OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Synthetic Peptides

Synthetic peptides are peptides of defined sequence that are most often produced through solid-phase peptide synthesis. Solid-phase peptide synthesis allows for the formation of synthetic peptides that would not exist naturally because of their unnatural amino acids. Though peptide synthesis serves various purposes such as verifying the correct determination of naturally occurring peptides, identification of protein isolation, and stimulating the formation of specific antibodies, peptide synthesis is becoming increasingly important because of their ability to produce synthetic peptides with potential in vaccine development and drug design.
Synthetic peptides show promise in research for drug design because peptide synthesis allows for the generation of libraries of peptides that show diverse biological properties. These biological properties have the potential to lead to cell-penetrating peptides that can introduce various substances into cells and act as drug delivery systems. Furthermore, these synthetic peptides can act as synthetic analogs to vital hormones that could be missing in a person.
Vasopressin is a hormone peptide that stimulates the reabsorption of water in the distal tubules of the kidney. This allows for the formation of more concentrated urine excretion. Patients who are deficient in vasopressin, such as those with diabetes insipidus, excrete large volumes of dilute urine and are continuously thirsty. Peptide synthesis has offered a solution to vasopressin deficiency through the development of its synthetic analog, 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin. This synthetic peptide treats the defect caused by the missing hormone.
# Structural Biochemistry/T4 DNA Ligase

DNA ligase is a special type of ligase that can link two DNA strands that have a break in both complementary strands of DNA together by creating phosphodiester bond. DNA ligase has applications in both DNA repair and DNA In addition. It is used a lot in molecular biology laboratories for genetic recombination experiments. DNA ligases are a useful tool in generating recombinant DNA sequences. For example, DNA fragments are cut with restriction enzymes and then recombined with DNA ligase. DNA ligases are commonly found in E. Coli.
T4 DNA ligase is an enzyme that is encoded by the bacteriophage known as T4. In a reaction where the DNA molecules are being joined together at the 3'-hydroxy and 5'-phosophate termini, the ligase is used as a catalyst. Given that there are no missing nucleotides in the repare reaction, the ligase can also catalyze the covalent joining of two segments to one uniterrupted strand in a DNA duplex. In order to accomplish this catalytic activity, ATP and Mg$^{2+}$ is required. DNA that lacks the required phosphate residues can still be made to ligate through phosphorylation with T4 polynucleotide kinase. Additionally, an exchange reaction of phosphate between pyrophosphate and ATP can also be catalyzed through use of the ligase.

## Characteristics of T4 DNA Ligase from E. coli lysogenic NM989

The T4 DNA ligase is a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 68,000 daltons. In order to obtain the maximum amount of activity from the ligase, a pH of 7.5-8.0 is desired. At pH levels of 6.9 and 8.3, the enzyme exhibits 40% and 65% of its full capabilities, respectively. As previously mentioned, Mg$^{2+}$ is necessary for T4 DNA ligase to be effective, and the optimal concentration of Mg$^{2+}$ is 10mM. Sulfhydryl reagents (DTT, 2-mercaptoethanol) is also necessary in order to utilize the enzyme. If there is NaCl present, concentrations over 200 mM will stop all enzymatic reactions from occurring. for intermolecular ligation, especially when the substrate DNA consists of large DNA molecules PEG (concentrations of 1-10%) appears to stimulate the enzymatic activity.

## Application

T4 DNA ligase is mostly used in the joining of DNA molecules with compatible cohesive termini, or blunt-ended, double-stranded DNA to one another, or to synthetic linkers. The reaction that involves blund-ended DNA is slower than the other reactions, but the rate of ligation can be accelerated by adding 150 to 200 mM of NaCl along with a low concentration of PEG. If the 5' phosophate is absent in the DNA, then phosphorylation is necessary before ligation can be performed. Phosphorlyation is achieved through utilization T4 polynucleotide kinase with ATP. If the DNA fragments being joined together have protruding 5' termini that are not compatible with one another, it is still able to join the two fragments together by partial filling of the recessed 3' termini in controlled reactions using the Klenow fragment of E. Coli DNA polymerase I.
# The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)/Walk the Dog
## Investigations

While leaving the dungeon, the owl visits and explains more of the plot. The owl also mentions some information about the swamp before departing.
When Link enters the village, Kidoh and Joonya panic, and explain a village crisis to Link. They explain that Moblins came to the village, and that Link should investigate Bow Wow's house. Do so and Madam MeowMeow will explain that Bow Wow was dognapped. Visit the phone booth and Old Man Ulrira will mention the caves of Tal Tal Heights as a possible location for Moblins in addition to the Mysterious Forest. Grandma Yahoo points at the Tal Tal Heights moblins as the culprit, so head there.
Go near the Witches Hut and jump over the pits to grab a piece of heart. Head north and go east till Link reaches a cave with a moblin bust over it. Go inside to begin a gauntlet of Moblin combat. The first room contains a shielded moblin. The second room contains four spear moblins. The third room contains a mini boss. To beat it, dodge his attacks until it runs into a wall and stuns itself. When it is stunned is the time to strike it. After several strikes, the boss goes down and a fairy is released. Move into the east room and find Bow Wow. Interact with Bow Wow to take it's leash.

