OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rexx Programming/How to Rexx/switch conditional

Rexx allows our program to examine numerous possible scenarios, one by one, until it finds a scenario which is actually the case. The keywords for doing this are SELECT, WHEN, THEN, and OTHERWISE. When we're done listing out scenarios and their possible responses, we close the construct with END.
After the example script receives its input, it starts running various tests. First, it checks whether the input is even a number. Then, it checks whether the temperature is too low, or too high. If neither of those conditions is met, it reports a normal temperature. After any of the WHEN conditions is met, the program stops checking, executes a line of code, and skips to the end.

## Multiline responses

You can allow more complex functionality by using DO/END blocks.

## Testing more than one variable

WHEN conditions can be as complex as we want them to be. Here's the famous FIZZBUZZ program, which counts normally except for multiples of 3, 5 and 15.

## Isn't this just the same as IF/ELSE?

Yes. If you've already read up on IF statements, you can write the same kind of code using those. SELECT is just an convenience for grouping related conditional constructs, especially if you'd need a whole lot of ELSE IF lines.

## Why "switch"?

Control structures like this are sometimes called "switch conditionals" because some other languages use a "switch" keyword to analyze a single variable and branch to different execution pathways for different cases represented by different possible values. It often works with only a finite number of possible values and doesn't necessarily skip the other tests automatically. The Rexx version is more verbose but also more general. SELECT is often used in Rexx where other languages would have to use IF/ELSE.
# Rexx Programming/Introduction/feature

The rexx scripting language provides:
* simple syntax that is easy to read
* small instruction set containing just two dozen instructions
* freeform syntax
* typeless variables
* character string orientation
* dynamic data handling
* no reserved keywords (except in local context)
* arbitrary numerical precision
* decimal arithmetic
* trailing zeros resulting from nonzero arithmetic operations are preserved
* a selection of builtin functions
* automatic storage management
* simple error handling
* builtin trace and debugging tools
* crash protection
* content addressable data structures
* associative containers
* straightforward access to system commands and facilities
* few artificial limitations
* simplified input and output facilities
* filename association
* unconventional operators
* no nudge operators
* no compound assignment operators
* no generic way to include functions and subroutines from external files
* no integral support for octal notation
* no integral support for regular expressions
# Rexx Programming/How to Rexx/variable assignment

To assign a number to a variable, we use the equal sign (=). The left side names the variable, and the right side contains a value or an expression, potentially including other variables.
It doesn't even just have to be numbers. Any string or valid expression is allowed.
# Rhetoric and Composition

Welcome to the Rhetoric and Composition Wikibook, designed for use as a textbook in first-year college composition programs, written as a practical guide for students struggling to bring their writing up to the level expected of them by their professors and instructors. For more detail, see the Introduction chapter.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Overview: The Writing Process
** Planning and Prewriting
** Collaborating
** Researching
** Drafting
** Editing
** Reviewing
** Revising
** Proofreading
** Publishing
* Genres
** Memoirs
** Reviews
** Commentaries
** Proposals
* Writing Applications
** Analyzing Assignments
** Description
** Narration
** Exposition
** Evaluation
** Argument
* Advanced Topics
** Writing in the Humanities
** Writing in the Sciences
** Writing in Business
** Oral Presentations
** Rhetorical Analysis
** Annotated Bibliography
** Writing for the Web
*** Formality
*** Formatting
*** Utility
*** Navigation
*** Establishing Connections
*** Advice for Writing in Various Venues on the Web
*** Usability Testing
*** Useful Links
*** See Also
* Grammar and Mechanics
** Parts of Speech
** Parts of the Sentence
** Types of Sentences
** Active and Passive Voice
** Punctuation
** Commas
** Semicolons
** Colons
** Apostrophes
** Quotation Marks
** Hyphens and Dashes
** Parentheses
** Capitalization
** Common Errors
** Writing Feedback
** MLA and APA
** Plagiarism
* Teacher's Handbook
** Teaching With Wikitexts
** Creating Effective Assignment Sequences
** Writing as a Process
** Modes of Writing
*** Description
*** Narration
*** Exposition
*** Evaluation
*** Argumentation
** Annotated Bibliography
** Rhetorical Analysis
** Sentence Structure
** Grammar
** Writing in the Humanities
** Writing in the Sciences
** Writing in Business
** Oral Presentations
** Writing for the Web
** Using the Portfolio Method
** Assignment Sheet Database
** Handout Database
** Lesson Plan Database
* Appendices
** Glossary
** Index
** Detailed TOC
** Bibliography
** Authors
** Ask a Question!
** Feature Requests

