OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Seven Habits Study Guide

Did you have a hard time reading, understanding, digesting, or remembering Stephen Covey's bestselling book, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People? Then this study guide may help you.
If you read the book already: The guide will refresh and reinforce what you read, whether you understood it the first time or not.
If you plan to read the book: The guide will prepare your mind so you can understand the book with less effort.
If you have not read the book, and do not plan to read it: The guide will help you become familiar with what the book says, and reap some or many of its benefits, in less time and with less effort. We might say, learn 80% with 20% of the effort.
Let's face it, the book has a lot of great content, even though it is wordy and reading it can give you a headache.
* Quick overview of the seven habits
* Paradigms and principles
* Private victory
* Public victory
# Set Theory/Zermelo‒Fraenkel set theory

Definition (Zermelo‒Fraenkel set theory):
Zermelo‒Fraenkel set theory (ZF set theory) is the theory given by the following axioms (where most are written in the language of set theory ${\mathcal {L}}$):
* Axiom of extensionality: $\forall x,y:(x=y)\Leftrightarrow \forall z:(z\in x\Leftrightarrow z\in y)$
* Empty set: $\exists x:\forall y:(y\notin x)$
* Pairing: $\forall x:\forall y:\exists m:\forall u:(u\in m)\Leftrightarrow ((u=x)\vee (u=y))$
* Union: $\forall x:\exists u:\forall y:(y\in u)\Leftrightarrow (\exists z:(y\in z)\wedge (z\in x))$
* Restricted comprehension schema: Given a set $y$ and a formula in the language of set theory $\phi (x)$. Then we have a set of all $z\in y$ such that $\phi (z)$ is true. We write this as the set $\{z\in y\,|\,\phi (z)\}$.
* Replacement schema: Given a set $z$ and a formula in the language of set theory $\phi (x,y)$, such that for all $x$ there exists a unique $y$ such that $\phi (x,y)$ is true. Then there exists a set $a$ whose elements are all those $y$. We write this as the set $\{y\,|\,\exists x\in z:\phi (x,y)\}$.
* Power set: $\forall x:\exists y:\forall z:(z\in y)\Leftrightarrow (\forall a:(a\in z)\Rightarrow (a\in x))$
* Infinity: There exists an inductive set. An inductive set is one that contains an empty set, and if it contains $x$, then it contains $x\cup \{x\}$.
Note that in the Infinity axiom, we said that the inductive set contains `an' empty set. We will soon see that there is in fact a unique empty set, so we can change our definition of an inductive set to one that contains `the' empty set.
# Set Theory/The axiom of choice

Definition (axiom of countable finite choice):
The axiom of countable finite choice states that whenever $(S_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ is a countable family of non-empty sets, then there exists a sequence $(x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ such that $\forall n\in \mathbb {N} :x_{n}\in S_{n}$.

## Exercises

* Prove that Zorn's lemma is equivalent to Tukey's lemma which states that whenever $X$ is a set and ${\mathcal {F}}\subseteq 2^{X}$ has the property that $A\in {\mathcal {F}}$ if and only if $B\in {\mathcal {F}}$ for all finite sets $B\subseteq A$, then for all $Y\subseteq X$ there exists a maximal $Z\subseteq X$ among all sets in ${\mathcal {F}}$ that contain $Y$ (where we consider ${\mathcal {F}}$ to be ordered by inclusion).
# Robotics/Feedback Sensors

The way in which actuators perform is determined by the combination of several factors. The robot's control system sends the actuator some sort of control signal, and various factors of the environment affect what happens for any given control signal. Feedback sensors are used to detect the actuator's output so that the control system can correct for external factors.
For example, many robots are propelled forward by wheels connected to DC motors. The control system specifies the amount of power that should be applied to the motors to make them turn, but their speed is also affected by the amount of load on the motor. In order for the robot to travel at a constant speed, it is necessary to have a sensor that determines how fast the robot is moving, and adjusts the power level to the motors as needed.
There are several standard kinds of feedback sensor that are used:
* Encoders
* Tachometers
* Accelerometers
* Rate Gyroscopes
Now a days we are using latest feed back sensors are using in various engineering and other applications....

## further reading

* the OpenServo wiki discusses one way to measure and control servo position, speed, voltage, and power consumption.
# Robotics/Exotic Robots/Special Robot Brains

Most robots have an electronic "brain" (part that uses sensor input to determine actuator output). This can be either a simple electronic circuit, a µcontroller or a PC. This is not the only way to build a robot "brain".

## Mechanical Robot Brains

One of the first robots was designed by Da Vinci, this was a small vehicle powered by wind-up springs and it was "programed" by changing gears. Although possible this kind of robot brains are very hard to design and build.

