# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Cake Decorating

Cake Decorating :
| Arts and Crafts General Conference | Skill Level 2 |
| Arts and Crafts General Conference | Year of Introduction: 1972 |

## 1. List equipment necessary for cake decorating.
### Decorating bags

    Small triangular shaped bags made from cloth, plastic or parchment paper which are fitted with decorating tips and filled with icing and used to pipe decorative items such as icing flowers, borders, scrollwork and lacework designs.

### Decorating tips and collars

    Sometimes called nozzles. These tips are used to create decorative items such as icing roses, shell borders, basketweave patterns and more. These come in various shapes and are used with an icing or pastry bag so that when the bag is squeezed the icing or cream is piped out in the shape of the tip, which may or may not be the final shape desired. For example, drop flowers are created with a single squeeze, while rose petals are created with skilled maneuvering. The collars are optional equipment that allow the tip to be changed without removing frosting from the bag.

### Frosting spatula

    Similar to a butter knife, but with smooth edges on the unsharpened blade. This is used to apply a smooth layer of frosting to a cake.

### Flower nail

    Shaped like a nail with an oversized head, this is used for piping royal icing and buttercream flowers onto before transferring to the cake.

### Cake platter

    A platter on which the cake sits as it is decorated and served. It can be as simple as a piece of corrugated cardboard covered with aluminum foil.

## 2. Learn from memory the two cake icings-butter cream and royal-and their proper uses. Name one other icing used for frosting.

Buttercream Icing recipe is perfect for spreading or decorating.
Butter Cream Icing :
| Ingredients | Procedure |
| 125 ml Butter, softened 125 ml Shortening 1000 ml Confectioner's sugar 5 ml Vanilla extract 30 ml Milk or cream Food coloring (Put mouse over calculator to get English measurements) | Soften the butter by leaving it out of the refrigerator for a few hours before you need it. Place the butter and shortening in a mixing bowl and cream it with a mixer. Add the sugar, one cup at a time, beating it in as you go. Add the vanilla extract and milk and continue mixing. For a white frosting, substitute more shortening for the butter (that is, use 250 ml shortening, and no butter). For a tastier icing, substitute butter for shortening. Cover with a damp cloth until ready to use, or seal in an airtight container and refrigerate (it will keep for up to two weeks). Add food coloring as desired and mix it in thoroughly. |

### Royal Icing

This smooth, hard-drying icing is perfect for making decorations that last. It is also useful as a "cement" to fasten decorations together. Royal icing is edible, but not recommended for icing cakes.
Royal Icing :
| Ingredients | Procedure |
| 1000 ml Confectioner's sugar 45 ml Meringue powder 2.5 ml Vanilla extract 1000 ml Confectioner's sugar 125-180 ml Warm water Food coloring (Put mouse over calculator to get English measurements) | Combine the confectioner's sugar and the meringue powder in a large bowl and beat with an electric mixer. Add the water, vanilla extract, and food coloring and beat on medium to high speed until the icing forms stiff peaks (5–7 minutes). Adjust the consistency by adding either more confectioner's sugar or more water. Use immediately, or cover in an airtight container and refrigerate. Royal icing hardens when exposed to air. |

### Stabilized Whipped Cream Icing

Stabilized Whipped Cream Icing :
| Ingredients | Procedure |
| 250 ml Heavy Whipping Cream 30 ml Confectioners' Sugar 2.5 ml Vanilla extract 30 ml Piping Gel (Put mouse over calculator to get English measurements) | Combine whipping cream and sugar in mixing bowl. Whip to soft peak stage. Add Piping Gel and vanilla, then continue to whip until stiff peaks form. Do not overbeat. Makes 1 1/2 to 2 cups. |
==3. Learn and demonstrate proper construction of the decorating tube using parchment, wax papers, or a disposable bag. Show proper method of inserting tip, brushing with color, filling with icing, and folding of top.The name of the top fold is the Diaper fold.

## 4. Name three essential steps to good cake decorating.
### Icing Consistency

    If the consistency of your decorating icing is not just right, your decorations won't be right either. Just a few drops of liquid will make a great deal of difference in your results.

### Correct Bag Position

    The way your decorations curl, point, and lie depends not only on the icing consistency but also on the way you hold the bag and the way you move it. Bag positions are described in terms of both angle and direction.