## Related books

* English
# Rexx Programming/Introduction
## Features

* features
* syntax
# Psychiatric Disorders/Introduction
## What is Psychiatry?

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
However, it should also be noted that recent advances in the field have expanded its scope as the distinction between “psychiatric” disease and “medical” disorders has begun to blur. It is now widely recognized that psychiatric disease is an independent risk factor in the etiology of many disease states and disorders that have traditionally been the viewed as “medical” disorders. For example, depression is now known to increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric disorders also plays a role in the iatrogenic etiology of medical disease. (for example, Diabetes Mellitus, cardiac arrhythmias, and Hypertension).

## Development Status

This volume on Psychiatry is currently in the initial stages of development. Further development will be a project of the Educational Taskforce of the World Psychiatric Association.
For further information, please contact Dan Stein (dan.stein@uct.ac.za).
# Psychiatric Disorders/Mood Disorders/Hypomanic episode

Hypomania is similar to mania, but with less severe symptoms, shorter duration, and less functional impairment.
The actual list of symptoms is identical to mania, except they are less severe in number and intensity. In addition, there is little or no functional impairment. Hypomanic episodes may actually result in increased productivity due to the person’s increased energy level. This contrasts with mania where the individual is too disorganized to accomplish much, despite a greatly augmented energy level. Psychiatric hospitalization (involuntary or voluntary) is not required and psychotic features, not uncommon in full-blown mania, are absent.
--Diagnostic Criteria—
For the mood disorders, DSM-IV describes several types of episodes. These episodes are not disorders in themselves, but descriptions of discrete syndromes, which can form the building blocks of actual disorders.
For a Hypomanic Episode, DSM-IV lists the following criteria:
* The symptoms must last for at least 4 days
* Three or more of the following symptoms (at least 4 if the mood is only irritable):
** grandiosity
** decreased need for sleep
** pressured speech
** racing thoughts or flight of ideas
** distractibility
** increased activity or agitation
** increased engagement in pleasurable butt risky activities
* The episode represents a clear change in the person’s normal behavior
* The episode is observable by others
* The episode is not severe enough to cause marked social or occupational dysfunction
* The symptoms are not secondary (the direct result of a substance or general medical condition)
It is a key feature of Bipolar II disorder, wherein the patient has hypomanic episodes interspersed with major depressive episodes. Additionally, all patients with Bipolar I disorder experience hypomania before progressing to full-blown mania.
# Psychiatric Disorders/Delirium, Dementia, and other Cognitive Disorders

Although most psychiatric disorders are presumed to have an underlying alteration in function, this group are separated off by having a suspected cause in another area of medical specialty. For example, delirium (wikipedia:Delirium), is commonly caused by alterations in brain oxygenation and would be better assessed by a physician to determine possible treatable causes. The organic disorders may have an underlying basis that is treatable or untreatable and treatment may or may not improve symptoms. This group includes Delirium, Dementia and other disorders listed below where they are proved to be secondary to a physical cause (e.g. a mood disorder secondary to changed thyroid function). Disorders which are caused by intoxication or withdrawal may also be consider ed under organic disorders, although we will consider substance use and misuse disorders separately
Dementia Definition: usually permanent disorder of memory, other cognitive functions and overall level of functioning. Major types of Dementia
Alzheimer's Disease Vascular Dementia Lewy Body Dementia
# Psychiatric Disorders/Mood Disorders

