OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Esperanto/Appendix/Slang

There are very few idiomatic or slang words in Esperanto, as these forms of speech tend to make international communication difficult—working against Esperanto's main goal. The suffix -ĉjo may be used to describe something in an affectionate manner, but this was defined ever since the first Esperanto dictionary and should not be considered slang.

## Slang
### aligatori

    to speak a national language different from one's own at an Esperanto congress.

### bonantagulo

    a lazy person who learns only a few simple Esperanto phrases such as "Bonan tagon!"

### dando

    fashionista, someone who is involved in fashion trends

### etoso

    ethos, atmosphere, "karma" (as of an Esperanto congress, etc.)

### giko

    geek

### gufujo

    a "chill room," a place or event that Esperantists gather at to relax and/or decompress

### kabei

    to disappear from the Esperanto movement (named after author Kabe)

### krokodili

    to speak one's native language among a group of Esperanto speakers

### mojosa

    "cool"

### nerdo

    nerd

### samideano

    Esperantist. Originally, someone "who has the same idea" as another.

### verda papo

    "green pope"; one who talks at great length about the ideals of Esperanto

### verdulo

    a proud/fervent Esperantist, literally "green person."

### volapukaĵo

    nonsense (after the obsolete constructed language Volapük)
# Esperanto/Appendix/Table of word endings
## Noun endings

| Ending | Plurality | Case |
| -o | Singular | Nominative |
| -oj | Plural | Nominative |
| -on | Singular | Accusative |
| -ojn | Plural | Accusative |

## Adjective endings

| Ending | Plurality | Case |
| -a | Singular | Nominative |
| -aj | Plural | Nominative |
| -an | Singular | Accusative |
| -ajn | Plural | Accusative |

## Adverb endings

| Ending | Description | Example |
| -e | Adverb | rapide = quickly |

## Verb endings

| Ending | Description | Example |
| -i | Infinitive | paroli = to speak |
| -as | Present tense | parolas = speaks |
| -is | Past tense | parolis = spoke |
| -os | Future tense | parolos = will speak |
| -us | Conditional tense | parolus = were to speak |
| -u | Imperative | parolu = speak! |

## Participle affixes

| Ending | Tense | Voice | Example |
| -ant- | Present | Active | paganta = paying |
| -int- | Past | Active | paginta = having paid |
| -ont- | Future | Active | pagonta = going to pay |
| -at- | Present | Passive | pagata = being paid |
| -it- | Past | Passive | pagita = having been paid |
| -ot- | Future | Passive | pagota = going to be paid |
# Esperanto/Authors

^ Esperanto ^ | About the book: Authors
The Esperanto textbook was started by Gabriel Beecham.
Other contributors have included:
* LittleDan (only a few minor contributions)
* Chuck SMITH (only a few minor contributions and Esperanto/Introduction)
* Ben Goodger (Summary of grammar)
* ThrashedParanoid (Word synthesis, Table of word endings, Table of affixes, and False friends)
* DroEsperanto (A few minor contributions and Family)
* Steele W. Farnsworth (Rewriting chapters for formatting and logical progression)
^ Esperanto ^ | About the book: Authors
# Esperanto/Appendix/Table of correlatives
## Table of Correlatives

