OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Fall Cleanup

Fall cleanup is the process of "putting the garden to bed" for the winter.
Outline:
* Before leaves fall
** Identify trees and shrubs with diseased foliage, treat or remove as necessary
** Remove any weeds, with priority to those that will be in seed when leaf cleanup is done
** Prepare compost area
** Check lawn for weeds, treat and reseed if necessary
** Dig tropical plants and prepare them for overwintering indoors
* During leaf fall
** Keep hardscapes clean for safety
** Frequently pick up leaves from trees and shrubs with diseased foliage
** Dig or mulch tender plants as necessary
* After leaves fall
* Cutting back
** What to cut back
** What not to cut back
*** Winter interest
*** Insulation
*** Bird habitat concerns
* Fall pruning
** What to prune
** What not to prune
* Heeling
** In ground
** In containers
* Mulching
** Deciding whether to insulate or expose
* Composting
** Shredding
** Storing browns
* Bulb planting
** Separate chapter
* Transplants and new plants
# Horticulture/Erythronium americanum

Yellow Trout Lily :
| Binomial: | Erythronium americanum |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
Erythronium americanum (Trout lily, Yellow trout lily) is a plant native to woodlands in Eastern North America.

## Description

Trout lilies are low-growing, colonizing plants with simple, spotted leaves and basal yellow flowers on short stems. The foliage is ephemeral in midsummer, dying back fully by late summer.

## Growing Conditions

Trout lilies grow best in deep, moist, but well drained soils in deciduous shade. The foliage emerges in late winter, followed by early spring flowers.

## Uses

Among magic-users, the plant is known as Adder's tongue, American Adder's tongue, Serpent's tongue and Adder's mouth. It is used in healing magic. A practitioner soaks the plant in cold water and applies it to a wound or bruise until the spot grows warm, then buries the wet herb in muddy ground. The wound is believed to be cured by this procedure.
Among magic users, Adder's tongue is associated with the planet Venus and the feminine spirit.

## Maintenance

This plant can be difficult in the garden, due to its slow growth and ephemeral nature. The roots are surprisingly deep as well, making transplanting difficult. They do not tolerate heavy foot traffic.

## References

* Blanchan, Neltje (2005). w:Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
* Cunningham, Scott (1996). w:Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs. Llewellyn Publications.
# Horticulture/Excluding Plant Pathogens

The best way to control plant diseases is to simply exclude the pathogen from the garden. While this is often impossible because many diseases are wind-borne, putting some effort into exclusion is worth the time.
One way to exclude pathogens is to "quarantine" any new plants for a wile before planting them in the garden. This is especially important for some of the more serious soil-borne fungi such as Phytophthora, Verticillium, and Sclerotinia.
Removing alternate hosts is effective for many pathogens.
Controlling vectors is important for many diseases.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Euphorbia lathyris

Caper Spurge :
| Binomial: | Euphorbia lathyris |
| Family: | Euphorbiaceae |
| Type: | Herbaceous perennial |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to part shade |
| USDA Hardiness Zone: | 5-9 |
| Weediness: | Weedy |
| Pollination: | Insects |
| Ripe Seed: | Dry out and turn brown |
| Height and spread: | 48 inches (1.2 m) tall |
| Toxicity and edibility: | Toxic, sap may cause rashes |
Euphorbia lathyris (Caper Spurge, Gopher Spurge, Gopher Plant or Mole Plant) is a weedy plant native to Southern Europe (France, Italy, Greece) and as far east as China, but has naturalized in many other regions. that is often used as an ornamental plant and also to protect a garden from gophers.
All parts of the plant, including the seeds and roots are poisonous. Handling may may cause skin irritation as the plant produces latex. While poisonous to humans and most livestock, goats seem to enjoy eating it and are immune to the toxin. However, the toxin can be passed through the goat's milk.

## Description

Caper spurge can grow up to 48 inches (1.2 m) tall. The seeds of this plant grow in green clusters of three seeds. When they ripen, they dry out and turn brown.

## Growing Conditions

It lives in partial shade to full sun in USDA zones 5–9.

## Uses

Some people have had great success planting caper spurges as repellants for gophers and voles, while others found that gophers will eat other plants only a few feet away while completely ignoring the spurges.

## Maintenance

Self-seeds freely, but easily pulled.

## Pests and Diseases

See Euphorbia for a list of pests and diseases affecting the genus.