The mood disorders are any disorder that can cause an increased or decreased mood. Most of the major mood disorders are characterized by the presence of one or more syndromes: a depressive episode, a manic episode, a hypomanic episode or a mixed episode.
One can picture the possible range of moods on a continuum from dysphoria on one pole to euphoria on the other. Euthymia or a “normal mood” would be in the middle.

## Unipolar Disorders

Disorders that affect only one pole are sometimes called “unipolar disorders.” In theory these could affect either pole, however, in practice this term generally refers to depressive disorders.
The unipolar mood disorders include Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthmia, and the Secondary Depressions.

## Bipolar Disorders

Bipolar Disorders can cause both euphoria and dysphoria. Disorders in this category include Bipolar Disorder, Cyclothymia, and the Secondary Manias.
# Psychiatric Disorders/Mood Disorders/Mixed episode

Some bipolar patients experience an episode that consists of symptoms of both mania and depression. This complicates a simplistic view mood as “bipolar:” having a depressed and manic pole, as if the two moods were mutually exclusive.
The existence of such Mixed Episodes is important in that it can have ramifications for the course of the illness and for treatment. Patients with “mixed mania” seem to recover less quickly and less completely than patients with “classic” mania.

### Diagnostic Criteria

For the mood disorders, DSM-IV describes several types of episodes. These episodes are not disorders in themselves, but descriptions of discrete syndromes, which can form the building blocks of actual disorders.
For a Mixed Episode, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) requires that patients meet the full criteria both a Major Depressive Episode and Manic Episode.
# Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Kinetic Perfection

Enzymes that have achieved kinetic perfection are those whose catalytic velocity is determined solely by the rate at which the substrate is encountered in solution. In other words, their catalytic velocity is diffusion-limited. Such an enzyme would have a k$_{cat}$/K$_M$ value that was equal to k$_1$, which is the rate of formation of the ES (enzyme-substrate) complex.
For such a kinetically perfect enzyme, every encounter between the substrate and enzyme must be productive. In order to accomplish this, attractive electrostatic forces may be utilized in order to ensure that the substrate “bumps into” the active site of the enzyme. These electrostatic forces are termed “Circe effects,” a title that was introduced by the enzymologist William P. Jencks. These electrostatic forces are named after the Greek goddess, Circe, who attracted Odyssseus’s men to her house and changed them into pigs.
# Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Noncompetitive Inhibitor
## General information

Noncompetitive inhibitor can bind to an enzyme with or without a substrate at different places at the same time. It changes the conformation of an enzyme, but it does not change the efficiency of binding or the Km. A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme away from the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme so that even if the substrate can bind, the active site functions less effectively. Most of the time, the inhibitor is reversible. However, this inhibition decreases the turnover number, meaning the rate of reaction decreases. As the inhibitor binds to the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex, it reduces the concentration of enzyme available for proper catalysis. Fewer functional enzymes leads to fewer available active sites and thus a smaller Vmax. Unlike competitive inhibition, raising [S] (substrate concentration) is pointless with noncompetitive inhibition.
A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to a different site that is not the active site of the enzyme and changes the structure of the enzyme; therefore, it blocks the enzyme from converting substrate to product, but it still allows the substrate to bind. Thus, it decreases the rate of the chemical reaction of enzyme and substrate, which can not be changed by increasing concentration of substrate; the binding decreases Vmax and has no change on the Km of the chemical reaction.
E + I − (through a substrate) → ES + I → E + P
ES + I ⇌ ESI → NR (no reaction)
where E is enzyme, I is inhibitor, ES is enzyme-substrate complex, P is product. ESI is the molecule after the inhibitor is bound to the enzyme-substrate complex. ESI cannot form any products, so the later reaction is not allowed (or, no reaction).
Based on the Michaelis-Menten Model, K$_M$, the concentration of the substrate when the velocity is the half of the maximum velocity (or half of the substrates at maximum velocity), remains same, but the maximum velocity is decreased.
The picture shows a double-reciprocal plot of V$_0$ and [S]. The x-intercept is equal to -1/K$_m$ while the y-intercept is 1/V$_{max}$. The slope of the line is K$_m$/V$_{max}$. Thus, the plot shows that there is no change in K$_m$ and V$_{max}$ is decreased. In relation to the original plot, the x intercept stays constant while the y intercept increases along with the slope.
File:Noncompetitive inhibitor.jpg

