OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diplomatic History/Middle East

The relations between the Middle Eastern countries dates back from the Ancient times and to the pre-Islamic era. The Arabian Peninsula was known for its barren land, therefore agriculture was not significant in most part of the region. There was no central body governing the region, most areas were governed by tribes while few states had some sort of monarchy, like Abyssinia (now known as Ethiopia).
The pre-Islamic period in the Arab is also known as the Age of Ignorance. There was continuing rivalry within tribes which often led to bloodshed. The relations between fellow tribes and neighboring regions were cold and were based on trade. The relations could often get intense as due to some conflicts over trade routes or attacks on caravans. The most powerful of the tribe was the Quraish.
The formal diplomatic relations began after the migration of Muhammad to Medina and the Charter of Medina, which was the first ever written rules and constitution. The pagans of Mecca often sent delegations and influential people to come to compromise and diplomacy. Therefore, the beginning of Islamic period gave rise to formal diplomacy in the Arab World. Later, when the Islamic state expanded and areas such as Egypt, Syria, Iran and other neighboring states became part of it, governors and ministers were dispatched to them.
# Diplomatic History/World War I

World War I marks a dramatic watershed in the history of Europe and the world. Although it started as a minor skirmish in the Balkans it soon escalated to the point that most of the world's major powers were involved in a war more destructive than any the world had ever known. The social and diplomatic consequences were enormous and felt across the world. Empires fell, political systems were severely tested, and many of the old mindsets were destroyed.

## Immediate Origins

The reasons for the outbreak of war in August 1914 are diverse and varied. However, the immediate reasons for the outbreak are relatively simple. Gavrillo Princip, the member of a group working for Bosnian independence from Austria-Hungary shot the heir to the throne of that state, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife.
At the same time, many members of the Austro-Hungarian government were looking for an excuse to attack Serbia, and because of connections between the cause of Princip's slavic nationalist group and the supposed aims of the Serbian government, they felt this was the perfect excuse. They presented a list of demands to the Serbian government, which it was inclined to accept except for one demand which was expressly designed to be rejected. As a result Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
The complicating factor in this situation was the interest of Russia in the region. Due to feelings of community, known as pan-slavism, which unified the people of Russia and Serbia. Russia felt that it could not allow an attack on Serbia to go unchecked. Although they made this clear, Austria-Hungary had assurances from Germany that they would support them in the case of a Russian attack, so the leadership felt confident that they could still defeat Serbia in time to handle a Russian attack.
However, because of Russia's defence treaty with France, Germany was more concerned by France than Russia. As a result they initiated a plan to defeat France before turning to Russia that involved an attack against Belgium. In the 19th century Britain had made assurances to Belgium that it would protect Belgium's neutrality, so after the German invasion Britain also declared war on Germany.
Thus, through a series of alliances all of Europe's major powers were brought into conflict, ostensibly over the boundaries of Serbia.
# Finnish/Grammar-Verbs
## Tenses

Finnish verbs have present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses.

### Present

Present: corresponds to English present and future tenses. For the latter, a time qualifier may need to be used to avoid ambiguity.
Verb type 1
asua - to live, reside
| asu | a | to live |
| minä asu | n | I live |
| sinä asu | t | you live |
| hän asu | u | he/she lives |
| me asu | mme | we live |
| te asu | tte | you live |
| he asu | vat | they live |

#### Exercise Number One

In each case use the personal pronoun with the correct present tense form of the verb.

#### Exercise Number Two

Translate the following simple Finnish sentences into English. Think if you should use future or present tense in your translations.
* Teen töitä juuri nyt.
* Puhut ja kerrot aivan liikaa.
* Ymmärrän sitä hyvin, mutta he eivät ymmärrä.
* Mietimme ja arvioimme eri ratkaisuja
* Tiedämme, että ajat sinne huomenna
* Tiedän, että te rakennatte sen ja sinä suunnittelet sen.
* Haluan, että menet sinne ja teet niin kuin sanon.
* Arvostamme sitä, että hän kirjoittaa paljon.

#### Exercise Number Three

Following is a short dialogue between Asko and Niina set in railway station. Fill in Finnish verbs to the gaps according to the hints given in brackets.
* Asko: (It is) kylmä. Onneksi (you will get) junan lämpöön kohta.
* Niina: Toivon että (you have time to get) perille ajoissa.
* Asko: Valitettavasti minä en (get) mukaan.
* Niina: Minä (will leave) nyt, koska juna (arrives). (I will call) sinulle myöhemmin.
* Asko: Odota, sinun (must) sanoa minä päivänä sinä (will return) takaisin.
* Niina: Minä (will come) takaisin seuraavalla viikolla. Näkemiin sitten! (I am going to) lähteä nyt.

