OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# KS3 Computing/How a computer works
## Key components

The key components of a computer can be categorized into the following:
* Input device
An input device allows a user to 'input' data into a computer.
Examples are:
Find out more about input devices here.
* Output device
A user receives information from the computer via an output device. Examples of output devices include:
Find out more about output devices here.
* Processor
The part of the computer that processes the data input as per the instruction given. Find out more about processors here.
* Memory
This is where the computer keeps data input and calculations temporarily. This is stored only until the computer is switched off, when it is then lost. Find out more about memory here.
* Storage
This is where the computer stores applications and files in the longer term. Find out more about processors here.

## Communication

We call communications between computers 'networking'. Learn all about computer networks and connectivity here.

## Suggestions for the classroom

It's a good idea to explain how the different components work by relating it to something familiar to the students.
One example is the human body - you might say the computer's processor (CPU) is like the human brain, the power supply is like the human heart, the RAM is like human short term memory, the hard drive like our long term memory, etc. It makes it easier for students to remember, and lots of fun activities you can use to help students remember the different components.

## Resources

Video discussing the key components inside a computer https://www.youtube.com/v/4eNTlwnnhss?version=3&autoplay=1&fs=1&hl=en_US&rel=0 An implementation of the Little Man Computer http://www.peterhigginson.co.uk/LMC/
# How are Images and their instructions stored in a computer system?

All the bits of each picture are called pixels. Each pixel is stored as percentage of three colours - Red, Green and Blue. These colours add up to 100% giving the final colour for that pixel. Note that the change in percentages of red, green and blue result in grey (red 34%, green 33%, blue 33%), black (red 43%, green 42%, blue 15%) and yellow (red 51%, green 48%, blue 0%). This is based on Additive Colour Theory, where coloured light adds up to white.
In this image you can see the yellow smiley is made up of many coloured pixels:

## Exercises

* Take some graph paper, pencils and reproduce this tree:
* What if you wanted to decorate this tree with red tinsel, what would you change?
* Try to draw this Smiley face:
* Try it with Hama beads!

# How are Images stored in a computer system?

Computers can store all of the pixel values and this format is call a BitMap - files ending in .bmp. These are very large files as they store every pixel.
Computers can calculate when large parts of the image are the same colour so they don't need to store the data for every pixel. This makes the size of the file smaller. There are many different algorithms for doing this resulting in many different file formats. For example .png, .jpg and .gif.

# How can Images be manipulated by a computer?
## Exercise 1

Your Smiley Face from above, redraw it 2 times bigger!
How did you make it bigger? Did you use more pixels?

## Exercise 2

Try out image manipulation!

## Exercise 3

What image did you learn most from?
What did you learn and what have you shared with others?
Where did the computer store the image, both temporarily and long term?
Answer:
Short-term memory goes into RAM on the SOC (System-on-a-chip), and long term in permanent store is on an SD Card or hard drive
# KS3 Computing/Images/Try out image manipulation!

Edit this page!
Resize this image to 500px:
# KS3 Computing/Glossary
#### Denary - base 10, a decimal number

Pixel - Pixel short for Picture Element. A pixel is the smallest individual dot that can be displayed on a computer monitor.
Unicode - A system of encoding text in computing widely used on the internet.
Binary - Base 2, it is what computers use to work and function; it is either 1 (off) or 0 (on).
# KS3 Computing/Hardware/Input and Output

Input/Output or I/O the communication between a computer and the outside world - {{{2}}}
Would there be much point in having computers if you couldn't interact with them? Interactions with computers require devices that are built into the computer or attached to the computers. These devices are separated into input and output devices, but some devices do both, such as the touch screen. The I/O Devices communicate with the CPU and memory via the System Bus.
In order to understand how a computer works you need to understand how all these devices are connected into a computer. It is also helpful to understand how the devices are connected and communicate with the processor.

## History

Early computers were instructed what to do using punched cards. These punched cards were also used for inputting data into the programs on the computers. Early forms of outputs from these programs included printers, bells and curve plotters. Other I/O devices evolved to make communication with computers easier including devices that you will be familiar with such as keyboards, mice and touch screens.
Various connection types have come and gone. Standards have emerged that have made some things easier, such as Universal Service Bus (USB) or Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI).

## Input Devices

Input I/O devices are the way in which external entities interact with a computer. Normally these external entities are people like you and I.

### Keyboards

There are many types and styles of keyboards. Keyboards have evolved from typewriters and have inherited many characteristics including the layouts. Keyboards can be connected to a computer wirelessly via Bluetooth, or via cable using USB or PS/2. Other common forms of input are mice, gamepads and joysticks.

