OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 22

Our mission of disseminating knowledge is only half complete if the information is not made widely and readily available to society. Today in 2003 the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was published. It was one of the statements that established the term Open Access.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 26

Today in 2018 Microsoft took over GitHub, the monopoly for source code hosting with millions of users and projects. With the integration of Web 2.0 gamification features (“social coding”), with user profiles that include résumés and references, Github established itself as a self-promotion platform for developers. It was able to capitalize on the platform effect and user dependency. Combined with the convenience of its all-in-one service it managed to become the new monopoly for programming collaboration. “Code is on Github” became a standard and good style for code releases, to show that you are willing to follow developers instead of throwing some code over the wall. With platforms – like Amazon, Netflix, Android – at the center of entire ecosystems and often holding a monopoly position, selling people’s dependency on a platform has become one of the most profitable business models. The purchase is therefore an obvious strategic investment for Microsoft.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 25

Today in 1861 the first telegraph message was sent across the North American continent. Previously, messages were transmitted by horse-mounted couriers of the Pony Express system. With transmission speeds now approaching the speed of light, the Pony Express ceased service within the week.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 20

Today in 2004 the first Ubuntu release was made. Ubuntu was going to be the most popular desktop Linux, with remarkably good user support and an easier user interface. When it arrived, it opened up the world of Linux to new groups of users. For many, it represents their first conscious Linux experience. It is also known for some questionable development decisions by manufacturer Canonical: For a while, all input to Ubuntu’s central search field was sent to Amazon, unencrypted. Some more ambitious innovations have been canceled due to protest from users that were puzzled by seeming reinventions of the wheel, such as the convergence of desktop and mobile user interfaces.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 23

Today in 2001 the iPod was introduced, a very successful flagship product from Apple. Music was moving to hard drives. Together with the accompanying iTunes software, it brought convenient accessibility for large music collections to the masses. Users had tasted the feel of having all the music they could ever listen to at their fingertips. After Napster and its progeny the genie was out of the bottle and a startled music industry was fighting a futile fight to turn back the clock. 2003 the system was complemented by the iTunes Store, a legal music download service that profited from criminalization campaigns of the industry to scare file-sharing users. The iPod created a market for music on the Internet, paved the way for the Open Music Model, for Spotify and the like. Users gladly surrendered control over their music consumption and settled for (industry-controlled) access rather than more self-determined ownership of music files.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 24

Today in 2003 version 1.0 of the compiler system LLVM was released. Strong corporate support is reflected in its licensing, which also positions the project as a liberal alternative to the copyleft-licensed GNU Compiler Collection, which has repeatedly fueled the Open Source vs. Free Software debate.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 27

Today in 2007 What.CD was launched. It was the most successful successor to Oink’s Pink Palace.
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# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

White again has a large list of options, some of which transpose to other lines. h4 will probably transpose to the most popular line (h4 is more commonly played on move 6).

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. Nf3 Nd7
* 7
* h4
* Bd3
* Bc4
* Be2
* c3
* Nh4
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

While Nd7 seems inferior because of the weak bishop, this was never tested in the only instance this move was played at master level, between Rustam Kasimdzhanov and Mikhael Mchedlishvili in the European Clubs Cup (Men) in 2003. (That game quickly transposed back to a main line, continuing: 6...Nd7 7. Nf3 h6 8. h5 Bh7 9. Bd3 Bxd3 10. Qxd3 e6 11. Bf4 Ngf6 12. O-O-O Be7 13. Kb1 O-O 14. Ne4 Qa5 15. g4 Nxg4 16. Ne5 Ndxe5 17. dxe5 Rad8 18. Qh3 Qb4 19. Rdg1 Qxe4 20. Rxg4 Qh7 21. Rhg1 Kh8 22. Qg3 Rg8 23. Be3 a6 24. a3 Rd7 25. Qg2 Rd5 26. Qg3 Rd7 27. Qg2 Rd5 28. Qg3 1/2-1/2.)
It may appear at first that White can trap the bishop, but this is not the case after 7. h5 Bf5 8. Nxf5 Qa5+! +=. However, White can do this anyway and get the bishop pair and light-square control.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

Bg6 is almost always played as the only sensible place for the bishop to retreat to, although defending the bishop with g6 is a very rare alternative, leaving black with an inferior pawn structure.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3
* 5
* ... Bg6
* ... g6
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

White's list of options is now large. h4, putting pressure on the weak bishop, is most common.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6
* 6
* h4
* Nf3
* Bc4
* N1e2
* Nh3
* f4
* c3
* h3
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

White can, and almost always does, stick to the main line, with Ng3, forcing the bishop back, but the ambitious Nc5, and the aggressive Burris Gambit have given white surprising success.

