# Field Guide/Mammals/United States/Minnesota

This page is being developed as a guide to mammals of Minnesota by the students of Writing Studies 3562W, section 9, at the University of Minnesota.

## Marsupials
### Opossums
##### Virginia Opossum

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* ↑ Krause, W. J.; Krause, W. A. (2006), The Opossum: Its Amazing Story, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri: Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine
* ↑ National Geographic (2012), Opossum, retrieved 23 September 2012
* ↑ National Geographic (2012), Opossum, retrieved 23 September 2012

## Rodents
### Beavers
##### American Beaver

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* 1 2 3 4 5 Jenkins, S; Busher, P (1979), "Castor Canadensis" (PDF), Mammalian Species, vol. 120, pp. 1–8, retrieved October 4, 2012
* 1 2 3 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Beaver, retrieved October 4, 2012
* 1 2 Linzey, A; NatureServe; Hammerson, G; Cannings, S (2011), Castor Canadensis, retrieved October 9, 2012

### Squirrels
##### Woodchuck

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tobias, C. (2011), versity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Marmota_monax/ ADW: Marmota monax: INFORMATION, retrieved October 7, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); horizontal tab character in |url= at position 17 (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Linzey, A.V.; Cannings, S. (2008), Marmota monax (Woodchuck), retrieved October 7, 2012

##### Franklin's Ground Squirrel

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* 1 2 3 4 5 Ostroff, A. C.; Finck, E. J. (2003), "Spermophilus franklinii" (PDF), The American Society of Mammalogists, retrieved September 24, 2012
* ↑ "North American Mammals:Spermophilusfranklinii", Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History NMNH, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Spermophilus franklinii, 2008, retrieved September 24, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |first 1= ignored (|first1= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |first 2= ignored (|first2= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |last 1= ignored (|last1= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |last 2= ignored (|last2= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |last 3= ignored (|last3= suggested) (help)
* 1 2 Franklin's Ground Squirrel, retrieved September 24, 2012 {{citation}}: Text "periodical Chiwaukee Prairie Preservation Fund, Inc." ignored (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Hofmann, J. E. (1999), INHS Reports: Franklin's Ground Squirrel: An Increasingly Rare Prairie Mammal, Illinois Natural History Survey - University of Illinois, retrieved September 24, 2012

##### Richardson's ground squirrel

Single Page View Field Guide/Mammals/Richardson's ground squirrel

##### Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Petrella, S. (1999), Spermophilus Tridecemlineatus, retrieved October 5, 2012
* ↑ Dolbeer, R. (2005), Thirteen Lined Ground Squirrel and Their Control, retrieved October 5, 2012

##### Eastern Chipmunk

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* ↑ Anderson, R.; Stephens, J. (2002), "Tamias striatus", Animal Diversity Web {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
* ↑ Whitaker, J.O (1980), A.A.Knopf (ed.), Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus) {{citation}}: Text "location: New York" ignored (help); Text "pages: 8, 370-373" ignored (help); Text "periodical:Audubon society field guide to North American Mammals" ignored (help); Text "publisher: Chanticleer Press, Inc." ignored (help)
* 1 2 3 Snyder, D. P. (1982), "Tamias striatus", Mammalian Species, vol. 168, pp. 1–8 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)

##### Least Chipmunk

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##### Red Squirrel

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* ↑ "North American Mammals", Smithsonian-National Museum of Natural, retrieved October 4, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Koprowski, John, "The Natural History of the Mount Graham Red Squirrel Geographical", University of Arizona, retrieved October 5, 2012
* 1 2 Layne, James (1954), "The Biology of the Red Squirrel in Central New York", Ecological Monographs, retrieved October 3, 2012
* 1 2 3 Linzey, A.V. (2008), "Tamiasciurus hudsonicus", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved October 4, 2012

##### Eastern Fox Squirrel

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* 1 2 3 4 5 Fahey, Bridget, Fox Squirrel, retrieved October 7, 2012
* ↑ Mason, Jim (2003), Fox Squirrel, retrieved October 7, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Garst, Warren (1922), Eastern fox squirrel standing on sand, retrieved October 7, 2012

##### Eastern Gray Squirrel

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* 1 2 3 Lawniczak , M. (2002), Animal diversity webe, retrieved October 1, 2012
* 1 2 Hamilton , H. (1990), Hinterland, retrieved October 1, 2012

##### Northern Flying Squirrel

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wells-Gosling, Heaney, N., L.R. (1984), Glaucomys sabrinus, pp. 1–8
* 1 2 3 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Glaucomys sabrinus
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2012), Glaucomys sabrinus
* ↑ Riebe, j. (2004), Glaucomys sabrinus
* 1 2 Malamuth, Mulheisen, E., M. (1999), {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

##### Southern Flying Squirrel

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fox, David; Mulheisen, Michael (1999), "Glaucomys volans", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 11, 2012
* 1 2 3 National Flying Squirrel Association, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Linzey, A.V.; NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008), "Glaucomys volans", IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved October 11, 2012
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

