OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of video games/Platforms/PoGa
## History

PoGa was a "Portable Game Development Console Kit" The PoGa was made by 4D Systems to be an educational game console for use in developer education.

## Legacy

By July 9th, 2010 the PoGa domain name was parked.

## Technology
### GOLDELOX-PoGa

Unusually for an minor handheld of this era, the PoGa used a single chip, known as the custom "GOLDELOX-PoGa" graphics processor. This unusual choice made sense, as 4D systems also manufactures display controllers and graphics processors. The overall performance of the chip was rated at 12 Million Instructions per Second (Mips). The system included 510 bytes of RAM for 255 words. The system included 11 Kilobytes of program memory.
The system was capable of basic 3D graphics.

### Audio

Single channel audio with RTTTL support was included.

### Power

The PoGa is powered by three AAA batteries, which were not shipped with the system. The expansion port included power functions.

### Expansion

MicroSD card expansion was supported.
The PoGa could be expanded with a prototype PCB.

## Games

* PoGa Invaders - Space Invaders clone. Official example game
* PoGa Tetris - Tetris clone. Official example game.
* PoGa Lander - Lunar Lander style game. Official example game.
* PoGa Infuriator - Arkanoid clone. Official example game.

## Gallery

* PoGa with ruler for scale.
* Side view with ruler for scale.
* Component parts of the PoGa.

## References

* ↑ "4D Systems, Contact". web.archive.org. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "PoGa - Portable Game Development Console Kit - LCD-10343 - SparkFun Electronics". www.sparkfun.com. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "PoGa - Kit - PoGa - Portable Game Development Console". web.archive.org. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* ↑ "Parked Domain". web.archive.org. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* ↑ "About Us". 4dsystems.com.au. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* ↑ "PoGa Panorama + 3D". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* ↑ "PoGa Invaders". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* ↑ "PoGa Tetris". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* ↑ "PoGa Lander". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
* ↑ "PoGa Infuriator" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kNpROpava4.
# Fundamental Digital Electronics

* Number Base System
* Mathematical Operations

## Digital Electronics Components

* Logic Gates
* Combinational Gates
* Fundamental Logic Gates
* NAND Logic

## Digital Electronics Devices

* Digital Adder
* Digital Subtractor
* Digital Decoder
* Digital Encoder
* Digital Multiplexer
* Digital DeMultiplexing
* Flip Flop
* Register
* Counter

## Further reading

* Digital Electronics
* Digital Signal Processing
# Functional Analysis/Integration theory

| ←Chapter 6: C*-algebras | Functional Analysis Chapter 7: Integration theory |
# Fundamental Actuarial Mathematics
## Introduction

This wikibook is written for preparing the SOA Exam FAM. Before reading this book, you should have the knowledge of probability and financial mathematics, which are covered in the SOA Exam P and FM respectively, since those concepts are used in this book frequently. You may see Probability and Financial Math FM for learning more about probability and financial mathematics respectively.
There are two main parts in the exam FAM, namely short-term and long-term actuarial mathematics, and so this book will be divided into a short-term part and a long-term part as well.

## Table of contents
### Short-term

* Insurance and Reinsurance Coverages
* Severity, Frequency, and Aggregate Models
* Parametric and Non-Parametric Estimation (short-term)
* Introduction to Credibility
* Pricing and Reserving for Short-Term Insurance Coverages
* Option Pricing Fundamentals

### Long-term

* Insurance Coverages and Retirement Financial Security Programs
* Mortality Models
* Parametric and Non-Parametric Estimation (long-term)
* Present Value Random Variables for Long-Term Insurance Coverages
* Premium and Policy Value Calculation for Long-Term Insurance Coverages

## Bibliography

* Bowers, N.L., Gerber, H.U., Hickman, J.C., Jones, D.A. and Nesbitt, C.J. (1997). Actuarial Mathematics (2nd ed.). The Society of Actuaries. ISBN 9780938959465.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
* Dickson, C.M.D., Hardy, M.R., and Waters, H.R. (2020). Actuarial Mathematics for Life Contingent Risks (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107044074.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
# GCSE Science/Parallel and series circuits answers
## Answers to practice questions on series circuits