## References

Berg, Jeremy M., John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer. BIOCHEMISTRY. 6th ed. New York: W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, 2007.
Reece, Jane (2011). Biology. Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-55823-7. {{cite book}}: Text "coauthors+ Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson" ignored (help)
# Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Metalloproteases
## Overview

Metalloproteases contain an active site that has a bound metal ion; this metal is almost always zinc. Metalloproteases are enzymes which catalyze reactions. Although the metal found is almost always zinc, the reactions can proceed with cobalt as well. The metal ion activates a water molecule to carry out a nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl peptide bond. A base is present to help deprotonate the metal-bound water.
There are two major types of metalloproteases: metalloendopeptidases and metalloexopeptidases. Some common metalloproteases that have been studied are carboxypeptidase A and B, as well as thermolysin, which are digestive enzymes. Thermolysin can be observed in its production from the bacteria by the bacteria Bacillus thermoproteolyticus.
File:METALLOPROTEASES.jpg

## Mechanism of Metalloproteases

Metalloproteases contain on their active site usually a bound metal ion (most of the time Zinc). The metal ion activates a water molecule to act as a nucleophile and attack the peptide carbonyl group. Bound to the active site is a base that pulls a proton from the water molecule bound to the metal in order to turn the water molecule into a nucleophile to attack the peptide bond.
# Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (also known as PAH, PheOH, PheH) is an enzyme catalyzing hydroxylation of phenylalanine to make tyrosine. PAH is mainly found in liver and kidneys. More than 500 mutations have been found for PAH.

## Mechanism

    Mechanism of PAH hydroxylation
* First part of the PAH mechanism
* Second part of the PAH mechanism
Like other aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, PAH follows these steps:
* Fe$^{II}$-O-O-BH$_4$ bridge formation and cleavage of O-O bond to form Fe$^{IV}$=O complex
* Attack on Fe$^{IV}$=O to cause hydroxylation of the aromatic amino acid

## Mutation

The most famous example of PAH mutation is related to the genetic disorder phenylketonuria. Patients with PKU have mutation in the PAH gene leading to inactivity of PAH, causing buildup of Phe and subsequent reduced mental development.

## References

* 1 2 Olsson, Elaine et al. "The Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylase Mechanism: A Perspective From Computational Chemistry." Theoretical and Computational Inorganic Chemistry 62 (2010): 437-
# Structural Biochemistry/Enzyme/Maximum velocity
## Introduction

When an enzyme is applied to a reaction, it allows for the reactants to quickly produce the products. However, over time the use of an enzyme on substrates does not continue to accelerate the reaction. This occurs when the enzyme is fully saturated with the substrate. At this point, all of the active sites of the enzymes are occupied. Thus, the reaction reaches a maximal velocity asymptotically and eventually levels off to a constant rate. The maximum velocity is evidence that the enzyme-substrate complex exists. The maximum velocity is also known as the turnover rate, or the number of substrate molecules it can convert to product per unit time. When the enzyme is saturated, all enzymes in the solution are found in ES complexes and thus the formation of the intermediate no longer affects the rate. This means that Vmax is determined only by the rate constant for the formation of product from the ES complex.
File:Maximum velocity.GIF
There is an older method to determine K$_M$ and V$_{max}$. It is used before the invention of computer because it was hard to draw the curve of Michaelis-Menten equation. Therefore, it is impossible to get the exact values of K$_M$ and V$_{max}$ from the curve. This method transforms the Michaelis-Menten equation to a linear line by taking the reciprocal of both sides of the MichaeliS-Menton equation. The y-axis is 1 / V$_{max}$ and the x-axis is 1 / [S]. The slope is K$_M$ / V$_{max}$.
1 / V$_0$ = (K$_M$ / V$_{max}$) • (1 / S) + (1 / V$_{max}$)

