# Gothic/2/Declension
## Gothic Nouns

Gothic nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. All Gothic nouns change their ending depending on the case and gender. To further simplify Gothic nouns, we can put them into groups that share the same ending. These groups are called noun declensions. Gothic noun declensions are divided into seven distinct groups: a-declensions, o-declensions, i-declensions, u-declensions, r-declensions, and weak declensions. There is also a class of minor declensions.

### The a-declension

The Gothic a-declension consists of masculine and neuter nouns. This class corresponds to the Latin and Greek second declension (Latin -us, -um; Greek ος, ον). Furthermore, this class is subdivided into pure a-stems, ja-stems, and wa-stems.

#### Pure a-stems

| Case | dags, dagōs day m. | dags, dagōs day m. | dags, dagōs day m. | dags, dagōs day m. | waúrd, waúrda word n. | waúrd, waúrda word n. | waúrd, waúrda word n. | waúrd, waúrda word n. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | dags | –s | dagōs | –ōs | waúrd | – | waúrda | –a |
| Accusative (Vocative) | dag | – | dagans | –ans | waúrd | – | waúrda | –a |
| Genitive | dagis | –is | dagē | –ē | waúrdis | –is | waúrdē | –ē |
| Dative | daga | –a | dagam | –am | waúrda | –a | waúrdam | –am |

#### Ja-stems

Ja-stems decline the same as pure a-stems, but with a -j preceding. Within the ja-stems, a distinction is made between those with a long syllable and those with a short syllable.
| Case | harjis, harjōs army m. | harjis, harjōs army m. | harjis, harjōs army m. | harjis, harjōs army m. | haírdeis, haírdjōs herdsman m. | haírdeis, haírdjōs herdsman m. | haírdeis, haírdjōs herdsman m. | haírdeis, haírdjōs herdsman m. | kuni, kunja race n. | kuni, kunja race n. | kuni, kunja race n. | kuni, kunja race n. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | harjis | –jis | harjōs | –jōs | haírdeis | –eis | haírdjōs | –jōs | kuni | -i | kunja | –ja |
| Accusative (Vocative) | hari | -i | harjans | –jans | haírdi | -i | haírdjans | –jans | kuni | -i | kunja | –ja |
| Genitive | harjis | –jis | harjē | –jē | haírdeis | –eis | haírdjē | –jē | kunjis | –jis | kunjē | –jē |
| Dative | harja | –ja | harjam | –jam | haírdja | –ja | haírdjam | –jam | kunja | –ja | kunjam | –jam |

#### Wa-stems

Wa-stems nouns decline just like pure a-stems, but with -w.
| Case | þius, þiwōs servant m. | þius, þiwōs servant m. | þius, þiwōs servant m. | þius, þiwōs servant m. | kniu, kniwa knee n. | kniu, kniwa knee n. | kniu, kniwa knee n. | kniu, kniwa knee n. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | þius | –s | þiwōs | –ōs | kniu | – | kniwa | –a |
| Accusative (Vocative) | þiu | – | þiwans | –ans | kniu | – | kniwa | –a |
| Genitive | þiwis | –is | þiwē | –ē | kniwis | –is | kniwē | –ē |
| Dative | þiwa | –a | þiwam | –am | kniwa | –a | kniwam | –am |

### O-stems

This declension only contains feminine nouns and corresponds to the Latin and Greek first declension (Latin -a, -am; Greek -η, ην). Just like a-stems, it is subdivided into pure o-stems, jo-stems, and wo-stems.

#### Pure O-stems

| Case | giba, gibōs gift f. | giba, gibōs gift f. | giba, gibōs gift f. | giba, gibōs gift f. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative-Accusative | giba | –a | gibōs | –ōs |
| Genitive | gibōs | –ōs | gibō | –ō |
| Dative | gibái | –ái | gibōm | –ōm |

#### Jo-stems

Jo-stems decline just like pure o-stems, but with -j. Short stem jo-stems decline the same as pure o-stems.
Long syllable jo-stem have a different nominative singular ending in -i:
| Case | bandi, bandjōs band f. | bandi, bandjōs band f. | bandi, bandjōs band f. | bandi, bandjōs band f. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | bandi | –i | bandjōs | –jōs |
| Accusative | bandja | –ja | bandjōs | –jōs |
| Genitive | bandjōs | –jōs | bandjō | –jō |
| Dative | bandjái | –jái | bandjōm | –jōm |

#### Wo-stems

Wo-stems decline just like pure o-stems.