* Q1)Let R$_1$ = 2Ω, R$_2$= 3Ω, and V=5V what is the voltage across R$_1$ and R$_2$ ?
* The total resistance =5Ω
* So the current is = 1A
* Apply Ohm's law to each resistor in turn gives:
       V$_1$ = 2V
       V$_2$ = 3V
* Q2)Let R$_1$ = 3Ω, R$_2$= 3Ω, and V=6V what is the voltage across R$_1$ and R$_2$ ?
* The total resistance is 6V
* The current is therefore 1A
       V$_1$ = 3V
       V$_2$ = 3V
* Q3)Let R$_1$ = 2Ω, V=5V and I= 1A what is the value of resistor R$_2$ ?
* The total resistance = V/I
       =5/1
       = 5Ω
So R$_2$ = 3Ω

## Answers to Questions on Parallel Circuits

* Q4)You disconnect one of the bulbs, does the other stay lit?
Yes it does.
* Q5)You reconnect the disconnected bulb, does the other dim or brighten?
Ideally it should not make any difference. The brightness of the lit bulb should remain the same. (In practice the bulb will probably dim a tiny bit because of the internal resistance of the battery, but that's more advanced than this course)
* Q6)Would it be reasonable to say "each branch of the circuit behaves as if the other branch weren't there" ?
It certainly would.
* Q7) Calculate the resistance of the above pair of resistors if they had been in series rather than parallel.
R$_1$ + R$_2$ = 1 + 1 = 2 Ω
* Q8) A parallel circuit has two resistors, one is 2 Ω the other is 3Ω what is the total resistance of the circuit?
Let the Voltage be V.
From Ohm's Law
    current I$_1$ = V/2 A
    current I$_2$ = V/3 A
So the total Current I = V/2+V/3
          = V(1/2 +1/3)
          = V (5/6)
Now we Apply Ohm's Law to the circuit again only this time using the total current so that we know what the total resistance is-
R = V/I
    = V/{V(5/6)}
    = 1/(5/6) We cancel the V's
    = 6/5 To divide by a fraction, turn it upside down and multiply
* Q9) Three resistors are in parallel (three separate branches) their resistances are 2Ω,2Ω and 3 Ω what is the resistance of the circuit?
Rather than going through the whole procedure for Q8 again we note that -
1/R = 1/R$_1$ + 1/R$_2$ + 1/R$_3$
    = 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/3
    = 4/3
So R = 3/4 Ω
# GCSE Science/Plant sensitivity and transport

Plant sensitivity involves the plant making auxins which are growth hormones. Secreted at a special part of the plant depending on plant sensitivity. In terms of geotropism - sensitivity to gravity , the plant stem grows upwards (negative tropism) and plant root downwards (positive tropism) Phototropism - sensitivity to sun light as plants all need sunlight to photosynthesize , plant grows towards the sunlight meaning that auxins are secreted in large quantities on the side where less light , creating a bend on stem , as an unbalanced growth growing towards light.
# GCSE Science/Parallel and series circuits revision questions

WHEN THE VOLTAGE INCREASES, WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE CURRENT? How is voltage calculated in series and parallel circuits?
how do you change the amount of electrons going round the circuit?
# GCSE Science/Radioactivity

A radioactive substance is one which has an unstable nucleus and gives out radiation to try to become stable. This is also known as radioactive decay. Radioactivity is a completely random process. This means that you cannot predict when an unstable nucleus will decay. It's completely unaffected by physical conditions such as temperature.
Radioactivity is defined as the spontaneous disintegration or decay of some elements with the emission of alpha, beta and gamma radiations.
Radioactive elements are elements that disintegrate by emitting radiations capable of ionising air molecules or any matter through which they pass. There are two types of radioactive elements – natural and artificial radioactive elements. The natural radioactive elements include uranium, radium, thorium, Plutonium. The artificial radioactive elements are cobalt-60, iodine-131, and sulphur-35.
# GCSE Science/Rates of Reactions

