OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Expert Systems/CLIPS
## About CLIPS

CLIPS is a public-domain software tool for building expert systems. The name is an acronym for "C Language Integrated Production System." The syntax and name was inspired by Charles Forgy's OPS. The first versions of CLIPS were developed starting in 1985 at NASA-Johnson Space Center until the mid 1990s when the development group's responsibilities ceased to focus on expert system technology.
CLIPS is probably the most widely used expert system tool because it is fast, efficient and free. Although it is now in the public domain, it is still updated and supported by the original author, Gary Riley. CLIPS incorporates a complete object-oriented language "COOL" for writing expert systems. Though it is written in C, its interface more closely resembles that of the programming language LISP. Extensions can be written in C, and CLIPS can be called from C.
Like other expert system languages, CLIPS deals with rules and facts. Various facts can make a rule applicable. An applicable rule is then asserted. Facts and rules are created by first defining them, as shown below:
Descendants of the CLIPS language include Jess, Haley Eclipse (of Haley Systems -> RuleBurst ->Oracle), FuzzyCLIPS, EHSIS, and others.

## See also

* Expert Systems: Principles and Programming ISBN 0-534-95053-1
* Jess in Action: Rule Based Systems in Java ISBN 1-930110-89-8.
* CLIPS homepage
* FAQ / What is CLIPS, an explanation
* CLIPS Expert System Group
* NASA CLIPS: downloads, information, news, and history
* CLIPS expert system tool: a candidate for the Diagnostic System engine
# Expert Systems
## Preface

This book is about expert systems, their use, and their construction. Expert systems are AI computer programs that use the knowledge and processes of a human expert to solve problems that computers have been incapable of solving efficiently.
This book is designed for students at the undergraduate level in the fields of computer science or computer engineering. Students are expected to have a background in high-level programming languages, although no single language is preferred.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* History of AI and Computing
* Intelligent Systems

### Expert System Basics

* Introduction to Expert Systems
* Types of Expert Systems
* Components of Expert Systems
* Knowledge Engineering

### Tools and Shells

* Tools
* Shells
* Languages
* CLIPS
* Jess
* Prolog

### Knowledge

* What is Knowledge?
* Productions
* Semantic Nets
* Frames
* Propositional Logic
* Quantifiers and Sets

### Inference Engines

* The Agenda
* Forward Chaining
* Backward Chaining
* Refraction
* Rule Selection
* Deductive Reasoning
* Resolution

### Uncertainty

* Probability
* Backward Induction
* Markov Chaining
* Dempster-Shafer Theory
* Fuzzy Logic

### Pattern Matching

* Rete Algorithm

### Expert System Examples

* DENDRAL
* MYCIN
* PROSPECTOR
* Expert Tutoring Systems

## Resources

* Resources
* Licensing
# English-Hanzi/Alphabet

An alphabet is a writing system, a list of symbols for writing. The basic symbols in an alphabet are called letters. In an alphabet, each letter is a symbol for a sound or related sounds. To make the alphabet work better, more signs assist the reader: punctuation marks, spaces, standard reading direction, and so on.
字母表 是 书写系统，是 用于 书写的 符号 列表。字母表中的 基本 符号 称为 字母。在 字母表中，每个 字母 是 一个 声音 或 有关 声音的 符号。为了 使 字母 更好地 工作，更多 标志 帮助 读者：标点符号，空格，标准 读法 说明 等。
# English-Hanzi/Americas

The Americas is the continent including North America and South America. Its population is 1 billion.
美洲 是 包括 北美 和 南美 的 大陆。它的人口是10亿。
# English-Hanzi/Amusement

Special:search/amusement prefix:English-Hanzi/
Amusement is entertainment.
消遣 就是 娱乐。
# English-Hanzi/Angola

Angola is a west-coast country of south-central Africa.
安哥拉是非洲中南部的西海岸国家。
# English-Hanzi/Anesthetic