| | | Interrogative (What) | Demonstrative (That) | Indefinite (Some) | Universal (Each, every) | Negative (No) |
| | | ki- | ti- | i- | ĉi- | neni- |
| Kind of, sort of | ‑a | kia (what kind of, what a) | tia (that kind of, such a) | ia (some kind of) | ĉia (every kind of) | nenia (no kind of) |
| Reason | ‑al | kial (why) | tial (therefore) | ial (for some reason) | ĉial (for all reasons) | nenial (for no reason) |
| Time | ‑am | kiam (when) | tiam (then) | iam (at some time, once) | ĉiam (always) | neniam (never) |
| Place | ‑e | kie (where) | tie (there) | ie (somewhere) | ĉie (everywhere) | nenie (nowhere) |
| Motion | ‑en | kien ([to] where, whither) | tien ([to] there, thither) | ien ([to] somewhere) | ĉien ([to] everywhere) | nenien ([to] nowhere) |
| Manner | ‑el | kiel (how, as, like, in what way) | tiel (thus, as, so) | iel (somehow) | ĉiel (in every way) | neniel (no-how, in no way) |
| Possessive | ‑es | kies (whose) | ties (its, that one's) | ies (someone's) | ĉies (everyone's, everybody's) | nenies (no one's) |
| Demonstrative pronoun | ‑o | kio (what) | tio (that) | io (something) | ĉio (everything) | nenio (nothing) |
| Amount | ‑om | kiom (how much) | tiom (that much) | iom (some, a little, a bit) | ĉiom (all) | neniom (none) |
| Demonstrative determiner | ‑u | kiu (who, which one, which X) | tiu (that one, that X) | iu (someone, a certain X, some X) | ĉiu (everyone, each X, all X's) | neniu (no one, no X) |
* 1 2 Words with these suffixes (-a, -u) take -n and/or -j as appropriate.
* ↑ Words with this suffix (-o) take -n as appropriate.
^ Esperanto ^ | Appendix H: Table of Correlatives
# Esperanto/Contents

The Wikibooks Esperanto Textbook is a collaborative project to create an online open-content textbook for Esperanto, which we hope will become the definitive Esperanto textbook for English speakers.

## Contents

* An introduction to Esperanto
* The quick-and-dirty guide to Esperanto

### Lessons

* Introducing Yourself - Grammatical Introduction: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, personal and possessive pronouns, the present tense, direct and indirect objects
* Traveling - Verb conjugation for active verbs and the forms of all six participles
* Recreational Activities - Correlatives and participle synthesis
* Family
* School - More complex verbs formed with participles
* Word Synthesis
* Electronic Communication
* Typesetting Esperanto Texts

### Appendices

* Alphabet and pronunciation
* Original 1889 English-Esperanto word list
* English-Esperanto word list
* Esperanto-English word list
* Abbreviations
* Summary of grammar
* Web resources
* Table of correlatives
* Table of word endings
* Table of affixes
* False friends
* Slang
* Common phrases
* Starting vocabulary list

## About the book

* Authors
# Extraterrestrial Life/Requirements For Life

Below, the requirements are listed.

## Star

For a star to be able to host habitable planets, it must:
* have a life span of at least one billion years.
* not be a flare star.
* not be too close to a cosmic explosion, such as a supernova
This section is unfinished.

## Planet

For a planet to be habitable by life similar to that on Earth, it must:
* have a temperature that stays between -15°C, below which chemicals start reacting too slowly for life to occur and water freezes, and 115°C, above which protein and carbohydrate molecules, as well as genetic material, start to decompose and water evaporates.
* be at just the right distance from the star so it gets enough energy from the star.
* have continuous liquid water on its surface.
* enough mass for radioactive heating, which allows for geological activity.
* a thick atmosphere to protect the planet, stabilize its climate, and provide sufficient pressure to hold liquid water. However, it must not be so thick that it creates a greenhouse effect that makes the planet too hot.
* not be too close to massive planets which can divert asteroids towards or strongly perturb its orbit.
* have a massive planet well outside of its orbit that diverts dangerously large asteroids away from it.
This section is unfinished.
# Extraterrestrial Life/Glossary/A through M
## F
### Flare star

A dwarf star that releases radiation in short, irregular busts. Such behavior is believed to be due to internal flares.

## G
### Greenhouse effect

The trapping of the energy from a star within a planet that causes it to heat up.
# NP-Complete

