# Novial/Hound Lesson 4

Novial home – Pronunciation Guide
Contents – Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 - Lesson 4 – Lesson 5 - Lesson 6 – Lesson 7
Prefixes – Suffixes

## Li Kaptate

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Li manuskrite kontinua:
”Eventad ke ye un yule disi minim honorabli Hugo kun sink o six ek sen otiosi kompanes vadad al ferme por aracha li yuna durant ke lan patro e fratros esed for. Kand les had porta la al kastelete, les klefad la in li maxim superi chambre, durant ke Hugo e sen amikes sidad por drinka multi alkohole, kom les did ye omni vespre.
”Li yuna timad li klamado e malediktiones kel venid ek subu. Finalim pro timo la fad tu kel min bravi home vud tima e la klimad subu per hedre kel kreskad an li sudi mure. Tand la fugad tra li agres a hem. Kelkitem plu tardim Hugo livad sen gastes por porta manjaje e drinke a sen kaptate. Tand lo devenid tam irati kam diable e hastad subu per li eskalere, saltad a sur li table e dikted ke on deved senda li hundes vers la. Hugo kursed ek li hause klamant al serveres ke les sadla sen maxim bon kavala e ke les lasa li hundes eku. Lo donad nase-tuke del yuna al hundes e sub lume del lune departad tra li agres. Dek-tri ek lon kompanes prendad sen kavales e probad seku Hugo e li hundes."

## Vocabulary

* a hem – (to) home, homewards
* a sur – onto (Literally: to on)
* agre – field
* alkohole – alcohol
* an – at, on (next to or contiguous with something)
* aracha – snatch away, pull out
* bravi – brave
* departa – (to) depart
* deve – ought, should (auxiliary verb)
* deveni – (to) become
* diable – devil
* drinka – (to) drink
* drinke – drink
* eku – out, outwards
* eskalere – stairs
* ferme – farm
* finalim – finally
* for – away
* fratro – brother
* fuga – (to) flee
* gaste – guest
* had – had (pluperfect auxiliary verb)
* hasta – (to) rush, hurry
* hedre – ivy
* heme – home
* honorabli – honourable
* irati – angry
* kam – as, than (after a comparative)
* kaptate – captive, prisoner
* kastelete – manor house, chateau, small castle
* kavala – mare
* kavale – horse
* kelkitem – sometime, sometimes
* klamado – shouting
* klamant(i) – shouting
* klefa – (to) lock
* klima – (to) climb
* kompane – companion, mate
* kontinua – (to) continue
* kreska – (to) grow
* kun – with
* kurse – (to) run
* lasa – let, allow
* liva – (to) leave
* lune – moon
* manjaje – food
* maxim bon – best(superlative)
* min – less (comparative)
* minim – least (superlative)
* mure – wall
* nase-tuke – handkerchief
* o – or
* omni – all, every
* otiosi – idle, unoccupied
* patro – father
* per – by, by means of, with
* plu – more (comparative)
* plu tardim – later (adverb)
* por – for, for the sake of, in order to
* prenda – (to) take
* proba – (to) try, attempt
* sadla – (to) saddle
* salta – (to) jump
* seku – (to) follow
* senda – (to) send
* servere – servant
* sub – below, under
* subu – downwards, down
* sudi – southern, south
* superi – upper
* table – table
* tam – as (comparative)
* tam…kam… – as…as… (comparative)
* tand – then, at that time
* tardim – late (adverb)
* timo – fear
* tra – through
* vada – (to) go
* vespre – evening
* yule – Christmas

## Grammar Notes
### Pluperfect Tense

The pluperfect tense is formed by placing the auxiliary verb had in front of the present tense of the verb:
* lo had salta a sur li table – he had jumped onto the table

### Prepositions and Adverbs from Prepositions

Adverbs are formed from prepositions by adding -u as seen in these examlpes:
* lo non es inu – he is not in
* prou (= pro tu) – therefore, on account of that
* anteu (= ante tu) – formerly, before that
* durantu – during that time, meanwhile
* li hundes kursed eku – the dogs ran out (of somewhere)
* exeptu (=exept tu) – with that exception
* lo sidad proxim li porte, e lon filia sidad proximu (= proxim lo) –
he sat near the door and his daughter sat nearby (= near him)
* lo vadad subu – he went down(wards)
* les es kunu noktim e jornim – they are together night and day

### Prepositions before the Infinitive

English phrases such as without going, before seeing etc. are translated with the appropriate preposition followed by the infinitive (same as the present tense):
me had departa ante vida la – I had left before seeing her
nus vadad por vida la – we went (in order) to see her

### Infinitive Clauses

The following examples show this English construction and how it can be translated:
* me voli ke vu veni – I want you to come (Literally: I want that you come)
Use a preposition with a definite literal meaning if it makes sense:
* la sendad li serveres por porta manjaje – she sent the servants to bring food
Another way to express the infinitive clause is seen in the second of these examples:
* les varta ke me ariva – they wait for me to arrive (Literally: they wait for that I arrive)
or:
* les varta men arivo – they wait for my arrival
Where arivo is the verbal noun (arrival or arriving) derived from the verb ariva. (This will be covered thoroughly in lesson 6)
However, the following is grammatically identical and may be used:
* me voli vun venio – I want you to come (Literally: I want your coming).

### Comparative and Superlative

Adjectives and adverbs are compared as follows:
* plu bon kam – better than
* tam bon kam – as good as
* min bon kam – less good than
* maxim bon ek – best (out) of
* minim bon ek – least good (out) of
* la es li maxim grandi – she is the biggest
* la es plu grandi kam me – she is bigger than I (am)
* la es tam grandi kam me – she as big as I (am)
* la es min grandi kam me – she is less big than I (am)
* la es li minim grandi – she is the least big
* lo kurse maxim bonim ek les – he runs best out of them
* lo kurse plu bonim kam me – he runs better than I
* lo kurse tam bonim kam me – he runs as well as I
* lo kurse min bonim kam me – he runs less well than I
* lo kurse minim bonim ek nus – he runs least well out of us
Kam is used in making comparisons, even where English does not use than:
* me prefera disu kam tu – I prefer this to that
Translate as good as possible and similar phrases like this:
* maxim bon posibli
Use endings and affixes to convert the following Novial root words to the English words indicated.
* kun – together
* lune – lunar
* patro – parents
* maxim – maximal
* maxim – to maximize
* fratro – siblings
* kavale – stallion
* bravi – bravery
* sub – down, downwards
* minim – minimal
* minim – to minimize
* sovaji – savages
* kunu
* lunal
* patres
* maximal
* maximisa or maximifika
* fratres
* kavalo
* braveso
* subu
* minimal
* minimisa or minimifika
* sovajes
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Novial home – Pronunciation Guide
Contents – Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 - Lesson 4 – Lesson 5 - Lesson 6 – Lesson 7
Prefixes – Suffixes