OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Phellodendron amurense

Phellodendron amurense (Amur corktree) is a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae) from northeastern Asia.

## Invasiveness ranking for Phellodendron amurense (Amur corktree)

Phellodendron amurense (Amur corktree) was ranked in 2008 as highly invasive with a score of 75/100 = 75%.
The NYS invasive species tier is 4 (local control), and the Finger Lakes tier is 2 (eradication).
Prohibited by New York State law.

### 1. Ecological impact (/)

1.1. Impact on Natural Ecosystem Processes and System-Wide Parameters:
1.2. Impact on Natural Community Structure:
1.3. Impact on Natural Community Composition:
1.4. Impact on other species or species groups:

### 2. Biological characteristics and dispersal ability (/)

2.1. Mode and rate of reproduction
2.2 Innate potential for long-distance dispersal:
2.3. Potential to be spread by human activities:
2.4. Characteristics that increase competitive advantage:
2.5. Growth vigor:
2.6. Germination/Regeneration:
2.7. Other species in the genus invasive in New York or elsewhere:

### 3. Ecological amplitude and distribution (/)

3.1. Density of stands in natural areas in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada:
3.2. Number of habitats the species may invade:
3.3. Role of disturbance in establishment:
3.4. Climate in native range:
3.5. Current introduced distribution in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada:
3.6. Current introduced distribution of the species in natural areas in the 8 NY PRISMs:

### 4. Difficulty of control (/)

4.1. Seed banks:
4.2. Vegetative regeneration:
4.3. Level of effort required:

### References for invasiveness ranking

* ↑ M.J. Jordan, G. Moore & T.W. Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY; The Nature Conservancy, Albany, NY. Phellodendron amurense assessed by Jinshuang Ma; Gerry Moore, November 19, 2008.
* ↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: Phellodendron amurense. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program
* ↑ New York Codes, Rules and Regulations, Title 6 Section 575.3 - Prohibited invasive species

## Observations of ssss (ccc) at the SCA

The following photographs and corresponding iNaturalist observations of tttt were made at or very near the Skaneateles Conservation Area. Click on images to enlarge and read details on Wikimedia Commons or on the "iNat obs" links to view the corresponding observations at iNaturalist.
* tttt, Skaneateles Conservation Area, dd mmm yyyy. iNat obs
* File:Tttttt SCA-yymmdd nn.jpg
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/RAC Attack 12cR2

RAC Attack version 11g RAC Attack version 12cR1
Free Educational Content for Oracle Real Application Clusters A Project of the Oracle Professional Community

## Book Contents (e)

    Overview
    Events
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware Requirements
* Software Components
* Prepare Host
* Install Linux
* Create Cluster
* Install Grid Infrastructure
* Install Database Software
* Create Database

##### Part I still in development phase
#### Part IV: RAC Attack on steroids
##### Part IV still in development phase
## Overview

RAC Attack is a free curriculum and platform for hands-on learning labs related to Oracle RAC (cluster database), motivated by the belief that the best way to learn RAC is through lots of hands-on experience. The original contributors were Jeremy Schneider, Dan Norris and Parto Jalili. This curriculum has been used since 2008 by organizers of events, by instructors in classes and by individuals at home. Its goal is to help students learn about Oracle RAC cluster databases through guided examples.
RAC Attack differs in depth from other tutorials currently available.
* Every keystroke and mouse click is carefully documented here.
* The process is covered from the very beginning to the very end - from the very first installation of the Virtual Hypervisor on your laptop to various experiments on your running cluster database... with everything in between.
* The labs in the main workbook have been tested thoroughly and repeatedly.
To learn about upcoming RAC Attack events or to organize one yourself, visit the Events page. You can use the shortcut http://racattack.org/events to access this page at any time.

## 12cR2 Overview

The 12cR2 version of RAC Attack is being written collaboratively by many authors all around the world.

## Architecture

To better understand the RAC Installation, this picture illustrates the architecture that is implemented when following the book.

## IP Addresses

In order to install a fully functional RAC, the following IP addresses are required:
* 2 public IPs, one for each node, for the primary OS network interface
* 2 public IPs, one for each node, for the Virtual IP
* 3 public IPs, one for each SCAN listener
* 2 private IPs, one for each node, for the cluster private interconnect
In the book, the public addresses belong to the network 192.168.78.0/24, and the private addresses belong to the network 172.16.100.0/24.

