# Ruby Programming

Ruby is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language. Its creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, aka “Matz”, released it to the public in 1995. Its history is covered here. Its many features are listed here.
The book is currently broken down into several sections and is intended to be read sequentially. Getting started will show how to install and get started with Ruby in your environment. Basic Ruby demonstrates the main features of the language syntax. The Ruby language section is organized like a reference to the language. Available modules covers some of the standard library. Intermediate Ruby covers a selection of slightly more advanced topics. Each section is designed to be self contained.

## Table of Contents
### Getting started

    Overview
    Installing Ruby
    Ruby editors
    Notation conventions
    Interactive Ruby
    Mailing List FAQ

### Basic Ruby

    Hello world
    Strings
    Alternate quotes
    Here documents
    ASCII
    Encoding
    Introduction to objects
    Ruby basics
    Data types — numbers, strings, hashes and arrays
    Writing methods
    Classes and objects
    Exceptions

### Ruby Semantic reference

* Syntax
** Lexicology
*** Identifiers
*** Comments
*** Embedded Documentation
*** Reserved Words
*** Expressions
** Variables and Constants
*** Local Variables
*** Instance Variables
*** Class Variables
*** Global Variables
*** Constants
*** Pseudo Variables
*** Pre-defined Variables
** Literals
*** Numerics
*** Strings
**** Interpolation
**** Backslash Notation
**** The % Notation
*** Command Expansion
*** Regular Expressions
*** Arrays
*** Hashes
*** Ranges
*** Symbols
** Operators
*** Assignment
**** Self Assignment
**** Multiple Assignment
**** Conditional Assignment
*** Scope
*** and
*** or
*** not
** Control Structures
*** Conditional Branches
**** if
***** if modifier
**** unless
***** unless modifier
**** case
*** Loops
**** while
***** while modifier
**** until
***** until modifier
**** for
***** for ... in
**** break
**** redo
**** next
**** retry
*** Exception Handling
**** raise
**** begin
***** rescue modifier
*** Miscellanea
**** return
**** returning
** Methods
*** super
*** Iterators
*** yield
** Classes
*** Class Definition
**** Instance Variables
**** Class Variables
**** Class Methods
**** Instantiation
*** Declaring Visibility
**** Private
**** Public
**** Protected
**** Instance Variables
*** Inheritance
*** Mixing in Modules
*** Ruby Class Meta-Model
*** Ruby Hooks add the ability to know when new methods are defined et al.
See also some rdoc documentation on the various keywords.

### Built in Classes

This is a list of classes that are available to you by default in Ruby. They are pre-defined in “core.”
* Built-in Functions
* Predefined Variables (globals)
* Predefined Classes
** Object
*** Array
*** Class
*** Comparable
*** Encoding
*** Enumerable
**** Enumerable::Enumerator
*** Enumerator
*** Exception
*** FalseClass
*** Fiber
*** IO
**** File
***** File::Stat
**** GC
***** GC::Profiler
*** Marshal
*** Method
*** Math
*** Module
**** Class
*** NilClass
*** Numeric
**** Integer
***** Bignum
***** Fixnum
**** Float
*** Range
*** Regexp
*** RubyVM
*** String
*** Struct
**** Struct::Tms
*** Symbol
*** Time
*** Thread
*** TrueClass

### Available Standard Library Modules

These are parts of Ruby that you have available (in the standard library, or via installation as a gem). To use them you typically have to require some filename, for example require 'tracer' would make accessible to you the Tracer class.
You can see a list of basically all the (std lib ruby) modules available in the ruby source and lib readme. There are a several more modules available in the std lib, which are C based extensions. You can see their list here.
* BigDecimal gives you a way to have arbitrary precision Decimal style numbers. Never succumb to rounding errors again!
* Debugger gives you a way to step through debug your Ruby code.
* Distributed Ruby (DRb) gives you a way to make remote procedure calls against objects in a different VM.
* mkmf is a utility used to generate makefiles for ruby extensions.
* Mutex gives you a way to control thread concurrency.
* Net::HTTP gives you a way to download web pages.
* Open3 gives you a way to run a sub-process and have easy access to its I/O.
* OpenSSL is a wrapper to the OpenSSL (C) library, giving you access to secure socket connections.
* Pathname gives you an easy way to manipulate filenames and create/remove files.
* Profiler gives you a way to profile what is taking up the most time in your code.
* OpenURI gives you a way to download files using ruby.
* REXML is a way to parse XML in pure Ruby.
* Ripper gives you a way to parse pure Ruby code into an AST.
* Socket gives you access to Network connectivity.
* Tracer gives you a way to see which lines of your code are being executed and in what order.
* Win32::Registry gives you a way to query and edit the windows registry.
* Win32API gives you a way to call into specific windows core methods easily.
* WIN32OLE gives you a way to use Windows OLE.

### Other Libraries

* Database Interface Modules

#### GUI Libraries

* GUI Toolkit Modules gives a run down of various options for ruby GUI programming.
Here is info on some specifically:
* Tk
* GTK2 Notes on the GTK/Gnome bindings.
* Qt4

## Intermediate Ruby

Here are some more in depth tutorials of certain aspects of Ruby.
    Unit testing
    RubyDoc
    Rake
    RubyGems
    Running Multiple Processes
    Using Network Sockets
    Building C Extensions
    Rails
    Embedding Ruby within a separate C program

## External links

* Ruby homepage
* Access to various Ruby mailing lists
* Various open-source Ruby projects

### Documentation
#### Core Docs

* Ruby Documentation Homepage - various ruby documentations and tutorials, as well as information on how to update ruby's core docs should you so desire.

#### gem docs

* Ruby Toolbox - Find actively maintained & popular open source software libraries for the Ruby programming language

### Learning Ruby

* Ruby in Twenty Minutes - A small Ruby tutorial
* CK-12 - Online Ruby tutorials & practice exercises
* Learning Ruby A free tool to find and learn Ruby concepts using flash cards.

### Books
##### Print

* The Ruby Programming Language by David Flanagan, Yukihiro Matsumoto aka “Matz,” the creator of Ruby. Also covers 1.9
* Programming Ruby 1.9 & 2.0 (aka “Pickaxe”) by Dave Thomas, with Chad Fowler and Andy Hunt — this 2013 version covers Ruby 1.9 and 2.0
* Programming Ruby 3.2 by Noel Rappin, with Dave Thomas
* Ruby by Example

##### Online

* Programming Ruby (a.k.a. “Pickaxe”) 1st edition online version
* Why’s (Poignant) Guide To Ruby
* Humble Little Ruby Book

#### Quick References

* Ruby Quick Reference (some of more obscure expressions are explained)
* Ruby Cheat Sheets (a list of some different Ruby cheat sheets)