OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Coding from Continuous to Discrete Values in SPSS/PAWS

please improve or delete
It is not uncommon to transform a continuous variable (like income) to an ordinal using one of SPSS/PAWS' recode routines. In these cases, new users sometimes have difficulty expressing the floor (lower bound) and ceiling (upper bound) values appropriately. Here is the recommended system:
* Choose the lowest through value option and give this the lowest code
* Repeat
** choose the floor for a category and enter this value in the first text input box of the range through section of the dialog. This value is greater than and any data at this value will be in the band below.
** choose the ceiling for the category and enter this in the second text input box of the range through section of the dialog. This value is upto and including and any data at this value will be included in this band.
* Choose the highest through value option and gives this the code for your highest ranked band.
So, at each boundary, you specify the upper bound of one level with the same value as the lower bound of the next.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Understanding the Data View

The Data Editor window of SPSS has two tabs that provide different information, the data, and data on that data (the metadata). This page explores the former, the Data View tab.
The tabs are shown in the bottom left corner of the Data Editor window, as shown:
The Data View tab shows the raw data in your data set. The rows represent individual cases. If your level of analysis is people, then each case represents one person. Here are three:
The columns represent variables. Each column contains all individual case data on that particular variable. The "id" column:
A cell, at the intersection of a row and a column, represents one observation/measurement/datum.
Depending on the size of your data set, as with a spreadsheet, you may need to scroll up or down to see more cases or left or right to see more variables.
The Data View tab in SPSS also allows you to modify your raw data. You can do so by simply clicking on any cell in the Data View tab:
Once you click on the cell, if you begin typing, you will replace all of the information in the cell. If you double-click on a cell, you can modify the contents without replacing them:
While a nice feature of SPSS, the ability to modify your raw data is dangerous to the cavalier, as it makes it easy to change your raw data. Changing your raw data should never be undertaken lightly or without backup as it will change your analyses. Recent versions of SPSS include an "undo" feature, but not all changes in SPSS can be undone.
It is good practice to work on copies of original data, only, and to keep backup files so that you can restore your data to good condition in the case of mishap.
Additionally, you should know that the Data View can be manipulated much like a spreadsheet. E.g., by clicking a column or row header, then re-clicking it, you can move columns and rows to rearrange them:
Moving through the data can be accomplished using the arrow keys, the page up and down keys, and the home and end keys as you might expect. One useful habit is to use the tab key to move right across a case's variable values. The tab key wraps around the data when it encounters an empty, undefined column, moving down to the start of the next case.
Additionally, you can sort by variable values, which is illustrated in sorting data.
# Xbox 360/About
## Book History

This Wikibook was started on the 11th of September 2008. From 2009 to 2021 no significant book development took place, with edits mostly focusing on categorization and anti-vandalism work.
# X Window Programming/XLib/Standard Headers
## Standard XLib Headers

| #include | What is it used for? |
| <X11/X10.h> | X10 compatibility functions, types and symbols. |
| <X11/Xatom.h> | All predefined atoms, which are symbols with the prefix `XA_`. |
| <X11/cursorfont.h> | Standard cursor font symbols, which have the `XC_` prefix. |
| <X11/X.h> | Types and constants for applications. Included automatically within <X11/Xlib.h>. |
| <X11/keysymdef.h> | Standard KeySym values, which are symbols with the prefix ``XK_``. KeySyms are arranged in groups, and a preprocessor symbol controls inclusion of each group. The preprocessor symbol must be defined prior to inclusion of the file to obtain the associated values. The preprocessor symbols are XK_MISCELLANY, XK_LATIN1, XK_LATIN2, XK_LATIN3, XK_LATIN4, XK_KATAKANA, XK_ARABIC, XK_CYRILLIC, XK_GREEK, XK_TECHNICAL, XK_SPECIAL, XK_PUBLISHING, XK_APL, XK_HEBREW, XK_THAI, and XK_KOREAN. |
| <X11/keysym.h> | Defines the preprocessor symbols XK_MISCELLANY, XK_LATIN1, XK_LATIN2, XK_LATIN3, XK_LATIN4, and XK_GREEK and then includes <X11/keysymdef.h> |
| <X11/Xlib.h> | Main header for Xlib which contains the majority of all symbols. Since release 5, contains the preprocessor symbol XlibSpecificationRelease. |
| <X11/Xlibint.h> | Functions, types, and symbols used for extensions. Automatically includes <X11/Xlib.h>. |
| <X11/Xcms.h> | Color management functions, types and constants, which begin with the prefix ``Xcms`. Color Conversion Contexts macros are also declared in this file. Depends on <X11/Xlib.h> being included first. |
| <X11/Xutil.h> | Inter-client communication and application utility functions, types and symbols. Depends on <X11/Xlib.h> being included first. |
| <X11/Xresource.h> | Resource Manager functions, types, and symbols. Depends on <X11/Xlib.h> being included first. |
# Xandros/Installing Software
## Safe Install (Xandros Networks)

The recommended way of installing new software is to use a program called Xandros Networks, an application that installs, removes and updates software. Xandros Networks can be launched from the desktop and the Launch menu.

### Common Applications

From the menu on the left, select "New Applications". You will see a list of common software packages offered and tested by Xandros which are not found on your computer. To install any of these, simply click on the "Install Now" to the right of the software description.

### All Available Supported Applications

Expanding the "New Applications" on the left reveals the software categories for all available supported software from Xandros Networks. Selecting a category will reveal the software packages in that category. To install one of these packages, selected the desired software package and click "Install".

### Searching for Software

If you don't know the category or the name of the software you want to install, you can search for it. Enter the name or type of software you want in the text box in the top-right corner of the window and click the "Search" button.

## Easy Install (Autopackage)

Autopackage is a simple way to install software on a wide variety of Linux distributions.
To install your first software from Autopackage:
* Go to the Autopackage Downloads site.
* Download the software package you want to install and save it on your computer.
* Go to the folder where you saved the software package.
* Click on the package with your right mouse button.
* Click on the Properties menu item.
* Select the Permissions tab.
* Check the top-most "Exec" checkbox.
* Click OK.
* Open the software package.
This is a one-time process. After your first package software package from Autopackage has been installed, installing further software packages is as easy as downloading the file and double-clicking it.
# Xandros/Installing Codecs for Multimedia Formats

Warning: These instructions are for installing Linux software that will playback WMA-encoded media files, and the bundle noted also includes numerous codecs that are of questionable and legally uncertain status.
Xandros natively supports several multimedia formats, like the popular MP3 format, but not all of them, such as the WMA format. This guide will give you support for these other formats.
* Open Xandros Networks
* Open the Edit menu and select "Set Application Sources..."
* Click on the "Add..." button
* Add the following line exactly as it is shown:
** deb ftp://ftp.nerim.net/debian-marillat/ sarge main
* Click the "OK" button.
* Click the "OK" button.
* By using the search function in the top-right corner, find and install a package called "w32codecs".
* And by searching for "libdvdcss", you can play encoded DVDs.
# X Window Programming/XLib/Types and Values
### Types and Values

The following symbols are defined by Xlib and used throughout this part of the book:
* Bool and Boolean are variable types with values True and False.
* None is the universal null resource ID or atom.
* XID is used for generic resource IDs.
* XPointer is used for generic pointers to data.
# Xandros
## Contents

* Installing Software
* Installing Codecs for Multimedia Formats
* Manually Adding Launch Icons

## Other Sites

* ArchLUG.org's Xandros Kwikis
* Desktop-Linux.Net's Xandros 2.0 Tips page
* German-language Xandros users forum
* DesktopOS.com Xandros Desktop forum
* James' unofficial Xandros 1.0 HOWTO directory
# Xandros/Manually Adding Launch Icons

* Right click on the LAUNCH button
* Choose Applications > System > Menu Editor.
* Navigate to where you want to add your selection.
* Click on the symbol which looks like a piece of paper with a star in it.
* Type the name you wish to call the program in the popup window and press Enter.
* Now come over to the Command: type box and click on the small file folder on the right.
* The browser window will now open.
* Click on My Linux, and then click on All File Systems
* Click on the '/' directory
* Click on 'usr' directory
* Click on 'bin' directory
* You should now be in /usr/bin directory
* Locate the name of the program you want to add to the menu selection and click on it.
* Click on OK
* You're almost done. Now press CTRL S or click on floppy symbol to save.
* Now press CTRL Q or select File and then click on Quit to end changes
* You now have a menu selection added that you can run your program you just installed.
If you wish to put a menu item on the desktop as a shortcut then click on Launch. Click on item from menu. While holding down left mouse button drag it to the desktop. Release the left mouse button(Reverse if you're Left Handed) and the select Link Here from the popup menu selection.
# Xbox 360

* Xbox 360 Arcade
* Xbox 360 Pro
* Xbox 360 Elite
* Xbox 360 S
* Xbox 360 E

## Table of Contents
### Usage

* Xbox 360 Models
* Xbox 360 Accessories
* Interface
* Playing Games
* Playing Music
* Playing Video

### Development

* Xbox Development on the Mac
* Undocumented Commands

### Appendix

* Original Xbox Motherboard Replacement
* About
# Zine Making

A "zine" is an independent publication, a DIY magazine-like thing. Because you do it yourself it can be pretty much anything you want it to be. This wikibook is not about the style or content of what you do with your zine, since it can contain almost anything you want (that's the joy of zines!), but instead is intended to help you with some of the practicalities of how to make a zine, about putting paper and ink (or whatever) together to make something interesting that you can put out.
This guide aims to be fairly international and not connected to any particular "scene", so there aren't any addresses or country-specific things (e.g. about the postal system, legal system...). Hopefully you'll find it useful.

## Table of contents

* Writing the pages
* Putting pages together: stapling, stitching, folding, etc
* Making copies
* Selling/giving copies to people
* Other resources about zine making
* Authors

## See also

* Bookbinding
* How to Make a Comic
# Zine Making/Other resources

* Writing the pages
* Putting pages together
* Making copies
* Selling/giving copies to people
* Other resources about zine making

## Online information

* http://www.zinebook.com/resource/zinetips.html
** Plenty of advice in this fairly long article
* http://zinewiki.com/
** A wiki devoted to zines and independent media. It covers the history, production, distribution and culture of the small press.

## Books, zines, etc

* How to make books, a chapter by "robnoxious" in Making Stuff and Doing Things: A collection of DIY guides to doing just about everything, edited by Kyle Bravo and published by Microcosm Publishing, 2006.
** This has a lot of nice info about how to do proper good book-binding yourself, including some diagrams about folding zines, stitching pages together, etc.
* Bookbinding describes how to do book-binding yourself.
* Drafting describes tools and techniques that may be useful in zine making.
# Zine Making/Selling or giving copies to people

* Writing the pages
* Putting pages together
* Making copies
* Selling/giving copies to people
* Other resources about zine making
Most people who make zines aren't doing it as a profit-making enterprise, and if you are hoping to make a living from your zine then you're probably wrong. Most people who sell their zines put them at a price which kind of approximately covers the costs of making/distributing them, so that the zine-making process doesn't bankrupt them. A lot of smaller zines (e.g. ones made from a single page of A4) are given away. It's much less hassle not having to collect money etc. And a lot of zines are swapped for other zines rather than bought. It's up to you what you do, but don't expect to see some kind of profit margin on your zine; that's usually not how it works.

## Record shops / book shops

Lots of independent record shops / book shops are happy to carry zines. Some of them have stands for them and have a sale-or-return procedure in place to let you sell them. But even if they don't, you can often ask your friendly independent record/book-shop person if they wouldn't mind having them on the counter or wherever.
Sale-or-return is the typical agreement that shops do: they'll collect the money on your behalf, and you can come back in a month (or whatever) and collect your money (hopefully) or your unsold zines. Some shops have a time-limit, for example if you don't collect them within 6 months they assume you've forgotten about them and get rid of them. Some shops take a cut of the profit, and some don't.

## Distros

People who like zines and who really enjoy photocopying often set themselves up to distribute other people's zines - these are often called "distro"s. There are some large and well-established distros and millions of tiny one-person distros, but typically it's just a case of if they like it, they'll be happy to carry it for you. If you find distros which have stuff you like, or your stuff fits in with them, just ask...
Remember that it's typically all done for the love of it so it's not quite the same as approaching some publishing company. You don't need to be particularly formal, just send them a zine and/or have a conversation with them.

