OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pinyin/Coconut

See also
Coconut is the fruit of the coconut tree. It is a fruit popular in the tropical region. Coconut tree is popular because its fruits can float from sea to far away places. Coconut sold commercially generally are green in color when harvested, its fruits unriped. Coconut are slightly triangular in shape, its size roughly the size of football. In south of Thailand, people use trained monkey to pick coconut.
Yēzi shì yēzishù de guǒshí. Tā shì yīzhǒng zài rèdài dìqū hěn pǔjí de guǒshí. Yēzishù de pǔjí shì yīnwèi tā de guǒshí kěyǐ zài hǎizhōng piāoliú dào hěn yuǎn de dìfāng. Yībān shāngyè mài chūlái de yēzi zài shōugē shí háishì lǜsè de, wèi-chéngshú de guǒshí. Yēzi yǒudiǎn sānjiǎo-xíngzhuàng, zúqiú dàxiǎo. Zài Tàiguó nánbù rénmen lìyòng xùnliàn-hǎo de hóuzi lái cǎizhāi yēzi.
# Pinyin/Coffee

Coffee is a plant and the name of the drink that is made from this plant. The coffee plant is a bush or tree that can grow up to 10m high, but is usually cut shorter. Coffee plants originally grew in Africa, and now also grow in South America, Central America and Southeast Asia. They are an important crop for the economies of many countries.
The drink is made from the seeds of the coffee plant, called coffee beans. Coffee is usually served hot, and is a popular drink in many countries. Coffee contains a chemical called caffeine, a mild drug that keeps people awake.
Kāfēi shì zhíwù hé cóng gāi zhíwù zhìchéng de yǐnliào de míngchēng. Kāfēi zhíwù shì guànmù huò shù, kěyǐ zhǎng dào 10m gāo, dàn tōngcháng bèi qiēduǎn. Kāfēishù yuánběn shēngzhǎng zài Fēizhōu, xiànzài yě shēngzhǎng zài Nán Měizhōu, Zhōng Měizhōu hé Dōngnányà, shì xǔduō guójiā de zhòngyào jīngjì zuòwù.
Kāfēishù de zhǒngzǐ, chēngwéi kāfēidòu, kě zhìchéng yǐnliào, yībān shì rèyǐn, shì hěnduō guójiā de liúxíng yǐnpǐn. Kāfēi hányǒu huàxué wùzhí caffeine, shì wēnhé de yàowù, kěyǐ tíshén.
# Pinyin/Estimated

See also
# Pinyin/Estradiol

See also
Oestradiol, E2, is an oestrogen, a steroidal hormone secreted by the ovaries. It is a main female hormone. Oestradiol regulates female characteristics, the maturation of female sex organs and the oestrus and menstrual cycle. It stimulates the production of mammary glands.
Cí'èrchún (E2) shì yīzhǒng cíjīsù, luǎncháo fēnmì de lèigùchún jīsù, zhǔyào de nǚxìng jīsù. Cí'èrchún tiáojié nǚxìng de tèdiǎn, nǚxìng xìngqìguān de chéngshú, yǐjí fāqíng hé yuèjīng zhōuqí; bìngqiě cìjī rǔxiàn de shēngchǎn.
The serum concentrations of oestradiol and other female hormones change during the menstrual cycle. During gestation there is a high serum concentrations of oestradiol, E3. During menopause, oestrone has the higher concentration.
Cí'èrchún hé qítā cíjīsù de xiěqīng nóngdù zài yuèjīng zhōuqí fāshēng biànhuà. Huáiyùn qíjiān, cí'èrchún (E3) de xiěqīng nóngdù gāo. Zài gēngniánqí, cítóng nóngdù jiàogāo.
Oestradiol and oestrone can interchange. Oestradiol has a big effect on bone formation. Women past menopause have an accelerated loss of bone because they have less oestrogen.
Cí'èrchún hé cítóng kě hùhuàn. Cí'èrchún duì gǔzhí yǒu hěn dà yǐngxiǎng. Nǚxìng gēngniánqí yóuyú cíjīsù jiǎnshǎo, dǎozhì gǔzhí liúshī jiākuài.
Oestradiol also has some functions in males. Its serum concentration in men is <35pg/mL, level equivalent to that seen in post-menopausal women.
Cí'èrchún duì nánxìng yě yǒu yīxiē gōngnéng. Nánrén de xiěqīng nóngdù <35pg/mL, xiāngdāngyú juéjīnghòu fùnǚ de shuǐpíng.
# Pinyin/Estrone

