OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spanish/Expressions/Tener
## Tener __ años

    Tener __ años — To be __ years old

### Examples

* Tengo cuarenta años.
    I am forty years old.

## Tener ganas de

    Tener ganas de — To want to; to feel like
    Conjugate tener, add "ganas de" and the infinitive of the action verb.
    Note: The verb "ganar" means to earn, to win, or to gain.

### Examples

* Tengo ganas de ir al parque.
    I feel like going to the park.
* ¿Tienes ganas de bailar?
    Do you feel like dancing?

## Tener lugar

    Tener lugar — To take place

## Tener que

    Tener que — To have to

### Examples

* Tengo que cortar el césped.
    I have to cut the grass.

## Tener un bebé

    Tener un bebé — To have a baby
    Tener un niño — To have a baby boy
    Tener una niña — To have a baby girl
# Spanish/Formation of the feminine in nouns

< Spanish/Grammar Index
Natural gender nouns may belong to the following categories
* Not inflected (de género común). One form is used for both genders, but the adjectives must agree with the natural gender. El artista chileno/la artista chilena; el testigo mentiroso/la testigo mentirosa.
* Inflected. The feminine is formed from the masculine, normally adding a or replacing the last vowel by a: el niño/la niña.
* Both inflected and non inflected: el presidente/la presidente/la presidenta. Some people have strong views as to whether the inflected or the not inflected form is sexist.
Regular inflection of the feminine.
If a word ends in a vowel, the feminine replaces that vowel by a: el cliente, la clienta. If a word ends in a consonant, the feminine adds an a: el profesor, la profesora.
When nouns are inflected
Nouns are inflected or not depending on the ending of the masculine-gender form.
* o: inflected. El niño/la niña. Exceptions: el/la testigo, el ingeniero/la ingeniero/la ingeniera.
* a: not inflected. El/la artista. El modisto is very anomalous. Probably the first male dressmakers invented that word so they wouldn't be confused with women. On the other hand, a male cheerleader is un porrista, not un *porristo. Another exception is el poeta/la poeta/la poetisa. Feminists prefer la poeta but la poetisa is very common.
* e (except ante, ente): not inflected. El detective/la detective. There are many exceptions: el alcalde/la alcaldesa, el cliente/la cliente/la clienta.
* ante: not inflected. El/la ayudante. However words in this category may have an old inflected form, which is not used anymore: la ayudanta, la estudianta.
* ente. Prescriptive grammarians say that this words should not be inflected: el/la adolescente. However, there are many exceptions included in dictionaries: el presidente/la presidente/la presidenta, el gerente/la gerente/la gerenta.
* Stressed vowel: not inflected. El/la gurú.
* Consonant: inflected. El profesor/la profesora, el bailarín/la bailarina. Exceptions: el concejal/la concejal/la concejala, el juez/la juez/la jueza, el/la joven.
# Spanish/Exercises/¿Qué hora es?

Welcome to the exercises related to lesson 7 of ¡Aprovéchalo! The answers can be found here. Also, try translating the dialogue at the top of the lesson page.

## Telling the time

Write the following times in full Spanish.
* 3:00
* 4:00
* 2:25
* 9:10
* 10:30
* 6:15
* 2:35
* 7:45
* 1:15am
* 8:55pm

## Time-related adverbs

Translate the following from English to Spanish and vice versa.
* Normalmente, cenamos a las siete.
* Occasionally, I play football, but I really like rugby.
* ¿Juegas al ajedrez a menudo?
* Sometimes I eat lettuce, but I never eat tomatoes.
* Por la noche, me gusta mucho comer arroz.
* I rarely have lunch at 1pm.
* Normalmente, almuerza a las dos.
* I usually play tennis at 3pm.