## Dog Walker

When leaving the cave, the owl visits to remind Link to visit the swamp. Bow Wow will automatically defeat most enemies and will identify digging locations. Madam MeowMeow will ask Link to walk Bow Wow. Over the telephone, Old Man Ulrira tells you swamp flowers are favored by Bow Wow, so go to the swamp.
Head to the northern part of the forest and jump over the pits to reach Mr Write's cottage. Enter the northern caves and jump across the pit to get to the treasure chest. This chest contains a sizable 20 rupees.
Go to the swamp and allow Bow Wow to gut a path to the treasure chest to earn 50 rupees. Go to the northeastern swamp and allow Bow Wow to eat the flowers, clearing the way to Bottle Grotto.
← Tail Cave Exploration · Bottle Grotto Exploration →
# The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask

This is a Wikibook on the Nintendo 64 video game, The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. This guide should also be generally applicable to the Nintendo 3DS remake, The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D.

## Table of contents

* Characters
** Fierce Deity Link
** Four Guardians
* Locations
** Clock Town
*** Stock Pot Inn
*** Latte Milk Bar
* Masks
** Fierce Deity's Mask
# The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask/Locations/Latte Milk Bar

The Latte Milk Bar is a nightclub located in East Clocktown in The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. Open only after 10, it is exclusive to members only. Upon receiving the Romani Mask, Link may enter the Milk Bar. It is operated by a man who bears resemblence to Talon from Ocarina of Time. The Milk Bar is entered via stairs and consists of a bar where one may only be served if wearing the Romani Mask, and a stage for the Indigo-Go's.
# The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening (2019 video game)/Trendy Game Shop

The Trendy Game Shop contains the following items. The "Shop" is actually a claw game. Once per game you can move the claw continuously upwards, and once per game you can move the claw to the right. Once the moves are extended, the claw falls down after a short delay. This game uses a physics simulation, so some items are easier or harder to grasp then others.
You can talk to the shopkeeper to start the game, or simply walk up to the controls to start the play dialogue.
| Item | Appears | Location | Moving target | Use | Difficulty |
| Red Rupee | At the start. | Top left moving platform | Yes | Gain 20 rupees | Normal |
| Standard Shield | At the start. | Top right moving platform | Yes | Replacement shield | Moderate |
| Yoshi Doll | At the start. | Bottom left | No | Side quest | Normal |
| Piece of Heart | At the start. | Bottom center | No | Expanding health | Normal |
| Purple Rupee | At the start. | Bottom right | No | Gain 50 rupees | Normal |
| Red Rupee | After Yoshi Doll is collected | Bottom left | No | Gain 20 rupees | Normal |
| CiaoCiao figure | After Yoshi Doll is collected | Bottom right | No | Decorative figure | Normal |
| Secret Sea Shell | After the Trendy Game Shop Piece of Heart is obtained. | Bottom center | No | Gain 1 secret sea shell | High |
| Magic Powder | After Tail Cave | Top left moving platform | Yes | Gain Magic Powder | Moderate |
| Goomba | After Tail Cave | Top right moving platform | Yes | Decorative figure | Normal |
| Chamber stone | After Key Cavern | Top left moving platform | Yes | Expanding Dampe's Chamber | Normal |
| Spiny | After Key Cavern | Bottom right | No | Decorative Figure | Normal |
| Purple Rupee | After Spiny is collected | Bottom right | No | Gain 50 rupees | Normal |
| Boo | After Spiny is Placed | Top right moving platform | Yes | Decorative Figure | High |
| Piece of Heart | After Chamber stone is obtained | Top right moving platform | Yes | Expanding health | Moderate |
# The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask/Characters/Four Guardians
## Introduction

The Four Guardians are the four compass direction giants in The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. These giants used to be friends with the playful Skull Kid until a call to order forced them to abandon their friend and fulfill their Oath. The Skull Kid becomes enraged, and, powered by the mask, seals the Four Guardians inside the bodies of four savage beasts that were already sealed inside four temples.