   ### Angle

       Angle refers to the position of the bag relative to the work surface. There are two basic angle positions.
       90° angle, or straight up, perpendicular to the surface. Used when making stars or flat petal flowers.
       45° angle, or half way between vertical and horizontal. Used for writing and borders.

   ### Direction

       The angle of the bag to the work surface is only half the story of the bag position. The other half is the direction in which the back of the bag is pointed. Correct bag direction is easiest to learn when you think of the back of the bag as the hour hand of a clock. When you hold the bag with the tip in the center of the clock, you can sweep out a circle with the back end of the bag. Pretend the circle you formed in the air is the clock face. The hours on the clock face correspond to the direction you point the back end of the bag.

### Pressure Control

    The size and uniformity of your icing designs are affected by the amount of pressure you apply to the bag and the steadiness of the pressure : how you squeeze and relax your grip on the decorating bag. Your goal is to learn to apply pressure so consistently that you can move the bag in a free and easy glide while just the right amount of icing flows through the tip. Practice will help you achieve this control.

## 5. Demonstrate pressure control with tubes. Learn the technique and name the proper tip (tube) used to make the following
### a. Star, fill-in and border

Use the star tube. Hold the bag in an upright position, and lightly touch the tip of the tube on the cake. Apply pressure to the bag until the dab of icing is the required size. Cease the pressure, and lift the tube quickly from the cake.

### b. Rosette

Use a rose nail. Add a small piece of waxed paper to the flat pedestal of the rose nail with a dot of frosting. Position the petal tube vertically in the center of the rose nail and begin lightly squeezing out frosting while twirling the rose nail with your fingers to make a small frosting cone. Once the cone is slightly taller than the width of the base of the cone, stop squeezing the bag and pull it away. Turn the bag at a 45-degree angle and position the petal tube about 1/3 of the way down from the top of the cone. Pipe a petal all the way around the cone at this angle for just one full turn of the rose nail so that the ends of the petal are touching. Remove pressure and pull the bag away. Angle the piping bag at a 45-degree angle or slightly more and position the petal tube on one side of the cone. Squeeze the bag gently and pipe a ribbon of frosting about 1/3 of the way around the cone while spinning the rose nail to create a petal. Continue doing this until the rose is the size desired. Let the rose dry until it is slightly firm, and then transfer it onto your cake.

### c. Shell border

Use a rose nail. Add a small piece of waxed paper to the flat pedestal of the rose nail with a dot of frosting. Position the petal tube vertically in the center of the rose nail and begin lightly squeezing out frosting while twirling the rose nail with your fingers to make a small frosting cone. Once the cone is slightly taller than the width of the base of the cone, stop squeezing the bag and pull it away. Turn the bag at a 45-degree angle and position the petal tube about 1/3 of the way down from the top of the cone. Pipe a petal all the way around the cone at this angle for just one full turn of the rose nail so that the ends of the petal are touching. Remove pressure and pull the bag away. Angle the piping bag at a 45-degree angle or slightly more and position the petal tube on one side of the cone. Squeeze the bag gently and pipe a ribbon of frosting about 1/3 of the way around the cone while spinning the rose nail to create a petal. Continue doing this until the rose is the size desired. Let the rose dry until it is slightly firm, and then transfer it onto your cake.

### d. "S" design

Use a round tip. Slide a plastic coupler base into the bottom of an icing bag. Place a round tip over the coupler base and the bag. Screw a coupler ring over the tip, bag and base to secure. Fold the top half of the bag down to form a cuff. Unfold the cuff and twist the top half of the bag to secure the icing. Hold the bag at a 90 degree angle at the top perimeter of an iced cake. Gently squeeze the bag, directing the flow of icing to create a horizontal "S" shape near the edge of the cake's surface. Stop squeezing, and lift straight up to stop the flow of icing. Create another "S" shape next to the previous one, creating scrolls all the way around the perimeter of the cake. Let the icing harden for 15 minutes before moving the cake.

### e. Ribbon

Use a rosepetal tip.

### f. Zigzag border

Use a star or round tip.

### g. Leaves

Use a leaf tip.

## 7. Learn to make the following flowers
### a. Sweet pea

sweet pea video tutorial

### d. Drop flower
## 8. Demonstrate writing technique using two different tips and methods.
## Helpful websites

* http://www.baking911.com/decorating/cakes101.htm
* http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/food-facts/cake-decorating.htm
* http://www.wilton.com/decorating
* http://www.cake-decorating.us/index.html