OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GIMP/Add a Shine to Buttons
## What the Effect Looks Like

The effect will produce something like this:

## Design the Button

For this button I selected all, then did Image>Select>Rounded Rectangle, with a radius of 50. I filled it with red, then I selected the border and filled with a darker red.

## Add a New Layer for the Shine

Create a new layer (call it shine or something similar), then select the whole region of your button (If you created it on a new layer you can right click on the layer and select “Alpha to Selection”), next shrink the selection (Image>Select>Shrink), how much you want to shrink it depends on the size of the image, for mine I used 6px, then fill the selection with white.
Now, you have a big ugly white spot in your image, how will that be turned into a shine? First, turn the layer transparency down to about 80%, this is found in the layers dialogue

## Turn the Ugly Spot into a Shine

First, add a layer mask, and select fill with black. (Full transparency).
Then go to the gradient tool and select linear white to black gradient, (make sure you are editing the layer mask-- it should have a white border around it in the layers dialogue), draw a gradient from wherever you want the shine to start (Top-left corner in the example) to about the middle, feel free to experiment.

## ADD

Once you are done you may add another layer for drawing on, or put text on, for the example I added the text “ADD”.
← Caption a Picture · Using a Layer Mask to combine images →
# GIMP

Welcome to the Wikibook about GIMP, GNU Image Manipulation Program for editing raster images! The book covers basic tools, filters, scripts and many basic or more advanced topics. It also includes some tutorials.

## Contents

* Introduction
* The Toolbox
** Gradient
** Move Tool
** Crop Tool
** Selection Tools
*** Rectangle Selection
*** Ellipse Selection
*** Free Selection
*** Fuzzy Selection
*** Selection by Colour
*** Scissors
*** Foreground Select
** Other Tools
*** Colour Picker
*** Zoom Tool
*** Measure Tool
*** Text Tool
* Editing an Image
* Colours and Transparency
* Saving the Image
** Saving as JPEG
* Layers
* Paths
* Channels
* Decompose
* Tones and Colours
** Levels Tool
** Curves Tool
* Filters
** Blurs
*** Gaussian Blur
*** Pixelize
** Enhance
*** Unsharp Mask
* Scripts
** Fractal Explorer
* Tutorials
** Assemble Images
** Body Shifting
** Create a Brushed Metal Effect
** Create a Balloon
** Create a Stone Texture
** Add Speech Bubbles to a Comic Strip
** Blending Exposures
** Installing Plugins
** Remove Coherent Noise by Fourier Analysis
** Removal of Unwanted Elements in the Image
** Caption a Picture
** Add a Shine to Buttons
** Using a Layer Mask to combine images
** External Tutorials
* Photo Enhancement
** Brightness & Contrast
** Sharpening
** Bluring and Denoising
** Resizing
** Cropping and Object Removal
** Color Correction and Saturation
** Correcting Motion Blur
* Additional Content
** Glossary
** Index
** Downloading
** Links
** Cover
* For editors
** Manual Of Style
# English-Hanzi/Grammar

Grammar is the rules of a language. It is used for more accurately to express meaning.
语法 是 一种 语言 的 规则。它 用于 更 准确地 表达 意义。
# English-Hanzi/Greece

Greece is a country in the southeast of Europe.
希腊是欧洲东南部的一个国家。
# English-Hanzi/Green tea

Special:search/green tea prefix:English-Hanzi/
Green tea comes from the plant species Camellia sinensis. Green tea is a tea that has undergone little oxidation while it was processed.
绿茶 由 植物 品种 Camellia sinensis 制成。绿茶 是 一种 在 加工 过程 中 经过 少量 氧化 的 茶。
Green tea seems to lower heart disease expectancy. The different substances contained in Green tea also seem to help against cancer, low bone density and kidney stones, and strengthen cognitive function.
绿茶 似乎 降低 心脏病 的 风险。绿茶 的 各种 物质 似乎 也 有助于 预防 癌症，低骨密度 和 肾结石，并 增强 认知功能。
Green tea contains ascorbic acid, and different minerals, such as chromium, manganese, selenium, or zinc. It is a better antioxidant than black tea.
绿茶 含有 抗坏血酸，和 不同的 矿物质，如 铬，锰，硒，或 锌。它的 抗氧化剂 比 红茶 更好。
# English-Hanzi/Greenland

