OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Field Guide/Mammals/Southern Red-backed Vole

* ↑ Hazard, E. B. (1982), The Mammals of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press, pp. 90–91
* ↑ Reid, F. A. (2006), Mammals of North America, Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 308–309
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Merritt, J. F. (1981), "Clethrionomys gapperi", Mammalian Species, no. 146, pp. 1–9, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (2010), "Canis lupus", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved September 28, 2012
* ↑ NatureServe (2012), "Clethrionomys gapperi", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, no. Version 7.1, retrieved September 28, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Petrella, S. (1999), Spermophilus Tridecemlineatus, retrieved October 5, 2012
* ↑ Dolbeer, R. (2005), Thirteen Lined Ground Squirrel and Their Control, retrieved October 5, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Southern Bog Lemming

* 1 2 Linzey, Alicia (1983), Synoptomys Cooperi, American Society of Mammalogists, pp. 1–5
* 1 2 Linzey, A.V. (2008), Synaptomy Cooperi, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, p. 1
* ↑ Roset, Robert (2012), Minor species as the dominant rodents in an Oldfield, American Midland Naturalist, pp. 1–8
* 1 2 Osbourne, Joseph (2005), Effects of Habitat on small-mammal diversity and abundance in West Virginia, Wildlife Society Bulletin, pp. 814–822
* 1 2 Bien, Walter; Spotilafirst2=James (2007), The distribution of small mammals at the Warren Grove Gunnery Range with special emphasis on Southern Bog Lemming and Meadow Jumping Mice, New Jersey Academy of Science, pp. 9–12
# TBALIAS
## Statement

(+) Appearance (+) Standard (+) Console

## Syntax

TBALIAS oldName,NewName

## Description

As the Mac OS matures, terse and economical toolbox names give way to more descriptive names. In C, this spells disaster because there is no way to stay in step except to go through all of your projects and change the name of the toolbox call to match Apple's latest syntax. FB offers a more elegant solution by providing an alias. A toolbox alias is a synonym that FB uses to translate all of your old syntax into the latest PPC toolbox names. This happens more often than you might imagine. Some common aliases are shown below: TBAlias InsertMenuItem , InsMenuItem TBAlias DeleteMenuItem , DelMenuItem TBAlias GetMenuHandle , GetMHandle TBAlias CountMItems , CountMenuItems TBAlias GetControlValue , GetCtlValue Without these TBALIAS statements, your existing code would break when it used a common toolbox like GETMHANDLE. With the alias in place, FB sees "GETMHANDLE" and automatically translates it to "GETMENUHANDLE". The result is that your old code continues to work in a modernized environment.

### See Also

LIBRARY; TOOLBOX
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/system function
## SYSTEM
### Syntax

systemInformation = SYSTEM(whichInfo)

### Revised

February, 2002 (Release 6)

### Description

This function returns various kinds of information about the system and about the current application. Set whichInfo to one of the values shown here:
Image was here

### Note

You can get many other kinds of system-wide information by using the Toolbox function FN GESTALT.

### See Also

The " Gestalt Manager" chapter in Inside Macintosh:Operating System Utilities
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/system statement
## SYSTEM
### Syntax

SYSTEM

### Description

This is a synonym for the END statement
# TEHANDLE
## Function

(+) Appearance (+) Standard Console

## Syntax

editFieldHandle& = TEHANDLE(fieldID) fieldInfo = TEHANDLE(-fieldID)

## Description

This function returns information about an edit field or picture field in the current output window. If you use the first syntax (passing a positive value to TEHANDLE), TEHANDLE returns a handle to the TextEdit record associated with the specified field. Although a valid handle will also be returned for picture fields, this is really more useful in the case of edit fields. The following table lists some of the more useful elements that can be found in the field's TextEdit record. The syntax shown in the table assumes that the value returned by TEHANDLE has been assigned to a long integer variable teH&. IMAGE imgs/TEHANDLE_function02.gif (Note: for a description of other elements in the TextEdit record, see the "TextEdit" chapter in Inside Macintosh: Text.) If you use the second syntax (passing a negative value to TEHANDLE), TEHANDLE returns a value identifying the field's type, as follows: IMAGE imgs/TEHANDLE_function04.gif Example: This function returns the next available ID number that is not currently being used by any picture field or edit field in the current window. LOCAL FN GetUnusedFieldID
INC(id)
END FN = id Note: You should generally not alter the contents of a TextEdit record directly. Use TextEdit Toolbox routines, or FB statements like EDIT FIELD, to alter the characteristics of the field. If you use TEHANDLE to get a TextEdit record handle, you should not dispose of the handle. The memory associated with the edit field is automatically disposed when you close the edit field (using EDIT FIELD CLOSE) or close its window (using WINDOW CLOSE).

### See Also

EDIT FIELD; PICTURE FIELD; WINDOW( _efHandle); Inside Macintosh: Text
# TEKEY$
## Function

(+) Appearance (+) Standard Console

## Syntax

char$ = TEKEY$

## Description

If there is an active edit field in the current window, and you have designated an edit-event handling routine using the ON EDIT statement, TEKEY$ returns a 1-character string indicating a key that the user pressed. You should check the value of TEKEY$ within your edit-event handling routine, each time that routine is called. When you use an edit-event handling routine, the user's keystrokes are not transmitted directly to the edit field. Based on the value returned by TEKEY$, your edit-event handling routine can decide what to do with the keypress; it can transmit it to the field unaltered, or transmit a different character, or perform some other action. Your routine can use the TEKEY$ statement to transmit the keypress (or some other character) to the edit field, if desired. TEKEY$ values that correspond to the backspace key, and the four arrow keys should generally be transmitted to the field unaltered. Note that any keypresses that can't alter the contents of the field nor move the insertion point are generally not reported to your edit-event handling routine. Keypresses that will not be reported include the following:
* Arrow keys, if the insertion point is already as far as it can go in the indicated direction (use the DIALOG function (event types _efLeftArrow, _efRightArrow, _efUpArrow and _efDownArrow) to detect arrow keys in this situation);
* Command-key equivalents for menu items;
* Command-period.
* The "Tab" key (use the DIALOG function (event type _efTab or _efShiftTab))The "Clear" key (use *DIALOG function (event type _efClear));
* The "Return" key, if the field is one of the "NoCR" types (use the DIALOG function (event type _efReturn));

### See Also

ON EDIT; DIALOG function; TEKEY$ statement
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/tekey statement
## TEKEY$
### Statement

(+) Appearance (+) Standard Console

### Syntax

TEKEY$ = string$

### Description

If there is an active edit field in the current window, string$ is inserted into the field at the current insertion point, or replaces the currently highlighted text in the field. The insertion point is then placed at the end of the newly-inserted text, and the text is scrolled into view if it is not already in view.

#### See Also

TEKEY$ function; EDIT FIELD; ON EDIT
# TANH
## Function

(+) Appearance (+) Standard (+) Console

## Syntax

result# = Tanh(expr)

## Description

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of expr where expr is given in radians. Tanh always returns a double-precision result.
Note:
ex - e-x Tanh(x) is defined as:
ex + e-x

### See Also

Asinh; Cosh; Sinh; Tan; Exp
# Layout Template (remove this line)
## Keyword Goes Here
### Statement Function Operator or Other? (update the checkmarks below)

✔ χ Appearance ✔ χ Standard ✔ χ Console

### Revised

Date & release (remove the Revised section if no date)

### Description

Description goes here.

### Notes

No special notes. (leave this section if no notes)

### See Also

cross-reference
# TEXT
## Statement

(+) Appearance (+) Standard (+) Console

## Syntax

TEXT [font%][,[size%][,[face%][,copyMode%]]]

## Description

This statement sets the text characteristics for the current output window or printer. It affects subsequent PRINT statements (in the current window or printer), subsequent LPRINT statements, and subsequently-created edit fields (in the current window). It does not change the appearance of any existing text, except in buttons created using the _useWFont type modifier (see the BUTTON statement). Each of the parameters is optional. If you omit a parameter, the corresponding characteristic won't be changed. The parameters are interpreted as follows: font% A number which identifies the font family. Certain common fonts have standard numbers which are identified by these constants: _newYork_venice_geneva _monaco_times_helvetica _courier_symbol The following constants are also available: _sysFont (System font; usually Chicago or Charcoal) _applFont (Default application font; usually Geneva) For other fonts, the best way to determine the font number is to pass the font's name to the GETFNUM Toolbox procedure, as here: CALL GETFNUM(fontName$, font%) When you do this, the font's number is returned in the font% variable, which you can then pass to the TEXT statement. size% The font size, in points. This usually gives some indication of the height in pixels of the tallest character; however, you shouldn't rely on this. Use the USR FONTHEIGHT function to determine the pixel height of a line of text. * face% The text style. To set the face to "plain," set this parameter to zero; otherwise, you can set it to the sum of any of the following bitmask values: _boldBit%_outlineBit% _italicBit%_shadowBit% _ulineBit%_condenseBit% _extendBit% Example: TEXT _geneva, 12, _boldBit% + _italicBit% copyMode% This determines how the text interacts with the existing background. The most commonly used values are _srcCopy (the entire character's rectangle replaces the background), and _srcOr (only the character's glyph replaces the background). Other transfer modes include: _srcXor_addOver _srcBic_subPin _notSrcCopy_transparent _notSrcOr_adMax _notSrcXor_subOver _notSrcBic_adMin _blend_grayishTextOr _addPin_ditherCopy(mask) See the "QuickDraw Text" chapter in Inside Macintosh: Text, and the chapters "QuickDraw Drawing" and "Color QuickDraw" in Inside Macintosh: Imaging with QuickDraw, for more information about text transfer modes. Note: Each screen window maintains its own text characteristics separately from the others. The TEXT statement affects only the characteristics in the current window. To change the characteristics of text in existing edit fields, use the EDIT TEXT statement. To change the color of subsequently printed text, use the COLOR or LONG COLOR statement.

## See Also

EDIT TEXT; ROUTE; PRINT; BUTTON statement; USR FONTHEIGHT; COLOR; LONG COLOR
# TAN
## Function

(+) Appearance (+) Standard (+) Console

## Syntax

The tangent# = TAN(expr)

## Description

Returns the tangent of expr, where expr is given in radians. TAN always returns a double-precision result. Note: To find the tangent of an angle degAngle which is given in degrees, use the following:
theTangent# = TAN(degAngle * pi# / 180) where pi# equals 3.14159265359.

### See Also

ATN; SIN; COS
# High School Chemistry/Chemical Reactions

* Chemical Equations
* Balancing Equations
* Types of Reactions
← Empirical and Molecular Formulas · Chemical Reaction →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Chemical Equilibrium

* Introduction to Equilibrium
* Equilibrium Constant
* The Effects of Applying Stress to Reactions at Equilibrium
* Slightly Soluble Salts
← Reaction Mechanism · Introduction to Equilibrium →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Chemical Equations

Symbolic representation of reaction by using symbols and formulae is known as chemical equation.
    Example: ${\ce {Zn + H2O -> ZnO + H2 (^)}}$
# High School Chemistry/Chemistry - A Physical Science

* Measurements in Chemistry
* Using Measurements
* Using Mathematics in Chemistry
* Using Algebra in Chemistry
← Energy · Measurements in Chemistry →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Authors

This project was imported from a pre-existing book. Keep in mind that, since then, dedicated individuals working to provide free, open information have added their own contributions.

## Sharon Bewick

Dr. Bewick received her B.Sc. in Chemistry from Mount Allison University. She then went on to complete a Ph.D. at Princeton University where she studied the electronic properties of organic crystals (for example, piezoelectricity). Currently, Dr. Bewick works at the University of Tennessee, where she hopes to use game theoretical models to learn more about how immune systems fight off viruses and bacteria.

## Jonathan Edge

Jonathan Edge currently teaches chemistry and physics at Arleta High School. He has been a teacher with the Los Angeles Unified School District for 9 years, and has previously worked as an environmental chemist. Edge is a 1984 graduate of Whittier College, and in his spare time he enjoys bicycling and building model airplanes.

## Therese Forsythe

Therese Forsythe is currently a programs consultant for high schools in Nova Scotia, but has spent ten years teaching chemistry. She spends most of her time in-servicing teachers in the pedagogy surrounding science and math teaching and taking care of her two beautiful boys.

## Richard Parsons

Richard Parsons graduated from San Jose State University in 1967 with a BA in Physical Science with a Chemistry Option and received his MA in 1968 in the same major. He taught high school honors Chemistry, Physics, and Advanced Placement Chemistry for 35 years and was the Science Department chairman for 25 years in the Santa Clara Unified School District. Mr. Parsons retired in 2000, but continued to teach Advanced Placement Chemistry part-time for an additional 5 years. In the early '80s, he co-authored an in-district course (including a textbook, lab book, and teacher's guide) in Integrated Science. The course was taught in all the district's high schools for 15 years.
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Chemical Kinetics

* Rate of Reactions
* Collision Theory
* Potential Energy Diagrams
* Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
* Reaction Mechanism
← Reactions Between Ions in Solutions · Rate of Reactions →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# Futurology/Methods
## Uncertainty Principle

At the smallest levels of our universe there is chaos. Because of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle we can only describe "truth" to within a certain tolerance. This doesn't mean that we can't call anything "truth," it just means that "truth" is the same as "something likely to be true" except with a smaller standard deviation.
As quantum mechanics grew in popularity over the twentieth century, a new type of mathematics developed to describe our world in terms of probability instead of absolutes. One of the most basic ingredients of this new mathematical structure is that of time evolution. Given the state and the properties of a system, time evolution quantifies how the system will change over time. In other words, it predicts the future.
By using the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics, futurologists objectify the probabilities of the future using the quantum tools that were originally established for objectifying the probabilities of the present.