## Output Devices

Most desktop computers, mobile phones and tablets main output device is the screen. The screen is made up of small elements called pixels. If you look closely enough you might be able to see them. Originally screens had very few colours - usually black on one other colour such as green or orange. Modern day screens can display millions of colours.
Other interesting output devices that are commonly found are speakers, headphones and printers. More recently a new technology called 3D printing has come to the fore.

## Input and Output Devices

Some devices can do input and output such as modems, touch screens and network cards.
# KS3 Computing/Hardware/Processor Fill in the blanks worksheet

Part 1: Using the words below, complete the sentences.
brain sorting decision process
This is often described as the _________________ of the computer. The purpose of the CPU is to _____________ data. It is where all the searching, ______________, calculating and _______________ making takes place in the computer.
Part 2: Using the words below, complete the sentences. (not all the words will be used)
quad core CPU cache processor clock speed Fetch-Execute cycle executing number of cores GigaHertz (GHz) efficient fetching
independently
The Central Processing Unit is also called the CPU or the ______________. It is the main component of the computer which does all the processing. It does this by __________________ instructions from memory and ___________________ them.
This is called the ___________________.
Not all of the processors are the same and there are several things that can affect the performance of a processor. The ___________________ tells us how quickly a processor carries out the fetch decode execute cycle. It is usually measured in ___________________. The ________________ tells us how many processing circuits there are in the processor. A __________________ processor has four circuits. Each circuit can fetch and execute instructions ___________________. This means more than four times as many instructions can be executed in a given time than on a _______________ CPU.
# KS3 Computing/Hardware/Storage

Why do we need storage?
What do we need to store?
<want image of a library>

# Computer Storage

This chapter is concerned with the role of memory in the modern computer.

## Pre-Homework

Get hold of a shared web page unique to your class. EG set up at (account needed). On that page, produce a list of things related to school that you need to store. - Extension: Categorize your list into how you store things.

## Class Discussion

In class, share and discuss your lists
Description of store from the ICT (user) point of view.

### Task 1

Find out and then list the steps needed to save this webpage to your computer.
Answer:
On most computers you would need to:
* Click on 'File' in the Menu
* Find and click on 'Save File As'
* Choose and select a folder to save the page into
* Choose and select how to save the page (choose Web Page Complete)
When you have done that - go and look in the folder to see what has been saved. Is it one file or many? How much space has been used?

## Finding Out Activity

If we agree that a computer can store all sorts of things - how does it do it? This was the problem that faced the first pioneers of computing. By chance someone observed that Looms, from the fabric industry, were controlled using data storage on cards with holes punched in them. This allowed the pattern to be loaded into a loom line by line as the material was produced. Babbage's design used punched cards to set mechanical switches to store a series of instructions and numbers, allowing his design to perform a basic set of maths (add, subtract, etc.).
His second machine, the Analytical Engine used 1000 banks of levers able to store a 40 digit number each and filled a room. This huge machine could store less information than would be needed to display the text in this chapter of this book.... but the problem of scale was soon to change.

## Class Activities

The following is a list of tried and tested classroom activities.

### LMC Kinaesthetic

Be A computer!

### LMC App

The LMC app shows how a computer uses the fetch - decode - execute cycle to pull instructions and data from memory.

## Homework Activities

find out how electronics are used to miniaturize Babbages's switches on his analytical engine.
Answer:
Your teacher will let you know how to hand in this task.

## Electronic Store of Data

Electronics has revolutionised the mass storage of data, as the switches used are so small - in some cases just a few atoms in size. The rate of progress of miniaturisation is known as Moore's law But how are switches used to store data, e.g. a picture - how does that happen? Read the chapter on Data Representation to find out.
# Knots/Bend knots/Fisherman's bend

* Fisherman's knot
* Use: The Fisherman's knot is a specialized bend. It consists of two overhand knots wrapped around each other. It works well for joining thin, stiff, or slippery lines.
* It requires little dexterity to tie, so is often used in stubborn materials. When tightened, it becomes fairly compact, and the free ends can be cropped very close to the knot. These qualities make it very useful for fishing line--it is less likely to jam a fishing rod than many other bends, and is easier to tie with cold, wet hands.
* How to tie:
* To tie the fisherman's knot, lay the two ends to be tied alongside each other and facing opposite ways. Tie an overhand knot on the first rope and pass the second rope through the loop formed. Tighten the overhand knot, to prevent the line inside it from flopping around. Then tie another overhand knot on the second rope with the first rope passing through it.
# Knots/Binding knots/Miller's knot