## Reflexive verbs

Fill in the gaps in the following text. You might not need to put anything in the gap.
    Hola. (1)____ llamo Milagros, y tengo dieciséis años. (2)____ vivo en un piso grande en Madríd, en España. Normalmente, (3)____ la mañana, (4)____ levanto a las seis (5)____ media. Luego, (6)____ peino y desayuno con Rosa (mi hermana). Después, (7)____ maquillamos. Nunca (8)____ duchamos por (9)___ mañana - me gusta bañarme por la noche.
    Usualmente, a (10)____ cuatro (11)____ la tarde, practicamos (12)____ la natación. (13)____ gusta mucho nadar. Por la tarde, (14)____ relajo: me gusta leer (15)____ ver la tele, pero usualmente, no hay nada (16)____ hacer.
    Hola. (1)__me__ llamo Milagros, y tengo dieciséis años. (2)__Yo__ vivo en un piso grande en Madríd, en España. Normalmente, (3)___por _ la mañana, (4)__me__ levanto a las seis (5)___y_ media. Luego, (6)__me__ peino y desayuno con Rosa (mi hermana). Después, (7)__nos__ maquillamos. Nunca (8)___nos_ duchamos por (9)__la_ mañana - me gusta bañarme por la noche.
    Usualmente, a (10)__las__ cuatro (11)__de__ la tarde, practicamos (12)____ la natación. (13)__Nos__ gusta mucho nadar. Por la tarde, (14)___me_ relajo: me gusta leer (15)__y__ ver la tele, pero usualmente, no hay nada (16)_que_ hacer.
# Spanish/Exercises/¿Qué te gusta hacer?

Welcome to the exercises related to lesson 5 of ¡Aprovéchalo! The answers can be found here. Also, try translating the dialogue at the top of the lesson page.

## Sports and Activities

Match the English to the Spanish
| 1. Football | a. Futbol |
| 2. Cricket | b. Criquet |
| 3. Swimming | c. Natación |
| 4. To sing | d. Cantar |
| 5. Rugby | e. Futbol |
| 6. Judo | f. Natación |
| 7. To read | g. Ajedrez |
| 8. To watch TV | h. Críquet |
| 9. Tennis | i. Tenis |
| 10. Chess | j. Ajedrez |

## Stem-changing Verbs

* Volver ("to return") conjugates just like poder. Conjugate it below.
* Correct the following sentences.
** Practico natacion.
** Jugo al rugby.
** Podemos cantamos en España.
** Jugáis el fútbol.
** ¿Por qué jueges el críquet?

## Compound sentences

* Translate the following sentences from Spanish to English.
** Mi cumpleaños es el once de enero, así tengo cuarenta y ocho años.
** Tengo ochenta y nueve años y tiene ochenta y nueve años también.
** Juega al rugby y tenis.
** No practicamos natación.
** Vivimos en la ciudad porque el campo es aburrido.
** No practico natación porque no puedo nadar.
** ¿Cuándo jugáis al críquet?
* Translate the following sentences from English to Spanish.
** I play tennis, but I can't swim.
** They live in Italy because they don't like sports.
** Can't you swim?
** Her name is Georgina too.
** So, what's your name?
** They can't play chess.
** When do you sleep?

## ¿Qué opinas sobre los deportes?

Translate the following sentences from Spanish to English and vice versa.
* What do you think of rugby?
* Me encanta el ajedrez.
* I don't like singing at all.
* Me gustan mucho los deportes porque son animados.
* Do you like swimming?
* No me gusta vivir en Boston; no hay nada para hacer.
* The boys are cute when they sing.
* Así, ¿por qué no puedes cantar?
* She likes the countryside because it's pretty.
* No me gusta llorar.
# Spanish/Exercises/¿Cómo te llamas?

Welcome to the exercises related to lesson 1 of ¡Aprovéchalo!
Click "▼" to check your answers.

## Hello!

What greeting would you use...
Please note that "día" is a masculine word, thus we say Buenos días. "Tarde" and "Noche" are feminine words and so we use Buenas before them.

## What's your name?

Translate the following Spanish sentences into English:
Translate the following English sentences into Spanish:

## How are you?

Rank the following words from one to five (one being the best, five being the worst).
* Fantástico
* Muy mal
* Mal
* Muy bien
* Muy bien
* Bien
* Mal
* Muy mal
* Muy bien
* Bien
* Mal
* Muy mal

## How do you spell that?

Put the following letters in Spanish alphabetical order. Pronounce them as you do so.
* Q
* N
* S
* R
* Ñ
* A
* D
* D
* N
* Ñ
* Q
* R
* RR
* S
* D
* N
* Ñ
* Q
* R
* RR
* S

## Dialogue

Try translating the following dialogue from the top of the ¿Cómo te llamas? lesson page:

## Next steps

* If you would like, review this lesson: ¿Cómo te llamas?
* Otherwise, continue to the next lesson: ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
# Expressions using the verb hacer
## Weather

* hace frío It's cold.
* hace calor It's warm.