### Pocket Gophers
##### Plains Pocket Gopher

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* 1 2 3 4 Schmidly, David (1994), [Retrieved from http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/geomburs.htm "Plains Pocket Gopher"], The Mammals of Texas-Online Edition, retrieved October 3, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* 1 2 3 Linzey, A.V. (2008), [Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42588/0 "Geomys bursarius"], IUCN Red list of Threatened Species, retrieved October 2, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* ↑ Behrend, A; Tester, J (1988), "Feeding ecology of the Plains Pocket Gopher in East Central Minnesota" (PDF), University of Minnesota, retrieved October 3, 2012
* ↑ Miller, Richard (1964), "Ecology and Distrubition of Pocket Gophers(Geomyidae)in Colorado", Ecological Society of America, retrieved October 4, 2012

##### Northern Pocket Gopher

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## References

* 1 2 Linzey, A.V. (2008), Thomomys talpoides, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 McMahon, J.A. (1999), Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, retrieved (October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Streubel, D. (2000), Thomomys talpoides, retrieved (October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Link, R (n.d.), Living with wildlife in the pacific northwest, retrieved (October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

### Rats & Mice
##### Southern Bog Lemming

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* 1 2 Linzey, Alicia (1983), Synoptomys Cooperi, American Society of Mammalogists, pp. 1–5
* 1 2 Linzey, A.V. (2008), Synaptomy Cooperi, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, p. 1
* ↑ Roset, Robert (2012), Minor species as the dominant rodents in an Oldfield, American Midland Naturalist, pp. 1–8
* 1 2 Osbourne, Joseph (2005), Effects of Habitat on small-mammal diversity and abundance in West Virginia, Wildlife Society Bulletin, pp. 814–822
* 1 2 Bien, Walter; Spotilafirst2=James (2007), The distribution of small mammals at the Warren Grove Gunnery Range with special emphasis on Southern Bog Lemming and Meadow Jumping Mice, New Jersey Academy of Science, pp. 9–12

##### Northern Bog Lemming

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Northern Bog Lemming — Synaptomys borealis, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Nordquist, Gerda, Northern Bog Lemming, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Linzey, A.V.; NatureServe (Reichel, J.D. & Hammerson, G.)year=2008, "Synaptomys borealis", IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved October 11, 2012{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* 1 2 3 Nicholas, Danielle (2001), "Synaptomys borealis", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 11, 2012
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Saunders, D.A. (1988), "Adirondack Mammals", IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, p. 216, retrieved October 11, 2012

##### Southern Red-backed Vole

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* ↑ Hazard, E. B. (1982), The Mammals of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press, pp. 90–91
* ↑ Reid, F. A. (2006), Mammals of North America, Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 308–309
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Merritt, J. F. (1981), "Clethrionomys gapperi", Mammalian Species, no. 146, pp. 1–9, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (2010), "Canis lupus", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved September 28, 2012
* ↑ NatureServe (2012), "Clethrionomys gapperi", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, no. Version 7.1, retrieved September 28, 2012

##### Rock Vole

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* 1 2 3 Saunders, D. A. (1988), Rock vole (microtus chrotorrhinus miller), retrieved October 1, 2012
* 1 2 Linzey, A. V. (2008), Microtus chrotorrhinus, retrieved October 1, 2012

##### Meadow Vole

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Neuburger, T. (1999), pennsylvanicus/ Microtus pennsylvanicus, retrieved October 5, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* 1 2 Saunder, D. A. (1988), Meadow Vole, retrieved October 5, 2012

##### Prairie Vole

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## References

* ↑ Hazard, E.B. (1982), The mammals of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press
* 1 2 3 http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/microchr.htm, retrieved October 13, 2012 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
* 1 2 Stalling, D.T. (1999), Microtus ochrogaster, pp. 1–9
* 1 2 3 Linzey, A.V. (2008), Microtus ochrogaster IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved October 14, 2012
* ↑ Kettlewell, J. (2004), 'Fidelity gene' found in voles, retrieved October 14, 2012
* ↑ Young, L. (2004), "Reward mechanism involved in addiction likely regulates pair bonds between monogamous animals", Emory University Health Sciences Center, retrieved October 14, 2012

##### Muskrat

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* 1 2 3 Muskrat, retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Ondatra zibethicus - Muskrat, retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Common Muskrat: Natural History Notebook., retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ NatureWorks - Common Muskrat, retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Muskrat, retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

##### Northern Grasshopper Mouse

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* 1 2 3 McCarty, Richard (1978), "Onychomys Leucogaster" (PDF), Mammalian Species, vol. 87, p. ) For any online accessible source:, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Onychomys Leucogaster", NatureServe, (2003), retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
* 1 2 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Lemmings, Mice Rats and Voles, retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 The Worsley School ((2001)), Carnivorous Mice, retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)

