OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# First Aid/Electrocution

Electrocution is a related set of injuries caused by direct contact with live electrical connections. The effects can vary from minor to causing cardiac arrest.

## Actions and Treatment

* Be aware of Danger - The clear danger in this situation is the electrical supply.
** If the victim is still touching a live electrical source, either turn off the power to the source, or break the victim's contact with it. Find a non-conductive object (wooden broom handles are commonly used) and break the contact between the victim and the source. Should the victim be in contact with downed power lines, do not attempt a rescue. Instead, call emergency services and wait for professional rescuers to come and ensure the power lines are no longer live.
* Call an ambulance immediately - all victims of electrocution, whether conscious or unconscious require assessment in hospital.
* After ensuring the area is safe, begin a primary assessment - check ABCs & begin CPR if required.
* Conduct a secondary assessment looking specifically for 2 electrical burns.
** Electrical burns look like third-degree burns, but are not surrounded by first- and second-degree burns. They always come in pairs: an entry wound (smaller) and exit wound (larger). You should cover the wounds with nonstick, sterile dressings. Remember that the most serious problem is rarely the burn, and cardiac arrest is very possible.

### Electrocution causing unconsciousness

Serious electrocution may cause unconsciousness, at least for a brief period. If this is the case, conduct your primary assessment by checking ABCs. If they are not breathing, begin CPR. Airway swelling can occur from being electrocuted. Frequently check the victim's breathing.
If the victim received a serious electric shock, do not put the victim in the recovery position. Head/neck/back injuries along with multiple fractures can occur from strong muscle contractions from being electrocuted. Begin a secondary assessment, looking specifically for 2 or more electrical burns - one entrance wound and one exit wound. Continually evaluate the ABCs. Cardiac rhythm disturbances can quickly cause the victim to go into cardiac arrest.

### Electrocution not causing unconsciousness

Those victims who are not rendered unconscious are likely to feel unwell after the experience, and may well complain of numbness or pins & needles in the area where through the electricity has passed. These victims must still be transported to a hospital for evaluation, as heart rhythm disturbances can lead to cardiac arrest.
# First Aid/D for Deadly Bleeding
## Deadly Bleeding

CPR without enough blood is useless, so a check for deadly bleeding should be included in your primary survey whenever possible.
If your victim is breathing, then you should continue your primary assessment with a check for deadly bleeding.
If your victim isn't breathing, then you'll be doing CPR; a bystander or second trained first aider may be able to perform this check while you continue resuscitation.

### Assessment

With gloved hands check the victim's entire body for bleeding, starting with the head. Stick your hands behind or underneath the victim and remove them, repeating this process every couple of inches until you have reached the victim's heels. If your hands are bloody when you withdraw them, then you've found bleeding. An injury on the head or neck, may indicate a spinal injury, in which case you should keep the victim's head and neck stationary. Be thorough. Blood will seek the lowest level, and a blood soaked sock could be from a knee laceration. Also, hair conceals blood surprisingly well — make sure you check the scalp thoroughly.

### Treatment

The key element in treating severe bleeding is the application of firm, direct pressure to the wound, using sterile gauze or other dressing. If the wound is in a limb, raising it above the heart can help, though this should not be done if there is a risk of disturbing fractures, or if it causes much pain to the victim.
You may also consider using pressure points to control major bleeding: press down on an artery that is between the heart and the wound to slow blood from flowing to the wound. Two easily found ones are on the underside of the bicep area, and the underside of the thigh area of the leg.
Tourniquets may also be useful in controlling massive bleeding such as an amputation. This is not a standard procedure and should only be used as an ABSOLUTE last resort when the victim will die without it. Also, once a tourniquet is applied, it is only removed by a physician.
# First Aid/Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a generalised name given to forms of seizures resulting from damage to certain areas of the brain, notably the Temporal Lobe and the Hippocampus, although others are affected. It manifests in different forms, ranging from Petit Mal seizures, where the experience is of the patient appearing to daydream, or sometimes drool, through to Tonic-Clonic or Grand Mal seizures, which involve loss of consciousness, uncontrolled shaking (often quite violent) and can include loss of bladder and bowel control. In some cases, Basic life support is required during an Epileptic Seizure (also known as a "fit").

## Subforms of Epilepsy

Epileptic seizures can have many different trigger factors - some of the most common include:
* Photosensitivity - The patient suffers a seizure as the result of viewing rapidly flashing lights, such as strobes on an emergency vehicle, or flickering on the TV or a computer monitor. This is usually generated as the result of issues within the Temporal lobe.
* Stress - Simple stress such as too much work, or having a lot of pressure in your job can also trigger Epileptic seizures. These are not as detectable as other kinds, and may be passed over as a one-off.
* Fixation off - Rare. Seizures are triggered by not focusing.