## References

* CDFA.CA.GOV Euphorbia Genus
* Caper Spurge - Poisonous Plant Information
# Japanese/Basic Japanese/Answers/Lesson 1

Template:Japanese: Basic Japanese TOC

## Answers

* 初めまして should only be used when talking to someone you are meeting for the first time.
* どうぞ　よろしく means "Please favor me with your friendship" though it is usually loosely translated to "Pleased to meet you" or "Nice to meet you"
* No. The correct sentence should be "私は田中です". さん is an honorific suffix applied to others. It cannot be applied to oneself.
* When meeting someone for the first time, it is common to say "初めまして、___　です。　どうぞ　よろしく。"
* To introduce someone to another person, "こちら　は　___さん　です。" can be said.
# Japanese/Basic Japanese/Answers/Lesson 2

Template:Japanese: Basic Japanese TOC

## Answers

1.
    a) これは何ですか。
    b) あれは何ですか。
    c) それは何ですか。
2.
    a) これ は___です。
    b) あれ は___です。
    c) それ は___です。
# Japanese/Dialects/Ishikawa

Ishikawa-ben(石川弁) is a local dialect of the Japanese language spoken throughout the prefecture of Ishikawa and some surrounding areas, such as Toyama and Fukui. Unlike kansai-ben, where the intonation of words differs greatly from hyōjungo (i.e. Tokyo-ben), Ishikawa-ben is characterized more by its relaxation of hard consonants into softer ones, resulting in a more "rounded" pronunciation and vocabulary.

## Common relaxations and replacements
### Da→ya (だ→や)

Speakers of Ishikawa-ben often relax the pronunciation of the word だ (the plain form of です) into the word や, producing sentences similar to the following:
* 「こりゃあ、３００円やね。」 "This is 300 yen, right?"
* 「明日仕事へ行くんや。」 "I'm going to work tomorrow."
This transformation can be extended to other forms of the word だ as well; for example, だろう becomes やろう:
* 「昨日ぁ渡辺さんに電話したやろう？」 "You called Watanabe yesterday, didn't you?"

### So→ho (そ→ほ)

The syllable そ is often relaxed to the softer ほ, especially when used in the そう sense ("like that"):
* 「ほうゆったからやったんや！」 "[He] told me so, so I did it!"
* 「ほうやろう？」 "Isn't it like that?"
This last example is commonly relaxed even further into 「ほうあろう？」, especially among Ishikawa-ben speakers in Kanazawa and neighboring Uchinada.
This relaxation also produces the commonly used phrase 「あ、ほんな？」 ("Oh, really?"), stemming from 「あ、そうですか？」 or possibly 「あ、本当？」 as used in hyōjungo.

### Iru→oru (いる→おる)

The verb いる is often replaced with the synonymous verb おる, although the end result may or may not necessarily convey the "humbled" sense normally associated with the verb おる as used in 謙譲語 (kenjōgo).
* 「残念やなぁ、ずっとおりたかったのに。」 "That's too bad, [I] wanted to stay the whole time."
Verbs used in the present progressive sense (i.e., ending with ～ている) are often relaxed into the form ～とる rather than ～ておる:
* 「田中さんはもううちに帰っとる。」 "Mr./Mrs. Tanaka has already returned home."
* 「大助君は何かおかしい本読んどるぞ。」 "Daisuke is reading some strange book."
When used in the negative sense, いない and ～ていない become おらん and ～とらん, respectively:
* 「ごめん、課長はただいまおらんよ。」 "Sorry, the department head isn't around at the moment."
* 「今日の日記はまだ書いとらん。」 "I still haven't written my journal entry for today."

### Ka→ke (か→け)

The particle か, when used at the end of a sentence to signify a question, is often replaced by け or っけ instead:
* 「今日の行事は全く知っとらんっけ？」 "You don't know anything about today's event?"

### Ne→jii (ね→じい)

The particle ね, when used at the end of a sentence to express uncertainty or to solicit confirmation, is often replaced by じい instead:
* 「夕べの宴会楽しかったじい！」 "Last night's banquet was a blast, huh?"

