OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constructivist Theories in Education/Piaget

What would Piaget (1896-1980) say to today's primary teachers to encourage a constructivist approach?
Luckily, we need not use our imagination here: Piaget dealt with elementary teachers and had very specific recommendations for them in different subject areas (Piaget, 1998, De la pédagogie. Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob). As early as 1921 he was hired by Claparède to become director of studies at the Jean Jacques Rousseau Institute in Geneva. He worked for the International Bureau of Education from 1929 to 1967 and Director of the Institute of Educational Sciences at the University of Geneva from 1932-1971.
Piaget's advice to teachers, in essence, was to provide conditions under which the child can be guided to learn for themselves: Not just to master existing knowledge, but to become excited about the possibility of creating new knowledge. What this means in different disciplines will depend on the specific topics being learned. The idea being that the student constructs their own understandings rather than being a passive recipient of knowledge.
Of course, Jean Piaget's ideas are not new. 2000 years ago, Plutarch said: "The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled." Plutarch (46 - 127)

## See also

Contemporary Educational Psychology/Chapter 3: Student Development—discusses Piaget's theory as it applies to classroom learning.
# Constructivist Theories in Education/The New Century:Classroom Applications of Constructivism

WebQuests are another constructivist tool. The shortage of text material for the early grades is glaring. It is there, but hard to find.
Computer game programming is an area where Constructivist learning is practiced. With tools such as Gamemaker and Klik&Play, it is being used in classrooms from grade 3 up

## See also

Contemporary Educational Psychology/Chapter 2: The Learning Process provides a discussion of constructivism as it relates especially to classroom learning.
# Consumer Electronics Certification and Regulation
## Foreword

* Aim of this textbook

## Chapter 4: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Certification Standards and Testing

The FCC has set electromagnetic compatibility standards such that, if your device passes the test (and your neighbor's TV or other device also passes the test), you device will (probably) not interfere with your neighbor's TV reception, and your neighbor's other devices will not interfere with your device.
All products containing electronics that oscillate above 9 kHz must be certified . (There is a special section 15.103 exemption from certification for devices that do not operate when connected to the AC power lines, are digital, do not intentionally radiate, and both the highest frequency generated and the highest frequency used are less than 1.705 MHz ).
Nearly all electronic devices fall into one or the other of the categories and therefore require one or the other tests described in "FCC Part 15" (Wikipedia: Title 47 CFR Part 15):
* Intentional radiators that require a license to use
* Intentional narrowband radiators that use the "unlicensed spectrum" in a way that does not require a license to use
* Intentional ultra-wideband radiators
* Unintentional radiators

## Other tests

Many manufacturers perform other tests on prototypes that—while not legally required—often help flush out design flaws that lead to excessive returns or support costs or both:
* drop tests are often performed even on products that aren't technically required to pass that test . One drop test standard is "49 CFR 178.603 - Drop test".
* electrostatic discharge testing (Wikipedia: Electrostatic discharge#Simulation and testing for electronic devices

## Further reading

* Practical Electronics
* Embedded Control Systems Design/Hostile Environment#Electromagnetic compatibility
# Constructivist Theories in Education/Making Words

Making Words starts at the knowledge of letters and sounds and evolves to an increasingly advanced knowledge of words.
# Consumer Electronics Certification and Regulation/Aim

The aim of this textbook is to provide a centralized information resource and reference for working engineers to familiarize themselves with various consumer electronics certification and regulatory standards and compliance testing, both optional and mandatory, that are commonly used on products sold in the US, EU, and other major economies.
# Consultant's Manual

The following consultant's manual is a one-stop place to come for vital information related to the process of becoming and succeeding as an independent consultant. The primary focus of the manual will be toward consultants living and working in the United States, or doing business with the United States. As the content grows and there is interest from consultants in other countries, those individuals can add that content to this manual. This manual is geared toward small, one- or two-person firms, rather than to larger consultant-type companies. It covers a wide range of topics, including home offices and tax-related issues.
The road to becoming a consultant takes many twists and turns. Some individuals have never had a formal education or background. Others have had many years of experience in a related position, possibly as part of a larger consulting firm; some even have received advanced degrees, such as the MBA, or Master’s of Business Administration. There is no one path which will guarantee success, nor is there clear guidelines for when and how to start an independent consultancy.
Here are a few of the many topics that will be covered:
* Making the decision to be an independent consultant
* Arranging your finances
* Determining your speciality
* Creating an identity
* Business structure
* Setting up a home office
* Marketing
* Delivering your services
* Record keeping
* Tax consequences
* Strategic planning
* Reference materials and other resources
Many other topics will be added as needed. First and foremost, this is a business and should be treated as such. Unless you are independently wealthy and doing consulting as a service to the community, one of your primary goals will be generating a profit. Profit is not just the money received from your clients, it is the money which remains after expenses are paid.
# Functions
## IsNan

