OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Primary Mathematics/Percentages
## Percentages
### Introduction

A percentage is a value divided by 100, shown with the percent symbol (%). Percentage comes from two Latin words,per meaning for each and cent meaning 100. For example, 4% is the same as the decimal value 0.04 or the fraction 4/100 (which could also be reduced to 1/25).

### Uses for percentages

Traditionally, percentages are used when dealing with changes in a value, particularly money. For example, a store may have a 20% off sale or a bank may charge 7.6% interest on a loan.

### Defining the base

The base of a percentage change is the starting value. Many errors occur from using the wrong base in a percentage calculation.

### Example

If a store has an $100 item, marks it 20% off, then charges 6% sales tax, what is the final price ?
First, calculate 20% of $100. That's 0.20 × $100 or $20. We then subtract that $20 from the original price of $100 to get a reduced sale price of $80.
Now we add in the sales tax. Here's where the tricky part comes in; what is the base ? That is, do we pay 6% tax on the original $100 price or on the reduced $80 price ? In most places, we would pay tax on the reduced sales price, so $80 is the base. Thus, we multiply $80 × 0.06 to get $4.80 and add that to $80 to get $84.80 for a final price.
Notice that even though we took off 20% and then added back in 6%, this is not the same as taking off 14%, since the 20% and the 6% figures each had a different base. If the 6% sales tax did apply to the original full price, however, then both percentages would have the same base and the total reduction in price would, indeed, be 14%, bring the price down from $100 to $86.

### Terms used with percentages

* If you take 20% off an amount (or a 20% reduction), that means the new price is 20% less than the original (100%) price, so it's now 80% of the original price.
* If you apply 20% interest to an amount, that means the new price is 20% higher than the original (100%) price, or 120% of the original price. (Note that this is simple interest, we will consider compound interest next.)

### Compound interest

Simple interest is when you apply a percentage interest rate only once.
Compound interest is when you apply the same percentage interest rate repeatedly.
For example, let's say a $1000 deposit in a bank earns 10% interest each year, compounded annually, for three years. After the first year, $100 in interest will have been earned for a total of $1100. In the second year, however, there is not only interest on the $1000 deposit, but also on the $100 interest earned previously. This "interest on your interest" is a feature of compounding. So, in year two we earn 10% interest on $1100, for $110 in interest. Add this to $1100 to get a new total of $1210. The 10% interest in the third year on $1210 is $121, which gives us a total of $1331.
For those familiar with powers and exponents, we can use the following formula to calculate the total:
Where:
In our example, we get:
More complex calculations involving compound interest will be covered in later lessons.
# Quenya/Nominative

In Neo-Quenya the nominative case is used for:
* The subject
* The predicate
* The direct object
* After most prepositions
   * (only `V1 = `C6nE = 7~C = ~M et, arwa, rá and ú take another case)
The nominative is the basic form that can be found in a dictionary. The plural, dual and partitive plural of this case can be found on the main page about nouns.
The use of the nominative for the direct object has implications for the word order:
    in a normal sentence the word order is subject - verb - object, or SVO:
   * `B 5~V6 7lY1E `B 7Ya;Y i nér roita i rocco "the man chases the horse"
   * `B 7Ya;Y 7lY1E `B 5~V6 i rocco roita i nér "the horse chases the man"
All other parts of the sentence can be in any order:
It purely depends on the emphasis one likes to express.

## Accusative case

In qE6t#zR81E Parmaquesta "Book Quenya", an ancient form of Quenya dating centuries before the Noldor's departure from Valinor, there existed an accusative case that was used for the direct object and after prepositions. This disappeared from spoken Exilic-Quenya and was replaced by the nominative, but was retained in some formal writing and documentations, and was possibly obsolete in Exilic-Quenya during the time period of The Lord of the Rings. It may have continued use within the Vanyarin Dialect of Quenya, where many ancient features of Quenya persisted.
It was formed as follows:
* When the nominative singular ends in a consonant, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative, the accusative plural ends in \~B -í
* When the nominative singular ends in a vowel, this vowel is lengthened in the accusative singular, in the accusative plural we add \`B -i
* But when the nominative singular ends in `B -i or \`B`V -ië, the accusative plural ends in \~B -í
* When the nominative dual ends in `M -u, this `M u is lengthened to ~M ú; when it ends in \1 -t, the Accusative dual is identical to the nominative dual
* In the accusative partitive plural we always find \~B -í
Accusative Case :
| | Singular | Plural | Dual | Part. Plural |
| `Cm# alda "tree" | `Cm~C aldá | `CmlD aldai | `Cm~M aldú | `Cm#j~B aldalí |
| t#aGj macil "sword" | t#aGj macil | t#aGj~B macilí | t#aGj$1 macilet | t#aGj°~B macillí |
| j%`V lië "people" | j%~V lié | j~B lí | j%`V1 liet | j%`Vj~B lielí |
>> Neo-Quenya >> Nouns >> Nominative
# Strategy for Information Markets/Compatibility and Standards/Jailbreaking