## Pneumatic Robot Brains

If you need to automate some part of a plant where explosive gases are used it might be too dangerous to use electronic circuits. Instead pneumatic circuits are used. It's possible to construct logical circuits, timers, sequences,... using pneumatic valves and cylinders. You can find a lot of pneumatic valves for automation here: www.ngtvalves.com
# Robotics/Feedback Sensors/Tachometers

A tachometer is a type of sensor used to measure the rotational speed or angular velocity of a rotating object, such as an engine, motor, or shaft. It provides information about the speed of rotation, which is typically expressed in revolutions per minute (RPM).
Tachometers can be categorized into two main types: contact and non-contact tachometers.
1. Contact Tachometers: These tachometers require physical contact with the rotating object. They typically use a mechanical or magnetic sensor that comes into direct contact with the object to measure its rotational speed. The sensor may consist of a wheel or probe that makes contact with a rotating surface, generating electrical signals proportional to the rotational speed. Contact tachometers are commonly used in automotive applications, such as measuring the RPM of an engine.
2. Non-Contact Tachometers: These tachometers do not require direct physical contact with the rotating object. Instead, they utilize optical, infrared, or laser sensors to measure the speed of rotation. Non-contact tachometers work by emitting a beam of light or infrared radiation onto a reflective mark or surface on the rotating object. The reflected light is then detected and analyzed to determine the rotational speed. Non-contact tachometers are often used in industrial applications where contact with the rotating object may not be feasible or safe.
Tachometers find applications in various fields, including automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and laboratory testing. They are used to monitor the speed and performance of engines, motors, turbines, conveyors, and other rotating machinery. Tachometers can also be integrated into control systems to provide feedback and enable speed regulation or synchronization of rotating components.
In addition to measuring rotational speed, some tachometers may offer additional features, such as recording maximum and minimum speeds, displaying total revolutions or elapsed time, and providing alarm functions for abnormal speed conditions.
Overall, tachometers are essential tools for monitoring and controlling the rotational speed of various machinery and equipment, allowing for precise operation and maintenance.e
# Robotics/Navigation
## What is Navigation?

Navigation comprises everything a robot needs to get from point A to point B as efficient as possible without bumping into furniture, walls or people.
This problem breaks down in several sub-problems:
* It needs to know where (Localization) it is.
* It needs to detect and avoid obstacles (Collision Avoidance).
* It needs memory of its surroundings (Mapping).
* It has to be able to plan a route (Trajectory Planning) to point B.
* It has to be able to explore (Exploration) new terrain.
# Robotics/Exotic Robots/The LEGO World/LEGO Robots

LEGO has created the Robotics Invention System, which is essentially a LEGO set which may be used to build and prototype robot designs.
The main components provided are,
* 2 Motors
* 2 Touch sensors
* Light detector
* RCX (Robotic Command Explorer) controller
These can be used with Technic Lego such as cogs, axles, gears and other components to build reasonably complex systems.

## Interface

The robot interfaces to a PC through the RCX controller using either an RS-232 serial port and cable, or an infrared (IR) transceiver connected to a USB port. The program can be executed through the connection in real time or downloaded to and stored on the RCX controller. Downloading and storing the program allows the robot to run autonomously without the need to be tethered to the computer.

## Programming and Software

Lego provide their own GUI Software to program the RCX controller. The versatility of the LEGO system, and the added sophistication you get with scripting languages has meant other people have developed their own programming languages to control the RCX, namely,
* NQC - Not quite C: A C derived scripting language.
* lejos - Robots control in Java.
# Robotics/Feedback Sensors/Accelerometers

Accelerometers are sensors used to measure acceleration forces experienced by an object in a specific direction or multiple axes. They are commonly used in a wide range of applications, including smartphones, automotive systems, aerospace, robotics, gaming devices, and more. Accelerometers enable the detection of motion, tilt, vibration, and changes in velocity.
Accelerometers can be categorized into two main types: single-axis and multi-axis accelerometers.
1. Single-Axis Accelerometers: Single-axis accelerometers measure acceleration along a single axis, typically the vertical axis (Z-axis). They provide information about linear acceleration or forces acting in a specific direction. Single-axis accelerometers are often used in applications where acceleration in one direction is the primary concern, such as free-fall detection in smartphones or detecting vertical movements in industrial machinery.
2. Multi-Axis Accelerometers: Multi-axis accelerometers measure acceleration in multiple axes, usually three axes: X-axis (horizontal), Y-axis (horizontal), and Z-axis (vertical). They provide information about acceleration forces acting in different directions simultaneously. Multi-axis accelerometers offer more comprehensive motion sensing capabilities and are used in applications such as inertial measurement units (IMUs), navigation systems, gesture recognition, and stabilization systems.
Accelerometers work based on the principles of Newton's second law of motion. They typically consist of a mass suspended on springs or micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) structures. When subjected to acceleration, the mass moves relative to its support structure, causing a change in electrical properties or generating an electrical signal proportional to the applied acceleration. This signal can then be processed and analyzed to determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration.
Accelerometers are commonly integrated with other sensors, such as gyroscopes, magnetometers, and barometers, to provide more accurate motion sensing and orientation information. This combination of sensors is often found in inertial measurement units (IMUs) used for motion tracking, navigation, and virtual reality applications.
In summary, accelerometers are versatile sensors that enable the measurement of acceleration forces in one or more axes. They are used in numerous applications to detect motion, monitor vibrations, provide orientation data, and enable various interactive features in electronic devices and systems.
# Sexual Health/Incest

