OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GLSL Programming/Unity/Curved Glass

This tutorial covers refraction mapping and its implementation with cube maps.
It is a variation of Section “Reflecting Surfaces”, which should be read first.

### Refraction Mapping

In Section “Reflecting Surfaces”, we reflected view rays and then performed texture lookups in a cube map in the reflected direction. Here, we refract view rays at a curved, transparent surface and then perform the lookups with the refracted direction. The effect will ignore the second refraction when the ray leaves the transparent object again; however, many people hardly notice the differences since such refractions are usually not part of our daily life.
Instead of the reflect function, we are using the refract function; thus, the fragment shader could be:
Note that refract takes a third argument, which is the refractive index of the outside medium (e.g. 1.0 for air) divided by the refractive index of the object (e.g. 1.5 for some kinds of glass). Also note that the first argument has to be normalized, which isn't necessary for reflect.

### Complete Shader Code

With the adapted fragment shader, the complete shader code becomes:

### Summary

Congratulations. This is the end of another tutorial. We have seen:
* How to adapt reflection mapping to refraction mapping using the refract instruction.

### Further Reading

If you still want to know more
* about reflection mapping and cube maps, you should read Section “Reflecting Surfaces”.
* about the refract instruction, you could look it up in the “OpenGL ES Shading Language 1.0.17 Specification” available at the “Khronos OpenGL ES API Registry”.
< GLSL Programming/Unity
# GLSL Programming/Unity/Lighting Textured Surfaces

This tutorial covers per-vertex lighting of textured surfaces.
It combines the shader code of Section “Textured Spheres” and Section “Specular Highlights” to compute lighting with a diffuse material color determined by a texture. If you haven't read those sections, this would be a very good opportunity to read them.

### Texturing and Diffuse Per-Vertex Lighting

In Section “Textured Spheres”, the texture color was used as output of the fragment shader. However, it is also possible to use the texture color as any of the parameters in lighting computations, in particular the material constant $k_{\text{diffuse}}$ for diffuse reflection, which was introduced in Section “Diffuse Reflection”. It appears in the diffuse part of the Phong reflection model:
$I_{\text{diffuse}}=I_{\text{incoming}}\,k_{\text{diffuse}}\max(0,\mathbf {N} \cdot \mathbf {L} )$
where this equation is used with different material constants for the three color components red, green, and blue. By using a texture to determine these material constants, they can vary over the surface.

### Shader Code

In comparison to the per-vertex lighting in Section “Specular Highlights”, the vertex shader here computes two varying colors: diffuseColor is multiplied with the texture color in the fragment shader and specularColor is just the specular term, which shouldn't be multiplied with the texture color. This makes perfect sense but for historically reasons (i.e. older graphics hardware that was less capable) this is sometimes referred to as “separate specular color”; in fact, Unity's ShaderLab has an option called “SeparateSpecular” to activate or deactivate it.
Note that a property _Color is included, which is multiplied (component-wise) to all parts of the diffuseColor; thus, it acts as a useful color filter to tint or shade the texture color. Moreover, a property with this name is required to make the fallback shader work (see also the discussion of fallback shaders in Section “Diffuse Reflection”).
In order to assign a texture image to this shader, you should follow the steps discussed in Section “Textured Spheres”.

### Summary

Congratulations, you have reached the end. We have looked at:
* How texturing and per-vertex lighting are usually combined.
* What a “separate specular color” is.

### Further Reading

If you still want to know more
* about fallback shaders or the diffuse reflection term of the Phong reflection model, you should read Section “Diffuse Reflection”.
* about per-vertex lighting or the rest of the Phong reflection model, i.e. the ambient and the specular term, you should read Section “Specular Highlights”.
* about the basics of texturing, you should read Section “Textured Spheres”.
< GLSL Programming/Unity
# Handbook of Management Scales/Interorganizational loyalty
## Interorganizational loyalty (alpha = 0.734)
### Description

A scale for measuring interorganizational citizenship behaviors (ICBs) is developed. Four common ICBs are operationalized: interorganizational altruism, interorganizational tolerance, interorganizational loyalty, and interorganizational compliance.

### Items

* We tell others that our supplier is a good company with which to do business.
* We sometimes sacriﬁce our own best interests in order to provide additional beneﬁts to our supplier.
* We promote our supplier’s products/ services to others.

### Source

* Skinner et al. (2009): Some measures of interorganizational citizenship behaviors. Scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 228-242.

### Related Scales

* Interorganizational altruism
* Interorganizational compliance
* Interorganizational tolerance
* Loyalty
* Supplier commitment
# Handbook of Management Scales/Interorganizational tolerance
## Interorganizational tolerance (alpha = 0.847)
### Description

A scale for measuring interorganizational citizenship behaviors (ICBs) is developed. Four common ICBs are operationalized: interorganizational altruism, interorganizational tolerance, interorganizational loyalty, and interorganizational compliance.

