OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scouting/BSA/Plumbing Merit Badge
## Requirement 1

Do the following:
    A. Describe how a properly working plumbing system protects our family's health and safety.
    B. List five important local health regulations related to plumbing and tell how they protect health and safety.
    C. Describe the safety precautions you must take when making home plumbing repairs.

## Requirement 2

Do the following:
    A. Make a drawing and explain how a home hot- and cold- water supply system works. Tell how you would make it safe from freezing.
    B. Make a drawing and explain the drainage system of the plumbing in a house. Show and explain the use of drains and vents.

## Requirement 3

Show how to use five important plumber's tools.

## Requirement 4

Identify and describe the use of each of the following: washer, retaining nut, plunger (rubber force cup), solder, flux, elbow, tee, nipple, coupling, plug, union, trap, drainpipe, and water meter.

## Requirement 5

Name the kinds of pipe that are used most often in a plumbing system. Explain why these pipes are used.

## Requirement 6

Cut, thread, and connect two pieces of steel pipe.

## Requirement 7

Under the supervision of a knowledgeable adult, solder three copper tube connections using a gas torch. Include one tee, two straight pieces, and one coupling.

## Requirement 8

Do the following:
    A. Replace a washer in a faucet.
    B. Clean out a sink or lavatory trap.

## External links

* Plumbing Merit Badge with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources.
* Merit Badge Presentation from BSA Troop 23, Northwest GA Council, Coosa District
* 12 Basic Plumbing Supplies For Home Tool Kits: DIY Guy
* YouTube Video How to replace a washer in a leaky faucet for dummies
* Earning Merit Badges in the Boy Scouts of America
* Professions and Trades
* Animal Science | Architecture | Automotive Maintenance | Dentistry | Drafting | Electronics | Engineering | Farm Mechanics | Game Design | Graphic Arts | Home Repairs | Journalism | Landscape Architecture | Law | Medicine | Metalwork | Plumbing | Programming | Public Health | Pulp and Paper | Salesmanship | Surveying | Textile | Truck Transportation | Veterinary Medicine | Woodwork
# Organic Horticulture in the Mid-Atlantic/Bidens frondosa

| Bidens frondosa (devil's beggarticks) is an annual native plant found naturally in low meadows but also a common weed of gardens. The plants emerge in mid spring, flowering in mid to late summer, then producing seeds that stick to clothing. Despite being an annual, the plant can produce very tough root systems. Cold-pile composting is safe before flowers are produced. Plant | Flower seeds |
# Organic Horticulture in the Mid-Atlantic/Chenopodium album

| Lamb's Quarters (Chenopodium album) is an annual invasive weed most commonly found in dry, nitrogen-rich soils. The alternate, somewhat "kite-shaped" leaves have a dusty appearance. Stems are stout, longitudinally ridged, and also whitish. Roots consist of large taproots with numerous laterals. Pulling and grubbing is relatively easy, since the root and shoot are strongly connected. This plant is safe to compost in cold piles before the flowers appear in summer. Flowers are greenish terminal spikes. While rarely seen in Mid-atlantic gardens, the culinary grain Quinoa (C. quinoa) is almost indistinguishable from the weed species, so maintenance crews should always be advised if that species is being grown in the garden. Epazote, or Wormseed (Dysphania ambrosioides) is somewhat similar when in flower, but the foliage is markedly different from Lamb's Quarters. | young plant flowerbudsflowers |
# Organic Chemistry/Places to buy organic chemistry models

The links below will search on the named sites for the terms "organic chemistry model kit":
* on Google
* on Froogle
* on Ebay
* on Amazon
# Organic Horticulture in the Mid-Atlantic

This book will be a collection of one-page documents intended for use in worker training as well as for creating how-to guides for amateur gardeners.

## Weed Chapters

Weed Management
* Pinkweeds
* Common ragweed
* Giant Ragweed
* Chenopodium album
* Bidens frondosa
* Oxalis
* Grasses
* Wild Onions
* Pokeweed
* Chinese Bittersweet
* Devil's Tearthumb
* Rudbeckia triloba
* Cyperus esculentus
* Euphorbia maculata
* Grasses
* Poison ivy
* Epilobium
* Clearing multiflora rose
* Newspaper and mulch weed barriers

## Other

* Making raised beds
* Tree rings
Print versions:
* Print version 6.16.08-001
# Organic Chemistry/Templates
## Review table

* Header
* body goes here

## Note table

* Note
* note contents go here

## Equations

* Title
* CH$_4$ Br$^-$ → No reaction
# Organic Chemistry/Questions and Discussions

Name the reagent used to distinguish the following pair Carboxylic and ethanol Alkyne and alkene Butan-1-yne and Butan-2-yne

## Q1

What is more acidic, cyclopentadiene or penta-1,4-diene? What is the application of Huckel's rule here?