## Zine fairs

People who like zines and who really enjoy herding cats often set up a "zine fair" or "zine symposium" or some such, in their area or for their particular scene. Have a look around to see if there's anything suitable.

## Carrying zines around

If you've got a nice load of zines freshly made and you want to take them to gigs, fairs, etc, you probably want to keep them looking nice, so it's a good idea to find a sturdy box to carry them around in. If you've only got a few then anything will do, but if you get to the point of having a lot to carry around then finding an old suitcase, camera-case, or some such case with a handle or strap can be really helpful.
# Zine Making/Authors

* Writing the pages
* Putting pages together
* Making copies
* Selling/giving copies to people
* Other resources about zine making
* Dan Stowell
* Incorporating (with permission) some material by P Law
# Vegan and vegetarian phrases/Swedish
## Introduction

| English | Swedish |
| I am vegan / we are vegans / and would like something to eat. Veganism is a diet and lifestyle that avoids using animal products in food and in other products of consumption, including clothing, alcohol and cosmetics. People dedicate themselves to veganism for different reasons, with health benefits, animal rights, ecological concerns being some of them. We do eat; all fruits, vegetables, lentils, beans, rice, and grains. We eat pasta which has no egg, cous-cous, we eat soups and meals with vegetable stock, vegetable and olive oils and coconut milk. We do not eat meat (beef, chicken, pork or any other animal), fish, meat stock (as used in soups), milk (from any animal), eggs, butter, cheese, lactose, shellac, lard or animal fat, gelatin, or food with these products in, even in small amounts. Thank you for your time reading this and we really appreciate any food you can prepare. | Jag är vegan / Vi är veganer / och vi ville ha någonting att äta ... |

## Phrases

Vegan and vegetarian phrases in Swedish :
| English | Swedish |
| I am vegan | Jag är vegan |
| I am vegetarian | Jag är vegetarian |
| I eat only products of plant origin | Jag äter bara plantbaserad produkter |
| I do not eat meat | Jag äter inte kött |
| I do not eat fish | Jag äter inte fisk |
| I do not consume dairy products | Jag använder inte mjölkprodukter |
| I do not eat anything that comes from an animal | Jag äter inte något som kommer från djur |
| Do you have vegetarian food? | Har du någon vegetariansk mat? |
| Do you have tofu? | Har du tofu? |
| I want to have fruit salad | Jag vill ha fruktsallad |
| Does this bread contain any milk or egg? | Innehåller det här brödet mjölk eller ägg? |

## Words

Food items that are suitable for vegetarians and vegans :
| English | Swedish |
| vegetables | Grönsaker |
| fruits | frukter |
| tofu | tofu |
| soy milk | sojamjölk |
| soy cheese | sojaost |
# Vegan and vegetarian phrases/Slovenian

Vegan and vegetarian phrases in Slovenian :
| English | Slovenian |
| I am vegan | Sem vegan (male) / sem veganka (female) |
| I am vegetarian | Sem vegeterijanec (male) / sem vegeterijanka (female) |
| I do not eat meat | Ne jem mesa |
# Vegan and vegetarian phrases/Turkish

Vegan and vegetarian phrases in Turkish :
| English | Turkish |
| I am vegan | Ben veganım |
| I am vegetarian | Ben vejetaryenim |
| I eat only products of plant origin | Sadece bitki kaynaklı ürünler tüketiyorum |
| I do not eat meat | Et yemiyorum |
| I do not eat fish | Balık yemiyorum |
| I do not consume dairy products | Süt ve süt ürünleri tüketmiyorum |
| I do not eat ground meat | Kıyma yemiyorum |
| I do not eat anything that comes from an animal | Hayvansal hiçbir şey yemiyorum |
| Do you have vegetarian food? | Sizde vejetaryen yemek bulunur mu? |
| Do you have tofu? | Sizde tofu var mı? |
| I want to have fruit salad | Meyve salatası almak istiyorum |
| Does this bread contain any milk or egg? | Bu ekmekte süt ya da yumurta var mı? |
Food items that are suitable for vegetarians and vegans :
| English | Turkish |
| vegetables | sebzeler |
| fruit | meyve |
| tofu | tofu |
| soy milk | soya sütü |
| soy cheese | soya peyniri |
# Vegan and vegetarian phrases/Tagalog

