OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Toki Pona/Constituent order typology

Toki Pona is an SVO, nominative-accusative language. There are no signs of ergativity of any sort. It is a rigid constituent order language that leaves very few phrases free with respect to word order.

## Noun Phrase

Modifiers can be arranged in any order, but the order is significant. Later modifiers affect the whole preceding phrase.
Modifier Order sometimes doesn't significantly affect meaning.
* 1) soweli suli wawa - a powerful large animal (a large animal that is also powerful)
* 2) soweli wawa suli - a large powerful animal (a powerful animal that is also large)

## Adpositional Phrases

Toki Pona has prepositions. They are closer to clitics or cases because they attach before the head noun and nothing else can go between the preposition and the head noun.

## Comparatives

Toki Pona uses discourse to express comparatives. It doesn't have a construction that easily matches the standard-marker-quality pattern found in some languages.
soweli li suli mute. waso li suli lili. The animal is very large. The bird is 'small-ly' large. I.e., The animal is larger than the bird.

## Question particles and question words

Yes/no questions can be asked either by using the V-ala-V pattern:
* jan li moli ala moli e jan utala? Did the man kill the soldier?
* jan li suli ala suli? Is the man great?
Or by adding "anu seme?" ("Or what?") at the end:
* jan li moli e jan utala anu seme? Did the man kill the soldier?
* jan li suli anu seme? Is the man great?
seme is the question word and it appears where the unknown piece of information would appear.
* 1) seme li moli e jan? Who killed the man?
* 2) jan li moli e seme? The man killed who?
* 3) jan li moli seme e jan? How did the man kill the other?
* 4) ? jan li seme e jan? What did he do to the other man?
* 5) tenpo seme la jan li moli e jan? When did the man kill the other?
* 6) jan li moli e jan kepeken seme? What did the man kill the other with?
There is no obvious pattern in predicate sentences.
* 1) jan li seme?
* 2) seme li jan?

## Greenberg's Parameters

* Main clause V-O
* adpositions prepositions
* genitive and head noun - N-G
* head noun and modifier N-M
* relative clauses and head noun- Not entirely applicable, but the sentence with the head noun is first and is followed by the sentence that describes the other noun. jan li lukin e ni: jan li pali.
* comparatives- Not applicable
* Inflected Auxiliary- not entirely applicable, but Aux-V
* Question particles- No question particle.
* Question words- Not sure.
* affixes - Not entirely applicable, but clitics precede their phrases.
So with few exceptions in the cases where Toki Pona doesn't have the exact same sort of construction, Toki Pona fits the patterns of Greenburg's parameters.
# Tokelauan/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tokelauan

# Phrases
## You are a good child

    te tamalelei oo koe

## Listen here

    fakalogo mai

## You are a good girl

    te teine lelei oo koe

# Sentences
## where do you live?

    Ko fea te nofo ai koe?

## Who's your friend?

    Ko ai tau uoo?

## I live there

    ko ua e nofo i koo

## I live here

    ko ua e nofo kinei

# Vocabulary

* Cat - puhi
* Dog - maile
* Flower - fuga
* House - fale
* Fire - afi
# Tokelauan/Vocabulary

* Cat - puhi
* Dog - maile
* Flower - fuga
* House - fale
* Fire - afi
# Toki Pona/Demographic information
## Name of Language

In Toki Pona, the language refers to itself as "toki pona" which translates to "The Language of Good." It is abbreviated as tp, and is usually written in lower case according to the conventions of the language.

## Ethnology

The people who use Toki Pona are called users, since they generally do not speak it casually. This page focuses on the community of people that speaks the language, whether casually or formally.

## Demography

The language is used by constructed language fans, almost entirely in written messages across the internet. These fans are geographically spread across North and South America, Europe, Russia, Australia, Malaysia and Japan. Of these, Canada, the US and East and West Europe are most heavily represented. There is a notable lack of Toki Pona users in China, South East Asia and Africa.

## Genetic Affiliation

Toki Pona is a relatively new constructed language created in 2001. Constructed languages by definition do not evolve from an existing natural language, instead being created by an individual or group. As an a posteriori language, it draws vocabulary and grammar from other world languages. Toki Pona's grammatical structure is most similar to that of the Indo-European languages, but it displays some Japonic elements as well.

## Previous Research

Toki Pona has been referenced in various journals. Because the language is small and well developed, some researchers opt to use it for linguistic developments in lieu of a custom constructed language for the purpose of experimentation.

## The sociolinguistic situation

Toki Pona's main community is online, so it lacks many features one would expect of naturally created creole or pidgin languages (a language based on the mixture of two or more language's speakers). In this community, most speakers do not share common interests, rather having joined the community as language, constructed language, and linguistics enthusiasts. This group contrasts a true pidgin or creole, both of which usually arise from a situation where a group of individuals is forced to quickly learn to communicate with a dominant, linguistically differing group.

## Dialects

Toki Pona exhibits no formal or documented dialects apart from the various proposed vocabulary extensions, which receive mixed usage. Individuals who speak the language may have their own idiolect, or personal way of speaking, but these types of dialects do not extend over large groups of speakers.
# Tokelauan/Sentences
## where do you live?

    Ko fea te nofo ai koe?

## Who's your friend?

    Ko ai tau uoo?

## I live there

    ko ua e nofo i koo

## I live here

    ko ua e nofo kinei
# United Nations History/U Thant

← Dag Hammarskjöld | Kurt Waldheim →

## Who was he?

U Thant was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was chosen for the post when his predecessor Dag Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash in September 1961.
"U" is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to "Mister." "Thant" was his only name. In Burmese he was known as Pantanaw U Thant, a reference to his home town of Pantanaw.

## Secretary General

Thant began serving as Acting Secretary-General from November 3, 1961, when he was unanimously appointed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council, to fill the unexpired term of Dag Hammarskjöld. He was then unanimously appointed Secretary-General by the General Assembly on November 30, 1962 for a term of office ending on November 3, 1966. During this first term he was widely credited for his role in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis and for ending the civil war in the Congo.
U Thant was re-appointed for a second term as Secretary-General of the United Nations by the General Assembly on December 2, 1966 on the unanimous recommendation of the Security Council. His term of office continued until December 31, 1971, when he retired. During his time in office, he oversaw the entry into the UN of dozens of new Asian and African states and was a firm opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He also established many of the UN's development and environmental agencies, funds and programmes, including the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN University, UNCTAD, UNITAR and the UN Environmental Programme.

## Mediation

He had also led many successful though now largely forgotten mediation efforts, for example in Yemen in 1962 and Bahrain in 1968. In each case, war would have provoked a wider regional conflict, and it was Thant's quiet mediation which prevented war.

## Opposition to Vietnam

He is also famous for opposing the United States for its Vietnam War.
# United States Government
## The Constitution and Government of the United States of America
### Part I- Before the Constitution

* Colonial Government in America
* The United States under the Articles of Confederation
* The Constitutional Convention
* Ratification

### Part II- The Constitution

* The Three Branches of Government
* The Federal System
* General Provisions
* The Bill of Rights
* The Later Amendments

### Part III- Present Government Structure

* The Legislative Branch
* The Executive Branch
* The Judicial Branch

### Part IV- American Government: Theory and Analysis

* Criticism of the Legislative Branch
* Criticism of the Executive Branch
* Criticism of the Judicial Branch
* Federalism and State Authority
* Constitutional Issues
* Civic Society
* Foreign Policy
* Domestic Issues
Part V- Appendices
* Civics Glossary
* The Declaration of Independence
* The Articles of Confederation
* The Constitution and Amendments
* The Annotated Constitution of the United States
* List of Authors
# United States Government/Authors