### Discussion

In this context acidity is the ability to lose a proton.We will decide the acidity on the basis of the stability of the resulting carbanion [Why did we emphasize the word "context" here? How else can a molecule behave as an acid?][Why is it that a carbanion is formed?] [How did we relate stability of carbanion with acidity here?]
Also, the number of carbons in both the compounds are same and are of a similar structure.It is only now that we can compare the stability of their conjugate bases [What are they?] [carbanions we were talking about in this case...]
So, first we decide what is the most acidic hydrogen in both the molecules. In the straight chain carbon molecule, the two hydrogens attached to the central carbon are more acidic than the rest of the hydrogens. This is for a specific reason.Once any of the hydrogen is extracted by a base, the central carbon should acquire a negative charge.Instead,the molecule is represented by a resonance hybrid of two degenerate [equivalent] resonance structures with a negative charge on the terminal carbons and a third one with the negative charge on the central carbon. This is a stabilizing factor of the carbanion. The presence of this stabilizing factor makes the two hydrogens in the original molecule acidic.
[What exactly are we talking about here? What is the conjugate base whose stability we discussed?]
In the cyclic molecule, the same thing applies. We again have a molecule which is represented by resonating structures.But the speciality is that it has six pi electrons and is cyclic.In other words, by Huckel's rule we find that the cyclopentadiene anion is aromatic. Aromaticity is a better stabilizing factor than simple resonance. Hence the cyclopentadiene molecule is the more acidic than the straight chain molecule. Remember that the comparison could be made only because they are similar molecules.
What is the smallest aromatic species? Is penta-1,4-diene hydrolyzed by water? Is cyclopentadiene hydrolyzed by water? How do you relate these observations to what we just discussed above?

### Additional Questions
#### Nucleophillicity and basicity

Proton is a lewis acid.It's also an electrophile. Consider hydroxide ions- OH-(- indicates negative charge) They are nucleophiles. They are Lewis bases as well.What property makes them nucleophiles and what property makes them bases? Still another question: Give an example of a strong base but a weak nucleophile. What gives the molecule these characteristics?

#### A corrosive phenol

Which phenol has a boiling point of 132 to 134 degree Celsius and is corrosive in nature? Dark orange in colour?

#### A little variation

What if the linear chain is hex-1,5-diene? Does aromaticity still dominate?

#### Answers

If it's linear it cannot be aromatic, although it can still contain a delocalised p-system.
# Science: An Elementary Teacher’s Guide/The Periodic Table
## The Periodic Table of Elements

The periodic table is a chart made up of 118 elements.
The layout of the table has been exchanging and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior making the periodic table new and interesting.
In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev, published the table of elements in which the modern periodic table is based. There are 18 groups in the periodic table. Each element is in a specific location based on its atomic structure.
The atomic number of an elements relies on how many protons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
The periodic table arranges elements in periods and groups.
The periods are arranged in horizontal rows. The elements on the periodic table are arranged so that their atomic numbers increase in order from left to right.
The groups are arranged in vertical columns. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. Meaning they have the same amount of electrons in their outer shells.
On the far left, we have the alkali metals which are very reactive. These elements much be extracted fro compounds that contain them. Next, we have the alkaline earth metals which are reactive, but not as reactive as the alkali metals. In the middle, we have the transition metals which are nonreactive. Metals included here are iron, nickel, gold, and platinum. These metals are great conductors of heat and electricity. Halogens are located on the far right and they are extremely reactive gases. They are highly reactive with alkali metals and alkali earth metals. The metals, metalloids, gases, and nonmetals are located to the left of the halogens. The metals are solid at room temperature(except for Mercury), metalloids possess characteristics of metals and nonmetals, nonmetals are brittle solids, and nonmetals gain electrons easily. The lanthanides and actinides are located on the lower part of the Periodic Table. They are so similar it is difficult to separate them from each other. Lanthanides have high melting and boiling points and are very reactive. The actinides are all radioactive and very dense metals. Finally, to the far right we have the noble gases and they are nonreactive.
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Vincetoxicum rossicum

<< Prohibited invasive plants at the SCA

## Vincetoxicum rossicum (pale swallowwort)

Pale swallowwort (PSW), European swallow-wort, or dog-strangling vine (Vincetoxicum rossicum, syn. Cynanchum rossicum) is an invasive herbaceous vine, native to Europe. These plants can smother native vegetation and inhibit the growth of natives and alters the soil microbial communities.
The monarch butterfly relies on native milkweed plants as place to lay their eggs. Milkweed has become less common due to development and herbicide use, so the monarchs are said to resort to laying their eggs on European swallowwort, which is a fairly close relative of milkweed, but apparently not close enough, because the eggs won’t survive on non-native swallowwort.
It seems that monarch oviposition on swallowwort is actually very small, so swallowwort may be causing more of a threat by displacing milkweed than by acting as a milkweed impostor.
European pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum) is arguably one of the worst invaders at the SCA and seems to have been introduced (at least in part) from yard waste dumped at the transfer station, which is located right in the center of conservation area and appears to be a continuing contributor to both invasive plants and general litter at the SCA.
* ↑ Swallow-wort, Pale and Black New York Invasive Species Information 2021.
* ↑ US Forest Service, Monarch Joint Venture
* ↑ Ditommaso, Antonio & Losey, John. (2003). “Oviposition preference and larval performance of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) on two invasive swallow‐wort species.” Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 108. 205-209. 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2003.00089.x.