## Time

Hace + tiempo + que + verb - To have been (verb in present participle) for (amount of time)
[Literally means, it makes it (amount of time) that -]
Por Ejemplos
Hace tres semanas que me duele la mano - My hand has been hurting me for three weeks.

## Other

* hacer caso to pay attention
# Spanish/Formation of the feminine in adjectives

The rules for forming the feminine of adjectives are different from those for the noun
Regular inflection of the feminine.
If a word ends in a vowel, the feminine replaces that vowel by a: el libro rojo, la casa roja. If a word ends in a consonant, the feminine adds an a: el libro inglés, la casa inglesa.
When adjectives are inflected
Adjectives are inflected or not depending on the ending of the masculine-gender form.
* o: inflected. el libro nuevo/la casa nueva. Exception: el departamento piloto/la casa piloto.
* a: not inflected. el amigo barsa/la amiga barsa. (Barsa is a slang term; a better example is sought.)
* (*)e: never inflected. el libro verde/la casa verde.
* ante: not inflected. el piojo cargante/la mosca cargante.
* (*)ente: never inflected. el alumno ausente/la alumna ausente.
* Stressed vowel: not inflected. El libro café/la casa café.
* (*)Consonant: not inflected, but see regular exceptions below. El libro azul/la casa azul.
* ín, ón: inflected. El camello bailarín/la jirafa bailarina. (*) Exception: el libro marrón/la casa marrón.
* or: inflected. el cable connector/la cuerda conectora. (*) Exceptions: comparatives such as mayor, menor, mejor, peor, anterior, poterior, superior, inferior.
Adjectives of nationality ending in és are inflected: el libro portugués/la casa portuguesa.
(*) indicates that the rule is different for adjectives and for nouns. For example: el superior/la superiora, but el libro superior/la casa superior.
# Spanish/First Conjugation Verb

Verb amar (to love)
This is the typical example of a regular first conjugation verb in Spanish.

## Formas simples

| | Indicativo | Indicativo | Indicativo | Indicativo | Indicativo | Subjuntivo | Subjuntivo | Subjuntivo | Imperativo |
| | Presente | Pretérito imperfecto | Pretérito perfecto simple | Futuro | Condicional | Presente | Pretérito imperfecto | Futuro | Presente |
| yo | amo | amaba | amé | amaré | amaría | ame | amara / amase | amare | --- |
| tú | amas | amabas | amaste | amarás | amarías | ames | amaras / amases | amares | ama |
| él | ama | amaba | amó | amará | amaría | ame | amara / amase | amare | ame |
| nosotros | amamos | amábamos | amamos | amaremos | amaríamos | amemos | amáramos / amásemos | amáremos | amemos |
| vosotros | amáis | amabais | amasteis | amaréis | amaríais | améis | amarais / amaseis | amareis | amad |
| ellos | aman | amaban | amaron | amarán | amarían | amen | amaran / amasen | amaren | amen |

## Formas no personales

* Infinitivo: amar
* Gerundio: amando
* Participio: amado
# The Encyclopedia of Australian Law

Welcome to The Encyclopedia of Australian law! The goal of this project is to create a comprehensive encyclopedia of the Australian legal system. We need contributors who are happy to add information regarding Australian legal topics, if someone would like to help out, that would be great. Feel free to incorporate information already added onto Wikipedia here.

## Advice for editing The Encyclopedia of Australian Law

If you feel that something is missing or may be improved in this book you may modify it. This is done by pressing edit to the right of the section that you want to modify. If you need general directions on how to edit the Wiki, please visit How to edit a page and the User's Guide. Try to make your contribution fit into the context.
Notice that everything you contribute has to be under the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. This means that you are not allowed to simply cut and paste things without permission from the author. It is usually better to rewrite it for this Encyclopedia anyway. If you add something anyone is free to further improve it later!
Do not hesitate to make small improvements such as correcting problems in grammar and spelling. If you feel that a section is missing but don't know what to write, just create an empty section!
Last but not least, do not forget to post in the forum about your additions, it will inspire others to do the same thing!
Thank you for helping us improve this Encyclopedia. Only together can we fully develop this project.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/ys yt possyble