Jailbreaking things go here.
# Strategy for Information Markets/Diffusion of Innovation
## Overview

According to Everett M. Rogers, diffusion is “...the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. An Innovation is an idea, practice or object perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption. The diffusion of innovations involves both mass media and interpersonal communication channels” In otherwords, diffusion of innovations is the manner in which new practices/objects is communicated by people.
Innovations typically have an s-shaped rate of adoption. There are five different types of adopter in the whole diffusion of innovations process which are identified by how early they adopt the innovation. The five types of adopters, in order from those adopted earliest to latest, are: Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards. The rate of adoption between these groups follows a bell shaped standard deviation curve.
There are five stages with respect to how an individual chooses to adopt an innovation or not. The first stage takes place when the potential adopter becomes aware of the innovation. The second stage has the potential adopter projecting a positive or negative attitude towards the innovation. The third stage has the entity making a decision to adopt or not. The fourth has the adopter implementing the innovation. The last stage evaluates the innovation.

## References

* ↑ Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
* ↑ Rogers, E.M. (1994). A history of communication study: A biographical approach. New York: Free Press.
* ↑ http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwitr/docs/diffusion/
* ↑ Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
# Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Synovial Sarcoma

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Synovial Sarcoma
# Radiation Oncology/Simulation devices

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## Patient immobilization devices

* BOHAP - Blue OverHead Arm Positioner
* Karolinska Hospital (Sweden)(1998-2001) -- head mask vs head-and-neck mask setup
** Randomized. 241/260 patients. H&N cancers excluding NPC. Arm 1) Head mask vs. Arm 2) Head-and-shoulder mask. Both Posicast thermoplastic masks. Assessed reproducibility (port films and table positions), patient tolerability (fit, pain, movement within, claustrophobia), and skin damage
** 2005 PMID 15629618 -- "Randomized trial on two types of thermoplastic masks for patient immobilization during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer." (Sharp L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jan 1;61(1):250-6.)
*** Outcome: No difference in reproducibility of setup
*** Toxicity: Claustrophobia head mask 45% vs. head-and-shoulder masks 58% (SS), otherwise no difference in tolerability. Skin toxicity Grade 3 head mask 21% vs. head-and-shoulder mask 39% (SS)
*** Conclusion: Smaller head masks reduced claustrophobial and skin reactions, without compromising reproducibility of the setup

## External links

* Medtec products
** patient positioning and fixation devices
** bolus and patient shielding
** skin markers, rectal and vaginal markers, tattooing
Other:
* Medtec - Radiation detector (doesn't have anything to do with simulation)
# Radiation Oncology/Skin/Randomized

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Non-melanoma Skin Cancer Randomized Evidence

## Surgery vs RT

* Gustave Roussy (1982-1988) -- surgery vs RT
** Randomized. 347 patients, primary BCC of the face, <4 cm, confirmed by bx. Arm 1) Surgical resection, at least 2 mm margin vs Arm 2) RT using 3 available techniquest: interstitial brachytherapy Ir-192 65-70 Gy over 5 days (55%), superficial contact RT 50 kV 36/2-40/2 over 2 weeks (33%), orthovoltage RT 8-250 kV 60 Gy in 2-4 Gy/fx 3x/week (12%).
** 1997 PMID 9218740 -- "Basal cell carcinoma of the face: surgery or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study." (Avril MF, Br J Cancer. 1997;76(1):100-6.)
*** Outcome: 4-year local failure surgery 0.7% vs RT 7.5% (SS), by modality interstitial BT 9% vs contact RT 7% vs orthovoltage RT 5%.
*** Toxicity: Cosmesis significantly better after surgery than RT, good result according to patients surgery 87% vs RT 69% (SS). Dyspigmentation and telangiectasia in 65%
*** Conclusion: Surgery preferred to RT in smaller BCC of the face