##### White-footed Mouse

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aguilar, Shaina, Peromyscus Leucopus, white footed mouse, retrieved (October 7, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Saunders, D.A. (1988), Adirondack Mammals, p. 216, retrieved (October 7, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

##### Deer Mouse

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Deer mice not only cause the destruction of current crops, but they may also prevent the regrowth of new plants and crops.
* 1 2 3 4 5 Bunker, A. (2001), "Peromyscus maniculatus", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 8, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 Graham, D. (n.d.), "Deer Mice", Northern State University: Aberdeen, SD., retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quinn, N.; Baldwin, R. A.; Timm, R. M. (n.d.), "Deer Mouse Management Guidelines—UC IPM", Home Page – UC Statewide IPM Program, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Timm, R.; Howard, W. (n.d.), "White-footed and Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, control and management", The Handbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage, no. 1, pp. 1–22, retrieved September 24, 2012

##### Western Harvest Mouse

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Webster, W. D.; Jones, J. K. Jr. (1982), "Reithrodontomys megalotis", Mammalian Species, no. 167, pp. 1–5, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Reid, F. A. (2006), Mammals of North America, Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 289–290
* 1 2 Hazard, E. B. (1982), The Mammals of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press, p. 83
* 1 2 3 Linzey, A. V.; Matson, J. (2008), "Reithrodontomys megalotis", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved September 28, 2012
* 1 2 NatureServe (2012), "Reithrodontomys megalotis", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, no. Version 7.1, retrieved September 28, 2012

##### House Mouse

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* 1 2 3 Ballenger, L. (1999), "Mus musculus", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 4, 2012
* ↑ Musser, G.; Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; mitsain, G. (2008), "Mus musculus", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved October 4, 2012

##### Norway Rat

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* 1 2 3 Ruedas, L. (2008), Rattus norvegicus, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus), retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Rat Management Guidelines--UC IPM, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Norway Rat, Victor, retrieved September 24, 2012 {{citation}}: Text "Norway Rat Facts" ignored (help)
* ↑ Wild Norway Rat Behavior, retrieved September 24, 2012

##### Woodland Jumping Mouse

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## References

* 1 2 3 4 Wrigley, R ((1972)), "Napaeosapus Insignis" (PDF), Mammalian Species, vol. 14, pp. (1–6), retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
* ↑ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Lemmings, Mice Rats and Voles, retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 "Napaeosapus Insignis", NatureServe, (2003), retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Harrington, E. ((2004)), Napaeozapus Insignis, Animal Diversity Web, retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)

##### Meadow Jumping Mouse

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* ↑ Template:Citation Smithl
* ↑ Whittakerl, J.O. (1972), "Zapus Hudsonius" (PDF), Mammalian Species, no. 189, pp. 1–7, retrieved October 10, 2012
* ↑ Whittakerl, J.O. (1972), "Zapus Hudsonius" (PDF), Mammalian Species, no. 189, pp. 1–7, retrieved October 10, 2012
* ↑ "Meadow Jumping Mouse", Mammals of Minnesota, pp. 106–109., 1982 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "last1Hazardl" ignored (help)
* ↑ "Meadow Jumping Mouse", Mammals of Minnesota, pp. 106–109., 1982 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "last1Hazardl" ignored (help)

##### Plains Pocket Mouse

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* 1 2 Linzey, A.V.; Timm, R.; Alvarez-Castaneda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2008), Perognathus Flavescens, retrieved (September 25, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Spencer, Victoria (1997), Perognathus Flavescens, plains pocket mouse, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

### Porcupines
##### North American Porcupine

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* ↑ Woods, C.A. (1973), "Erethizon dorsatum", Mammalian Species, vol. 29, pp. 1–6
* 1 2 3 4 Weber, Christopher (2012), North American Porcupine, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shefferly, Nancy; Weber, Christopher (2012), North American Porcupine, retrieved September 23, 2012

## Rabbits, Hares & Pikas
### Rabbits & Hares
##### Snowshoe Hare

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## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Lepus americanus
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shefferly, N. (2007), Lepus americanus
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2012), Lepus americanus
* ↑ Ruland, C. (2012), Lepus americanus

##### White-tailed Jackrabbit

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* 1 2 Wallmo, O.C. (1984), "Odocoileus hemionus", Mammalian Species, no. 219, pp. (1–9)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gosline, A. (2001), ADW:Lepus townsendii: INFORMATION, retrieved October 7, 2012
* 1 2 3 Smith, A.T.; Johnston, C.H. (2008), Lepus townsendii (White-tailed Jackrabbit), retrieved October 7, 2012

##### Eastern Cottontail

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* 1 2 3 4 5 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Eastern Cottontail, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Chapman, J; Hockman, J (1980), "Sylvilagus Floridanus" (PDF), Mammalian Species, vol. 136, pp. 1–8, retrieved October 4, 2012 {{citation}}: |first3= missing |last3= (help); Unknown parameter |las3t= ignored (help)
* 1 2 Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs; Romero Malpica, F; Rangel Cordero, H (2008), Sylvilagus floridanus, retrieved (October 8, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