Function IsNan( x:Double )
Description: Check if a value is NAN
Returns: True if x is 'not a number' (e.g.: Sqr(-1))
Example:

## IsInf

Function IsInf( x:Double )
Description: Check if a value is infinite (e.g.: 1.0/0.0)
Returns: True if x is infinite
Example:

## Sqr

Function Sqr:Double( x:Double )
Description: Square root of x
Example:

## Sin

Function Sin:Double( x:Double )
Description: Sine of x degrees

## Cos

Function Cos:Double( x:Double )
Description: Cosine of x degrees

## Tan

Function Tan:Double( x:Double )
Description: Tangent of x degrees

## ASin

Function ASin:Double( x:Double )
Description: Inverse Sine of x
Comments: The inverse sine can determine the remaining angles of a right triangle when the lengths of the sides are known. For instance, an angle may be calculated using the length of the opposite side and the hypotenuse.
Example:

## ACos

Function ACos:Double( x:Double )
Description: Inverse Cosine of x
Comments: The inverse cosine can determine the remaining angles of a right triangle when the lengths of the sides are known. For instance, an angle may be calculated using the length of the adjacent side and the hypotenuse.
Example:

## ATan

Function ATan:Double( x:Double )
Description: Inverse Tangent of x
Comments: The inverse tangent can determine the remaining angles of a right triangle when the lengths of the sides are known. For instance, an angle may be calculated using the length of the opposite side and the adjacent side.
Example:

## ATan2

Function ATan2:Double( y:Double,x:Double )
Description: Inverse Tangent of two variables x , y
Comments: ATan2 is similar to ATan. However, it makes use of the two arguments signs to determine the angle of a imaginary vector (x,y) relatively to the x-axis (counterclockwise). This is very useful, for example in determining the direction from one point to another.
Example:

## Sinh

Function Sinh:Double( x:Double )
Description: Hyperbolic sine of x

## Cosh

Function Cosh:Double( x:Double )
Description: Hyperbolic cosine of x

## Tanh

Function Tanh:Double( x:Double )
Description: Hyperbolic tangent of x

## Exp

Function Exp:Double( x:Double )
Description: Exponential function

## Log

Function Log:Double( x:Double )
Description: Natural logarithm

## Log10

Function Log10:Double( x:Double )
Description: Base 10 logarithm

## Ceil

Function Ceil:Double( x:Double )
Description: Smallest integral value not less than x

## Floor

Function Floor:Double( x:Double )
Description: Largest integral value not greater than x
Comments: Ceil will round a variable up, whereas Floor will round it down.
Example:
# BlitzMax/Modules/Graphics/TGA loader

The TGA loader module provides the ability to load TGA format pixmaps.
# BlitzMax/Modules/MaxGUI/Drivers

Your MaxGUI applications should import this module if they want BlitzMax to selectively import the latest official MaxGUI drivers for your application and platform:
| Platform | Default Driver |
| Windows 2000/XP/Vista | MaxGUI.Win32MaxGUIEx |
| Windows 9X | MaxGUI.Win32MaxGUIEx (requires unicows.dll or MSLU to run) |
| Linux | MaxGUI.FLTKMaxGUI |
| Mac OS X | MaxGUI.CocoaMaxGUI |
# BlitzMax/Modules/MaxGUI Drivers/CocoaMaxGUI

The MacOS MaxGUI module provides a Cocoa based MacOS driver for MaxGUI.
# BlitzMax/Modules/Math/Random numbers

The random module contains commands for generating random numbers.
The numbers generated are not really random, as without special hardware support a software algorithm cannot produce 'real' random numbers.
Instead, the algorithm produces values that merely appear to be random. In reality, each generated value actually depends on the previously generated value.
You can set the 'state' of the random number generator using the SeedRnd command. A common practice is to seed the random number generator with the system time when your program starts up, for example:
This ensures that the random number generator does not start in the same state each time your program is run, which would cause it to produce the same sequence of random numbers.

