OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# XQuery/Graphing from RDF
## Motivation

RDF graphs are very complex if all triples are graphed. Usually what is needed is a projection of that graph to show a specific aspect. In this example we use a SPARQL query to extract derived triples from a triple store and transform these using XSLT to the dot format for processing by Graphviz.

## Triple Store

The source data is a collection of facts about a university department, the modules it provides and the staff involved. The triples are held in a store provided by the Talis Data Incubator http://dataincubator.org/ .

## View

The view of this data we want to build is a graph of the 'reviews' relationship between staff. A member of staff X reviews another member Y when a module has a Module Leader of Y and an Internal Moderator of X.
The SPARQL query to construct this relationship is :
This query constructs a new set of triples, one for each moderation relationship. The parts of the triple are named from, to and label so that the transformation to dot can be generalized. The result is returned in SPARQL XML result format.

## Transformation

The transformation to dot is carried out by a generic XSLT:
The XQuery script to extract these triples and return the dot file is :

## Transformation to a Graph

To transform to a graph, we use a service provided by the University of the West of England. This accepts a URL of a dot file, passes the file to a local installation of Graphviz and returns the result as either PNG, JPG or SVG.
http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~cjwallac/apps/services/dot2media-v2.php?output=png&url=http://kitwallace.co.uk/rdf/xquery/reviewers.xq

## Summary

We have implemented a small pipeline of transformations:
The XSLT is generic so that any SPARQL query return containing from, to and label triples can be graphed.

## Development

The dot file is currently pulled by the PHP script because in general it is too large to be passed as a parameter. An eXist module should be available to interface to a local version of Graphviz in place of this lashup.
# Statistics/Distributions/Uniform
### Continuous Uniform Distribution

The (continuous) uniform distribution, as its name suggests, is a distribution with probability densities that are the same at each point in an interval. In casual terms, the uniform distribution shapes like a rectangle.
Mathematically speaking, the probability density function of the uniform distribution is defined as
$f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R}$
$f\left(x\right)={1 \over {b-a}}$
And the cumulative distribution function is:
$F\left(x\right)={\begin{cases}0,&{\mbox{if }}x\leq a\\{{x-a} \over {b-a}},&{\mbox{if }}a<x<b\\1,&{\mbox{if }}x\geq b\end{cases}}$

#### Mean

We derive the mean as follows.
    $\operatorname {E} [X]=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }xf(x)dx$
As the uniform distribution is 0 everywhere but [a, b] we can restrict ourselves that interval
    $\operatorname {E} [X]=\int _{a}^{b}{1 \over {b-a}}xdx$
    $\operatorname {E} [X]=\left.{1 \over (b-a)}{1 \over 2}x^{2}\right|_{a}^{b}$
    $\operatorname {E} [X]={1 \over 2(b-a)}\left[b^{2}-a^{2}\right]$
    $\operatorname {E} [X]={b+a \over 2}$

#### Variance

We use the following formula for the variance.
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)=\operatorname {E} [X^{2}]-(\operatorname {E} [X])^{2}$
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)=\left[\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(x)\cdot x^{2}dx\right]-\left({b+a \over 2}\right)^{2}$
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)=\left[\int _{a}^{b}{1 \over {b-a}}x^{2}dx\right]-{(b+a)^{2} \over 4}$
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)=\left.{1 \over {b-a}}{1 \over 3}x^{3}\right|_{a}^{b}-{(b+a)^{2} \over 4}$
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)={1 \over 3(b-a)}[b^{3}-a^{3}]-{(b+a)^{2} \over 4}$
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)={4(b^{3}-a^{3})-3(b+a)^{2}(b-a) \over 12(b-a)}$
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)={(b-a)^{3} \over 12(b-a)}$
    $\operatorname {Var} (X)={(b-a)^{2} \over 12}$

#### External links

* Interactive Uniform Distribution Web Applet (Java)
# Statistics/Distributions/Student-t
### Student-t Distribution

Student t-distribution (or just t-distribution for short) is derived from the chi-square and normal distributions. We divide the standard normally distributed value of one variable over the root of a chi-square value over its r degrees of freedom. Mathematically, this appears as:
$t={\frac {\mbox{Z}}{\sqrt {\chi _{r}^{2}/r}}}$
where $Z={\frac {X-{\bar {X}}}{\sigma }}$ and $\chi _{r}^{2}=\chi _{r_{1}}^{2}+...+\chi _{r_{n}}^{2}$.