#### Exercise Number Four

Almost all the verbs have errors. Try to spot and correct them as fast as you can.
* Tämä kuulua tänne.
* He tavaavat minut tänään.
* Sinä vain hajoitat kaiken!
* Minä terotan ja korjatan veitsiä.
* Me tietämme että sinä soittat ja kirjoitat joka päivä minulle.
* He soittaavat kännykällä minulle ja yritävät kertoa kaiken.
* Minä aion ryhtyä töihin ja he aiovat myös. Hänkin aikoa.
* Me kieltäytymme ehdotuksestasi, koska se vain haitataa meitä.

## Answers
### Present
#### Exercise Number Two

* I am working just now.
* You talk and tell (people) far too much.
* I understand it well but they don't understand.
* We are thinking and estimating different results. (Or: We think and estimate differ...)
* We know that you will drive there tomorrow.
* I know that you'all will build it and you will plan it.
* I want you to go there and act as I say.
* We appreciate the fact that he writes a lot.

#### Exercise Number Four

* Tämä kuuluu tänne.
* He tapaavat minut tänään.
* Sinä vain hajotat kaiken!
* Minä teroitan ja korjaan veitsiä.
* Me tiedämme, että sinä luet ja kirjoitat joka päivä minulle.
* He soittavat kännykällä minulle ja yrittävät kertoa kaiken.
* Minä aion ryhtyä töihin ja he aikovat myös. Hänkin aikoo.
* Me kieltäydymme ehdotuksestasi, koska se vain haittaa meitä.
# Finnish/Answers to exercises

Here are the answers to the exercies that are in the Wikibook.

# Introduction
## Exercise Number One

* history
* project
* list
* fax
* gallery
* link
* scandal
* copy (noun)
* idiot
* classic

## Exercise Number Two

* lamp
* glass
* bomb
* stick, splinter
* thousand
* nail
* man
* card
* white
* Thursday

# Names and nationalities
## Exercise Number Two

* London (Lontoo)
* Paris (Pariisi)
* Tokyo (Tokio)
* Berlin (Berliini)
* Copenhagen (Kööpenhamina)
* Riga (Riika)
* Beijing or Peking (Peking)
* Cape Town (Kapkaupunki)
* Athens (Ateena)
* Stockholm (Tukholma)
# Finnish/Appendix A
## Finnish (Finno-Ugric)

| Translation | Phrase | IPA | Pronunciation | Sound |
| Finnish | suomi | /'suomi/ | (SUE-o-mi) | listen (help·info)) |
| hello | hyvää päivää | /'hyvæː 'pæiʋæː/ | (hoo-vah pay-vaah) | listen (help·info)) |
| hello | päivää | /'pæiʋæː/ | (pay-vaah) | listen (help·info)) |
| good-bye | näkemiin | /'nækemiːn/ | (NACK-eh-MEAN) | listen (help·info)) |
| please | ole hyvä | /'ole 'hyʋæ/ | (ole hoo-vah) | listen (help·info)) |
| please | kiitos | /'kiːtos/ | (key-tose) | listen (help·info)) |
| thank you | kiitos | /'kiːtos/ | (key-tose) | listen (help·info)) |
| that one | tuo | /'tuo/ | (to-oh) | listen (help·info)) |
| how much? | kuinka paljon | /'kuiŋka 'paljon/ | (queen-ka pal-yone) | listen (help·info)) |
| English | englanti | /'eŋlanti/ | (ENG-lan-TEH) | |
| yes | kyllä | /'kylːæ/ | (kul-lah) | listen (help·info)) |
| yes | joo (informal) | /'joː/ | (yo) | listen (help·info)) |
| no | ei | /ei/ | (ey) | listen (help·info)) |
| sorry | anteeksi | /'anteːksi/ | (on-tak-see) | listen (help·info)) |
| I don’t understand | en ymmärrä | /en 'ymːærːæ/ | (en oom-mar-ra) | listen (help·info)) |
| where is the toilet? | missä on vessa? | /'misːæ on 'ʋesːa/ | (MIS-sah own VEHS-sah) | listen (help·info)) |
| generic toast | kippis | /'kipːis/ | (KIP-pis) | listen (help·info)) |
| Do you speak English? | puhutteko englantia? | /'puhutːeko 'eŋlantia/ | (poo-hoot-teh-koh eng-lawn-ti-a) | listen (help·info)) |
| I don’t speak Finnish. | en puhu suomea | /'en pu-hu suo-mea/ | (EN POO-hoo SUO-me-a) | listen (help·info)) |
| I don’t know | en tiedä | /en 'tiedæ/ | (en tee-eh-dah) | listen (help·info)) |
# Finnish/Aakkoset

