OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Citizenship and Nationality/Japan
## CITIZENSHIP

    Japanese citizenship is regulated by the Nationality Act of May 4, 1950 as Law No. 147 of 1950, as amended by Law No. 268 of 1952, Law No. 45 of 1984, Law No. 89 of 1993 and Law No. 147 of 2004, Law No. 88 of 2008.
* BY BIRTH: Birth within the territory of Japan does not automatically confer Japanese citizenship. Only in the case of a child whose parents are unknown or stateless is the child considered a Japanese citizen. (Article 2, item (3))
* BY DESCENT:
** Child, whose father is a citizen of Japan, regardless of the child’s country of birth. This law also applies if the father dies before the birth of the child. (Article 2, items (1) and (2))
** Child born to Japanese mother and unknown or stateless father. (Amended Article 2, item (1) would allow a child born to Japanese mother and foreign father to be born a Japanese.)
* BY NATURALIZATION: The Minister of Justice may naturalize an alien within many conditions: (Article 4)
** One has consecutively lived in Japan for 5 years, is at least 20 years old, is of upright conduct, is able to secure a livelihood, and is stateless or will lose foreign nationality upon Japanese nationality unless the Minister of Justice finds exceptional circumstances that prevents losing current nationality. (Article 5)
** One meets some other qualifications (Articles 6 to 10)

## DUAL CITIZENSHIP

    NOT RECOGNIZED.
Exception: If a child is born abroad to Japanese parents the child can acquire dual nationality if citizenship is also acquired in the country of birth. Person with dual nationality has to choose one nationality by the age of 22. If dual nationality is acquired between ages 20 and 22, the person must choose one nationality within 2 years. If one does not choose Japanese nationality within these periods, the Minister of Justice can require one to choose a nationality. Failure to comply within one month of this requirement will result in loss of Japanese citizenship. (Articles 14 and 15)

## LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP

* VOLUNTARY: Voluntary renunciation of citizenship can be accomplished at any Japanese consulate abroad. Paperwork will be completed at the Embassy; citizenship will terminate immediately. Renunciations do not have to be further approved by the government. (Article 13 but cannot voluntarily go stateless)
* INVOLUNTARY: The following is grounds for involuntary loss of Japanese citizenship:
** Person voluntarily acquires foreign nationality. (Article 11, item (1))
** Japanese chooses foreign nationality per foreign law. (Article 11, item (2))
** Foreign-born Japanese fails to preserve Japanese nationality per Family Registration Law (Law No.224 of 1947). (Article 12)
** Choosing Japanese nationality by declaration of choice requires trying everything possible to lose foreign nationality, but voluntarily holding foreign public office requiring foreign nationality after making such a declaration allows the Minister of Justice to hold a public hearing to remove Japanese nationality. (Article 16)

## Reference

* English translation of 2008 law from the Ministry of Justice
# Citroën Berlingo Electrique

This book provides a place for information on the Citroën Berlingo électrique.

## Table of contents
### Service Manual

* Battery Watering
* Brush Replacement
* Heater Reset
* Vacuum Pump Replacement
# Citroën Berlingo Electrique/Service Manual/Brush Replacement

This page provides additional tips on how to change the Citroën Berlingo Electrique motor brushes.
The motor brushes are a key element of the Berlingo and failure of the units can cause significant damage to the motor and may also cause damage to the very expensive controller. It is therefore recommended that brushes are changed at regular intervals defined in the service manual.

## Brush suppliers

It is recommended that only genuine Citroen brushes are used. These units are expensive but are; manufactured to tight tolerances, made with specially hard wearing carbon and finished (with serated bearing services) to provide quick bedding-in and therefore minimal impact on the commutator.
The genuine Citroen supplied brushes seem to be supplied by http://www.schunkgraphite.com
http://www.schunkgraphite.com/ supplied Marc Boden. Did not have groves for bedding in.

## Required tools

The following tools are recommended:
* 8 and 10 mm socket.
* 10mm ring spanner
* Miniature goose neck pen light taped as shown.

## Remove old brushes

Follow instructions supplied with the brushes.

