OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB Psychology/Research Methodology/Qualitative Research Methodology

Qualitative research methodology focuses on the observational area of psychological research.

# Qualitative Research Methodology

    Theory and Practice in Qualitative Research
       TPQR1: Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data.
       TPQR2: Explain strengths and limitations of a qualitative approach to research.
       TPQR3: To what extent can findings be generalised from qualitative studies?
       TPQR4: Discuss ethical considerations in qualitative research.
       TPQR5: Discuss sampling techniques appropriate to qualitative research.
       TPQR6: Explain effects of participant expectations and researcher bias in qualitative research.
       TPQR7: Explain the importance of credibility in qualitative research.
       TPQR8: Explain the effect of triangulation on the credibility/trustworthiness of qualitative research.
       TPQR9: Explain reflexivity in qualitative research.
    Interviews
       I1: Evaluate semi-structured, focus group and narrative interviews.
       I2: Discuss considerations involved before, during and after an interview.
       I3: Explain how researchers use inductive content analysis (thematic analysis) on interview transcripts.
    Observations
       O1: Evaluate participant, non-participant, naturalistic, overt and covert observations.
       O2: Discuss considerations involved in setting up and carrying out an observation.
       O3: Discuss how researchers analyse data obtained in observational research.
    Case Studies
       CS1: Evaluate the use of case studies in research.
       CS2: Explain how a case study could be used to investigate a problem in an organisation or group
       CS3: Discuss the extent to which findings can be generalised from a single case study.
# Fukushima Aftermath: Whither the Indian Point Nuke?/Public official interventions

AP National Writer Jeff Donn broke a story June 23, 2011 asserting that due to leaks of radioactive tritium from at "three-quarters" of U.S. NPP's, three U.S. senators asked for a congressional investigation, or a Government Accountability Office investigation, of nuclear power plant safety and regulation, putatively based upon results of an Associated Press investigation. The Senators are
* Barbara Boxer of California, chairs the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
* Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island
* Bernard Sanders of Vermont
The AP report also contends that:
* leaks of radioactive water are "undetected for years [and are] are not going to stop"
* 75% of high rad waste an NPP's are pooled, whereas at DCPP that figure is at 81%

## The New Jersey Oyster Bay angle

The article quotes Janet Tauro, co-founder of Grandmothers, Mothers, and More for Energy Safety near the Oyster Creek, N.J. NPP expressing the point of view that the NRC is "a very closed regulatory agency."
At the GAO, similar demands were brought by New Jersey Senators
* Frank R. Lautenberg
* Robert Menendez

## GAO meeting

On Tuesday June 21, GAO hearings, other speakers included Ed Markey of Massachusetts and Peter Welch of Vermont, who also complained about the alleged leaks.
The article acknowledges, however, that "the NRC has said it disagrees with AP's conclusions" and the Nuclear Energy Institute blasted the report as "selective, misleading reporting".
The AP report also notes that 66 of 104 American nuclear reactors have been relicensed and sixteen are pending.
Despite such assurances, safety activists are laying plans to mobilize the public.
"Now it's mothers and housewives who are concerned about fallout from Fukushima and from reactors in their own neighborhood," Gunter said.
According to the AP report, NJ State Assemblyperson Annette Quijano is "drafting a legislative resolution asked [sic]for stronger federal oversight of the state's four commercial nuclear reactors". However, any such resolution would have no jurisdiction.
The report also indicates that the NRC is preparing a safety report for release in July and quoted Chairman Jaczko as recognizing that the Fukushima disaster was exacerbated by "power outages, spent fuel pools and emergency planning" issues.

## References

* ↑ http://www.sanluisobispo.com/2011/06/23/1654736/senators-demand-congressional.html#storylink=mirelated
# Goats/Pastures

Pastures can be either fields or woodland areas, the latter generally preferred. When possible maintain at least one more pasture than herd groups, to allow pastures to rest.
See Fencing.
Pastures are best defined in early autumn when most plants will be visible for inspection. Grub out any poisonous plants before letting the goats graze, particularly highly toxic plants such as snakeroot, false hellebore, ericaceous plants, aconite, foxglove, etc.
Over winter, knock down or remove stone fruit trees (bark is edible and nutritious).
Make sure to leave access for tractors.
Check fences after weather events.
Make sure shelters are available for rain and snow.
Make sure water is available.
Maintain pathways around both the inside and outside perimeters of the pasture to ensure easy maintenance of the fence and access to the goats.
# Goats/Poisonous Plants