Incest is sexual intercourse between two family members. The specific family relationships that are considered incest vary by country. In addition, in some cases while the law may not consider a relationship to be incest, religions or public opinion may do so. For example, in the US, first cousins may marry in about half of the states; in the other half it is illegal for anyone closer than second cousins to marry. In general, sex between parent and child, brother and sister, grandparent and child, etc., will always be considered incest except in historic settings (e.g., Ancient Egypt).

## Incest and the law

What is the law. Role of family court. Responsibility of the community.

## Therapeusis

Treatment modalities.

## References

* Adams, Kenneth, M., Silently Seduced: When Parents Make Their Children Their Partners, Understanding Covert Incest, HCI, 1991.
* Judith Lewis Herman, Father-Daughter Incest, Harvard University Press, 1982.
# Sexual Health/References
## Sex Cells

* Krock, Lexi (October 2001). "Fertility Throughout Life". 18 Ways to Make a Baby. NOVA Online. Retrieved 2006-12-24.
* Haines, Cynthiac (January 2006). "Your Guide to the Female Reproductive System". The Cleveland Clinic Women's Health Center. WebMD. Retrieved 2006-12-24.

## Pregnancy

* Reitzi, Cindy (April 2005). "The hardships of teen pregnancy". Wisconsin Education Association Council. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
* Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999). "Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy". New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (23): 1796–1799. PMID 10362823.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## Other Birth Control

* "Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid". Contraceptive Technology Update. 14 (10): 154–156. October 1993. PMID 12286905.
* Zukerman, Z. (April 2003). "Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 20 (4): 157–159. PMID 12762415. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
* Moore W. Searching for Dr Condom. BMJ 2008; 337:a1166.
# Sexual Health/Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment or Rape is a form of verbal or physical abuse where the target of the harassment is repeatedly insulted or addressed in an unwanted, sexual manner. Sexual harassment can include unwanted touching, rubbing, or groping, unwanted comments of a sexual nature, repeated offers for or requests of sexual contact, and calling a person sex-related names. "Sexual Harassment" is a very broad term for a large number of actions, all of which bring unwanted sexual attention to the victim. Sexual harassment is considered a crime in most jurisdictions.

## How to Spot Harassment

Sexual harassment, like all other forms of mobbing or bullying is defined by the sufferer. If someone makes unwelcome advances, and do not desist when it is explained their action is unwelcome then that persistently unwelcome behaviour may have a psychological consequence, such as a reluctance to be in the presence of the offender.

## How to Stop Harassment

Reacting to bad behaviour with complaints or threats is likely to aggravate rather than moderate the unwelcome behaviour. It is best to try to ignore provocation at the time it occurs, and ask someone you trust to convey your displeasure or distress to the aggressor.
Boys and girls should be provided with moral and ethical education and a sense of accountability.

## Get Help/Support

Many institutions such as schools, major employers and police have trained mediators to intervene. A mediation typically involves one or two mediators whose job is to take highly charged emotional language from the parties concerned in the offence and to rephrase statements in neutral language.
Mediation is not easy, because it means that victim and aggressor must face each other and try to understand the other's point of view. It is however psychologically much more effective and permanent than conventional punishment, which often gives aggressors a bizarre sense of pride, a tangible reward for bad behaviour.
# Sexual Health/Sex Cells

Eggs (also called ova or oocytes), and sperm are called "Sex Cells". A single egg cell is called an ovum, and a single sperm cell is called a spermatozoon (plural spermatozoa).

## Meiosis

The process of producing sperm or eggs is called meiosis. Readers who have some background knowledge in biology may recognize a similar term: "mitosis". Mitosis is the separation of a cell into two new cells, each with a complete set of DNA.Mitosis is in other words somatic. In meiosis, however, the resultant cell has only half the necessary DNA: 23 chromosomes, one from each pair. During conception, the 23 chromosomes from the sperm and the 23 chromosomes from the egg are combined to create a human fetus with 46 chromosomes.These are also called body cells.

