OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Láadan/Lessons/2
## Verb CP-S

Let's start out with really a really simple sentence structure, [Verb Case-Phrase-Subject]. This is how sentence structures are described in the official Láadan book.
With this form, we can make sentences like: [Noun] is [Adjective], [NounA] is [NounB], and [Noun] does [Verb].

## Word Types

In Láadan, there isn't the concept of nouns, verbs, and adjectives like in English. The two word classifications are content words and function words. (Suzette Haden Elgin, Lesson One - Things You Need To Know For Learning Láadan)
This generally means that words in Láadan can function as both verbs ("to be red") and adjectives ("red") and nouns ("the color red").
Sentence structure is expected to fall in a certain order in order to make sense of the sentence, though there are also affixes that can be added to words to flesh out a sentence (such as adding an object marker for an item being acted upon.)

## Simple Sentences

Here are some vocabulary words: omá - teacher, with - person, balin - old, om - to teach.
To say, "The person is old", the sentence would be "Bíi balin with wa."
To say, "The person is a teacher", the sentence would be "Bíi omá with wa."
To say, "The person teaches", the sentence would be "Bíi om with wa."
Same sentence structure in both cases. For now, we're ignoring bíi and wa, but we will cover these words soon. Also note that Láadan does not have words for "a" or "the". (Suzette Haden Elgin, Lesson One - Things You Need To Know For Learning Láadan).
This will be our starting point for Láadan sentences. With this simple form, we can say three different kinds of sentences, using nouns, adjectives, and verbs - because, remember, these are all content words rather than separate classifications in Láadan.

### Examples

Here are some example sentences using the form [Verb Case-Phrase-Subject].
| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi áya nanáal wa. | The sunset is beautiful. | áya = beautiful, nanáal = sunset |
| Bíi lith háawith wa. | The child thinks. | lith = to think, háawith = child |
| Bíi elash rul wa. | The cat plays. | elash = to play, rul = cat |
| Bíi bodibodá le wa. | I am a programmer. | bodibodá = programmer, le = me |
| Bíi bedihá ne wa. | You are a student. | bedihá = student, ne = you (singular) |

## Practice: Sentence Building

Practice the [Verb Case-Phrase-Subject] sentence form by building your own sentences! Use a Láadan dictionary, or the word bank below, for help.
Word Bank:
| Láadan | English |
| balin | old |
| rabalin | young |
| omá | teacher |
| with | person |
| háawith | child |
| rul | cat |
| lanemid | dog |
| elash | to play |
| lalom | to sing |
| áana | to sleep |

## Practice: Quiz

Translate these sentences from Láadan.
* Bíi elash háawith wa.
* Bíi lalom with wa.
* Bíi áana rul wa.

### Answers

* The child plays
* The person sings
* The cat sleeps

### Practice: Reading

Use a Láadan dictionary to read the simple sentences in this comic.
* Lesson 2 Comic
# On 2D Inverse Problems/Stieltjes continued fractions

    $\beta _{a}(z)=a_{n}z+{\cfrac {1}{a_{n-1}z+{\cfrac {1}{\ddots +{\cfrac {1}{a_{1}z}}}}}}$
The function defines a rational n-to-1 map of the right half of the complex plane onto itself,
    $\beta _{a},1/\beta _{a}:\mathbb {C^{+}} {\xrightarrow[]{n\leftrightarrow 1}}\mathbb {C^{+}} ,$
since
    ${\begin{cases}Re(z_{1}),Re(z_{2})>0\implies Re(z_{1}+z_{2})>0,\\Re(z)>0\implies Re(1/z)>0,\\Re(z)>0,a>0\implies Re(az)>0.\end{cases}}$
    Exercise(***). Use the mapping properties of Stieltjes continued fractions to prove that their interlacing, simple and symmetric zeros and poles lie at the origin and the imaginary axes and that the properties and rationality characterize the continued fractions.
    Exercise(**). Prove that the continued fractions 've the representation $\beta _{a}(z)=z(\xi _{\infty }+\sum _{k}{\frac {\xi _{k}}{z^{2}+\theta _{k}^{2}}}),{\mbox{ where }}\xi _{\infty },\xi _{k}{\mbox{ and }}\theta _{k},k\in \mathbb {N}$, 're non-negative real numbers, and the fractions 're characterized by it.
    $\beta _{a}(z)={\frac {p(z^{2})}{zq(z^{2})}}=1\iff p(z^{2})-zq(z^{2})=0,$
    $\prod _{k}(z-\mu _{k})=\sum _{k}\sigma _{n-k}z^{k}.$
    $H_{\mathrm {M} }={\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{1}&\sigma _{3}&\sigma _{5}&\sigma _{7}&\ldots &0\\1&\sigma _{2}&\sigma _{4}&\sigma _{6}&\ldots &0\\0&\sigma _{1}&\sigma _{3}&\sigma _{5}&\ldots &0\\0&1&\sigma _{2}&\sigma _{4}&\ldots &0\\0&0&\sigma _{1}&\sigma _{3}&\ldots &0\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&0&0&0&\ldots &\sigma _{n}\\\end{pmatrix}}$
and, therefore, can be expressed as the ratios of monomials of the determinants of the blocks of $\mathrm {M}$.
    Exercise (**). Prove that
</math>
    $a_{1}=1/\sigma _{1},a_{2}={\frac {\sigma _{1}^{2}}{\det {\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{1}&\sigma _{3}\\1&\sigma _{2}\end{pmatrix}}}},a_{3}={\frac {\det {\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{1}&\sigma _{3}\\1&\sigma _{2}\end{pmatrix}}^{2}}{\sigma _{1}\det {\begin{pmatrix}\sigma _{1}&\sigma _{3}&0\\1&\sigma _{2}&\sigma _{4}\\0&\sigma _{1}&\sigma _{3}\end{pmatrix}}}},\ldots$
    Exercise (*). Use the previous exercise to prove that
    $\prod _{k}a_{k}={\frac {1}{\prod _{k}\mu _{k}}}=1/\sigma _{n}.$
# On 2D Inverse Problems/The new spectral theorem
### Hamiltonian paths