## References

* ↑ Wallace, Sheila J.; Farrell, Kevin (2004). Epilepsy in Children, 2E. CRC Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780340808146.
# First Aid/First Aid Training
## First Aid Training

Reading this manual is no substitute for hands-on first aid training from an instructor qualified by a recognized organization.
Training programs vary from region to region, and we will highlight some of the main programs here.

## North America

* Lifesaving Society: The LSS, Canada's lifeguarding expert, provides first aid training geared toward both lifeguards and public
* Red Cross: The RC has been a leading first aid training organization throughout North America
* St. John Ambulance: provides first aid courses to the public, as well as more advanced training
* Canadian Ski Patrol: provides first aid training for their ski patrollers as well as the public
* Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
* Corporate training programs: there are various corporations which provide their own programs
* Many ambulance and fire services offer basic first aid courses to those who are interested, contact your local Emergency Services Station for more information.

## United Kingdom

* British Red Cross: The British Red Cross is part of the worldwide organization, and provides personal and commercial first aid training
* St John Ambulance: SJA is the other main voluntary provider of first aid training in the UK

## Professional Levels Beyond First Aid

Professional pre-hospital care is provided by local or regional Emergency Medical Services. It is feasible for interested persons to undertake further training. Higher levels of training include:
* First Responder - The first responder level is often aimed at professionals, such as police officers, although in some areas, laypersons can become first responders, designated to reach emergencies before an ambulance
* Emergency Medical Technician - Most ambulance services worldwide qualify their staff as EMTs or an equivalent. The additional skills they have vary between services, however most cover areas such as more advanced spinal care, resuscitation and patient handling. In many countries, first aiders can attain this level of training through voluntary organizations or through private training.
* Paramedic - Paramedics are often the most highly qualified of the ambulance personnel, usually with a range of intravenous drugs and items such as intubation kits. It is unlikely that any non-professional could achieve paramedic level. In many countries, the title is protected, meaning that an unqualified person calling themselves a paramedic could face prosecution.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Bolger

Bolger is an old and wealthy family of Fallohide origin living primarily in Budgeford.

## Important Family Members

* Fredegar Bolger
* Fastolph Bolger
* Rudigar Bolger
* Wilibald Bolger
* Ruby (Bolger) Baggins
* Filibert Bolger
* Odovacar Bolger
* Adaldrida (Bolger) Brandybuck
* Estella (Bolger) Brandybuck
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters

These are the major characters of Lord of the Rings. If you want, see the entire list

## The Fellowship

The Fellowship of the Ring. The most prominently featured characters in the book The Fellowship of the Ring.
* Aragorn
* Boromir
* Frodo
* Gandalf
* Gimli
* Legolas
* Merry
* Pippin
* Sam

## Races

* Elves
* Dwarves
* Men

## Enemies

* Morgoth
* Sauron
* Saruman
* Orcs

#### Families

* Baggins
* Banks
* Boffin
* Bolger
* Bracegirdle
* Brandagamba
* Brandybuck
* Brockhouse
* Burrowes
* Burrows
* Chubb
* Chubb-Baggins
* Cotton
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Adrahil

Adrahil I was a Dúnedain and Man of Gondor and the Prince of Dor-en-Ernil.

## Biography

Adrahil was born sometime before TA 1944. He was of traceable Númenórean lineage. He served King Ondoher of Gondor as a general of the forces of Gondor during the wars with the Wainriders in TA 1944. Whether he was an ancestor of Adrahil II, the father of Imrahil of Dol Amroth, is unknown.

## References

* ↑ Unfinished Tales, Introduction, Part Three, II: "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan"
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Banks

The Banks family was a Hobbit family found in both the Shire and Bree. The name may have referred to dwellings along river Banks.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Boffin

The Boffin (anglicization of Bophîn, name of unknown meaning in Hobbitish Westron) family are a prominent hobbit family of The Shire.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Books
## Short Synopses Available on Wikipedia

* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* The Appendices

## Detailed Plot Summaries

* The Hobbit
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* The Appendices
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Adrahil II

Adrahil II was the twenty-first Prince of Dol Amroth.