## Nen / gen (ねん、げん)

The stems ～ねん and ～げん can be used after the dictionary form of a verb (i.e., verbs ending in ～る, ～く, etc.) to add emphasis to the sentence. Their usage is similar to the stem ～んだよ used by speakers of Tokyo Japanese.
* 「もう行ったことあるげんって。」 "[He] said he's already been there."
* 「今日やるねんけど、昨日やるはずだったんだもん。」 "I'll do it today, but I was supposed to do it yesterday."
# Japanese/Background Japan
### Background Japan
#### History

* Japanese Mythology Japanese Shinto and Buddhist mythology.
* History of Japan (10,000 BC - present)
* Japanese History (Jomon Period - Present)

#### Literature

* Kojiki
* Nihonshoki

#### Religion

* Kūkai
* Saichō
* Japanese Buddhism
* Zen Buddhism
* Shinto Native Japanese religion.
* Tendai Buddhism
* Shingon Buddhism
* Byōdōin Temple
* Hōryu-ji Temple
* Enryaku-ji Temple
* Tōdai-ji Temple
* O-mikuji

#### Arts

* Ikebana The art of flower arrangement.
* Origami The art of paper folding.
* Shodō Calligraphy.
* Ukiyo-e Japanese painting.
* Japanese tea ceremony Known as chadō.
* Sen no Rikyū
* Sumo Sumo wrestlers.
* Shōgun
* Kimono
* Tatami
* Seiza

#### Food and Drink

* Cuisine of Japan
* Sashimi Sliced raw fish
* Sushi Rolled vinegared rice with toppings
* Miso Salty soy bean paste
* Nattō Strong-smelling whole fermented soy beans
* Wasabi Spicy green horseradish paste
* Ramen
* Soba
* Udon
* Matcha Powdered green tea
* Sake Japanese rice wine

#### Society

* Japanese Name
* Japanese Media
* Tōkyō Station
* Mount Fuji
* Nara Ancient capital of Japan.

#### Economy

* Yen The Japanese currency.
** Plaza Accord An agreement signed in New York to appreciate the Yen against the American Dollar.
* GDP About Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Japan's ranking in the global economy.

#### Politics

* Emperor of Japan Known as Tennō.
* Diet of Japan
* Prime Minister of Japan
* Constitution of Japan
* MIT OpenCourseWare Japanese Pop Culture
# Japanese/Dialects

Many learners of Japanese begin their studies thinking that the language is a single standard, spoken across the whole nation. While it is true that nearly all Japanese nationals can speak the standard language, it is by no means their every day language. This long and mountainous archipelago has over the centuries given rise to a great number of dialects with their own distinct accent, intonation and vocabulary.
Before the Tokugawa Shogun (徳川将軍) moved to Edo (江戸, modern day Tokyo) in 1603, the main place of government was Kyoto (京都), and standard Japanese was the ancestor of today's Kyoto dialect. Modern standard Japanese, hyōjungo (標準語) is basically the dialect of Tokyo. This is used in schools and media throughout the country. Other varieties of Japanese are often considered provincial and like in every language, each bears connotations of archetypes.

## Eastern Japanese

* Hokkaidō Dialect
* Tōhoku Dialect
** Northern
*** Tsugaru Dialect
** Southern
* Kantō Dialect
** (Japanese/Dialects/Yokohama?)
* Tōkai Dialect
** (Japanese/Dialects/Mikawa)
* Hokuriku Dialect
** Japanese/Dialects/Ishikawa
** Japanese/Dialects/Toyama

## Western Japanese

* Hokuriku Dialect (Talk:Japanese/Dialects/Ishikawa?)
** (Japanese/Dialects/Toyama)
* Kinki (Kansai) Dialect
** Japanese/Dialects/Osaka
* Chūgoku Dialect
* Umpaku Dialect
* Shikoku Dialect
* Kyūshū
* Hōnichi Dialect
* Hichiku Dialect
* Satsugū Dialect

## Hachijō Island

* Hachijō Dialect

## Ryūkyū

* (Japanese/Dialects/Okinawa?)
# Japanese/Dialects/Kansai

KANSAIBEN (関西弁 - kansai dialect)
Kansai-ben takes up a large slice of even the Tokyo resident's mind. The comedians on TV speak it incessantly, three large cities (Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe) speak it, and most Japanese accept the differences as quaint and interesting, just as most Americans think of Southern accents, and Londoners think of Northern accents.
Kansai-ben has many different variations (there are the lowly country variations like southern Wakayama Kansai-ben, and almost elitist, ultra-polite Kyoto-ben) as well as many different levels of depth. Some Kansai residents from Nara speak very little Kansai-ben, while people from Amagasaki speak a very strong and distinct Kansai-ben.

