OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Accelerating returns - not so fast

I his article "The Law of Accelerating returns" Ray Kurzweil argues that double-exponential rate of technology progress will bring into developing new methods of processing data through mechanical and organic matter, operating in the fields of AI, biotechnology and nanotechnology. This development will bring into interdependency of human and machine, resulting into post-human, a state where humans and machines will converge.
Kurzweil’s theory relies on objective measurements and logical implications of double-exponential technology growth, he assumes endless positive feedback in the cybernetic system of technology development, which put the entire system out of control of humans. However, he ignores environmental feedback, which can change the course of technological progress or slow down the process. Technologies exist in political, cultural and social context. On the way to post-human epoch, humans will be required to address philosophical and ethical issues of what it means to be human. Fields ranging from sociology to geography will need to address implications of extending human body beyond physical limits and existence of consciousness beyond biological brain.
Political climate, ethical positions, economy needs and public interests largely affect development and adoption of technology. There are numerous examples of such a change in course, when technology was available but has not been practiced. Various projects, such as human cloning, nuclear weapons development, sending humans to space has not made progress in recent years because ethical concerns, political agreements and lack of funding.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Activity Theory through the use of tool: Wikibook

Activity Theory provides a method of understanding and evaluating a phenomenon, defining patterns and making inferences across interactions, describing phenomena and presenting phenomena through a built-in language and rhetoric. A particular activity is a goal-directed or purposeful interaction of a subject with an object through the use of tools [1]. The wikibook is a perfect tool that provides the online collaborative platform to interact, share information and do research among the people from various locations. It provides a mechanism, to bridge the gap between individual user and social reality around them.
Some people argue that the online collaboration is a second-best substitute for face-to-face communication. However, it’s complement with its own perks and benefits. In many circumstances, online collaborations, like most digital phenomena, is actually preferable to in-person collaboration. Especially, when you are working with a virtual team, you can finish your work at end of the day and send your query or work product to a colleague in another time zone, and have an answer by the time you are back at your desk in next day morning. Instead of waiting for the meeting or call that can address your question or provide that missing piece of information, you can reach out to a colleague with an instant message, email or find an answer yourself by accessing an internal wikibook.
Citation:
[1] Fjeld, M., Lauche, K., Bichsel, M., Voorhorst, F., Krueger, H., Rauterberg, M. (2002): Physical and Virtual Tools: Activity Theory Applied to the Design of Groupware. In B. A. Nardi & D. F. Redmiles (eds.) A Special Issue of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW): Activity Theory and the Practice of Design, Volume 11 (1-2), pp. 153-180.
# Kurzweil's “The Law of Accelerating Returns”
## The Acceleration

We will develop content for a new wikibook where we critically assess models and theories relevant to the field of Human Computer Interaction.
Kurzweil's “The Law of Accelerating Returns” is a theory aimed to prove that technology evolves and eventually gets replaced at an exponential rate. When technology encounters a block it is superseded with the introduction of a new technology. The new technology is usually more efficient. The main driving force of the theory is that the rate of replacement is exponentially faster (Kurzweil, 2001). The reason being – the human brain has the tendency for continuous improvement. Let’s look at the following example – about fifteen years ago, the concept of “social networking” was limited by the email exchanges, chat rooms, discussion threads etc. This benign concept got jolted by the introduction of new technologies i.e. Myspace, Facebook, Flickr, Google+, and many, many more. The occurrence has been faster and more versatile.

## The Deceleration

Conversely, Kurzweil's also mentions culmination of technologies of unimaginable progress that will lead to singularity.

## The Singularity

Kurzweil's theory can be rationalized into two parts – one that of accelerating returns and the other that of singularity. The accelerating return is constant no matter the outcome. Technology reaching the point of singularity may be tough to envision.
Major technological advancements have been happening all around us. More is yet to come. Technologies fusions are constantly happening. It is plausible that copulation of technologies that merge humans and non-human components may progress towards singularity but it is unlikely. Technology may slow down there will be always a human brain that is constantly thinking of replacement. The human brain is wired to constantly think “what else can or more be done?” For benefit of further discussion, it can be argued that singularity can transpire if human brain is mapped a technological component. According to Allen (2011) the understanding of the brain as to how it responds, reacts, thinks, deviates or shuts down disrupts the point of singularity theory. More importantly, it will require a massive acceleration of our scientific progress in understanding every facet of the human brain (Allen, 2011)
Greaves, M., & Allen, P. (2011, October 12). Paul Allen: The Singularity Isn't Near. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://www.technologyreview.com/view/425733/paul-allen-the-singularity-isnt-near/ Kurzweil, R. (2001, May 7). The Law of Accelerating Returns. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Accelerating towards Singularity
### On Kurzweil (Tyler Liechty)