An anesthetic is a substance that doctors use on people. It makes them either stop hurting, or go completely to sleep during surgery. Anesthetic can be rubbed onto the skin, given by injection, or given as a gas to breathe. The use of an anesthetic is called anaesthesia. Anaesthesia blocks the pain during operations. This lets patients undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would normally feel. It comes from Greek roots an- (without) and aesthetos (perceptible, able to feel).
麻醉剂 是 医生 在 人体 使用的 物质。它 使 人们 消除痛楚，或者 在 手术 过程中 昏迷。麻醉剂 可以 通过 注射，或 涂抹 在 皮肤上，或 作为 气体 吸入。麻醉剂的 使用 称为 麻醉。麻醉 在 手术 过程中 阻止疼痛。这 可以 让 患者 接受 手术 和 其他 程序，而 不会 感到痛苦。它 来自 Greece语的 词根 an-（没有）和 aesthetos（可察觉的，能感觉的）。
# English-Hanzi/Animal

An animal is a living thing that can move by itself.
动物 是 一种 能够 自行 移动 的 生物。
# English-Hanzi/Amount

An amount is a datum that is used to calculate the quantity of something.
数额 是 用来 计算 某事物 的 数量 的 数据。
# English-Hanzi/Amplifier

An amplifier is an electronic device or piece of equipment which used to increase the strength of audio or video signals.
放大器 是 用于 增加 音频 或 视频 信号 强度 的 电子 仪器 或 设备。
# English-Hanzi/Anger

Anger is a strong emotional state. It can cause a strong discomfort and react to provocations, injuries or threats.
愤怒是一种强烈的情绪状态。 它会引起强烈的不适感，并对挑衅，伤害或威胁做出反应。
# English-Hanzi/Antarctica

Special:search/Antarctica prefix:English-Hanzi/
Antarctica is the continent situated at the South Pole.
南极洲是位于南极的大陆。
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/I

I Heard a Voice
I know not how to find the Spring
"I Longed for Love"
I Looked on Sorrow (see Earth's Mystery)
I Too Have Loved
The Ideal
An Idle Ditty
An Idler
Immortal. ("Life is like a beauteous flower") Lippincott's v. 54 p. 559 (October 1894); 1898 p. 8; 1916 v. 1 p. 120.
* Life is like a beauteous flower,
* Closing to the world at even,—
* Closing for a dreamless hour,
* To unfold, with dawn, on heaven.
* Life is like a bird that nests
* Close to earth, no shelter scorning,
* Yet, upmounting from her breast,
* Fills the skies with song at morning.
Immortal (How living are the dead!)
In a College Settlement
In a Tenement
In April
In Darkness. Harper's New Monthly Magazine v. 77 no. 462 p. 836 (November 1888); 1898 p. 10; 1916 v. 1 p. 17. Punctuation and case ("Sorrow" to "sorrow") differences.
* I will be still;
* The terror drawing nigh
* Shall startle from my lips no coward cry;
* Nay, though the night my deadliest dread fulfil,
* I will be still.
* For, oh! I know,
* Though suffering hours delay,
* Yet to Eternity they pass away,
* Carrying something onward as they flow,
* Outlasting woe!
* Yes, something won;
* The harvest of our tears—
* Something unfading, plucked from fading years,
* Something to blossom on beyond the sun.
* From sorrow won.
* The agony,
* So hopeless now of balm,
* Shall sleep at last, in light as pure and calm
* As that wherewith the stars look down on thee,
* Gethsemane!
In Dreamland
In Loneliness—Iseult of Brittany
In Memory—Eliza Sproat Turner
In Memory of an American Soldier
In Memory of Caroline Furness Jayne
In Memory of Henry La Barre Jayne
"In Memory of Jean"
In Modern Bonds
In Pathetic Remembrance—E. N. W., Author Of "David Harum"
In Remembrance: The Antarctic Heroes of 1912 (see To Britannia)
In the Maternity Ward (see The Hospital)
In the Offing
In the Town a Wild Bird singing
In the Wood
In War-Time—Gazing Seaward
In War-Time—An American Homeward Bound
In Winter
In Winter-Time
India
Indian-Pipe
The Infantry that Would Not Yield
Influence
Inheritor
Interchange
Inviolable
The Irish Shamrock in South Africa
Israfel
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/J