* ←Pacyence tho I have not || width="200" align="right" | My lute awake performe the last labor→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 14r
f. [14r] 1 3 ys yt possyble 2 that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] so hye debate 3 so sharpe so sore & off suche rate 4 shuld end so sone & was begone so late 5 is it possyble$^1$ 6 ys yt possyble 7 so cruell intent 8 so hasty hete & so sone spent 9 ffrom love to hate & thens ffor to Rele nt 10 is it possyble 11 ys yt possyble 12 that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] eny may fynde 13 {v'} {w+t+} within on hert so dyverse mynd 14 to change or torne as wether & wynd 15 is it possyble 16 is it possyble 17 to spye yt in an yIe 18 that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] tornys as oft as chance on dy 19 the trothe wheroff can eny try 20 is it possyble 21 it is possyble 22 ffor to torne so oft 23 to bryng that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] lowyste that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] wasse$^2$ most Alofft 24 & to fall hyest yet to lyght sofft$^3$ 25 it is possyble$^4$ 26 All ys possyble 27 Who so lyst beleve 28 trust therfore fyrst & after preve$^5$ 29 as men wedd ladyes by lycence & leve 30 all ys possyble fynys quod{q+d+} Wyatt s

## Notes & Glosses

1. Note the regular alternation of the spellings of "ys yt" and "is it."
 2. Note the unusual spelling of "wasse." It may be phonetic or musical.
 3. This may be a contemporary allusion.
 4. Note that the indentation gradually increases.
 5. This wording and theme connects to "In faythe methynkes yt ys no Ryght" (22r).

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt,, this poem was entered by H2.
This poem's curious system of spelling, capitalization, spacing, and indentation supports a visual movement from oscillation (or vacillation) to stabilization and linearization, enforcing the poem's thematic content. One example of this gradual movement occurs in the scribe's uses of variant spellings: specifically, he alternates "ys yt" and "is it" and gradually indents the final lines.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed., Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems (London: Penguin, 1978), 181.
# The English Civil War
## Table of contents

* Guidelines
* Causes
* outbreak
# The Devonshire Manuscript/yff all the erthe were parchment scrybable

* ←ys thys afayre avaunte / ys thys honor || width="200" align="right" | O marble herte and yet more harde perde→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 90r
f. [90r] 1 yff all the erthe were parchment scrybable 2 spedy for the hande / and all maner wode 3 were hewed and proporcyoned to pennes able 4 al water ynke / in damme or in flode 5 euery man beyng a parfyte scribe & goode 6 the faythfulnes yet and prayse of women 7 cowde not be shewyd by the meane off penne

## Commentary

Transcribed by TH2, this excerpt of the Chaucerian poem The Remedy of Love (lines 239-45) was probably taken from Thynne’s edition of Chaucer (c. 1532) and represents the only excerpt of this particular Chaucerian poem in the manuscript. This selection is in praise of women. TH2's transcribed excerpt from Hoccleve, “Womans harte vnto no creweltye” (89v), features a similar theme.
Other medieval and Chaucerian excerpts in the manuscript, possibly copied from Thynne's edition, include selections from Hoccleve “Womans harte vnto no creweltye” (89v) and "ys thys afayre avaunte / ys thys honor" (89v(2)); verses from Troilus and Criseyde (see: "And now my pen alas wyth wyche I wryte" (29v(1)), "O very lord / o loue / o god alas" (29v(1)), "O ye louers that hygh vpon the whele" (30r), "for thylke grownde that bearyth the wedes wycke" (59v), "yff yt be so that ye so creuel be" (91r(2)), "Wo worthe the fayre gemme vertulesse" (91v(1)), "for loue ys yet the moste stormy lyfe" (91v(2), "Also wyckyd tonges byn so prest" (91v(3)), "And who that sayth that for to love ys vyce" (92r), and "but now helpe god to quenche all thys sorow" (93r)); Richard Roos' La Belle Dame Sans Merci, "O marble herte and yet more harde perde" (90r(1)) and "Alas what shuld yt be to yow preiudyce" (90r(2)); and Chaucer's Anelida and Arcite "for thowgh I had yow to morow agayne" (91r).
TH2 separates the passages on this page with flourishes.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ Thynne was the first publisher to print The Remedy of Love in his edition of Chaucer's works. Skeat omitted the poem from Chaucer's canon in 1905; see: Walter William Skeat, ed. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer and Others. Facsimile of Thynne 1532. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1905.