## Shrewforms
### Shrews
##### Northern Short-tailed Shrew

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## References

* 1 2 3 George, S.B.; Choate, J.R. (1986), B.J.Verts; K.J.J.Jones; T.E.Lawlor (eds.), "Blarina brevicauda", Mammalian Species, Los Angeles, CA, vol. 261, pp. 1–9 {{citation}}: |first3= missing |last3= (help); Text "last3-Genoways" ignored (help)
* ↑ Whitaker, J.O. (1980), A.A.Knopf (ed.), "Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda)", Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals, New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc., pp. 48, 279, 291–293
* ↑ NatureServe (2012), "Northern Short-tailed Shrew", NatureServe Explorer: An Online Encyclopedia of Life. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)

##### Least Shrew

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* 1 2 3 4 5 ADW: Cryptotis parva: INFORMATION, retrieved September 21, 2012
* ↑ Species profile: Minnesota DNR, retrieved September 21, 2012
* 1 2 Shrews (Family Soricidae), retrieved September 21, 2012
* ↑ Least Shrew, retrieved September 21, 2012

##### Arctic Shrew

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* 1 2 "Arctic Shrew-Sorex Arcticus", Montana Field Guide, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 3 Lariviere, Serge (1999), "Sorex Arcticus", Mammalian Species, no. 608, pp. 1–9, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Seto, Stephanie (2006), "Sorex Arcticus, Arctic Shrew", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ Clough, Garrett (1963), "Biology of the Shrew", American Midland Naturalist, no. 69, pp. 69–81, retrieved September 23, 2012

##### Masked Shrew

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* ↑ Leel, W. (2010), Masked Shrew, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |retrieved from l= ignored (help)
* ↑ "Sorex Cinereus" (PDF), Mammalian Species, no. 743, pp. 1–9., 2004, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "last1Whitakerl" ignored (help)
* ↑ "Sorex Cinereus" (PDF), Mammalian Species, no. 743, pp. 1–9., 2004, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "last1Whitakerl" ignored (help)
* ↑ Leel, W. (2010), Masked Shrew, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |retrieved from l= ignored (help)
* ↑ Leel, W. (2010), Masked Shrew, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |retrieved from l= ignored (help)
* ↑ Hazardl, E. (1982), "The Masked Shrew", Mammals in Minnesota, pp. 21–27
* ↑ Hazardl, E. (1982), "The Masked Shrew", Mammals in Minnesota, pp. 21–27

##### Northern Water Shrew

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* ↑ Beneski, John; Stinson, Derek (1987), "Sorex palustris", Mammalian Species, pp. 1–6, retrieved October 12, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Carmen, M. (2001), "Sorex Palustris", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 9, 2012

##### Pygmy Shrew

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* 1 2 3 Montana Field Guide, Pygmy shrew: sorex hoyi, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Long, Charles A. (1974), "Microsorex hoyi and microsorex thompsoni", Mammalian Species, vol. 33, pp. 1–4
* 1 2 3 University of Michigan, Pygmy shrew, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Saunders, D.A. (1988), Pygmy Shrew, retrieved September 23, 2012

### Moles
##### Star-nose Mole

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* ↑ North American Mammals: Condyluracristata, retrieved 23 September 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Star Nosed Mole, retrieved 23 September 2012

##### Eastern Mole

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## Bats
### Vesper Bats
##### Silver-haired Bat

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kunz, Thomas H. (1982), "Lasionnycteris Notivagans", Mammalian Species, no. 172, pp. 1–5, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Arroyo Cabrales, J.; Miller, B.; Reid, F.; Cuaron, A.D.; de Grammont (2008), "Lasionnycteris Notivagans", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ "Lasionycteris Noctivagans", Bat Conservation International, 2012, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Smith, Josh (2004), Silver-Haired Bats {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

##### Eastern Red Bat

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* 1 2 Shump, Karl (1982), Lasiurus Borealis, The American Society of Mammalogists, pp. 1–6
* 1 2 3 Arroyo-Cabrales, Jay; Reid, F (2008), Lasiurus Borealis, IUCN Red List of Threatned Species, p. 1
* 1 2 Davis, Andrew (2010), Pelage color of red bats lasirrus borealis varies with body size, Journal of Zoology, pp. 401–405
* 1 2 Kurta, Allen (2010), Reproductive timing, distribution and sex ratios of tree bats in lower Michigan, Journal of Mammalogy, pp. 586–592

##### Hoary Bat

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* ↑ Texas Parks and Wildlife, Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), retrieved 9-23-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