James McNeill Whistler
Jean-François Millet
Jewel-Weed
Joan of Arc
John Hay
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/L

Lament of Brünhilde
L'Amour fait Peur
The Lark
The Land of Promise
Last Night I dreamed
Leaders of Men
Leave-taking
Let Me Believe
The Liberty-Bell (Sent from Philadelphia to Atlanta, October 4, 1895)
Life. ("Before we knew thee thou wert with us; ay") Century v. 46 no. 6 p. 839 (October 1893); 1898 p. 1; 1916 v. 1 p. 5. Stanza break after line 8 (1916). Punctuation differences.
* Before we knew thee thou wert with us; aye,
* In that far time forgotten and obscure
* When, doubtful of ourselves, of naught secure,
* We feebly uttered first our human cry.
* We had not murmured hadst thou passed us by,
* And now, with all our vaunted knowledge sure,
* We know not from what source of bounty pure
* Thou camest, our dull clay to glorify.
* Yet—for thou didst awake us when but dust,
* Careless of thee—one tender hope redeems
* Each loss by the dark river: more and more
* We feel that we who long for thee may trust
* To wake again, as children do from dreams,
* And find thee waiting on the farther shore.
Life ("Thou art more ancient than the oldest skies")
Limitation
Lines for a Fiftieth Anniversary
The Little Lass—An Old-Time Ditty
A Little Minister
A Little Song
Live Thy Life
Longing. Poet-Lore v. 10 no. 1 p. 25 (January 1898); 1898 p. 6; 1916 v. 2 p. 14. Punctuation differences.
* The lilacs blossom at the door,
* The early rose
* Whispers a promise to her buds,
* And they unclose.
* There is a perfume everywhere,
* A breath of song,
* A sense of some divine return
* For waiting long.
* Who knows but some imprisoned joy
* From bondage breaks,—
* Some exiled and enchanted hope
* From dreams awakes?
* Who knows but you are coming back
* To comfort me
* For all the languor and the pain,
* Persephone?
* O come! For one brief spring return,
* Love's tryst to keep;
* Then let me share the Stygian fruit,
* The wintry sleep!
The Lordly Pines
The Lost Gioconda
Love and the Child
Love Conquers Death
Love, Dost Thou Smile?
Love Has No Foes
Love is Passing
Love never is Too Late
The Love of Life
Love, Reproachful
Love Sailed at Morn
Love that Faltered
A Lover's "Litany to Pan"
A Love-Song
A Lowly Parable
Lullaby
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/M

Ma Belle
Madonna
A Maid's Defence
Man
Man, That Will Not Be Beguiled (same as Unrest, 1904)
The Man-Soul
Mars—1907
The Martyr Jews
Masefield
Mediæval
A Meeting in the Forest
Memoria
Memorial Ode
Memory
Mid-Ocean
Might I Return
The Mirror
Morning
The Morning Glory
Mother
Mother-Love
Mother Mary
Motherless
The Mourner
Music
My Country
My Dream
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/N

Nansen
A Narrow Window
Natura Benigna (I weave the beginning, I fashion the end;) (same as Nature, 1904)
Nature (I weave the beginning, I fashion the end;) (same as Natura Benigna, 1916)
Nature. (To see thee, hear thee, wistful watch I keep) Lippincott's Monthly Magazine (as "As From Afar") v. 74 no. 443 p. 609 (November 1904); 1904 (as "As From Afar") p. 20; 1916 v. 1 p. 88.
Near and Far
The Nest
The New Mars
New York—A Nocturne
No More (see No More, Dear Heart)
No More, Dear Heart
Nocturne
Nothing that can die
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/O