Estrone is an estrogen. It is produced by the ovaries or by adipose tissue. It can be made artificially, and is used to treat deficiency of estrogen and breast cancer.
Cíjīsùtóng shì yīzhǒng cíjīsù, yóu luǎncháo huò zhīfáng zǔzhī chǎnshēng; kě réngōng héchéng, yòngyú zhìliáo cíjīsù quēfázhèng hé rǔ'ái.
# Pinyin/Ethology

Search ethology
Ethology is the science which studies about animal behavior. It is a branch of zoology. Ethology is overlapped with psychology. Psychology studies about human behavior, but many psychologists also study animal psychology. Ethology studies animal behavior, but many ethologists also study about human behavior.
Xíngwéixué shì yánjiū dòngwù xíngwéi de kēxué. Tā shì dòngwùxué de fēnzhī. Xíngwéixué yǔ xīnlǐxué chóngdié. Xīnlǐxué yánjiū rénlèi de xīnlǐ, dànshì hěnduō xīnlǐxuéjiā yě yánjiū dòngwù de xīnlǐ. Xíngwéixué yánjiū dòngwù de xíngwéi, dànshì hěnduō xíngwéixuéjiā yě yánjiū rénlèi de xíngwéi.
# Pinyin/Estrogen

Estrogen is a group of female hormones, including estrone, estradiol, and etc. Estradiol is the most important estrogen. Estrogen is mainly secreted by the ovary, a small amount by the liver, adrenal cortex, and breast. In pregnancy, the placenta can also has a lot of secretion. Male testes also secrete a small amount. Ovary mainly secretes β-estradiol, other estrogens are less important.
Cíjīsù shì yīzǔ nǚxìng jīsù, bāokuò cítóng, cí'èrchún děng. Cí'èrchún shì zuì zhòngyào de cíjīsù. Cíjīsù zhǔyào yóu luǎncháo fēnmì, shǎoliàng yóu gānzàng, shènshàngxiàn-pízhì, rǔfáng fēnmì. Huáiyùn shí, tāipán yě kě dàliàng fēnmì. Nánxìng de gāowán yě huì fēnmì shǎoliàng. Luǎncháo fēnmì de zhǔyào shi β-cí'èrchún, qítā cíjīsù de zhòngyàoxìng jiàoxiǎo.
Estrogen helps women grow during puberty and is part of the menstrual cycle. During menopause, estrogen levels go down. The male hormone that is similar is androgen.
Cíjīsù bāngzhù nǚrén zài qīngchūnqī chéngzhǎng, shì yuèjīng de yībùfèn. Zài gēngniánqī, cí jīsù shuǐpíng xiàjiàng. Lèisì de nánxìng jīsù shì xióngjīsù.
# Pinyin/Europe

Europe is situated in the west of Eurasia. It borders Asia to the east, the Mediterranean sea to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. There are over 50 countries in Europe. Most of the countries in Europe are the members of the European Union. The city with the biggest population in Europe is Istanbul.
Ouzhou weihyur Ou-Yah Dahluh xibuh. ta de dongmiahn yuu Yahzhou, narnmiahn yuu Dihzhong Haai, ximiahn yuu Dahxi Yarng, beeimiahn yuu Beeibing Yarng xiangliarn. Ouzhou yoou chaoguoh 50 'ge guorjia, dahbuhfehn shih Ouzhou Liarnmerng de cherngyuarn. Istanbul shih Ouzhou rernkoou zuih duo de cherngshih.
# Radiation Oncology/Heavy Ion Therapy