##### Little Brown Myotis

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Havens, A. (2006), "Myotis lucifugus", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 "North American Mammals:Myotislucifugus", Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History NMNH, n.d., retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 Kunz, T.; Reichard, J. (2009), "Status Review of the Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and Determination that Immediate Listing Under the Endangered Species Act is Scientifically and Legally Warranted" (PDF), Myotis Status Review, no. 1, pp. 1–22, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 Barclay, R. (1980), "Myotis lucifugus", Mammalian Species, no. 142, pp. 1–8, retrieved September 24, 2012
* ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2012), "White-nose syndrome: the devastating disease of hibernating bats in North America" (PDF), White-Nose Syndrome.org, pp. 1–2, retrieved October 8, 2012

##### Northern Myotis

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* 1 2 Bat Conservation of Wisconsin, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Northern Myotis, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Northern Myotis - Myotis septentrionalis, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Arroyo-Cabrales, J; Alvarez Castaneda, S. T. (2008), The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Kansas Mammal Atlas: Northern Myotis, (1999), retrieved (October 15, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)

##### Tri-colored Bat (Eastern Pipistrelle)

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* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cuvier, F. (1832), Perimyotis subflavus, retrieved October 7, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Holliday, Cory (2004), Tri-colored Bat url= http://www.tnbwg.org/TNBWG_PESU.html {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |title= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
* 1 2 Tuttle, Merlin D. (2012), Perimyotis subflavus, retrieved October 7, 2012

## Carnivores
### Cats
##### House Cat

Single Page View Field Guide/Mammals/House Cat

##### Canada Lynx

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## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Mammals of Minnesota: Canada lynx, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Canadian Geographic, Canada lynx fact sheet, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ University of Minnesota, Duluth (2009), Canada Lynx of the Great Lakes Region, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 National Geographic, Lynx, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ Tumlison, R. (1987), "Felis lynx", Mammalian Species, vol. 269, pp. 1–8

##### Bobcat

Single Page View

## References

* ↑ Bobcats, n.d., retrieved (October 12, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Basic facts about bobcats, 2012, retrieved (October 12, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Ulmer, Fred, Melanism in the Felidae, with Special Reference to the Genus Lynx
* ↑ Bobcat Lynx rufus, retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Animal Fact Sheet: Bobcat, 2008, retrieved (October 12, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 Clark, W.R. (2011), Habitat Use and Social Structure, retrieved (October 12, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

##### Cougar

Single Page View

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Currier, M.J.P. (1983), Mammalian Species, pp. 1–7
* 1 2 3 4 5 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Felis concolor, retrieved 9/25/12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Hamilton, Hundt, Piokowski, M., P., R., Mountain Lion, Puma, Cougar{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Dewey, Shivaraju, T., A. (2003), Puma concolor

### Dogs
##### Coyote

Single Page View
* 1 2 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Mammals of Minnesota: Coyote, retrieved October 1, 2012
* ↑ Tokar, E (2001), Canis latrans, retrieved October 1, 2012

##### Gray Wolf

Single Page View
* ↑ Hazard, E. B. (1982), The Mammals of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press, pp. 116–119
* 1 2 3 4 5 Mech, L. D. (1974), "Canis lupus", Mammalian Species, no. 37, pp. 1–6, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ Reid, F. A. (2006), Mammals of North America, Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 441–442
* 1 2 3 NatureServe (2012), "Canis lupus", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, no. Version 7.1, retrieved September 28, 2012
* 1 2 Mech, L. D.; Boitani, L. (2010), "Canis lupus", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved September 28, 2012

##### Gray Fox

Single Page View
* ↑ "Urocyon Cinereoargenteus" (PDF), Mammalian Species, no. 189, pp. 283–294., 1979, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "last1Hayssenl" ignored (help)
* ↑ "Urocyon Cinereoargenteus" (PDF), Mammalian Species, no. 189, pp. 283–294., 1979, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "last1Hayssenl" ignored (help)
* ↑ [:http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22780/0 Urocyon Cinereoargenteus], 2011, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Check |url= value (help); Text "lastBozarthl" ignored (help)
* ↑ [:http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22780/0 Urocyon Cinereoargenteus], 2011, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Check |url= value (help); Text "lastBozarthl" ignored (help)
* ↑ "Grey Fox" (PDF), Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs, pp. 92–98., 1982, retrieved October 10, 2012 {{citation}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "Fuller" ignored (help)

##### Swift Fox

Single Page View Field Guide/Mammals/Swift Fox

##### Red Fox

Single Page View

## References
### Bears
##### Black Bear

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 Plunkett, Richard (2011), Black Bears, retrieved October 7, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Dewey, Tanya; Kronk, Christine (2012), Ursus americanus: American black bear, retrieved October 7, 2012