This page has yet to be developed.
Previous | Next
# Time Complexity

This page has yet to be developed.
Previous | Next
# Reducibility

This page has yet to be developed.
Previous | Next
# Chomsky Hierarchy

The Chomsky hierarchy is a collection of four classes of formal languages, each of which is a proper subset of the classes above it, and each of which corresponds to both a generating grammar and to a recognizing machine. This hierarchy developed primarily from the works of Noam Chomsky and Marcel-Paul Schutzenberger in the late 1950s on mechanistic linguistics and formal languages. The various levels of the hierarchy have proven useful in both theoretical and applied computer science, as they connect to Alan Turing's work on algorithms and computability, and in compiler design.
Each level of this hierarchy consists of a class of formal languages, a class of generative grammars, each of which produces a language in the associated class, and a class of machines, each of which recognizes a language in the associated class. At each level of the hierarchy, the rules for the generative grammar become more restrictive, making each class of languages a subset of the classes above it. Those four classes, from most restrictive to least restrictive, are:
* Regular Languages
* Context Free Languages
* Context Sensitive Languages
* Unrestricted Languages
Previous | Next
# NP

This page has yet to be developed.
Previous | Next
# P

We can classify all the computational problems into 2 categories, that can be solved by algorithms and that cannot be solved. Although some problems can be solved, we may not be able to solve them in reasonable amount of time. The problems which can be solved are classified in to P and NP. There are other classifications also, but we shall concentrate on P and NP. These classifications are known as complexity classes. Generally speaking, the class P contains problems which can be solved in a reasonable amount of time and NP contains those which cannot be.

## The complexity class P

${\text{P}}=\bigcup _{k}{\text{TIME}}(n^{k})$
The complexity class P contains problems that can be solved in a bounded time. The algorithms for solving such problems are bounded by a polynomial function of the input size. The complexity has two parts, a fixed part and a variable part. The fixed part will not depend on any thing else, it is a constant for a given algorithm, but the variable part varies across different instances of the same problem, for e.g. we know that the time taken by a sorting algorithm to sort ten numbers is not the same as the time taken for sorting hundred numbers. Usually the time/space taken by an algorithm will depend on the size of the input to a problem. We can express the time/space taken by an algorithm as the sum of a constant and a polynomial function of the input size. The problems, whose algorithms to solve them, has a complexity that can be expressed as a polynomial, belong to class P. Obviously P stands for polynomial.
Previous | Next
# Computers for Beginners/Tips&Tricks
## Strange errors

From time to time, you will encounter some persistent errors or issues. The best way to resolve them is to try searching for that error on a search engine. More often than not, you may encounter the result on the first link (especially if you search by the error message), or otherwise have enough information to find the correct path.
While contacting the local computer expert may seem tempting, remember that they want to do work as well. As always, search before asking.
# ConTeXt/Basics
## The Basics

ConTeXt is a lot simpler than LaTeX especially when you want to achieve custom look for your documents. The examples from now on expect you to use a text editor which is UTF-8 compatible. Start by entering the following into your favourite text editor:
And compile it by typing:
As you can see, no document class or anything need to be defined to produce valid ConTeXt output. By default, ConTeXt produces PDF output. Now, let's try something more complicated:
Now we've set the language to Finnish both on hyphenation and the auto generated element names (such as Table of Contents). We've also defined a part and a chapter, and generated a ToC with the \completecontent command.
# ConTeXt/Introduction
## What is ConTeXt?

ConTeXt is a sophisticated document preparation system similar to LaTeX. Like LaTeX, it uses the TeX programming language with TeX typesetting engines to produce documents. The difference between the two is that ConTeXt has its own clean and consistent markup language for both defining the document structure, but also for adjusting the layout and typography precisely.
ConTeXt can produce documents with pdfTeX, XeTeX or LuaTeX.
The latest version, ConTeXt MKIV has solved many of the restrictions of the earlier version MKII. It also supports Unicode by default and a lot of other modern features, such as enabling you to write Lua code in your documents to produce complex results easily. This tutorial focuses solely on MKIV.

### Install

The easiest way of installing ConTeXt is to use the minimals distribution. Another alternative is to use the ConTeXt provided in the TeXLive distribution. Below we describe the instructions for installing the minimals distribution.

#### Linux and Mac OS

Steps to install ConTeXt:
* Create a directory for ConTeXt, for example /home/user/context and change to it
* Download ConTeXt minimals installer: wget http://minimals.contextgarden.net/setup/first-setup.sh
* To download the latest ConTeXt MKIV, run:
Every time you want to use context, you first need to tell bash where to find it. This is done by running:
* source /home/user/context/tex/setuptex if you are using bash
* source /installation-dir/tex/setuptex.csh if you are using (t)csh
You can put the line for example in your ~/.bashrc.

