OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Traditional Principles of Animation/Others
## Weight

Weight transfer is essential for realistic motion. Watch an elephant or rhinoceros walk through its surroundings. You can actually see (and almost feel) its weight shift from one portion of its body to another. Does a young kitten move the same way? Does a bowling ball bounce like a beach ball? Imagine how unbelievable a feather would appear if, when dropped, it shot straight down to the ground. Instead it sways from one side to another as it descends; its motion provides a clue as to its ratio of mass to surface area, and the resistance of the air.

## Balance

With the exception of falling, the body is almost always in balance. If you extend your right arm, your left arm, shoulder and torso all pivot and move back. Few people stand perfectly straight. Think of what position other body parts should be in when one body part moves or changes location.
Interesting Note: Walking and running are special cases of falling. When you walk, you constantly cycle through a process of falling forward, restoring balance and falling forward again. Running works the same way except that you spend most of your time falling forward.

## Curved Motion

No straight lines exist in nature. This statement also applies to natural motion. Watch a person as they swing their arm up in a handshake. Does the arm simply swing straight up? Usually the arm not only swings up, but also swings out from the side and back in again. This subtle motion makes all the difference between an unnatural, robotic move and something that appears life-like.
In contrast, a motion by an intentionally inanimate object should follow Newton's laws, i.e. move in a straight line until it is affected by a force. This provides the necessary contrast that differentiates it from a "sentient" object.
← Secondary action
# Traditional Principles of Animation/Exaggeration

Exaggeration is used to accentuate an action or idea. You often must exaggerate a motion or effect to ensure that the audience catches it. Exaggeration works in conjunction with anticipation and staging to direct the audience's attention to the action that you want them to see. Anticipation sets up the action, staging ensures that the action occurs where it can be seen, and exaggeration makes sure the action is not so subtle that the audience fails to notice it.
Use of exaggeration shouldn't detract from the scene, but rather enhance reality by making sure the audience catches what is happening. Remember the Big Bad Wolf's exaggerated Mannerisms in attempting to blow down the Three Little Pig's house? The exaggerated size of his chest implied that nothing would withstand the hurricane-like force of his breath.
Be careful on just how much exaggeration you use when working on human characters. Most people are very aware of how their body moves. Because of that, they are less forgiving of exaggeration of movement that goes to far beyond what is really possible.
← Staging · Secondary action →
# Traditional Principles of Animation/Follow through

Follow-Through is a companion to the overlapping action. An action almost never comes to a complete and sudden stop. Instead, inertia carries the object beyond the termination point, often causing the object to slowly reverse direction and settle back to the intended stop location. A golfer's swing provides an ideal example of a follow-through. Once the ball is struck, the club (and golfer) follow through the point of contact to complete the swing. What about a pencil that drops to the ground? When it hits, does it stop dead in its tracks? Or, does it bounce around a little, then rolls to a stop? Two cars collide in the middle of an intersection. Do they hit and stick? No, recoil occurs, causing them to reverse direction. Again, an action almost never comes to a complete and sudden stop.
← Overlapping action · Staging →
# Traditional Principles of Animation/Secondary action

Secondary Action is any action that results directly from another action. Secondary actions heighten interest and add realistic complexity to an animation. They should always remain subordinate (not as important) to the primary action. They should not conflict, become more interesting or in any way dominate your primary point of interest. If the audience is paying too much attention to the secondary actions, they're missing the most important element (primary action) of your shot.
It is sometimes easy to forget about secondary actions because we take such 'side effects' for granted in real life. Think of the basketball shot that hits the backboard rim. As an animator, you did a great job with the ball's shape as it hits the rim. But what about the effect the ball had on the rim itself? Did the rim wobble back and forth a little after the ball hit it? The rim wobbling is the secondary action; the result from another action (the ball hitting it).
← Exaggeration · Others →
# Traditional Principles of Animation/Anticipation

Anticipation is a preliminary action that sets up a primary action. It cues or prepares the audience for what is about to happen. Let's look at an example. Let's say that a steel cable is being stretched extremely tight by two opposing forces. Before the cable snaps in two, you position your camera for a close up on the actual breaking point. The close up shows the cable fraying as more and more tension is applied. Seeing this, the audience automatically anticipates what's about to happen (the eventual breaking of the cable).
In some cases anticipation is needed physically. For example, before you can throw a ball, you must first swing your arm backwards. As the arm goes back, the audience anticipates it coming forward and releasing the ball. more important than just audience anticipation... there is a need for a set up to the coming movement. every movement requires anticipation and recovery. there is a need to show a transfer of weight before performing an action. it is here where the action is set up.
Anticipation is also required to simulate real motion. If an object is at rest, some preliminary action that transfers energy to the object must occur so that it can use that energy to execute the primary action. Before a character can jump, they must crouch down and swing their arms for counter-balance. By seeing the crouch, the audience anticipates that the character is about to jump.
Squash and stretch →
# Traditional Principles of Animation/Introduction

Many people assume that if you build a good looking model, it will simply come to life all by itself. Unfortunately, this couldn't be farther from the truth. A poorly constructed animation will typically suffer from objects moving in an awkward and unrealistic manner. The motion you create in your scene is an extremely important element of your overall product. You must design and execute your movement with as much care as you give to designing the objects in your animation.
An analysis of unsuccessful animation usually reveals too little motion or motion that is not life-like. So how does motion become part of your overall design? Planning must begin immediately -- even before you begin to build your scene.
In this book you'll find a list of principles that the traditional masters of animation have discovered, learned and applied in their journey to learn their art. Applicable to both traditional 2D animation and computer 3D animation, every quality animated film makes use of at least a few of these basic principles developed at the Walt Disney studios during the 1930s. Believable movement starts with applying these concepts. As you continue to gain experience and knowledge, you'll come to realize just how important these techniques are. Every animator is expected to not just know these principles, but to apply them to their work. Memorizing them isn't enough. Knowing when, where and how to apply them is what's important.
# Traditional Principles of Animation/Overlapping action

Overlapping action implies that not everything happens at the same time.
Take the example of moving a character's arm from a position of rest to that of picking up a set of keys on a table. A common mistake would be to advance a few frames from the at-rest position, then move all of the arm elements (objects) to the final position. This technique would result in a very lifeless motion (because everything starts and stops moving at the same time). The proper sequence requires that the upper arm begins to rise first. Then the forearm pivots out, followed by the wrist bending back. Finally the fingers curl around the keys. Each of these motions begins before the preceding motion is complete, providing the realistic overlap that your viewer expects. In other words, the motion of the arm rotating upward is overlapped by the wrist bending back.
← Squash and stretch · Follow through →
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Zuo Gui Wan

The formula Zuo Gui Wan, designed to replenish essence and marrow, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Shu Di Huang | 熟地黄 | 15 |
| 2 | Shan Yao | 山药 | 9 |
| 3 | Shan Zhu Yu | 山茱萸 | 9 |
| 4 | Tu Si Zi | 菟丝子 | 9 |
| 5 | Gou Qi Zi | 枸杞子 | 9 |
| 6 | Niu Xi | 牛膝 | 9 |
| 7 | Lu Jiao Jiao | 鹿角胶 | 15 |
| 8 | Gui Ban Jiao | 龟板胶 | 15 |
back to:
* Nourishing Yin By Tonifying The Kidney
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
Ref: http://webprod3.hc-sc.gc.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info.do?lang=eng&licence=80001442
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Zuo Jin Wan

The formula Zuo Jin Wan, designed to purge heart-fire to check the hyperfunction of the liver, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Huang Lian | 黄连 | 9 |
| 2 | Wu Zhu Yu | 吴茱萸 | 1.5 |
back to :
* Removing Stagnated Heat With Bitter Herbs
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Scouting/BSA/Chess Merit Badge
## Requirement 1

Discuss with your merit badge counselor the history of the game of chess. Explain why it is considered a game of planning and strategy.

## Requirement 2

Discuss with your merit badge counselor the following:
    A. The benefits of playing chess, including developing critical thinking skills, concentration skills, and decision-making skills, and how these skills can help you in other areas of your life
    B. Sportsmanship and chess etiquette

## Requirement 3

Demonstrate to your counselor that you know each of the following. Then, using Scouting’s Teaching EDGE, teach someone (preferably another Scout) who does not know how to play chess:
    A. The name of each chess piece
    B. How to set up a chessboard
    C. How each chess piece moves, including castling and en passant captures

## Requirement 4

Do the following:
    A. Demonstrate scorekeeping using the algebraic system of chess notation.
    B. Discuss the differences between the opening, the middle game, and the endgame.
    C. Explain four opening principles.
    D. Explain the four rules for castling.
    E. On a chessboard, demonstrate a "scholar's mate" and a "fool's mate."
    F. Demonstrate on a chessboard four ways a chess game can end in a draw.

## Requirement 5

Do the following:
    A. Explain four of the following elements of chess strategy: exploiting weaknesses, force, king safety, pawn structure, space, tempo, time.
    B. Explain any five of these chess tactics: clearance sacrifice, decoy, discovered attack, double attack, fork, interposing, overloading, overprotecting, pin, remove the defender, skewer, zwischenzug.
    C. Set up a chessboard with the white king on e1, the white rooks on a1 and h1, and the black king on e5. With White to move first, demonstrate how to force checkmate on the black king.
    D. Set up and solve five direct-mate problems provided by your merit badge counselor.

## Requirement 6

Do ONE of the following:
    A. Play at least three games of chess with other Scouts and/or your merit badge counselor. Replay the games from your score sheets and discuss with your counselor how you might have played each game differently.
    B. Play in a scholastic (youth) chess tournament and use your score sheets from that tournament to replay your games with your merit badge counselor. Discuss with your counselor how you might have played each game differently.
    C. Organize and run a chess tournament with at least four players, plus you. Have each competitor play at least two games.

## External links

* Chess Merit Badge with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources.
* Earning Merit Badges in the Boy Scouts of America
* Indoor Hobbies and Arts and Crafts
* Art | Basketry | Bugling | Coin Collecting | Collections | Cooking | Dog Care | Fingerprinting | Genealogy | Indian Lore | Leatherwork | Model Design and Building | Moviemaking | Music | Painting | Pets | Photography | Pottery | Programming | Radio | Railroading | Reading | Sculpture | Stamp Collecting | Theater | Wood Carving | Woodwork
# Scouting/BSA/Citizenship In The World Merit Badge

Requirements 1. Explain what citizenship in the world means to you and what you think it takes to be a good world citizen.
2. Explain how one becomes a citizen in the United States, and explain the rights, duties, and obligations of U.S. citizenship. Discuss the similarities and differences between the rights, duties, and obligations of U.S. citizens and the citizens of two other countries.
3. Do the following:
4. Do TWO of the following:
5. Do the following:
6. Do the following:
7. Do TWO of the following (with your parent's permission) and share with your counselor what you have learned:
# Sport Innovation/Goal-line Technology/Cairos GLT System

The Cairos GLT system, which is backed by sports giant Adidas, utilises an electronic system which has sensors imbedded inside the match ball as well as electromagnetic strips buried under the goal [1]. The whole process takes less that one second. The way the system works is a four step process:
* Thin cables are installed in the turf of the penalty area and behind the goal line. Each cable has a unique amount of electricity running through it that generates a magnetic field
* A sensor is implanted in the ball which measures the magnetic field as soon as it crosses the line. The sensor then sends encrypted data to receivers located behind the goal.
* The receivers then send encrypted data to a computer in order to be processed.
* Once the computer has determine the entire ball has crossed the line an encrypted signal is sent to the referees watch [2]
The implantation of a chip suspended inside the ball has no impact on the handling characteristics. Players will not notice the difference between a ball with an implanted chip or a ball without the chip [3].
One of the main concerns of those who against the introduction of the technology is that of cost. Cairos Direct or Marketing and Communications has explained that Cairos will absorb the cost for the installation of the technology and will only change a small portion of what it would cost to pay four referees per game. In return for the free installation the technology provider would seek the rights to sell sponsorship of the system at each ground [4].
The system which was originally tested in 2005 at the U-17 FIFA World Cup has since been refined and retested at the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan and had an accuracy rating of 100% [5]. Currently the Cairos GLT System meets all International Football Association Board (IFAB) criteria and the ball has been approved by FIFA for competitive international play [5].