### Raccoons
##### Northern Raccoon

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 4 Joerg-Henner, Lotze; Anderson, Sydney (1979), Procyon Lotor, The American Society of Mammalogists, pp. 1–8
* 1 2 Cuaron, Timm; Helgen, Reid (2008), Procyon Lotor, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, p. 1
* ↑ Beasly, James; Atwood, Todd (2012), A Comparison of methods for estimating raccoon abundance: Implications for disease vaccines programs, Journal of Wildlife Management, pp. 1290–1297
* 1 2 Rettit, Michael (2010), Raccoon intelligence at the borderlands of Science, The American Psychological Association, pp. 26–29

### Skunks
##### Striped Skunk

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wilke, C. (2001), mephitis/ Mephitis Mephitis, retrieved October 5, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* 1 2 Striped Skunk Mephitis Mephitis, 2012, retrieved October 5, 2012

##### Eastern Spotted Skunk

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 Species profile: Minnesota DNR, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 3 Spotted Skunk, Wildlife Science Center., retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 3 North American Mammals: Spilogaleputorius, retrieved September 23, 2012

### Weasels
##### Wolverine

Single Page View Field Guide/Mammals/Wolverine

##### American Badger

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 4 5 Long, Charles (1972), "Taxonomic Revision of the North American Badger, Taxidea taxus", Journal of Mammalogy, retrieved October 5, 2012
* 1 2 3 Reid, F; helgen, K (1973), "Taxidea taxus", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved October 4, 2012
* ↑ Long, Charles (1973), "Mammalian Species, Taxidea taxus", The American Society of Mammalogits, retrieved October 4, 2012
* 1 2 3 Scobie, Dave (2002), 20of%20American%20Badger%20in%20Alberta_2002.pdf "Wildlife Status Report No. 43" (PDF), Alberta Conservation Association, retrieved October 5, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help); horizontal tab character in |url= at position 93 (help)

##### River Otter

Single Page View

## References

* 1 2 Melquist, W.E.; Polechla, P.J.J.; Toweill, D. (2003), G.A. Feldhammer; B.C. Thompson; J.A.Chapman (eds.), "River Otter (Lontra canadensis)", Wild Animals of the North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation (2 ed.), Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 708–734
* 1 2 Larivière, S.; Walton, L. R. (1998), C. E. Rebar; V. Haysen; K. F. Koopman; E. Anderson; B. H. Blake (eds.), Lontra canadensis, vol. 587, pp. 1–8), retrieved October 4, 2012 {{citation}}: Text "publication Mammalian Species" ignored (help)
* ↑ Ellis, E. (2003), Lontra canadensis, Animal Diversity Web., retrieved September 23, 2012

##### American Marten

Single Page View
* 1 2 Reid, F.; Helgen, K. (2008), Martes Americana, retrieved (October 7, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Berg, Bill (2001), "Minnesota Conservation Volunteer Magazine", American Marten (Martes Americana), no. january–february, retrieved (October 7, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Ellis, Eric, J. (1999), Martes Americana (on-line), retrieved (October 7, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

##### Fisher

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Powell, R (1981), "Martes pennanti" (PDF), Mammalian Species, vol. 156, pp. 1–6, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Fisher, retrieved October 4, 2012
* ↑ Ziel, W; Duncan, N (2004), "Diets of Sympatric Populations of American Martens (Martes Americana) and Fishers(Martes Pennanti) in California", Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 470–477
* ↑ Weir, R; Corbould, F (2007), "Factors Affecting Diurnal Activity of Fishers in North Central British Columbia", Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 1508–1514

##### American Mink

Single Page View
* 1 2 "Neovison vison", Encyclopedia of Life, retrieved April 14, 2018
* ↑ "American Mink", Conserve Ireland: A guide to Irelands Protected Habitats and Species, 2009, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Kirkland, Gordon Jr.; Schmidt, David F. (1996), "Neovison vison", Mammalian Species, no. 524, pp. 1–5, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Reid, F.; Helgen, K. (2008), "Neovision Vision", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved April 14, 2018

##### Least Weasel

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 Newell, T. (1999), "Mustela Nivalis", Animal Diversity, retrieved October 9, 2012
* ↑ Steven, S.; Carolyn, K. (1994), "Mustela nivalis", Mammalian Species, pp. 1–10, retrieved October 9, 2012

##### Ermine

Single Page View

## References

* 1 2 3 King, C (1983), "Mustela Erminea" (PDF), Mammalian Species, vol. 195, pp. (1–8), retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ((2012)), Short Tailed Weasel (Ermine)., retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) ((2010)), Mustela Erminea, retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
* ↑ "Mustela erminea", NatureServe, (2003), retrieved (October 16, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)

##### Long-tailed Weasel

Single Page View
* ↑ Dreis, C. (1997), Long Tailed Weasel, retrieved 9-23-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

## Hoofed Animals
### Deer
##### Moose

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 Henttonen, H.; Stubbe, M.; Maran, T.; Tikhonov, A. (2008), Alces alces, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Living With Moose, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 Moose, Moose Pictures, Moose Facts - National Geographic, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 Moose: Minnesota DNR, retrieved September 24, 2012

