OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Computer Revolution/Outsourcing

Outsourcing
Outsourcing is a term used when referring to work that is contracted outside of the locale of a business, to somewhere that offers more benefits to the company or the consumer. To the consumer, this could be beneficial by outsourcing something such as tech support(for a service targeted to a certain demographic) to a country predominately governed by the language of that demographic, so that communication barriers are not an issue. To the business, this could be beneficial by outsourcing labor(such as the assembly of different parts into a product) to a country renown for cheap labor or high quality.
Tech support is the largest export of work from America. Other tasks that are outsourced include customer service, payroll accounting, and credit card processing.
Crowdsourcing, a combination of the terms “Crowd” + “Outsourcing”, is the practice of taking a job traditionally performed by an employee and making an open call to a large group of people to help them complete it instead. Business can use crowdsourcing to solicit feedback on a product or service, or to find people who will be paid to complete a task. The most famous use of crowdsourcing is the ‘Netflix Prize’ which awarded a $1 Million grand prize to a team that designed an algorithm that out-performed their own. The majority of crowdsourcing takes place on the internet, on web sites such as http://www.crowdSPRING.com and http://www.Elance.com. (Morley, Deborah, and Charles S. Parker. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow. 13th ed. Boston: Course Technology/Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.)
# Graphic Tablet Overview

Graphic tablets are a pen-based input device that are also known as pen tablet or digitizing tablets. The way the tablet communicates with the computer is via a USB port. Once both are connected you can sketch, or write anything on the tablet and the computer will automatically display the image or writing on the screen. The tablet can also deliver commands to the computer, just like a mouse would. This device is commonly used by professional that works a lot with a pen and paper pad, such as cartoon animation, photography editing, and graphic artist. Graphic tablets main purpose is to add pen like abilities to a computer. (Morley and Parker 134-135)
Pen comes with paper and so a graphics tablet comes with a stylus pen ensuring that the user becomes easily familiar and comfortable with the object. First and foremost, the graphics tablet can substitute the mouse.

# Uses for the graphic tablet

They can be used in many different cases by many different people. For example: the digital artist can work with drawings by sketching in Photoshop. Or if the writer wants to trace words from a sheet of paper and send it into the computer.
Graphics tablets are incredibly convenient for some artists, who much prefer the familiarity of a pen stylus, compared to the mouse. They are also acknowledged for lessening wrist pain.
If I were a graphic artist, I would be most excited about using a graphic tablet. Using a mouse in this field would be impossible. It would be so much easier to use a pen to create my sketches for advertising, training material or printing of personalized invitations. The use of a graphic tablet can also be used to modify digital photographs. This is done by using an image editing software. Being a photographer this is probably essential! You would be able to airbrush any imperfections in your photos, making your clients very happy. (Morley and Parker, page 135)
# The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/3D Scanners
## Functionality

3D scanner can scan a three dimensional object into the computer. It create a real- world object which can used many ways such as industrial design, prototyping, movies and video games. There are many kinds of 3D scaners.scaners. 3D scanner can be fast and easy way to create 3D objects.

## Types of 3D scanners

There are two types of 3D scanners that will be introduced now, contact and non-contact. As well, non-contact can be divided into active scanners and passive scanners. Let's look more information about the types of 3D scanners.

### Contact

By physical touching, contact 3D works well. For instance, CMM is a contact 3D scanner. One of the disadvantages of CMM is that it requires contact, and this object is being scanned while people use it. Another disadvantage is that the function of CMM is slower than other kind of scanner

### Active

Some radiation are emitted by Active scanners, such as light, ultrasound or x-ray.

### Passive

Passive scanners do not emit any radiation. As well, passive scanners do not need any particular hardware, so it is normally cheap.
http://www.3dscanners.com/

## Desktop 3D Scanner

Before the most flexible 3D scanners developed, there is one cyberware's Desktop scanner which called model 15 shows up. It allows you to catch the shape well and get the many kinds of objects. This small system suits easily on a desktop. Being a highly integrated Model 15 provide all the 3D scanning resources that people need, however, it only costs you a small amoumt of money.
The features of the Desktop 3D scanners
* scanning unit
* motion subsystem
* software - in an integrated format
With a little bit extra of a graphics workstation, everything are included, and it makes fast, high-quality scans.

