OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structured Query Language/Rollup Cube

In the chapter Grouping we have seen that the key word GROUP BY creates groups of rows within a result set. Additionally aggregat functions like SUM computes condensed values for each of those groups.
Because GROUP BY can summarize by multiple columns, there is often the requirement to compute summary values for 'super-groups', which arise by successively omitting one column after the next from the GROUP BY specification.

## Example Table

To illustrate the situation, we offer an example table and typical questions to such kind of tables.
In the table, there are two different car producers, 6 models and 4 years. Typical questions to such tables are:
   * Number of cars per producer or per model.
   * Number of cars per combination of some criteria like: producer plus model or producer plus year.
   * Total number of cars (without any criteria).

## ROLLUP

As we have seen, the keyword GROUP BY offers condensed data for exactly one grouping level, producer plus model in this case.
In such situations, one would like to know also the corresponding values for upper groups: per producer or for the whole table. This can be achieved by submitting a slightly different SELECT.
In principle, it is possible, to combine such SELECTs via UNION or to submit them sequentially. But because this is a standard requirement, SQL offers a more elegant solution, namely the extension of the GROUP BY with the ROLLUP keyword. Based on the results of the GROUP BY, it offers additional rows for every superordinate group, which arises by omitting the grouping criteria one after the other.
The simple GROUP BY clause creates rows at the level of producer plus model. The ROLLUP keyword leads to additional rows where first the model and then model and producer are omitted.

## CUBE

The ROLLUP keyword offers solutions where a hierarchical point of view is adequate. But in data warehouse applications, one likes to navigate freely through the aggregated data, not only from top to bottom. To support this requirement, the SQL standard offers the keyword CUBE. It is an extension of ROLLUP and offers additional rows for all possible combinations of the GROUP BY columns.
In the case of our above example with the two columns producer and model, the ROLLUP has created rows for 'producer-only' and 'no criteria' (= complete table). Additional to that, CUBE creates rows for 'model-only'. (If different producer would use the same model-name, such rows will lead to only 1 additional row.)
If there are tree grouping columns c1, c2, and c3, the keywords lead to the following grouping.
| GROUP BY: | (c1, c2, c3) |
| GROUP BY ROLLUP: | (c1, c2, c3), (c1, c2), (c1) and |
| GROUP BY CUBE: | (c1, c2, c3), (c1, c2), (c1, c3), (c2, c3), (c1), (c2), (c3) and |
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2018/The Telegraph life-cycle

Transportation Deployment Casebook | 2018
The US telegraph system
Qualitative
Abstract
When comparing the S-curve to the actual data collected, it can be said that the initial birth stage of the telegraph was higher than expected due to the niche market and foreseen potential. The growth stage was concise in both models. However, the following maturity stage was shortened and a resulting declination phase commenced, as the development of better communication technologies made the telegraph obsolete. Nevertheless, current technologies and business movements would have not been so prominent without the telegraph aiding their growth stage.
Introduction
The telegraph was an early communication system implemented in the US, which allowed the almost instantaneous transmission of coded messages (normally in the format of Morse code) by pulsing currents of electricity through a wire.
Like many other inventions developed during the same time, the telegraph was exploited by a single distributer (Western Union) and paved the way for many current technologies, business and processes during maturity.
However, the standardisation of the telegraph was short lived, as with many other means of technology, they are constrained by “The Product Life Cycle” (PLC).
The PLC consists of three main stages, this includes the “Birth” phase, the “Growth” phase and the “Maturity” phase. The PLC may also include the “decline” phase if a product eventually becomes obsolete, which in this case the telegraph has.
* Birth: this stage comprises from conceptualisation to the development of a product; the new market allows for easy monopolization and patients.
* Growth: the success of the product results in an increase in sales and demand; this stage comprises of the most profit and exposure of the product.
* Maturity: the produce has become standardized, resulting in a well-established market and distribution.
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2019

Cases Prepared by Students in CIVL5703 at the University of Sydney should be uploaded here

## Technology

* China's High Speed Rail Network
* Civil Passenger Aviation (World Wide)
* Sydney Trains
* Civil Aviation in China
* Sydney Metro
* Australia's International Airline Freight
* Light Rail
# The Pagan Beliefs Surrounding Christmas
## Contents