O Giorno Felice!
October
Ode on the Coronation of King George V (same as Henry V, 1916)
Ode to Silence
Of Future Days
Of Love
Old St. David's
Omar
On a Poet too early Dead
On Finding Buddha's Dust
On Re-reading "The Sick King in Bokhara"
On the Death of Lady Curzon (July 17, 1906)
Once in a Still, Sequestered Place
Onward (see Per Aspera)
An Optimist
The Orchestral Leader
Our Land
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/P

Paris
The "Penseur" (On Seeing the Famous Statue)
Per Aspera
Perdita (on Seeing Miss Anderson in the Rôle)
Persephone
Philistia
Picquart
The Pilgrim
Pilgrim Song
Pilgrimage
Place de la Concorde (August 14, 1914
Poems: After George F. Watts (see After the Paintings by George F. Watts)
The Poet
Poetry. ("One spot of green, watered by hidden streams") See "To the Muse".
Poetry (Contemplative and fair, with look divine,)
The Poetry of Earth
Poor Icarus
"Poor Love!" said Life
President M'Kinley
Privilege
Probation. Lippincott's v. 36 p. 146; 1898 p. 3; 1916 v. 1 p. 8. "—— tears that seasoned excellence bring" (Lippincott's, line 4). No stanza break after line 6 (Lippincott's). Punctuation differences.
* Full slow to part with her best gifts is Fate;
* The choicest fruitage comes not with the spring,
* But still for summer's mellowing touch must wait,—
* For storms and tears, which season'd excellence bring;
* And Love doth fix his joyfullest estate
* In hearts that have been hushed 'neath Sorrow's brooding wing.
* Youth sues to Fame: coldly she answers, "Toil!"
* He sighs for Nature's treasures: with reserve
* Responds the goddess, "Woo them from the soil."
* Then fervently he cries, "Thee will I serve,—
* Thee only, blissful Love!" With proud recoil
* The heavenly boy replies, "To serve me well, deserve!"
Psyche
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/K

The Kaiser
Keats—A Sonnet
Keats to Fanny Brawne (see Let Me Believe)
Kenilworth
Kindred
# English-Hanzi/Mark

A mark is a sign of something.
记号 是 某事物 的 标记。
# English-Hanzi/Market

Special:search/market prefix:English-Hanzi/
A market is a place where people buy and sell products.
市场 是 人们 买卖 产品 的 地方。
# English-Hanzi/May

May is the fifth month of a year.
五月 是 一年 的 第五个 月。
# English-Hanzi/Meat

Meat is the flesh of animals that is used as food.
肉类 是 用作 食物 的 动物 的 肉。
# English-Hanzi/March

March is the third month of a year.
三月 是 一年 的 第三个 月。
# English-Hanzi/Measurement

A measurement is a datum that counts the quantity of something.
度量 是 计算 某事物 数量 的 数据。
# English-Hanzi/Medicine

Special:search/medicine prefix:English-Hanzi/
Medicine is a substance that is used to treat an illness.
医药是用来治疗疾病的物质。
# English-Hanzi/Mechanical power

Mechanical power is an energy. It can push a machine.
机械动力 是 一种 能量。它 可以 推动 机器。
# English-Hanzi/Mars

Mars is the planet in our solar system. It is the fourth closest planet to the Sun. Its orbit is between the orbits of the Earth and Jupiter.
火星 是 我们 太阳系 的 行星。它 是 第四 最 靠近 太阳 的 行星。它的 轨道 在 地球 和 木星 的 轨道 之间。
# English-Hanzi/Mathematics

Mathematics is a subject about calculation.
数学 是 一个 有关 计算 的 科目。
# FOSS Open Standards/Preface