## Inspect brush container

Once the old brush has been removed. Inspect the brush container for signs of spark erosion, between the brush container and the commutator. This may obstruct the movement of the brush and result in further sparking and possible motor/controller damage. If erosion is present it may be necessary to remove the (possibly very hard) material as follows:
* make up a commutator protector using sheet metal (ideally steel) as shown on right (damaging the commutator is very costly problem to rectify).
* insert the (long part of the ) protector between the brush holder and commutator
* using a drill with a Dremel bit to very carefully remove any burrs or obstructions
* continually check that the protector is still in place and performing its job

## Check brush is inserted and seated correctly

Insert the brush with the slopping face aligned with the commutator. This can be checked after the brush has been inserted by checking the slope on the back of brush is opposite to the slope on commutator end.
Once the brush is inserted check that it moves freely and seats solidly on the commutator. Use the miniature goose neck pen light taped as shown to verify brush is seated correctly.
* insert the goose neck behind the brush
* lift the brush a little to see the light between the brush and commutator
* release the brush and check that the light is obscured.

## Finish off

Follow instructions supplied with the brushes.
# Matovinsky Gambit Accepted
### 6...Nf6

Attempting to scare off white's Queen, black instead is doomed to mate in 2. White should now play:
* 7. gxh7+, forcing black to play 7...Nxh5, followed by white mating with 8. Bg6#

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 b6 2. d4 Bb7 3. Bd3 f5 4. exf5 Bxg2 5. Qh5+ g6 6. fxg6 Nf6
| 7 | | 8 |
| gxh7+ Nxh5 | Bg6# |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Bc4/2...d6/3. c3/3...Nc6
## Camelot Defence

The Camelot Defence is a modern response on facing the Bowlder Attack.
While Black continues with 2...d6 part of the mainline from the Open Sicilian White now opens up the d1-a4 diagonal after playing 3...c3 allowing the Queen to join the Bishop's attack from b3 after the 4th move.
Black ignores this threat and continues with 3...Nc6 therefore developing his Knight.
White gets ready for attacking the king side playing 4...Qb3 and Black's best intervention to the double threat in the next move by White 5...Bxf7+ (forking Black's King and the Knight) is now playing 4...Nf6 securing and developing another piece at the same time. The advantage of this move is if White's Bishop ever moves to d5 Knight takes on d5 (Nxd5) therefore stopping White's threats.
Of course Black could also play 4...Nh6 defending the f7 square or 4...Ne5 attacking the Bishop on c4 but its recommended for Black to develope his pieces as White always has the opening advantage.
The "Camelot defence" lines are played very rarely as the preconditioned Bowlder attack is popular today only among club players.
It was named after the castle "Camelot" because Black may lose his castling ability (after 5...Bxf7+) but defend trough the Knights development.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6
## Closed Sicilian

2...Nc6 Most of the time in the Sicilian, White puts their Knight on c3. White may yet play d4, but for the moment the question is yet to be answered. White's second move of 2. Nc3 suggests the possibility of NOT playing d4 (avoiding the exchange), and playing a closed position instead of the slashing, attacking types of position, that are more common to the Sicilian Defence. Leads to 3. g3 g6 4. Bg2 Bg7 5. d3 d6

## Statistics

Estimated next move popularity: Nf3 30%, g3 29%, f4 16%, Nge2 12%, Bb5 12%, d3 1%, Bc4 1%, other moves less than 0.3%.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 c5 2. Nc3 Nc6
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| | Nf3 d6 | d4 cxd4 | Nxd4 Nf6 | | = to 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 |
| | g3 g6 | Bg2 Bg7 | d3 d6 | Be3 e6 | = |
| Grand Prix Attack | f4 g6 | Nf3 Bg7 | Bc4 e6 | f5 Nge7 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Matovinsky Gambit Accepted
### 5. Qh5+

Putting black's exposed King in check. Black's only legal move to escape check is:
* 5...g6, moving between the white Queen and black King

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 b6 2. d4 Bb7 3. Bd3 f5 4. exf5 Bxg2 5. Qh5+
| 5 | 6 | | 7 | 8 |
| ... g6 | fxg6 Nf6 | gxh7+ Nxh5 | Bg6# |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Matovinsky Gambit Accepted
### 5...g6

