OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Neutral Look at Operating Systems

The purpose of this book is to provide a neutral view of as many Operating Systems as possible. This book strives to provide solid information on Operating Systems without the ever-prevalent "distribution/Operating System bias".
Wikipedia has a comparison of operating systems.

### Brief contents

* Unix and derivatives
** Unix
** Solaris - Wikipedia:Solaris Operating Environment
** Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
** Linux
** Hurd - Wikipedia:GNU Hurd
** Plan 9 - Wikipedia:Plan 9 (operating system)
** Inferno - Wikipedia:Inferno (operating system)
** QNX - Wikipedia:QNX
* CP/M and derivatives
** Control Program for Microcomputers
** DOS
** Microsoft Windows
** OS/2
* RISC OS - Wikipedia:RISC OS
* EROS - Wikipedia:EROS
* AmigaOS - Wikipedia:AmigaOS
** Aros - Wikipedia:Aros
** AmigaOS 4.x - Wikipedia:AmigaOS 4
** MorphOS - Wikipedia:MorphOS
* BeOS - Wikipedia:BeOS
* Mac OS
* z/OS - Wikipedia: z/OS

### Extended contents

This lists the operating system variants contained in this book.
* Unix derivatives
** Unix
** Solaris - Wikipedia:Solaris Operating Environment
** Berkeley Software Distribution
*** DragonFly BSD
*** FreeBSD
**** PC-BSD
**** DesktopBSD
*** NetBSD
*** OpenBSD
**** MirOS BSD
*** Quasijarus
** Linux
*** Live CDs
**** Knoppix
**** Fedora
**** Ubuntu
*** Distributions for New Users
**** Fedora Core
**** Mandriva Linux
**** Puppy Linux
**** Ubuntu Linux
**** SUSE
*** Distributions for Power Users
**** Debian GNU/Linux
**** Slackware
*** Distributions for Masochists (just kidding)
**** Gentoo
**** Linux From Scratch
**** SourceMage
** Hurd - Wikipedia:GNU Hurd
** Plan 9 - Wikipedia:Plan 9 (operating system)
** Inferno - Wikipedia:Inferno (operating system)
** QNX - Wikipedia:QNX
* CP/M derivatives
** Control Program for Microcomputers
** DOS
*** FreeDOS
** Microsoft Windows
*** /Microsoft Windows#Windows 1, Windows 2, Windows 3, Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11, Windows 3.12
*** Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE, Windows Me
*** Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003
*** ReactOS
** OS/2
* Mac OS
** Mac OS to version 9
** Mac OS X
* RISC OS - Wikipedia:RISC OS
* EROS - Wikipedia:EROS
* AmigaOS - Wikipedia:AmigaOS
** AmigaOS 1.0, AmigaOS 1.1, AmigaOS 1.2, AmigaOS 1.3
** AmigaOS 1.4
** AmigaOS 2.0, AmigaOS 2.05, AmigaOS 2.1
** AmigaOS 3.0, AmigaOS 3.1
** AmigaOS 3.5, AmigaOS 3.9
*** Aros
*** AmigaOS 4.x - Wikipedia:AmigaOS 4
*** MorphOS - Wikipedia:MorphOS
* BeOS - Wikipedia:BeOS
* z/OS - Wikipedia: z/OS

### Authors

* Kernigh, expanded Berkeley Software Distribution chapter
* aGGreSSor, expanded AmigaOS chapter
* Other and anonymous contributors

## Further reading

* "A Neutral Look at Operating Systems" generally looks at OSes designed for desktop and laptop personal computers, which are less than 2% of all the computers in the world. For OSes designed to run on the other 98% of all the computers in the world, see Embedded Systems/Common RTOS and Embedded Control Systems Design/Operating systems.
* Operating System Design
* RTEMS for Embedded Software Developers
* Guide to Unix
* Subject:Linux
* Subject:Microsoft Windows
* ↑ "The Two Percent Solution" by Jim Turley 2002
# Arabic/User Phrase Request

If anyone knows a form of Arabic other than Fusha, as well as fusha, could you include a page outlying the differences between the two?
Most likely --TwoThirty 04:15, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
# Conjugation

* Regular Conjugation Table

## alif

* Initial
* Medial
* Final

## waaw

* Initial
* Medial
* Final

## yaa

* Initial
* Medial
* Final
# Arabic/TasksArticles

Articles Needed:
-Guide on how to use the hamza
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival/Emergency Techniques/Emergency Kits

Include the following supplies for specific kinds of disasters in addition to the general supplies.