* Ions heavier than protons, especially carbon ions, offer additional physical advantages over protons
* Due to their increased mass, heavier ions have limited lateral scattering and maintain their direction when aimed at a tumor
** Sharp lateral dose deposition edges
** Physical range uncertainty mostly stems from patient imaging uncertainties and therefore is similar to that of protons
** Heavy ions exhibit a much sharper dose fall off than protons in the longitudinal direction
** Nuclear interactions activate the atomic nuclei of the irradiated tissue to induce localized radioactivity that can be externally imaged and used for in vivo tumor and normal tissue dose deposition verification
* Heavy charged particles initially traversing normal tissues are only slightly more deleterious than x-rays in causing adverse effects in normal tissue
** As they reach the end of their range and come to a stop in the tumor target, their biological effectiveness is greatly (up to 3 or 4 times) enhanced
** This unique feature may allow heavy ions to effectively kill radioresistant tumors and potentially overcome therapeutic resistance due to hypoxia within the tumor, leading to an increase in the therapeutic ratio
* The exact magnitude and quality of the biological effects of heavy ions along their path still carries uncertainties and is an active area of research
** The uncertainty is caused by the special radiobiological properties of the densely ionizing heavy ion track, which can be a concern for normal tissue toxicity and an advantage for tumor ablation and for eliciting immune response
* Only a few pediatric patients, typically treated with protons, have received carbon ion therapy so far, because of the potential risk of secondary cancers
* Similarly to protons, irradiation of moving targets, as well as irradiation of static targets but through moving tissue, is technologically challenging with heavy ions because of the uncertainty and danger that the Bragg peak of incoming ions will be placed in healthy tissue
* Robust treatment planning and motion management techniques were developed to mitigate the effect of these uncertainties, and clinical trials are being designed to study survival improvements while avoiding significant toxic effects
# Radiation Oncology/Health Technology Assessment

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Health Technology Assessment
* Subpage: Cost-Effectiveness
* Subpage: Proton HTA
# Radiation Oncology/Heel Spurs

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
    See also: Level I Evidence
* Heel spur first described in 1900 as exostatic plantar bone formation at the insertion of the plantar fascia
** Plantar heel spur - into calf
** Dorsal heel spur - into Achilles tendon
* Overall prevalence estimated 8-10%
* Symptoms: extensive pain under heel, may radiate into lower leg. Usually gait and mobility impairment
* Treatment: as for osteoarthritis; decreasing weight-bearing, NSAIDS, corticoid crystal suspensions, local anesthesia, iontophoresis, microwave/ultrasound
* RT considered a "last resort" approach for refractory cases
** RT dose 3 Gy total in 0.5 Gy/fx twice weekly effective
# Radiation Oncology/History

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
History of Radiation Oncology
# Radiation Oncology/Hodgkin

| Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Edit this |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma: Main Page | Overview | Early stage | Advanced stage | Pediatric | Randomized | |
Edit the Hodgkin's table of contents bar
* Official Guidelines
* Staging
* Overview
* Adult early stage
** Lymphocyte predominant
** Early stage general
** Early stage favorable
* Adult advanced stage
* Pediatric
* Randomized Evidence
* EORTC HD Trials ("H" trials)
* German HD Trials ("HD" trials)
* Review
# Radiation Oncology/Health Physics

Health physics, also referred to as the science of radiation protection, is the profession devoted to protecting people and their environment from potential radiation hazards, while making it possible to enjoy the beneficial uses of radiation.