This is black's only legal move, and places black's g-pawn between the white Queen and black King. White can now play:
* 6. fxg6, taking black's g-pawn, and threatening black's h-pawn

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 b6 2. d4 Bb7 3. Bd3 f5 4. exf5 Bxg2 5. Qh5+ g6
| 6 | | 7 | 8 |
| fxg6 Nf6 | gxh7+ Nxh5 | Bg6# |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Bc4
## Bowdler Attack

This is a mistake that allows clear equality. Black's best answer is 2. ...e6 followed by d5 at some point which easily removes White's bishop and gives Black a tempo and clear centre.
For example: 1. e4 c5 2.Bc4 e6 3. Nc3 Nc6 4. Nf3 Nf6 5. O-O d5 6. exd5 exd5 7.Bb3
Black needs to play Nc6 before d5, otherwise the king will be exposed on the a4-e8 diagonal, and therefore inviting a check from White's light square bishop.
It is analogous to some lines in the Italian Game but Black has played the move c5 which helps prevent d4 and makes b3 a less attractive place for the White Bishop (because of c4).
Interestingly, 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bc4 (as opposed to the usual 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 XXX 6. Bc4 where XXX is e6, Nc6, g6 or a6), does not allow for such shenanigans by Black who has no better option but to transpose to a main line open Sicilian where White plays Bc4. In contrast to 2. Bc4 where Black obtains immediate equality, the only real advantage of 3. Bc4 for Black is that he gets to choose his defence (Dragon, Najdorf, Scheveningen, Classical) with the knowledge that White has committed his bishop to c4. However it may confuse some unwary Black players who feel they should "prove" that White has made an "inaccurate" move.
# Closed Sicilian

Closed Sicilian is a strategical opening that often leads to a slow white kingside attack. Black usually fights for counterplay on the queenside. Much less played than the main line 2. Nf3, this opening is a good alternative against Sicilian experts.

## Black's responses

2...Nc6
Most of the time in the Sicilian, White puts their Knight on c3. White may yet play d4, but for the moment the question is yet to be answered. White's second move suggests the possibility of NOT playing d4 (avoiding the exchange), and playing a closed position instead of the slashing, attacking types of position, that are more common to the Sicilian Defence. Leads to 3. g3 g6 4. Bg2 Bg7 5. d3 d6
...e6 Sicilian Defence, Closed Variation
This leads to g6, d5.
...e5 Severino Defence
This defence is not recommended for Black. Allowing White's f1-Bishop unobstructed view of the f7-square is not safe in Sicilian formations. Also, 2...e5 creates a hole in Black's pawn structure at d5: The chance of Black being allowed to play ...d5 is remote.

## Statistics

Estimated next move popularity: ..Nc6 56%, ..d6 19%, ..e6 17%, ..a6 5%, ..g6 3%, other moves less than 0.3%.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 c5 2. Nc3
| 2 |
| ... Nc6 | = |
| ... d6 | Nf3 | = |
| ... e6 | = |
| ... a6 | Nf3 | = |
| ... g6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Matovinsky Gambit Accepted
### 6. fxg6

Taking black's g-pawn, and threatening black's h-pawn. Black can now play:
* 6...Nf6, a grave error - attempting to scare off white's queen, but in reality dooming black to mate in 2.
* 6...Bg7, a much better move, but after 7. Qf5! Nf6 8. Bh6 Bxh6 9. gxh7 e6! (weaker are 9...Bxh1 10. Qg6+ Kf8 11. Qxh6+ Kf7 12. Nh3, when White has a winning attack, and 9...Kf8 10. Qg6 Bc1 11. Qxg2 Bxb2 12.Ne2 and 13.Rg1 will prove lethal) 10. Qg6+ Ke7 11. Qxg2 and White is two pawns up and Black's king is exposed, but Black is not immediately losing and has avoided the worst, and the pawn on h7 will fall.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 b6 2. d4 Bb7 3. Bd3 f5 4. exf5 Bxg2 5. Qh5+ g6 6. fxg6
| 6 | | 7 | 8 |
| ... Nf6 | gxh7+ Nxh5 | Bg6# |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Ke2
## 2. Ke2? · King David's Opening

Ke2 is considered to be a very dubious move. This is the Sicilian variation of the Bongcloud Attack. The problems with 2. Ke2? are that the King move prevents castling to protect the King, endangers the King, ignores development and the center, and blocks the Queen and Bishop, which are the two pieces that are free after 1. e4. All that being said, it can be used as a surprise to unseat Black, as many novices may be unable to cope with the unfamiliar board positions of the Bongcloud Attack. However, if it has been encountered before, it usually results in a defeat for White.