#### External links

* Interactive Student-T Distribution Web Applet (Java)
* ↑ Hurst, Simon, The Characteristic Function of the Student-t Distribution, Financial Mathematics Research Report No. FMRR006-95, Statistics Research Report No. SRR044-95
# Statistics/Distributions/Probability

This page under Heavy Construction!
Key components of Probability Distributions:
1) Are greater than 0
2) the total =1
3) It describes the likelihood X=x (if discrete) or X=[range] if continuous
The set of ordered pairs (x,f(x)) is a probability distribution function if:
1) It 2)
3)
# Statistics/Glossary

This is a glossary of the book.

## P
### primary data

    Original data that have been collected specially for the purpose in mind.

### population

    Entire group being considered for data collection, that we want to draw conclusions about. EX: The population of the United States

## R
### Random variable

    A function that associates a specific and unique numerical value with each outcome of an experiment. (EX: X or Y) The outcome is denoted as lower case

## S
### sample

    a group of units taken from a larger group (the population). Used to draw conclusions of the larger group. EX: 30 people in a town in the US.

### secondary data

    Data that have been collected for another purpose and where we will use Statistical Method with the Primary Data.

### statistic

    A measure that is calculated from a sample of data.

### Statistical Independence

    They do not affect each other
# Statistics/Distributions/Normal

The Normal Probability Distribution is one of the most useful and more important distributions in statistics. It is a continuous variable distribution. Although the mathematics of this distribution can be quite off putting for students of a first course in statistics it can nevertheless be usefully applied with out over complication.
The Normal distribution is used frequently in statistics for many reasons:
1) The Normal distribution has many convenient mathematical properties.
2) Many natural phenomena have distributions which when studied have been shown to be close to that of the Normal Distribution.
3) The Central Limit Theorem shows that the Normal Distribution is a suitable model for large samples regardless of the actual distribution.

## Mathematical Characteristics of the Normal Distribution

A continuous random variable, X, is normally distributed with a probability density function:
${\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {2\pi }}}}\;\exp \left(-{\frac {\left(x-\mu \right)^{2}}{2\sigma ^{2}}}\right)\!$
# Statistics/Index

This is an alphabetical index of the book.

## B

* Bernoulli distribution
* Binomial distribution

## P

* Primary data

## Q

* Qualitative data
* Quantitative data

## S

* Secondary data
# Waterford Crystal Collector's Guide

The purpose of this book is to assist collectors of Waterford Crystal figurines be able to date and identify the collection of a particular piece.

## Table of Contents

* Christmas figurines
# Water Resources Directory/USA/Organizations/Federal

Waters - People - Organizations - Education - Research - Best Practices - Laws - Ethics - Economics - Projects - Assistance - Data & Maps - News - Culture - Library
Listed below are selected federal organizations having any water related responsibilities or activities.
          A complete list of federal organizations is online.