The following identity connects the weights of the paths of a network and its dual, an integral of conductivity over the network and the eigenvalues of the Laplacian of the dual graphs, that admit Hamiltonian paths.
    ${\frac {\det(\Lambda (P,Q))}{\det(\Lambda ^{*}(P^{*},Q^{*}))}}=\prod _{e\in E}\gamma (e)({\frac {\det(K^{*})}{\det(K)}}).$
# On 2D Inverse Problems/The square root case

Considered double sided cases:
# On 2D Inverse Problems/Spectral properties

The spectrum of a square totally positive matrix is simple. That is, all of its eigenvalues are positive and have multiplicity 1.
Exercise 1 (***). Use the Perron-Frobenius theorem applied to the compound matrices of a totally positive matrix to prove the statement above.
The eigenvectors of totally positive matrix form Chebyshev system.
# On 2D Inverse Problems/The inverse problems

The inverse problems, that we discuss in this book are the problems of inferring the local and global properties of networks or manifolds from the solutions of difference/differential equations defined on the domains (the measurement data). There're two types of the problems: inverse boundary problems (the boundary values of the solutions) and inverse spectral problems (the spectral data of difference or differential operators). This book considers both and also the relationship b/w the continuous/discrete inverse problems on the manifolds/embedded networks.
Exercise (*). Restate the problem of finding roots of a polynomial as an inverse problem for the weighted directed graph of the following type:
(Hint). The boundary data consists of values of the elementary symmetric functions of the weights a,b,c,d.
# On 2D Inverse Problems/Schrodinger equation

    Exercise (**). Reduce the inverse problem for the Schrodinger equation on domain to the conductivity equation one with conductivity c.
# On 2D Inverse Problems/Solution of the layered inverse problem

The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of a rotation invariant network is diagonal in Fourier coordinates. The direct calculation shows that it's determined by its eigenvalues and they are given by the values of the Stieltjes continued fraction evaluated at the eigenvalues of the minus discrete boundary Laplacian L. That is:
    $\Lambda _{G}={\sqrt {L}}\beta ({\sqrt {L}}),$
where
    $L={\begin{pmatrix}2&-1&0&\ldots &-1\\-1&2&-1&\ldots &0\\0&\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\vdots &-1&2&-1\\-1&0&\ldots &-1&2\\\end{pmatrix}}$
or
    $\Lambda _{G}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\z\\z^{2}\\\ldots \\z^{2n}\end{pmatrix}}=(z\beta (z))\circ (i({\sqrt {z}}-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {z}}})){\begin{pmatrix}1\\z\\z^{2}\\\ldots \\z^{2n}\end{pmatrix}},z^{2n+1}=1$
Therefore, one can reduce the layered inverse problem to the Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation problem w/the eigenvalues being the data. The conductivities of the network are given then by the coefficients of continued fraction and their reciprocals and can be found by the Euclidean algorithm.
The continuous analog of the inverse problem can be transformed to the inverse problem of Krein for a string, discussed earlier in the book.
# On 2D Inverse Problems/The case of the unit disc
### The operator equation

    $\Delta f=r^{1-N}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r^{N-1}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial r}}\right)+r^{-2}\Delta _{S^{N-1}}f,$
and, therefore, the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator satisfies the following equation:
    $\Lambda (\Lambda -(N-2)Id)+\Delta _{S^{N-1}}=0$.
In two-dimensions the equation takes a particularly simple form:
    $\Lambda ^{2}=-\Delta _{S^{1}}.$
The study of material of this chapter is largely motivated by the question of Professor of Mathematics at the University of Washington Gunther Uhlmann: "Is there a discrete analog of the equation?"