## Theory table

| | 5 |
| Main Line | Ng3 | = |
| | Nc5 | = |
| Burris Gambit | Bd3!? | = |
| | Bd3 e6 | Nf3 Bg4 | Be3 Nf6 | Nxf6+ Qxf6 | Be2 Nd7 | 0-0 Bd6 | Qd3 0-0 | c3 = |
| | Qf3 | = |
| | Nc3 | = |
| | f3 | = |
| | Ng5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Burris Gambit

Accepting the gambit seems particularly risky for black, where White gets very good development and an open game.
| | 5 |
| Burris Gambit Accepted | Qxd4 | +/= |
| Burris Gambit Declined | Bg6 | = |
| Burris Gambit Declined | e6 | = |
| Burris Gambit Declined | Bxe4 | = |
| Burris Gambit Declined | Nd7 | = |
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

6... Nd7 is by far the most popular response, to prevent a possible Ne5

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. Nf3
* 6
* ... Nd7
* ... Nf6
* ... e6
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

Black needs to defend the bishop, and h6 is almost universal, although the probably inferior h5 and Nd7 have been attempted.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4
* 6
* h6
* h5
* Nd7
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Burris Gambit accepted

| 6 | 7 |
| Nf3 Qd8 | Qe2 e6 | +/= |
| ... ... | ... Bxe4 | +/= |
| ... ... | ... Nf6 | +/= |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Burris Gambit accepted

Black does not drop the piece.
| 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Nxf6+ gxf6 | Bxf5 Qa5+ | Bd2 Qxf5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Engineering Acoustics/Solution Methods: Electro-Mechanical Analogies

After drawing the electro-mechanical analogy of a mechanical system, it is always safe to check the circuit. There are two methods to accomplish this:

## Review of Circuit Solving Methods

Kirchkoff's Voltage law
"The sum of the potential drops around a loop must equal zero."
$v_{1}+v_{2}+v_{3}+v_{4}=0\displaystyle$
Kirchkoff's Current Law
"The Sum of the currents at a node (junction of more than two elements) must be zero"
$-i_{1}+i_{2}+i_{3}-i_{4}=0\displaystyle$
Hints for solving circuits:
Remember that certain elements can be combined to simplify the circuit (the combination of like elements in series and parallel)
If solving a ciruit that involves steady-state sources, use impedances. Any circuit can eventually be combined into a single impedance using the following identities:
Impedances in series: $Z_{\mathrm {eq} }=Z_{1}+Z_{2}+\,\cdots \,+Z_{n}.$
Impedances in parallel: ${\frac {1}{Z_{\mathrm {eq} }}}={\frac {1}{Z_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{Z_{2}}}+\,\cdots \,+{\frac {1}{Z_{n}}}.$

## Dot Method: (Valid only for planar network)

This method helps obtain the dual analog (one analog is the dual of the other). The steps for the dot product are as follows: 1) Place one dot within each loop and one outside all the loops. 2) Connect the dots. Make sure that only there is only one line through each element and that no lines cross more than one element. 3) Draw in each line that crosses an element its dual element, including the source. 4) The circuit obtained should have an equivalent behavior as the dual analog of the original electro-mechanical circuit.
Example:
The parallel RLC Circuit above is equivalent to a series RLC driven by an ideal current source

## Low-Frequency Limits

This method looks at the behavior of the system for very large or very small values of the parameters and compares them with the expected behavior of the mechanical system. For instance, you can compare the mobility circuit behavior of a near-infinite inductance with the mechanical system behavior of a near-infinite stiffness spring.
| | Very High Value | Very Low Value |
| Capacitor | Short Circuit | Open Circuit |
| Inductor | Open Circuit | Closed Circuit |
| Resistor | Open Circuit | Short Circuit |
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# Chinese (Mandarin)/Toys

| 简体字 (Simplified character) | 繁体字 (Traditional character) | 拼音 (Chinese pinyin) | 英语（English) |
| 气球 | 氣球 | qìqiú | balloon |
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Places

| 简体字 (Simplified character) | 繁体字 (Traditional character) | 拼音 (Chinese pinyin) | 英语（English) |
| 滑冰场 | 滑冰場 | huábīngchǎng | ice rink |
| 研究中心 | | yánjiū zhōngxīn | research center |
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Planning/Standard Lesson Format
## Standard Lesson Outline/Format