While goats are generally choosy about what they eat, certain plants are quite poisonous and so the goat owner should make sure that these plants are not present in grazing areas.
(Links here are to chapters in A Wikimanual of Gardening)
* Monk's hood
* Milkweeds
* Foxglove
* Hellebores
* Hydrangea (wilted leaves contain cyanide)
* Black Walnut
* Pokeweed
* Cherries (wilted leaves contain cyanide)
* Rhododendrons and Azaleas
* Nightshades
* Yew
* False Hellebores (lethal in small doses)
(chapters:)

## References

* http://netvet.wustl.edu/species/goats/goatpois.txt
* http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/goatlist.html
# Goats/Winter care (mid-Atlantic region)

In cold climates, goats require winter fodder such as hay or cut brush, as well as grain mixes with high protein and sugar content to create ample heat in the rumen.

## Quality "brush fodders"

Most saplings and young branches can be provided for the bark, which has a high nutritional value. Be careful not to use branches or poisonous plants.
* See also Goats/Common poisonous evergreens in the mid-Atlantic region
* Deciduous trees and shrubs in the cherry family can be used during winter, so long as there are no leaves remaining on the plant which could still wilt and produce cyanide.
Roses and some vines (such as honeysuckle) often retail some leaves over winter.
# Goats/Nubians

The Nubian goat is of African and Asian origin. They are most commonly known for their 'Roman nose'. They have pendulous ears, have very high butterfat in their milk, and are the 'talkative' breed of all other breeds of goats. There are currently 7 dairy goat breeds. Alpine, LaMancha, Nigerian Dwarf, Nubian, Oberhasli, Saanen and Toggenburg. These are the dairy breeds - bred for milking. Boers are meat goats - bred for meat.

## Anglo-Nubian

The Anglo-Nubian breed originated in England as a cross between the Old English Milch Goat and the Zariby and Nubian bucks imported from India, Russia, and Egypt. They have been exported to most countries from England and are sometimes referred to as "Nubians" instead of the proper title of "Anglo-Nubian"

### History

The Anglo-Nubian goat is a goat that originated in England.

### Breed characteristics

It is large in size and carries more flesh than other dairy breeds. The Nubian breed standard specifies large size, markings can be any color, the ears are long, pendulous, and the nose is Roman. The Nubian temperament is sociable, outgoing, and vocal. Because of its elongated ears and sleek body, the Nubian is occasionally nicknamed the "Lop-Eared Goat" or "Greyhound Goat".

### Uses

The Nubian's size makes it a very useful dual purpose animal. The Nubian breed leads the way for the dairy breeds in butterfat production: it produces on average, 5% or more butterfat content. This is surpassed only by the Nigerian Dwarf, Pygmy goat and Boer goat breeds, which are less likely to be used for large scale milk production, as for a dairy or cheese making. Because of the higher fat content, the Nubian milk has a better flavor than lower fat milks. Milk production is lower than the Saanen and Alpine breeds.

### Registries
## Nubian (Americas)

Nubians are the most popular breed in the United States.

### Breed standard

The American Dairy Goat Association calls for the Nubian goat breed standards to as:
The Nubian is a relatively large, proud, and graceful dairy goat of mixed Asian, African, and European origin, known for high quality, high butterfat, milk production.
The head is the distinctive breed characteristic, with the facial profile between the eyes and the muzzle being strongly convex (Roman nose). The ears are long (extending at least one inch (2.54 cm) beyond the muzzle when held flat along the face), wide and pendulous. They lie close to the head at the temple and flare slightly out and well forward at the rounded tip, forming a "bell" shape. The ears are not thick, with the cartilage well defined. The hair is short, fine and glossy.
Any color or colors, solid or patterned, is acceptable.

### Registries

American Dairy Goat Association (all general dairy goat breeds)

## References

* ↑ Crowing Hill Farm
# Goats/Wethering

Wethering is the castration of male goats that are to be used for meat, companionship, or brush control. It can be done by banding, crimping, or surgical extraction.
Wethers can make good companions for either bucks or does, are feminine in appearance, and tend to accept the lowest place in the social hierarchy.
# Goats/Veterinary Care

Goats are relatively easy to take care of if provided good forage and play space.
* Wethering
* Budding and Dehorning
* Hoof Trimming
* Parasites
* Travel Fever
* Blockage
* Mastitis
* Chilling
* Goat Anatomy
# Formal Logic/Preliminaries/End of Preliminaries

Places to go
# Formal Logic/Predicate Logic/Start of Predicate Logic

Places to go
# HSC Extension 1 and 2 Mathematics/4-Unit/Polynomials

Polynomials are a subject undertaken by Year 12 students studying the subjects of Mathematics (2U), Mathematics (Ext 1) and further developed for those who are brave enough to attempt the audacious Mathematics Ext 2 syllabus. One must excel in Extension Classical Latin 2 to full appreciate the subject.
# HSC Extension 1 and 2 Mathematics/4-Unit/Graphs

Curve sketching is a way of interpreting a given equation as a diagram. More specifically, this allows students to visually represent limit behaviours in a way that follows university mathematics. In the HSC, curve sketching is predominantly an Extension 2 topic. However, basic graphs can often be asked in Extension 1.

## Graphing ${\frac {1}{f(x)}}$
### 1995 3a (iv)

${\text{Let }}f(x)=-x^{2}+6x-8.$
${\text{On separate diagrams, and without using calculus, sketch the following graphs.}}$ $$ ${\text{Indicate clearly any asymptotes and intercepts with the axes.}}$ $$
# HSC Extension 1 and 2 Mathematics/4-Unit/Integration

Integrals are simply the reverse of a derivative.
# HSC Extension 1 and 2 Mathematics/4-Unit/Mathematical inductions

Mathematical polynomials create further discussion than what ideas lies on the surface. Below the surface lies a whole new world of functions and logarithms where i and -i can find x in the equation x^2=-1.
# HSC Extension 1 and 2 Mathematics/Exponential and logarithmic functions
## Index laws

$a^{x}\times a^{y}=a^{(x+y)}$
$a^{x}\div a^{y}=a^{(x-y)}$

## Derivative of exponential functions

${\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}$

## Derivative of e$^{kx}$, k a constant

${\frac {d}{dx}}e^{kx}=ke^{kx}$
$\int e^{kx}dx={\frac {1}{k}}e^{kx}+c$

## Derivative of log$_e$x

${\frac {d}{dx}}log_{e}x={\frac {1}{x}},x>0$
$\int {\frac {1}{x}}dx=log_{e}x+c$

## Derivative of log$_e$(ax), a > 0

${\frac {d}{dx}}log_{e}(ax)={\frac {1}{x}}$

## Derivative of log$_e$(ax+b)

${\frac {d}{dx}}log_{e}(ax+b)={\frac {a}{ax+b}}$
${\frac {d}{dx}}log_{e}f(x)={\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}$
$\int {\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}dx=log_{e}f(x)$
# HSC Extension 1 and 2 Mathematics/Integration
## Area

* Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: $\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx=F(b)-F(a)$, where ${\frac {d}{dx}}F(x)=f(x)$

## Volume of solids of revolution

Recall that the volume of a solid can be found by $V=Ad\$ where $A$ is the cross-sectional area and $d\$ is the depth of the solid, which is perpendicular to the cross-sectional area.
Similarly, the volume of solids with circular cross sections can be calculated by
* rotating a curve about an axis (generally $x\$ or $y\$ axis)
* integrating to sum the areas of the slices of circles
Since the area of a circle is $A=\pi r^{2}\$, then the integral to evaluate the volume of a solid generated by revolving it around the $x$-axis is $V=\pi \int _{a}^{b}y^{2}dx$
Notice this is a sum of areas of the "slices" of circular cross sections of the solid, i.e. $\sum \pi r^{2}=\pi \sum r^{2}$.

## Approximate integration
### Trapezoidal rule

* One interval (2 function values): $\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\approx {\frac {1}{2}}\times \overbrace {\frac {b-a}{n}} ^{=h}[f(a)+f(b)]$
* $n\$-intervals ($n+1\$ function values): $\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\approx {\frac {h}{2}}\left[f(a)+2\sum f(x_{i})+f(b)\right]$

### Simpson's rule

$\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx\approx {\frac {b-a}{6}}\left[f(a)+4f\left({\frac {a+b}{2}}\right)+f(b)\right]$
# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/History: Nabataeans

At the same time Hasmoneans and Herodians were ruling Judaea, Nabataea, which controlled the modern-day Jordan, southernmost of Syria and Negev Desert, was a powerful state in its own right, and in constant conflict with the Judaean powers. Founded by Nabataeans(ạl-ạ̉nbạṭ), a Northern Arab tribe, Nabataea prospered due to the trade routes passing through its domains. It reached its peak under Aretas III(ḥāritẖaẗu ạltẖãạlitẖi), and later became a vassal of the Romans. It was later annexed into the Empire under Trajan as the Province of Arabia Petraea.
# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/History: Pre-Israelite Canaan
## History-----Pre-Israelite Canaan