This book, US Constitution and Government, was initiated and written by Lord Emsworth, with slight contributions by Karl Wick and Tamu Schwoeffermann. Although the content of the book is comprehensive, it still needs to be edited and revised.
The original version of the book was finished on September 30, 2003, making it the first "finished" Wikibook on the site.
| Contents | Colonial America - Articles of Confederation - The Constitutional Convention - Ratification - The Three Branches - The Federal System - General Provisions - The Bill of Rights - The Later Amendments - Legislative Branch - Executive Branch - Judicial Branch |
# Supplementary mathematics/Laplace's equation

In mathematical calculations and analysis, Laplace's equation or Laplace's finite differential equation is a second-order partial differential equation that is denoted by the divergence symbol ▽ and is used in mathematics, physics, vantage point calculus, geometry, engineering, etc. This is a useful approach and function to determine an energy or electrical potential in free space or area, which is used in energy and high degrees compared to its structure, and for mathematics for sine and cosine signal waves, etc. in spherical coordinates. and cylindrical and Cartesian are used. Laplace's equation was derived to simplify calculations in physics and is named after the physicist Pierre Simon Laplace.
# Supplementary mathematics/Discrete mathematics

Discrete mathematics is a part of mathematics dedicated to the study of discrete objects (discrete means distinct or unrelated elements); In other words, in response to the question of what is discrete mathematics, we can say that whenever objects are counted, relationships between finite (or countable) sets are studied, and in general, discrete mathematics is used in processes that involve a limited number of steps. Discrete mathematics study areas include counting, transformation (permutation), composition, graph theory, number theory, sets and relations, function and recursive relation.
From the time of the English scientist Isaac Newton until the late Renaissance period, almost 80% of all emphasis on the structures of branches of mathematical sciences such as applied mathematics and pure mathematics has been on continuously variable processes modeled by the mathematical continuum and derived from methods of calculus. Differential and integral and limits from branches of geometry such as: analytical geometry and spatial geometry) and statistics and probability are used. In contrast, discrete mathematics is mainly concerned with finite sets of discrete objects such as numbers and skeletal figures (such as graphs). With the growth of digital devices, especially computers, discrete mathematics has become more important.
Discrete structures can be counted, arranged, placed in collections, analysis can be done with mathematical logic, tabulation of numbers and calculations can be done and compared with each other. Although discrete mathematics is a broad and diverse discipline, it also has specific rules for mathematical, logical, physical, and geometrical formulas that exist in many subjects. The concept of independent events and resulting rules, sums, and PIEs is shared between compositions, set theory, and probability. In addition, De Morgan's laws are applicable to many areas of discrete mathematics.
Often, what makes discrete math problems interesting and challenging are the constraints placed on them. Although the discipline of discrete mathematics has many elegant formulas for applications, it is rare that a practical problem corresponds perfectly to a particular formula. Part of the fun of exploring discrete mathematics is learning about many different approaches to solving a problem, and then being able to creatively apply different strategies to a solution.
# Supplementary mathematics/History of mathematics

The history of mathematics deals with the origin of discoveries in mathematics as well as mathematical methods and notation of the past. Written evidence of new developments in mathematics prior to the modern era and subsequent spread of knowledge around the world have been identified in only a few places. From about 3000–5000 BC, the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria, followed by ancient Egypt and the Syrian states of Abla and Elam began to use arithmetic, algebra and geometry for the purposes of taxation and trade. They were also used in architecture, drawing, and engraving, as well as in patterns found in nature, such as astronomy, time recording, and calendar editing.
# Supplementary mathematics/Geometry

Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the shapes of all physical objects, spatial and volume relationships between different objects, spatial features around and calculating the volume and area of shapes. This science is one of the oldest branches of the great sciences of mathematics, which emerged in response to practical problems such as mapping and had an important application in life. The name geometry is derived from the Greek and Latin words meaning "earth measurement". Finally, it became clear that geometry should not be limited to the study of flat surfaces (plane geometry) and rigid three-dimensional objects (solid geometry) and found that even the most abstract thoughts and images can be represented and developed in geometric forms.
# Supplementary mathematics/Graph Theory

