OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Vibrava
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 329
* Johto Index: 329
* Hoenn Index: 117
* Stage: Stage 1
* Height: 1.1m/3'7"
* Weight: 15.3kg/34.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Levitate
* Type: Ground/Dragon
* Species: Vibration
* Egg Group: Bug
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 120
* Base Experience: 126
* Max Experience: 1059860
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 50 | 70 | 50 | 70 | 50 | 50 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 304 | 262 | 218 | 262 | 218 | 218 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are very good on Vibrava: Ice Move types which are good on Vibrava: Dragon Move types which are bad on Vibrava: Fire, Poison, Rock Move types which don't effect Vibrava: Electric
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Vibrava.

## How to Evolve

Vibrava evolves into Flygon when it reaches Level 45.

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Bite Sand-Attack Faint Attack Sand Tomb | Bite Sand-Attack Faint Attack Sand Tomb |
| 9 | Sand-Attack | Sand-Attack |
| 17 | Faint Attack | Faint Attack |
| 25 | Sand Tomb | Sand Tomb |
| 33 | Crunch | Crunch |
| 35 | Dragonbreath | Dragonbreath |
| 41 | Screech | Screech |
| 49 | Sandstorm | Sandstorm |
| 57 | Hyper Beam | Hyper Beam |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Attract, Dig, Double Team, Earthquake, Facade, Fly, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Protect, Rest, Return, Rock Smash, Rock Tomb, Sandstorm, Secret Power, Solarbeam, Steel Wing, Strength, Sunny Day, Toxic

### Evolution

* RS/FL: Focus Energy, Gust, Quick Attack

## Trading Cards

* EX Dragon #22 - Vibrava
* EX Dragon #46 - Vibrava
* EX Dragon #47 - Vibrava
| Basic: Trapinch | Stage 1: Vibrava | Stage 2: Flygon |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Vigoroth
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 288
* Johto Index: 288
* Hoenn Index: 37
* Stage: Stage 1
* Height: 1.4 meters (4.6 ft)
* Weight: 46.5 kilograms (103 lb)
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Vital Spirit
* Type: Normal
* Species: Wild Monkey
* Egg Group: Ground
* Hatch Steps: 3840
* Catch Rate: 120
* Base Experience: 126
* Max Experience: 1250000
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 80 | 80 | 80 | 90 | 55 | 55 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 364 | 284 | 284 | 306 | 229 | 229 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Vigoroth: Fighting Move types which don't effect Vigoroth: Ghost
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Vigoroth.

## How to Evolve

Vigoroth evolves into Slaking at level 36.

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Scratch Focus Energy Encore Uproar | Scratch Focus Energy Encore Uproar |
| 7 | Encore | Encore |
| 13 | Uproar | Uproar |
| 19 | Fury Swipes | Fury Swipes |
| 25 | Endure | Endure |
| 31 | Slash | Slash |
| 37 | Counter | Counter |
| 43 | Focus Punch | Focus Punch |
| 49 | Reversal | Reversal |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Aerial Ace, Attract, Blizzard, Brick Break, Bulk Up, Cut, Double Team, Earthquake, Facade, Fire Blast, Flamethrower, Focus Punch, Frustration, Hidden Power, Ice Beam, Protect, Rain Dance, Rest, Return, Roar, Rock Smash, Secret Power, Shadow Ball, Shock Wave, Solarbeam, Strength, Sunny Day, Taunt, Thunder, Thunderbolt, Toxic, Water Pulse

### Evolution

* RS/FL: Body Slam, Crush Claw, Curse, Pursuit, Slash, Sleep Talk, Snore

## Trading Cards

* EX Ruby & Sapphire #47 - Vigoroth
* EX Sandstorm #52 - Vigoroth
* EX Deoxys #50 - Vigoroth
| Basic: Slakoth | Stage 1: Vigoroth | Stage 2: Slaking |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Varoom
## Description

A englinelike pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A steel and poison type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 400% of their damage to Varoom: ground Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Varoom: fire Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Varoom: normal, ice, flying, rock, dragon, steel, poison Moves that deal 25% of their damage to Varoom: grass, bug, fairy Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Varoom: poison

## How to Evolve

Evolves to Revavroom.

## Notes

Introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Veluza
## Description

A fishlike Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A water and psychic type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Veluza: grass, electric, bug, ghost, dark Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Veluza: fire, water, ice, steel, fighting, psychic
# Sanskrit/Vocabulary nouns

Nouns in Sanskrit have three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and one of three genders(masculine, feminine and neuter).
They also have eight cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, and locative.

### अकारान्तः पुंलिङ्ग: कूप शब्दः

| विभक्ति | एकवचन | द्विवचन | बहुवचन |
| प्रथमा | कूपः | कूपौ | कूपाः |
| द्वितीया | कूपम् | कूपौ | कूपान् |
| तृतीया | कूपेन | कूपाभ्याम् | कूपैः |
| चतुर्थी | कूपाय | कूपाभ्याम् | कूपेभ्यः |
| पञ्चमी | कूपात् | कूपाभ्याम् | कूपेभ्यः |
| षष्ठी | कूपस्य | कूपयोः | कूपानाम् |
| सप्तमी | कूपे | कूपयोः | कूपेषु: |
| सम्बोधन | हे कूप | हे कूपौ | हे कूपाः |
# Sardinian/Alphabet

It's a typical Latin-derived alphabet, as follows
* A (A)
* B (Bi)
* C (Ci)
* D (Di)
* E (E)
* F (Efa)
* G (Gi)
* H (Aca)
* I (I)
* J (Jota)
* K (Kappa)
* L (Ella)
* M (Emma)
* N (Enna)
* O (O)
* P (Pi)
* R (Erra)
* S (Essa)
* T (Ti)
* TZ (Zeta surda)
* U (U)
* V (Vu)
* X (Ìchisi)
* Z (Zeta sonora)
# Sardinian/Cardinal numbers

* Unu = 1
* Duos = 2
* Tres = 3
* Battor = 4
* Chimbe = 5
* Ses = 6
* Sette = 7
* Otto = 8
* Nove = 9
* Deche = 10
* Undichi = 11
* Doichi = 12
* Treichi = 13
* Battordichi = 14
* Bindichi = 15
* Seichi = 16
* Dechessette = 17
* Decheotto = 18
* Dechennove = 19
* Binti = 20
* Bintunu = 21
* Bintiduos = 22
* Bintitres = 23
* Trinta = 30
* Trintunu = 31
* Trintaduos = 32
* Trintatres = 33
* Baranta = 40
* Barantunu = 41
* Barantaduos = 42
* Barantatres = 43
* Chimbanta = 50
* Chimbantunu = 51
* Chimbantaduos = 52
* Chimbantatres = 53
* Sessanta = 60
* Sessantunu = 61
* Sessantaduos = 62
* Sessantatres = 63
* Settanta = 70
* Settantunu = 71
* Settantaduos = 72
* Settantatres = 73
* Ottanta = 80
* Ottantunu = 81
* Ottantaduos = 82
* Ottantatres = 83
* Novanta = 90
* Novantunu = 91
* Novantaduos = 92
* Novantatres = 93
* Chentu = 100
* Chent'e unu = 101
* Chent'e duos = 102
* Chent'e tres = 103
* Chentuchimbantunu = 151
* Duchentos/-as = 200
* Duchentos/-as e unu/-a = 201
* Duchentos/-as e duos/-as = 202
* Duchentos/-as e tres = 203
* Duchentos/-as bintitres = 223
* Trechentos/-as = 300
* Battochentos/-as = 400
* Chimbichentos/-as == 500
* Seschentos/-as = 600
* Settechentos/-as = 700
* Ottochentos/-as = 800
* Novechentos/-as = 900
* Milli = 1000
* Mill'e unu/-a = 1001
* Mill'e duos/-as = 1002
* Duamiza = 2000
* Tremiza = 3000
* Battomiza = 4000
* Chimbemiza = 5000
* Semiza = 6000
* Settemiza = 7000
* Ottomiza = 8000
* Novemiza = 9000
* Dechemiza = 10000
* Doichimiza = 12000
* Bintunamiza e deche = 21010
# Sardinian/Interjections

* Balla! = Wow!
* Bene! = Good!
# Sardinian/Articles
## Definite

| | Singular | Plural |
| Masculine | Su = the | Sos = the |
| Feminine | Sa = the | Sas = the |

## Indefinite

| Masculine | Feminine |
| Unu = a | Una = a |
# Sardinian/Prepositions

Prepositions go before a noun, pronoun, adjective or verb to indicate their function in a sentence; and may be simple, contracted or improper.

## Simple prepositions

* A = to
* Chin o Cun = with
* De = of
* Dae = from / by
* In = in
* Pro = because of / to
* Tra = between / among
* Peri = towards

## Contracted prepositions

These are generally formed by simple prepositions + the definite article.
* A su / sa ; A sos / sas
* Chin su / sa ; Chin sos / sas
* De su / sa ; De sos / sas
* Dae su / sa ; Dae sos / sas
* In su / sa ; In sos / sas

## Improper prepositions

* Sutta = under / beneath / below
* Supra = above
* Sicunde = according to
* Chentza = without
* Francu = with the exception of

## Prepositional phrases

* In fattu [de] = behind
* Finas / Fintzas [a] = until
* Prima [de] = before
* [a] Pustis [de] = after
* [a] Curtzu [de] = near / close to
* [in] S'oru [de] = near to the edge of
* Attesu [dae] = far (away) from
* Innedda [dae] = far (away) from
* [a] Largu [dae] = far (away) from
* Paris [chin] = together with
* Affaccu [de] = next to
* [a] Costazu [de] = next to
* Contr'[a] = against
* [a] Cara [de] = before / in front of
* Fora [de] = out of / outside of
* Intro [de] = inside / within
* [in] Cambiu [de] = in exchange for / in return for
* Imbetzes [de] = instead of
* Because of the abovementioned pronunciation rules, the pronunciation of the prepositions is as follows:
       A ssu / ssa ; A ssos / ssas
       Chi' ssu / ssa ; Chi' ssos / ssas
       De ssos / ssas ; De ssos / ssas
       Dae su / sa ; Dae sos / sas
       I' ssu / ssa ; I' ssos / ssas
       I 'ffattu 'e ...
       Affacch 'e ...
* In spoken form, when in o chin are bound to the indefinite article unu / -a, a -d is added.
       Cantande ind unu tzilleri (Singing in a bar)
       Fipo chind un'amica (I was with a friend)
* In spoken form, the -D of De often is not pronounced; so that the preposition becomes 'e.
# Sanskrit/Verbs

present tense, parasmaipada
the verb is formed by putting a personal affix on the verbal root, sometimes using an infix.
endings:
    ti, tha, nti
    si, thah, tha
    ami, avah, amah
    -ति, -थ, -न्ति
    -सि, -थः, -थ
    -अमि, -अवः, -अमः
infixes:
    1P: -अ-
    4P: -य-
    10P: -अय-
for verbs in the 1, 4, and 10 class, the vowel in the verbal root is strengthened to its gunah substitute, eg:
तृ (1P) (to cross over) -- to form the 1st person singular, we convert "ऋ" to "अर्", giving "तर्". we then add the infix for 1P verbs, "-अ-", to get "तर". then we add the 1st person singular ending, "ति" to get the conjugated verb, "तरति" ("he crosses over").
गम् (1P) (to go) -- to form the 3rd person singular, we convert "गम्" to "गच्छ्". we then add the infix for 1P verbs, "-अ-", to get "गच्छ". we then add the postfix "अमि" to get the conjugated form "गच्छामि".
चुर् (10P) (to steal) -- to form 1st person plural, we change "चुर्" to "चोर्", then add infix "-अय-" and termination "-न्ति" to form "चोरयन्ति" ("they steal").
# Sardinian/Colours, months and seasons
## Dies (days)
### Sa chida (the week)

| Sardu | English |
| Lunis | Monday |
| Martis | Tuesday |
| Mércuris | Wednesday |
| Jòbia | Thursday |
| Chenàpura | Friday |
| Sàpadu | Saturday |
| Dumìnica | Sunday |

### Festas (holidays)

| Sardu | English |
| Prima di'e Annu | New Year's Day |
| Pasca de sos tres Res | Epiphany |
| Pasca de Frores | Pentecost/Whitsunday |
| Mes'Agustu | Mid-August/feast of the assumption |
| Pasca 'e Nadale | Christmas |
| Pasca | Easter |

## Meses (months)

| Sardu | English |
| Jannàrju | January |
| Freàrju | February |
| Màrtu | March |
| Aprìle | April |
| Màju | May |
| Làmpadas | June |
| Trìbulas | July |
| Agùstu | August |
| Capidànne | September |
| Santu Gabìne | October |
| Sant'Andrìa | November |
| Nadàle | December |

## Istajones (seasons)

| Sardu | English |
| Berànu | Spring |
| Istíu | Summer |
| Attùnzu | Fall/Autumn |
| Ibèrru | Winter |

## Colores (colours)

| Sardu | English |
| Biancu (archaic: Arbu) | white |
| Nigheddu | black |
| Ruju | red |
| Grogu | yellow |
| Blu | blue |
| Biaitu | azure / sky-blue |
| Birde | green |
| Aranzu | orange |
| Tabachìnu | brown |
| Murru | gray |
| Rosa | pink |
# Sardinian/Ordinal numbers
## Ordinal numbers serving as adjectives

* Primu/-a = first
* Sicundu/-a = second
* Tertzu/-a = third
* Cuartu/-a = fourth
* Cuìntu/-a = fifth
* Sestu/-a = sixth
* Sèttimu/-a = seventh
* Ottavu/-a = eighth
* Nonu/-a = ninth
* Décimu/-a = tenth

## Ordinal numbers serving as pronouns

* Su 'e unu = the first
* Su 'e duos = the second
* Su 'e tres = the third
* Su 'e battor = the fourth
* Su 'e chimbe = the fifth
* Su 'e ses = the sixth
* Su 'e binti = the twentieth
* Su 'e bintunu = the twenty-first
* Su 'e bintiduos = the twenty-second
* Su 'e trinta = the twenty-third
* Su 'e chentu = the one hundredth
* Su 'e milli = the one thousandth
# Practical Electronics/555

The 555 timer IC is a very versatile and useful component and can be used for many things, from giving clock pulses to switch debouncing and as an output transducer. The basic 555 IC is housed in an 8-pin carrier, and these come in DIL and SOIC formats. They run from 3-15V, and are generally quite hardy devices. The name "555" originated from a design feature, as there are three 5 kilo ohm resistors present in the input voltage divider network of the device.

## Pinout

The 555 has 8 pins. The layout of these pins is shown to the right and the function of these pins in given in the table below.
| Pin | Abbrv. | Name | Function |
| 1 | GND | Ground Supply | This is the 0V Power Supply pin for the IC |
| 2 | TR | Trigger | A low voltage (less than 1/3 Vcc) starts the timer |
| 3 | Q | Output | This is where the output signal comes from |
| 4 | RST | Reset | A low state on this pin resets the timer, which will not be enabled until the Pin goes high again. |
| 5 | CV | Control Voltage | This is used to adject the trigger voltage. Usually, it is unused, and is connected to ground to avoid noise in the circuit. |
| 6 | THR | Threshold | This pin stops the timer when the voltage reaches 2/3 Vcc. |
| 7 | DIS | Discharge | This pin is connected to ground when the output goes low. This is used to control timing in certain applications. |
| 8 | +V | Positive Supply | The positive voltage supply to the chip. Must be between 3 and 15V. |
# Practical Electronics/7400 Series/Labelling

74 and 54 Series ICs all have a code on the top of the carrier body. This can be printed (usually in white) or etched. It consists of a "core" code which identifies the IC's function, and the type of electronics used within it. This is often supplemented by manufacturer's prefixes and suffixes which give information about the manufacturer and the carrier's physical form.

## Core Code
### Device Family

* 74 means a "commercial grade" device, suitable for general use.
* 54 means a "military grade" device, for use in more hostile environments.

### Device Type

| Code | Meaning |
| TTL ||
| (none) | Standard TTL |
| N | Standard TTL |
| L | Low-power TTL |
| S | Schottky TTL |
| LS | Low-power Schottky TTL |
| AS | Advanced Schottky TTL |
| ALS | Advanced Low-power Schottky TTL |
| F | Fast TTL |
| CMOS ||
| C | CMOS |
| HC | High-speed CMOS, inputs CMOS compatible |
| HCT | High-speed CMOS, inputs TTL compatible |
| AC | Advanced CMOS, inputs CMOS compatible |
| ACT | Advanced CMOS, inputs TTL compatible |
| AHC | Advanced High-speed CMOS, inputs CMOS compatible |
| AHCT | Advanced High-speed CMOS, inputs TTL compatible |
| LV | Low-voltage CMOS |
| LVC | Low-voltage CMOS |
| ALVC | Advanced Low-voltage CMOS, inputs CMOS compatible |
| ALVT | Advanced Low-voltage CMOS, inputs TTL compatible |
| AUC | Advanced Ultra-Low-voltage CMOS |
| AUP | Advanced Ultra-Low-power CMOS |
| AVC | Advanced Very-Low-voltage CMOS Logic |
| FCT | Fast CMOS |
| GTLP | Gunning Transceiver Logic Plus |
| BiCMOS ||
| BCT | BiCMOS |
| ABT | Advanced BiCMOS |
| LVT | Low-Voltage BiCMOS |
| ALB | Advanced Low-Voltage BiCMOS |
| ABTE | Advanced BiCMOS / Enhanced Transceiver Logic |
| FB | Backplane Transceiver Logic |
| GTL | Gunning Transceiver Logic |
| HSTL | High-speed Transceiver Logic |
| SSTL | Stub Series Terminated Logic |
| SSTU | Stub Series Terminated Logic (Ultra-Low-voltage) |
| SSTV | Stub Series Terminated Logic (Very-Low-voltage) |

### Device Function

This code tells you what the IC does. There are hundreds of these codes. Many common ones are given on the 74 Series page.

## Manufacturer Information
### Prefix

This tells you which company made the IC. There a many hundred of different prefixes, and dozens of manufacturers, some sharing the same prefix. As these prefixes are not unique to the 74 Series of ICs, these prefixes are listed separately and can be found here.

### Suffix

This tells you the type of package that the IC comes in, for example a DIP. It can also give information about the material (e.g. ceramic or plastic). These suffixes are not unique to the 74 Series of ICs, and as such, they are listed on a separate page, here.
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Individual pulsars
## Individual pulsars
### PSR J0437-4715
### PSR J1107-5907

| Parameter | Value |
| Right ascension | 11:07:34 |
| Declination | -59:07:18 |
| Period (s) | 0.25 |
| Dispersion measure (cm$^{-3}$pc) | 40.2 |
| Binary | No |
This pulsar has at least two emission states. Usually, it is thought to have three states: strong, weak and "off", but Young et al. (2014) suggested that the "off" state may actually be the bottom end of the pulse-intensity distribution of the weak state. They also showed that the pulsar remains in the strong state for ~200-6000 pulses with apparent nulls of up to a few pulses at a time.
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Education and outreach
## Introduction

Pulsar astronomers study massive objects, with the strongest magnetic fields known, that are spinning so fast that (at least for some pulsars) their surface is moving nearly at the speed of light. Pulsars are used to study supermassive binary black holes in the centres of merging galaxies, to search for ripples in space-time and perhaps to navigate space-craft through the Galaxy. Not surprisingly pulsar astronomy can grab the public or student interest. Here we provide some useful tools for making pulsar research accessible to the general public and describe some of the many pulsar-based outreach activities.
A review of high-school level astronomy research projects (which contains many pulsar projects) is given by Fitzgerald et al. (2014).

## Pulsar sounds

Recordings of pulsar sounds can be obtained from the CSIRO website or from this archive from the Jodrell Bank observatory.
Pulsars have also been included in music. Some examples include:
* Mysterium Tremendum - Mickey-Hart Band
* Gerard Grisey - Le noir de l'Etoile (Les pulsars)

## Images and animations

Animations of pulsars and gravitational waves can be accessed from:
* The CSIRO pulsar animations page

## PULSE@Parkes

PULSE@Parkes was established in 2007 and allows high-school students carry out real-time observations of known pulsars using the Parkes 64-m radio telescope. To date, student and teacher groups from around Australia and in the USA, Canada, Japan, England, Netherlands and Wales have taken part in the project. All data from the PULSE@Parkes project are publically available. See this website for more details.

## Pulsar search collaboratory

The Pulsar Search Collaboratory (PSC) began in 2008 and is run by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and West Virginia University. In this project, teachers and students are trained in radio and pulsar astronomy techniques. They then go back to their schools to work on related projects. There have been a number of discoveries made by the PSC students.

## ARCC

The Arecibo Remote Command Center (ARCC) is based at the University of Texas in Brownsville. Students carry out pulsar searches using the 305m Arecibo Radio telescope and analyse their data. There is now also an ARCC at the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee.
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Nasopharynx

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
* Staging
* Overview
* Early Stage
* Advanced_Stage
# Radiation Oncology/Head & Neck/Nasopharynx/Ho's Technique

* Patients immobilized in flexed head position in the initial phase (dose: 40 Gy / 20 fx)
* Three field arrangement:
(1) Opposed lateral fields: irradiate the upper cervical lymphatics (up to level III) en bloc
(2) Anterior field: irradiate the lower field
* Shielding of the lateral fields to adjust for the beam overlap with the anterior field
* Midline shield placed in the lower anterior field throughout the treatment
* Brainstem shielded with 5 HVL block (0.5 cm behind the upper edge of the clivus and 1 cm below the lower edge)
* Eye with 5 HVL shield placed 1.5 cm behind the lateral canthus
* Posterior tongue shielded with standard block
* Upper half of the pituitary Foss shielded
* Three field arrangement used in the boost phase (dose prescribed: 22.5 / 9 fx):
(1) Replanned in the extended head position with oral stent
(2) Anterior cervical-facial field used in all patients
(3) Lower border of the lateral fields reduced down to the level of angle of mandible
(4) Dose reduction allowed for TM joints, ears, parotids, and pinnae
* Posterior oblique boost given after the second phase in patients with parapharyngeal disease (dose prescribed: 20 Gy / 10 fx)
(1) Field usually 5.5 cm * 8 cm in size
(2) Ascending ramus of the mandible shielded in this phase
# Scienceshow/Cryogenics/Shooting Corks
## Overview

In this experiment, corks are launched out of a tube using liquid nitrogen pressure.

## Safety
### Safety Class

Very dangerous (Should only be attempted after careful training)

### Required Safety Equipment

* The show performer: Glasses and Cryogenic gloves

## Materials

* Corks (real ones, not the plastic ones)
* Tube which is closed on one end
* Hammer
* Liquid nitrogen

## Procedure

Put the liquid nitrogen into the tube. Take a cork and hammer it down the tube. Wait for a while, and the cork will launch itself off.

### Alternative methods

Some people use a plastic bottle instead of a tube. This is more dangerous, because the plastic bottle is less strong.

### Dangers

* Make sure you always hold the tube while the cork is on (to prevent it from falling over)
* Make sure you always hit the cork only once. If you try to hit it a second time, it might launch itself while you are hitting it, hit the hammer, and fly into the audience.

### Other Factors

This experiment does not work if the tube is too cold. Never do this experiment twice in a row with the same tube.

## Explanation
### What's taking place

The gas in the tube evaporates, and when the pressure is high enough, the cork is pushed out.

### In the real world

Cannon work like this, only instead of evaporation they use a chemical reaction to produce gas.

### Acknowledgements

Experiment developed by Stichting Rino
Page made possible by EuroPhysicsFun
* Links to this guide in other languages: English.