Faster reaction rates are achieved by increasing the probability of a successful collision. Particles require a certain level of energy, called activation energy or E$_A$ before a successful collision can occur.
Ways to measure rate of reaction: - measure volume of gas evolved at regular time intervals - measure rate of decrease in mass of reactant - measure time taken for a precipitate to appear
Rates of reaction are based on five factors:
1. Concentration of substance 2. Pressure 3. Temperature 4. Catalyst 5. Surface area (per volume ratio)
1. Concentration of reactant Increased concentration of reactants = Increased rate of reaction As the concentration of reactants increases, the number of reactant particles per unit area increases. This in turn increases the chances of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction.
2. Pressure Increased pressure = increased rate of reaction This generally applies for gases only. When there is an increase in pressure, the volume containing the same number of particles is decreased and this increases the chances of successful collisions. Thus the rate of reaction is increased.
3. Temperature Increased temperature = increased rate of reaction The molecules gain kinetic energy and move at a faster speed. Increased chances of successful collisions leading to a faster rate of reaction. More molecules may also attain activation energy and the number of successful collisions also increases. Thus increased temperature leads to a faster rate of reaction.
4. Catalyst Use of catalyst increases rate of reaction. A catalyst lowers the activation energy and so more particles can attain activation energy, thus a faster rate of reaction. Only a small amount of catalyst is required. Increasing the amount of catalyst used will not increase the rates of reaction beyond a certain point.
5. Surface area Increased surface area = increased rate of reaction A larger surface area per volume ratio increases the areas of contact between reactant particles. This increases the chances of successful collisions. Thus the rate of reaction is increased.
# Horn/Repertoire

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Etudes
* Music for Unaccompanied Horn
* Music for Horn and Piano
* Music for Horn and Vocals
* Sonatas
* Concertos
* Music for Horn Ensembles
* Music for Woodwind Quintets
* Music for Brass Quintets
* Chamber Music
* Music for Multiple Horns and Orchestra
* Orchestral Audition Excerpts
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
The horn has a very wide variety of music written specifically for it. Its relatively great range and dynamic contrast has allowed composers to write music of many styles for it.
The Horn WikiBook, due to copyright law, cannot include actual music for each and every piece of music listed.
# Horn/General

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* History
* Acoustical Theory
* Types of Horns and Mouthpieces
* Notable Performers and Recording Artists
* Fingering Chart
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors

## "French" horn?

The International Horn Society recommended in 1971 that the instrument be recognized in English simply as "the horn". No other language includes a nationalistic reference for the name of the instrument. Here are a few examples of the name of the instrument in other languages:
* French: Cor d'harmonie
* Spanish, Italian: Trompa, Corno
* German: Horn
* Hebrew: Keren Yaar
* Mandarin: Yuan Hao

## Terminology

* Mouthpiece: A detachable piece of metal which comes in contact with the player's lips. A large number of different mouthpieces can be bought, each with a unique rim width, cup diameter, cup width and bore size. Mouthpieces can be made to be silver- or gold-plated. Typically, silver is for firm, dry contact and gold is for loose, wet contact.
* Lead-pipe: The pipe of which air enters from the mouthpiece and flows toward the main tuning slide.
* Valves: Keys which can be depressed to change the total length of the instrument.
* Pinky-ring: The curved piece of metal which the pinky-finger is placed in to help hold up the instrument. (Note: Some horn players have modified their horns and replaced the pinky-ring with another device that puts less stress on the pinky, allowing the rest of the hand to be more flexible)
* Bell: The large opening of which the right-hand is placed in and sound emerges from.
# Horn/General/History