## Entertainment

By creating digital 3D models, 3D scanners can be used to make movies and video games

## Manufacturers

3D scanners were provided by many measurement systems. Most scanners perform either an open data format for x,y,z coordinate data and save that in an ASCII file.
When you buy a measurement system, you have to consider accuracyk volume, speed, and color. Furthermore, you have to consider your specific application, the size of your project, and the distance of the object from which you will be collection data.
# The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/Midi

Midi stands for "Musical Instrument Digital Interface". Midi is an industry standard for audio engineers that allows them to manipulate and control any of the software instruments and functions through their computers. A midi instrument can be anything from an electric guitar, to an electric keyboard. Midi gear captures note events and adjustments from controls either on the instrument itself or on the program software the computer. The notes are then recorded as digital messages and then sent to the computer where they can be recorded and manipulated to a further point. Midi can carry up to sixteen channels of information. The note event messages carried by midi specify pitch, notation, velocity, and control signals such as: volume, panning, vibrato, cues, and tempos.
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Sinonasal/Ethmoid sinuses

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Ethmoid cancer

## Risk factors

* Occupational
** Sawdust, cement dust - ethmoid adenocarcinoma
** Exposure to thoratrast, nickel, cadmium, formaldehyde
* Pollution
* Smoking
* HPV (SCC)
* ?chronic sinusitis

## Pathology

* SCC most common
* Mucoepidermoid
* Adenoid cystic
* Adenocarcinoma
* Rare:
** Olfactory neuroblastomas (esthesioneuroblastoma)
** Angiosarcoma
** Rhabdomyosarcoma
** Lymphoma

## Natural history

* Usually well differentiated, slow growing
* Present due to local invasion beyond sinus although can sometimes present due to sinusitis or nasal obstruction
* Tumours commonly invade through bone - through cribriform plate to anterior cranial fossa, or lamina papyracea to orbit

## Route of spread

* Primarily through local invasion; nodal metastases are uncommon (< 20%, even lower for adenoid cystic)
* Nodal involvement is more common when there is extension into surrounding tissues
* Sinuses themselves are lymphatic poor
* First echelon lymph nodes are retropharyngeal

## Presentation

* Facial or nasal pain
* Epistaxis
* Sinus obstruction
* Trismus (pterygoid involvement)
* Ocular symptoms: diplopia, visual disturbance, proptosis
* Neural involvement eg trigeminal neuralgia

## Staging

See Staging

## Outcomes

* Local control 50-60%
* Overall survival 30-50% at 5 years

## Management

* Most evidence is via retrospective single institution reports
* Options:
** Surgery (eg craniofacial resection, orbital exenteration)
*** Often difficult as locally advanced by the time of presentation
*** May include orbital exenteration if there is orbital invasion
** Radiotherapy
*** Unclear whether preop or postop RT is better
**** Preop chemoRT may improve resectability
*** Adjuvant treatment does appear to increase local control although there exists no randomised data to confirm this
*** Radiotherapy as definitive management is most appropriate
**** Difficult resection anatomically
**** Dose 70Gy definitive, with chemotherapy for advanced lesions
**** Comprehensive nodal irradiation (retropharyngeal nodes) only if node positive or extrasinus involvement (skin, muscle)
**** Dose limiting structures
***** Eye, optic chiasm
***** Brain
**** Technique
***** Ant and wedged laterals (posterior to eye)
***** Treat neck nodes prophylactically if there is skin/muscle involvement otherwise target volume is antrum alone
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Sinonasal

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
* Staging
* Overview
* Nasal cavity
* Maxillary sinus
* Ethmoid sinuses
* Proton therapy
# Rope Making for Bondage Use/Conditioning

This is about conditioning rope made out of natural fibers. Don't singe nylon ropes! ;)
Conditioning is done to give the rope properties like a particular softness and look, and more durability.

## Stretching

Directly after you made your rope, and also after washing, it is a good idea to stretch the rope. Adjust one end somewhere and pull at the other end as hard as you can! If you are stretching your rope after washing or dying, it is required stretching it for a couple of days. This is also referred to as "drying under load".
The purpose of that is to even out the forces in the rope, and the rope will stretch anyway, better it does not stretch too much when you have tied someone in it. If rope gets wet, especially hemp rope, it shrinks.