## Natural Background Radiation

* Space radiation is made up of three kinds of radiation: particles trapped in the Earth's magnetic field; particles shot into space during solar flares (solar particle events); and galactic cosmic rays, which are high-energy protons and heavy ions from outside our solar system.
* Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei et al. A review on natural background radiation. Adv Biomed Res. 2013 Jul 30;2:65. (PMID: 24223380)
* M C Thorne et al. Background radiation: natural and man-made. J Radiol Prot. 2003 Mar;23(1):29-42. (PMID: 12729417)

## Radiation and Health

* J C BUGHER et al. Radiation and human health. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957 Jun;47(6):682-7. (PMID: 13424812)
* Kenji Kamiya et al. Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. Lancet. 2015 Aug 1;386(9992):469-78. (PMID: 26251392)
* Zuzana Bárdyová et al. The importance of public health in radiology and radiation protection. J Public Health Res. 2021 Mar 12;10(3):2141. (PMID: 33709644)

## Radiation Safety and Protection

* Nicholas Frane et al. Radiation Safety and Protection. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.
2023 May 22. (PMID: 32491431)
* Joyce Helena Brusin et al. Radiation protection. Radiol Technol. 2007 May-Jun;78(5):378-92; quiz 393-5. (PMID: 17519374)

## Radiation and the Environment

* Radioecology is the branch of ecology concerning the presence of radioactivity in Earth’s ecosystems.
* R J Pentreath et al. Radiation protection of people and the environment: developing a common approach. J Radiol Prot. 2002 Mar;22(1):45-56. (PMID: 11929112)
* François Bréchignac et al. Addressing ecological effects of radiation on populations and ecosystems to improve protection of the environment against radiation: Agreed statements from a Consensus Symposium. J Environ Radioact. 2016 Jul;158-159:21-9. (PMID: 27058410)
# Radiation Oncology/Historical documents about radiation

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Radiation history timeline
Interesting historical documents about radiation and its effects on humans or animals.
# Radiation Oncology/Heel Spurs/Randomized

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## RT dose 3.0 Gy vs. 6.0 Gy

* Offenbach, 2007 (Germany) PMID 17225939 -- "Radiation Therapy for Painful Heel Spurs : Results of a Prospective Randomized Study." (Heyd R, Strahlenther Onkol. 2007 Jan;183(1):3-9.)
** Randomized. 130 patients with painful heel spurs. RT low-dose 3 Gy in 0.5 Gy/fx twice weekly vs. high-dose 6 Gy in 1.0 Gy/fx twice weekly
** Outcome: 6-month excellent/good LD 66% vs. 68% (NS)
** Conclusion: RT effective, shouldn't give more than 3 Gy
# Radiation Oncology/Histiocytosis

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)

## Overview

* Uncontrolled clonal proliferation of Langerhans' cells; arguments appear ongoing on whether this is a reactive or neoplastic process
* Incidence in US is ~1200 new cases/year
* Older name as Histiocytosis X; histocytic disorders are now divided into 3 groups: (1) dendritic cell histiocytosis, (2) erythrophagocytic macrophage disorders, and (3) malignant histiocytosis. LCH belongs to Group (1)
* Majority occur in children <15 years old, although adult cases are well documented
* Disease extent:
** Clinical spectrum ranges from solitary, indolent lesions of bone (sometimes called eosinophilic granulomas) to an acute, fulminant disseminated disease (also called Letterrer-Siwe disease)
** "Single-system disease" - involves one organ (e.g. bones, soft tissue, lymph nodes, etc.). Either single location (unifocal) or multiple sites may be affected
** "Multi-system disease" - involves multiple organ systems
* Lytic bony involvement is common (~60%), either as single system disease or as part of multi-system disease process
* In children, the pituitary stalk is often involved (~50%), sometimes leading to diabetes insipidus (the triad of diabetes insipidus, proptosis, and lytic bone lesions is known as Hand-Schuller-Christian triad)
* Most patients with single-system disease never develop other LCH manifestations
* Conversely, patients with multi-system disease tend to have worse prognosis, with disease course driven by extra-osseous manifestations
* Unifocal bony lesions may resolve spontaneously, but early surgical or RT intervention is favored. Steroids can also lead to a local remission
* The role of RT is not well defined; typical indications include potential threat in case of disease progression (i.e. spinal cord compression), painful lesions not well controlled with surgery, sites where surgery would result in significant morbidity, or local relapse.
* There is a wide range of RT doses reported, both single dose (0.5 - 6 Gy) and fractionated (5 - 50 Gy). PMID 16447013 recommends total dose for bony disease in children 6/3 - 10/5 Gy and in adults 20/10 Gy
* For osseous lesions, a meta-analysis reports high local control (>90%)
* Multi-system disease may require chemotherapy
* Treatment guidelines for adults and children are available from Euro Histio Net http://www.eurohistio.net/e1623/e1554/index_eng.html
* Essen; 2006 (Germany) PMID 16447013 -- "Radiotherapy for bony manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Review and proposal for an international registry." (Olschwski T, Strahlenther Onkol. 2006 Feb;182(2):72-9.)
** Literature review. 65 studies, 698 patients with osseous single-system disease and 348 patients with bony involvement of multi-system disease treated by RT
** Outcome: single-system LC 96%, CR 93%; multi-system LC 92%, CR 76%
** Conclusion: RT can be successful as a single treatment or in combination, with high remission and local control rates