## Earthquakes

Below is list of commonly recommended items for an emergency earthquake kit:
* Food to last at least three days
* Water purification tablets/portable water filter
* Heavy-duty gloves
* A first-aid kit
* A minimum of 100$ in cash, at least half of which should be in coins
* Family photos and descriptions (to aid emergency personnel in finding missing people)
* Copies of personal identification and important papers such as insurance documents, driver's license, etc.
* A flashlight and portable (or solar-powered) radio
* Extra batteries
* Goggles and dust mask
* A personal commode with sanitary bags

## Hurricanes

For hurricanes, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recommends that the 'disaster bag' includes:
* a flashlight with spare batteries;
* a battery operated portable radio (and spare batteries);
* a battery operated NOAA weather radio (and spare batteries);
* First aid kit and manual;
* prescription medicines;
* cash and a credit card;
* a cell phone with a fully charged spare battery;
* spare keys;
* high energy non-perishable food;
* one blanket or sleeping bag per person;
* special items for infant, elderly or disabled family members;
* change of clothing.

## Helpful items

* Develop an understanding of food rationing.
* Non-electric can opener
* Essential medicines
* Cash and credit cards
* Raincoats, rubber boots (or waders).
* underwear, toothbrush, toothpaste, comb/brush
* Infants; diapers, premixed formula, medical and toiletry supplies, blankets, baby wipes, baby food
* Young children: favourite toy, crayons and colouring books, books
* Youths: music players, card games, snacks (i.e. peanut butter or hard candy), books
* Elderly; nutritious drinks, sweater, coat and/or blanket, books

## References

* ↑ Supply Kit
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival/Shelters

* Natural Shelters
** Caves
* Quick Shelters
** Lean-to
** Tents
** Tipis
A shelter will protect one from potentially disastrous weather, help prevent hypothermia, and allow restful sleep. It will also boost how you feel emotionally, as it will become a base or home. Therefore, in typical survival situations, a shelter should be able to be moved with you, if possible, and be set up quickly. If one spends too much time on a shelter it takes away from other survival tasks.
Immovable rocks, animal nests, and other obstacles and hazards should be avoided.
Dry watercourses may be flat, sandy, and comfortable to sleep on, but they will flood in a storm.
Sunlight provides warmth (which is not always welcome), and can help one to wake up in the morning. However, sunny, open areas are vulnerable to wind which causes convection of one's body heat.
Heat transfer: an excessively large or well-ventilated shelter will not retain warmth well.
Flashing (weatherproofing) to provide protection from elements. A cave can provide a very useful shelter because it can provide protection from wind, rain and snow and maintains a constant internal temperature. Unfortunately, caves can present additional problems such as ground water, dampness, disease, and wildlife. Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, and Coccidiomycosis are several fungi found in caves that can infect the eyes and lungs of cavers. If bird or bat droppings are prevalent, you may want to find a different survival shelter to avoid these fungi. Bats often roost in caves and through their bite they can transmit rabies and other terminal illnesses. Bears also make dens in caves, so before you settle down in one, you should check it thoroughly for signs of inhabitance.
The simplest and most mobile shelter is a tarp, supported by make-shift frame work or rope. Large leaves, such as ferns or fir branches, can be added to a latticework of branches. Ferns on a shelter provide insect repellent. Branches propped against a fallen tree make a simple and effective refuge, but animals such as ants and snakes may nest under the tree.
A more advanced shelter is known as a debris shelter, which can be constructed without modern tools or implements. It consists of a central ridge pole supported by two forked poles. This ridge pole supports a lattice of branches, which is then finished by leaves or other insulating material.
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival

Introduction

## Gear

* Basic Survival Kit
* Clothing
* Canvas sack backpack
* Bedroll backpack
* Packframes
* Lights
* Weaponry
* Tools
* Cooking
* Sleeping
* Hygiene
* Miscellaneous

## Skills

* Water purification

### Crafts

* Tanning
* Simple woodworking
* Clothing
* Weaving
* Furniture
* Packframes
* Primitive knives
* Bows and arrows
* Staff making
* Dreamcatchers