^^Contents^^ | <<Introduction | Alphabet | Hello!>>
In short, the basic alphabet of the Finnish language: Aakkoset: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z å ä ö (help·info)
Finnish is a very phonetic language, as every pronunciation has its own letter. That is to say that things are "pronounced exactly as they are written" so SAMPA and IPA notations of Finnish words are almost identical to the written language. However, do not take this too literally; there are certainly many details in speech that cannot be easily expressed in written language, and Finnish is no exception.
The glyphs 'ä' and 'ö' have been borrowed from Swedish. They are independent letters and phonemes (sounds), not modified nor accented letters. Changing 'Ä' into 'A' or 'Ö' into 'O' is akin to changing 'Q' into 'O'.
* Ä is similar to the following bolded sounds in English: "A fat pancake man sat on a cat."
* Ö is similar to the following bolded sounds in British English: "Girls all over the world tried to figure out what all the words mean until a consensus was reached that it cannot be worked out."
Go through each of the letters of the alphabet and practice saying them:
| Letter | Pronunciation | IPA | English approximation | Audio sample |
| Aa | aah | ɑ | aunt | |
| Bb | beh | b | best | |
| Cc | seh | s | cement | |
| Dd | deh | d | demonstrate | |
| Ee | eeh | e | electricity | |
| Ff | aeff | f | affection | |
| Gg | geh | g | gave | |
| Hh | hoh | h | hold | |
| Ii | eeh | i | eat | |
| Jj | yee | j | yield | |
| Kk | kooh | k | covert | |
| Ll | ael | l | altitude | |
| Mm | aem | m | ambrosia | |
| Nn | aen | n | ant | |
| Oo | ooh | o | oval | |
| Pp | peeh | p | pellet | |
| Qq | kuuh | k | cook | Q (help·info) |
| Rr | aer | r | arrogant | |
| Ss | aes | s | ask | |
| Šš | hattu-aes | ʃ | shoot; used mainly in transliteration and optionally in some borrowed words, e.g. šeriffi. | |
| Tt | teeh | t | tepid | |
| Uu | oo | u | foot | |
| Vv | veeh | ʋ | very | |
| Ww | kahksoisveeh | ʋ | very. This is not an independent letter in Finnish, but an variant of V often used archaicly. In a Finnish dictionary, you will find words beginning with v and w mixed. | |
| Xx | aex | ks | axe | |
| Yy | eew | y | cute | |
| Zz | tset | z/ts | like ts | |
| Žž | hattu-tset | ʒ | mirage, treasure; used mainly in transliteration and optionally in some borrowed words, e.g. džonkki | |
| Åå | ruotsalainen ooh | o | oval; used only in Swedish names. | |
| Ää | aeae | æ | Adam asks for apple advice | |
| Öö | oeoe | ø | Curled girl spoke an absurd word | |
# Finnish/Dialogues
## About this book

This book contains some dialogues in the Finnish language and their explanations in English. Audio files made by native speakers of Finnish will be included.

## Finnish Dialogues

* First dialogue: Kohtaaminen metroasemalla (encounter in a metro station)
# Electronics/Combination gates
## Complement of Basic Logic gates

    Basic GatesCombination GatesSymbolMathematical Expression BUFFER Y = is NOT NOT A Y = A NOT Y = is NOT A NAND Y = NOT A AND B NOR Y = NOT A OR B XNOR Y = NOT A NOR B
Truth table of the combination gates
    ABQ = AQ = NOT AQ = A NAND BQ = A NOR BQ = A XOR B 0001100 0101101 1010101 1110010