## Grammatical Differences

Kansai-ben varies from one part of Kansai to another, but here are some of the more common features.
The most noticeable difference is the substitution of the negatives -hen / -n or -mahen for -nai or -masen. (Sometimes only one of "-hen" or "-n" is acceptable in a particular grammar construction. For example, kawande mo ee (kawanakute mo ii) cannot be replaced by "kawahende mo ee".)
Hyojungo (Standard Japanese): Wakaranai. (I don't know) Kansai-ben: wakarahen / wakarehen / wakaran (note that when attaching -hen, the conjugation does not always follow that for -nai).
Also, while hyojungo uses "yo" for emphasis, many times Kansai-ben uses either an elongated "na" or "de".
Hyojungo: Natto wa tabenai yo. (I don't eat natto.) Kansai-ben: Natto wa tabehen de~.
Furthermore, when using "da", "datte", or "daro", many times Kansai people will substitute "ya" for "da". "Metcha" or "mutcha" is also substituted for words like very emphatic words like "cho" (Yokohama/Tokyo-ben) and "sugoi".
Hyojungo: Natto wa sugoku kusai, daro? (Natto is very smelly, isn't it?) Kansai-ben: Natto wa metcha kusai, yaro?
Many of the grammatical constructions have a classical feel to it; one can find many traces from older Japanese pronunciation: sabui (samui), hayo (hayaku), yuuta (itta)...

## Vocabulary Differences

Verbs
throw away: suteru ----> hokasu
exhausted: tsukareru ----> shindoi

## See Also

nihongo resources - word list http://www.nihongoresources.com/language/dialects/kansaiben/wordlist.html
nihongo resources - grammar http://www.nihongoresources.com/language/dialects/kansaiben.html
the Japanese page http://www.thejapanesepage.com/kansaiben.htm
# Japanese/Dialects/Kanto

    関東弁 (kantouben) is generally regarded as standard Japanese. It seems to only differ, however, in slang used and some pronunciation. Nevertheless, it is a dialect in its own right, especially when compared to the other variations of Japanese, and will be treated here as such. It, as all other dialects discussed, will be compared with standard Japanese.

## Pronunciation

    There are few major differences in pronunciation. One worth noting appears in the Tokyo-ben (東京弁) section.

## grammar constructs
### negative form

The negative form used in the Kanto region is the one used in standard. I list it here because it is different when compared to negative forms of other areas.
* ～ない is the negative imperfect tense verb ending, and
* ～なかった is the negative perfective tense verb ending.

### need to...

Because the construct of "need to" is just a combination of the negative form of a verb and another word, it is really just a matter of the difference in negative forms. However, as these constructs are often contracted, it is worth noting the differences. The standard "need to" form looks like the following:
* ～なくては　いけない/ならない/だめ/etc...
* ～なければ　いけない/ならない/だめ/etc...
and in Kanto they are contracted, respectively, as follows:
* ～なくちゃ　いけない/ならない/だめ/etc...
* ～なきゃ　いけない/ならない/だめ/etc...
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/The Da Nang Thang
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Amphibious Assault
* Location: Woozie's office, Chinatown, San Fierro

## Walkthrough

After the cutscenes, you find yourself in a helicopter with a minigun. The chopper will head out to a boat at sea, providing several targets which you can shoot. It seems regardless of what you do, an RPG eventually hits the chopper, and you end up in the water and lose all your weapons except for a knife. Head into the red marker to trigger the next cutscene. Make your way across the boat, over all the cargo containers, taking out the enemies as you go. Once you get to the yellow marker, another cutscene is triggered. Take out the remaining guards, then the guard marked by the red blip. After he's down, find the container at the green blip, and target and shoot the padlock to release them. After the next cutscene, come back out of the hold, and onto the bridge to face a couple more guards, and quick swordfight. After that, head back to the refugees to complete the mission.

## Tips

* If you're finding it too difficult without weapons, you can return to shore after the chopper is downed, and restock at Ammunation.
* All three guys on top of the first set of crates can be taken out silently using the knife. This leaves you with more ammo for the level, and more health.
* After the chopper is downed, you can't get a police wanted level. This is the perfect time to pick up those two oysters by the naval base.
* If you don't want to fight with swords, quickly change to the gun.

## Rewards

* Cash: $15,000
* Respect: +30

## New Missions Available

* Yay Ka-Boom-Boom (also requires: Toreno's Last Flight)
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/The Meat Business
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Intensive Care
* Location: Caligula's Casino, Las Venturas

## Walkthrough

Back to Paulo and Ken at Caligula's for another mission, this time it's a return visit to Johnny at the Meat Factory in an attempt to boost Ken Rosenberg's status and confidence. Once there Ken gets nervous and asks CJ for support, when Johnny appears and sees CJ he keels over, prompting another shootout.
After a slow-motion cutscene it's time to wipe out the mobsters. Your primary concern is to protect "Rosie" (Ken) at all costs, there's a lot of shooting to be done here and methodically picking off all the mobsters room-by-room seems to be the way to go. There is mention of switches in the text instructions on screen but I didn't manage to activate anything.
Ken will go and hide in the freezer at one point, if he gets locked in then be sure to get him quick as his health drains rapidly.
Once all the "Witnesses" are dealt with, leave the building and drive Ken back to the Casino to end the mission.