### Observations of Vincetoxicum rossicum at the SCA

The following photographs and corresponding iNaturalist observations of Vincetoxicum rossicum were made at or very near the Skaneateles Conservation Area. Click on images to enlarge and read details on Wikimedia Commons or on the "iNat obs" links to view the corresponding observations at iNaturalist.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 24 Jul 2011.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 17 Feb 2012
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 14 Jun 2012. iNat obs
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 14 Jun 2012. iNat obs
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 22 Jun 2012.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 22 Dec 2014. iNat obs
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 25 May 2015. iNat obs
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Guppy Farm, 31 Aug 2015.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 3 Oct 2015.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 16 Oct 2015.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 23 Oct 2015.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Gully Road, across from Guppy Falls parking lot, 31 Oct 2015.
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 30 May 2016. iNat obs
* Vincetoxicum rossicum, Federal Farm, 7 Jun 2016. iNat obs
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/algae

The term "algae" is informally used to describe a polyphyletic group of organisms that are not even all in same kingdom in recent classification systems.
| Order | | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Family | Species | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | W | F | K | C | S | A | H | L | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Chromista: Ochrophyta: Bacillariophyceae: Cymbellales: | | diatoms | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cymbellaceae | Didymosphenia geminata | didymo, rock snot | Y | – | ? | – | X | – | M | P | – | High | 3 | u | 1a | 4 | 3 | u | 1a | | 1a | 1a | 1a | i |
| Chromista: Haptophyta: Coccolithophyceae: Prymnesiales: | | haptophyte algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Prymnesiaceae | Prymnesium parvum | golden algae | ? | – | 0 | – | 5 | T | – | P | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | 1d | i |
| Plantae: Charophyta: Charophyceae: Charales: | | freshwater green algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Characeae | Nitellopsis obtusa | starry stonewort | N | \ | 3 | – | 5 | T | M | – | – | Very High | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | | 1a | 1a | i |
| Plantae: Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae: Bryopsidales: | | filamentous green algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Caulerpaceae | Caulerpa taxifolia | feather caulerpa, killer green algae | N | \ | 0 | – | X | – | – | P | – | High | 1b | | | | | | | | | 1d | 1d | i |
| Codiaceae | Codium fragile ssp. fragile | dead man's fingers | ? | \ | D | – | 2 | T | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | 1d | i |
| Plantae: Rhodophyta: Florideophyceae: Ceramiales: | | red algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Dasyaceae | Dasysiphonia japonica | dasy, red alga, siphoned Japan weed | ? | – | 0 | – | – | T | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | i |
| Plantae: Rhodophyta: Florideophyceae: Halymeniales: | | red algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Halymeniaceae | Grateloupia turuturu | red alga, devil's tongue weed | N | – | D | – | – | T | – | R | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | 1d | i |
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Obs gallery intro

Click on images to enlarge and read details on Wikimedia Commons.
Click on the "iNat obs" links to view the corresponding observations at iNaturalist.
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Vegetation management

This plan is intended to discuss the issues involved in protecting and restoring biodiversity to the Skaneateles Conservation Area (SCA) by controlling invasive plant species and where necessary replacing them with appropriate native plants, including trees and shrubs appropriate for encouraging succession the historical forest type for this area. The plan will take into account current and possible future uses of the area.
Probably the best plan for managing invasive species is to educate everyone responsible for any level of management of the area about what is invasive and what should be protected. This should include lawn and trail mowing personnel and volunteers doing basic trail clearing. At a minimum, their supervisors should understand the importance of keeping invasive plants away from trails and gathering spots. This would gradually reduce the need for future maintenance.
For example, one of our common invasive plants, and arguably the most annoying, is multiflora rose. This will grow wherever it can get a little light, so it loves trail edges and will send long stems across trails to seek more light. It has huge thorns that will grab at clothing, arms, hats, and ears. Many hikers carry pruning shears and nicely trim the roses and other invasives back just enough avoid hikers who obediently follow the designated trail. Untold hours are spent by hikers and volunteers pruning our trailsides, some of which end up being essentially tight hedges of various invasive shrubs, including honeysuckle, privet (as in hedge) and other invasives. These hedges continue to thicken and spread, and the area takes on the feel of a maze, where any native plants that remain are hidden from view.
An obvious solution is to remove any invasive shrubs completely from trail sides. This takes more work in the short term, but it will at least delay the need for further trimming until the whole shrub grows back, as most invasives tend to do.
Trail maintainers often have choices when trails get overgrown or develop muddy spots and need to be diverted to some extent. Saving native vegetation should be a priority when doing so. When there is a choice about which way to move a trail, the way that saves the most natives at the expense of non-natives is probably preferable.
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/algae table