## Executive Departments

   * Department of Agriculture (USDA)
      * Forest Service
      * Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
   * Department of Commerce (DOC)
      * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
   * Department of Defense (DOD)
      * U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
         * Institute for Water Resources (Alexandria, VA)
         * Hydrologic Engineering Center (Davis, CA)
         * Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg, MS)
         * Construction Engineering Research Center (Champaign, IL)
         * Army Environmental Policy Institute
   * Department of Education (ED)
   * Department of Energy (DOE)
   * Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
   * Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
   * Department of Justice (DOJ)
   * Department of Labor (DOL)
   * Department of Interior (DOI)
       U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ]
       National Park Service
   * Department of Transportation (DOT)

## Independent Agencies

   * Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
   * Tennessee Valley Authority
   * Federal Maritime Commission
   * National Science Foundation
   * Office of Government Ethics
   * U.S. Office of Special Council (FOIA)
   * Small Business Administration
   * Securities and Exchange Commission
   * U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
   * Institute of Museum and Library Services
   * Corporation for National and Community Service (Vista Volunteers)

## Boards, Commissions and Committees

   * Appalachian Regional Commission
   * Delaware River Basin Commission
   * Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin
   * Mississippi River Commission
   * Susquehanna River Basin Commission
   * Committee on Foreign Investments in the US
   * Endangered Species Committee
   * Federal Advisory Committees
   * Federal Executive Boards
   * Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
   * Federal Library and Information Center Committee
   * Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor Commission
   * Interagency Alternative Dispute Resolution Working Group
   * Marine Mammal Commission
   * Migratory Bird Conservation Commission
   * Millennium Challenge Corporation. (Natural Resources Management Indicator Search)
   * Morris K. Udall Foundation: Scholarship and Excellence in National Environmental Policy
   * National Park Foundation
   * Northwest Power Planning Council
   * Nuclear Regulatory Commission
   * President's Council on Integrity and Efficiency (Inspector General)
   * Regulatory Information Service Center (B/C of rulemaking)
# Waves

This book is part of a series on Modern Physics:
Waves General Mechanics Special Relativity Quantum Mechanics Electrodynamics Nuclear Physics
The wave is a physical phenomenon that is found in a variety of contexts, a perturbation in the medium. You undoubtedly know about ocean waves and have probably played with a stretched slinky toy, producing undulations which move rapidly along the slinky. Other examples of waves are sound, vibrations in solids, and light (photons have the particularity of sharing characteristics of both waves and particles).
Despite the vast differences in these different types of waves, they all consist of a fluctuation around an equilibrium position caused by a restoring force, and can be described by the same types of mathematical equations. Understanding these equations is a powerful tool because it will let you understand the basics of a wide variety of seemingly unrelated phenomena. The purpose of this section is to describe the kinematics of waves, i.e., to provide tools for describing the form and motion of all waves irrespective of their underlying physical mechanisms.
In this chapter we learn first about the basic properties of waves and introduce the most common type of wave, called the sinusoidal (sine) wave. In fact just about any type of wave can be expressed as a combination of sine functions using a technique proposed by Joseph Fourier. Examples of waves seen in the real world are presented. We then learn about the superposition principle, which allows us to construct complex wave patterns by superimposing sine waves. Using these ideas, we discuss the related ideas of beats and interferometry. Finally, the ideas of wave packets and group velocity are introduced.

## Waves in one dimension

* The Mathematics of Waves
* Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional waves
* Sine Waves
* Types of Waves
* Sound Waves
* Light
* Superposition Principle
* Beats
* Interferometers
* Thin Films
* Derivatives
* Fourier Transforms
* Group Velocity
    Examples
    Problems
    Solutions
    Terminology

## Waves in two and three dimensions

* Introduction
* Math:Vectors
* Plane Waves
* Superposition of Plane Waves
* Single slit Diffraction
* Double slit Diffraction
* Diffraction Grating
    Problems

## Geometrical optics

* Introduction
* Reflection and Refraction
* Total Internal Reflection
* Anisotropic Media
* Optical Instruments
* Fermat's Principle
    Problems
# Water Resources Directory/USA/Organizations

Waters - People - Organizations - Education - Research - Best Practices - Laws - Ethics - Economics - Projects - Assistance - Data & Maps - News - Culture - Library

### International Organizations

* See list for international level at: Water Resources Directory/Organizations.