Much of pre-Israelite history of the region was unknown, but from what we know we can figure out that for a long time, Canaanites(kenaˈanim), who spoke a language similar to Hebrew or Phoenician, lived in the region. Hebrew Bible showed 7 nations living in the region, included the Canaanites proper, Amorites(emorim), Girgashites(girgashim), Hittites(ẖittim), Jebusites(yvusim), Hivites(ẖiuuim) and Perizzites(perizzim).
The Canaanites were polytheists, whose chief god was called Ba’al(which was also the god of storm), and the chief goddess was called Ashera. Like most ancient peoples, they practiced animal sacrifices, and it’s believed that they practiced child sacrifice by throwing infants into fire. It’s believed by some that Canaanites, like many other ancient Middle East, engaged in sacred prostitution. Canaan was fought among multiple empires, include the Hittite Empire and the Egyptian Empire, during the pre-Israelite period.
The Hyksos invasion of Egypt seemed to bring Habiru, a group of Semites, into the region. The exact relationship between Habiru and Hebrews(or Israelites) remained unclear. The sea people invasion caused mass disruption among the Canaanites and drew certain Canaanite groups against each other, opening the next era, the era of Israelites.
# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/History: Philistines

As mentioned above, Philistines, or Pelishtim, who lived in Philistia(Peleshet) an area that included the modern-day Gaza Strip and Ashqelon subdistrict of Israel, had been one of the major rivals of the Israelites. Being one of the Sea Peoples, most likely from Crete, Philistines founded several cities in the area. Philistines originally spoke a non-Semitic(probably Indo-European) language, but gradually adopted a Canaanite language.
Throughout the Biblical period, Philistines were in frequent conflict with the Israelites. Having brought the metal-smitting skills from the Aegean, they had highly developed weaponry. Their culture, included their diet and the city plans, reflected connections to the Aegean peoples. In the beginning, they were ruled by lords, or sarne. Later, after their defeat by David, the Philistines disintegrated into individual cities, and the cities began to be ruled by kings. The Philistine cities continued to be in conflict with Israelites, until all of them were conquered by Assyrians and Babylonians, and the Philistines gradually ceased to exist as a distinct nation. The term Peleshet, however, gave birth to the Greek term Palaistíni and Latin term Palaestina, and ultimately the term Palestine.
# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/History: Roman Rule

After 6 CE, Judaea was annexed by the Romans, although its self-governing institutions were initially kept. The governors of Judaea were initially called prefects and were under the authority of the Governor of Syria but the title was changed to Procurator later.
Under Pontius Pilate’s tenure as governor of Judaea, situation became severe in Judaea due to the rise of Messianic movements. Situation deteriorated under Caligula as an attempt was made to put a golden imperial statue in the Holy Temple, which was in breach of basic Jewish values.
Under the time of Claudius as emperor, Judaea was, for 3 years, restored as a kingdom for Agrippa, Herod’s grandson, who was a defender of Jewish interest and, unlike most other Herodians, behaved as a true Jewish king and was beloved by the Jewish people. After his death, Judaea reverted to the status of a Roman province.
The later years marked the complete deterioriation of the relationship between Jews and the Romans, and ultimately, in 66 CE, a revolt broke out.
The revolt was a result of rising messianic sentiments and frustration against Roman rule. The Zealots fought against Romans and tried to build a Jewish state. Romans responded to the revolt with a large army under the command of Titus Flavius Vespasianus(Vespasian), who crushed the resistance at Galilee and Transjordan and, after the assassination of Emperor Nero and the brief rule of 3 emperors, was proclaimed Emperor. In 70 CE, after a brave stand, Jerusalem fell to the Romans, and the city and the Temple were destroyed. In 73 CE, the last stand, Masada, fell to the Romans, and the fighters there committed suicide. Titus entered Rome in a great triumph, with the menorah of the Holy Temple being displayed in the procession.
The destruction of the Holy Temple caused mass confusion among Jews, as the Temple was the centre of the Jewish life, but gradually Rabbinical Judaism was able to survive from the destruction of the Holy Temple by adapting itself under the leadership of Yoẖanan ben Zakkai. Jewish life, scholarship and institutions gradually re-developed. Meanwhile, taxation on Jews were increased, while a Roman legion was permanently stationed on Judaea.
Two revolts broke out in Judaea after 70 CE, the first was the revolt of Quietus at the end of Trajan, which broke out among Jews across the Empire. Later, as Hadrian suppressed Jewish customs, the Bar Kochba revolt broke out. Following the revolt, large numbers of Jews were killed or enslaved, the core of Judaea was depopulated, the religion was suppressed and the province was renamed Syria Palaestina. Large numbers of Jews were forced into exile as a result of the suppression of the revolt.
# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/Introduction to the Region