## Chemotherapy
### Imiquimod cream 5% (Aldara)

* Germany -- Imiquimod x 8 weeks vs Imiquimod x 12 weeks
** Randomized. 90/102 patients with nodular basal cell. Arm 1) imiquimod TIW x8 weeks vs. Arm 2) imiquimod TIW x12 weeks. Both followed by excsion
** 2007 PMID 17610993 -- "A phase III, randomized, open label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream applied thrice weekly for 8 and 12 weeks in the treatment of low-risk nodular basal cell carcinoma." (Eigentler TK, J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Oct;57(4):616-21.)
*** Outcome: No difference between arms. Clinical clearance 78%, histological clearance 64%. Residual tumor in 17% of clinical CR
*** Toxicity: minor/moderate local inflammation in 92%
*** Conclusion: No difference between arms. Modest activity, due to 17% residual tumor after clinical CR, recommend excision for all
# Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Staging

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Sarcoma Staging
AJCC 7th Edition (2009)
Primary Tumor:
* T1 - less than or equal to 5cm
** T1a - superficial
** T1b - deep
* T2 - greater than 5cm
** T2a - superficial
** T2b - deep
Regional Lymph Nodes:
* N0 - no
* N1 - yes
Distant Metastases:
* M0 - none
* M1 - yes
Grade:
* AJCC now recommends a three-tier system. The FNCLCC (French) system is the preferred grading system.
* The grade is determined by three parameters:
** Differentiation
** Mitotic activity
** Extent of necrosis
Stage Grouping:
* IA - T1a/b N0 G1 - low grade (grade 1), small
* IB - T2a/b N0 G1 - low grade (grade 1), large
* IIA - T1a/b N0 G2-3 - mod/high grade (grade 2-3), small
* IIB - T2a/b N0 G2 - mod grade (grade 2), large
* III - T2a/b G3, or N1 - high grade (grade 3), large; or node positive
* IV - M1 - metastatic
Changes from AJCC 6th Edition:
* Now incorporates a three-tiered grading system. For staging, there is now a distinction between G2 and G3, at least for tumors >5 cm.
* N1 is now Stage III instead of Stage IV
* Stage I is divided into IA and IB. Stage II is divided into IIA and IIB.
* Deep or superficial location of tumor no longer is a factor in overall stage
Notes:
* This staging system does not apply to Kaposi's sarcoma, GIST (is now staged with its own classification), fibromatosis (desmoid tumor), and infantile fibrosarcoma; does not apply to sarcomas arising in the dura mater or brain, parenchymal organs, and hollow viscera.
* Now includes dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (which was previously excluded), angiosarcoma, and extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma
* Superficial - located entirely in the subcutaneous tissues without any degree of any involvement of the muscular fascia or underlying muscle

## Older systems

AJCC 6th Edition (2002)
* T1 - less than or equal to 5cm
** T1a - superficial
** T1b - deep
* T2 - greater than 5cm
** T2a - superficial
** T2b - deep
Stage Grouping:
* Stage I - All low grade, N0, M0
* Stage II - T1a/b-T2a, N0, high grade
* Stage III - T2b, N0, high grade
* Stage IV - N1 or M1, any grade
Note:
* Excludes dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Also excludes Kaposi's, fibromatosis (desmoid tumor), sarcoma arising from dura mater, brain, parenchymal organs, and hollow viscera.
AJCC 5th Edition (1997)
* Stage IA - low grade, small
* Stage IB - low grade, large and superficial
* Stage IIA - low grade, large and deep
* Stage IIB - high grade, small and deep
* Stage IIC - high grade, large, superficial
* Stage III - high grade, large, deep
* Stage IV - positive nodes or distant mets
AJCC 1st edition (1975-77)
* T3 is bone, major nerve, or vessel involvement
* Stage I - all grade 1
* Stage II - all grade 2
* Stage III - all grade 3, or T3
# Radiation Oncology/Sebaceous

Sebaceous Carcinoma

## Background

* Very rare
* Commonly presents as a gradually enlarging, firm nodule
* >70% located in the head & neck region, especially periorbital
* Spread is to regional lymph nodes

## Treatment

Treatment is largely surgical via wide excision or Mohs. Radiation or topical therapies are sometimes used.
* SEER / Yale (1973-2004) PMID 18988294 -- "A retrospective review of 1349 cases of sebaceous carcinoma." (Dasgupta T, Cancer. 2009 Jan 1;115(1):158-65.)
** 1349 pts. Review of SEER database from 1973-2004. Median age 73 yrs. 5-yr and 10-yr relative survival rate (age-matched): 91.9% and 79.2%. Cancer was cause of death in 31%.
# Radiation Oncology/Skin

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Skin Cancers
* Non-melanoma skin cancer
* Melanoma
* Merkel cell carcinoma
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Extramammary Paget's disease
* Eccrine porocarcinoma
* Sebaceous carcinoma
* Cutaneous lymphoma
# Radiation Oncology/Sarcoma/Sarcomas of the Aorta