I think this was provided by Everlong.
* Dialogue in Chinese characters - *both* traditional and simplified
* New vocabulary, with contextual examples
* Supplementary vocabulary. Several words relevant to the lesson’s text, not necessary at that point, but made available for further exploration.
* Grammar notes provide complete explanations of new grammar patterns and points of syntax. Sentences follow showing contextual use of the patterns.
* Phrases and Sentences. Additional examples provide even more practice and reference for study.
* Dialogue in pinyin Romanization.
* English translation of Dialogue.
* Reading comprehension. Like the Phrases and Sentences sections, these readings provide a further review and use of past grammar and vocabulary.
* Individual Exercises, meant to test and reinforce understanding of the lesson material. Should be done in a combination of pinyin and characters to stress proper tones as well as character learning.
* Stroke order and character practice sheets. (Outside links to Flash-based stroke order pages provided.)
* Partner/Group Exercises, activities and prompts for small groups to dynamically participate in conversations, improving speaking and listening comprehension skills.
* Lesson Test, sample tests covering listening comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and stroke order.
* Vocabulary Quiz, sample quizzes testing new vocabulary.
# Exercise as it relates to Disease/Strength training for individuals living with multiple sclerosis

→ What is MS? Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by immune system imbalance. The principal consequence of this imbalance is damage and/or destruction to the myelin sheath, the protective coating that insulates nerve axons throughout the body. This causes axon damage, and leads to disruption and loss of electrical signalling within certain areas of the CNS. These physiological changes are illustrated by the range of physical symptoms common to those diagnosed with the disorder.
→ Prevalence and risk factors associated. There are three principle forms of the disease; relapsing-remitting (most common; 85% of cases), primary progressive and secondary progressive.. While relapsing-remitting is characterised by attacks of symptoms (‘relapses’) then a period of remission, the progressive forms are characterized by a gradual worsening of symptoms. An estimated 2.5 million individuals suffer from the disease worldwide and is up to 3 times more common in females than males. Range of research has focused on discovering the risk factors or cause of the disease. Some of the main factors include genetic predisposition, vitamin D levels…No known cure.
→ Common symptoms include - Loss of muscle strength and tone, - Loss of balance and coordination - Decreased functional ability - Decrease in energy levels - Sensory disturbance (often heightened) - Loss of motivation to be involved in social interaction - Decrease in general quality of life
Other symptoms include - Visual impairment - Tremors - Sexual dysfunction (Hewer et al., 2013).
Eventually leads to an accumulation of irreversible neurological deficits.
# Financial Modelling in Microsoft Excel
## Contents

* Principles
* Specifying a model
* Designing a model
* Building for safety
* Testing a model
* Analysing a model
# Financial Modelling in Microsoft Excel/Building for safety

The more you work with spreadsheets, the more you will see how inventive people can be in making mistakes, or in misunderstanding what was intended. You have to assume that if it can be read the wrong way, someone will read it wrong.
The guidelines below are all aimed at making it harder to make mistakes.

## Inputs and Data

* Separate inputs & assumptions from calculations (this is crucial)
* Label & colour input cells clearly
* Protect & constrain inputs with data validation or user controls
* If you are importing data, keep it separate from the calculations
* Give important variables range names, and use them in formulae
* Treat constants (e.g. tax rates) as (unchangeable) inputs – never hard code them into formulae as numbers
* Clearly explain anything that may be unfamiliar or confusing

## Formulae & Calculations

* Protect calculations – on a separate sheet, or protect the sheet
* Flow calculations from left to right, top to bottom, to echo Excel's calculation sequence, and also the way people will "read" the spreadsheet
* Highlight any cells with inconsistent formulae (i.e. different to neighbours) – preferably don’t do this at all because these anomalies can be very hard to find and may be overwritten if someone else makes a change and copies it down a whole column!
* Use colours carefully – keep bright colours for warnings
* Use a consistent layout & design between sheets
* Use consistent magnitudes/time intervals (e.g. months or years)
* Show sources (references, links to source documents, extracts)
* Include anomaly checks and self-tests (e.g. cross-totals) so that the model checks itself as much as possible
* Don’t be clever! e.g. don’t use obscure functions that no-one else understands
* Don’t create incredibly long formulae – rather use more columns
* Don’t distract or confuse the checker