Graph theory or topology graph theory is a branch of mathematics and a field of discrete mathematics. Graph theory refers to networks of points that are connected and ordered and connected by lines. Graph applications in chemistry for formulation and form Classification of molecules and atoms, research and investigation in operations for tracking and clues in a research and computer science study have been used a lot to encode and determine the graph, and the graph has become a significant field in mathematics and discrete mathematics.
The history of graph theory goes back to 1735 in a special, principled and official way, which was discovered by a Swiss mathematician named Leonard Euler. It was a mathematical puzzle to find a path on each of the seven bridges that cross a forked river and pass by an island. Euler created an argument by drawing graph lines that there is no path at all. Proof This theorem was in the form of Fyric arrangement in bridges, but basically he proved the first theorem in graph theory.
The term graph means that the lines are connected to each other and have a graph scope, but it does not refer to data graphs such as linear, bar, circle. In general, graphs can be divided into two categories: graphs and Divided data. A graph refers to a set of vertices (points or nodes that are connected) and lines (lines that are connected).
# Supplementary mathematics/Laplace transform

In mathematics and calculus, the Laplace transform, named after its French discoverer, Pierre-Simon Laplace, is a transformation for calculus that transforms a function of a real variable (usually in the time domain) into a function of a The complex variable (in the complex frequency domain, also known as s-domain or s-plane) transforms. The Laplace transform has one of its many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving Doing differential equations in calculus is differential and integral. Also, Laplace transformation can convert all ordinary differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication. For suitable functions f, the Laplace transform is integral.
# Supplementary mathematics/Integral of Fourier

In differential and integral calculus, mathematical analysis and mathematical expansions, the Fourier integral or the Fourier integral operator has become an important element in the theory of numerical differential and integral equations. The class and function of the Fourier integral is applied in mathematics and as a branch of mathematics. The class of Fourier integral operators is as a differential operator, as well as classical integral operators as special cases.
# Supplementary mathematics/Introduction

Mathematics is a subject in science that examines numbers, shapes, etc. Since mathematics is complex and important in life, it ranks first among all science subjects.
Mathematics is one of the best sciences in the world, followed by natural sciences. In this book, we discuss advanced and complex mathematical topics. This science is the best of all sciences and mathematics is very useful in physics, chemistry, engineering, astronomy, architecture, etc.
   Mathematics is difficult from a distance, but if you get close to it, it is not difficult at all.
In this book, we also deal with related and important topics of mathematics. In this book, we discuss topics such as mathematics, calculus, geometry, and analysis, and examine important concepts, branches of mathematics, research fields, etc. This ebook has both a printed version and is a group collaboration.
Items:
1- Mathematics
2-calculus
3-Geometry
4- Discrete mathematics
5-probability statistics
6- Mathematical analysis
# Structured Query Language/Language Elements

SQL consists of statements that start with a keyword like SELECT, DELETE or CREATE and terminate with a semicolon. Their elements are case-insensitive except for fixed character string values like 'Mr. Brown'.
* Clauses: Statements are subdivided into clauses. The most popular one is the WHERE clause.
* Predicates: Predicates specify conditions that can be evaluated to a boolean value. E.g.: a boolean comparison, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS NULL, IN, SOME/ANY, ALL, EXISTS.
* Expressions: Expressions are numeric or string values by itself, or the result of arithmetic or concatenation operators, or the result of functions.
* Object names: Names of database objects like tables, views, columns, functions.
* Values: Numeric or string values.
* Arithmetic operators: The plus sign, minus sign, asterisk and solidus (+, –, * and /) specify addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
* Concatenation operator: The '||' sign specifies the concatenation of character strings.
* Comparison operators: The equals operator, not equals operator, less than operator, greater than operator, less than or equals operator, greater than or equals operator ( =, <>, <, >, <=, >= ) compares values and expressions.
* Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT combines boolean values.
# Structured Query Language/Like Predicate