## References

When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Effective Reasoning
## Outline

* Introduction
* Recommended Resources
* Effective Reasoning
** Informal and Formal Reasoning
** A History of Reasoning
** Why Informal Reasoning?
** Kinds of Informal Reasoning
    Critique/Analysis
    Argumentation
    Problem Solving/Decision Making
    Analogical Reasoning
    Causality and Correlation
    Scientific Reasoning
    Probabilistic Reasoning
    Aesthetic Reasoning
    Moral Reasoning
** Need for Reasoning
    Organizing Information (Deduction)
    Solution of Problems
    Resolution of Controversies
    Discovery of Truth
* Elements of Reasoning
** Assumptions and Conclusions
** Deduction and Induction
** Truth and Falsity
** Validation, Fallacy, Reliability
* Language
** Verbal and Nonverbal Reasoning
** Semantics and Syntax
** Functions of Language and Forms of Discourse
** Content
** Agreement and Disagreement
** Information, Concept, Reality, Virtual Reality
** Fact and Opinion
** Subjective and Objective
* Memory
** How Memory Works
** How Memory Works with Reason
** How to Use Memory
* Sources of Appeal
** Empiricism
** Force
** Origin and Agreement
** Circumstance
** Relationship and Relevancy
** Nihilistic Arguments and Other "Dead-End" Arguments
* Definition and Focus
** Definition and Problem Solving
** Definition and Discourse
** Kinds of Definition
** Meaning
** Defining
** Ambiguity
* Deduction
** Proof, Support, Evidence, and Warrant
** Forms of Deduction
* Inductive Reasoning
** Reasoning from Parts to Whole and from Whole to Parts
** Analogical Reasoning
** Correlation and Causal Connection
** Mill's Methods
** Commonplaces and Arguments from Form
** Hybrid Forms of Inference
** Science
** The Scientific Method
** Experimentation and Ad Hoc Hypothesis
** Sociological/Anthropological Methods
** Probability
** Probabilistic Method
** Expected Value
** Intuition and Reasoning
* Doubt
** A History of Doubt
** Systematic Doubt, Certainty and Uncertainty, and Chaos
** Existentialism, Relativism,and Postmodernism
* Argumentation
* Literary Criticism
* Aesthetic Criticism
* Moral Reasoning
* Apologetics and Religious Criticism
# Educational Technology Innovation and Impact/Why use Technology in Education/Tactile-Kinesthetic Learners

There are various learning-styles, experts and theorists have classified learners as visual, auditory, or tactile (touching) and kinesthetic (moving). Learners that prefer the kinesthetic learning style like to learn best when they are involved or active and find it difficult to sit still for long periods, they may often use movement as a memory aid. Those who prefer a tactile way of learning may use writing and drawing as memory aids and learn well in hands-on activities like projects and demonstrations (Teaching English Website 2006)
Visual and in particular auditory learners tend to do well in the classroom. Tactile/kinesthetic learners typically do not. Research increasingly suggests that the majority of students classified as "at risk" of academic failure fit the description of concrete/common sense learner style, and favour the tactile/kinesthetic mode. Kinesthetic activities make abstract concepts concrete.
This is extremely important for students/learners who have difficulty dealing with abstractions. Whether the learner's preferred modality is auditory, visual, or tactile/kinesthetic, it is known that none of us always remembers what is seen or heard, and all of us remember best what we have had an opportunity to do.
An old Chinese proverb expresses this: "I hear and I forget; I see and I remember; I do and I understand."
The tactile learning style is essentially touch. It is activated through receptors in the skin. Our tactile sense gives us information about size, shape, texture, and temperature. The kinesthetic system is activated through movement, with its receptors located in the tendons and muscles. It is the kinesthetic system that recognizes, for example, when a dance sequence you are practicing has not been properly carried out (TRCC website 2006)
Tactile/Kinesthetic learners engage in the learning process through the use of role play, dramatization, cooperative games, simulations, creative movement and dance, multi-sensory activities and hands-on projects.
What teaching methods and activities suit the tactile or kinesthetic learner?, the following examples highlight some of these; • the game charades, it could be played as part of a vocabulary-building lesson • a historical event might be role played or dramatized • learning of new information might be demonstrated by creating a mural, diagram, model or decorated time line or mind map • students might be assigned to sort and arrange in proper sequence index cards with information and dates related to the topic being studied (MSET website 2006)
References http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk (accessed 23/2/06) http://www.trcc.commnet.edu/Ed_Resources/TASC/Training/training%20index.htm (accessed 2/3/06) http://mset.rst2.edu/portfolios/m/murray_k/final/learning.html#learning (accessed 2/3/06)
# Effective Reasoning/Introduction