## Tips

Most of the Mobsters appear to be armed with SMG's so that's a good weapon to stock up on (and get practice in with) before starting the mission.

## Rewards

* Cash: $8,000
* Respect +

## New Missions Available

* Madd Dogg
* Fish in a Barrel
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Up, Up and Away!
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Cop Wheels
* Location: Four Dragons Casino, Las Venturas
* Time: Between 20:00 and :06:00

## Walkthrough

After getting the bikes and uniforms, you need to steal a truck and repaint it. You have to go fly an Air Crane and steal the truck. To get the Air Crane, you need to steal a military vehicle and go to the fuel dump in Northeastern Las Venturas. If you go to the fuel dump, a Patriot (hum-vee) will drive out. You can try to force your way past it (which will trigger combat with the military ) or try to jack the Patriot and make your own way in. When you approach the air crane, two hunter choppers will approach, and you must get on an emplaced gun to take them down.
Then, take the Air Crane, fly to the depot in the southeast, and pick up the truck. Fly it out to the Verdant Meadows airfield, drop the truck in the indicated area, and then land.

## Tips

* There is however, a more creative way of dealing with this mission if you didn't get in the gate. Go to the airport and grab a plane. Fly up to a high elevation, and fly to the compound, when you get close, jump out and use your parachute to land on the roof where the helicopter is (rockets will shoot at you, but they will miss because they can't home in on a parachute). From there, go to the stationary gun and take down the hunters that come. Afterward, take the helicopter and continue with the mission like you were supposed to do.
* Alternatively, use a jetpack to get in. To make it easier to approach the helipad, use a sniper rifle to kill the two guards there from a distance first.

## Rewards

* None

## New Missions Available

* Breaking the Bank at Caligula's
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Test Drive
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Zeroing In
* Location: CJ's garage, Doherty, San Fierro

## Walkthrough

In this mission, you tag up with Ceasar to steal two cars from a car dealership near the docks of San Fierro. Begin this mission by heading to the dealership and stealing the cars. Follow Ceaser's lead and evade the police and use L1 to activate the nitrous. Finish this mission by safely returning to the garage.

## Rewards

* Cash: $5,000
* Respect: +5

## New Missions Available

* Customs Fast Track
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Verdant Meadows
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Interdiction
* Location: Mike Toreno's ranch, Tierra Robada
* Cash: $80,000

## Walkthrough

After the cutscene, head over to Verdant Meadows and buy the abandoned airstrip for $80,000. That's all you have to do.

## Rewards

* Verdant Meadows airstrip

## New Missions Available

* Learning to Fly
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/The Green Sabre
## Prerequisites

* Mission: Reuniting the Families
* Location: Sweet's house, Grove Street, Ganton, Los Santos

## Walkthrough

Sweet decides to wipe out the Ballas for good. So, Sweet decides to go to the battlegrounds and CJ follows along later. Cesar calls to meet up near Downtown, CJ agrees, so watch the cutscene. CJ realizes Sweet's in a setup and he must go rescue his brother. So quickly drive to the yellow marker. All this mission is, is quick aiming and shooting, so be sure to grab armor before starting the mission. After dropping the last Balla, watch the cutscene and you're done with Los Santos for now.
Note: You lose all weapons and other items after this mission.

## Rewards

* Respect: +15
* Item: Camera
* Badlands and San Fierro open
* San Fierro Gym opens
* Safehouses in Badlands and Red County available for purchase

## New Missions Available

* Story Missions
** Badlands
* Asset Missions
** San Fierro Courier
* Challenge Missions
** Blood Bowl
** NRG Challenge
** Chiliad Challenge (07:00 - 18:00)
* Collection Missions
** Photo Ops
# Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas/Missions/Triathlon

There are two triathlon competitions in GTA: San Andreas. They are both named "Beat The Cock" and are available on saturdays and sundays at Santa Maria Beach and Palomino Beach. Enter the challenge by going into the red marker that appears near the water when the challenge is available. Both of the triathlons are divided into three legs, beginning with the swimming leg, followed by cycling and then a running leg. The rewards for winning the triathlons are respectively $10000 and $20000.
The easiest "setup" for this triathlon, is to have low fat and low muscle, but high stamina, if not maxed. This should let you "sprint" through the swimming section, and should give you enough of a lead to win.
This is not required for 100% completion.