Greenland is a part of Denmark in the north of Atlantic, with a population of about 50 thousand.
格陵兰岛是丹麦的一部分，在大西洋的北部，人口约5万。
# English-Hanzi/Guitar

The guitar is a string instrument which is played by plucking the strings.
吉他是一种弦乐器，通过拔弦来演奏。
# English-Hanzi/Guangzhou

Special:search/Guangzhou prefix:English-Hanzi/
Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong province in China. Its population is 14 million.
广州 是 中国 广东省 的 首府。它的 人口 是 1400万。
# English-Hanzi/Goods

Goods are things for selling.
货物 是 销售 的 东西。
# English-Hanzi/Government

A government is a group of people that controls a country, region, or city.
政府 是 控制 一个 国家，地区，或 城市 的 一组 人。
# English-Hanzi/Guangdong

Special:search/Guangdong prefix:English-Hanzi/
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of China. Its population is 110 million. It is the province with the most population in China.
广东 是 在 中国 南海 沿岸 的 一个 省份。它的 人口 是 1.1亿。它 是 中国 人口 最多 的 省份。
# English-Hanzi/Hair

Hair is the fiber that grows on the skin.
毛发 是 生长 在 皮肤 上 的 纤维。
# Handbook of Management Scales/Professional respect
## Professional respect
### Description

It was aimed to measure Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). Therefore a multidimensional measure was developed and validated. Item analysis involving 302 working students, followed by construct and criterion-related validation using 249 employees representing two organizations resulted in a multidimensional LMX scale. The results provided support for the affect, loyalty, and contribution dimensions identified by Dienesch and Liden (1986), as well as a fourth dimension, professional respect. The following items are taken from the professional respect dimension of LMX.

### Items

* I am impressed with my supervisor's knowledge of his/her job.
* I respect my supervisor's knowledge of and competence on the job.
* I admire my supervisor's professional skills.

### Source

* Liden/Maslyn (1998): Multidimensionafity of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 43-72.

### Related Scales

* Leader-member exchange
# Handbook of Management Scales/Process management
## Process management (alpha = 0.82; composite reliability = 0.81)
### Description

Eight quality management practices were identiﬁed by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.

### Items

* Extent to which inspection, review, or checking of work is automated. (0.64)
* Stability of production schedule/work distribution. (0.68)
* Degree of automation of the process. (0.62)
* Extent to which process design is "foolproof" and minimizes the chances of employee errors. (0.81)
* Extent to which statistical techniques are used in order to reduce variance in processes. (0.64)
Items 1–4 were adapted from Saraph et al. (1989); item 5 was adopted from Anderson et al. (1995).

### Source

* Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.

### Related Scales

* New service development process focus
* Process control

## Process management (composite reliability = 0.89)
### Description

The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underlying improvement capabilities are identified: continuous improvement, process management, and leadership involvement in quality. The routines closely related to improvement capability are: search for new technologies, cross-functional product design, and processes and equipment development. The items to measure each routine were selected based on a review of the relevant literature. Items were included that have been used in prior studies. A panel of five academic researchers and managers with expertise in manufacturing operations reviewed each of the items.

### Definition

Process management is based on the view that an organization consists of systems of interrelated processes. It typically involves efforts to map, improve, and adhere to organizational processes.

### Items

* A large percent of the processes on the shop floor are currently under statistical quality control.
* We make extensive use of statistical techniques to reduce variance in processes.
* We use charts to determine whether our manufacturing processes are in control.
* We monitor our processes using statistical process control.