## Biography

Adrahil was the only son of Angelimir. He succeeded his father on TA 2977. He was the father of Ivriniel, Finduilas, and the famed Prince Imrahil. He reigned for thirty-three years, during the stewardship of Ecthelion II and the start of Denethor II's.
# English-Hanzi/Health

Health is the condition of the body. It includes the physical and mental conditions.
健康 是 身体 的 状况。它 包括 物理 的 和 精神 的 状况。
# English-Hanzi/Heat

Heat is an energy. Heat is produced when a fuel burns or a electric current goes through a substance.
热 是 一种 能量。当 燃料 燃烧 或 电流 通过 物质 时 产生 热量。
# English-Hanzi/Headache

Special:search/headache prefix:English-Hanzi/
A headache is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside.
头痛 是 头部 痛楚，不是 头部 被 撞击 受伤 而是 内部 受伤。
A headache can be caused by one of several things, which are listed here:
* Fever
* Watching television or looking at a computer screen for a long time.
* Being tired or sleepy.
* As an effect of stress
* By other neurological conditions ('neurological' means touching the nerves and the brain), like with epilepsy
头痛可由以下情况之一引起：
* 发烧
* 看电视或电脑太久
* 疲劳或困倦
* 受压力影响
* 神经系统疾病（“神经系统”指神经和脑部）如癫痫病
# English-Hanzi/Height

A height is a measurement that shows how high of something.
高度 是 显示 某事物 有 多高 的 度量。
# English-Hanzi/Harbor

A harbor is an area of water that boats to stay.
海港 是 船只 停泊 的 水域。
# English-Hanzi/Hearing

Hearing is the sense that is able to hear.
听觉 是 能够 听到 的 感官。
# English-Hanzi/Heart

The heart is a muscular organ. It circulates blood around the body.
心脏 是 肌肉 器官。它 使 血液 在 身体 循环。
# English-Hanzi/Happiness

Happiness is a state of being happy.
快乐 是 开心 的 状态。
# English-Hanzi/Heart failure

Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
心力衰竭是指心脏无法充分泵血以维持血流以满足身体需要。
# English-Hanzi/Halloween

    See also: English-Hanzi/All Saints' Day
Halloween is the festival on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. It is mainly celebrated in the US, Canada, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and etc.
Halloween (哈啰喂，哈喽喂，万圣夜，诸圣夜) 是 10月31日 的 节日，万圣节 的 前夕。主要 在 美国，Canada (加拿大)，英国，Australia (澳大利亚，澳洲)，New Zealand (新西兰，纽西兰) 等 地方 庆祝。
# General Genetics/Ethical Issues

There many ethical issues with cloning, and genetics in general.
In the United states, many supermarkets are already selling genetically modified (GM) foods. Most of the produce usually creates its own pesticide that will eat the insects from the inside out, a trait borrowed from a group of bacteria that, to our knowledge, has no adverse affects on humans. The ethical issue comes into play here: most supermarkets do not advertise these foods as Genetically Modified. Even though no adverse affects are known to date, not allowing the customer to know that they are purchasing GM foods is controversial. There are two main sides of the argument:
* GM foods won't harm you, so why tell the people? If they have adverse affects once you tell them, it could be a self-fulfilling prophecy.
* Even if it won't hurt us, you should still tell us so we have a choice in the matter. That's like giving us a certain drug without telling us: it's not ethical.
If you go into your local supermarket and ask the General Manager if they know whether GM foods are being sold, the answer will probably be a resounding "No", since there is no separate signing for these foods. This reflects an underlying problem with the genetically-modified food discussion. Which foods are genetically modified? Many seedless fruits exist as a result of primitive genetic manipulation in the form of accelerated artificial selection. Products such as corn and apples could not exist without human intervention in the form of breeding and cross-species grafting. If we place the boundary at the laboratory door, we demonize certain foods that have saved billions of lives, specifically golden rice and others with which we have become perfectly comfortable.
The most commonly expressed concern with GM organisms is that their long term effect on the Earth's ecosystem is unknown. For a plant to evolve by natural selection took a long time and there was time for the ecosystem to adapt.
Cloning endangered species may be a good idea to keep the ecosystem in balance.
# General Genetics/Chromosomes

DNA sequences are incredibly long, but they take up very little space within a cell. This feat is accomplished through tightly-controlled DNA condensation.
The first step of DNA condensation involves a class of proteins called histones. DNA molecules are negatively charged due to their sugar-phosphate backbones, and histones are positively charged due to their high concentration of positively-charged amino acids (lysine, arginine, and histidine). Due to their complementary charges, the histones act as spools around which the DNA strands wind. This forms a structure described as beads-on-a-string that is then further condensed to form chromosomes. Because of this, the chromosomal material is referred to as chromatin: not DNA alone, but a combination of DNA and protein.
# General Genetics/Developmental Genetics