## Other links

* German LCH Registry Website and Registry RT Questionnaire
# Programming Mac OS X with Cocoa for Beginners

This book aims to provide beginners with an introduction to programming Mac OS X Apps with Cocoa, using XCode, the free developer tools provided by Apple, Inc. Some knowledge of another programming language, preferably Objective C Programming is assumed.
This wikibook was written for users of Mac OS X 10.3 or 10.4, it should also work for newer versions of Mac OS X such as 10.5 and 10.6. For programming Mac OS X with Cocoa for Beginners using Mac OS X versions 10.7 "Lion", or 10.8 "Mountain Lion" or later, use the following wikibook instead: Programming Mac OS X with Cocoa for Beginners 2nd Edition.
In general, this text is written to be followed in order from start to finish. As each topic develops, it builds on the code written previously to add complexity and functionality.

### Contents
## Getting Started

* What is Cocoa?
* Installing the developer tools
* Getting around in Xcode and Interface Builder

## Lessons

* First Cocoa program - Hello World
* Objective C, the language and its advantages
* Some Cocoa essential principles
* Building a GUI
* Containers - arrays, and dictionarys
* A more ambitious application
* Graphics - Drawing with Quartz
* Document-based applications

## Wiki oriented lessons

* Implementing Wikidraw
** Wikidraw's view class
** More shapes
** An Inspector calls
** Archiving
** Adding finesse
# Pinyin/Phenomenon

See also
# Pinyin/Philosophy

See also
Philosophy is the study of fundamental and general problems, these problems are mostly relevant to pragmatics, existences, knowledges, values, rations, spirituals, languages and thoughts, etc. Philosophy is different from other subjects, because of its judgement methods, usually in a systematic method, also based upon rational arguments. In everyday languages the word "philosophy" can be extended to the meanings of personal or organisational most fundamental beliefs, ideas and attitudes.
Zhéxué shì duì pǔbiàn ér jīběn de wèntí de yánjiū, zhèxiē wèntí duō yǔ shízài, cúnzài, zhīshí, jiàzhí, lǐxìng, xīnlíng, yǔyán, sīxiǎng děng yǒuguān. Zhéxué yǔ qítā xuékē de bùtóng de dìfāng zàiyú tā de pīpàn de fāngshì, tōngcháng shì xìtǒnghuà de fāngfǎ, bìngqiě yǐ lǐxìng lùnzhèng wéi jīchǔ. Zài rìcháng yòngyǔ zhòng, “zhéxué” zhège cíyǔ kěyǐ yǐnshēn wéi gèrén huò tuántǐ zuì jīběn de xìnyǎng, gàiniàn hé tàidù.
# Pinyin/Phosphorus