## References

[1] Conway, R. (2011, November 24). Premier League could use goal-line technology in 2012–13 season. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/15866363.stm
[2] Goal-line Technology (GLT) System. (n.d.) Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://www.cairos.com/unternehmen/gltsystem.php?sl=1
[3] Emery, D. (2010, June 28). Goal-line technology firms dispute Fifa. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10435958
[4] Goal-line Technology – Getting it right. (2010). Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2010/04/article_0001.html
[5] McKeegan, N. (2007, December 13). The Adidas intelligent football. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://www.gizmag.com/adidas-intelligent-football/8512/
# Sport Innovation/Goal-line Technology/The trigger that caused the need to further investigate goal-line technologies

The debate as to whether or not goal-line technology (GLT) should be implemented in football has been raging for over a decade [1]. However, in the past few years there have been a few incidents that have added fuel to the fire.
In 2009, during an EPL game Manchester United’s goalkeeper, Roy Carroll, attempted to save Tottenham’s Pedro Mendes goal accidentally fumbled the ball over his own line. He quickly hauled the ball back into play. Neither the referee nor assistant referee saw the goal and the games ended 0-0 [2].
More recently, during the England vs. Germany game in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Frank Lampard’s goal was disallowed as neither the referee nor assistant referee had direct line of sight on the play. Fans watching the replay could clearly see the ball had in fact completely crossed the goal line [3].
Both of these incidents undoubtedly prove that there is a gap that needs to be filled in order to ensure that football is played evenly and fairly, especially now that there is so much money involved in the sport. The fact that GLT could remove any doubt that a goal was or wasn't a goal, coupled with many other factors makes a strong case for the introduction of GLT into Football and minimises the case against the introduction of GLT.
Now that FIFA is actively investigating GLT and testing nine different technologies and have set such strict criteria, incidents such as the above, will not occur in any professional football games [4].

## References

[1] Gibson, O. (2010, June 27). World Cup 2010: Sports Minister joins calls for Goal-line Technology. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jun/27/world-cup-2010-goal-line-technology?INTCMP=SRCH
[2] Jackson, J. (2011, 24 November). Goal-line technology to be in place for 2012–13 Premier League season. The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2011, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/nov/24/goalline-technology-fifa-ifab-rochdale?INTCMP=SRCH
[3] Gibson, O. (2010, June 28). World Cup 2010: Stubborn FIFA rules out using Goal-line technology. The Guardian. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jun/28/world-cup-2010-goal-line-technology-fifa
[4] Conway, R. (2011, November 24). Premier League could use goal-line technology in 2012–13 season. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/15866363.stm
# Sport Innovation/Gold Coast Corporate Tag Sevens/Background

As part of the 2012 Queensland Sevens Rugby Festival this past October; the Queensland Reds launched an inaugural business to business (B2B) corporate tag rugby sevens tournament which coexisted with the Gold Coast sevens fever pitch within the same weekend. The Gold Coast Sevens Fever Pitch is part of the acclaimed international HSBC Sevens World Series which featured 16 countries around the globe. The corporate tag rugby sevens tournament was a one day mock event of the Gold Coast sevens fever pitch tour with 24 corporate teams competing for the tag sevens title. This event took place Friday October 12, 2012 at Broadbeach on the Gold Coast with the fever pitch occurring the following 13th and 14th of October in Skilled Park.
# Sport Innovation/Goal-line Technology/Nine Technology Systems being tested by FIFA

FIFA has announced that nine goal-line technology systems will undergo vigorous testing in a bid to be approved for match-day use in the 2012–13 EPL season [2]. However, they will not disclose the full list of the nine candidates being assessed by the independent company Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology ( or Empa – German acronym for "Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt") attached to the Zurich University [2].
Although the complete list has not been disclosed, two of the technologies are known to be included on the list are the Adidas-backed firm Cairos and Goalminder, the brainchild of Bolton Wanderers fans Harry Barnes and David Parden [3].
Each of the nine technologies will be tested in order to determine whether or not they meet the strict testing criteria laid out by FIFA. Should the technologies meet the criteria they will be invited to phase two of the trials [3].

## References

[1] Conway, R. (2011, November 24). Premier League could use goal-line technology in 2012–13 season. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/15866363.stm
[2] Nine systems to be tested in goal-line technology trials. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2011, from http://www.soccerex.com/industry-news/nine-systems-to-be-tested-in-goal-line-technology-trials/
[3] Jackson, J. (2011, 24 November). Goal-line technology to be in place for 2012–13 Premier League season. The Guardian. Retrieved November 28, 2011, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/nov/24/goalline-technology-fifa-ifab-rochdale?INTCMP=SRCH
# Sport Innovation/Gold Coast Corporate Tag Sevens

Project Background
Rules
Project Goals and Scope
Stakeholders
Project Tasks
Project Lifecycle
Project Outcome
References