### Items

* We accept the inevitable mistakes that our supplier sometimes makes without complaining.
* When our supplier is unable to fulfill certain responsibilities, we try to be understanding.

### Source

* Skinner et al. (2009): Some measures of interorganizational citizenship behaviors. Scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 228-242.

### Related Scales

* Interorganizational altruism
* Interorganizational compliance
* Interorganizational loyalty
# Handbook of Management Scales/Interpersonal justice
## Interpersonal justice (alpha = 0.93/0.94)
### Description

Four dimensions of organizational justice were measured with a scale developed and validated by Colquitt (2001): procedual, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice. The scale ranged from 1 (to a very small extent) to 5 (to a very large extent).

### Definition

Organizational justice refers to perceptions of fairness in decision-making and resource allocation environments.
Interpersonal justice reflects the degree of respect and propriety authority figures use when implementing procedures.

### Items

* Has your supervisor treated you in a polite manner?
* Has your supervisor treated you with dignity?
* Has your supervisor treated you with respect?
* Has your supervisor refrained from improper remarks or comments?

### Source

* Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206

### Comments

The mean value was above four. Given that a 5-point scale was used, future researchers could slightly adapt the items in order to shift the mean value to the center (e.g., “always treated you” rather than “treated you”).

### Related Scales

* Distributive justice
* Informational justice
* Procedural justice
# Handbook of Management Scales/Interpretation
## Interpretation (alpha = 0.88)
### Description

Based on learning theory and multilevel thinking, measures were developed and validated for four types of team learning processes, as “team learning originates in individual intuition, is amplified through interpretation and integration, and manifests itself at the team level via the codification of collective cognition and action”.

### Definition

Interpretation is defined as “the explaining, through words and/or actions, of an insight or idea to one’s self and to others” (Crossan et al., 1999, p. 525).

### Items

* In our team, we had a very good level of information and knowledge sharing. (0.73, 0.86)
* In our team, we managed to develop a common picture/idea of the most critical problems and how they could be resolved. (0.84, 0.94)
* In our team, we managed to have a productive and creative dialogue for project-related issues. (0.60, 0.90)
Note: Different factor loadings were reported for the within (individual) level and the between (team) level.

### Source

* Kostopoulos et al. (2013): Structure and Function of Team Learning Emergence: A Multilevel Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1430–1461
# Handbook of Management Scales/Intimidation
## Intimidation (alpha = 0.86)
### Items

* Be intimidating with coworkers when it will help you get your job done.
* Let others know that you can make things difficult for them if they push you too far.
* Deal forcefully with colleagues when they hamper your ability to get your job done.
* Deal strongly or aggressively with coworkers who interfere in your business.
* Use intimidation to get colleagues to behave appropriately.

### Source

* Bolino/Turnley (1999): Measuring Impression Management in Organizations: A Scale Development Based on the Jones and Pittman Taxonomy. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 187-206.
# Handbook of Management Scales/JIT delivery by suppliers
## JIT delivery by suppliers (alpha > 0.7; composite reliability = 0.66; average variance extracted = 0.39)
### Description

The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, employee involvement, JIT delivery by suppliers, pull, set up time reduction, statistical process control, supplier development, supplier feedback, and total productive/preventive maintenance.

### Definition

Lean production is an integrated socio-technical system whose main objective is to eliminate waste by concurrently reducing or minimizing supplier, customer, and internal variability. This dimension of lean production is about ensuring that suppliers deliver the right quantity at the right time in the right place.

### Items

Please indicate the extent of implementation of each of the following practices in your plant. (1) no implementation; (2) little implementation; (3) some implementation; (4) extensive implementation; (5) complete implementation.
* Suppliers are directly involved in the new product development process.
* Our key suppliers deliver to plant on JIT basis.
* We have a formal supplier certification program.

### Source

* Shah/Ward (2007): Deﬁning and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.

### Comments

Both composite reliability and average variance extracted are too low. Especially for the first and third item it is questionable if the scale really measures just-in-time delivery.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Interorganizational coordination
## Interorganizational coordination (alpha = 0.83, AVE = 0.63)
### Description

An alliance management capability measure was conceptualized and operationalized. It is reflected by five underlying routines: interorganizational coordination, alliance portfolio coordination, interorganizational learning, alliance proactiveness, and alliance transformation.

### Definition

Interorganizational coordination is defined as the extent of routines to coordinate activities and resources with the alliance partner.

### Items

* Our activities with R&D alliance partners are well coordinated.
* We ensure that our work is synchronized with the work of our R&D alliance partners.
* There is a great deal of interaction with our R&D alliance partners on most decisions.