### Source

* Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748. Based on: Cua et al. (2001) and Ketokivi and Schroeder (2004).
# Handbook of Management Scales/Product design simplicity
## Multi-functional employees
### Items

* We make an effort, in the design process, to list only the specifications that are really needed.
* There is a strong customer focus in our design process.
* The emphasis in part design is on minimizing the part count.
* Our engineers make an effort to simplify our product designs.
* The parts we produce are designed for ease in manufacturability and assembly.
Extent to which we have simplified and reduced parts counts in main product over the last five years.

### Source

* Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Product competitive advantage
## Product competitive advantage (alpha = 0.88)
### Description

Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research suggested that an 11-point scale was appropriate for studying Japanese management practices because a 100 percent grading system is used in most Japanese schools.

### Definition

Product competitive advantage refers to a product's perceived superiority relative to competitive products. It concerns the product's technical performance and quality, as well as the degree to which it meets customers' needs with unique features and capabilities.

### Items

To what extent does each statement listed below correctly describe this selected successful project? (0 = strongly disagree, 10 = strongly agree)
* Compared to competitive products, this product offered unique features or attributes to customers. (0.72)
* This product was clearly superior to competing products in terms of meeting customers' needs. (0.98)
* This product permitted the customer to do a job or do something he could not presently do with what was available. (0.75)
* This product was higher quality than competing products-tighter specifications, stronger, lasted longer, or more reliable. (1.00)
* This product had superior technical performance than competing products. (0.83)

### Source

* Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.

### Comments

The items were evaluated on a scale ranging from 0 to 10. However, the observed mean value is 7.09 rather than 5. It might therefore be recommendable to change the wording.

### Related Scales

* Opportunity for sustainable advantage
# Handbook of Management Scales/Product or service design
## Product/service design (alpha = 0.93; composite reliability = 0.94)
### Description

Eight quality management practices were identiﬁed by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.

### Items

* Thoroughness of new product/service design reviews before the product/service is produced and marketed. (0.89)
* Coordination among affected departments in the product/service development process. (0.93)
* Quality of new products/services emphasized in relation to cost or schedule objectives. (0.87)
* Extent to which implementation/producibility is considered in the product/service design process. (0.86)
All items were adapted from Saraph et al. (1989).

### Source

* Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Processes and equipment development
## Processes and equipment development (composite reliability = 0.68)
### Description

The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underlying improvement capabilities are identified: continuous improvement, process management, and leadership involvement in quality. The routines closely related to improvement capability are: search for new technologies, cross-functional product design, and processes and equipment development. The items to measure each routine were selected based on a review of the relevant literature. Items were included that have been used in prior studies. A panel of five academic researchers and managers with expertise in manufacturing operations reviewed each of the items.

### Definition

Processes and equipment development is an important innovation activity that creates manufacturing-based advantage through internal development of technology.

### Items

* We actively develop proprietary equipment.
* We have equipment that is protected by our firm’s patents.
* We rely on vendors for most of our manufacturing equipment. (reverse-coded)

### Source

* Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748.

### Comments

Composite reliability is too low.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Product and service quality
## Product and service quality (AVE = 0.60; CR = 0.88)
### Description

Based on a comprehensive scale development and validation procedure, the authors find support for a five-dimensional scale to measure customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: customer orientation, good employer, reliable and financially strong company, product and service quality, and social and environmental responsibility.

### Definition

Product and service quality relates to the customers’ perceptions that the company offers innovative, high-quality products and services, which they stand behind.

### Items

* Offers high quality products and services. (0.54)
* Is a strong, reliable company. (0.77)
* Stands behind the services that it offers. (0.48)
* Develops innovative services. (0.59)

### Comments

Some items (1, 3, 4) were adapted from a scale by Fombrun et al. (2000). In the first item, the words "products and" might be deleted if the quality of services will be measured. The second item does not really seem to measure the quality of products and services. The factor loading of the third item are very low; however, as this items is closer to the definition than the second item, this might be an indication that this scales does not measure what it is intended to measure. The last item seems to measure innovativeness rather than quality. In general, this scale should be further developed before it is used again.