## Singeing

After you have twisted and stretched your rope, a good plausible next step would be singeing. That means holding it over a flame for a short moment to burn the little fibers that are sticking out.
The purpose of it is getting the rope "faster" because after singeing the rope is smoother and sticks less at itself and other things, like the clothing of your model. Furthermore it gets a nice shiny look without the little fibers looking out.
It is a very good idea to clean the soot away with a microfiber cloth afterwards.

## Polishing

Polishing rope is rubbing it at itself. To do it you fix a carabiner (or something else with a smooth surface) for instance at your balcony (outdoor is better), pull one end of your rope through and wrap it a few times around itself. Take the end of the rope in one hand and a rope piece about 40 cm away from the wrap-around-itself in the other. Pull alternately with your right and left hand. It will snow little rope pieces. Then you go a bit further on your rope and do the rub-at-itself with the whole rope.
Polishing rope means aging it artificially. If you would do 10 sessions with it, you would have the same effect (but more sweat). It makes the rope softer and prevents you from looking like you had a beige cat after your first ten rope sessions with you new rope.
To be added: boiling and waxing/oiling
# Rope Making for Bondage Use/Materials
## Natural fibers

Natural fibers such hemp and jute are preferred for three reasons: softness (in comparison to a coarser fiber like manilla); tooth or the ability to hold a knot; lack of stretch under tension (in contrast to cotton) and less risk of rope burn (superficial and very nasty injury emerged by heat development if the rope is moved quickly over the skin). Jute has the additional benefit of being light.

### Hemp, jute, linen

Flexible, rough texture, high friction, low stretch, moderate durability, good strength.
Very popular with rope enthusiasts, these fibers have great grip and are very easy to tie with. Hemp is widely available and has a unique scent. Jute is smoother and lighter than hemp, and compresses more easily. Linen (flax) is the softest of this group.

### Cotton

Flexible, soft texture, moderate friction, moderate stretch, low durability, low to moderate strength.
Often marketed as clothesline, cotton rope can be found priced as low as 50' for $1, though higher quality cottons are stronger, more durable, and less stretchy. Its price, availability, and ease of tying make it great for beginners. Cotton is usually not recommended for suspension, with the exception of higher quality cotton with a rated breaking strength of at least 400 lbs or so.

### Silk, bamboo

Flexible, soft texture, moderate friction, low stretch, moderate durability, good strength.
These luxury ropes combine all the best characteristics of natural and synthetic fibers, but are considerably more expensive. Silk has good grip and is somewhat similar to cotton, while bamboo has less grip but also natural anti-bacterial properties and a shine like nylon.

### Manila, sisal, coir

Stiff, harsh texture, moderate friction, low stretch, moderate durability, moderate strength.
Seldom recommended for bondage since they're stiff and splinter easily, but they're very inexpensive and sometimes enjoyed by those looking for a very sadomasochistic experience from their rope. Higher quality coir (coconut) is the most usable of this group since it’s more flexible, but it’s also more stretchy and is not considered strong enough for suspension.

## Reinforced Rope

To get a rope that has the texture of a natural fiber, but is stronger, you might attempt mixing materials. Tested as working well so far is jute with rayon, nylon seems to stretch too much to be mixed with jute, topics of present research are jute-spectra and jute-dacron.

## External Links

* Making of bamboo rope which is not viscose
* About silk production and "ethical" silk production
# Rope Making for Bondage Use/Stopper Knots

At each end of the rope, you should tie a stopper knot. This not only prevents the rope from getting untwisted but also helps to make shibari style rope extensions. Knots typically used for this purpose are Overhand knot, Thistle knot, Matthew Walker knot and stacked Wall knots.
An Overhand knot is thicker and easier to open than the others, which also means that it can get undone unintentionally while tying. A good compromise is doing an Overhand knot on untwisted rope. That version is less likely to get undone unintentionally but you can still open it in case you want to repair the rope.
It is also possible to finish the rope with something non-stopping, but then you can't make shibari-style rope extensions with it.

## External links

* Overhand knot: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q37qX9aDj9c
* Thistle knot: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoVu1wr_0iI
* Matthew Walker knot: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QTNluJzsZw
* Wall knot: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSjF3AgbUW0
# Rope Making for Bondage Use/Target

Well, given the necessary expertise, tools and material, you can make the rope you want! And that is, besides it being cheap, actually the best reason why you would want to make rope!
Traditionally Shibari practitioners prefer three strand twisted rope made from jute or hemp, that is 6 mm thick and 7 - 8 meters long. For special purposes, like tying toes, there is need for thinner (4mm) and shorter (2m) rope, and you might find other natural fibers interesting, like silk, linen and bamboo.