* Introduction
* The Date Jesus was Born
* Traditions of Christmas
* The Christmas Tree
* Bibliography
# The Pagan Beliefs Surrounding Christmas/Introduction

The month of December holds one of the most celebrated holidays in the world. Although Christmas is extremely popular, do we really know the story behind this celebration? Indeed, many questions go unanswered when it comes to Christmas. Today we are going to explore those questions and answers. We are going to look into many controversial aspects of Christmas, including things such as dates, customs, and traditions, so join me in this marvelous exploration of Christmas.
The Date Jesus was Born →
# The Pagan Beliefs Surrounding Christmas/Bibliography

* McLain, Bill. Do Fish Drink Water?. Quill, 1999.
* Brain, Marshall. “Is December 25 really the day Jesus was born?” in “How Christmas Works” . October 10, 2003.
* Wittmann, Kelly. Christmas' pagan origins . October 10, 2003.
* Christmas Tree Farmers of Ontario. [ctfo@christmastrees.on.ca]. The History of Christmas Trees, Part One in Christmas Tree Farmers of Ontario Virtual Christmas Tree Farm . October 10, 2003
← The Christmas Tree
# The Organ Systems/skeletal

The Skeletal System
Function of System:
To provide the structure for movement, protection, support, and calcium storage.
How it aids in homeostasis:
The skeletal system assists in red blood cell production and supports movement, allowing the body to survive and regenerate lost blood or maintain the same level of blood cells as old ones die.
Image of system:
Name and function of Major Organs:
There are 206 bones in the human body. The Axial skeleton includes the skull, which protects the brain from damage and the spine, or the vertebral column, which keeps the spinal cord protected and allows for major torso movements. The Appendicular skeleton hangs off of the axial skeleton and includes the limbs (i.e. arms, legs, hands, and feet, etc.)
Comparative anatomy:
HORSE:
LION:
BEAR:
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeletal system. In osteoporosis bones get weak and brittle.This disease is most common among the elderly. Osteoporosis related fractures occur most commonly in the hips, wrist, or spine.
In Animals
Osteoporosis can be found in dogs and cats, but is rarely reported in other animals. In dogs osteoporosis will lead to debilitation, chronic pain in multiple areas of the body, and an extremely high susceptibility to fractures. Cats can get it as well if the cat does not get enough calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium to keep the bones healthy and strong.
Reference sources (APA):
Brennan, K. (2017, May 16). Weak Bones in Dogs: Understanding the causes. Canna-Pet. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://canna-pet.com/articles/weak-bones-dogs/
Masters, Madeline. (n.d.). Can cats get Osteoporosis? The Nest. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://pets.thenest.com/disorders-corgis-6111.html
Mayo Clinic. Osteoporosis - Symptoms and Causes. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes. /syc-20351968#Overview
Zimmermann, K. A. (2016, March 11). Skeletal System: Facts, Function & Diseases. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.livescience.com/22537-skeletal-system.html
Return to Table of Contents
# The Pagan Beliefs Surrounding Christmas/The Christmas Tree

It is safe to say that the Christmas tree is one of the most recognized symbols of Christmas, yet the origins of the Christmas tree are not clear. There is a legend that Saint Boniface started the custom of the Christmas tree in Germany around the eighth century. It is said that Saint Boniface found a group of pagans worshipping an oak tree and became angry; consequently, he proceeded to cut down the Oak tree. Immediately a small fir tree is said to have sprouted from the middle of the oak stump and reached to the sky. Thus, Saint Boniface told the onlookers that this would be their holy tree because it was evergreen, a symbol of everlasting life.
Historically, an oak tree named Irminsul (meaning Great Pillar) was in fact venerated by the Saxon tribes of Germany as the symbol of their chief god, Tiu, also known as Saxnot. Located in the vicinity of the modern town of Goettingen, the Irminsul was destroyed on the orders of the Frankish emperor Charlemagne during the late 8th century CE, as part of a military campaign to subdue the Saxons and convert them to Christianity.
Although many versions of the story exist, many authorities believe that the true origins come from ancient Egypt. Bill McLain writes, “On December 21, the shortest day of the year, ancient Egyptians decorated their homes with green palm branches to symbolize life’s triumph over death.” Before Christianity, plants and trees that remained green throughout the year were believed to have special meaning for people in winter. Bill McLain continues explaining, “Romans used evergreens to decorate their homes during the winter festival of Saturnalia, which honored Saturn, the god of farming.” In addition, Ancient Druids, a member of an order of priests in ancient Gaul and Britain who appear in Welsh and Irish legend as prophets and sorcerers, were known to place evergreen branches over doors to frighten away evil spirits.
People decorate the trees with baubles and tinsel to make it look really pretty to impress guests. Lights are put up outside houses as well to impress people in the cars driving past.
← Traditions of Christmas · Bibliography →
# The Pagan Beliefs Surrounding Christmas/Traditions of Christmas