### The network setting

To match the functional equation for the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of the unit disc with uniform conductivity, is to find the self-dual layered planar network with rotational symmetry. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator for such graph G is equal to:
    $\Lambda _{G}^{2}=L,$
where -L is equal to the Laplacian on the circle:
    $L={\begin{pmatrix}2&-1&0&\ldots &-1\\-1&2&-1&\ldots &0\\0&-1&\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &2&-1\\-1&0&\ldots &-1&2\\\end{pmatrix}}.$
    Exercise(*). Prove that the entries of the cofactor matrix of $\Lambda _{G}$ are ±1 w/the chessboard pattern.
    $2\sin({\frac {k\pi }{2n+1}}),k=1,2,\ldots n$
w/multiplicity two. The existence and uniqueness of such fraction with n levels follow from our results on layered networks, see [BIMS].
    Exercise (***). Prove that the continued fraction is given by the following formula:
    $\beta (z)=\cot({\frac {n\pi }{2n+1}})z+{\cfrac {1}{\cot({\frac {(n-1)\pi }{2n+1}})z+{\cfrac {1}{\ddots +{\cfrac {1}{\cot({\frac {\pi }{2n+1}})z}}}}}}.$
    Exercise 2 (*). Use the previous exercise to prove the trigonometric formula:
    $\tan({\frac {n\pi }{2n+1}})=2\sum _{k}\sin({\frac {k\pi }{2n+1}}).$
    Exercise 3(**). Find the right signs in the following trigonometric formula
    $\tan({\frac {l\pi }{2n+1}})=2\sum _{k}(\pm )\sin({\frac {k\pi }{2n+1}}),l=1,2,\ldots n.$
Example: the following picture provides the solution for n=8 w/white and black squares representing 1s and -1s.
# Management Strategy/Sustainable Competitive Advantage

In 1991, Jay Barney developed the Resource Based View of the firm. This view established four criteria that determine a firm's competitive capabilities in the marketplace.
These four criteria for judging a firm's resources are:
* Are they Valuable? (do they enable a firm to devise strategies that improve efficiency or effectiveness?)
* Are they Rare? (if many other firms possess it, then it is not rare)
* Are they Imperfectly Imitable? (because of unique historical conditions, causally ambiguous, and/or are socially complex)
* Are they Non-Substitutable? (if a ready substitute can be found, then this condition is not met)
When all four of these criteria are met, then a firm can be said to have a sustainable competitive advantage. In other words, the firm will have an advantage in the marketplace which will last until the criteria are no longer met completely. As a result, the firm will be able to earn higher profits than other firms with which it competes.
# Management Concepts and Applications/Planning
## Definition and Importance
### Definition

Management by Objectives (MBO) is an effective planning tool that helps supervisors set objectives. MBO has come a long way since it was first suggested by Peter Drucker in 1954 as a way of promoting managerial self-control. It has been used to appraise performance, to motivate individuals, and recently, for strategic planning. Also called as “goals and control “approach as it integrates both planning and control. It aims at setting goals through constant interaction of superiors and subordinates. MBO aims at achieving organizational objectives and enhancing employee commitment and participation. MBO is a cyclical or continuous process.

### Importance

planning is a process by which we can know what to do, how to do, when to do and by whom to do to achieve desired goal

## Types of Plans

planing process can not person unless the types of plan undrestand
# Management Concepts and Applications/Cover
## About this book

The objective of this book is to explain the fundamental Management principles and concepts to it's readers to deal with real life situations.
# Management Strategy/Five Forces