### Federal Agencies

* See list of federal agencies.
# Water Resources Directory/USA/Projects

Waters - People - Organizations - Education - Research - Best Practices - Laws - Ethics - Economics - Projects - Assistance - Data & Maps - News - Culture - Library

## Regional Water Plans
### List of State Water Plans

* Idaho
* Nevada

### List of Drought Management Plans

* City Drought Plans and State Drought Plans (Richard Palmer website)
# Water Resources Directory/USA/Research/States

Waters - People - Organizations - Education - Research - Best Practices - Laws - Ethics - Economics - Projects - Assistance - Data & Maps - News - Culture - Library
State Water Resources Research Institutes
    The U.S. Geological Survey provides annual funding for 54 Water Resources Research Institutes or Centers, one in each of the 50 states and 4 territories. State institutes commonly provide: an annual list of state water research priorities, funding for water research projects consistent with the priorities, a newsletter or website, conferences, links to key water organizations around the state, and other services in support of the water resources community in the state.

## Water Resources Research for each state

   * State water research programs
   * State water research funding
   * State water research needs
| Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia | Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland | Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey | New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina | South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming |
# Water Resources Directory/Welcome

Welcome! You are invited to use and especially to help write the Water Resources Directory.
Contributors to the Directory are acknowledged and listed by section.
Instructions for contributing to the Directory are provided.
# Water Resources Directory/USA/Research

Waters - People - Organizations - Education - Research - Best Practices - Laws - Ethics - Economics - Projects - Assistance - Data & Maps - News - Culture - Library
Key Reference

### Federally funded research programs

* National Institutes for Water Resources
   * Provides minor annual funding for the State Water Resources Institute in each of 50 states,
       which includes setting annual state and regional research priorities.
   * Provides annual funding for a national competitive grants research program.
* National Water Program, a partnership of USDA CSREES and Land Grant universities.
* Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). "The RISA program supports research that addresses complex climate sensitive issues of concern to decision-makers and policy planners at a regional level. ...Traditionally the research has focused on the fisheries, water, wildfire, and agriculture sectors."

### Water Resources Research in the 50 States

    See list of states.
* Research funding
* Research programs
* Research needs
# Waterford Crystal Collector's Guide/Christmas
## Celestrial Angel Series

| Name | SKU | Height |
| Guardian Angel 1st Edition in a series of 5 | SKU: 114930 | 6.0" |
| Celestial Angel of Grace 2004 2nd Edition in a series of 5 | SKU: 128699 | 6.5" |
| Celestial Angel of Hope 2005 3rd Edition in a series of 5 | SKU: 136395 | 7.5" |
| Celestial Angel of Light 2007 4th Edition in a series of 5 | SKU: 143366 | 8.5" |

## Santa Clauses

These Christmas figurines are not part of the Victorian Santa Collection
| Name | SKU | Height |
| Santa With Train 2003 | SKU: 108146 | TBD |
| Santa (German) With Staff 2004 | SKU: 135036 | TBD |
| Santa with List 2005 | SKU: 135457 | TBD |

## Nativity

To be posted

## Victorian Santa Collection

| Name | SKU | Dimensions | Etching | Image |
| Santa (Victorian) with Caroling Children 2007 1st edition in a series of 4 | SKU 142821 | 7½"" tall, 5½"" wide | | |
| Waterford® Santa In The Park 2008 2nd edition in a series of 4 | SKU: TBD | 5" by 5" | |

## Christmas Wonder Collection

| Name | SKU | Dimensions |
| St Nicholas 2006 1st edition in a series of 5 | SKU: 140025 | H: 6.5" |
| The Jolly Snowman Sculpture 2007 2nd edition is a series of 5 | SKU: 142742 | H: 6.5" |
| Nutcracker Sculpture 2008 3rd edition in a series of 5 | SKU: TBD | H: 6.5" |
# Waves/1D Examples

Waves : 1 Dimensional Waves 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 Examples - Problems - Solutions - Terminology