### I-Declension

The i-declension contains both masculine and feminine nouns.
| Case | gasts, gastis stranger, guest m. | gasts, gastis stranger, guest m. | gasts, gastis stranger, guest m. | gasts, gastis stranger, guest m. | qēns, qēneis wife f. | qēns, qēneis wife f. | qēns, qēneis wife f. | qēns, qēneis wife f. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | gasts | –s | gasteis | –eis | qēns | –s | qēneis | –eis |
| Accusative (Vocative) | gast | – | gastins | –ins | qēn | – | qēnins | –ins |
| Genitive | gastis | –is | gastē | –ē | qēnáis | –áis | qēnē | –ē |
| Dative | gasta | –a | gastim | –im | qēnái | –ái | qēnim | –im |
Abstract nouns ending in -eins are declined like feminine i-stem nouns.
| Case | láiseins, láiseinōs doctrine f. | láiseins, láiseinōs doctrine f. | láiseins, láiseinōs doctrine f. | láiseins, láiseinōs doctrine f. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | láiseins | –s | láiseinōs | –ōs |
| Accusative | láisein | – | láiseinins | –ins |
| Genitive | láiseináis | –áis | láiseinō | –ō |
| Dative | láiseinái | –ái | láiseinim | –im |

### U-Declension

The u-declension contains all genders. Both masculine and feminine nouns decline the same. Only a few neuter u-declension nouns are extant and no plural exist.
| Case | sunus, sunjus son m. | sunus, sunjus son m. | sunus, sunjus son m. | sunus, sunjus son m. | faíhu property n. | faíhu property n. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular |
| Nominative | sunus | –us | sunjus | –jus | faíhu | –u |
| Accusative (Vocative) | sunu | –u | sununs | –uns | faíhu | –u |
| Genitive | sunáus | –áus | suniwē | –iwē | faíháus | –áus |
| Dative | sunáu | –áu | sunum | –um | faíháu | –áu |

### Weak Declension

Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns belong to this declension.

#### An-Declension

Weak masculine and neuter nouns belong to this declension.
| Case | atta, attans father m. | atta, attans father m. | atta, attans father m. | atta, attans father m. | haírtō, haírtōna heart n. | haírtō, haírtōna heart n. | haírtō, haírtōna heart n. | haírtō, haírtōna heart n. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | atta | –a | attans | –ans | haírtō | –ō | haírtōna | –ōna |
| Accusative | attan | –an | attans | –ans | haírtō | –ō | haírtōna | –ōna |
| Genitive | attins | –ins | attanē | –anē | haírtins | –ins | haírtanē | –anē |
| Dative | attin | –in | attam | –am | haírtin | –in | haírtam | –am |

#### On-Declension

This declension is the feminine counterpart of the an declension.
| Case | tuggō, tuggōns tongue f. | tuggō, tuggōns tongue f. | tuggō, tuggōns tongue f. | tuggō, tuggōns tongue f. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | tuggō | –ō | tuggōns | –ōns |
| Accusative | tuggōn | –ōn | tuggōns | –ōns |
| Genitive | tuggōns | –ōns | tuggōnō | –ōnō |
| Dative | tuggōn | –ōn | tuggōm | –ōm |

### Minor Declensions
#### R-Declension

A few family nouns inherited from Proto-Indo-European have a very archaic declension. Feminines and masculines have identical forms.
| Case | swistar, swistrjus sister f. | swistar, swistrjus sister f. | swistar, swistrjus sister f. | swistar, swistrjus sister f. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | swistar | –ar | swistrjus | –rjus |
| Accusative | swistar | –ar | swistruns | –runs |
| Genitive | swistrs | –rs | swistrē | –rē |
| Dative | swistr | –r | swistrum | –rum |

#### -Nd Declension

These nouns are old present participles, corresponding to nouns in -nt in Latin and Greek.
| Case | frijōnds, frijōnds friend m. | frijōnds, frijōnds friend m. | frijōnds, frijōnds friend m. | frijōnds, frijōnds friend m. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | frijōnds | –s | frijōnds | –s |
| Accusative | frijōnd | – | frijōnds | –s |
| Genitive | frijōndis | –is | frijōndē | –ē |
| Dative | frijōnd | – | frijōndam | –am |

#### Consonant Declension

These nouns correspond to the consonant declensions in Latin and Greek (in both cases, part of the third declension). Only traces of masculines are extant, but feminines are fairly well attested.
| Case | reiks, reiks ruler m. | reiks, reiks ruler m. | reiks, reiks ruler m. | reiks, reiks ruler m. | baúrgs, baúrgs city f. | baúrgs, baúrgs city f. | baúrgs, baúrgs city f. | baúrgs, baúrgs city f. |
| Case | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| Nominative | reiks | –s | reiks | –s | baúrgs | –s | baúrgs | –s |
| Acc. | reik | – | reiks | –s | baúrg | – | baúrgs | –s |
| Gen. | reikis | –is, –s | reikē | –ē | baúrgs | –s | baúrgē | –ē |
| Dative | reik | – | reikam | –am, um | baúrg | – | baúrgim | –im |