### Source

* Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Product complexity
## Product complexity (alpha = 0.81/0.82)
### Items

* Simple/unsophisticated--sophisticated
* Nontechnical--highly technical
* Low engineering content--high engineering content

### Source

* Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Previously used by Bello/Gilliland (1997).
# Handbook of Management Scales/Process formalization
## Process formalization
### Description

A previously multi-item 7-point scale was used. It was further pretested with six logistics researchers and six executive managers of logistics service providers to ensure face validity.

### Definition

Process formalization is defined as spelling out detailed tasks, activities, schedules and operating procedures to govern the cooperation (Murray & Kotabe, 2005).

### Items

In our cooperation we have…
* …written documents (e.g., handbooks) that spell out detailed tasks, activities and schedules for the cooperation.
* …detailed standard operating procedures (e.g., rules, policies, forms, etc.) for the processes of the cooperation.

### Source

* Raue, J.S. & Wieland, A. (2015): The Interplay of Different Types of Governance in Horizontal Cooperations. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 401–423

### Comments

Only two items were used. It is recommended to add at least one additional item when re-using this scale.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Product quality
## Product quality (alpha = 0.86)
### Items

All Scales rated from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) except where noted.
* Grocer X has prestigious products.
* Grocer X has an excellent assortment of products.
* Grocer X products are among the best.

### Source

* Boyer/Frohlich (2006): Analysis of Effects of Operational Execution on Repeat Purchasing for Heterogeneous Customer Segments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 229–242.

## Product quality (alpha = 0.92)
### Description

Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, SPC usage, internal quality information usage, employee empowerment, employee involvement, employee training, product quality, and supplier performance. Using a survey of 371 manufacturing firms, the constructs were then empirically tested and validated. For this purpose a confirmatory factor analysis approach was used.

### Items

Answer on a scale of 1 to 7, where: 1 = worst in industry, 4 = Average, 7 = best in industry.
* The performance of our primary product is …
* The reliability of our primary product is …
* The conformance to engineering specifications of our primary product is …
* The durability of our primary product is …

### Source

* Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.

### Related Scales

* New product quality
# English-Hanzi/Sense

Special:search/sense prefix:English-Hanzi/
A sense is one of the five abilities of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
感官 是 视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉 和 触觉 五种 能力 之一。
# English-Hanzi/Scientist

A scientist is a person who learns and researches science.
科学家 是 一个 学习 和 研究 科学 的 人。
# English-Hanzi/Sea

Special:search/sea prefix:English-Hanzi/
A sea is a part of an ocean.
海 是 海洋 的 一部分。
# English-Hanzi/Seaside

Special:search/seaside prefix:English-Hanzi/
Seaside is a place near the sea.
海边 是 靠近 海 的 地方。
# English-Hanzi/Selenium

Special:search/selenium prefix:English-Hanzi/
Selenium is a mineral in the body. It helps the immune and reproduction systems to work properly. It also helps to protect the cells and tissues. Foods rich in selenium include meat, fish, eggs, and nuts. Too much selenium in the body can cause hair loss.
硒 是 体内 一种 矿物质。它帮助免疫和生殖系统正常工作。它还帮助保护细胞和组织。富含硒的食物包括肉类，鱼类，鸡蛋，和坚果。身体的硒太多会导致脱发。
# English-Hanzi/Seafood

Seafood is the aquatic animals which are used as food.
海鲜 是 用作 食物 的 水生 动物。
# English-Hanzi/Season

A season is one of the four quarters of a year.
一个 季节 是 一年 的 四个 季度 之一。
# English-Hanzi/Sentence