## Technical choices

The book aims to provide instructions as simple as possible to get a basic RAC installation on your laptop. There are many, many advanced topologies and topics that are not covered here. If you are curious about technical possibilities, just ask a volunteer, he/she will be glad to explain you something more.
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/RAC Attack Automation/Advanced uses

Free Educational Content for Oracle Real Application Clusters A Project of the Oracle Professional Community
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/RAC Backups and Recovery
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery
Prev: RAC SQL and PLSQL

## RAC Backups and Recovery

* Setup Backups
* Flashback Database
* Block Change Tracking
* Archived Logs
* Database Backups
* Database Recovery
Next: Home
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/RAC Install
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery
Prev: Grid Install (ASM or Shared Filesystem)

## RAC Install

* Install Database Software
Next: Create Database
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/RAC SQL and PLSQL
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery
Prev: Services, Failover and Load Balancing

## RAC SQL and PLSQL

* Install Runstats
* Sequence Test
* Parallel Query Test
* Scheduler Test
* File Test
Next: RAC Backups and Recovery
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Rolling Patches
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery
Prev: Create Database

## Rolling Patches

* Patching Grid and Database Software
Next: Clusterware Testing
# Roblox Game Development/Changing Properties
## Introduction

What you are going to learn:
Learn about common Properties for the class object called "Part" and how to use them.
We will learn about several common properties.
Also note that the code provided below is meant only for one to learn about how they work. It is more effective to use the building tools to apply the properties below instead of making scripts for each part that needs properties.

## Transparency

Transparency is the clearness of a shape. The Property of Transparency is a Number Value. An example of this is the number 2. Any number for the Transparency property can be changed into any number property. However anything over the value of one would remain the same in the physical world as invisible. Transparency can be useful for creating things such as windows or invisible barriers.
Here is a small scale of Transparency:
The greater the value between 0 to 1, the more transparent the Part gets. The number 0 is related to the Part being completely visible to the user in a game. The number value 1 means that the Part would be Completely Invisible in the game.
Example Insert a Part inside Workspace if you're on Roblox Studio now please.
Let's say there is the class object called "Part" in your Workspace and we want to change the transparency of the Part. Here is how we do it:
game.Workspace.Part.Transparency = 1
This is the line of code we need to achieve what we want to be done.
game.Workspace.Part gives you access to the Part that is in Workspace. All you have to do is add on Transparency and set it's value to the number value "1" so it will become invisible.
Now run the script.
If it was successful you have completed learning about transparency.
A second method is to use the “transparency” field in a part’s Properties menu, simply type a value from 0-1 to change the transparency.

## Anchored

Anchored is a state when a part is “stuck” together with other anchored parts to prevent them from falling apart in gameplay. Normally, simply building by stacking and placing parts on top of each other will only result in parts to sit loosely together, and as such can be manipulated through normal physics means like bumping into it, but anchoring will prevent this. Anchoring is useful when making objects that shouldn’t be easily moved around, such as houses and background props/scenery like trees.
The Anchored property requires two Boolean values called true and false.
Example:
game.Workspace.Part.Anchored = true
The class object in workspace is set.

## BrickColor

The BrickColor property requires hues or color names to be put in after "BrickColor.New"
Example:
workspace.part.BrickColor=BrickColor.new([Hue])
# River Fishing/Seasonal Rivers

In the northeast united states, smaller streams spend much of the year around 50°F. They lack the powerful currents needed to gauge deep pools in the bedrock. Most of the year these smaller waters are optimal for trout during the fall-spring seasons. Trout populations are often heavily stocked. However, once the summer begins, temperatures rise. Abundant insect life, from its many shallow reaches, offer good minnow populations and warm-water fish cautiously push upstream. By early summer a considerable diversity of game fish can lie in a smaller stream that had nothing but trout in early spring. This water can be considered a 'seasonal' river since it hosts similar fisheries than a much larger river. Care must also be taken to gauge temperature in these waters. Game fish and trout in particular are harmed and stressed more easily in the presence of heat. Naturally being a smaller body of water temperatures rise quicker.

## Differences with Rivers

There are some similarities in fishing seasonal rivers. Fisheries have similar needs and preferences on all waters and often react similar ways to current and food. However, Fishing these smaller waters does call for a similar yet different approach. Listed in some dominant differences.
# River Fishing/Small Food
## What are a small food eaters?