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* History
* Acoustical Theory
* Types of Horns and Mouthpieces
* Notable Performers and Recording Artists
* Fingering Chart
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
The horn's earliest known ancestor is a Norse battle horn, which was used as early as the 13th century has a shape more like a tuba. Sometime in the 16th century, this instrument migrated into France, and a modified version shaped more like the horn we know of today (with tubing that runs in a circle and a flared bell) appeared, and was used for signalling during hunting. This horn had a high, clear pitch that could carry for long distances, but its sound was harsh and not fit for a concert hall. In the late 17th century, Count Anton von Sprock, an eccentric German noble, heard the horn played during a hunt, and paid for a couple of people to be trained in the instrument. This began the horn's transition to a concert instrument.
The horn gradually was modified, through introduction tubing that got wider the farther it got from the mouthpiece and through modification of the metals that were used to make the horn, and transitioned into the Natural Horn. The Natural Horn was originally just used for as a special addition to the orchestra, but during the early 1700s composers began to include horn parts in most pieces, and the Horn became a part of the standard orchestra. The main difference between the Natural Horn and the modern Horn was lack of valves.
Since the Horn's partials are so close together, it is possible to get many different notes without modification of the instrument's length through valves. However, the Natural Horn could only be played in one key, and to avoid having to switch instruments in the middle of a concert, players began using crooks, which were pieces of tubing that the hornist would attach to the lead pipe, changing the length and modifying the key. The valves were invented in the early 19th century, and as early as the 1820s valves were integrated into Horns.
However, at this point the only valve that was used was the Piston Valve, similar to the valves of the Modern trumpet. On the horn, these valves were very awkward, and did not gain very many supporters. In the 1860s, though, the rotary valve was invented. These proved to be a much better match for the Horn, and they are still used today. Using valves produces a slightly different sound, though, so for older pieces many players still use Natural Horns.
Horn players switched to the valve very slowly. Even halfway into the 20th century, some schools mandated study of Natural Horn, and refused to accept valved horn players. However, at this point all Conservatories will train students to use the valved horn, although some still require students to learn Natural Horn along with the Valved Horn.
# Horn/General/Players/Dennis Brain

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* History
* Acoustical Theory
* Types of Horns and Mouthpieces
* Notable Performers and Recording Artists
* Fingering Chart
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
Dennis Brain was born into an already-famous horn-playing family in 1921. His father, Aubrey, his uncle, Alfred Jr., and his grandfather, Alfred Sr. all played professionally. Brain began his career by playing second to his father. For a time after WWII, Brain led the horn sections in the Philharmonia and Royal Philharmonic. Brain made several solo recordings, including the Strauss and Mozart horn concertos.
Brain died in a car accident while returning to London from the Edinburgh Festival. It is unfortunate that the world lost a great horn player at such a young age.
# Horn/General/Acoustics

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* History
* Acoustical Theory
* Types of Horns and Mouthpieces
* Notable Performers and Recording Artists
* Fingering Chart
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
Acoustics
# Horn/General/Fingering Chart

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* History
* Acoustical Theory
* Types of Horns and Mouthpieces
* Notable Performers and Recording Artists
* Fingering Chart
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
The horn spans four plus octaves depending on the player and uses both the treble and bass clefs. In this chart it is assumed the player is using a double-horn with F and Bb sides. The number 1 indicates that the index-finger valve should be depressed, the number 2 indicates that the middle-finger valve should be depressed and the number 3 indicates that the ring-finger valve should be depressed. There are eight possible valve combinations among the first, second and third valves: 0, 1, 2, 3, 1-2, 1-3, 2-3, and 1-2-3. However, there are effectively seven combinations, because 1-2 will produce the same notes, perhaps slightly out of tune, as 3 alone. One depresses the thumb key to use the Bb side of the horn. Note that it can be difficult to listen for what note is being played.
# Horn/General/Players

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* History
* Acoustical Theory
* Types of Horns and Mouthpieces
* Notable Performers and Recording Artists
* Fingering Chart
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
There have been many great horn players over the years. Here are some virtuosos who have influenced many horn players after them.
* Friedrich Adolph Borsdorf (1854-1923)
* Dennis Brain (1921-1957)
* Alan Civil (1929-1989)
* Philip Farkas (1914-1992)
* Friedrich Gumpert (1841-1906)
* Joseph Ignaz Leutgeb (1745-1811)
* Eduard Constantin and Joseph Rodolphe Lewy (1796-1846), (1802-1881)
* Max Pottag (1876-1970)
* Giovanni Punto (1746-1803)
* Karl Stiegler (1876-1932)
* Franz Strauss (1822-1905)
* Emil Wipperich (1854-1917)
* Dale Clevenger
* Hector McDonald (born 1952)
* John Cerminaro (born 1947)
* Hermann Baumann (born 1934)
* Michael Thompson (born 1954)
* Barry Tuckwell (born 1931)
# Horn/Glossary

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
Contents: C G I P

## C
### Concerto

    (plural concertos or concerti) usually refers to a musical work in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra. The concerto, as understood in this modern way, arose in the Baroque period side by side with the concerto grosso, which contrasted a small group of instruments with the rest of the orchestra. While the concerto grosso is confined to the Baroque period, the solo concerto has continued as a vital musical force to this day.