##### Elk

Single Page View Field Guide/Mammals/Elk

##### White-tailed Deer

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Smith, W. (1991), "Odocoileus virginianus", Mammalian Species, no. 388, pp. 1–13, retrieved September 24, 2012
* ↑ Harry, T. (2010), [http:// www.helium.com/items/1834000-difference-between-mule-deer-and-white-tailed-deer "Difference between mule deer and white-tailed deer"], Helium, retrieved October 14, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* 1 2 3 4 Cornell University (n.d.), "White-tailed deer (Odocoieus virginianus)" (PDF), Wildlife Damage Management Unit, retrieved September 24, 2012
* ↑ Geographic Society (n.d.), "White Tailed Deer", National Geographic, retrieved September 24, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dewey, T. (n.d.), "Odocoileus virginianus", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved September 24, 2012

##### Mule Deer

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Misuraca, M. (1999), ADW: Odocoileus hemionus: INFORMATION, retrieved October 7, 2012
* 1 2 Anderson, A.E.; Wallmo, O.C. (1984), "Odocoileus hemionus", Mammalian Species, no. 219, pp. (1–9)
* 1 2 3 Sanchez Rojas, G.; Gallina Tessaro, S. (2008), Odocoileus hemionus, retrieved October 7, 2012

##### Caribou

Single Page View Field Guide/Mammals/Caribou

### Pronghorns
##### Pronghorn

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Krejci, Kandace; Dewey, Tanya (2009), "Antilocapra americana", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 11, 2012
* ↑ O'Gara, Bart (1978), "Antilocapra americana", Mammalian Species, no. 90, pp. 1–7, retrieved October 4, 2012
* ↑ O’Sullivan, Tess (2009), New Long Distance Migration Route for Pronghorn Found in Idaho by WCS and Lava Lake Institute, retrieved October 11, 2012

### Bovines
##### American Bison

Single Page View
* 1 2 3 Newell, T.L.; Sorin, A.B. (2003), ADW: Bison bison., retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Bison bison range map; American Bison., (1999), retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help)
* ↑ Meagher, M., Historic Bison Study- Yellowstone National Park., retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 McHugh, Tom, Abstract - Social Behavior of the American Buffalo (Bison bison bison), retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Caslick, J. (2011), Wildlife-Human Conflicts in Yellowstone. When Animals and People Get TooClose., retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Great Plains Restoration Council, retrieved (October 13, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

## Glossary

View Glossary Page

### B

Barbed -- having or covered with protective barbs otherwise known as quills, spines or thorns

### C

Cached -- v.(requires object) to put away in a stockpile or hiding place. hoarding. ex: "cached food for winter" for n Carnivore -- An animal that eats flesh Commensal -- A symbiotic relationship in which one organism derives a benefit while the other is unaffected. Coniferous --adj. being apart of a conifer tree Crepuscular -- active around dusk (twilight)

### D

Deciduous -- The annual shedding and regrowth of leaves within a species. Deciduous trees tend to have wide, thin leaves. Examples of deciduous trees include maples and oaks. Delayed Fertilization -- Most mammals enter a stage called gestation upon fertilization; however, some mammals have the ability to delay gestation by entering a state of dormant fertilization called blastocyst. During this dormant state, the embryo is not implanted into the uterus. Nearly 100 different types of mammals in seven different orders have the ability to use this strategy. Mammals in these orders can put off gestation for an extended amount of time, sometimes even up to a year. One type of delayed fertilization includes facultative diapause, or the ability for lactating mothers who become pregnant to delay fertilization. This type of delayed fertilization is caused by the sucking stimulus of the baby. A second type of delayed fertilization is obligate diapause, or the ability for mother's to delay fertilization until environmental conditions become favorable to increase the chances of offspring survival.
Dentition -- Referring to a specific arrangement, form, or style of teeth for example in a certain species. In mammals dentition consists of several specific types of teeth including canines, molars and incisors. Diurnal -- Animals that are active during daylight hours and sleep during night hours.
Dorsal -- On, toward, or inside of the back to any part or organ

### E

Echolocation -- Animals emit sound waves and listen to the echo off of objects in order to find the direction and distance of the objects to navigate the area. Common in bats.
Estrus -- periodic state of sexual excitement in female mammals that precedes ovulation and during which they are most receptive to mating; heat
Exfoliate -- The removal of dead skin cells on the skin's outermost surface in flakes or scales.

### F

Forbs -- any herb that is not a grass that grows in fields, prairies, or meadows

### G

Gestation -- The gestation period of a mammal is the length of time within the womb, from embryo to baby. This amount of time is directly related to the physical size of the mammal. For example, mammals that are larger often times have longer gestation periods and live longer lives. The carrying of young in the uterus
Granivore -- Animals whose primary source of nutrition is derived from grain or seeds. Animal that feeds on seeds or grains.