### Modules

ConTeXt has a good selection of third party modules for different purposes. You can install them by:

### Everything

You can install all things in the ConTeXt minimal distribution with:
# ConTeXt

This is a guide to the ConTeXt markup language. It is intended that this can serve as a useful resource for everyone from new users who wish to learn, to old hands who need a quick reference.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Basics

## Other wikibooks

* TeX
* LaTeX
# Conart

No, not the doings of con artists.
Art has long been a way for humans to express themselves. Why not have your conpeople make their own ConArt as well?
Remember:
    There is a definite connection between religion and art. Keep this in mind when creating your own personal ConArt.
Table of Contents
* Music
* Calligraphy or Manuscript Illumination
* Drawings and Paintings
* Literature
* Performing Art or acting, dancing, martial arts, etc.
# Conart/Calligraphy

Conworld : conart : calligraphy
Calligraphy means beautiful writing and in a conworld, —if you are using a conlang— this must fit the language it is being used for. For example, if the language uses glyphs like = Λ < · \ v we could (although a bit confusing) decorate to become Ξ A c o λ U but not ≤ /\ © . δ which could make glyphs easy to confuse. Calligraphy is usually written with an instrument different from the one normally used for writing so thinking about which instrument that was could make an idea of how to write. A method for making up a calligraphy for a conlang could be to highlight the differences between instruments used for writing normally and those for writing calligraphy (can you draw straight lines?, and curves?, do you use colours?...) or they may be based on con-aesthetics (aesthetics are a branch of philosophy which studies the concepts of beauty and art). In some cases it could also be based on drawings of things which remind about the glyphs avoiding something too similar to other glyphs.
It could be applied to con-literature.
# Exercise as it relates to Disease/The Effects of Resistance Training on Cognitive Decline in Seniors with Mild Cognitive Impairment/Background:

Dementia:
Dementia is a descriptive term derived from the Latin root de mens, indicating an observable decline in mental abilities. It is an acquired clinical syndrome characterised by deterioration of mental functioning in its cognitive, emotional and conative aspects
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) describes a state of cognitive functioning that is below defined norms, yet falls short of dementia in severity.
Cognitive decline is a pressing health care issue. Worldwide, 1 new case of dementia is detected every 7 seconds.
Mild cognitive impairment is a well-recognized risk factor for dementia and represents a critical window of opportunity for intervening and altering the trajectory of cognitive decline in seniors

## References

* ↑ Gustafson, L. "What Is Dementia?". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 94 (1996): 22-24. Web.
* ↑ Feldman, Howard H. and Claudia Jacova. "Mild Cognitive Impairment". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 13.8 (2005): 645-655. Web.
# Field Guide/Birds/Ardea alba

Ardea alba (Great Egret) :
* Great Egret
* Description |
* The Great Egret Ardea alba, also known as the Great White Egret, White Heron, or Common Egret, is a wading egret, found in most of the tropical and warmer temperate parts of the world, although it is very local in southern Europe and Asia. It is called Kōtuku in New Zealand. It should not be confused with the Great White Heron, which is a white morph of the Great Blue Heron found in Florida.
* The Great Egret is a large bird with all white plumage, as much as 101 cm long and weighing up to 950 grams. It is only slightly smaller than the Great Blue or Grey Herons. Apart from size, the Great Egret can be distinguished from other white egrets by its yellow bill and black legs and feet. It also has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes and spoonbills, which extend their necks.
* The Great Egret feeds in shallow water or drier habitats, spearing fish, frogs or insects with its long, sharp bill. It will often wait motionless for prey, or slowly stalk its victim. It is a conspicuous species, usually easily seen.
* The Great Egret is partially migratory, with northern hemisphere birds moving south from areas with cold winters. It breeds in colonies in trees close to large lakes with reed beds or other extensive wetlands. It builds a bulky stick nest. The call at breeding colonies is a loud croaking "cuk cuk cuk". |
# Field Guide/Birds/Anas acuta