Vegan and vegetarian phrases in Tagalog :
| English | Tagalog |
| I am vegan | Isa akong vegan |
| I am vegetarian | Vegetarian ako |
| I eat only products of plant origin | Kumakain lamang ako ng mga pagkain na nagmumula sa halaman |
| I do not eat meat | Hindi ako kumakain ng karne |
| I do not eat fish | Hindi ako kumakain ng isda |
| I do not consume dairy products | Hindi ako nagkokonsumo ng mga produktong dairy |
| I do not eat ground meat | Hindi ako kumakain ng giniling na karne |
| I do not eat anything that comes from an animal | Hindi ako kumakain ng kahit na anong galing sa hayop |
| Do you have vegetarian food? | Meron po ba kayong mga pagkain na vegetarian? |
| Do you have tofu? | Meron po ba kayong tokwa? |
| I want to have fruit salad | Gusto ko po ng fruit salad |
| Does this bread contain any milk or egg? | Meron po bang gatas o itlog itong tinapay? |
Food items that are suitable for vegetarians and vegans :
| English | Tagalog |
| vegetables | gulay |
| fruit | prutas |
| tofu | tokwa |
| soy milk | soy milk |
| soy cheese | kesong soya |
# Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit

This does not seem to work for Australian VIN numbers.
One element that is fairly consistent in VIN numbers is the use of position 9 as a check digit, compulsory for vehicles in North America and used fairly consistently even outside this rule except in the United Kingdom where the check digit is not used.

## Method

The process for calculating a VIN check digit is as follows:
* Substitute each letter in the VIN with a digit according to the transliteration table below.
* Multiply each digit in the resulting number with its respective weight according to the table below.
* Sum the resulting products.
* Divide the sum by 11 and take the remainder. This remainder is the check digit. If the remainder is 10, use X as the check digit.

## Transliterating the numbers

Transliteration consists of of substituting letters with digits according to the table below. I, O and Q are not present in the table because they cannot exist in a valid VIN. Numerical digits use their own values and are not changed by transliteration.
Transliteration key: values for VIN Decoding :
| A: 1 | B: 2 | C: 3 | D: 4 | E: 5 | F: 6 | G: 7 | H: 8 | N/A |
| J: 1 | K: 2 | L: 3 | M: 4 | N: 5 | N/A | P: 7 | N/A | R: 9 |
| | S: 2 | T: 3 | U: 4 | V: 5 | W: 6 | X: 7 | Y: 8 | Z: 9 |

## Weights used in calculation

The following is the weight factor for each position in the VIN. The leftmost digit is position 1. The 9th position is that of the check digit. It has been substituted with a 0, which will cancel it out in the multiplication step.
| Position | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
| Weight | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 |

## Worked example

Consider the VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788, where the underscore will be the check digit.
| VIN | 1 | M | 8 | G | D | M | 9 | A | _ | K | P | 0 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| Transliterated | 1 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 1 | _ | 2 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| Weights | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Products | 8 | 28 | 48 | 35 | 16 | 12 | 18 | 10 | 0 | 18 | 56 | 0 | 24 | 10 | 28 | 24 | 16 |
* Each letter in the VIN is substituted with a digit according to the transliteration table. Digits in the VIN are unchanged. This results in the Transliterated row.
* Each transliterated digit is multiplied with a weight according to the weights table. The weights for each position are reproduced here in the Weights row. Elementwise multiplication results in the Products row.
* The products are summed to 351.
* The sum 351 is divided by 11, yielding a remainder of 10.
* Since the remainder is 10, the check digit is X.
The check digit is added to the VIN: 1M8GDM9AXKP042788.
The VIN consisting of 11111111111111111 (seventeen 1's) has a valid check digit. This can be used as a test case to verify a check digit algorithm.
# Welsh/Mynediad/Lesson 18
## Vocabulary

Vocabulary to incorporate:
* ar y chwith - on the left
* ar y dde - one the right
* i'r chwith - to the left
* i'r dde - to the right

## Review

* Remove the stem, and add -wch for a formal command; add -a for an informal command.
* Some stems and commands are irregular. Learn them as you go along.