## Endgame

When Link frees the giants, they help him out by holding up the moon before it can destroy Termina, but the moon was alive; controlled by Majora. The moon swallows Link. Inside them moon, Link fights against the disturbing manifestation of the demon, Majora. Link kills Majora, freeing the Skull Kid from its savage control. The giants destroy the evil moon and go their separate ways. The Skull Kid, later revealed to be the same one Link taught Saria's Song to, stays in the fields near Clock Town to play with his fairy friends.
# Super Mario 64 DS/Big Boo Battle

Once you obtain 15 power stars (it is possible with 14 stars, but it is much harder), go to the courtyard and the cage that leads to Big Boo's Haunt. Remember that choosing one of stars 2-7 is recommended for this. When you arrive, enter the main mansion, go upstairs, and enter the door on the far right. You should arrive near a red ? box. Stand on top of it, and triple jump, backflip, or wall-kick to the 3rd floor.
Enter the door, and go into the Luigi painting after that.
What's this? You seem to have arrived at a merry-go-round maze. Here, if you go through the wrong door, you will end up at the very start, and if you fall down a bottomless pit, the same thing will happen. You can't die by either of these ways.
Instead of going back and forth, take the door to the right when you enter. This should lead you to another area. Go to the left door this time. Again, another room. Go to the right, then left. Then run like the wind until you reach 3 platforms. Get on them in order, and go in the hole.
You get into a room with a large mirror. Go up to it, and King Boo will appear! Either punch him from the behind or ground pound him 3 times. He will give you a Luigi key, which opens up Luigi's door.

## 8 Red Coins

To get all the 8 red coins, you need to have unlocked all the characters and the ? Blocks to do this.
* Right when you start, there is a red coin on the far side of the room.
* Get the Mario cap next to the left door if you aren't currently Mario. Go out the right door, and you can see two coins. One is on the corner of the middle platform, and one is on the right bridge.
* Go to the top door. The right platform has a coin on the corner.
* Go to the middle platform - be careful, the center of the middle platform tilts all over the place - and grab the Power Flower within the ? Block, which lets you float. Float to the top-right corner of the room, where another coin lies.
* Head through the right door. There are four checkerboard platforms here, and the first and third ones lead directly into coins, so just ride all the platforms to the end and back. Get the Wario cap while you're at it, or get hit by an enemy if you came in as Wario.
* Go through the top door. Straight to your right is a Black Brick Block containing the final red coin.
The star is on the same platform as the last red coin, but on the other side.

## Secret Star

This star is hidden behind a painting. You need to have Luigi to get this.
Go into the third room, and grab the Power Flower. Now you have to run fast. One mistake and you have to do this all over again.
Once you have invisibility power, run all the way to the room with the very long bridge. Instead of jumping on the platforms however, keep running and jump straight through the painting, where the star awaits. You can get out just by jumping out.
# Super Mario 64 DS/Power Flower

The Power Flower is an item exclusive to Super Mario 64 DS that allows the character to use a special power for a short period; Yoshi breathes fire, Mario Inflates and floats, Luigi can walk through gates, and Wario becomes metal and invincible.
# Super Mario 64 DS/Courses

This page lists the courses of the game, and how many stars are required to unlock the door with their paintings.
Each of the 15 main courses holds eight stars to collect. For one of them, the player needs to collect eight red coins until the star appears, and five silver stars for another star, the latter of which is an addition since the original Super Mario 64. While bumping into enemies does not cause the player to lose red coins, it does for silver stars. A lost silver star bounces on the ground and needs to be caught again.

## Bob-omb Battlefield

Bob-omb Battlefield is the first course of Super Mario 64 DS. To access it, enter the castle, enter the door on the left with no number on the star, and jump inside the painting. No stars are required to access it.
Inside the course, the player needs to climb a mountain and throw bombs at King Bob-omb to beat him. King Bob-omb is ball-shaped like the other bombs, but is several times as large.
For another star, the player needs to ground-pound the wooden piece that holds the Chain chomp, a large black ball with mouth which makes barking sounds, three times to make him jump against the bars to break them, allowing to access the star.

## Whomps Fortress

Whomp's Fortress is Course 2 of Super Mario 64 DS. 1 star is required to access it.

## Jolly Roger Bay

Jolly Roger Bay is the third course in Super Mario 64 DS, and the first of the two water courses. In the course, the player explores a sunken ship and an abandoned cave.
3 stars are required to access it.

## Cool Cool Mountain

Cool Cool Mountain is course 4 of Super Mario 64 DS. 3 stars are required to access it.

## Tall Tall Mountain

Tall Tall Mountain can be accessed from a painting on the second floor of Princess Peach's Castle. In the level, there are numerous mushroom platforms to jump from.