#### Clay Pottery

* Pinch pots
* Coil pots

### Hunting and gathering

* Primitive fishing
* Hunting
* Tracking
* Traps and snares
* Seasons
* Safety and laws
* Gutting
* Skinning
* Butchering
* Cleaning
* Field dressing
* Gathering
* Plants
* Medicine

### Fire

* Safety
* Prevention

#### Fire Starting

* Bow drill
* Hand drill
* Pump drill
* Bamboo saw
* Flint and steel
* Other methods

### Cooking

* Natural and harvested
* Prepared food
* Hollowing logs
* Steam pits
* Stone ovens
* Cooking utensils
* Cast iron
* Sanitation and storage
* Best practices

## Shelters
### Natural Shelters

* Caves

### Quick Shelters

* Lean-to
* Tents
* Tipis
* Bivvy

## Emergency Techniques

* First aid
* Emergency kits

## Getting There

* Navigation
follow your nose and see where the wind takes you!
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival/Gear/Clothing

CHECKLIST:
Socks x8(4 days travel)
Sweat soaking shirts x(amount of days camping)
Water proof thermal trousers x3
spare shirt for sleeping/relaxing in
Spare trousers for sleeping/Relaxing in
Hat
Sunglasses
(winter)
Hat
Gloves
scarf
Light weight thermal jacket
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival/Gear/Lights

If you are expecting to be outside around sunset or into nightfall, lights are absolutely necessary to maintain reasonable pace and help ensure safety in the dark. Though you may not expect to be out past sunset, if there is even the remote possibility of getting lost or being out longer than expected, bring lights.
Hands free lights such as headlamps are extremely advisable since there's virtually no downside to use, and often come with the ability to dim or switch to a low-visibility red light to help preserve night vision. Lanterns are also good trail tools since they distribute light in all directions and light a lot of space for more than one person, and provide a sense of safety. Flashlights are ideal for long-range spotlighting, but should be otherwise be reserved for emergencies.
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival/Skills/Cooking

* Natural and harvested
* Prepared food
* Hallowing logs
* Steam pits
* Stone ovens
* Cooking utensils
* Cast iron
* Sanitation and storage
* Best practices
Various types of equipment are used in a kitchen. One of the Wikibooks Cookbook's goals is to have an article on each, including uses, alternative equipment if you don't have the exact item, and a buying guide. The various equipment modules can be reached from the following organization pages. Pots and pans hold food, generally for cooking on a firepit. Dark gummy burned-on oil can be removed with acetone, widely available from hardware stores and in diluted form as nail polish remover.
Food is not urgently needed in survival situations, since a human can survive for several weeks without it. However, much like dehydration, hunger can bring about many consequences long before it causes death, such as:
* Irritability and low morale
* Weakness
* Loss of mental clarity, such as confusion, disorientation, or poor judgment
* Weakened immune system
* Difficulty maintaining body temperature (see heat exhaustion and hypothermia)
It is actually rather easy to find food in most wild environments, provided one knows where to look. A basic knowledge of animal trapping, hunting, and fishing will provide meat. Equally important is a knowledge of edible plants, fungi, and lichens. One cannot always rely on the most abundant or most easily accessible type of food. To survive for long periods of time, one must maintain a balanced diet. In order to do this, one must consume a balanced variety of foods.
Finding food in the wild depends on your environment (i.e. vegetation, animals, and water sources). Many survival books promote the "Universal Edibility Test": allegedly, one can distinguish edible foods from toxic ones by a series of progressive exposures to skin and mouth prior to ingestion with waiting periods and checks for symptoms. However, many other experts including Ray Mears and John Kallas reject this method, in main part because a very small amount of some "potential foods" can cause anything from gastric distress to illness or death. An additional step called the "scratch test" is sometimes included. In this step (before mouth contact of the proposed food) one makes an abrasion on the surface of an area of skin (such as with fingernails) and then lightly rubs some of the food product on the abrasion. Foods that cause surface inflammation, discomfort, itching or eruption should be avoided.
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival/Emergency Techniques/First Aid