### H

Herbaceous -- A soft tissued plant that regrows from the stem annually. Commonly known for eye-catching flowers or leaves. Like an herb or green leafed plant in texture, color, or other properties.
Herbivore -- n. A mammal that gets its energy source from plants. Many herbivores have digestive systems specifically adapted to digest all kinds of plants, including grasses.

### I

Insectivore -- An animal whose diet consists mostly of insects.

### K

Kerchief -- a piece of cloth worn tied over the head or around the neck; triangular colored patch on the neck of an animal translated from French "cuer-chief", cuer meaning to cover and chief meaning head of; cover the head

### L

Laterally -- Extending from the side.
Lumbar Vertebrae -- The largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column, including the five bones situated in the backbone in the lower part of the back

### M

Monogamous -- pairing with only one mate or sexual partner during a breeding season or during the breeding life of a pair
Montane -- Mountains; of or inhabiting mountainous country

### N

Neonates -- A newborn mammal, typically less than four weeks old.
Nocturnal -- Mammals active primarily at night. As a result, these mammals often have highly developed senses such as hearing and smell, as well as eyesight adapted specifically for darkness.

### O

Omnivore -- A species that eats both animals and plants.

### P

Parietal -- The bones that form the sides and roof of the skull
Parturition -- The process of giving birth to offspring.
Pelage -- The coat of a mammal consisting of fur, hair, wool, or other soft covering. Pinnate -- The coat of a mammal having markings arranged on either side of their back or any other central axis, resembling a feather.
Prolific --Producing young in high quantities. Producing offspring or young abundantly; highly fruitful.
Pup Rearing -- Raising and caring for young until they are full grown. This usually involves providing food, shelter, and teaching them how to interact with other animals of their breed.

### R

Roosts -- A place or perch for fowl or birds to rest and/or sleep on a regular basis

### S

Sedges -- A collection of rush-like mark plants. It has three vertical rows of leaves. It can typically be found in wet ground and is a grass like plant that has triangular stems and inconspicuous flowers.
Sexual Maturity -- Sexual maturity is the stage at which a mammal has the ability to reproduce. Sexual maturity may take longer or shorter depending on the species. External factors such as environmental conditions may delay or start sexual maturity while internal factors such as hormones may have similar effects. Many times reaching sexual maturity is a sign of an animal reaching adulthood.

### T

Torpor -- A type of temporary hibernation characterized by brain and body inactivity which can cause brain damage. Tragus -- A projection of cartilage, covered with skin that protrudes from the ear. Also used to describe hair growing on the external ear. Common on bat ears.
Tufts -- A cluster or group of something, usually feathers, hair, or grass, held together or growing together at a base. Usually open ended at the top.

### W

Weaning -- to withdraw, accustom, or remove from a situation, an object, or a habitat. In mammal terms, weaning is the period when the mother gradually stops providing milk for her young. Also for mammals, this is often when they start eating solid food.

## References

* ↑ Dictionary.com (2012), Cached, retrieved 10-16-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Dictionary.com (2012), Cached, retrieved 10-16-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Dictionary.com, Coniferous, retrieved 10-15-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Dictionary.com, LLC (2012), Deciduous, retrieved October 15, 2012
* ↑ Earth Day Canada, Forests: Types of Trees, retrieved October 15, 2012
* 1 2 "Implantation", University of Wyoming, n.d., retrieved October 14, 2012
* 1 2 "Delayed Implantation", The Animal Files, n.d., retrieved October 14, 2012
* ↑ Wund, M.; Myers, P. (2005), "Reproduction", Mammalia, retrieved October 14, 2012
* ↑ Dictionary.com, Dentition, retrieved 10-16-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ The Free Dictionary, Dentition, retrieved 10-16-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ Dictionary.com, Dorsal, retrieved 10-15-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Dictio, Estrus, New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009
* ↑ Merriam Webster (2012), Gestation, retrieved October 15, 2012
* ↑ Dictionary.com, LLC, Granivore, retrieved October 15, 2012
* ↑ Merriam Webster (2012), Granivorous, retrieved October 15, 2012
* ↑ Dictionary.com, LLC, Herbaceous, retrieved October 15, 2012
* ↑ Texas Technological University, Herbaceous Plant ID Lab, retrieved October 15, 2012
* ↑ Your Dictionary, Herbaceous, retrieved October 15, 2012
* ↑ What is an herbivore?, retrieved October 16, 2012
* ↑ Kerchief, retrieved October 16, 2012
* ↑ chief, retrieved October 16, 2012
* ↑ Collins English Dictionary, Neonates, Harper Collins Publishing, 2001
* ↑ {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)
* ↑ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Mammals, parturition, New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company
* ↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pinnate, retrieved October 15, 2012 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
* ↑ The Free Dictionary, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/prolific, retrieved October 15, 2012 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
* ↑ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Sedges, retrieved October 15, 2012 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
* ↑ Dictionary.com (2012), Torpor, retrieved 10-15-12 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* ↑ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tragus, retrieved October 15, 2012 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)