* Miller's knot
* Use: A Miller's knot (also Sack knot or Bag knot) is a binding knot used to secure the opening of a sack or bag. Historically, large sacks often contained grains; thus the association of these knots with the miller's trade. Several knots are known interchangeably by these three names. Several variations are shown here.
* This is another depiction of the knot shown above.
* This knot is also a useful hitch and is known by the name Ground-line hitch when used for that purpose.
* This variation is noted as having better binding characteristics than the others.
# Knots/Bend knots/Double sheet bend

The double sheet bend is a variation on the sheet bend. If the ropes that one wishes to join in a bend are of greatly different sizes, it may be necessary make the double sheet bend by putting the smaller one under itself twice (first at the bottom of the bight, second nearer the tip) instead of only once (as in a normal sheet bend).
# Knots/Bend knots/Hunter's bend

* Hunter's bend
* Use: The Hunter's bend (aka Rigger's bend) is used to join two lines. It consists of interlocking overhand knots, and can jam under moderate strain.
* Hunter's bend is one of the most recent knots to be discovered. It appeared on the front page of The Times in 1978 and was credited to Dr. Edward Hunter. Dr. Hunter used it for years to tie broken shoelaces before discovering its originality through a friend in the 1970s. When it appeared on the front page, it led to much publicity for the knot and also to the foundation of the International Guild of Knot Tyers. However, the knot was presented in Knots for Mountaineering by Phil Smith ca. 1956.
# Knots/Bend knots/Water knot

The water knot (also tape knot, ring bend, grass knot, or overhand follow-through) is a knot frequently used in climbing for joining two ends of webbing together, for instance when making a sling.

## Tying the water knot

It is tied by forming an overhand knot in one end and then following it with the other end, feeding in the opposite direction.
The ends should be left at least 3 inches long and the knot should be "set" by tightening it with full body weight. The ends can be taped or lightly sewn to the standing parts to help prevent them from creeping back into the knot.

## Security

Testing has shown the water knot to slip very slightly, but very consistently, with each load and unload cycle. In tests using 9/16 in tubular webbing, repeated loading and unloading with 250 lbs caused one of the 3 in tails to work back into the knot in just over 800 loading cycles. When the water knot was statically loaded with 200 lbs no slipping was observed. These results validate the need to leave long tails and inspect water knots before each use.

## References

* ↑ Craig Luebben, Knots for Climbers (Evergreen, Colorado: Chockstone Press, 1993), 19.
* ↑ Tom Moyer, Water Knot Testing, 1999 International Technical Rescue Symposium, 1999. ( accessed 2007-04-07.)
# Knots/Bend knots/Zeppelin bend

A Zeppelin bend is an all purpose bend knot: it is a secure, easily tied, and jam-proof way to connect two ropes. Though its simplicity and security may be matched by other bends, it is unique in the ease with which it is untied, even after heavy loading. It is also referred to as a "Rosendahl bend", both names stemming from its use to moor airships (Zeppelin being a type of airship, and Charles Rosendahl being the airship captain who popularized this bend by insisting it be used to moor his craft). Despite being praised by some sources as "the perfect bend knot", the knot is not very well-known; Clifford Ashley, author of The Ashley Book of Knots, was apparently unaware of this bend.

## Tying

* Form a loop in each of the ends of rope
* Overlay one loop on the other, such that the working end of each rope faces "outwards" or away from the other hitch
* Pull either loose end once around the loop in the other rope, and then through the "tunnel" created by the two hitches
* Repeat with the other loose end
* Pull on all four rope parts to tighten the knot.
* To untie, pull simultaneously on the two turns that go round the standing parts.

## External links

* Description of the Zeppelin Bend on Notable Knot Index
# Knots/Bend knots/Sheet bend

The sheet bend is a bend knot that is identical in structure to the bowline but is tied differently and has a different purpose, serving as a bend knot instead of as a loop knot. Making reference to the picture to the right, the bigger or less flexible rope should be the red one, and the other rope should be the green one. Notice that, in order to be most secure, the two free ends should end up on the same side of the knot (see below).
* Secure
* Insecure

## Double sheet bend

    See also: Knots/Bend knots/Double sheet bend
If the ropes used in a sheet bend are of greatly different sizes, it may be necessary to put the smaller one under itself twice (first at the bottom of the bight, second nearer the tip) instead of only once. The resulting knot is called a double sheet bend.
# Knots/Binding knots

A binding knot is a knot that may be used to keep an object or multiple loose objects together, using a string or a rope that passes at least once around them. There are various binding knots, divided into two types.