See also
# Pinyin/Photography

See also
# Pinyin/Philippines

The Philippines is a country in maritime Southeast Asia. Its capital is Manila. The country is divided into three major island group. The three major island groups are Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
Fēilǜbīn shì dōngnányà yánhǎi guójiā. Tā de shǒudū shì mǎnílā. Gāi guófèn wèi sān gè zhǔyào dǎoyǔ qún. Sān dà dǎo qún shì lǚ sòng dǎo, mǐ shā yān qúndǎo hé miánlánlǎodǎo.
# Pinyin/Phospholipid

See also
# Pixilang

Pixilang v1.6 — is the simple and fast crossplatform programming language for develope such applications as demos, games, beautiful shells, presentations, sound synths, music packs, and more. Programs keeps in a TXT-files, so you can edit it in any text-editor. Pixilang available for Windows, Linux, PalmOS, WindowsCE.

## Contents

* Definitions
* Configuration
* Elements of the language
* Detailed list of commands
* Programming techniques
* Links
# Links

* project site
* alternative site (examples, history)
* community of users and developers
* Russian Pixilang Wikibook
# Pinyin/soluble

See also
# Definitions

The basic thing in Pixilang is the pixi-container. A Pixi-container can contain a text-string, image, link to another pixi-container with alpha-channel, or a numeric array. You can use different pixi-containers as simple arrays. Remember: In Pixilang "image", "text-string", "numeric array" are ID-numbers: image - ID-number of pixi-container with image; text-string - ID-number of pixi-container with text-string; numeric array - ID-number of pixi-container with numeric array.
Example:
The Pixilang window looks like this:
# Elements of the language
## Comments

// - comments. Example: //blah blah blah
/* */ - Multiline comments. Example:

## Text strings

Example:
You can put the numerical values of a variable to any string, when this string is used as a parameter for some command (except make_pixi). Example:

## ASCII codes

ASCII codes (max 4 symbols): 'A','B','ABC'... Example:

## Variables

a,b,c,d... and other alphabet symbols - used for creating your own variables. Example myvar = 4 //put 4 to variable "myvar"

## Math operations

-,+,*,/,% - math operations. Example: a = b + 4

## Conditional operations

* < - less
* > - greater
* <= - less or equal
* >= - greater or equal
* = - equal (after if operator)
* != - not equal

## Binary logic operations

* ^ - xor
* & - and
* | - or

## Numbers

Numbers (for example: -1234) - decimal numbers :)
Some commands (transformations, for example) need numbers in the fixed point format 24.8. Fixed point numbers are decimal numbers, multiplied by 256. Examples:
Numbers in the form #XXXXXXXX (for example: #80EFB434) can be used as color values for some graphics commands in standard HTML color format: #RRGGBB, where RR - red, GG - greed, BB - blue. For example: #FF0000 - it's a red; #00FF00 - green; #0000FF - blue.
Predefined colors: ORANGE, BLACK, WHITE, RED, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW.

## User defined commands

You can define your own commands (subprogramms). Let's see an example:
So user defined commands look like this: COMMAND_NAME: BODY OF YOUR COMMAND (SOME PIECE OF PROGRAM) ret.
Also you can create your commands on the fly:

## "goto" command

You can jump from one part of a program to another part. Here is an example:
Example2:

## "while" command

"while" command is for conditional loops: while( condition ) { actions }. Example:

## Commands

Commands have the following syntax: COMMAND_NAME (PARAMETER1, PARAMETER2,...) For example, let's execute the "dot" command: dot(1,1,#FF0000) If there are no parameters, then you must write the command name only. For example: frame. Some commands can return a value. Example: x = get_dot( 10, 10 )
# Pinyin/yarnjiu

* to study
* a study
# Configuration

Pixilang can use a configuration file - config.ini. In the configuration file you can set the size of the window, the length (in samples) of the sound buffer, name of the window and other window properties. Example: