# Contents

* Simple texts
* National anthems
* GNU Free Documentation License

# News story

From wikinews:fr:Premier incendie de l'été en région PACA/Brève

## Vocabulary

| brûler | to burn |
| l'incendie | fire |

## The news story

30 juin 2005. – Une centaine d'hectares de forêt a brûlé jeudi après-midi en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.Le Centre opérationnel départemental d'incendie et de secours du Var a déclaré que le terrain était « très difficile d'accès en raison de la densité de la végétation ».
Toutefois, avec l'aide d'importants moyens (huit avions, et deux hélicoptères), les pompiers espèrent maîtriser l'incendie avant la nuit bien que le feu soit attisé par un vent d'ouest. Les raisons de l'incendie restent inconnues, une enquête est ouverte.
Ce premier feu de forêt de l'été fait craindre une situation difficile pour les pompiers : les spécialistes craignent une situation similaire à celle de l'été 2003 lors duquel plusieurs centaines d'hectares du massif des Maures avaient été ravagés.

## Questions

* Why was the area where the fire had burned difficult to access?
* Why do the firefighters want to control the fire before nightfall?
* What happened during the summer of 2003?

# Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen =
## Introduction and context

This text has founded the French republic after the revolution which ended the absolute monarchy in 1789.

## Vocabulary

| le droit | right |
| le citoyen | citizen |
| l'oubli (m.) | forgetting, neglect |
| le mépris | contempt |
| le malheur | misfortune, problem |
| solennel | solemn, formal |
| afin que | in order that |
| le devoir | duty |
| le pouvoir | power |
| le but | aim, purpose |
| fonder | to found |
| le bonheur | good fortune, happiness |
| l'Être suprême | the Supreme Being |
| suivant | following |
| naître | to be born |
| demeurer | to remain |
| libre | free |
| égal | equal |
| l'utilité commune | the common good |
| la propriété | property |
| la sûreté | safety |
| nuire à quelqu'un | to harm or injure somebody |
| les bornes (f.) | bounds, limits |
| la jouissance | enjoyment |
| la loi | law |
| défendre | to forbid, to prohibit |
| nuisible | harmful |
| empêcher | to prevent |
| contraint | constrained, forced |
| ordonner | to order, to command |
| la volonté | will |
| concourir à | to contribute to |
| protéger | to protect |
| punir | to punish |
| obéir | to obey |
| coupable | culpable, guilty |
| la peine | penalty, sentence |
| évidemment | obviously, evidently |
| antérieurment | previously, beforehand |
| pourvu que | provided that |
| la pensée | thought, idea |
| imprimer | to print |
| nécessiter | to require, to necessitate |
| ceux auxquels elle est confiée | those in whom it is trusted |
| l'entretien (m.) | maintenance, upkeep |
| la dépense | expense, expenditure |
| la quotité | proportion, rate |
| l'assiette (f.) | basis, means of assessment |
| le recouvrement | means of collection |
| la durée | duration |
| demander compte à quelqu'un de quelque chose | to ask somebody to account for something |
| priver | to deprive |
| si ce n'est lorsque | if it is not the case that, except when |

## Text introduction

Les représentants du peuple français, constitués en Assemblée nationale, considérant que l'ignorance, l'oubli ou le mépris des droits de l'homme sont les seules causes des malheurs publics et de la corruption des gouvernements, ont résolu d'exposer, dans une Déclaration solennelle, les droits naturels, inaliénables et sacrés de l'homme, afin que cette Déclaration, constamment présente à tous les membres du corps social, leur rappelle sans cesse leurs droits et leurs devoirs; afin que les actes du pouvoir législatif, et ceux du pouvoir exécutif pouvant à chaque instant être comparés avec le but de toute institution politique, en soient plus respectés; afin que les réclamations des citoyens, fondées désormais sur des principes simples et incontestables, tournent toujours au maintien de la Constitution et au bonheur de tous.

## Text Declaration of Rights

En conséquence, l'Assemblée nationale reconnaît et déclare, en présence et sous les auspices de l'Être suprême, les droits suivants de l'homme et du citoyen:
* Article premier - Les hommes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits. Les distinctions sociales ne peuvent être fondées que sur l'utilité commune.
* Article II - Le but de toute association politique est la conservation des droits naturels et imprescriptibles de l'homme. Ces droits sont la liberté, la propriété, la sûreté, et la résistance à l'oppression.
* Article III - Le principe de toute souveraineté réside essentiellement dans la nation. Nul corps, nul individu ne peut exercer d'autorité qui n'en émane expressément.
* Article IV - La liberté consiste à faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui: ainsi l'exercice des droits naturels de chaque homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres membres de la société la jouissance de ces mêmes droits. Ces bornes ne peuvent être déterminées que par la loi.
* Article V - La loi n'a le droit de défendre que les actions nuisibles à la société. Tout ce qui n'est pas défendu par la loi ne peut être empêché, et nul ne peut être contraint à faire ce qu'elle n'ordonne pas.
* Article VI - La loi est l'expression de la volonté générale. Tous les citoyens ont droit de concourir personnellement, ou par leurs représentants, à sa formation. Elle doit être la même pour tous, soit qu'elle protège, soit qu'elle punisse. Tous les citoyens, étant égaux à ses yeux, sont également admissibles à toutes dignités, places et emplois publics, selon leurs capacités et sans autre distinction que celle de leurs vertus et de leurs talents.
* Article VII - Nul homme ne peut être accusé, arrêté ni détenu que dans les cas déterminés par la loi, et selon les formes qu'elle a prescrites. Ceux qui sollicitent, expédient, exécutent ou font exécuter des ordres arbitraires, doivent être punis; mais tout citoyen appelé ou saisi en vertu de la loi doit obéir à l'instant; il se rend coupable par la résistance.
* Article VIII - La loi ne doit établir que des peines strictement et évidemment nécessaires, et nul ne peut être puni qu'en vertu d'une loi établie et promulguée antérieurement au délit et légalement appliquée.
* Article IX - Tout homme étant présumé innocent jusqu'à ce qu'il ait été déclaré coupable, s'il est jugé indispensable de l'arrêter, toute rigueur qui ne sera pas nécessaire pour s'assurer de sa personne doit être sévèrement réprimée par la loi.
* Article X - Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, même religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par la loi.
* Article XI - La libre communication des pensées et des opinions est un des droits les plus précieux de l'homme: tout citoyen peut donc parler, écrire, imprimer librement, sauf à répondre de l'abus de cette liberté, dans les cas déterminés par la loi.
* Article XII - La garantie des droits de l'homme et du citoyen nécessite une force publique: cette force est donc instituée pour l'avantage de tous et non pour l'utilité particulière de ceux auxquels elle est confiée.
* Article XIII - Pour l'entretien de la force publique et pour les dépenses d'administration, une contribution commune est indispensable. Elle doit être également répartie entre tous les citoyens, en raison de leurs facultés.
* Article XIV - Chaque citoyen a le droit, par lui-même ou par ses représentants, de constater la nécessité de la contribution publique, de la consentir librement, d'en suivre l'emploi et d'en déterminer la quotité, l'assiette, le recouvrement et la durée.
* Article XV - La société a le droit de demander compte à tout agent public de son administration.
* Article XVI - Toute société dans laquelle la garantie des droits n'est pas assurée, ni la séparation des pouvoirs déterminée, n'a pas de Constitution.
* Article XVII - La propriété étant un droit inviolable et sacré, nul ne peut en être privé, si ce n'est lorsque la nécessité publique, légalement constatée, l'exige évidemment, et sous la condition d'une juste et préalable indemnité.

## Questions
# La Cigale et la Fourmi
## The fable

| En français La Cigale, ayant chanté Tout l'été, Se trouva fort dépourvue Quand la bise fut venue: Pas un seul petit morceau De mouche ou de vermisseau. Elle alla crier famine Chez la Fourmi sa voisine, La priant de lui prêter Quelque grain pour subsister Jusqu’à la saison nouvelle. « Je vous paierai, lui dit-elle, Avant l’Août, foi d’animal, Intérêt et principal. » La Fourmi n’est pas prêteuse: C’est là son moindre défaut. « Que faisiez-vous au temps chaud ? Dit-elle à cette emprunteuse. — Nuit et jour à tout venant Je chantais, ne vous déplaise. — Vous chantiez ? J’en suis fort aise. Eh bien ! Dansez maintenant. » | In English The cicada, having sung All summer long, Found herself sorely deprived When the north wind arrived: Not a single morsel Of fly or tiny worm. She went to plead famine At the house of the Ant her neighbor, Praying her to lend her Some grain to survive Until the new season. “I will pay you,” she said to her, “Before August, on my honour as an animal, Interest and principal.” The Ant is not a lender: That is the least of her faults. “What were you doing in warm weather?” She said to this borrower. “Night and day to all that came I sang, if you please.” “You sang? I am very glad. Well! Dance now.” |

## Questions
# Le Corbeau et le Renard
## Vocabulary

| le corbeau | crow |
| le renard | fox |
| allécher quelqu'un | to give someone an appetite, to make one's mouth water |
| mentir | to lie |
| le ramage | song (of a bird) |
| montrer | to show |
| la proie | prey |
| le flatteur | flatterer |
| vivre aux dépens de quelqu'un | to live at someone's expense |
| honteux | ashamed |
| confus | embarrassed |
| jurer | to swear |

## The fable

| En français Maître Corbeau, sur un arbre perché, Tenait en son bec un fromage. Maître Renard, par l’odeur alléché, Lui tint à peu près ce langage : « Hé ! bonjour, Monsieur du Corbeau. Que vous êtes joli ! Que vous me semblez beau ! Sans mentir, si votre ramage Se rapporte à votre plumage, Vous êtes le Phénix des hôtes de ces bois. » A ces mots le Corbeau ne se sent pas de joie ; Et pour montrer sa belle voix, Il ouvre un large bec, laisse tomber sa proie. Le Renard s’en saisit, et dit : « Mon bon Monsieur, Apprenez que tout flatteur Vit aux dépens de celui qui l’écoute : Cette leçon vaut bien un fromage, sans doute. » Le Corbeau, honteux et confus, Jura, mais un peu tard, qu’on ne l’y prendrait plus. | In English Mr. Crow, sitting in a tree, Held a piece of cheese in his beak. Mr. Fox, mouth watering from the scent, Uttered almost precisely this to him: “Hey! Good morning, Mr. Crow. How lovely you are! You look so beautiful! Without lying, if your songs Are in keeping with your feathers, You are the Phoenix of the inhabitants of these woods.” With these words the Crow feels nothing but delight. And to show off his beautiful voice, He opens a wide beak and lets his prey fall. The Fox grabs it and said: “My dear sir Learn that every flatterer Lives at the expense of the one who listens to him. This lesson is worth a piece of cheese, no doubt.” The Crow, ashamed and embarrassed, Swore, but a bit late, that he would never be fooled again. |

## Questions
# Les Deux Mulets
## The fable

Deux mulets cheminaient, l’un d’avoine chargé,
L’autre portant l’argent de la gabelle
Celui-ci, glorieux d’une charge si belle,
N’eût voulu pour beaucoup en être soulagé.
Il marchait d’un pas relevé,
Et faisait sonner sa sonnette :
Quand, l’ennemi se présentant,
Comme il en voulait à l’argent,
Sur le mulet du fisc une troupe se jette,
Le saisit au frein et l’arrête.
Le mulet, en se défendant,
Se sent percé de coups ; il gémit, il soupire.
Est-ce donc là, dit-il, ce qu’on m’avait promis ?
Ce mulet qui me suit du danger se retire ;
Et moi j’y tombe et je péris !
— Ami, lui dit son camarade,
Il n’est pas toujours bon d’avoir un haut emploi :
Si tu n’avais servi qu’un meunier, comme moi,
Tu ne serais pas si malade.

## Questions

What were the mules carrying?

# L'Aube Nouvelle
## Introduction
## Vocabulary

| le prix du sang - the price of blood | chanter - to sing | éclatant(e) - bright, glorious |
| le drapeau - flag | présager - to predict |

## The Anthem

| French lyrics | English Translation |
| 1er couplet : Jadis à son appel, nos aïeux sans faiblesse Ont su avec courage, ardeur, pleins d'allégresse Livrer au prix du sang des combats éclatants. Accourez vous aussi, bâtisseurs du présent, Plus forts dans l'unité, chaqu'jour à la tâche, Pour la postérité, construisez sans relâche. | First Verse Formerly, at her call, our ancestors Knew how to engage in mighty battles With strength, courage, ardour, and full of joy, but at the price of blood. Builders of present, you too, join forces Each day for the task stronger in unity. Build without ceasing for posterity. |
| Refrain : Enfants du Bénin, debout! La liberté d'un cri sonore Chante aux premiers feux de l'aurore; Enfants du Bénin, debout! | Chorus Children of Benin, arise! The resounding cry of freedom Is heard at the first light of dawn, Children of Benin, arise! |
| 2e couplet : Quand partout souffle un vent de colère et de haine. Béninois, sois fier, et d'une âme sereine, Confiant dans l'avenir, regarde ton drapeau! Dans le vert tu liras l'espor du renouveau, De tes aïeux le rouge évoque le courage; Des plus riches trésors le jaune est le présage. | Second Verse When all around there blows a wind of anger and hate: Citizen of Benin be proud, and in a calm spirit Trusting in the future, behold your flag! In the green you read hope of spring; The red signifies the courage of your ancestors; The yellow fortells the greatest treasures. |
| Refrain Enfants du Bénin, debout! La liberté d'un cri sonore Chante aux premiers feux de l'aurore; Enfants du Bénin, debout! | Chorus Children of Benin, arise! The resounding cry of freedom Is heard at the first light of dawn, Children of Benin, arise! |
| 3e couplet : Tes monts ensoleillés, tes palmiers, ta verdure, Cher Bénin, partout font ta vive parure. Ton sol offre à chacun la richesse des fruits. Bénin, désormais que tes fils tous unis D'un fraternel élan partagent l'espérance De te voir à jamais heureux dans l'abondance. | Third Verse Beloved Benin, your sunny mountains, palm trees, and green pastures Show everywhere your brightness; Your soil offers everyone the richest fruits. Benin, from henceforth your sons are united With one brotherly spirit sharing the hope of seeing you Enjoy abundance and happiness forever. |
| Refrain Enfants du Bénin, debout! La liberté d'un cri sonore Chante aux premiers feux de l'aurore; Enfants du Bénin, debout! | Chorus Children of Benin, arise! The resounding cry of freedom Is heard at the first light of dawn, Children of Benin, arise! |

## Questions

First, read just the French.
1. The first and last line in the chorus says '? in Benin rise' in English. What is the '?'.
2. In the first line of the first verse, 'son' is used. Does this mean his, her or their?
3. 'Quand' is the first word in the second verse. What does it mean in English?

# La Brabançonne
## The Anthem

| French lyrics | |
| O Belgique, ô mère chérie, À toi nos coeurs, à toi nos bras, À toi notre sang, ô Patrie ! Nous le jurons tous, tu vivras ! Tu vivras toujours grande et belle Et ton invincible unité Aura pour devise immortelle : Le Roi, la Loi, la Liberté ! Aura pour devise immortelle : Le Roi, la Loi, la Liberté ! Le Roi, la Loi, la Liberté ! Le Roi, la Loi, la Liberté ! | English Translation Noble Belgium - for ever a dear land - We give you our hearts and our arms. By the pure blood spilt for you, our Fatherland, We swear with one cry - You will live! You will live, always great and beautiful, And your invincible unity Will have as your immortal emblem - For King, Justice and Liberty! Will have as your immortal emblem - For King, Justice and Liberty! For King, Justice and Liberty! For King, Justice and Liberty! |

## Questions

1. What are the last 3 lines in English?
2. What is the blood spilt for Belgium described as in the third line?

# Le cantique suisse
## History of the Anthem

Originally written in German, the Swiss Psalm has been translated into all the official Swiss languages. The Swiss government has written a history of the Swiss anthem, known as the Swiss Psalm.
The often mentioned three-stanza English translation, exemplified below, is closer to the German lyrics arrangement than the French lyrics arrangement. However the versions by all languages are generally similar in spirit throughout with sentences rearranged or restructured within or beyond a stanza for example.

### German 1st Stanza

    Trittst im Morgenrot daher,
    Seh' ich dich im Strahlenmeer,
    Dich, du Hocherhabener, Herrlicher!
    Wenn der Alpenfirn sich rötet,
    Betet, freie Schweizer, betet!
    Eure fromme Seele ahnt
    Gott im hehren Vaterland,
    Gott, den Herrn, im hehren Vaterland.

### Common English translation of German 1st Stanza

    When the morning skies grow red
    And o'er us their radiance shed,
    Thou, O Lord, appearest in their light.
    When the Alps glow bright with splendour,
    Pray to God, to Him surrender,
    For you feel and understand,
    That He dwelleth in this land.