## Schrödinger's Cat

Schrödinger's cat is a seemingly paradoxical thought experiment devised by Erwin Schrödinger that attempts to illustrate the incompleteness of an early interpretation of quantum mechanics when going from subatomic to macroscopic systems. The experiment proposes:
    A cat is placed in a sealed box. Attached to the box is an apparatus containing a radioactive nucleus and a canister of poison gas. This apparatus is separated from the cat in such a way that the cat can in no way interfere with it. The experiment is set up so that there is exactly a 50% chance of the nucleus decaying in one hour. If the nucleus decays, it will emit a particle that triggers the apparatus, which opens the canister and kills the cat. If the nucleus does not decay, then the cat remains alive. According to quantum mechanics, the unobserved nucleus is described as a superposition (meaning it exists partly as each simultaneously) of "decayed nucleus" and "undecayed nucleus". However, when the box is opened the experimenter sees only a "decayed nucleus/dead cat" or an "undecayed nucleus/living cat."
# GAMSAT Guide/Introduction

The GAMSAT is a tough exam - a lot is required from the student and preparing for it can be quite a nightmare. In this text, we hope to draw together various sources already available within wikipedia and adapt them so they can fit in with the needs of the worried student actively trying to remember the difference between methane and ethanol.

## When is the GAMSAT?
### UK

The exam in the UK takes place only once a year, usually around September. If you're ill or miss your train or sleep in, you’ll need to wait for the next year, or look into taking it in Ireland. The grade for the GAMSAT tends to be valid for 2 years so that you can sit in advance of the year you want to enter.

### Australia

The first exam is held in March, with registrations closing in mid-February. The GAMSAT is held twice a year, the second sitting is in September. Your score is valid for 2 years.

### Ireland

The exam is held in March, with registrations closing in mid-February. The GAMSAT is held only once a year and your score will be valid for 2 years

## Exam structure

The exam is subdivided into three distinct sections:

### Section I Reasoning in Humanities and Social Sciences

This comprises 75 Questions that focus on your ability to understand and interpret meaning from passages of text. You have 100 minutes to complete this section.

### Section II Written Communication

One hour to write two essays based on one or more of the quotes presented. There are five quotes from famous or historical figures based on a theme, such as morality, crime and punishment, etc. The first essay will deal with social or cultural issues, whilst the second essay will deal with more personal issues.

### Section III Science

The important part - this spans Biology, Physics but mostly Chemistry (with an emphasis on Organic chemistry). You get 2 hours 50 minutes to complete 110 questions - that's a little like one a half minutes per question - not easy, so I think the best option is to use the reading time to flick through the exam and see what there is that you can easily do and what you really can't do. Start with the easiest stuff then as your time runs out, head for the harder stuff. As wrong answers are not downgraded, be sure to answer every question (even if you have to guess some) - there's a 25% chance of you getting it right!

## Courses using the GAMSAT
### UK

Currently there are five universities (St George's, Nottingham, Swansea, Cardiff, and Liverpool) using the GAMSAT for entry onto the Graduate Course (4 years) and one (Peninsula) using it for the Graduate entry onto the 5 year course (i.e. standard undergraduate course).

### Australia

For Australian information see becoming a medical doctor

## Links

http://www.acer.edu.au/tests/university/gamsatuk/intro.html
http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/09/editorials/306.php
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Becoming_a_Medical_Doctor/Australia
# GAMSAT Guide/Mindmaps

Ions mindmap:
# Futurology/Introduction

Futurology (or Futures studies) is the analysis of cause and effect trends for the purpose of predicting possible, probable, and prescriptive outcomes to present day scenarios. While industry and liberal arts have the luxury of dividing historical perspectives into distinct disciplines, Futurology examines the necessary intertwining of advancements and expectations in economics, sociology, engineering, mathematics, biology, pedagogy, and many other disciplines.

## Possible Effects

Futurology can be used to warn society of a possible undesirable future for the purpose of avoiding it. In regard to predictions of widespread chaos associated with the Millennium bug, for instance, futurologists claim that society heeded the evidence presented and took steps to avoid the catastrophe. Yet in cases of successful futurology warnings, it is impossible to prove through direct evidence the difference between a catastrophe averted and an incorrect prediction, even after the fact.
By the same token, popular futurologists like Ray Kurzweil (The Singularity Is Near) predict futures that exceed our expectations. In doing so, they are often accused of creating self-fulfilling prophecies. Kurzweil's books generally review predictions from previous writings to show their accuracy, and then make forecasts for the future. Since the popularity of these books cannot help but raise people's expectations, they are sure to create a demand for the technology that is prophesied. As a result, to some extent Kurzweil is not only predicting the future, but also creating it.

## Nature of the Future

Even if we knew everything about our current universe, even if the future didn't also depend on the quantum random element, and even if technology didn't change the future ramifications of historic events, predictions only have a practical effect if they somehow alter our actions in the present. Of course, any differing action in the present will also change the future, thus affecting the prediction. For these reasons, futurology uses a unique set of theoretical models and deductive methods for describing the likelihood of an event and the conditions under which it is prone to occur. This textbook investigates these models and methods, and explores the practical applications for their use.
—TABLE OF CONTENTS—