## Making a Sample Rope

If you aren't sure about the properties of the rope you are about to produce, it is a very good idea to make a sample, like half a meter. You can look at it, measure the diameter, do some stress test with it, and also test your future conditioning methods. Making a sample is recommended for all kind of doubts, like how many yarns to take, which way around, and how much to twist.
# Romanian/Viitor

Romanian Future tense acts very similar to the past tense, so having a working knowledge of the past tense will help you learn the future.
Like past tense, you have different pronouns than what you normally use but no conjugation of the verb itself. This means that the verb itself will not change from one person to the other like it does in present.
We will first learn the pronouns to use and then the ways that the verb is formed.
Future Tense Pronouns :
| | Singular | Plural |
| 1st Person | Voi | Vom |
| 2nd Person | Vei | Veți |
| 3rd Person | Va | Vor |
Notice that there are no distinctions of gender. There is no difference of he/she/it will, and there is also no distinction of they (m) and they (f).
Forming the verb itself is done simply by using the infinitive form of the verb, no modifications.
For example, the verb a spune (to speak):
A spune (to speak) :
| | Singular | Plural |
| 1st Person | Voi spune | Vom spune |
| 2nd Person | Vei spune | Veți spune |
| 3rd Person | Va spune | Vor spune |
Then, once you know the pronouns and the verb, you know the future tense.
Good job!
# Rope Making for Bondage Use

As the name says, this is a wikibook about rope making for bondage use. Every aspect is welcome and even if shibari-practitioners are more likely to make their own rope, practitioners of western rope bondage should feel welcome as well.

## Chapters

* What is the rope you want?
* Materials
* Twisting
* Stopper Knots
* Conditioning
* Questions?
* Resources

## Contributing

Are you missing something about rope making here? One good thing about wiki-books is that there is much space in them, so if you think a chapter about rope making machines would be a good thing: make one! You prefer different rope-endings? Describe them! And if you want to know something or want to encourage someone else to write about a particular aspect, you can leave that in the Questions-Chapter!
It is a practical topic and you may contribute based on your own experience, but if there is something to quote: quote! (FetLife is not an acceptable source: there are copyright issues and an account is required for reading.) There also could be a much more comprehensive Resources-Section.
# Rope Making for Bondage Use/Questions

You can also contribute to the wiki-book "Rope Making for Bondage Use" by asking questions! There is no guarantee that they will ever be answered, but someone might feel inspired about your topic. For instance:
Question: Can I make rope with other than three strands? Answer: Yes, you can, just do it!
* How to make a stress test?
* A picture of a Japanese rope
* How to wash and sanitize any type of ropes?
# Rope Making for Bondage Use/Resources

* Rope article on Wipipedia
* Article on types of rope on SM-201
* http://shibari-nation.com/freecontent/main.php?page=ropeprep
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_bondage
# Salute, Jonathan!/Grammar (pronouns)
## Pronouns

There are two forms, one for the subject (nominative), the other for the object (accusative or dative, oblique case).

### Subject

| Pronoun | Meaning | Example | Translation |
| yo | I | Ma poy yo trovat un del naveros, e il lassat me intrar. (Ch.29) | But then I found one of the sailors, and he let me in. |
| tu | you (informal) | Yo vole que tu va rememorar me. (Ch. 27) | I want you to remember me. |
| il | he | Il ne save. (Ch. 4) | He doesn't know. |
| ella | she | Trovante li porta cludet, ella sercha li clave. (Ch.27) | Finding the door shut, she searches for the key. |
| it | it | It esset ja deci horas. (Ch.49) | It was already ten o'clock. |
| noi | we | It va esser un signe que noi credet unaltru (Ch. 36) | It will be a sign that we believed each other. |
| vu | you (formal) | Il memora vos tre bon e qualmen vu ha auxiliat le. (Ch. 36) | He remembers you quite well and how you have helped him. |
| ili (also illos for masc. pl., ellas for fem. pl.) | they | Ili have null problema mover li buxes in li castelle. (Ch. 18) | They have no problems moving the boxes in the castle. |