Kurzweil provides evidence that the pace of technology is (conservatively) exponential. He points out that computing power has been on an innovation pace that shows exponential growth even when displayed on an exponential scale. This is not the refinement of a single technology or approach, but the continued inclusion of new technologies that are made possible by the previous technological advances. As the computing capacity increases and cost decreases further advances are made feasible. He provides several examples of this, but almost all of them are related to the recent develop of computers. This advancing pace propagates through paradigm shifts. This is illustrated well by computer memory storage. Originally magnetic drum memory was used and was improved by mechanical innovations, but as this approach was refined and gains began to slow a shift was made to rotating discs that provided a large jump in computing capacity and a drop in cost. As rotating discs have been pushed to spin faster and better utilize space this technology in turn slowed its pace of innovation. This allowed for the rise of solid state memory as the predominant medium. Solid state memory has been growing to provide faster access and more storage for the same package size and cost. Solid state memory has begun to slow in its pace of innovation. New methods are waiting in the wings, some waiting to be the next in line, and others which are still not feasible with current technology, but are waiting for advances to bring them into use.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Accelerating returns and Singularity
## Accelerating Returns

Ray Kurzweil may appear like a crazy man, taking close to 150 pills a day, undergoing blood transfusions, and more in an attempt to be immortal, but he is also an accomplished engineer (director of engineering at google, national medal of technology 1999). This belief that he can be immortal, while also being a world class engineer gives hints to why he would believe that technology will accelerate so fast that within the next century humans can achieve near immortality.
This idea of accelerating returns is a relatively basic one. Technology has been advancing at an exponential rate not a linear one. Kurzweil believes that this was not apparent early on because the early stages of exponential growth often mimic a linear scale. Much of his evidence for the exponential growth in technology comes from the size of computerized parts, the amount of storage available, and the processing power of such devices. In each of these cases, the growth has been exponential without really any lag. besides actual hardware, Kurzweil points to transmission speeds over the internet as another area that signals that exponential growth will continue. What makes Kurzweil particularly excited is the possibility of merging the technology with the human body, reaching a point of Singularity.

## Singularity

Through some basic math Kurzweil shows that if the acceleration follows the same path it has for the last 50 years, that the processing power of computers will exceed that of the human brain. The main application of this is combining the accelerating tech with increased knowledge of the brain (better imaging, higher resolution images). There is potential for a merging of the two, turning humans into something of a hybrid, or downloading someones brain. While this concept has been seen in plenty of science fiction stories, the trends presented by Kurzweil do make it an exciting possibility. While daunting, Kurzweil compares the idea to that of mapping the human genome, thought to be too difficult in the decades prior to the undertaking.
One criticism of this idea is that Kurzweil does not show the constraints of matter itself. While technology has advanced tremendously and machines have gotten smaller and smaller. The idea of the mechanized parts made out of specialized alloys is physically impossible at such a small level, at least right now. Entirely new elements would need to be created having properties unlike anything that we are aware of in existence today. While not impossible, it is not addressed by Kurzweil
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Activity Theory and Platforms Like Wikibook

Wikibooks as a collaborative medium for a group that can't meet in person is not a bad choice. Other online tools such as GoogleDocs, GitHub, and some cloud based file storage systems exist and offer online meeting and collaborative systems and many of them are widely used because they do improve a groups ability to work together when face-to-face isn't an option.
There are drawbacks though, such as a phenomena dubbed social loafing. In an environment such as Wikibooks, there is an element of anonymity and it becomes easy to lose accountability, and since there are other people who could get the job done, some people will try to shrug responsibility. It is similar to a phenomena that occurs in non-virtual settings called diffusion of responsibility, it is a phenomena that occurs when a situation calls for someone to step up, and there is a crowd of people. One would think that with all those people, at least one of them will try to help, but instead, everyone stands there expecting someone else to do it.
Social loafing and other problems with accountability and responsibility in online collaborative environments can be reduced or eliminated by taking the right measures, like dividing the work and giving everyone something to do, don't just divide it and leave it for everyone to tackle a part, assign those parts to individual people. This would seemingly require someone to step up and take control, but it could just as easily be managed by 2 or more active people, that way no one gets labeled a tyrant or anything.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Actor-Network Theory
### Actor-Network Theory (Sara Mikulic)