# Functions
## RndFloat

Function RndFloat#
Description: Generate random float
Returns: A random float in the range 0 (inclusive) to 1 (exclusive)
Example:

## RndDouble

Function RndDouble!
Description: Generate random double
Returns: A random double in the range 0 (inclusive) to 1 (exclusive)
Example:

## Rnd

Function Rnd!( min_value!=0,max_value!=1 )
Description: Generate random double
Returns: A random double in the range min (inclusive) to max (exclusive)
Information: The optional parameters allow you to use Rnd in 3 ways:
| Format | Result |
| &Rnd | Random double in the range 0 (inclusive) to 1 (exclusive) |
| &Rnd(_x_) | Random double in the range 0 (inclusive) to n (exclusive) |
| &Rnd(_x,y_) | Random double in the range x (inclusive) to y (exclusive) |
Example:

## Rand

Function Rand( min_value,max_value=1 )
Description: Generate random integer
Returns: A random integer in the range min (inclusive) to max (inclusive)
Information: The optional parameter allows you to use Rand in 2 ways:
| Format | Result |
| &Rand(x) | Random integer in the range 1 to x (inclusive) |
| &Rand(x,y) | Random integer in the range x to y (inclusive) |
Example:

## SeedRnd

Function SeedRnd( seed )
Description: Set random number generator seed
Example:

## RndSeed

Function RndSeed
Description: Get random number generator seed
Returns: The current random number generator seed
Information: Use in conjunction with SeedRnd, RndSeed allows you to reproduce sequences of random numbers.
Example:
# BlitzMax/Modules/MaxGUI

The 'MaxGUI' modscope is the official group of GUI modules for BlitzMax.

## Modules
#### MaxGUI

   * MaxGUI
   * Drivers
   * Localization
   * ProxyGadgets

#### MaxGUI: Drivers

   * Win32MaxGUIEx
   * FLTKMaxGUI
   * CocoaMaxGUI

## External links

* MaxGUI Programming Forum
# BlitzMax/Modules/MaxGUI Drivers/FLTKMaxGUI

The official Linux MaxGUI module provides a FLTK (pronounced "Full-Tick") based driver for MaxGUI.
As of version 1.38, it is now possible to also compile your Windows MaxGUI applications with the MaxGUI.FLTKMaxGUI driver. This could be useful for getting an idea of how your applications will look when compiled on Linux. To do this, replace your MaxGUI.Drivers import statement with:
Find out more about the FLTK 1.3 library here.
FLTKMaxGUI also uses the excellent FLU library (FLTK Utility Widgets) and Flmm_Tab.
Find out more about the FLU Library here.
More information about MatthiasM's Flmm_Tab drop-in replacement widget can be found here.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...g6

1.e4 e5 2.Qh5 g6

# Wayward Queen Attack

This move is a blunder as it allows 3. Qxe5+! creating a deadly fork to the king and the rook and thus loses that h8 rook. If, however, White blunders and Black plays well, the Queen may be trapped near h8, but this is unlikely.
Instead of playing 2…g6??, 2…Nc6 defends the e-pawn and gives Black a very slight edge due to White’s misplaced queen.
2…Nf6 attacking the Queen thus preventing the famous Scholar's Mate is another idea, though less common. Although this gives White the opportunity to capture on e5, Black in return gains tempos as White’s queen is far from her home and doesn’t have a clear way to get to safe squares such as e2 and d1 safely.
Black also has the ability to play Qe7 attempting to defend the pawn, but it somewhat blunders a whole queen as white can open the bishop to attack the queen on e7 (3. d3/d4, g6 4. Bg5, ...) The queen still has the ability to take, but if the white queen can protect the bishop, the queen will have to go somewhere else, thus it displaces the queen and black is vulnerable to other attacks, if white plays well that is.
If black plays Nc6, then white can play Bc4. The bishop would be vulnerable to attacks, but if black attempts to do any other move than guard the f-pawn, black loses. (3. Bc4, g6 4. Qf3, d6 (or any other move that doesn't protect the f-pawn) ?? 5. Qf7#, 1-0). If g6 is played, white can retreat to f3, and deliver a checkmate that way.
# Leonardis Variation
### 2. d3

2. d3 is known as the Leonardis Variation. The Leonardis Variation is inferior to most other responses to the Open Game (like 2. Nf3 or 2. Bc4) because it is very passive and blocks off the light-squared bishop (hems it to a defensive role on e2). Also, this is a very quiet move and allows Black easy equality with 2...Nf6 followed by 3...d5. However, this can be taken as a reversed Philidor Defense, and in that case, it is quite playable for White (this still results in equal positions, but Black has a small first-move advantage). There are also plans involving an early f4, which are still equal, but less popular than the plan in the line below. Nevertheless, as told before, this move does effectively give up White's first move advantage to Black, so is not played very commonly.