Another aspect of Christmas that receives much criticism is its traditions. Traditions such as kissing under mistletoe are very popular, but have no biblical reference at all. Bill McLain wrote in his book, “There are many legends about mistletoe. One Scandinavian legend states that Loki, the god of destruction, killed Baldur, the god of peace, by shooting him with an arrow made from mistletoe. Other gods and goddesses were saddened by Baldur’s death and asked that his life be restored, which it was. In appreciation, his mother Frigga hung up the mistletoe and promised to kiss all who passed under it. Because of this, mistletoe became the symbol of both forgiveness and love.” There are also a few other beliefs of mistletoe from around the world. During the Middle Ages, people would hang mistletoe over doors and on their ceilings to scare off evil spirits and prevent witches from entering. In addition, there is an old superstition that if you place a twig of mistletoe under your pillow you will not have any nightmares.
← The Date Jesus was Born · The Christmas Tree →
# The Organ Systems/urinary

Urinary System
Function of System:
The function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine, and excrete wastes from the body.
How it aids in homeostasis:
The kidneys maintain the acid-base balance and the water-salt balance of the blood.
Image of system (free licensed):
Name and function of Major Organs:
Kidneys - Filter blood and make urine.
Ureters - Carries urine from kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder - Temporarily stores and releases urine from the body.
Urethra - Single tube that carries the urine from the bladder to outside of the body.
Comparative Anatomy:
The Urinary system is the same throughout the Class. The major organs are the same in a dog, a cat, and a monkey.
Diseases of the Urinary System:
Interstitial Cystitis is a disease of the Urinary System that messes up the nerve signals that lets a person know when to urinate. Normally people will have nerves fire when their bladder is full, but people with cystitis have a lot of misfired nerves, so they feel the need to urinate when they don't need to at all.
Symptoms of the disease are intense pelvic pain, pain during urination, and painful intercourse.
In Animals
This disease can be found in common household cats, and can cause inflammation of the bladder. This is called Idiopathic Cystitis meaning it has an unknown cause.
Further Reading:
Grenus, Brittany. "Feline Idiopatic Cystitis (FIC) in cats", PetMD, Chewy Accessed April 2023 from https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/urinary/feline-idiopathic-cystitis-fic-cats
Interstitial Cystitis. "What is Interstitial Cystitis (IC)/Bladder Pain Syndrome?" - Urology Care Foundation, Accessed April 2023 from https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/i/interstitial-cystitis
http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_system
Return to Table of Contents
# Trigonometry/For Enthusiasts/Transformation of products into sums

In this section, we shall see how to convert a product of two trigonometric functions into a sum or difference of two such functions, and vice versa.

## Product into sum

We have already seen that
    $\sin(A)\cos(B)+\cos(A)\sin(B)=\sin(A+B)$
and
    $\sin(A)\cos(B)-\cos(A)\sin(B)=\sin(A-B)$
Adding these two equations and dividing both sides by 2, we get
    $\sin(A)\cos(B)={\frac {\sin(A+B)+\sin(A-B)}{2}}$
Subtracting the second from the first equation and dividing both sides by 2, we get
    $\cos(A)\sin(B)={\frac {\sin(A+B)+\sin(A-B)}{2}}$
We also know that
    $\cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B)=\cos(A+B)$
and
    $\cos(A)\cos(B)+\sin(A)\sin(B)=\cos(A-B)$
Adding these two equations and dividing both sides by 2, we get
    $\cos(A)\cos(B)={\frac {\cos(A+B)+\cos(A-B)}{2}}$
Subtracting the first from the second equation and dividing both sides by 2, we get
    $\sin(A)\sin(B)={\frac {\cos(A-B)-\cos(A+B)}{2}}$
Thus we can express:
* The product of a sine and cosine as the sum or difference of two sines;
* The product of two cosines as the sum of two cosines;
* The product of two sines as the difference of two sines.