Everyone reasons. Humans are reasoning animals, if not always reasonable. Further, we homo sapiens are unique in that we reason with words and symbols that make thoughts and ideas that lead to anticipation, imagination, and the very making of human history.
To reason is to use evidence and thought to come to some conclusion. Reasoning can be done alone or in groups, but most effectively, working in groups but reflecting in private.
Unfortunately, merely being human does not provide any assurance that any of us that we will reason effectively. Reasoning does not have to produce particularly useful results, however productive reasoning is an art that requires some technical skill. Just as graphic artists have to learn about draftsmanship paint and brushwork to make paintings, so too do thinkers need some understanding of logic, language and reliable projection if they are to become leaders and help make history.
We hope to present here information that will allow almost anyone to develop both the skill and the knowledge to reason effectively, to imagine new worlds and to get things done: Somewhere between paralysis via analysis and activity instead of progress
Particularly, this Wikibook discusses informal reasoning, which includes some formal methods and some traditional approaches together with more recent philosophical and neurological understanding of effective reasoning techniques. For a complete study, take a look also at the related reference works mentioned as well as associated Wikibooks such as Introduction to Moral Reasoning and Formal Logic.
# Effective Reasoning/Deduction and Induction

Deduction and induction are two different methods of reasoning.
* Deduction uses logical assumptions to reach a logical conclusion. It involves reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logical conclusion. In deductive logic, inference leads from a set of premises to a conclusion just as certain as the premises. If the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false.
* Induction uses observations to justify a conclusion. In other words, inductive reasoning is drawing conclusions by going from specific to general. While deductive reasoning goes from general information to specific conclusion.

## Inductive reasoning

Simple Definition: using observations to form a general conclusion.
Examples of Inductive Reasoning :
| Example #1 | 1) I see white swans on my walk every morning. 2) My friends say they've only seen white swans. 3) Therefore, all swans are white. |
| Example #2 | 1) Every time I have seen the sun rise, it has been in the east. 2) I have observed this pattern for several years. 3) Therefore, the sun always rises in the east. |
| Example #3 | 1) I drink coffee every morning. 2) Caffeine is addictive. 3) Coffee contains caffeine. 4) Therefore, I'm addicted to caffeine. |

### Uses of Inductive Reasoning
## Deductive reasoning

Simple Definition: using logical premises to reach a logical conclusion.
If p represents all the premises, and q represents the conclusion then $p\Rightarrow q$. In other words, if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true.
# Open Sicilian with Nc6

4...Nf6 is a move which starts the conventional Sicilian counter attack. The move attacks the e4 pawn - one of the counter attacking themes apart from the traditional Queen side attack and the break through with d5. This move also practically forces 5. Nc3 since all other moves are inferior. Now after 5. Nc3 black no longer has to face the Maroczy bind positions in which White takes control of the d5 square with c4, making the equalizing try d5 difficult or some times impossible for black to achieve.

## Theory table

1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6
| | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Main Line | Nc3 d6 | Bg5 e6 | Qd2 Be7 | += |
| Sveshnikov | ... e5 | Ndb5 d6 | Bg5 a6 | += |
| | Nxc6 bxc6 | Nc3 e5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.