The territory of the former Mandatory Palestine, also referred as Historic Palestine in some contexts, or simply Palestine(filas̊ṭīn) by many Palestinians, and Land of Israel( ˈerets yisraˈel) by Israelis and other Jews, is a region that stretches from Metula in the North to Elat in the South, and from Rafaḥ to the West to the the intersection point between the 1923 border and the Nahal Hermon in the East(excluding Golan Heights, otherwise the Easternmost point would be on the Blue Line near Al-Rafid, Syria). It is divided into several physio-geographic regions, includes the Central Hills, which stretches from Galilee, interrupted by Jezreel Valley, to Samaria Mountains/Nablus Mountains( jibālu nābulusiⁿ) and then to Judaean Mountains/Hebron Mountains( jibālu ạl̊kẖalīli); the Central Plains, which runs from Rosh Haniqra to Gaza Strip, interrupted by only the Mount Carmel, and where most major Israeli cities are located; East of the Central Hills would be the Jordan Valley, which, as a part of the greater Syria-East African Rift Valley, includes the Galilee Panhandle, the entire length of the River Jordan, the Lake Kinneret, and the Dead Sea, and then through Arava and ultimately to the Gulf of Elat(Gulf of Aqaba); and ultimately Negev, the desert that occupies half of the area between the River and the Sea.
Golan Heights, which is outside the territory of former Mandatory Palestine but currently controlled by Israel, is a hilly region with an average elevation of 1000m. On its borders with Lebanon is the Mount Hermon, which, at 2236m, is the highest point controlled by Israel.
The highest point of the region of former Mandatory Palestine is the top of Mount Meron, which is 1208m above sea level. The lowest point is at the Dead Sea, which is around 400m below Sea Level.
The most important river of the region is the River Jordan, which stretches through the border of the former Mandatory Palestine and Jordan(Transjordan before 1949). Another major river is the River Yarkon, which empties into the Mediterranean at Tel Aviv-Yafo. The River Qishon runs through Jezreel before entering the Mediterranean at Haifa. Most other rivers in the region are wadis, which are ephemeral.
Much of the region has a Mediterranean Climate, while the rest has a Desert climate.
# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/Human Geography

The land of former Mandatory Palestine is the homeland of two major peoples, the Jewish people and the Palestinian Arab people, as well as the home to minorities like the Druze, Galilean Bedouins, Negev Bedouins and Circassians.
Around 7039214 Arabs(include Palestinians, Druze and Bedouins) and 7276400 “Jews and others(include Jews, people with Jewish ancestry who not considered Jews by Jewish law, Circassians and some other groups)” live in Israel and the Palestinian territories(include Golan Heights) in mid-2020. Aside from West Bank and Gaza, other areas with an Arab majority include Western Galilee, “the Triangle” in Haifa District along the Green Line, parts of Northern Negev and in Arabic-speaking neighbourhoods of various Israeli cities; while Jews are a majority in rest of the populated areas and in the settlement blocs that comprise around 6% of West Bank. Around half of Israeli Jews are descendants of Mizrahi Jews emigrated, airlifted or expelled from various Arab countries, other Israeli Jews are descended from Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe or from other Jewish groups.
The terms “Arab Citizens of Israel”, “Israeli Arabs” and “Palestinian Citizens of Israel” are overlapping but not synonymous, as Druze and Bedouins in general do not consider themselves Palestinians. Among the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel, some prefer calling themselves “Israeli Arabs” or “Israeli+(confessional group)”, others prefer to call themselves Palestinians.
Most Palestinians and Israeli Arabs are Muslims, a minority of them are Christians(include different confessions). The Druze are a unique ethno-religious group in Levant who practice a syncretic religion, and who are usually loyal to the country they reside in.
Israeli Jews are often classified by religious observance in Israeli political discourse: The largest group is secular(ẖilloni), the second largest is traditional(masoratiyyim), Orthodox(datiyyim) and Ultra-Orthodox(ẖaredim).
The dialect spoken by Arabs in the region is South Levantine Arabic, or Palestinian Arabic. South Levantine Arabic spoken in Israel has absorbed many Hebraisms due to frequent contact with Israeli Jews.
Israeli Hebrew is largely free of regionalisms due to its late revival, although Jews with origin in different parts of the world pronounce Hebrew words differently.