These are fish that consume small organisms in the ecology. As a group these fish are very common and often form large schools or groups. There can be surprisingly aggressive and often will feed on a great variety of food. They are preyed upon heavily and usually adapt to predators by staying in shallow water, utilizing cover (such as rocks and downed trees), and staying in schools. While there is a great diversity of fish that exist in this ecological niche...
# Roblox Game Development/Contents

This book is divided into the following chapters:

## Introduction

    This chapter introduces ROBLOX, gives some history, explains how the website works and describes the ROBLOX studio. Readers who have already used ROBLOX should still read this chapter, as it contains important information.

## Game design

    This chapter introduces the reader to effective game design, utilizing features that can specifically be used on ROBLOX.

## Game engine

    This chapter explains to the reader how the ROBLOX engine works. It leads the reader to understand how the ROBLOX platform works.

## Game code

    This chapter presents to the reader the structure of the ROBLOX API and explains to him how it can be manipulated to make games interactive.
# Roblox Game Development/Cover

File:Roblox Game Development Cover.png
# Roblox Game Development/Data persistence

Data persistence usually refers in programming to data structures that preserve the previous version of themselves when modified. On ROBLOX, data persistence instead refers to a mechanism put in place that allows games to save data about a player in a database and to load that data later from another game server for the same game. The current data persistence mechanism, which there are plans to extend, can only save data that is said to be per-game per-player, in the sense that saved data about a player can only be loaded from the game from which it comes in a game server where the player is present. Data persistence is usually used to preserve a part of the user experience from one game server to another: if a player leaves a paintball game and later joins it again in another server, data persistence could be used to preserve statistics such as the number of times he has won versus the number of times he has lost.
There are various usages of data persistence, but most are related to preserving user experience. It is not currently possible to save data about the game itself that can be loaded at any moment.
# Structural Biochemistry/Light Reaction
## Overview

Light Reaction converts light to ATP and NADPH, an electron carrier. This reaction occurs in the thylakoid, and it requires visible light for the chlorophyll (a type of molecule known as pigment that absorbs light) to absorb all visible light except for green. Chlorophyll are organized in the thylakoid membrane (in the photosystems).
Then the electron gains energy from light and jumps up to a higher electron shell; this excited state is unstable and temporary, and so it jumps back to the original position. As it returns to its ground state, it gives off energy in the form of heat, and this heat is then absorbed by a neighboring chlorophyll, which passes on the heat to another neighboring chlorophyll and so on until the heat reaches the reaction center chlorophyll. At this point, the reaction center chlorophyll's electron gets excited and passed on to the primary electron acceptor, and the reaction center chlorophyll results with a missing electron that is regained from H2O (electron donor). Before this stage, H2O is converted to 2e- + 2H + 1/2 O2 and this is how it is able to donate an electron. The primary electron acceptor now has an extra electron, which is donated to the electron transport chain that has H+ pumping. The ATP synthase pumps the H+ back in to the stroma and converts ADP + P → ATP. All of this occurs in Photosystem II. Then, the final electron acceptor is the reaction center chlorophyll of PhotoSystem I. PS I receives an electron from PS II, and the primary electron acceptor of PS I donates the electron to another electron transport chain. This electron transport chain has no H+ pumping and no ATP; instead, it generates NADPH from NADP+. Thus, the purpose of the light reaction is to convert light to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
There are three steps in converting Light energy to ATP and NADPH
* To capture the light energy from the sun
* Undergo Photosystem II and I to convert ATP and NADPH
* The converted ATP and NADPH is used to reduce CO2 to sugar
The photosystems undergo in the internal membrane called Thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane is membrane full of collections of pigments and proteins. There are four types of pigments they are: chlorophylls, carotenes, xanthophylls and phycobilins. The light reaction uses the light power to create ATP and NADPH2 to provide reducing energy to undergo the chemical reaction to reduce the CO2 to sugar.

## References

* ↑ http://dirac.ruc.dk/~thm/thylakoid.html
* ↑ http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/LightReactions.html
# Structural Biochemistry/Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals

Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) is the sum of atomic wave functions that lead to the formation of molecular orbitals.