## Sum into product

Let $C=A+B$ and $D=A-B$ . Then
    $A={\frac {C+D}{2}}\ ;\ B={\frac {C-D}{2}}$
Substituting into the above expressions and multiplying both sides by two in each of them, we have:
    $\sin(C)+\sin(D)=2\sin \left({\frac {C+D}{2}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {C-D}{2}}\right)$
    $\sin(C)-\sin(D)=2\cos \left({\frac {C+D}{2}}\right)\sin \left({\frac {C-D}{2}}\right)$
    $\cos(C)+\cos(D)=2\cos \left({\frac {C+D}{2}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {C-D}{2}}\right)$
    $\cos(C)-\cos(D)=-2\sin \left({\frac {C+D}{2}}\right)\sin \left({\frac {C-D}{2}}\right)$
Note the negative sign in the last formula.
These formulae are sometimes expressed in words, e.g.
    cos plus cos = two cos half sum cos half diff.
# Transportation Geography and Network Science/Robustness

For road networks, the measure of robustness is used to evaluate its ability to cope with disturbances. Unlike reliability, robustness is the property for the network itself rather than for the users. But a road network with higher robustness could provide users a higher reliability.
Many measures of the network affect the network robustness, such as redundancy. Redundancy could be defined as the existence of alternatives for certain travel demand, such as alternative traffic modes or alternative paths. When disruptions occur, an efficient corresponding alternative could guarantee an acceptable condition of the network. The effect of interdependency on road network robustness could be shown by the cascading disruptions that may occur over a large part of the road network because of the failure of a critical node or link. Hence, maintaining a reasonable hierarchy to minimize the interdependency is important to improve the robustness for a road network.
Nagurney and Qiang used unified network performance to measure the robustness of road network. And for a given road network G and a vector of the equilibrium demand, the network performance measure could be expressed as,
Where $d_{w}$ is the demand in the equilibrium condition, while $n_{w}$ is the total number of OD pairs in the network. $\lambda _{w}$is defined as the equilibrium travel disutility, and it equals to the minimal cost of the path if the equilibrium traffic flow is not 0.
The cost of a path is the function of its traffic flow. Considering the road connectivity, the cost function of path P could be expressed as,
Where $c_{a}$ is the cost of link a, while $\delta _{ap}$is a binary function and it equals to 1 is link a is contained in the path. The importance of a node or a link could be evaluated by the following expression, G-g stands for the new network that $g$ has been removed.
Considering the capacity degradation rather than the connections only, the capacity could be reflected in the cost function, which is shown as $\mu _{a}$ in the following equation:
$c_{a}f(a)=t_{a}^{0}[1+k({\frac {f_{a}}{\mu _{a}}})^{\beta }],\forall a\in L$
And the network robustness measure is
Where $\gamma$ is the degradation ratio of the capacity.

## References

* ↑ Immers, Ben, et al. “Robustness And Resilience Of Road Network Structures.”NECTAR Cluster Meeting on Reliability of Networks. 2004.
* ↑ Immers, Ben, et al. “Robustness And Resilience Of Road Network Structures.”NECTAR Cluster Meeting on Reliability of Networks. 2004.
* ↑ Nagurney, Anna, and Qiang Qiang. “Robustness of transportation networks subject to degradable links.” EPL (Europhysics Letters) 80.6 (2007): 68001.
* ↑ Nagurney, Anna, and Qiang Qiang. “Robustness of transportation networks subject to degradable links.” EPL (Europhysics Letters) 80.6 (2007): 68001.
* ↑ Nagurney, Anna, and Qiang Qiang. “Robustness of transportation networks subject to degradable links.” EPL (Europhysics Letters) 80.6 (2007): 68001.
* ↑ Nagurney, Anna, and Qiang Qiang. “Robustness of transportation networks subject to degradable links.” EPL (Europhysics Letters) 80.6 (2007): 68001.
# Transportation Geography and Network Science/Random graphs
### Random Graph