Every cell in a multicellular organism contains the same identical genome - yet in a human being there are eye cells, bone cells, and brain cells - which all serve different purposes yet genetically are identical. How can this be?
There are two key differences between cells that we call differentiated.
* Cells differentiate through a complex system that involves the establishment of positional information and cell differentiation through paracrine signaling and other processes.
* The genome interacts with proteins which enable or disable certain genes. Due to the initial developmental processes, a different set of proteins is maintained in a given cell, allowing for an identical genome but with entirely different functions, and proteins.
When development begins, positional information must be established.
Once positional information is established, cells begin to change due to differences in gene transcription among the developing zygote. Some cells become intermediates - cells that would never be found in an adult organism but nonetheless act as a starting point for a number of other cells. These are known as pluripotent cells.
There are 204 different cell types in Human beings - so not every cell can be "unique". When development occurs, pluripotent cells divide and through signalling prescribe a cell fate to a set of cells, known as a developmental field. The end result is a large number of grouped cells all develop identically, into a muscle for example, while a set somewhere else will develop into something else altogether.
# General Genetics/Dominant and Recessive Genes

When Gregor Mendel studied pea plants, he studied one trait (height, flower color, etc.) at a time. As he studied different traits, he found that some versions of a trait tended to dominate over others. For example, he found that some plants produced wrinkled peas (r) instead of the round peas (R) typically observed, eventually attributed to a mutation affecting starch production. But not every plant that has the mutation to produce wrinkled peas. Because many organisms are diploid, which means they have two homologous chromosomes in each set, they have two copies of a locus (one on each chromosome). If one chromosome has the starch mutation (r) but the other chromosome doesn't (R), then the peas produce starch normally and have the rounded shape. In Mendelian genetics, this means that R is dominant over r.
Each individual pea plant has three possible genotypes: "RR," "Rr," and "rr."
This is a case of complete dominance, where the recessive trait is not seen as long as the organism has at least one copy of the dominant gene. This means that there are only two phenotypes: in this case, "round peas" or "smooth peas." Plants with either RR or Rr will produce round peas, whereas only rr plants will produce smooth peas.

## The Molecular Basis of Dominance

We have said that organisms have "pairs" or "sets" of chromosomes, but what does that mean? To explain this point, let's consider humans, which have 23 pairs of chromosomes (for a total of 46 chromosomes). Within each pair, one chromosome was inherited from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent. When we say these chromosomes are "homologous," it does not mean they are genetically identical -- after all, most people do not have genetically identical parents. For chromosomes to be homologous, it simply means that the DNA sequences on each chromosome serve the same function, if not in the exact same way.
Any specific location on a chromosome can be referred to as a "locus" (pl: loci). Homologous chromosomes have the same loci, but they do not necessarily have the same DNA sequence at a given locus. Each unique variation of DNA sequence that can be found at a locus is an allele. In cases of complete dominance, the recessive allele is often nonfunctional. What makes Mendel's round and wrinkled peas a case of complete dominance is that pea plants can produce starch normally as long as they have at least one copy of the allele for normal starch formation.

## Alternative Patterns of Inheritance

Not all loci show this simple dominance. If we represent phenotype on a plot then Complete Dominance would be like this:
Other types are:
# General Genetics/Diseases and Genes

The understanding of genetics among the health sciences community has exploded with the advent of next generation sequencing allowing geneticists to associate regions of DNA with genetic diseases. Genetic diseases and disorders can be caused by aneuploidy, mutated genes, or areas outside the gene that have been mutated to up or downregulate the function of a gene.
Disease geneticists wanting to study can start their research by selecting a known disease, gather a population of both affected and unaffected individuals, and sequence their genomes to see regions of similarity and difference. This process can be assisted by functional genomicists who analyze particular regions of the genome, ideally a gene, and work towards understanding its function. For example, if a functional genomicist uncovered a gene that was crucial in the regulation of insulin production, a geneticist attempting to understand the underlying causes of diabetes would want to know if this gene was of a similar sequence in the genome of affected individuals. For animal genetics, you could mate two affected individuals and sequence the genomes of the affected progeny. Similarity in the area of interest indicates that that region of DNA, and that sequence, are responsible for the genetic disorder.
# General Genetics/Gene Expression

Gene expression is basically the control of the cell over which genes to make and which not to make at a specific time. Now why would a cell want to do this? The example we'll use to explore prokaryotic gene expression is the lac operon. The lac operon controls the transcription of genes to make an enzyme to catalyze lactose. It turns lactose into glucose and galactose, the glucose is used in cell respiration to make energy for the cell. The cell takes lactose from the environment and catalyzes it. But if there is already glucose in the environment whats the point of taking lactose when it requires an extra step to make it useful? The cell takes actions to conserve energy and protein by not making the enzyme required for lactose metabolism.