Since its first days, SQL includes a basic form of pattern matching on strings. The feature is part of the WHERE clause and is triggered by the keyword LIKE. It knows two meta-characters: '_' (underscore) and '%' (percent).
Over time, additional functionality has been incorporated to the standard. This concerns regular expressions, which are similar to those defined by POSIX, and regular expressions as defined by the XQuery 1.0 / XPath 2.0 function fn:matches. Finally the SQL application package ISO/IEC 13249-2:2003 Part 2: Full-Text defines methods and functions for information retrieval on fulltext.

## LIKE

The LIKE predicate compares a column of type CHAR or VARCHAR (string) with a pattern. This pattern is also a string, but it may contain two characters with a special meaning. The '_' (underscore) represents exactly one arbitrary character, and '%' (percent) represents a string of zero, one or more characters. All other characters represent themselves.
The first example retrieves all rows from table person with a first name starting with the two characters 'Jo', eg: 'John', 'Johanna' or 'Jonny W.'. As the meta-character '%' represents also zero characters, rows with the first name 'Jo' are also retrieved.
The next example retrieves all rows from table person with a last name similar to 'Meier', eg: 'Meyer' or 'Maier'. The two underscores represents exactly two (arbitrary) characters. Consider, that there may be unexpected results like 'Miler' (but not 'Miller').
The definition of the two meta-characters '_' and '%' implies a problem: What if one wants to search for these characters itself? The solution is the same as in other programming languages: one defines an escape mechanism to mask the meta-characters and prefix the meta-character in the pattern by this escape character. In SQL the syntax is:
The escape character can be any character; it is not limited to the backslash, eg.: ... ESCAPE '!'

## POSIX Semantic

In an outdated version of the SQL standard, there was the keyword SIMILAR, which introduced a pattern match in the sense of POSIX. Nowadays, it is deprecated.
Some implementations offer pattern matching in this sense, but use arbitrary keywords like REGEXP, REGEXP_MATCHES, REGEXP_LIKE or operators like '~' to activate the feature.

## XQuery Semantic

The SQL standard defines the keyword LIKE_REGEX to activate pattern matching as defined by the XQuery 1.0 / XPath 2.0 function fn:matches.

## Full-Text

The SQL standard is complemented by ISO/IEC 13249 SQL Multimedia and Application Packages. Part 2 Full-Text defines routines and methods for information retrieval in text documents. It deals with objects like: word, phrase, sentence, and paragraph. There are special constructs; to search for words or phrases, search words within a definable distance, thesaurus features like broader terms of a word, soundex-similarity, ranking of results, and much more. The central method of these features is CONTAINS.
Such features are far beyond pattern matching - but it is the natural next step. SQL implementations offer them mostly in combination with special text indexes.
# Structured Query Language/INSERT 1

Hint: Be carefull and deactivate AUTOCOMMIT.
The INSERT command stores one or more new rows into one table. The content of the new rows consists of either fixed values or results from a SELECT, which is evaluated at runtime. So there are two different syntaxes to do the job.

## Static Insert

Following the tablename, we can list the affected columns and after the keyword 'VALUES' state one or more lists of values to insert. Each list of values represents one new row. The lists of columns and values have to be in accordance such that the quantity of list entries is identical and their data types correlate.
We can choose any order of columns, but column names and values should be in concordance.
We can omit unnecessary columns.
Clean up your table.

## Dynamic Insert

Unlike in the above paragraph, we can insert values that are not fixed but dynamic such that they are evaluated at runtime from any table, a function, or a computation. Even the number of new rows can be dynamic. All this is done in a subselect which replaces the VALUE clause. We explain this technique at page Advanced Insert. The other rules concerning number and sequence of columns or omitting values retain their validity.

## Exercises

Insert a new row for Mr. Peter Hufington with its body weight of 67 kg. He is born in LA.