## Theory Table

1. e4 e5 2. d3
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| - Nf6 | Be2 d5 | exd5 Nxd5 | Nf3 Nc6 | O-O Bd6 | Nbd2 O-O | = |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. Qxd4/3...Nc6
## Center Game Accepted
### White's responses

White's queen is forced to retreat. By far, the most popular move is 4. Qe3 – Paulsen's Attack – lining up the queen with Black's king.
Most of White's other possible queen retreats allow Black a quick d5 to at least equalize - though most disastrous would be 4. Qc3, allowing 4...Bb4 to win the queen with a pin.
The move 4. Qd1 allows d5 a few moves later in an even worse scenario than usual for White. Black then usually responds with 4...Nf6, deciding to focus on developing the other knight.
On occasion, White chooses 4. Qa4 (mimicking the Scandinavian Main Line) or 4. Qc4 (the Hall Variation).

## Theory table

1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. Qxd4
| | 4 | 5 | 6 | Evaluation |
| Paulsen's Attack | Qe3 Nf6 | Bd2 Be7 | Nc3 O-O | = |
| | Qa4 | | | Recalls a reversed Scandinavian Defense line (1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Nc3 Qa5). |
| Hall variation | Qc4 | | | |

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Centre Pawn Opening/MacLeod Attack/Lopez Opening

White's second move prepares to push a pawn to d4, establishing a pawn center. However the idea is too slow as Black can respond vigorously with 2...d5 to eliminate transpositional possibilities. After 1. e4 e5 2. c3 d5 3. exd5 Qxd5, there is no 4. Nc3 to chase the queen away and gain a tempo.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. e4 e5 2. c3
| 2 | 3 | 4 |
| ... d5 | exd5 Qxd5 | d4 Nc6 | =+ |
| ... d5 | exd5 Qxd5 | Qf3 Be6 | Bd3 Nf6 | Qxd5 Bxd5 | =+ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. Qxd4
## Center Game Accepted

In the Center Game, White is happy with himself for knocking out Black's only foothold in the center square, e5. At the time, all four central squares are controlled by White. This may seem like a huge advantage for White, but if Black simply plays Nc6, the queen is forced to move. Conversely, it may seem like a bad idea to develop the queen before any other pieces; however, Black can get into trouble if careless.

### Black's responses

Usually, Black responds to the center game by playing 3...Nc6 forcing White's queen to leave its central outpost.

## Theory table

1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. Qxd4
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Evaluation |
| Center Game | ... Nc6 | Qe3 Nf6 | Bd2 Be7 | Nc3 O-O | = |
| | ... Nf6 | | | | = |

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.

## External links

* 365Chess: 1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4 3. Qxd4
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...d6
## 2...d6

This is an inferior way to enter a Philidor. While white's best move is still Nf3 transposing into the Philidor, it gives them the additional option of immediately entering an endgame with dxe5 dxe5 Qxd8+ Kxd8 Bc4, though practically black hasn't had trouble defending it. Black would lose the right to castle, and White would have a lead in development. According to chess365, after 5.Bc4, white wins 42.1%, 32.5% end in a draw, and 25.1% end in a black victory. White can also enter a Chekhover-like position via Nc3 exd4 Qxd4 with the intention to respond to Nc6 with the Bb5 pin or drawing the queen back to d3 or e3 and simply enjoying their space advantage.
As such, it is considered strictly inferior to the Philidor move order, because white's sideline alternatives after e4 e5 Nf3 d6 are much less aggressive.

## Theory table

| 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| dxe5 dxe5 | Qxd8+ Kxd8 | Bc4 | +/= |
| Nf3 | | | = |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4
## Centre Game

Black goes in the direction of the Centre Game by capturing the e-pawn.

### White's responses

The usual move is 3. Qxd4.
3. c3 is the Danish Gambit.
3. Nf3, the Kieseritzky variation, often leads to several transpositions. Black can transpose to the Scotch with 3...Nc6 or 3...Bb4+, to the Philidor with 3...d6, to Petrov's Steinitz variation with 3...Nf6, or to the Lewis Gambit of the Bishop's Opening with 3...Bc5 (followed by 4. Bc4 Nf6). An independent line is 3...Bc5 4. Nxd4 Nf6.