First aid (wilderness first aid in particular) can help a person survive and function with injuries that would otherwise kill or incapacitate him/her. Common and dangerous injuries include:
Lacerations, which may be infected
Bites from venomous animals, such as snakes
Bone fractures
Sprains, particularly of the ankle
Burns
The survivor may need to apply the contents of a first aid kit or naturally-occurring medicinal plants, immobilize injured limbs, or even transport incapacitated comrades.
# Backpack Camping and Woodland Survival/Skills

Survival skills are skills that may help everyone to survive dangerous situations (such as storms or earthquakes), or in dangerous places (such as the desert, the mountains, and the jungle). Useful skills include lighting a fire, finding shelter, making water safe to drink, finding and identifying food, treating injuries, and climbing, swimming, and using specific or makeshift tools.
Each type of wilderness challenges a person with a different range of dangers (see hazards of outdoor activities). An environment may be dry, wet, hot, cold, high altitude, low altitude, desert, rural, urban, wilderness, subterranean, or an island. There are four basic necessities of life which apply in all of these cases: shelter, water, fire, and food. A fifth is oxygen for high altitudes and subterranean environments, and also specific survival situations such as drowning and landslide/avalanche.
Survival skills used on a more permanent basis, or as a component of daily life are referred to as bushcraft.
Developments in outdoor equipment and survival techniques have skewed the scale towards man- if one is prepared, but there is nothing to replace experience in a survival situation. Those who are most prepared physically and mentally stand the greatest chance of survival.

## Crafts

* Tanning
* Simple woodworking
* Clothing
* Weaving
* Furniture
* Packframes
* Primitive knives
* Bows and arrows
* Staff making
* Dreamcatchers

#### Clay Pottery

* Pinch pots
* Coil pots

## Hunting and gathering

* Primitive fishing
* Hunting
* Tracking
* Traps and snares
* Seasons
* Safety and laws
* Gutting
* Skinning
* Butchering
* Cleaning
* Field dressing
* Gathering
* Plants
* Medicine

## Fire

* Safety
* Prevention

### Fire Starting

* Bow drill
* Hand drill
* Pump drill
* Bamboo saw
* Flint and steel
* Other methods

## Cooking

* Natural and harvested
* Prepared food
* Hallowing logs
* Steam pits
* Stone ovens
* Cooking utensils
* Cast iron
* Sanitation and storage
* Best practices
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/catch

The keyword catch is used to identify a statement or statement block for execution, if an exception occurs in the body of the enclosing try block. The catch clause is preceded by the try clause, and may optionally be followed by a finally clause.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/class

The class keyword is used to declare a class.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/base

The keyword base describes that you would like to refer to the base class for the requested information, not in the current instantiated class.
A base class is the class in which the currently implemented class inherits from. When creating a class with no defined base class, the compiler automatically uses the System.Object base class.
Therefore the two declarations below are equivalent.
Some of the reasons the base keyword is used is:
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/bool

The bool keyword is used in field, method, property, and variable declarations and in cast and typeof operations as an alias for the .NET Framework structure System.Boolean. That is, it represents a value of true or false. Unlike in C++, whose boolean is actually an integer, a bool in C# is its own data type and cannot be cast to any other primitive type.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/case

The keyword case is often used in a switch statement.
C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |
# C Sharp Programming/Keywords/checked

The checked and unchecked operators are used to control the overflow checking context for integral-type arithmetic operations and conversions. It checks, if there is an overflow (this is default).

## See also

C# Keywords :
| abstract | as | base | bool | break |
| byte | case | catch | char | checked |
| class | const | continue | decimal | default |
| delegate | do | double | else | enum |
| event | explicit | extern | false | finally |
| fixed | float | for | foreach | goto |
| if | implicit | in | int | interface |
| internal | is | lock | long | namespace |
| new | null | object | operator | out |
| override | params | private | protected | public |
| readonly | ref | return | sbyte | sealed |
| short | sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |
| struct | switch | this | throw | true |
| try | typeof | uint | ulong | unchecked |
| unsafe | ushort | using | var | virtual |
| void | volatile | while |
Special C# Identifiers (Contextual Keywords) :
| add | alias | async | await | dynamic |
| get | global | nameof | partial | remove |
| set | value | when | where | yield |
Contextual Keywords (Used in Queries) :
| ascending | by | descending | equals | from |
| group | in | into | join | let |
| on | orderby | select | where |