Michael Porter, one of the leading researchers in the field of business and a professor at Harvard Business School, has identified five key forces which affect the strategy of any industry. These forces are:
* Threat of New Entrants
* Threat of Substitutes
* Industry Competition
* Bargaining Power of Suppliers
* Bargaining Power of Buyers
Managers use the Five Forces model to help identify opportunities or evaluate decisions in the context of the environment. Often, the Five Forces are mapped against a SWOT analysis to develop a corporate strategy.
To complete a Five Forces analysis, it is often best to build a grid on a piece of paper and label each section--keeping Industry Competition separate. Fill-in each section and to develop a view of the industry. Then, think about if the industry is truly competitive or if the industry is a monopoly or oligopoly. What makes your company able to compete in this environment?
# Management Strategy

Management Strategy is about determining where you want an organization to go and how you want it to get there. Activities that fall into the category of strategy affect a significant portion of the organization for a considerable time, distinguished from tactics which are activities in response to particular situations and are unlikely to ruin the organization if they fail.
There are competing theories as to how to determine what goals and actions are required. All of them boil down to analyzing the current situation, developing goals and a plan of action, and then driving towards those goals.
* Michael Porter's Five Forces
* Jay Barney's Sustainable Competitive Advantage
* David A. Aaker's Strategic Market Management
* Main Text: Henry Mintzberg's The Strategy Process 4th Ed.
* Analyzing Resources and Capabilities
* Cost Advantage
# Pinyin/Bible/Genesis/Chapter 6

See also
* 6:1 And after a time, when men were increasing on the earth, and had daughters,
* zhihouh, rernkoou zengjia, yoou heen duo nvvhair.
* 6:2 The sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair; and they took wives for themselves from those who were pleasing to them.
* Shern kahn rern de nvv`err zhaang de piaohliahng, rern'men quu ta'men xiihuan de zuoh laaopor.
* 6:3 And the Lord said, My spirit will not be in man for ever, for he is only flesh; so the days of his life will be a hundred and twenty years.
* 6:4 There were men of great strength and size on the earth in those days; and after that, when the sons of God had connection with the daughters of men, they gave birth to children: these were the great men of old days, the men of great name.
* 6:5 And the Lord saw that the sin of man was great on the earth, and that all the thoughts of his heart were evil.
* 6:6 And the Lord had sorrow because he had made man on the earth, and grief was in his heart.
* 6:7 And the Lord said, I will take away man, whom I have made, from the face of the earth, even man and beast and that which goes on the earth and every bird of the air; for I have sorrow for having made them.
* 6:8 But Noah had grace in the eyes of God.
* 6:9 These are the generations of Noah. Noah was an upright man and without sin in his generation: he went in the ways of God.
* 6:10 And Noah had three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
* 6:11 And the earth was evil in God's eyes and full of violent ways.
* 6:12 And God, looking on the earth, saw that it was evil: for the way of all flesh had become evil on the earth.
* 6:13 And God said to Noah, The end of all flesh has come; the earth is full of their violent doings, and now I will put an end to them with the earth.
* 6:14 Make for yourself an ark of gopher wood with rooms in it, and make it safe from the water inside and out.
* 6:15 And this is the way you are to make it: it is to be three hundred cubits long, fifty cubits wide, and thirty cubits high.
* 6:16 You are to put a window in the ark, a cubit from the roof, and a door in the side of it, and you are to make it with a lower and second and third floors.
* 6:17 For truly, I will send a great flow of waters over the earth, for the destruction from under the heaven of all flesh in which is the breath of life; everything on the earth will come to an end.
* 6:18 But with you I will make an agreement; and you will come into the ark, you and your sons and your wife and your sons' wives with you.
* 6:19 And you will take with you into the ark two of every sort of living thing, and keep them safe with you; they will be male and female.
* 6:20 Two of every sort of bird and cattle and of every sort of living thing which goes on the earth will you take with you to keep them from destruction.
* 6:21 And make a store of every sort of food for yourself and them.
* 6:22 And all these things Noah did; as God said, so he did.
# Pinyin/Bible/Joshua