## Theory table

1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4
| | 3 | 4 | Evaluation | Notes |
| Center Game | Qxd4 Nc6 | Qe3 Nf6 | = | |
| Danish Gambit | c3 dxc3 | Bc4 Nf6 | = | |
| Scotch Game | Nf3 Nc6 | Nxd4 Bc5 | = | |
| Petrov's Defence | Nf3 Nf6 | e5 | | Steinitz variation of Petrov's. More commonly: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. d4 exd4 |
| von der Lasa Gambit | Bc4 Nf6 | Qxd4 Bb4+ | = | |
| Urusov Gambit | Bc4 Nf6 | Nf3 Nxe4 | = | |
| Halasz Gambit | f4 | | | |

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.

## External links

* 365Chess: 1. e4 e5 2. d4 exd4
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Electronics/Expanded Edition Impedance
## Inductance

Mutual and self, definition, dependence on geometry

## Impedance

Combining R,L, and C into one quantity.

## Solving the circuit

How to set up and solve the ODE's, free and driven circuits.
# Electronics/Gallery of VLF-signals

In the VLF-range signals from transmitters and jammers can be received.
The following table contains the most important signals in the range under 24 kHz. One should not expect to receive all stations at the same time. Some of the specified stationa are only few minutes per week active. Since these stations nearly all for the transmission of news to submerged submarines of naval forces, no transmission plans are available. Also a decoding of the signals might not succeed. One can enjoy however frequently about the signals on the spectrograms.

## List of transmitters

| Callsign | Frequency | Location of transmitter | Remarks |
| - | 11.905 kHz | Russia (various locations) | Alpha-Navigation |
| - | 12.649 kHz | Russia (various locations) | Alpha-Navigation |
| - | 14.881 kHz | Russia (various locations) | |
| - | 15.625 kHz | - | Frequency of horizontal deflectors in cathode ray tube-based TVs, as defined by PAL and SÉCAM specifications |
| ? | 15.8 kHz | ? | |
| JXN | 16.4 kHz | Helgeland ( Norway) | |
| SAQ | 17.2 kHz | Grimeton (Sweden) | Only active at special occasions, such as Alexanderson Day |
| - | ca. 17.5 kHz | ? | a twenty second pulse |
| ? | 17.8 kHz | ? | Transmit occasionally Superpulses |
| RDL, UPD, UFQE, UPP, UPD8 | 18.1 kHz | Russia (various locations) | |
| HWU | 18.3 kHz | Le Blanc (France) | Frequently inactive for longer periodes |
| RKS | 18.9 kHz | Russia (various locations) | Rarely active |
| GBZ | 19.6 kHz | Criggion (Great Britain) | Many operation modes, even Superpulseses |
| ICV | 20.27 kHz | Tavolara (Italia) | |
| RJH63, RJH66, RJH69, RJH77, RJH99 | 20.5 kHz | Russia (various locations) | Time signal transmitter Beta |
| ICV | 20.76 kHz | Tavolara (Italia) | |
| HWU | 20.9 kHz | Le Blanc (France) | |
| RDL | 21.1 kHz | Russia (various locations) | rarely active |
| HWU | 21.75 kHz | Le Blanc (France) | |
| ? | 22.1 kHz | Anthorn (Great Britain) | |
| ? | 22.3 kHz | Russia? | Only active on 2nd of each month for a short periode between 11o'clock and 13o'clock (respectively 10o'clock and 12o'clock in winter), if 2nd of each month is not a Sunday |
| RJH63, RJH66, RJH69, RJH77, RJH99 | 23 kHz | Russia (various locations) | Time signal transmitter Beta |
| DHO38 | 23.4 kHz | Saterland (Germany) | |
| NAA | 24 kHz | Cutler (USA) | |

## Signals from GBZ on 19,6 kHz

* Signal looking like a fish on 19.6 kHz
* Signal looking like a garland on 19.6 kHz
* Ornament-type signal on 19.6 kHz
* A superpulse

## Signals in the range between 17 kHz and 18 kHz

* Twenty-second pulse
* Signal of unidentified transmitter on 17.8 kHz
* Signal of SAQ on July 4th, 2004

## Signals from Russian "Beta"-time signal transmitters

* Signal of RJH63
* Signal of RJH77

## Other signals

* Signal of unknown transmitter on 17 kHz
* Signal of the transmitter on 22.3 kHz listed in the table

## Weblinks

* http://webflash.ess.washington.edu/

## See also

VLF-reception with the PC