Sarcomas of the Aorta
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Zelda

Zelda :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 90 | 12th |
| Average Falling Speed | 92 | 25th |
| Total jump height | | 11th |
| Grab Range | | 9th |
| Average Item throw | 10 | 18th |
| Running Speed | | 26th |
See also: Zelda's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Pikachu

Pikachu :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 80 | 20th |
| Average Falling Speed | 108 | 12th |
| Total jump height | | 6th |
| Grab Range | | 26th |
| Average Item throw | 10.4 | 20th |
| Running Speed | | 4th |
See also: Pikachu's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Yoshi

Yoshi :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 108 | 5th |
| Average Falling Speed | 107 | 13th |
| Total jump height | | 16th |
| Grab Range | | 6th |
| Average Item throw | 7.1 | 13th |
| Running Speed | | 9th |
See also: Yoshi's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Ness

Ness :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 94 | 11th |
| Average Falling Speed | 103 | 14th |
| Total jump height | | 10th |
| Grab Range | | 25th |
| Average Item throw | 6.5 | 4th |
| Running Speed | | 20th |
See also: Ness's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Roy

Roy :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 85 | 17th |
| Average Falling Speed | 128 | 4th |
| Total jump height | | 20th |
| Grab Range | | 5th |
| Average Item throw | 20.9 | 22nd |
| Running Speed | | 8th |
See also: Roy's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Young Link

Young Link :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 85 | 17th |
| Average Falling Speed | 117 | 8th |
| Total jump height | | 18th |
| Grab Range | | 3rd |
| Average Item throw | 6.9 | 10th |
| Running Speed | | 7th |
See also: Young Link's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Mr. Game & Watch

Mr. Game & Watch :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 70 | 23rd |
| Average Falling Speed | 101 | 15th |
| Total jump height | | 11th |
| Grab Range | | 18th |
| Average Item throw | 11.1 | 24th |
| Running Speed | | 14th |
See also: Mr. Game & Watch's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Pichu

Pichu :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 55 | 26th |
| Average Falling Speed | 107 | 13th |
| Total jump height | | 4th |
| Grab Range | | 24th |
| Average Item throw | 10.4 | 20th |
| Running Speed | | 6th |
See also: Pichu's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Samus

Samus :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 110 | 3rd |
| Average Falling Speed | 95 | 23rd |
| Total jump height | | 17th |
| Grab Range | | 1st |
| Average Item throw | 6.6 | 9th |
| Running Speed | | 16th |
See also: Samus's Movelist
# Super Smash Bros. Melee/Characters/Sheik

Sheik :
| Statistic | Numeric | Rank |
| Weight | 90 | 12th |
| Average Falling Speed | 118 | 6th |
| Total jump height | | 9th |
| Grab Range | | 8th |
| Average Item throw | 5.7 | 1st |
| Running Speed | | 3rd |
See also: Sheik's Movelist
# DESCRIPTION:

Remove an event function previously added.
REMOVE-EVENT-FUNC is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* funct -- (Type: function)
# Rebol Programming/req-dir

REQ-DIR is an object of value:
# DESCRIPTION:

Requests a color value.
REQUEST-COLOR is a function value.

# REFINEMENTS

* /color
** clr -- (Type: any)
* /offset
** xy -- (Type: any)
# DESCRIPTION:

Appends a reduced value to a series and returns the series head.
REPEND is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port)
* value -- (Type: any)

# REFINEMENTS

* /only -- Appends a block value as a block
# DESCRIPTION:

Replaces the search value with the replace value within the target series.
REPLACE is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* target -- Series that is being modified (Type: series)
* search -- Value to be replaced (Type: any)
* replace -- Value to replace with (will be called each time if a function) (Type: any)

# REFINEMENTS

* /all -- Replace all occurrences
* /case -- Case-sensitive replacement
* /tail -- Return target after the last replacement position
# Rebol Programming/req-file

REQ-FILE is an object of value:
# DESCRIPTION:

Requests an answer to a simple question.
REQUEST is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* str -- (Type: string block object none)

# REFINEMENTS

* /offset
** xy -- (Type: any)
* /ok
* /only
* /confirm
* /type
** icon -- Valid values are: alert, help (default), info, stop (Type: word)
* /timeout
** time -- (Type: any)
# Rebol Programming/req-funcs

REQ-FUNCS is an object of value:
# DESCRIPTION:

Renames a file to a new name.
RENAME is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* old -- path to the old file (Type: file url)
* new -- new name (not a path) (Type: file url string)

# (SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES)

* catch
# DESCRIPTION:

Evaluates a block a number of times or over a series.
REPEAT is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* word -- Word to set each time (Type: word)
* value -- Maximum number or series to traverse (Type: integer series)
* body -- Block to evaluate each time (Type: block)
# Surgical Procedures/Abdominal Surgery/Cholecystectomy/Open
## Introduction:

* Cholecystectomy performd by Open method.