This primer is part of a series of primers on Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) from IOSN serving as introductory documents to FOSS in general, as well as covering particular topic areas that are deemed important to FOSS such as open standards. Open standards are not the same as FOSS. However, like FOSS, they can minimize the possibility of technology and vendor lock-ins and level the playing field. They can also play an important role in promoting the interoperability of FOSS and proprietary software and this is crucial in the current, mixed Information technology (IT) environment. Being a primer in the IOSN FOSS series, the issues concerning open standards are approached from the FOSS and software perspectives and emphasis is given to the relationship that some of these standards have with FOSS.
The definition of an open standard has generated much controversy with regard to whether it should contain patents licensed under reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms. The FOSS community, in general, is of the view that such RAND-encumbered standards should not be considered as open standards but most of the standards development organizations and bodies do accept patents available under RAND terms in their standards. The primer has incorporated definitions of open standards from both sides and also put into perspective the minimal characteristics that an open standard should have.
It is hoped that this primer will provide the reader with a better understanding as to why open standards are important and how they can complement FOSS in fostering a more open IT environment. As users and consumers, the readers of this primer should demand from their software, conformance to open standards as far as possible. In addition to promoting interoperability and making more choices available, this will make it easier for FOSS to co-exist and take root in environments filled with proprietary software.
Nah Soo Hoe
# Devanagari

The Dēvanāgarī (देवनागरी) script is used to write many Indian and Nepalese languages such as Hindi, Konkani, Sanskrit, Marathi, Maithili, Bhojpuri and Nepali. It is a phonetic system, meaning in principle, one letter always represents the same sound, which is relatively convenient.
The consonants are followed by the vowel अ (schwa sound) by default, but this is not written out. The sign ् is used to indicate that a consonant is not followed by the default vowel. Consonants may be modified by each of the other vowels and in this case, the dependent form of the vowel is written.
There are two main difficulties:
* most consonants can be combined to form combinations.
* the vowels are written differently depending on their position in a word - whether they are in the beginning or not and whether they follow a vowel or another consonant.
With this in mind, please continue reading this wikibook, which aims to teach more about the Devanagari alphabet. Read more about Devanagari script from the resources given below.

## Chapters

* Overview
* Ligatures
* Numbers
* Alphabet
* Vowels (स्वर)
* Consonants
* Exercises:
** Lesson 1
** Lesson 2
# Devanagari/Lesson 1

    For Table of contents and other quick links, see Devanagari/Quick jump
As it was told, we have 12 vowels and 34 consonants to learn. Traditional way is to mug-up the list, starting with all the vowels and then ending with consonants. Since it requires a teacher to constantly tell how to speak each character, and since we don't have a teacher here, we will start with the basics.

## Important note

There is one very important part to note before we proceed. All the characters in Devanagari have a horizontal line on their top! All the characters!!
Just for comparison, we will show you some characters:
क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ
Notice how every character has a horizontal line on top of it. It is very important to drive this point home, since it will be required later!!

## Your first character

So here is your first consonant:
क
This symbol represent the sound of K.
Note the emphasis on sound. क is NOT "K". In English "C" is also used sometimes for this same sound. For example: Coal, Kill, Crack, Wikibook and so on.
The pronunciation of क is C as in come.

### Exercise

1. Mark the occurrence of sound of K in the following sentence and replace them with equivalent letter of Devanagari:
   Jesus Christ. Kate. Christopher. Come. Cart. Crack. Kart-racing.
Jesus कrist. कate. कristopher. कome. कart. कraक. कart-racing.

### Lesson to be learned

* All of the characters in Devanagari have a horizontal line on top.
* What is क.
Now let us proceed to your first vowel, because consonants have no life of their own :)
Go to Lesson 2

## References

Devanagari/Quick jump
NOTE: Most of the time the first reaction to this symbol is: it is hard to draw! In Devanagari, most of the characters are curvy. Although a pattern can be found on closer look, it is left for the reader - of course after all the characters are have been introduced.
# Devanagari/Lesson 2

    For Table of contents and other quick links, see Devanagari/Quick jump
Now we introduce our first vowel.
We will also learn about using this vowel with the consonant क we learned in the last chapter.