Actor-Network Theory is a methodology that describes how a system comprised of human and non-human actors with different strategies or objectives for interaction progresses or evolves. These human and non-human actors must negotiate an objective or collaborate functionally to form a link in the overall system network. However, because of the independent needs or objectives of the actants, the system, as a whole, is capable of evolving with the micro-objectives of the actants linked to it (Ryder).
The Actor-Network Theory was first proposed by Michael Callon and Bruno Latour to promote the Aramis project—a mass-transit solution that would allow individual cars to collect people from their homes and take them to their destinations, while situationally hooking up to a major artery of connected cars or traveling solo to the destination. Unfortunately, the inability to successfully have cars link up automatically without causing too much bumping of passengers, and concerns about the safety of passengers in solo cars led to the project’s demise (Latour, 1996).
Citations Latour, B. (1996). Aramis or the Love of Technology. . Retrieved June 21, 2015.
Ryder, M. (n.d.). What is Actor-Network Theory? http://carbon.ucdenver.edu/~mryder/itc/ant_dff.html Retrieved June 21, 2015.
# Raku Programming/Migrating from Perl 5
### Inline::Perl5

Inline::Perl5 is a Module for executing Perl 5 code and accessing Perl 5 modules from Perl 6.
See https://github.com/niner/Inline-Perl5/
# Raku Programming/Operator Overloading

There are only 5 types of operators: infix , prefix , postfix , circumfix and postcircumfix .
You can declare a new operator like this:
The above, as you can see, declares an operator '!' for calculating factorial of a Integer.
# Raku Programming/Property Blocks
## Property Blocks

We've seen in the previous chapter the special CATCH block that is used to handle exceptions thrown from the block that the CATCH lives in. In addition to CATCH, there are a number of other special property blocks that can be used to modify the behavior of the block they live in.
Property blocks are lexical in nature: They modify the behavior of the block they are defined in, and they do not effect outer scopes.
# Raku Programming/Roles and Inheritance
## Inheritance

Basic class systems enable data and the code routines that operate on that data to be bundled together in a logical way. However, there are more advanced features of most class systems that enable inheritance too, which allows classes to build upon one another. Inheritance is the ability for classes to form logical hierarchies. Raku supports normal inheritance of classes and subclasses, but also supports special advanced features called mixins, and roles. We are going to have to reserve some of the more difficult of these features for later chapters, but we will introduce them here.
# Raku Programming/Regular Expressions
## Regular Expressions

Regular expressions are a tool for specifying and searching for patterns in strings, among other things. Regular expressions were a popular and powerful part of Perl, although they gradually grew and expanded in successive versions of that language in a way that was difficult to follow and implement.
Perl's regular expressions became increasingly difficult to use and understand as more operators and metacharacters were added to the engine. It was decided that Raku would break from this syntax and rewrite regular expressions from the ground-up to be more flexible and more integrated into the language. In Raku, they are known simply as regexes, and have become significantly more powerful.
Raku supports regexes in two ways: It has a legacy mode that supports Perl-style regular expressions, and it has a normal mode that supports the new style of regexes.

## Basic Quantifiers

Regexes describe patterns in string data that can be searched for and acted upon. One of the most basic patterns to search for is a repetition pattern. To describe repetition, there are a number of quantifiers that can be used:
| Op | What It Means | Example | Explanation |
| * | "zero or more of" | B A* | Accepts a string with a 'B' followed by any number of 'A' characters, even zero of them. B, BAAAAA, etc. |
| + | "one or more of" | B A+ | Accepts a string with a 'B', followed by at least one 'A'. Example: BAAA, or BA but not B |
| ? | "one or zero" | B A? | Matches a 'B', optionally followed by one 'A'. B or BA |
| ** | "this many" | B A**5 | Matches a 'B' followed by exactly 5 'A' characters. BAAAAA |
| | | B A ** 2..5 | Matches a 'B' followed by at least two 'A' and no more than 5 'A'. BAA, BAAA, BAAAA, BAAAAA |
# Principles of Sociology/The Economy