### Object

| Pronoun | Meaning | Example | Translation |
| me | me | Tu monstru, da me mi filie! (Ch. 18) | You monster, give me my child! |
| te | you (informal) | Tu save que yo scri te mult. (Ch. 22) | You know that I write you much. |
| le | him | Yo scrit pri le in mi altri lettre. (Ch. 23) | I wrote about him in my other letter. |
| la | her | Omnicos da la coses pri quel revar. (Ch. 32) | Everything gives her things to dream about. |
| it | it | Nequi vive in li dom; vi li claves por it. (Ch. 34) | Nobody lives in the house; here are the keys for it. |
| nos | us | Ples dar nos li moné quel resta. (Ch. 34) | Plase give us the remaining money. |
| vos | you (formal) | Li patiente dormi - yo aperte li lettre denov por dir vos un altri cose. (Ch. 34) | The patient is sleeping - I open the letter again to tell you something else. |
| les (also los for masc. pl., las for fem. pl.) | they | Tu e yo va monstrar les que ili ne es corect. (Ch. 39) | You and I will show them that they are not correct. |

### The indefinite pronoun 'on'

The pronoun "on" is used to talk about people in a general sense, similar to the English "one" or "you", or sentences in the passive form or with some other construction to imply but not use a concrete pronoun.
* Nu on ne posse vider li lune - Now the moon can't be seen ("Now one cannot see the moon")
* Jonathan pensa: “Bon! On manja!” E il manja. - Jonathan thinks: "Good! Time to eat! ("One eats!")" And he eats.
* Li blu flamme es li loc u on posse trovar un tresor. - The blue flame is the place where you ("one") can find a treature.
* In Rumania on di li surnómine, poy li nómine. - In Romania people say the surname, then the (first) name.
# Salute, Jonathan!/Grammar (adverbs)
## Adverbs

Adverbs can be created from adjectives using the suffix -men, which is similar to the suffix -ly in English.

### Adding -men

* Avan Jonathan es li via, e solmen li via. - Before Jonathan es the road, and only the road. (sol = sole, alone)
* Li altri cochero prende li bagage con su fort manus, e tre rapidmen li cose es finit. - The other coachman takes the baggage with his strong hands, and very quickly the affair is finished. (rapid = fast, rapid)
* Li cavallos vermen ne ama que li lupos ulula. - The horses truly do not like that the wolves are howling. (ver = true)
Adding -men does not change the stress of a word:
* rapid = rapíd
* rapidmen = rapídmen (not rapidmén)

### Implied -men

The suffix -men is often dropped when an adjective alone suffices to make the meaning clear. This generally occurs with short adjectives like bon, mal, rapid, etc., but the addition of -men is always permitted.
* Jonathan ha bon dormit, e it es pos midí. Il avigila se, lava se, e intra li chambre in quel il e li Comto manjat. - Jonathan has slept well (= good), and it is afternoon. He wakes himself, washes up, and enters the room in which he and the Count ate.

### Words that are adverbs by nature

Many words by themselves are adverbs: tre, sempre, strax, etc.
* Nu il pensa que anc su lette es tre bell. - Now he thinks that his bed is very nice too.
* Dunc quande il vide Dracula, il es sempre calm. Quande Dracula questiona le: “Qualmen vu standa?” il di sempre “Yo standa bon, mersí. E vu?” e ili fa mult parladas. - Thus, when he sees Dracula, he is always calm. When Dracula asks him: "How are you doing?" he always says "I'm doing well, thank you. And you?" and they talk a lot.
* Dracula: “Ah! Li matine va strax arivar. Vu es fatigat e li témpor ha venit por dormir. A revidentie!” - Dracula: "Ah! The morning will soon come. You are tired and the time has come to sleep. Until later!

### Adverbs as a gerund

The -ing form is used as a gerund in English, such as "The phone rang while I was watching TV". To do the same in Occidental, use the -nt present participle and add an e.
* Vidente li lune, li lupos comensa ulular. - Seeing the moon, the wolves begin to howl. (Ch. 8)
* Ah, scriente ti paroles yo senti me bon. - Ah, I feel good writing these words. (Ch. 22)
* Il questionat me ca yo vell posser amar le plu tard, e yo movet mi cap, diente no. - He asked me if I could love him later, and I moved (shook) my head, saying no. (Ch. 23)