## Effects of Reversible Inhibitors

Since the maximum velocity is essentially derived from the rate of product formation from the enzyme-substrate complex (k$_2$) and the initial enzyme concentration ([E$_o$]), the maximum velocity is affected by certain types of reversible inhibitors. (Note: V$_{max}$ = k$_2$[E$_o$].) Out of the different types of reversible inhibitors—competitive, uncompetitive, and noncompetitive—V$_{max}$ is affected only by uncompetitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. For uncompetitive inhibitors, the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex decreases the full potential of product formation from initial enzyme concentration, which lowers the maximum velocity. As for noncompetitive inhibitors, the maximum velocity is also lowered because the inhibitor lowers the concentration of the enzyme. A new maximum velocity is formed in the presence of a pure noncompetitive inhibitor, which will be referred to as V$_{max,i}$ here. This new value can be related to the maximum velocity by: V$_{max,i}$ = V$_{max}$*1/(1+[I]/K$_i$), with [I] representing the concentration of the inhibitor and K$_i$ is the rate constant of the formation of the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex.
# Radiation Oncology/Rectum

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
* Staging
* Official Guidelines
* Overview
* Neoadjuvant Therapy
* Surgery for Rectal Cancer
* Adjuvant Therapy
* Recurrence and Reirradiation
* Randomized Evidence
* NSABP Rectal trials
* Review
# Radiation Oncology/Rectum/Guidelines

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Rectal Cancer Official Guidelines
Screening
* ACS: Colorectal Cancer: Early Detection
** Guideline link
* Joint Consensus Guideline: Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps
** From ACS, ACR, and US Multi-Society Task Force
** 2008 Guideline link PMID 18384785
Tumor Markers
Treatment
Contouring Guidelines
# Radiation Oncology/Rectum/NSABP trials

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Radiation Oncology/Rectum
The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP):
See other NSABP trials and NSABP Colon trials See the NSABP web page.
# Radiation Oncology/Rectum/Review

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Rectal Cancer Review
* Surgical margin
** R0 typically defined as >1 mm
** Prognostic impact on LR and OS
* Neoadjuvant chemo-RT
** Superior over adjuvant chemo-RT: German Rectal Trial
** Superior over neoadjuvant RT alone: EORTC 22921 and FFCD 9203
*** No difference in OS, 5-year ~65%
*** Significant benefit for LR 16-17% -> 8-9%
*** R0 ~90%; ypCR 15-20%
# Ruby on Rails/ActionController/Actions
## Introduction

Now that you worked your way though Models and Views, it's time to get to the last part of MVC: the Controller. Your controller creates the proper data for the view and handles some logic structures. In order to fully understand the whole framework, you should also read about "Routing" to fully understand how things work together.

## Actions

Actions are methods of your controller which respond to requests. For example:
In this example the people controller has two actions: index and show. The action called index is the default action which is executed if no action is specified in the URL. For example:
The index action can also be called explicitly:
The show action must be called explicitly unless a route has been set up (routing will be covered later):
In the example above the number 1 will be available in params[:id]. This is because the default route is:
This indicates that the first part of the path is the controller name, the second part the action name and the third part is the ID. A detailed explanation of routes is provided in its own chapter.