## Results

* Set results out clearly and unambiguously
* State all key assumptions, especially in printable results
* Put date (and version number if any) on printouts
# Financial Math FM/Problems
## Problem 1

    Drago deposits 100 into an account at the beginning of each 2-year period for 40 years. The account credits interest at an interest rate of i.
The accumulated amount in the account at the end of the 40 years is 3 times the accumulated amount in the account at the end of 20 years.
Calculate i.
# Financial Modelling in Microsoft Excel/Overview

Financial models need to be:
* useful – they need to assist the user in solving the business problem
** This needs good business analysis and design skills
* accurate – they must do exactly what they say they do
** This needs correct logic, accurate calculations & relevant results
* flexible, so they can evolve throughout the analytical process and beyond
* provable – the inputs, calculations and results can all be verified
This needs clear layout, good documentation, data validation & results testing.
A good guiding rule is to keep things as simple and as clear as possible, for example:
* using common functions rather than complex or rarely used functions
* keeping formulae short
* not being "clever", which may just confuse other people
* separating the spreadsheet into clearly marked sections
Code Complete, the classic book on programming by Steve McConnell, says that managing complexity is the major imperative.
# Financial Math FM/Sharpe ratio
## Sharpe ratio

Sharpe ratio is defined as follows:
    $S={\frac {{\bar {r_{p}}}-r_{f}}{\sigma }}$
where
    ${\bar {r_{p}}}$: Expected portfolio return
    $r_{f}$:Risk free return rate (such as that of the 10-year US treasury bond)
    $\sigma$:Portfolio standard deviation
Sharpe ratio is the equation above developed by Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe to measure risk-adjusted performance. The Sharpe ratio tells us whether a investment is smart or not. The higher the sharpe ratio is, the more return the asset gives for the same risk. In other words, the higher the sharpe ratio is, the better the investment becomes.
Graphically, you're on the straight line joining cash to the Efficient Frontier, and moving to the left.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Task cohesion
## Task cohesion
### Description

Task cohesion was measured with two items taken from Zaccaro (1991).

### Items

* I like belonging to my group because of the activities I participate in.
* I do not like what I do as a member of my group (reverse coded).

### Source

* Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731

### Comments

As only two items were measured, additional items should be added in future studies.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Technical skills
## Technical skills (composite reliability = 0.89; AVE = 0.73)
### Description

A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled commerce. They find that the conceptual domain of B2B-SC comprises seven theoretically important dimensions: (1) technical skills, (2) change disposition, (3) conflict management, (4) market acuity, (5) coordinated logistics, (6) knowledge channels, and (7) fluid partnering.

### Definition

Technical skills competence refers to the general abilities of the seller’s employees to use advanced information and communication technologies – such as the Internet, product development software, Internet-enabled EDI, and supply chain software – in their daily work to support business objectives.

### Items

* Proficient in using information and communication technologies (ICT) to get work done. (0.83)
* Mastery of workplace ICT features and functions. (0.96)
* Make use of advanced features of ICT. (0.77)

### Source

* Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.

### Comments

Much efforts have been made by the authors in order to ensure that the new scales exhibit sufficient psychometric properties, which make them quite useful.

### Related Scales

* Information technology experience
# Handbook of Management Scales/Technology transfer
## Technology transfer (alpha = 0.83)
### Definition

The authors use the term technology transfer "to refer to scenarios where firms transfer, share, and/or deploy technology on their partner’s behalf".

### Items

* We share high-level engineering capability with our partner firm.
* We are willing to transfer technologies to our partner firm.
* Our partner is willing to transfer technologies to us.
* We rely on our partner’s engineering capability.
* Technical support from our partner firm often helps us solve technical problems.

### Source

* Kotabe et al. (2002): Gaining from Vertical Partnerships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration, and Supplier Performance Improvement in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industries. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 293–316

### Comments

The authors remarked that the last item is potentially ambiguous. The directions of willingness do not necessarily relate to each other (e.g., compare item 2 to item 3).