Subtopics:
Principles of Sociology/PARECON
This American Life presents... "The Fix is In"... Yes, airline prices are always the same no matter which airline you call; in Presidential elections you always feel like you're choosing between the lesser of two evils; and it doesn't really make your hair any cleaner if do the "repeat" part of the instructions "shampoo, rinse, repeat." There are all sorts of situations in which we suspect the fix is in, but we almost never find out for certain. On today's show, for once, we find out. The whole program is devoted to one story, in which we go inside the back rooms of one multinational corporation and hear the intricate workings recorded on tape of how they put the fix in. We hear from Kurt Eichenwald, whose book The Informant is about the price fixing conspiracy at the food company Archer Daniels Midland, and the executive who cooperated with the FBI in recording over 250 hours of secret video and audio tapes, probably the most remarkable videotapes ever made of an American company in the middle of a criminal act. Prologue. Ira speaks with two people who believe they've uncovered behind- the-scenes conspiracies but can't be sure. Attorney Andy Hail has sued the two biggest supermarkets in Chicago (Dominick's and Jewel) because they charge a dollar more for milk than stores around the country, and because their prices seem to change simultaneously, as if orchestrated. Cindi Canary from the Illinois Campaign for Political Reform tells the story of an Illinois law that seems to mostly benefit one man--the man who made sure it made it though the legislature. Act One. We hear the first part of our story about Archer Daniels Midland and FBI informant Mark Whitacre. In this half, Whitacre inadvertantly ends up a cooperating witness, and turns himself into one of the best cooperating witnesses in the history of U.S. law enforcement, gathering evidence with an adeptness few have matched. (25 minutes) Act Two. Our story about ADM and Mark Whitacre continues. The FBI finds out that their star cooperating witness Mark Whitacre has been lying to them for three years about some rather serious matters.
# Principles of Sociology/Socialization

Socialization (or socialisation) is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’.[1][2] Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable, or 'moral', outcomes. Individual views on certain issues, such as race or economics, may be socialized (and to that extent normalized) within a society. Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not 'blank slates' predetermined by their environment.[3] Scientific research provides some evidence that people might be shaped by both social influences and genes.[4][5][6][7] Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes[8].
# Principles of Sociology/Religion

Subtopics
Principles of Sociology/New Agers and Fundamentalism
This American Life presents... a story called "Pray"... Can the secular world and the religious world understand each other? We ask that question while visiting Colorado Springs, CO, where Pastor Ted Haggard at the New Life Church has put in place a project to pray in front of the home of every person in the city, systematically, block by block and house by house. He's also helped organize a 24-hour-365-day-per-year "prayer shield" over the city, all night prayer vigils, and more. Prologue. Mary and Manfred Rauer have been married 22 years. He's a devout Christian, goes to church every week, reads the Bible every day, was head of his congregation. She's an atheist. They're happy. But there are things they don't understand about each other. How big is the gap of misunderstanding between religious people and secular people? They provide a case study. (6 minutes) Act One. Exodus. Alix Spiegel in Colorado Springs, where a massive prayer project is underway to pray for every person, business and school. When she arrives, she finds the Christians speak a kind of Christian jargon she does not understand. When she goes to her local contact to discuss it, and to find more sympathetic people to profile, he says that he believes the secular world can never understand what the religious community in Colorado Springs is doing. Alix Spiegel believed the prayers were simply a gesture of goodwill by people toward their neighbors, but soon she finds that in fact, they are something very different. Something medieval. Act Two. Kings. Scott Carrier in Salt Lake City, with a story about whether it's possible to be a good person if you're not a Christian
# SAASTE Technology/Activities/Circuit\Systems Diagram

Electricity
Grade 6

## Basic Circuit Diagram & Systems Diagram

Activity on communication
1. Use the data sheet that is given to draw a circuit diagram of the picture of the circuit that is shown above. An example of systems diagram is shown below. The example used is opening a door.
2. Draw a systems diagram for the circuit above.
Author: Cheryl Jaftha Acknowledgments of graphics: Osman Sadeck & www.wcape.school.za/sadeck/ Editor: Osman Sadeck )