions
Other categories include:
* Oxidations
* Reductions
* Alkylations
Sometimes one reaction can fall into more than one category. These classifications are just a tool and are not rigid.

## Addition reaction

Something is added to something else to produce a third thing.
    A + B → C
Note: the letters A, B and C here represent any atomic, ionic or molecular species which can undergo this type of reaction.

## Elimination reaction

Something comes off of a molecule, resulting in two products.
    A → B + C

## Substitution reactions

This involves the exchange of one group for another.
    AB + CD → AC + BD
Common reaction types include
* radical reactions and
* nucleophilic substitutions
** S$_N$1, Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
** S$_N$2, Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution

## Rearrangement reactions

A molecule shifts or otherwise rearranges to form a different molecule.
    A → B
This typically happens when one molecule changes into an isomer of itself.
<< Alkanes | << Cycloalkanes | Overview of reactions | Polar and radical reactions >> | Intro to functional groups >>
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince

← Order of the Phoenix | Deathly Hallows →

## Chapters

    Chapter 1: The Other Minister
    Chapter 2: Spinner's End
    Chapter 3: Will and Won't
    Chapter 4: Horace Slughorn
    Chapter 5: An Excess of Phlegm
    Chapter 6: Draco's Detour
    Chapter 7: The Slug Club
    Chapter 8: Snape Victorious
    Chapter 9: The Half-Blood Prince
    Chapter 10: The House of Gaunt
    Chapter 11: Hermione's Helping Hand
    Chapter 12: Silver and Opals
    Chapter 13: The Secret Riddle
    Chapter 14: Felix Felicis
    Chapter 15: The Unbreakable Vow
    Chapter 16: A Very Frosty Christmas
    Chapter 17: A Sluggish Memory
    Chapter 18: Birthday Surprises
    Chapter 19: Elf Tails
    Chapter 20: Lord Voldemort's Request
    Chapter 21: The Unknowable Room
    Chapter 22: After the Burial
    Chapter 23: Horcruxes
    Chapter 24: Sectumsempra
    Chapter 25: The Seer Overheard
    Chapter 26: The Cave
    Chapter 27: The Lightning-Struck Tower
    Chapter 28: Flight of the Prince
    Chapter 29: The Phoenix Lament
    Chapter 30: The White Tomb

## Overview

We join Harry Potter as he enters his sixth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. This volume is written from the point-of-view of the now 16-year-old Harry, as he takes advanced courses to prepare for the NEWT-level exams required for his chosen career. A darker book than the preceding volumes, it reveals more about Lord Voldemort's history and his impact on the Muggle world. Voldemort has emerged into the open, and his presence is beginning to have an effect on the day-to-day life of the Wizarding world.
While the series progressively covers seven years in Harry Potter's life, each of the first five volumes is largely self-contained. This book is written more as the first half of a two-part novel, and, as such, the ending feels rather incomplete.
Note: While this book is one of the longer ones in the series, at 607 pages (Bloomsbury / Raincoast edition), it is also set in significantly larger type. If it were the same size type as Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, it would be 414 pages (approximately) to 223 for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.

## Book Highlights

* New places visited: Muggle Prime Minister's office (Number 10, Downing Street), Spinner's End, Marvolo Gaunt's residence, an orphanage in London, the cave where young Tom Riddle tortured two children from his orphanage (Dennis Bishop and Amy Benson), Fred and George Weasley's joke shop: Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes, Hepzibah Smith's house.
* Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher: Severus Snape
* New teacher: Horace Slughorn
* Title refers to: previous owner of Harry's borrowed Advanced Potion Making book.
# K-12 School Computer Networking/Chapter 4
## YouTube Video on Voice over IP: Shenetta Richardson, Systems Engineer

The future of real time voice communications is evolving from the traditional TDM circuit switch infrastructure. VoIP is simply the transmission of voice traffic over IP-base networks. The Internet Protcol was originally designed for data networking. The success of IP is becoming a world standard for data networking and has led to adaptation into the voice network which allows you to make voice calls using a broadband internet connection instead of the regular analog phone line.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IwR1QbQZ7Y
# K-12 School Computer Networking/Chapter 7

VENDOR RELATIONSHIPS
Under construction by jennifer
# Past LSAT Explained/PrepTest 50

The September 2006 LSAT Form 6LSN70

## Section I Reading Comprehension

The experimental section appeared in Section 2. Ratings of this administration placed its difficulty slightly above that of other recent exams. Scored Reading Comprehension - 28 questions
Examinees found the arts passage easiest and the science passage hardest.
On the whole, Test takers found this to be a difficult section because of the number of questions, difficulty of the questions, and complexity of the passages.
Passage 1 The first passage discussed Mexican-American writers and argued that their writing displays a fusion of language and theme unique to their experiences.
Passage 2 The second passage reviewed changes in bankruptcy law, noting a shift in emphasis from punishment to restitution. The author viewed the change as beneficial because those who declare bankruptcy can better repay their debtors. Passage 3 The third passage addressed the malleability of cultural identity. It used historical examples to illustrate how one culture can engulf another and cause identity shifts. Passage 4 The last passage dealt with chaos theory, specifically the idea that you can predict a future state but not how something will get to that state. It described recent work in the field that challenges the reproducibility of scientific results and has the potential to undermine some of science’s core tenets.

## Section II Logical Reasoning

Most examinees found one of the sections harder than the other, though the difference in difficulty was less pronounced than on some other recent exams.

### Question 26
## Section III Analytical Reasoning

Games - 22 questions
Princeton Review students rated the difficulty of this section as easier than Games sections that have appeared on exams within the past year.
In the first game, you had to determine at which of four airports six flights, ordered 1 to 6, landed.
The second game involved selecting a panel of five people from a group of three parents, three students, and four teachers.
The third game asked test takers to determine in which of five years three students graduated and in which of those years they purchased cars.
In the last game, a child eating alphabet soup decided to eat from one to three of six remaining letters in three spoonfuls. You had to determine which letters were in each spoonful.
# Past LSAT Explained/Reading Comprehension
## Reading List

* Which one of the following is the central topic of each passage?
* Both passages explicitly mention which one of the following?
* Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by both passages?
* Which one of the following most accurately describes the attitude expressed by the author of passage B toward the overall argument in passage A?
* The relationship between passage A and passage B is most analogous to the relationship in which one of the following?