Anas acuta (Northern Pintail) :
| Male Northern Pintail | Range |
| Description ||
| Bird callThis dabbling duck is strongly migratory and winters further south than its breeding range, as far as the equator. It is highly gregarious outside the breeding season and forms large mixed flocks with other ducks. ||
# Field Guide/Birds/Aquila chrysaetos

Aquila chrysaetos (Golden Eagle) :
| Golden Eagle | Range |
| | Adult and juvenile |
| Description ||
| The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. A pair of Golden Eagles remains together for life. They build several eyries within their territory and use them alternately for several years. The nest consists of heavy tree branches, upholstered with grass. Old eyries may be 2 meters in diameter and 1 meter in height, as the eagles enlarge their nests every year. If the eyrie is situated on a tree, supporting tree branches may break because of the weight of the nest. The female lays two eggs between January and May (depending on the area). After 45 days the young hatch. They are entirely white and are fed for fifty days before they are able to make their first flight attempts and eat on their own. In most cases only the older chick, which takes most of the food, survives, while the younger one dies without leaving the eyrie. Adult Golden Eagles have an average length of 75-85 cm, a wingspan of 150-210 cm, and a weight of 3-5 kg. As in all birds of prey, the females are generally slightly larger than the males. The plumage colors range from black-brown to dark brown, with a striking golden-buff crown and nape, which give the bird its name. The juveniles resemble the adults, but have a duller more mottled appearance. Also they have a white-banded tail and a white patch at the carpal joint, that gradually disappear with every moult until full adult plumage is reached in the fifth year. Golden Eagles often have a division of labor while hunting: one partner drives the prey to its waiting partner. They have very good eyesight and can spot prey from a long distance. The talons are used for killing and carrying the prey, the beak is used only for eating. The talons of a Golden Eagle are thought to be more powerful than the hand and arm strength of any human being. ||
# Field Guide/Birds

* Western US and Canada
* Eastern US and Canada
* Western Europe
* British Isles
* Eastern Europe
* Alpine Region
* Scandinavia
* Australia
* New Zealand
* Mexico and Central America
* Caribbean
* Northern South America
* Amazon Rainforest
* Southern South America
* Andean Region
* China
* India
* Japan
* Indonesia and Malaysia
* Middle East
* North Africa
* Southern Africa
* West Africa
* Horn of Africa
* Siberia
* Central Asia
* Caucasus

## See also

* Plants for birds (food)
# Field Guide/Birds/Amazon Rainforest

More than 1,500 bird species are found in the Amazon Basin, while South America as a whole is home to roughly one-third the world's birds. Many birds found in the Amazon are northern or southern migrants. Macaws are famous for gathering by the hundreds, even thousands, along the clay cliffs of the Amazon river where they feed on minerals which help the birds process toxins found in the seeds they eat. The world's rarest bird is Spix's macaw, a beautiful bird with a dark blue head, a blue body, and a greenish belly with a black mask and bright yellow eye. It has always been rare, that stay in river edges in small area near the center of Brazil, but recent deforestation, importation of Africanized bees-which took their tree hollows, and over collection for the hobbyists caused this species declining.

## Fun facts

In 1987 only four birds remained in the wild
# Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Mammals
## Bear

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Bear

## Beaver

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Beaver

## Cat (Domestic)

domestic cats have oval shaped toes unlike mountain lions they have tear drop shaped toes.

## Cattle

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Cattle

## Chipmunk

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Chipmunk

## Coyote

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Coyote

## Deer

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Deer

## Dog and Wolf

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Dog and Wolf

## Elk

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Elk

## Fox

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Fox

## Horse

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Horse

## Lynx

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Lynx

## Moose

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Moose

## Mouse

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Mouse

## Muskrat

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Muskrat

## Oppossum

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Oppossum

## Porcupine

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Porcupine

## Puma

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Puma

## Rabbit

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Rabbit

## Raccoon

* Raccoon
* Track
* Range

## Squirrel

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Squirrel

## Swine

Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Swine
# Field Guide/Animal Tracks/Raccoon

* Raccoon
* Track
* Range