Sentence is a word or a group of words. It expresses a meaning.
句子 是 一个 单词 或 一组 单词。它表达一个意思。
# English-Hanzi/Screen time

Screen time is a modern term for the amount of time a person spends watching a screen such as a television, computer monitor, or mobile device.
屏幕时间是人们观看电视，计算机显示器或移动设备等屏幕所花的时间的现代术语。
# English-Hanzi/Seoul

South Korea's capital, Seoul, is an important global city. Of the 51 million people, half of South Korea lives in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, the fourth largest metropolitan area in the world.
韩国首都首尔是重要的全球城市。 在5100万人中，韩国的一半居住在首尔都市圈，这是世界第四大都市圈。
# Exercise as it relates to Disease/It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics

It's not too late to improve Glycemic Control - Exercise Intervention in Older Type 2 Diabetics
# History of Elven Writing Systems/Appendix

* Quenta Eldatencelion
* Foreword
* Age of Starlight
* Sarati
* Early Tengwar
* *An alternative mode
* Certhas
* Certhas Daeron
* First Age
* Mode of Beleriand
* Runes of Gondolin
* Second Age
* Quenya Mode
* Angerthas Daeron
* *Angerthas Moria
* Third Age
* Classical Quenya Mode
* "General Use"
* *"General Use" Westron
* *"General Use" Sindarin (Sindarin Tehtar Mode)
* "Full Writing" with "General Use" Consonants
* *Sindarin "Full Writing" with "General Use" Consonants
* *Westron "Full Writing"
* Angerthas Erebor
* Appendix

## Vowels-Ómatehtar

It is well known that the vowels were originally displayed as diacritics. In Rúmilian writing these have been attested, and it is shown how they modify the letter t. The sounds æ and weak ə were probably employed only in English.
| T | T | T | T | T | T | T | Tə |
| ta | te | ti | to | tó | tu | tæ | tə |
Note that if the signs were placed on the left of the letter, they would be pronounced at, et etc.
Concerning the Modes using tengwar, the vowels were displayed with signs that are identical to all of the attested systems (with minor varieties). We can think that they were identical to the first ones that Fëanor made. The attested Quenya tehtar are shown here over the letter Tinco, and how they would be read in Quenya:
| 1E | 1R | 1T | 1Y | 1U |
| ta | te/ti | ti/te | to | tu |
And Sindarin:
| 1E | 1R | 1T | 1Y | 1U | 1Ö |
| at | et/it | it/et | ot | ut | yt |
Sindarin had the ancient umlaut œ that later became e (as in Arnœdiad), but it is attested nowhere. Long vowels were placed on long carriers, but the signs for o, u and e could also be doubled. In Quenya, the sign of a could be simplified as a circumflex or even ommited, as it was a very frequent sound. Tolkien says in some modes, the signs for e and i swapped values, which is seen in the Ring Inscription, but it's not clear if this swapping occurred in Elvish modes. This was also the case with the signs for o and u in the Ring Inscription, because in Orcish, the sound o was rare.
We don't know how dipthongs were written in Sarati and Valinorean Tengwar, but in later Quenya they are written in a peculiar way: The tehta is placed over the following element. Some of them are attested in Namárie, the others formed by analogy. The six diphthongs of Quenya are:
| lE | .E | lY | lJ | .F | .G |
| ai | au | oi | ui | eu | iu |
And of Sindarin (tehta mode):
| hE | yE | hJ | hF | lE | lY |
| ai | au | ui | ei | ae | oe |
And both full modes:
| ]Ö | ]é | .Ö | lÖ | ]l/]â | hl/hâ |
| ai | au | ui | ei | ae | oe |
Au and oe have been attested nowhere and are guessed. Oe shouldn't be confused with the ancient umlaut œ. Au is written -aw finally (as in baw, lhaw) by Tolkien. Final -w in other combinations like têw, aew, lhiw is a semivowel and doesn't form a diphthong.
Go to:
* Third Age