## Sperm

Sperm are produced in vast quantities in the testicles, and sperm production is a constant cycle in the body. One of the 23 chromosomes in a sperm cell may be shaped slightly differently than the rest - this is referred to as a Y chromosome. A sperm cell with all 23 chromosomes the same shape is said to have an X chromosome. A child resulting from fertilization of an egg by a sperm with an X chromosome will be female, and a child resulting from fertilization of an egg by a sperm with a Y chromosome will be male.
There are sperm-sorting processes available to increase the likelihood of a particular sex for couples using intrauterine insemination to achieve pregnancy. Some in vitro fertilization clinics offer couples the option of sex testing before choosing which embryos to transfer. For couples seeking pregnancy the traditional way, however, there is no way to control which type of sperm fertilizes the egg.

## Eggs

Egg cells are released from the ovaries, usually one or two per menstrual cycle. Every egg has an X chromosome.
During fetal development, a female fetus will have developed between 6 and 7 million eggs by the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy. Most of the eggs gradually waste away; by puberty, the average female has 300,000 eggs remaining. During menopause, the body stops releasing egg cells.

## Fertilization

Fertilization, also called conception, happens when a sperm cell combines with an egg cell, usually in the uterus. Once the first sperm enters the egg, the egg's cell membrane solidifies, to prevent multiple sperm from entering.
As the egg cell begins to divide, it is called a zygote.
Typically, fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes. For couples that need to use in vitro fertilization to achieve pregnancy, fertilization occurs in a laboratory, and the resulting embryos are later placed in the uterus.
# Sexual Health/Resources
## See also

* Relationships (PDF)
** Sex
* Human Physiology
* Human Sexuality and Gender
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 30 of the Finance Act 2002

This Section raises the charge to corporation tax for the financial year beginning 1 April 2003 at 30%.
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 26 of the Finance Act 2004

This Section sets the small companies' rate for corporation tax for the financial year beginning 1 April 2004 at 19%, and the fraction for marginal relief for small companies at 11/400ths.
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 27 of the Finance Act 2004

This Section sets the starting rate for corporation tax for the financial year beginning 1 April 2004 at 0%, and the fraction for marginal relief for small companies between the starting rate and small companies' rate at 19/400ths.
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 28 of the Finance Act 2004

Subsection (1) inserts Section 13AB of ICTA, which is the legislation covering the non-corporate distribution rate.
Subsection (2) inserts Schedule A2 to ICTA, which contains the detailed rules for the non-corporate distribution rate. Subsection (3) makes a consequential amendment to the introduction of the non-corporate distribution rate.
Subsection (4) provides that the inserted provisions apply to distributions made on or after 1 April 2004. Subsection (5) deems there, where necessary, to be two separate accounting periods, one ending on 31 March 2004, the other beginning on 1 April 2004, for the purposes of this rule, with profits being allocated to the deemed accounting periods on a time basis unless that basis is unreasonable or unjust.
Subsection (5) sets the non-corporate distribution rate for the financial year beginning 1 April 2004 at 19%.
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 30 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section concerns expenditure on sea walls as part of a rental business.
Where a person incurs expenditure in the making of any sea wall or other embankment necessary for the preservation or protection of the premises against the encroachment or overflowing of the sea or any tidal river, that person will get a tax deduction when computing his rental income equal to one twenty-first of the expenditure in the year in which it has been incurred, and in each of the subsequent 20 years.
Subsection (2) provides for the benefit of this deduction to be transferred to the subsequent owners of the interest in the property that was held by the person originally incurring the expenditure.
Subsection (2A) makes sure subsection (2) works where the transferor is subject to income, rather than corporation, tax.
Subsection (3) makes it clear who the subsequent owner of the interest in the property is where that interest is a lease that comes to an end.
Subsection (4) provides that, where necessary, the deduction is time apportioned between accounting periods falling in periods of account to which the deduction applies, excluding any last accounting periods if the deduction is no longer relevant for that period.
Subsection (5) provides that the section does not apply to any expenditure for which a capital allowance is due.
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 21B of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section lists some further provisions that apply to a Schedule A business in the same way as they apply to a trade:
* Sections 103, 104, 105, 106 and 110 (post-cessation receipts and expenses, etc.);
* Section 337(1) (effect of company beginning or ceasing to carry on trade);
* section 401(1) (pre-trading expenditure);
* Section 64 of and Schedule 22 to the Finance Act 2002 (change of accounting basis).
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 21C of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section allows a Schedule A charge to arise on rental business conducted on a mutual basis. The surplus arising is treated as the Schedule A profit.
Nothing in this section affects the operation of section 488 (co-operative housing associations).