## Friction knots

Friction knots are held in place by the friction between the windings of line. Knotted-ends knots are held in place by the two ends of the line being knotted together.
* Constrictor
* Miller's knot
* Packer's knot
* Reef knot (Square knot)
* Surgeon's knot
* Trucker's hitch
* Two half hitches

## Whipping and seizing knots

Whipping and Seizing serve a similar function to binding knots, but are classified differently since they contain many turns, like a lashing.
# Knots/Binding knots/Packer's knot

* Packer's knot
* Use: The Packer's Knot is a binding knot usually used in smaller line.
* This knot is sometimes used in baling and in parcel tying.
* How to tie:
* Make a figure eight not near the standing end of the rope. Wrap the running end around the "parcel" and pass it through the top loop of the "eight" following the same path as standing end.
* Make a loop in the running end and pass the standing end through it.
* Tighten.
# High School Chemistry/pH

In chemistry, pH is known as measure of potential hydrogens in a substance. It is also a scale used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution is. Acidic solutions have a lower pH, while basic (as known as "alkaline") solutions have a higher pH.
The pH scale is logarithmic and inversely indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution (a lower pH indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions). This is because the formula used to calculate pH approximates the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. More precisely, pH is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the activity of the hydrogen ion.
At 25°C (77°F), solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. The neutral value of the pH depends on the temperature, being lower than 7 if the temperature increases. The pH value can be less than 0 for very strong acids, or greater than 14 for very strong bases.
The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or a color-changing indicator. Measurements of pH are important in chemistry, agronomy, medicine, water treatment, and many other applications.
# High School Chemistry/Water, pH, and Titration

* Water Ionizes
* Indicators
* Titrations
* Buffers
← Lewis Acids and Bases · Water Ionizes →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Writing and Naming Ionic Formulas

* Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds
* Inorganic Nomenclature
← Properties of Ionic Compounds · Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Earth Science
## Table of Contents

    Authors
* What is Earth Science?
* Studying Earth's Surface
* Earth's Minerals
* Rocks
* Earth's Energy
* Plate Tectonics
* Earthquakes
* Volcanoes
* Weathering and Formation of Soil
* Erosion and Deposition
* Evidence About Earth's Past
* Earth's History
* Earth's Fresh Water
* Earth's Oceans
* Earth's Atmosphere
* Weather
* Climate
* Ecosystems and Human Populations
* Human Actions and the Land
* Human Actions and Earth's Resources
* Human Actions and Earth's Waters
* Human Actions and the Atmosphere
* Observing and Exploring Space
* Earth, Moon, and Sun
* The Solar System
* Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe

## Resources

* PDF Version (Part 1) (info)
* PDF Version (Part 2) (info)
# Living With Depression

This Wikibook is aimed at people with long term clinical depression. It may also help people with milder or short-term depression, or people wanting to help someone else with depression. It does not explore the possible causes of depression or go into great detail about medical treatments available. It is not meant to replace any professional advice or treatment. It is essentially a self-help guide with practical ideas on how people can improve the quality of their lives.

## Table of Contents
### First steps

* Introduction
* Getting help
* Medication

### Improving your quality of life

* Basic needs
* Nutrition
* Exercise
* Meditation and mindfulness
* Improving self esteem
* Spirituality
* Dealing with suicidal thoughts

### Appendices

* Resources
* Authors
# Living With Depression/Basic needs

Depression is a neurological disorder in it's biological form however can also be psychiatric and psychological or both.
A list of suggestions of how to deal with depression:
– See a psychiatrist for evaluation, do not take his word a 100 percent as some psychiatrists will not evaluate you accurately.
– Depending on your own evaluation if you can manage your depression with medication or alone, after seeing a psychiatrist define your mental state, clinical depression which is depression that is not usually determined psychologically and emotionally requires medication in order to balance neurotransmitters in the brain. Anti Depressants are commonly used, 3 of the basic neurotransmitters in the brain are Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine. Neurotransmitters are responsible for a healthy body, they affect mood, sleep, eating, attention and concentration. low levels cause depression, normal levels keep a stable mood for example, and high concentration of one or the following neurotransmitters causes psychosis which is a manifestation of hallucinations and paranoia.
– Psychologists may or may not be effective so seek help from any person you see as smart or very helpful and of course effective.
– If your problem is acknowledged by a psychiatrist and you are receiving medication, you may want to pass your time quickly until your therapy whether medication wise, social wise or psychological seems to bring your benefit. Sleep and a variety of music helps in that case, and if your patience is good then watching TV and playing video games might help. if you like to communicate then speaking to people can benefit you. Use your best tool which is your head to think what can ease your occurrence, comfort and well being.