| Order | | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Family | Species | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | W | F | K | C | S | A | H | L | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Chromista: Ochrophyta: Bacillariophyceae: Cymbellales: | | diatoms | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cymbellaceae | Didymosphenia geminata | didymo, rock snot | Y | – | ? | – | X | – | M | P | – | High | 3 | u | 1a | 4 | 3 | u | 1a | | 1a | 1a | 1a | i |
| Chromista: Haptophyta: Coccolithophyceae: Prymnesiales: | | haptophyte algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Prymnesiaceae | Prymnesium parvum | golden algae | ? | – | 0 | – | 5 | T | – | P | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | 1d | i |
| Plantae: Charophyta: Charophyceae: Charales: | | freshwater green algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Characeae | Nitellopsis obtusa | starry stonewort | N | \ | 3 | – | 5 | T | M | – | – | Very High | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | | 1a | 1a | i |
| Plantae: Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae: Bryopsidales: | | filamentous green algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Caulerpaceae | Caulerpa taxifolia | feather caulerpa, killer green algae | N | \ | 0 | – | X | – | – | P | – | High | 1b | | | | | | | | | 1d | 1d | i |
| Codiaceae | Codium fragile ssp. fragile | dead man's fingers | ? | \ | D | – | 2 | T | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | 1d | i |
| Plantae: Rhodophyta: Florideophyceae: Ceramiales: | | red algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Dasyaceae | Dasysiphonia japonica | dasy, red alga, siphoned Japan weed | ? | – | 0 | – | – | T | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | i |
| Plantae: Rhodophyta: Florideophyceae: Halymeniales: | | red algae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Halymeniaceae | Grateloupia turuturu | red alga, devil's tongue weed | N | – | D | – | – | T | – | R | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | 1d | i |
# Simple Guide to Minecraft/Smelting & Cooking

Smelting and cooking are vital processes in Minecraft that allow players to transform raw materials into useful items, tools, and food. The primary tool for these tasks is the furnace, crafted using eight pieces of cobblestone. Once you have a furnace, place it in a suitable location by right-clicking on the desired block. Furnaces require fuel to operate, which can include coal, charcoal, wood, or dried kelp. Place the fuel in the designated slot on the left side of the furnace's interface.
To begin smelting or cooking, add the raw material you wish to process in the top slot of the furnace. For example, if you have iron ore to smelt into iron ingots or raw beef to cook into cooked beef, place them in this slot. The smelting or cooking process will commence, indicated by the flames inside the furnace. The speed of the process depends on the type of fuel used.
Once the smelting or cooking process is complete, the resulting item will appear in the bottom slot of the furnace's interface. Simply click and drag the item from the furnace into your inventory to collect it. Furnaces have multiple slots, enabling you to process multiple items simultaneously as long as there is sufficient fuel.

## Furnace alternatives

In addition to the regular furnace, Minecraft offers alternative methods for smelting and cooking. One such alternative is the blast furnace, crafted using five iron ingots, three smooth stone, and a regular furnace. The blast furnace excels at smelting iron and gold ores, completing the process twice as fast as a regular furnace.
Another alternative is the smoker, specifically designed for cooking food items. Craft a smoker using four logs or stripped logs and a regular furnace. The smoker cooks food faster than a regular furnace, making it convenient for processing raw food items in larger quantities.
Additionally, the fireplace is another alternative for smelting and cooking. It provides a decorative and functional option for heating food and smelting certain items. To use a fireplace, construct it using blocks such as campfires, cobblestone walls, and optionally, chimney blocks. Place raw food or smeltable items on a campfire within the fireplace structure, and they will cook accordingly.
Experimenting with different combinations of raw materials, fuels, and alternative methods can unlock new recipes and crafting possibilities. For example, smelting sand in a furnace yields glass, while cooking cactus in a furnace produces green dye. Embrace the versatility of these methods to efficiently process resources, obtain valuable items, and embark on exciting adventures in the vast world of Minecraft.
# Simple Guide to Minecraft/Spectator

Spectator mode in Minecraft allows players to explore the world freely without restrictions. They can pass through blocks, fly effortlessly, and teleport instantly. It's ideal for observing creations, examining redstone contraptions, and capturing cinematic shots. Spectator mode provides a unique and immersive perspective on the Minecraft world, offering a fresh way to experience and appreciate the game.