### Indication:

* If laparoscopic cholecystectomy is contraindicated
* Intra operative conversion during laparoscopic cholecystectomy
* Gallbladder carcinoma
* Cholecystitis
* Cholelithiasis
* ?Biliary dyskinesia.

### Contraindication:

* Contraindicated if laparascopic cholecystectomy is indicated and can be performed.

### Advantages:

* Better exposure during surgery
* Less risk of wound infection
* Less days off work

### Disadvantages:

* Larger incision is made and leaves large scar.
* Longer hospital stay
** ≥ 5 days.
* Longer recovery time.
* Post-operative pain.

## PreOperative management:

* Glucose Drink 150mg/Day x 3 days.
** If NPO:
*** 5% Dextrose I.V.
* PreOP. BroadSpectrum Antibiots.
* Preop Investigations:
** Oral Cholangiogram.
** If Charcot's Triad present:
*** I.V cholangiography.

## Anaesthesia

* Commonly:
** Endotracheal Sedation.
(Anaesthesia will not be mentioned here.)

## Simplified steps:
### Step I
#### Incision.

Types of Incision:
* Upper Right SubCostal Incision.
* Kocher's Incision.
* Modified Kocher's Incision.
* Transverse Incision.

### Step II
#### Mop placement

* 2 wet mops are placed.
** One Wet Mop is placed to displace the duodenum, the transverse colon and coils of small intestine.
** Second Wet Mop is placed slightly to the left of the Common Bile Duct (CBD) to displace the stomach to the left.

### Step III

(After 2 wet mop placement.)

#### Exposure of GallBladder:

Exposure of GallBladder is done by:
* Retraction of liver.
** Inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver is retracted upwards by the most appropriate retractor available.
*** e.g Deaver's retractor or most commonly the harrington retractor (aka the sweetheart).

### Step IV
#### Removal of GallBladder.

2 common methods for removal of GB:

##### Duct first method:

* Cystic Duct and Artery are dissected first and divided, after which GallBladder is removed.
** Indication:
*** Indicated if no presence of adhesions or exudates in CBD, CHD, CD.
** Contraindication:
*** Contraindicated in the presence of adhesions or exudates in CBD, CHD, CD.
** Advantages:
*** Less chance to injure:
**** CBD.
**** Right Heptic Artery.
** Disadvantages:

##### Fundus First method:

* Dissection is started from Fundus of the GallBladder and gradually proceeded towards the Cystic Duct, which is divided last of all.
** Indication:
*** Indicated in the presence of adhesions or exudates in CBD, CHD, CD.
** Contraindication:
*** Contraindicated in no presence of adhesions or exudates in CBD, CHD, CD due to disadvantages.
** Advantages:
*** Gallbladder can be removed in the presence of adhesions or exudates in CBD, CHD, CD.
** Disadvantages:
*** More chance to injure:
**** CBD.
**** Right Heptic Artery.
# Surgical Procedures/Abdominoplasty

Abdominoplasty or "tummy tuck" is a cosmetic surgery procedure to reshape and firm the abdomen. It involves the removal of excess skin and fat from the middle and lower abdomen in order to tighten the muscles of the abdominal wall. This type of surgery is usually sought by woman (who are not considering having any or more children) and individuals who have abdominal fat deposits which do not respond well to diet and exercise. There are two types of abdominoplasty: Complete. Requires from about two to five hours Partial. Requires from about one to two hours
A complete abdominoplasty involves five steps: An incision is made from hip to hip just above the pubic area. Another incision is made to free the navel from the surrounding skin. The skin is detached from the abdominal wall to reveal the muscles to be tightened. The skin flap is reattached with any extra skin being removed. A new hole for the navel is made and stitched into place. All stitches are dressed and any excess fluid from the site is drained.
A partial abdominoplasty involves three steps: A smaller incision is made. The skin in removed between the incision and the navel. The skin is stretched down and excess skin removed. The flap is stitched back into place. Recovery from a complete abdominoplasty can take from four to six weeks and patients are advised to take this recovery time off from work. For the first ten days, a patient may experience bruising and discomfort. A supportive abdominal binder is normally worn to ensure proper healing. Patients are advised not to smoke during recovery.