## The Swiss Psalm

| French lyrics | English Translation |
| 1re strophe Sur nos monts, quand le soleil Annonce un brillant réveil, Et prédit d'un plus beau jour le retour, Les beautés de la patrie Parlent à l'âme attendrie; Au ciel montent plus joyeux Au ciel montent plus joyeux Les accents d'un coeur pieux, Les accents émus d'un coeur pieux. | 1st stanza Upon our mounts, when the sun announces a brilliant awakening and predicts the return of a beautiful day The beauties of the fatherland, speaks to the tender soul to heaven it joyfully rises to heaven it joyfully rises the sentiments of a pious heart the touching sentiments of a pious heart |
| 2e strophe Lorsqu'un doux rayon du soir Joue encore dans le bois noir, Le coeur se sent plus heureux près de Dieu. Loin des vains bruits de la plaine, L'âme en paix est plus sereine, Au ciel montent plus joyeux Les accents d'un coeur pieux, Les accents émus d'un coeur pieux. | 2nd stanza When a gentle evening ray plays once more in the darkened woods the heart feels happier near God, Far from the vain noises of the plain the heart at peace is more serene To heaven it joyfully rises to heaven it joyfully rises the sentiments of a pious heart the touching sentiments of a pious heart |
| 3e strophe Lorsque dans la sombre nuit La foudre éclate avec bruit, Notre coeur pressent encore le Dieu fort; Dans l'orage et la détresse Il est notre forteresse; Offrons-lui des coeurs pieux Offrons-lui des coeurs pieux Dieu nous bénira des cieux, Dieu nous bénira du haut des cieux. | 3rd stanza When in the sombre night the thunder bursts with loudness our heart approaches once more the great Lord; In the storm and in the distress it is our fortress offer Him our pious hearts offer Him our pious hearts God, bless us from the heavens God, bless us from the highest heavens. |
| 4e strophe Des grands monts vient le secours; Suisse, espère en Dieu toujours ! Garde la foi des aïeux, Vis comme eux ! Sur l'autel de la patrie Mets tes biens, ton coeur, ta vie ! C'est le trésor précieux C'est le trésor précieux Que Dieu bénira des cieux, Que Dieu bénira du haut des cieux. | 4th stanza From the great mountains comes assistance Swiss, have hope in God always! Guard the faith of the forefathers, as they did! On the altar of the fatherland Place your wealth, your heart, your life! It is a precious treasure It is a precious treasure That God will bless from the heavens That God will bless from the highest heavens. |

## Questions
# La Marseillaise
## Introduction

The song was written and composed in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strastburg during the French Revolution, and was originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin". It was adopted as the national anthem in 1795. It acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by people marching on the capital.

## How To Read The Anthem

You will not get much out of the anthem if you skim through it or only know the meanings of half the words. There are two ways you can read it. The first is to read the French text and English translation below. The second way will lead to a greater understanding of the anthem, but is more time consuming. Read a line, look up words you don't know, then continue on to the next line. When you finish reading a verse, you should reread both in French and English to make sure you understand both the overall picture and each line. It may be necessary to repeat this several times. After reading the entire anthem once, quickly read it a second time. You should be able to reread it in no time at all. If you find yourself having trouble rereading the anthem, read it a third time until you are comfortable reading it.

## Vocabulary

| Word | English meaning |
| la Patrie | fatherland |
| le citoyen | citizen |

## The Anthem

| French lyrics | English Translation |
| I. Allons enfants de la Patrie Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! Contre nous de la tyrannie L'étendard sanglant est levé (bis) Entendez-vous dans les campagnes Mugir ces féroces soldats ? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras. Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes ! | Verse I Arise children of our fatherland, The day of glory has arrived! Against us, tyranny, Has raised its bloodied banner, (1) Do you hear in the fields The howling of these fearsome soldiers? They are coming up into your arms (2) To slit the throats of your sons and consorts! |
| Refrain : Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | Refrain To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| II. Que veut cette horde d'esclaves De traîtres, de rois conjurés ? Pour qui ces ignobles entraves Ces fers dès longtemps préparés ? (bis) Français, pour nous, ah ! quel outrage Quels transports il doit exciter ? C'est nous qu'on ose méditer De rendre à l'antique esclavage ! | Verse II What does this horde of slaves, Traitors, and plotting kings want? For whom these vile chains These long-prepared irons? Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage, What fury must it arouse? It is us they dare plan To return to the old slavery! |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| III. Quoi ces cohortes étrangères ! Feraient la loi dans nos foyers ! Quoi ! ces phalanges mercenaires Terrasseraient nos fils guerriers ! (bis) Grand Dieu ! par des mains enchaînées Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient De vils despotes deviendraient Les maîtres des destinées. | Verse III What! These foreign cohorts! They would make laws in our courts! What! These mercenary phalanxes Would cut down our warrior sons Good Lord! By chained hands Our brow would yield under the yoke The vile despots would have themselves be The masters of destiny |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| IV. Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides L'opprobre de tous les partis Tremblez ! vos projets parricides Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix ! (bis) Tout est soldat pour vous combattre S'ils tombent, nos jeunes héros La France en produit de nouveaux, Contre vous tout prêts à se battre. | Verse IV Tremble, tyrants and traitors The shame of all good men Tremble! Your parricidal schemes Will receive their just reward Against you we are all soldiers If they fall, our young heroes France will bear new ones Ready to join the fight against you |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| V Français, en guerriers magnanimes Portez ou retenez vos coups ! Épargnez ces tristes victimes À regret s'armant contre nous (bis) Mais ces despotes sanguinaires Mais ces complices de Bouillé Tous ces tigres qui, sans pitié Déchirent le sein de leur mère ! | Verse V Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors Bear or hold back your blows Spare these sad victims That they regret taking up arms against us But not these bloody despots These accomplices of Bouillé All these tigers who mercilessly Ripped out their mothers' wombs |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| VI. Amour sacré de la Patrie Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs Liberté, Liberté chérie Combats avec tes défenseurs ! (bis) Sous nos drapeaux, que la victoire Accoure à tes mâles accents Que tes ennemis expirants Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire ! | Verse VI Sacred patriotic love Lead [and] support our avenging arms Liberty, cherished liberty Fight back with your defenders Under our flags, let victory Hurry to your manly tone So that your enemies, in their last breath [before death] See your triumph and our glory! |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| VII. Couplet des enfants Nous entrerons dans la carrière Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus Nous y trouverons leur poussière Et la trace de leurs vertus (bis) Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre Que de partager leur cercueil Nous aurons le sublime orgueil De les venger ou de les suivre ! | Verse VII We shall enter the career (3) When our elders will no longer be there There we shall find their ashes [lit. dust] And the mark of their virtues [We are] Much less jealous of surviving them Than of sharing their coffins [For] We shall have the sublime pride Of avenging or joining [lit. following] them |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| VIII. Couplet supprimé par Servan, Ministre de la Guerre en 1792 ||
| Dieu de clémence et de justice Vois nos tyrans, juge nos coeurs Que ta bonté nous soit propice Défends-nous de ces oppresseurs Tu règnes au ciel et sur terre Et devant Toi, tout doit fléchir De ton bras, viens nous soutenir Toi, grand Dieu, maître du tonnerre. | English God of mercy and justice See our tyrants, judge our hearts Thy goodness be with us Defend us from these oppressors You reign in heaven and on earth And before You all must bend In your arms, come support us You Great God, Lord of the thunder. |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| Couplets supplémentaires - Additional Verses ||
| IX. Peuple français, connais ta gloire ; Couronné par l'Égalité, Quel triomphe, quelle victoire, D'avoir conquis la Liberté ! (bis) Le Dieu qui lance le tonnerre Et qui commande aux éléments, Pour exterminer les tyrans, Se sert de ton bras sur la terre. | English French people, know thy glory Crowned by Equality, What a triumph, what a victory, To have won Liberty! The God who throws thunder And who commands the elements, To exterminate the tyrants Uses your arm on earth. |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| X. Nous avons de la tyrannie Repoussé les derniers efforts ; De nos climats, elle est bannie ; Chez les Français les rois sont morts. (bis) Vive à jamais la République ! Anathème à la royauté ! Que ce refrain, partout porté, Brave des rois la politique. | English Of tyranny, we have Rebuffed its last efforts; From our climes, it is banished; Among the French the kings are dead. May the Republic live forever! Anathema to royalty! May this refrain, sung everywhere, Defy politics to kings. |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| XI. La France que l'Europe admire A reconquis la Liberté Et chaque citoyen respire Sous les lois de l'Égalité ; (bis) Un jour son image chérie S'étendra sur tout l'univers. Peuples, vous briserez vos fers Et vous aurez une Patrie ! | English France that Europe admires Has reconquered Liberty And every citizen breathes Under the laws of Equality; One day its beloved image Will extend throughout the universe. Peoples, you will break your chains And you will have a fatherland! |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| XII. Foulant aux pieds les droits de l'Homme, Les soldatesques légions Des premiers habitants de Rome Asservirent les nations. (bis) Un projet plus grand et plus sage Nous engage dans les combats Et le Français n'arme son bras Que pour détruire l'esclavage. | English Trampling on the rights of Man, The soldierly legions Of Rome's first inhabitants Enslaved nations. A larger project, and wiser, Engages us in battle And the Frenchman only arms himself In order to destroy slavery. |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| XIII. Oui ! déjà d'insolents despotes Et la bande des émigrés Faisant la guerre aux Sans-Culottes Par nos armes sont altérés ; (bis) Vainement leur espoir se fonde Sur le fanatisme irrité, Le signe de la Liberté Fera bientôt le tour du monde. | English Yes! already insolent despots And the band of emigrants Waging war on the sans-culottes By our weapons are altered; Vainly their hope is based On piqued fanaticism The sign of Liberty Will soon spread around the world. |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| XIV. O vous ! que la gloire environne, Citoyens, illustres guerriers, Craignez, dans les champs de Bellone, Craignez de flétrir vos lauriers ! (bis) Aux noirs soupçons inaccessibles Envers vos chefs, vos généraux, Ne quittez jamais vos drapeaux, Et vous resterez invincibles. | English O you! that glory surrounds, Citizens, illustrious warriors, Fear, in the fields of Bellona, Fear the sullying of your laurels! To dark unfounded suspicions Towards your leaders, your generals, Never leave your flags, And you will remain invincible. |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
| XV. Enfants, que l'Honneur, la Patrie Fassent l'objet de tous nos vœux ! Ayons toujours l'âme nourrie Des feux qu'ils inspirent tous deux. (bis) Soyons unis ! Tout est possible ; Nos vils ennemis tomberont, Alors les Français cesseront De chanter ce refrain terrible : | English Children, let Honor and the Fatherland Be the object of all our wishes! Let us always have souls nourished By fires that might inspire both. Let us be united! Anything is possible; Our vile enemies will fall, Then the French will cease To sing this terrible refrain: |
| (refrain) ||
| French Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons | English To arms, citizens! Form your battalions! Let us march, let us march! Let impure blood (of our enemies) Soak the furrows (of our fields) |
(1) The sentence (in French) is inverted, the non-literal translation is : "The bloody banner of tyranny is raised against/before us" but it may be also "Protect us against tyranny, The bloody banner is raised" (2) Here and in the next line, this is often sung as "nos" ("our") rather than "vos" ("your"); "vos" remains official. (3) "la carrière" ("the career"), that is, of being in the army.

## Questions
# O Canada
## The Anthem

| French lyrics | English translation O Canada! Land of our forefathers your front is wreathed with a glorious garland of flowers. Because your arm can wield the sword, it is ready to carry the cross. your history is an epic Of the most brilliant exploits. your valour steeped in faith Will protect our homes and our rights Will protect our homes and our rights. |
| O Canada! Terre de nos aïeux, Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux. Car ton bras sait porter l'épée, Il sait porter la croix. Ton histoire est une épopée, Des plus brillants exploits. Et ta valeur, de foi trempée, Protégera nos foyers et nos droits. Protégera nos foyers et nos droits. | English translation O Canada! Land of our forefathers your front is wreathed with a glorious garland of flowers. Because your arm can wield the sword, it is ready to carry the cross. your history is an epic Of the most brilliant exploits. your valour steeped in faith Will protect our homes and our rights Will protect our homes and our rights. |

## Questions
# GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

## 0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

## 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
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The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
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A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

## 2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

## 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

## 4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
* Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
* List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
* State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
* Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
* Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
* Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
* Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
* Include an unaltered copy of this License.
* Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
* Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
* For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
* Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
* Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified version.
* Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
* Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

## 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".

## 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

## 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

## 8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

## 9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

## 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

## 11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

# How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
    Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.