### Source

* Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.

### Comments

Given that a 7-point scale (1 to 7) was used and, thus, 4 would be the ideal mean, the observed means were between 4.58 and 5.17 and, thus, quite high. Therefore, the item wording could be modified (e.g., "are always well coordinated" instead of "are well coordinated").
# Handbook of Management Scales/Interpersonal influence
## Interpersonal influence (alpha = 0.87)
### Description

The conceptualization and measurement of the political skill construct was examined and evidence was validated for the Political Skill Inventory (PSI). The results of three investigations, involving seven samples, are reported that demonstrate consistency of the factor structure across studies, construct validity, and criterion-related validity of the PSI. Four key dimensions are identified in the organizational politics literature: social astuteness, interpersonal influence, networking ability, and apparent sincerity.

### Items

Using the following 7-point scale, please place the number on the blank before each item that best describes how much you agree with each statement about yourself (1 = strongly disagree, ..., 7 = strongly agree):
* I am able to make most people feel comfortable and at ease around me.
* I am able to communicate easily and effectively with others.
* It is easy for me to develop good rapport with most people.
* I am good at getting people to like me.

### Source

* Ferris et al. (2005): Development and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 126–152.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Interorganizational learning
## Interorganizational learning (alpha = 0.87, AVE = 0.63)
### Description

An alliance management capability measure was conceptualized and operationalized. It is reflected by five underlying routines: interorganizational coordination, alliance portfolio coordination, interorganizational learning, alliance proactiveness, and alliance transformation.

### Definition

Interorganizational learning denotes the extent of routines designed to facilitate knowledge transfer from R&D alliance partners.

### Items

* We have the capability to learn from our R&D alliance partners.
* We have the managerial competence to absorb new knowledge from our R&D alliance partners.
* We have adequate routines to analyze the information obtained from our R&D alliance partners.
* We can successfully integrate our existing knowledge with new information acquired from our R&D alliance partners.

### Source

* Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.

### Comments

Given that a 7-point scale (1 to 7) was used and, thus, 4 would be the ideal mean, the observed means were between 4.65 and 5.13 and, thus, quite high. Therefore, the item wording could be modified (e.g., "We always have the capability" instead of "We have the capability").

## Related Scales

* Cooperation-based learning
# Handbook of Management Scales/Intuition
## Intuition (alpha = 0.91)
### Description

Based on learning theory and multilevel thinking, measures were developed and validated for four types of team learning processes, as “team learning originates in individual intuition, is amplified through interpretation and integration, and manifests itself at the team level via the codification of collective cognition and action”.

### Definition

Intuition is defined as “the preconscious recognition of the pattern and/or possibilities inherent in a personal stream of experience” (Crossan et al., 1999, p. 525).

### Items

* I could combine and synthesize diverse data, information and ideas in this team. (0.85)
* In this team, I offered new ideas and solutions to complicated problems (I was inventive). (0.88)
* I could effectively improvise in this team. (0.80)

### Source

* Kostopoulos et al. (2013): Structure and Function of Team Learning Emergence: A Multilevel Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1430–1461
# Gmail/Chatting

Overview — Introduction — Facts — Basics — Advanced — Last tips — Other
Gmail chat is a relatively new instant messaging client which is compatible with other IM networks. At present it is only available to users of GMAIL and Google talk.
The Google Talk applications implement XMPP (the Jabber protocol). Clients which can use this protocol are widely available, so the lack of official Google clients on non-Windows systems is not an issue.
Using Jabber and associated technologies it is possible to talk to users of Google Talk even if you have a different Jabber client and do not have an account with Google.
(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk)
# Gmail

Overview — Introduction — Facts — Basics — Advanced — Last tips — Other
This book is a guide to using Gmail — Google's web email service.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Gmail basic
** The Design
** Send mail
** Read mail
** Search
** Contacts
** Stars
* Gmail advanced
** Filters
** Invite a friend
** Labels
** Forwarding and POP/IMAP
** Settings
** The To:, CC:, and BCC: fields
** Chatting with Gmail
** Last tips
* Other
** Gmail as a filesystem on Linux
** Gmail as a filesystem on Windows
# Geometry Course/Line
## Line Definition

Through any 2 points a line can be drawn. A line can have any length and is determined by the distance between the 2 points.