## स्टार्ट

So here is your first vowel:
आ
This symbol represents the sound of "a" in father.
That was easy! Now let us learn how to draw this character. What are the important features here?
* There is a "3" like character.
* Two vertical lines after that.
* A small horizontal line connecting the "3" to the first vertical line, perpendicularly.
* Like all Devanagari characters, there is a horizontal line on top. But it is not touching the "3". Why so? For your ease, because it is easy to adjust the size of vertical lines to compensate the top horizontal line, but not so easy to adjust the "3".
So, it is easy, isn't it? Write "311" and then add a horizontal line between 3 and 1, so that it looks like "3-11". And then put a cap on top of 11. :)

## Addition rule

Unlike Latin script, when we add vowels to a consonant, the form of vowel changes. Actually, it is more like the vowel "leaving" some of its trait in the consonant it is being added to. It may sound strange but it is a lot easier. Let us see how:
क + आ = का
Heh, that was easy! The trait of आ is the last vertical line.
So what did we learn? When you want to add the sound of "a" as in father, add a vertical line after the consonant.
And here is your first word: काका (kākā) (father's elder brother in Hindi)

### Exercise

1. Mark the occurrence of sound of आ in the following sentence and replace them with equivalent letter of Devanagari:
   Cart. Kampf. Father. Kafka.
काrt. काmpf. fआther. काfका.

### Lesson to be learned

* What is आ.
* How to add आ in a consonant.
Armed with one vowel, you can now tackle some more consonants.
Go to Lesson 3

## References

Devanagari/Quick jump
# Devanagari/Consonants
## Consonants

Independently, all consonants are written with a हलन्त(i.e. a ‘्’ underneath). When a vowel is attached to a consonant, the हलन्त is removed.
| | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Nasal |
| | Voiceless | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiced | | Nasal |
| | Unaspirated | Aspirated | Unaspirated | Aspirated | Nasal |
| velar | क् | ख् | ग् | घ् | ङ् |
| palatal | च् | छ् | ज् | झ् | ञ् |
| cerebral/retroflex | ट् | ठ् | ड् | ढ् | ण् |
| dental | त् | थ् | द् | ध् | न् |
| labial | प् | फ् | ब् | भ् | म् |
| half-vowels/sonorants | य् | र् | ल् | व् |
| sibilants | श् | ष् | स् |
| empty aspirant | ह् | ळ् |
{{{1}}}
# Devanagari/Ligatures
## Ligatures

| अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ऋ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ | ऑ |
| X | ा | ि | ी | ु | ू | ृ | े | ै | ो | ौ | ॉ |
| क | का | कि | की | कु | कू | कृ | के | कै | को | कौ | कॉ |
| ख | खा | खि | खी | खु | खू | खृ | खे | खै | खो | खौ | खॉ |
| ग | गा | गि | गी | गु | गू | गृ | गे | गै | गो | गौ | गॉ |
| घ | घा | घि | घी | घु | घू | घृ | घे | घै | घो | घौ | घॉ |
| च | चा | चि | ची | चु | चू | चृ | चे | चै | चो | चौ | चॉ |
| छ | छा | छि | छी | छु | छू | छृ | छे | छै | छो | छौ | छॉ |
| ज | जा | जि | जी | जु | जू | जृ | जे | जै | जो | जौ | जॉ |
| ज़ | ज़ा | ज़ि | ज़ी | ज़ु | ज़ू | ज़ृ | ज़े | ज़ै | ज़ो | ज़ौ | ज़ॉ |
| झ | झा | झि | झी | झु | झू | झृ | झे | झै | झो | झौ | झॉ |
| ञ | ञा | ञि | ञी | ञु | ञू | ञृ | ञे | ञै | ञो | ञौ | ञॉ |
| ट | टा | टि | टी | टु | टू | टृ | टे | टै | टो | टौ | टॉ |
| ठ | ठा | ठि | ठी | ठु | ठू | ठृ | ठे | ठै | ठो | ठौ | ठॉ |
| ड | डा | डि | डी | डु | डू | डृ | डे | डै | डो | डौ | डॉ |
| ड़ | ड़ा | ड़ि | ड़ी | ड़ु | ड़ू | ड़ृ | ड़े | ड़ै | ड़ो | ड़ौ | ड़ॉ |
| ढ | ढा | ढि | ढी | ढु | ढू | ढृ | ढे | ढै | ढो | ढौ | ढॉ |
| ढ़ | ढ़ा | ढ़ि | ढ़ी | ढ़ु | ढ़ू | ढ़ृ | ढ़े | ढ़ै | ढ़ो | ढ़ौ | ढ़ॉ |
| ण | णा | णि | णी | णु | णू | णृ | णे | णै | णो | णौ | णॉ |
| त | ता | ति | ती | तु | तू | तृ | ते | तै | तो | तौ | तॉ |
| थ | था | थि | थी | थु | थू | थृ | थे | थै | थो | थौ | थॉ |
| द | दा | दि | दी | दु | दू | दृ | दे | दै | दो | दौ | दॉ |
| ध | धा | धि | धी | धु | धू | धृ | धे | धै | धो | धौ | धॉ |
| न | ना | नि | नी | नु | नू | नृ | ने | नै | नो | नौ | नॉ |
| प | पा | पि | पी | पु | पू | पृ | पे | पै | पो | पौ | पॉ |
| फ | फा | फि | फी | फु | फू | फृ | फे | फै | फो | फौ | फॉ |
| फ़ | फ़ा | फ़ि | फ़ी | फ़ु | फ़ू | फ़ृ | फ़े | फ़ै | फ़ो | फ़ौ | फ़ॉ |
| ब | बा | बि | बी | बु | बू | बृ | बे | बै | बो | बौ | बॉ |
| भ | भा | भि | भी | भु | भू | भृ | भे | भै | भो | भौ | भॉ |
| म | मा | मि | मी | मु | मू | मृ | मे | मै | मो | मौ | मॉ |
| य | या | यि | यी | यु | यू | यृ | ये | यै | यो | यौ | यॉ |
| य़ | य़ा | य़ि | य़ी | य़ु | य़ू | य़ृ | य़े | य़ै | य़ो | य़ौ | य़ॉ |
| र | रा | रि | री | रु | रू | रृ | रे | रै | रो | रौ | रॉ |
| ल | ला | लि | ली | लु | लू | लृ | ले | लै | लो | लौ | लॉ |
| व | वा | वि | वी | वु | वू | वृ | वे | वै | वो | वौ | वॉ |
| श | शा | शि | शी | शु | शू | शृ | शे | शै | शो | शौ | शॉ |
| ष | षा | षि | षी | षु | षू | षृ | षे | षै | षो | षौ | षॉ |
| स | सा | सि | सी | सु | सू | सृ | से | सै | सो | सौ | सॉ |
| ह | हा | हि | ही | हु | हू | हृ | हे | है | हो | हौ | हॉ |
# Final Fantasy/White Magic/Cure

| Color | White |
| Level | 1 |
| Location | Coneria |
| Price | 100 G |
| Battle Use | Yes |
| Field Use | Yes |
The Cure spell is a White Magic spell that restores a small amount of health to a wounded hero. The caster calls upon white angels to repair damage done by foes, mending minor injuries and lessening greater ones. There are a number of variants of the Cure spell, including Cure2, Cure3, Cure4 and the Heal series of spells. When reversed, the Cure spell can also be cast as Harm to injure or destroy undead.
Cure may be cast by:
* White Mage
* White Wizard
* Red Mage
* Red Wizard
* Knight