### Examples

We now illustrate some examples of phase speed and group velocity by showing the displacement resulting from the superposition of two sine waves, as given by equation (1.38), in the $x$-$t$ plane. This is an example of a spacetime diagram, of which we will see many examples later on.
$x-t$
$k=4$
$\omega =4$
$k=5$
$\omega =5$
$\Delta k=5-4=1$
$\Delta \omega =5-4=1$
$u=\Delta \omega /\Delta k=1$
$c_{1}=4/4=1$
$c_{2}=5/5=1$
$c_{1}=c_{2}=u$
Figure 1.16 shows a non-dispersive case in which the phase speed equals the group velocity. The regions with vertical and horizontal hatching (short vertical or horizontal lines) indicate where the wave displacement is large and positive or large and negative. Large displacements indicate the location of wave packets. The positions of waves and wave packets at any given time may therefore be determined by drawing a horizontal line across the graph at the desired time and examining the variations in wave displacement along this line. The crests of the waves are indicated by regions of short vertical lines. Notice that as time increases, the crests move to the right. This corresponds to the motion of the waves within the wave packets. Note also that the wave packets, i. e., the broad regions of large positive and negative amplitudes, move to the right with increasing time as well.
Since velocity is distance moved $\Delta x$ divided by elapsed time $\Delta t$, the slope of a line in figure 1.16, $\Delta t/\Delta x$, is one over the velocity of whatever that line represents. The slopes of lines representing crests (the slanted lines, not the short horizontal and vertical lines) are the same as the slopes of lines representing wave packets in this case, which indicates that the two move at the same velocity. Since the speed of movement of wave crests is the phase speed and the speed of movement of wave packets is the group velocity, the two velocities are equal and the non-dispersive nature of this case is confirmed.
$x$
$t$
$k=4.5$
$\omega =4$
$k=5.5$
$\omega =6$
$\Delta k=5.5-4.5=1$
$\Delta \omega =6-4=2$
$u=\Delta \omega /\Delta k=2/1=2$
$c_{1}=4/4.5=0.889$
$c_{2}=6/5.5=1.091$
$0.989$
$x$
$t$
$k=4$
$\omega =5$
$k=5$
$\omega =4$
Figure 1.17 shows a dispersive wave in which the group velocity is twice the phase speed, while figure 1.18 shows a case in which the group velocity is actually opposite in sign to the phase speed. See if you can confirm that the phase and group velocities seen in each figure correspond to the values for these quantities calculated from the specified frequencies and wavenumbers.
Waves : 1 Dimensional Waves 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 Examples - Problems - Solutions - Terminology
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Deployment/wotaskd
### Troubleshooting

If WOtaskd did not start on your fresh install of WebObjects, check out the WOTaskd Didn't Start question in the troubleshooting section.
# WebObjects/Web Applications/Development/Ajax
### Overview

Ajax (Asynchronous Javascript and XML) is a methodology of web programming based on Javascript code that makes requests to a webserver in the background of the page, and uses DHTML to provide on-the-fly updates without a full page refresh. The fundamentals of the request-response process are identical to that of a normal request, but to the end-user of your applications, you can create a web experience that is much closer to that of a native app.
While WebObjects has not been traditionally known for its Ajax support, the framework provides all of the groundwork necessary to build Ajax components and actions.

### Ajax with DirectActions

Pierce T. Wetter III has written an extensive an excellent article comparing Ajax support in Ruby on Rails and Webobjects. In his article, he also provides examples of how one might integrate some of the popular Ajax libraries with WebObjects using Direct Actions.

### Ajax framework

If you would like to get up-and-running more quickly, Project WOnder provides an Ajax framework (called, of course, Ajax.framework), which provide support for many common Ajax techniques like sliders, drag-and-drop, updatable areas, etc. For the base Ajax framework, there are no dependencies on any other frameworks in Project WOnder, so it's a great place to test the waters.

### Related Reading

* Programming Ajax
* Ruby on Rails
* Wikipedia Ajax Entry
* Prototype Javascript library
* Scriptaculous Javascript library