## Parameters

-The symmetry of the orbitals must have the same sign overlap
-The energy of the atomic orbitals must be smaller
-The distance between the atoms must be short enough to provide good overlap of the orbitals.
The Linear combination of atomic orbitals are essential for molecular orbital understanding and building the molecular orbital diagram. The Linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO are tools that have described groups of orbitals as linear combinations of basic functions. The LCAO helps us understand symmetry of a molecule and how the ligands surround the center.

## s Orbital Bonding

s Orbital bonding is when their two electron clouds overlap and merge into a large molecular electron cloud. This results in a linear combination of the atomic orbitals. Bond order is defined by
    ${\text{B.O.}}={\frac {{\text{number of bonding electrons}}-{\text{number of antibonding electrons}}}{2}}\$
This has to be positive in order for a stable bond to be created. The overall number of bonding and antibonding electrons determine the number of bonds
Bonding molecular orbital is where both atomic wave functions contribute, which has a lower energy than the original atomic orbitals Antibonding molecular orbital is the cancellation of waves functions, at a higher energy than the original atomic orbitals. Nonbonding molecular orbital is when the orbital of one atom has a symmetry that does not match the orbital of any other atoms

## p Orbital Bonding

p Orbital bonding occurs when the two orbitals overlap, the overlapping regions have the same sign. As a result, the sum of the two orbitals has an increased electron probability in the overlap region. The overlap of two opposite signs leads to a node of zero electron density. As a result, the orbitals of Px, Py, and Pz are to be considered separately.

## d Orbital Bonding

The transition metals bond in a similar way as p orbitals, but results in Dyz, Dz^2, Dyz, Dxz, Dx^2-y^2, and Dxy. The Dxz and Dyz orbitals form pie bonds. The Dx^2-y^2 and Dxy orbitals are collinear to the z axis and form delta bonds. The Dz^2 orbital forms a sigma bond.

## Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic compounds are attracted by an external magnetic field due to one or more unpaired elections that are attracted to the magnetic field Diamagnetic compounds are not attracted by an external magnetic field because all the electrons are paired. This can have profound effects on metal compounds.

## Reference

Miessler, Gary. Inorganic Chemistry. 4th Edition.
* ↑ Linear combinations of atomic orbitals, November 14th, 2012.
# Structural Biochemistry/Lipid activation of protein kinases

Lipids regulate the amplitude, duration, and subcellular location of signaling by lipid second messenger responsive kinases. Generally, this activation is regulated by membrane targeting modules that regulate the function of kinase domains within the same polypeptide. Protein kinase C (PKC) acts as the primary lipid-regulated kinase, providing a prototype for lipid-controlled kinase activation that is followed by kinases throughout the kinome, such as Akt (Protein Kinase B).
Cellular membranes form a platform of intense signaling activity. Acting as the site where extracellular signals are first received by the cell, they not only recruit and activate effector molecules, but they also provide an initiation to the activated effector molecules throughout the cell. Protein kinases possess an extremely common class of effector molecules that transduce signals, coming from the plasma membrane. These kinases can be found in the plasma membrane, illustrated by the tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, or can be either soluble or amphipathic membrane proteins that translocate on and off cellular membranes in response to appropriate signals. Soluble proteins are found by membranes through protein scaffolds, but there are amphipathic membrane kinases whose members directly bind lipid second messengers through specific membrane targeting modules.
For PKC, The interaction of the membrane-targeting modules on the membrane, with high affinity, produces a conformational change that releases an auto-inhibitory pseudosubstrate segment from the substrate-binding cavity, allowing substrate binding and downstream signaling. This active conformation depends on lipid binding. In the case of Akt, engaging the PH domain on membranes serves the purpose of allowing priming phosphorylations of Akt. Once phosphorylated at two key positions, Akt is locked in an active conformation, and, unlike PKC, activity is independent of lipid binding. On the other hand, activity is regulated by the phosphorylation state of Akt. Therefore, lipids control the activity of a phosphorylated PKC, an event that dissociates Akt activity from lipid binding.
Lipid second messengers relay an abundance of signals that control cell growth and survival. Direct binding of protein kinases to these lipid second messengers serves as a first step to transduce information into the cell. The activity of these kinases is regulated and deregulation of this activity results in pathological states such as cancer.
Source: http://newtonlab.ucsd.edu/documents/Newtonreview2009.pdf