## G
### Genre

    (French: "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-)) is a loose set of criteria for a category of composition.

## I
### Instrumentation

    in the context of this Wikibook refers to the combinations and properties of instruments and/or voices used in a piece of music.

## P
### Premiere

    (French: "first") generally means a first public performance of a piece of music.
# Horn/Introduction

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
The Horn WikiBook was begun on November 24, 2004. It is continuously updated by several authors and is never considered fully complete. The purpose of this book is to inform the reader as to what the horn is, how to make music with it, and provide relevant musical literature.
Per the GNU Free Documentation License, you may freely distribute and reproduce this book. Should this book be copied across the Internet or printed to hardcopy, the authors would appreciate the following:
* Mentioning Wikibooks as the source
* A functioning link back to this book (for printed versions: listing the authors)
* A statement that the text is available under the GNU Free Documentation License
* A machine-readable version (only required for printed versions if making more than 100 copies)
We hope you enjoy learning about the greatest instrument of them all. Please add to and modify the contents of this book.
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/friend
## Example sentences

* 佢係我個friend。
** He/she is my friend.
* 佢地好friend。
** They are very friendly.
# Resulting trusts

The traditional dichotomy of resulting trusts is laid down in Vandervell's Trusts (No 2) by Megarry J, automatic resulting trusts and presumed resulting trusts. The former emerges automatically when the elements of an express trust is not satisfied, whereas the latter is predicated on the presumed intention of the transferor.

# References

* ↑ [1974] Ch 269 (Eng HC)
* ↑ Riches, Judith (2017). Equity and Trusts: A Problem-Based Approach. Routledge. p. 212.
# Horn

* Introduction
* General Information
** History
** Acoustical Theory
** Types of Horns and Mouthpieces
** Notable Performers and Recording Artists
** Fingering Chart
* Playing Technique
** Posture and Use of Body
** Right Hand Usage
** Breathing and Moving Air
** Embouchure and Facial Musculature
** Articulating Notes
** Playing Dynamics
** Mutes
** Reading Music
** Transposing Music
** Miscellaneous Techniques
** Playing with Other Musicians
* Repertoire
** Etudes
** Music for Unaccompanied Horn
** Music for Horn and Piano
** Music for Horn and Vocals
** Sonatas
** Concertos
** Music for Horn Ensembles
** Music for Woodwind Quintets
** Music for Brass Quintets
** Chamber Music
** Music for Multiple Horns and Orchestra
** Orchestral Audition Excerpts
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/juicy
## Example sentences

* D烤肉好juicy。
** The roast meat is juicy.
* D燒鴨又脆又juicy。
** The roast duck is crispy and juicy.
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Introduction

Hong Kong Cantonese is a kind of Cantonese. Over through these years, Hong Kong Cantonese has also absorbed other foreign terminology and developed a large set of Hong Kong-specific terms. Code-switching with English is also common, due to a reason as things are the result of British rule between 1841 and 1997, as well as the closure of the Hong Kong–mainland China border immediately after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. So, it is mixed with a lot of loanwords especially English because Hong Kong was a British colony.
# Horn/Authors

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* Playing Technique
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors
* Horndude77 - Began project.
* Ross Uber - Done some, with a great deal of sources derived from the hard work of Professor David G. Elliott
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/special
## Example sentences

* 幾special喎。
** It is quite special.
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/sure
## Example sentences

* 你係唔係sure㗎？
** Are you sure?
* 我唔sure喎。
** I am not sure.
# Hong Kong Cantonese/Examples/up
## Example sentences

* 我都唔知佢up乜。
** I don't know what he/she says.
# Game of Games/Materials/Fact Sheet

“Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.” $_{MarcusAurelius(Meditations)}$
| Established By | Certainty |
| Player | Tokens Invested |
| Player 2 | |
| Player | |