Chapter 1
# Pinyin/Bible/Joshua/Chapter 1

See also
* 1:1 Now after the death of Moses, the servant of the Lord, the word of the Lord came to Joshua, the son of Nun, Moses' helper, saying,
* Shern de puurern Moses sii houh, Shern duih Moses de zhuhshoou, Nun de err'zi Joshua, shuo,
* 1:2 Moses my servant is dead; so now get up! Go over Jordan, you and all this people, into the land which I am giving to them, to the children of Israel.
* woo de puurern Moses sii le, nii yaoh dailiing baaixihng guoh Jordan Her, daoh woo cihgeei Israel rern de dih qu.
* 1:3 Every place on which you put your foot I have given to you, as I said to Moses.
* 1:4 From the waste land and this mountain Lebanon, as far as the great river, the river Euphrates, and all the land of the Hittites to the Great Sea, in the west, will be your country.
* 1:5 While you are living, all will give way before you: as I was with Moses, so I will be with you; I will not take away my help from you or give you up.
* 1:6 Take heart and be strong; for you will give to this people for their heritage the land which I gave by an oath to their fathers.
* 1:7 Only take heart and be very strong; take care to do all the law which Moses my servant gave you, not turning from it to the right hand or to the left, so that you may do well in all your undertakings.
* 1:8 Let this book of the law be ever on your lips and in your thoughts day and night, so that you may keep with care everything in it; then a blessing will be on all your way, and you will do well.
* 1:9 Have I not given you your orders? Take heart and be strong; have no fear and do not be troubled; for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go,
* 1:10 Then Joshua gave their orders to those who were in authority over the people, saying,
* 1:11 Go through the tents and give orders to the people, saying, Get ready a store of food; for in three days you are to go over this river Jordan and take for your heritage the land which the Lord your God is giving you.
* 1:12 And to the Reubenites and the Gadites and the half-tribe of Manasseh, Joshua said,
* 1:13 Keep in mind what Moses, the servant of the Lord, said to you, The Lord your God is sending you rest and will give you this land.
* 1:14 Your wives, your little ones, and your cattle will be kept here in the land which Moses gave you on this side of Jordan; but you, the fighting-men, are to go over before your brothers, armed, to give them help;
* 1:15 Till the Lord has given your brothers rest, as he has given it to you, and they have taken their heritage in the land which the Lord your God is giving them: then you will go back to the land of your heritage which Moses, the servant of the Lord, gave you on the east side of Jordan.
* 1:16 Then they said to Joshua in answer, Whatever you say to us we will do, and wherever you send us we will go.
* 1:17 As we gave attention to Moses in all things, so we will give attention to you: and may the Lord your God be with you as he was with Moses.
* 1:18 Whoever goes against your orders, and does not give attention to all your words, will be put to death: only take heart and be strong.
# Pinyin/Bible/Genesis/Chapter 7

See also
* 7:1 And the Lord said to Noah, Take all your family and go into the ark, for you only in this generation have I seen to be upright.
* Shern duih Noah shuo, nii shih haao rern, daih nii de jiarern daoh chuarn 'shang.
* 7:2 Of every clean beast you will take seven males and seven females, and of the beasts which are not clean, two, the male and his female;
* meei zhoong ganjihng de yeeshouh daih 7 gong 7 muu, bu ganjihng de daih 2 gong 2 muu.
* 7:3 And of the birds of the air, seven males and seven females, so that their seed may still be living on the face of the earth.
* 7:4 For after seven days I will send rain on the earth for forty days and forty nights, for the destruction of every living thing which I have made on the face of the earth.
* 7:5 And Noah did everything which the Lord said he was to do.
* 7:6 And Noah was six hundred years old when the waters came flowing over all the earth.
* 7:7 And Noah, with his sons and his wife and his sons' wives, went into the ark because of the flowing of the waters.
* 7:8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts which are not clean, and of birds, and of everything which goes on the earth,
* 7:9 In twos, male and female, they went into the ark with Noah, as God had said.
* 7:10 And after the seven days, the waters came over all the earth.
* 7:11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, all the fountains of the great deep came bursting through, and the windows of heaven were open;
* 7:12 And rain came down on the earth for forty days and forty nights.
* 7:13 On the same day Noah, with Shem, Ham, and Japheth, his sons, and his wife and his sons' wives, went into the ark;
* 7:14 And with them, every sort of beast and cattle, and every sort of thing which goes on the earth, and every sort of bird.
* 7:15 They went with Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh in which is the breath of life.
* 7:16 Male and female of all flesh went in, as God had said, and the ark was shut by the Lord.
* 7:17 And for forty days the waters were over all the earth; and the waters were increased so that the ark was lifted up high over the earth.
* 7:18 And the waters overcame everything and were increased greatly on the earth, and the ark was resting on the face of the waters.
* 7:19 And the waters overcame everything on the earth; and all the mountains under heaven were covered.
* 7:20 The waters went fifteen cubits higher, till all the mountains were covered.
* 7:21 And destruction came on every living thing moving on the earth, birds and cattle and beasts and everything which went on the earth, and every man.
* 7:22 Everything on the dry land, in which was the breath of life, came to its end.
* 7:23 Every living thing on the face of all the earth, man and cattle and things moving on the face of the earth, and birds of the air, came to destruction: only Noah and those who were with him in the ark, were kept from death.
* 7:24 And the waters were over the earth a hundred and fifty days.