## XOR

    (A AND B) OR (A OR B) = A XOR B
    (A.B) + (A+B) = A+B
# Electronics/Capacitor Construction
## Electrolytic capacitor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Electrolytic_capacitor
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, making them valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, at the frequency or twice the frequency of AC input power, in rectifier output, and especially in the absence of rechargeable batteries that can provide similar low-frequency current capacity.
Electrolytic capacitors are constructed from two conducting aluminium foils, one of which is coated with an insulating oxide layer, and a paper spacer soaked in electrolyte. The foil insulated by the oxide layer is the anode while the liquid electrolyte and the second foil act as cathode. This stack is then rolled up, fitted with pin connectors and placed in a cylindrical aluminium casing. (Two popular geometries use axial leads, or two leads or lugs in one circular face of the cylinder, respectively.)
A common modelling circuit for an electrolytic capacitor has the following schematic:
where R_leak is the leakage resistance, R_ESR is the Equivalent Series Resistance, L_ESL the Equivalent Series Inductance (L being the conventional symbol for inductance).
R_ESR must be as small as possible since it determines the loss power when the capacitor is used to smooth voltage. Loss power scales linearly with the ripple current flowing through and quadratically with R_ESR. Low ESR capacitors are imperative for high efficiencies in power supplies.
It should be pointed out that this is only a simple model and does not include all the effects associated with real electrolytic capacitors.
Since the electrolytes evaporate, design life is most often rated in hours at a set temperature. For example, typically as 2000 hours at 105 degrees Celsius (which is the highest working temperature). Design life doubles for each 10 degrees lower, reaching 15 years at 45 degrees.
Electrolytic capacitors may explode (have weak link safety valve) when charged up with wrong polarity.
What are they made of
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors contain aluminum foil, porous paper, and an electrolyte. This is usually boric acid or sodium borate in water with some sugars or ethylene glycol added to retard evaporation. While you should not eat this, nor get it in your eyes, it is not very corrosive or dangerous. Simply wash it off your skin after you gut the old capacitor.
Wet-slug tantalum electrolytics (low voltage and so expensive that only the military can generally afford them) do contain sulfuric acid. I doubt if these are ever found in audio equipment.
It is important, however, to always be careful and not take chances. Safety glasses are always advised. With chemicals, extra precaution is always worthwhile.
External link
Electronics : Electronics:Capacitor Construction
# ERP Internals/Modules/Cash Management/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.
# ERP Internals/Modules/Call Center/Reports

Call Center generates the following reports:
# ERP Internals/Modules/Cash Management/Functions

Cash Management has the following functions:
* Enter Transactions
* Generate Forecast
* Maintain Module Information
# ERP Internals/Modules/Contacts/Functions/Find a Contact

This function is used when the user doesn't know the contact's number or name but does know some information about the contact. They enter what they know and the ERP displays all the contacts that match the criteria. This function becomes more and more useful as the size of the enterprise increases
# ERP Internals/Modules/Contacts/Functions/Maintain Module Information

Some parameters and data tables are used by every module. These are maintained by Systems Administration. But, every module has some parameters and/or data tables that it alone uses. Systems Administration can change this information but each module has a function "Maintain Module Information" that can change it as well. This allows segments of systems administration to be delegated to the senior person in charge of a particular module.
# ERP Internals/Modules/Contacts/Reports

Contacts generates the following reports:
# ERP Internals/Modules/Contacts/Functions

Contacts has the following functions:
* Maintain Contact Information
* Find a Contact
* Record Interaction
* Print Labels
* Change Contact Number
* Maintain Module Information
# ERP Internals/Modules/Cash Management

Cash Management tracks the cash the business will be receiving from customer payments in Accounts Receivable against the cash the business will be spending through Accounts Payable, Purchasing (a promise to spend), Payroll, bond interest, and stock dividends. It prepares a cash forecast week by week to allow businesses to anticipate cash shortages. Many low-end ERP packages do not have a Cash Management module.
* Functions
* Reports

## Tables

Cash Management is unique in that it has no tables of its own. It uses tables from other modules to create its forecast.

## Data Exchange

Although Cash Management uses data from other modules, it does not send or receive transactions.
# ERP Internals/Modules/Cash Management/Reports

Cash Management generates the following reports:
# ERP Internals/Modules/Contacts

Contacts keeps track of the names and addresses of everyone the enterprise has dealings with who isn't a customer, supplier, or employee. In addition to the usual information, Contacts often keeps personal information such as birthday on the contact. Most of these names and addresses are leads or prospects from Sales & Marketing. Normally, Contacts keeps track of every meeting anyone from the enterprise has with the contact including meetings scheduled for the future. Every ERP has a Contacts module.
* Functions
* Reports

## Tables

The first group of tables consists of the Contact table which contains one record for every contact and the Personal Contact table which contains one record for every personal contact at each business contact. There is at least one personal contact record for every contact and there can be several. The second table is the Interaction table which contains one record for every interaction (meeting, telephone call, etc.). There is at least one interaction for every contact and there can be many.