## Main courses

The game has 15 main courses, each with eight stars that can be obtained, totaling 120 stars altogether; here they are, with the stars required to access them:
* Bob-omb Battlefield: 0 stars
* Whomps Fortress: 1 star
* Jolly Roger Bay: 3 stars
* Cool Cool Mountain: 3 stars
* Big Boo's Haunt: 15 stars
* Hazy Maze Cave: 12 stars
* Lethal Lava Land: 12 stars
* Shifting Sand Land: 12 stars
* Dire Dire Docks: 30 stars
* Snowman's Land: 31 stars
* Wet-Dry World: 31 stars
* Tall Tall Mountain: 31 stars
* Tiny-Huge Island: 31 stars
* Tick Tock Clock: 50 stars
* Rainbow Ride: 50 stars

## Other courses

The game also has secret, Bowser, and character courses:

### Secret courses

* Sunshine Isles: 1 star
* The Princess' Secret Slide: 1 star
* The Secret Aquarium: 3 stars
* The Secret of Battle Fort: 8 stars
* Behind the Waterfall: 12 stars
* ? switch: 14 stars
* The Secret Under the Moat: 31 stars
* Over the Rainbows: 50 stars

### Character courses

* Goomboss Battle: 8 stars
* Big Boo Battle: 15 stars
* Chief Chilly Challenge: 31 stars

### Bowser courses

* Bowser in the Dark World: 12 stars
* Bowser in the Fire Sea: 31 stars
* Bowser in the Sky: 80 stars
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/Who pays corporation tax?

Corporation tax is payable by:
* UK resident companies on its worldwide profits
* Non-UK resident companies that carry on a trade in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment on its profits attributable to the permanent establishment
"Company" here means any body corporate or unincorporated association but does not include a partnership, a local authority or a local authority association
That doesn't mean that overseas companies that are not trading in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment are exempt from all tax as they may still be liable to income tax, typically on UK rental income.
    Next page: Residents and non-residents

## References

* ↑ Section 6 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
* ↑ Section 8 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
* ↑ Section 11 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
* ↑ Section 832 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Capital gains tax

Capital gains in the United Kingdom are subject to tax at the marginal rate of income tax (for individuals) or of corporation tax (for companies).
Capital gains for individuals are taxed slightly differently from those for companies:

## Individuals

The basic calculation for individuals (in very broad terms) is proceeds less cost; Individuals also have a capital gains tax free amount or "annual exemption" (in 2006-07 this is £8,800).

## Companies

For companies, the chargeable gain is calculated (again, in very broad terms) as proceeds less cost; however, instead of taper relief, companies are entitled to indexation allowance, which is calculated with reference to movements in the retail prices index (individuals are also entitled to indexation allowance prior to April 1998). Companies are not entitled to any annual exemption.

## References

* ↑ HMRC Website
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax

This page contains a summary to key aspects of the charge to corporation tax.

## 1. Basic structure

1.1 Who pays corporation tax? 1.2 Residents and non-residents 1.3 The schedular system of corporation tax 1.4 Accounting periods 1.5 Tax rates

## 2. Computational aspects

2.1 Rental income 2.1.1 Leases 2.1.2 Furnished holiday accommodation
2.2 Schedule D
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Corporation tax/Rental income

Rental income is taxed under Schedule A, if it arises from UK land, and under Case V of Schedule D if it arises from overseas land. The rules for UK and overseas land are the same.
In most instances a company is deemed to have a single Schedule A business. If, however, it is a partner in a partnership, rental income from that partnership is deemed to be a separate Schedule A business. These rules are amended for life assurance companies.
Rental income is calculated in the same way as trading income. In practice this means identifying the part of the profit shown in the financial statements that relates to rental income and making certain adjustments There are, however, some special rules that apply to taxing rental income that do not apply to trading income.
These are:
* A Schedule A charge can arise on mutual business;
* There are special rules dealing with leases;
* There are special rules dealing with furnished holiday accommodation;
* There is a special rule allowing a deduction for expenditure on sea walls.

## Notes and references

* ↑ Section 15 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
* ↑ Section 18 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988.
* ↑ Section 70A of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
* ↑ Section 15 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988.
* ↑ A life assurance company, by virtue of section 432AA of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 is deemed to have the following categories of business (for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2007: solely linked basic life assurance and general annuity business; business linked to pension, child trust fund and/or individual savings account business; solely linked non-life long-term business; non-linked long-term business; business outside the long-term insurance fund. Additionally, UK land linked to overseas life assurance business is treated as a separate Schedule A business by virtue of section 441B of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
* ↑ Sections 21A and 21B of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988.
* ↑ Section 42 of the Finance Act 1998.
* ↑ Section 21C of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
* ↑ Section 30 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Business rates

Business rates are a tax charged to businesses and other occupiers of non-domestic property. The proceeds of the tax are collected centrally and distributed to local authorities to contribute towards the costs of their services.
The 1990 Conservative government introduced a standard multiplier called the Uniform Business Rate (UBR) set by central government; this is used in conjunction with a property's rateable value to calculate the rate. This was part of the reforms of local government funding which also introduced the community charge.