## Types of Lines

* Straight Line
* Perpendicular Lines
* Parallel Lines
# Geometry/Topology

A topological space is a set X, and a collection of subsets of X, C such that both the empty set and X are contained in C and the union of any subcollection of sets in C and the intersection of any finite subcollection of sets in C are also contained within C. The sets in C are called open sets. Their complements relative to X are called closed sets.
Given two topological spaces, X and Y, a map f from X to Y is continuous if for every open set U of Y, f$^{−1}$(U) is an open set of X.
# Geometry/Vertical Angles

Vertical angles are a pair of angles with a common vertex whose sides form opposite rays. An extensively useful fact about vertical angles is that they are congruent. Aside from saying that any pair of vertical angles "obviously" have the same measure by inspection, we can prove this fact with some simple algebra and an observation about supplementary angles. Let two lines intersect at a point, and angles A1 and A2 be a pair of vertical angles thus formed. At the point of intersection, two other angles are also formed, and we'll call either one of them B1 without loss of generality. Since B1 and A1 are supplementary, we can say that the measure of B1 plus the measure of A1 is 180. Similarly, the measure of B1 plus the measure of A2 is 180. Thus the measure of A1 plus the measure of B1 equals the measure of A2 plus the measure of B1, by substitution. Then by subracting the measure of B1 from each side of this equality, we have that the measure of A1 equals the measure of A2.

### Navigation

* Geometry
* Part I—Euclidean Geometry:
** Chapter 1. Geometry/Points, Lines, Line Segments and Rays
** Chapter 2. Geometry/Angles
** Chapter 3. Geometry/Properties
** Chapter 4. Geometry/Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
** Chapter 5. Geometry/Proof
** Chapter 6. Geometry/Five Postulates of Euclidean Geometry
** Chapter 7. Geometry/Vertical Angles
** Chapter 8. Geometry/Parallel and Perpendicular Lines and Planes
** Chapter 9. Geometry/Congruency and Similarity
** Chapter 10. Geometry/Congruent Triangles
** Chapter 11. Geometry/Similar Triangles
** Chapter 12. Geometry/Quadrilaterals
** Chapter 13. Geometry/Parallelograms
** Chapter 14. Geometry/Trapezoids
** Chapter 15. Geometry/Circles/Radii, Chords and Diameters
** Chapter 16. Geometry/Circles/Arcs
** Chapter 17. Geometry/Circles/Tangents and Secants
** Chapter 18. Geometry/Circles/Sectors
** Appendix A. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
** Appendix B. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
* Part II—Coordinate Geometry:
** Geometry/Synthetic versus analytic geometry
* Two and Three-Dimensional Geometry and Other Geometric Figures
** Geometry/Perimeter and Arclength
** Geometry/Area
** Geometry/Volume
** Geometry/Polygons
** Geometry/Triangles
** Geometry/Right Triangles and Pythagorean Theorem
** Geometry/Polyominoes
** Geometry/Ellipses
** Geometry/2-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/3-Dimensional Functions
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension
** Geometry/Area Shapes Extended into 3rd Dimension Linearly to a Line or Point
** Geometry/Polyhedras
** Geometry/Ellipsoids and Spheres
** Geometry/Coordinate Systems (currently incorrectly linked to Astronomy)
* Traditional Geometry:
** Geometry/Topology
** Geometry/Hyperbolic and Elliptic Geometry
** Geometry/Projective Geometry
** Geometry/Neutral Geometry
** Geometry/Inversive Geometry
* Modern geometry
** Geometry/Unified Angles
** Geometry/Groups
** Geometry/Algebraic Geometry
** Geometry/Differential Geometry
** Geometry/Algebraic Topology
** Geometry/Noncommutative Geometry
* Geometry/An Alternative Way and Alternative Geometric Means of Calculating the Area of a Circle
# Geometry Course
## Contents

* Eucler's Axiom
* Line
* Plane
* Polygon
* Circle
# Geometry Course/Eucler's Axiom
### Axioms

Euclidean geometry is an axiomatic system, in which all theorems ("true statements") are derived from a small number of axioms. Near the beginning of the first book of the Elements, Euclid gives five postulates (axioms) for plane geometry, stated in terms of constructions (as translated by Thomas Heath):
"Let the following be postulated":
* "To draw a straight line from any point to any point."
* "To produce [extend] a finite straight line continuously in a straight line."
* "To describe a circle with any centre and distance [radius]."
* "That all right angles are equal to one another."
* The parallel postulate: "That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles."
Although Euclid's statement of the postulates only explicitly asserts the existence of the constructions, they are also taken to be unique.
The Elements also include the following five "common notions":
* Things that equal the same thing also equal one another.
* If equals are added to equals, then the wholes are equal.
* If equals are subtracted from equals, then the remainders are equal.
* Things that coincide with one another equal one another.
* The whole is greater than the part.
* ↑ The assumptions of Euclid are discussed from a modern perspective in Harold E. Wolfe (2007). Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry. Mill Press. p. 9. ISBN 1406718521.
* ↑ tr. Heath, pp. 195-202.