## Data Exchange

Contacts does not send or receive transactions to/from other modules.
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 24

Today in 2004 the – unsuccessfully appealed – court decision was made that forced Microsoft to give competitors such as the Samba project access to documentation of the “secret” workgroup server protocols of Windows. Following a complaint by Sun Microsystems the European Commission had brought an antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft. An appeal failed on September 17, 2007. Microsoft had to pay an unprecedented fine of 497 million and another 280 million in 2007 for abuse of its quasi-monopoly. The Samba team finally gained access on December 20, 2007, albeit under a non-disclosure agreement, through the Protocol Freedom Information Foundation (PFIF), a non-profit organization established by the Software Freedom Law Center.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 25

Today in 1999 The Apache Software Foundation was incorporated. Its permissive licensing terms made it popular with commercial information technology companies.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 27

Today in 2000 the first World Computer Exchange started. It is an international non-profit organization committed to extending the positive impact of ICT projects in developing countries by offsetting the negative environmental impact of its e-waste hardware.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 23

Today in 2005 the RepRap project started working on the first of its first low-cost, self-replicating 3D printer.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 29

Today in 2011 MAFIAAFire was registered on addons.mozilla.org. The United States Department of Homeland Security ordered its takedown in April and Mozilla resisted.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 21

Today in 2006 the first tweet was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 22

Today in 1987 Richard Stallman released the first public version of the GNU Compiler Collection (GNU C Compiler, GCC).
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 26

Today in 2001 the seminal paper on Freenet was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 28

Today in 2012 Red Hat announced revenue figures. For the first time a company whose business is based solely on open source products exceeded one billion dollars in annual revenue.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/March 20

Today in 1985 was the first public release of GNU Emacs (v13), the first Copyleft and first GNU software.
← previous day · following day →
# Electronics Handbook/Components/FET/JFET
## JFET

JFET stands for Junction Field Effect Transistor . There are two types type of JFET

## N-type JFET

Take a N-type silicon, cut two slots at its left and right and pop in P-type semiconductor in those slots. Whats results is a N-channel JFET. Ohmics contacts atr attached to the top and bottom and they serve as Drain and Source terminals. Ohmic contacts are attached to the P-type material too and they are both tied together and this is called as the gate.

## P-type JFET

P-Channel JFET has a similar construction where N and P regions of N-Channel JFET are swapped.
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Inductors/Parallel Configuration
## Parallel Configuration

Several inductors can be connected in parallel to decrease inductance. This image shows inductors in series:
The formula for the total inductance is

   ### ${\frac {1}{L_{t}}}={\frac {1}{L_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{L_{2}}}+...+{\frac {1}{L_{n}}}$

When you connect two inductors of the same inductance in parallel, the total inductance is halved.
# Electronics Handbook/Components/Inductors/Series Connection

More than one inductors can be connected in series or in parallel to increase or decrease inductance

   ## L$_t$ = L$_1$ + L$_2$ + L$_n$

When connect two inductors of the same inductance in series . The total inductance is doubled
# Electronics Handbook/Components/JFET
## JFET

JFET stands for Junction Field Effect Transistor . There are two types type of JFET

## N-type JFET

Take a N-type silicon, cut two slots at its left and right and pop in P-type semiconductor in those slots. Whats results is a N-channel JFET. Ohmics contacts atr attached to the top and bottom and they serve as Drain and Source terminals. Ohmic contacts are attached to the P-type material too and they are both tied together and this is called as the gate.

## P-type JFET

P-Channel JFET has a similar construction where N and P regions of N-Channel JFET are swapped.
# Electronics Handbook/Components/FET/N-channel JFET
## N-channel JFET

Take a N-type silicon, cut two slots at its left and right and pop in P-type semiconductor in those slots. Whats results is a N-channel JFET Ohmics contacts atr attached to the top and bottom and they serve as Drain and Source terminals. Ohmic contacts are attached to the P-type material too and they are both tied together and this is called as the gate.