A random graph is a graph generated by some random processes. The theory of random graph was founded by Erdős and Rényi in a series of papers in the 1950's.
In most of the random graph models, the number of vertices is fixed and edges among them are placed in some random ways. One of the simplest way to do this is to also fix the number of edges and place them uniformly and randomly among all possible pair of vertices. In other words, we generate a probability distribution of graphs with v vertices and e edges, and each of them have the same probability. This model is often referred to as G(v,e) where v denotes the number of vertices and e denotes the number of edges.
Although G(v,e) appears to be a simple model, it turns out that it is not easy to obtain some of the important properties we are interested in. Thus, another slightly different model has been proposed and most of the mathematical work has been conducted on this model called G(v,p) where v denote the number of vertices and p denote the probability of having an edge between each pair of vertices. In other words, the graph in G(v,p) model is constructed by scanning through each pair of the n vertices and place an edge between them with probability p.

### Properties

The probability of having e edges in G(v,p) is
    $p^{e}(1-p)^{{\binom {v}{2}}-e}$
For example, considering a random graph G(3,0.8), the probabilities that the graph have one, two or three edges are shown as follows:
Probabilities of a graph with e edges
    $P(e)={\binom {\binom {v}{2}}{e}}p^{e}(1-p)^{{\binom {v}{2}}-e}$
Number of random graphs(v vertices) have e edges:
    $N(e)={\binom {\binom {v}{2}}{e}}$
For example, there are 15 different random graphs with 4 vertices and 2 edges:
Expected number of degrees
    ${\binom {v}{2}}p$
Expected degree value
    $c=(v-1)p$
Degree distribution
    $p_{k}={\binom {v-1}{k}}p^{k}(1-p)^{v-1-k}$
In large networks where mean degree is approximately constant (e.g. social network), the degree distribution becomes Poisson distributed

### Clustering Coefficient

The clustering coefficient measures the transitivity of the network. It is defined as the probability that two network neighbors of a vertex are also neighbors of each other. Since in G(v,p), each pair of vertices is connected with probability p independent of everything else, the clustering coefficient C is
    $C=p={\frac {c}{v-1}}$

### Giant Component

One important characteristic studied in random graph is how the graph evolves when v becomes large. More specifically, if we know that most of the vertices in graph are connected as v goes to infinity, then it means there exists a component grows at a comparable rate as the graph. This component is called giant component. It can be shown that a giant component exists if and only if the mean degree value is greater than 1.
* ↑ Newman. Networks: an introduction
# Windows Programming/Obtaining the SDK
## The Windows Platform SDK

The Microsoft Windows Software Development Kit is a simple, free set of tools and libraries to create windows programs in C and C++. The SDK contains the standard windows header files, the link libraries, the compiler (cl.exe), and the linker (link.exe). The SDK is available as a free download from Microsoft.
Download the SDK

## Visual Studio

Another option is Microsoft Visual C++, a commercial IDE and is an option worth looking into for serious Windows programmers. Microsoft Visual Studio is almost a de facto standard Windows programming IDE.
The best option for a beginner is Microsoft's .NET platform. .NET developers can use Microsoft Visual Studio.NET, Borland C#Builder (discussed earlier), the Visual Studio Express products and SharpDevelop.

## Borland Compiler

In addition, Borland has released several of its compilers for free (although still proprietary) as Borland Command Line compiler tools. Borland requires users to log in in order to download these tools. They are quite small and fast, more so than gcc and DJGPP, and can build Windows applications with ease, especially for those accustomed with Borland tools.
Other notable downloads from Borland are C++BuilderX and C#Builder, both with IDEs. Both products impose restrictions on your software and must not be for commercial use.

## Other Tools

SharpDevelop is a free and small IDE. It supports C# and partially supports Visual Basic.NET. However, you also need to obtain Microsoft's .NET SDK, which can be freely downloaded from Microsoft's site.
It's also possible to develop Windows programs in Forth (see the Forth article at Wikipedia) using WinForth, Win32Forth, SwiftForth, and RetroForth. Several of these can generate native Windows applications with much less bloat than C/C++.
# Windows Programming/Programming CMD/Sample FTP

A simple program that will ftp one file. Do not name the file ftp.bat or it will recurse.