## Textual Notes
#### Texts Collated

T5068.10

#### Collation

1 yff all] If al T5068.10 parchment] parchement T5068.10 scrybable] scribable T5068.10 2 spedy] Spedy T5068.10 hande / and] hande/and T5068.10 all maner wode] al maner wode T5068.10 3 were] Were T5068.10 hewed] hewed T5068.10 proporcyoned] proporcioned T5068.10 pennes able] pennes able T5068.10 4 al water] Al water T5068.10 ynke / in] ynke/in T5068.10 5 euery] Euery T5068.10 goode] good T5068.10 6 the faythfulnes] The cursydnesse T5068.10 prayse] disceyte T5068.10 women] women T5068.10 7 cowde] Coude T5068.10 shewyd] shewed T5068.10 meane off penne] meane of penne T5068.10
# Structural Biochemistry/Nexium
## Description

Esomeprazole, brand name known as Nexium, is categorized as a group of drugs called proton pump inhibitors. By inhibiting ATPase in gastric parietal cells, Esomeprazole decreases the amount of acid secretion in the stomach. This drug is mainly used for people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disease in which an excessive amount of gastric acid causes a backflow from the stomach and thus leading to the burning of the esophagus. By preventing the formation of gastric acid, Esomeprazole allows the injured esophagus to heal and prevent further damages.

## Drug Structure

The molecular formula of Esomeprazole is (C17H18N3O3S)2Mg* 3 H2O, The structural formula is shown below.

## Pharmacokinetics

Single 20–40 mg oral doses generally give rise to peak plasma esomeprazole concentrations of 0.5-1.0 mg/L within 1–4 hours, but after several days of once-daily administration these levels may increase by about 50%. A 30 minute intravenous infusion of a similar dose usually produces peak plasma levels on the order of 1–3 mg/L. The drug is rapidly cleared from the body, largely by urinary excretion of pharmacologically-inactive metabolites such as 5-hydroxymethylesomeprazole and 5-carboxyesomeprazole. Esomeprazole and its metabolites are analytically indistinguishable from omeprazole and the corresponding omeprazole metabolites unless chiral techniques are employed.

## Side effects

Studies have showed patients who receive high-dose of Esomprazole have increased risk of fractures of the hip, wrist, or spine. High dose defines as multiple intakes every day for a long term period. In addition, Esomeprazole may cause serious side effects such as the following:
•blisters
•hives
•rash
•itching
•difficulty breathing or swallowing
•irregular, fast, or pounding heartbeat
•uncontrollable shaking of a part of the body
•seizures
•stomach pain
•fever
# Structural Biochemistry/Neurochemistry
## Definition

Neurochemistry is a science that describes the study of neurochemicals, which include neurotransmitters and other molecules (like neuro-active drugs) that influence neuron function. It can be said that neurochemistry is the biochemistry of the nervous system.

## Reference

“Neurochemistry." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 31 July 2010. Web. 28 November 2010.
# Structural Biochemistry/MPS1 protein kinase inhibitor development
## Discovery of the MPS1 gene

The MPS1 gene was found in a budding yeast, called the Saccharomyces cerevisiase. The gene (MPS1) after being cloned was at first named RPK1, but due to the MPS1 being the name that was used in the publication first, it stayed that way [1]. In the early years it was shown that MPS1 was a protein kinase by the use of glutathione S-transferase tagged MPS1, which resulted in strong autophsphorylation and substrate phosphorylation of other common kinase substrates. A phenotype analysis was done on the original yeast MPS1 mutants and as a result many critical functions were identified of the kinase.

## MPS1 protein kinase function & importance in cancer

MPS1 protein kinases are involved in different steps in mitosis such as chromosome attachment and functions at the centrosomes. In addition, they participate in development and in multiple signaling pathways after mitosis. This large family of MPS1 protein kinases can be identified by a conserved C-terminal domain that appears in all the MPS1 protein kinases even if the N-terminal domain varies. The over-expression of MPS1 protein kinases in mitosis plays a role in cancer growth and has lead to the discovery and development of MPS1 protein kinase inhibitors.

## Structure of MPS1

This protein has a bilobe architecture, where the N-terminal is made up of a five-stranded β-sheet and an α-helix. In MPS1 specifically, there is an additional β-strand present. The two lobes of the protein are joined by Glu603-Gly605 (a hinge loop). The C-terminal is made up of a two-stranded β-sheet and next to this lobe are seven α-helixes, the catalytic loop and the activation loop. Polyethylene glycol (used in protein crystallization) was found to be present by the catalytic portion of the kinase and created a second pocket that isn't present in other kinases. This unique feature can be potentially used for the creation of inhibitors specific for this kinase.