OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economic Sophisms/64

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />is interested in their exclusion. Well, be it so;—if consumers are interested in the free admission of natural light, the producers of artificial light are equally interested in its prohibition.
But, again, you may say that the producer and consumer are identical. If the manufacturer gain by protection, he will make the agriculturist also a gainer; and if agriculture prosper, it will open a vent to manufactures. Very well; if you confer upon us the monopoly of furnishing light during the day,—first of all, we shall purchase quantities of tallow, coals, oils, resinous substances, wax, alcohol—besides silver, iron, bronze, crystal—to carry on our manufactures; and then we, and those who furnish us with such commodities, having become rich will consume a great deal, and impart prosperity to all the other branches of our national industry.
If you urge that the light of the sun is a gratuitous gift of nature, and that to reject such gifts is to reject wealth itself under pretence of encouraging the means of acquiring it, we would caution you against giving a death-blow to your own policy. Remember that hitherto you have always repelled foreign products, because they approximate more nearly than home products to the character of gratuitous gifts. To comply with the exactions of other monopolists, you have only half a motive; and to repulse us simply because we stand on a stronger vantage-ground than others would be to adopt the equation, + x + = —; in other words, it would be to heap absurdity upon absurdity.
Nature and human labour co-operate in various proportions (depending on countries and climates) in the production of commodities. The part which nature executes is always gratuitous; it is the part executed by human labour which constitutes value, and is paid for.
If a Lisbon orange sells for half the price of a Paris orange, it is because natural, and consequently gratuitous, heat does for the one, what artificial, and therefore expensive, heat must do for the other.
When an orange comes to us from Portugal, we may conclude that it is furnished in part gratuitously, in part for an onerous consideration; in other words, it comes to us at half-price as compared with those of Paris.
# Economic Sophisms/59

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"The economist school will blame me, no doubt, for arguing with M. Lestiboudois. To attack the balance of trade, it will be said, is to fight with a windmill.
But take care. The doctrine of the balance of trade is neither so antiquated, nor so sick, nor so dead as M. Gauthier would represent it, for the entire Chamber—M. Gauthier himself included—has recognised by its votes the theory of M. Lestiboudois.
I shall not fatigue the reader by proceeding to probe that theory, but content myself with subjecting it to the test of facts.
We are constantly told that our principles do not hold good, except in theory. But tell me, gentlemen, if you regard the books of merchants as holding good in practice? It appears to me that if there is anything in the world which should have practical authority, when the question regards profit and loss, it is commercial accounts. Have all the merchants in the world come to an understanding for centuries to keep their books in such a way as to represent profits as losses, and losses as profits? It may be so, but I would much rather come to the conclusion that M. Lestiboudois is a bad economist.
Now, a merchant of my acquaintance having had two transactions, the results of which were very different, I felt curious to compare the books of the counting-house with the books of the Customhouse, as interpreted by M. Lestiboudois to the satisfaction of our six hundred legislators.
M. T. despatched a ship from Havre to the United States, with a cargo of French goods, chiefly those known as articles de Paris, amounting to 200,000 francs. This was the figure declared at the Customhouse. When the cargo arrived at New Orleans it was charged with 10 per cent. freight and 30 per cent. duty, making a total of 280,000 francs. It was sold with 20 per cent. profit, or 40,000 francs, and produced a total of 320,000 francs, which the consignee invested in cottons. These cottons had still for freight, insurance, commission, etc., to bear a cost of 10 per cent.; so that when the new cargo arrived at Havre it had cost 352,000 francs, which was the figure entered in the Customhouse books. Finally M. T. realized upon this return cargo 20 per cent. profit, or 70,400 francs; in other words, the cottons were sold for 422,400 francs.
# Economic Sophisms/61

<pagequality level="4" user="SonjaNBohm" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"them, and impose them on your fellow-citizens to the utmost of your power.
The truth is, it would be necessary to take the balance of trade backwards [au rebours], and calculate the national profits from foreign trade by the excess of imports over exports. This excess, after deducting costs, constitutes the real profit. But this theory, which is true, leads directly to free trade. I make you a present of it, gentlemen, as I do of all the theories in the preceding chapters. Exaggerate it as much as you please—it has nothing to fear from that test. Suppose, if that amuses you, that the foreigner inundates us with all sorts of useful commodities without asking anything in return, that our imports are infinite and exports nil, I defy you to prove to me that we should be poorer on that account.
# Economic Sophisms/62

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />
TO MESSIEURS THE MEMBERS OF THE CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES.
GENTLEMEN,—You are on the right road. You reject abstract theories, and have little consideration for cheapness and plenty. Your chief care is the interest of the producer. You desire to emancipate him from external competition, and reserve the national market for national industry.
We are about to offer you an admirable opportunity of applying your—what shall we call it? your theory? No; nothing is more deceptive than theory; your doctrine? your system? your principle? but you dislike doctrines, you abhor systems, and as for principles, you deny that there are any in social economy: we shall say, then, your practice, your practice without theory and without principle.
We are suffering from the intolerable competition of a foreign rival, placed, it would seem, in a condition so far superior to ours for the production of light, that he absolutely inundates our national market with it at a price fabulously reduced. The moment he shows himself, our trade leaves us—all consumers apply to him; and a branch of native industry, having countless ramifications, is all at once rendered completely stagnant. This rival, who is no other than the Sun, wages war to the knife against us, and we suspect that he has been raised up by perfidious Albion (good policy as times go); inasmuch as he displays toward that haughty island a circumspection with which he dispenses in our case.
What we pray for is, that it may please you to pass a law ordering the shutting up of all windows, sky-lights, dormer-windows, outside and inside shutters, curtains, blinds, bull's-eyes; in a word, of all openings, holes, chinks, clefts, and fissures, by or through which the light of the sun has been in use to enter houses, to the prejudice of the meritorious manufactures with which we flatter ourselves we have accommodated our country,—a country which, in gratitude, ought not to abandon us now to a strife so unequal.
We trust, Gentlemen, that you will not regard this our request as a satire, or refuse it without at least previously hearing the reasons which we have to urge in its support.
And, first, if you shut up as much as possible all access to natural light, and create a demand for artificial light, which of our French manufactures will not be encouraged by it?
If more tallow is consumed, then there must be more oxen and sheep; and consequently, we shall behold the multiplication of artificial meadows, meat, wool, hides, and above all, manure, which is the basis and foundation of all agricultural wealth.
If more oil is consumed, then we shall have an extended cultivation of the poppy, of the olive, and of rape. These rich and exhausting plants will come at the right time to enable us to avail ourselves of the increased fertility which the rearing of additional cattle will impart to our lands.
Our heaths will be covered with resinous trees. Numerous
# Economic Sophisms/63

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />swarms of bees will, on the mountains, gather perfumed treasures, now wasting their fragrance on the desert air, like the flowers from which they emanate. No branch of agriculture but will then exhibit a cheering development.
The same remark applies to navigation. Thousands of vessels will proceed to the whale fishery; and, in a short time, we shall possess a navy capable of maintaining the honour of France, and gratifying the patriotic aspirations of your petitioners, the undersigned candlemakers and others.
But what shall we say of the manufacture of articles de Paris? Henceforth you will behold gildings, bronzes, crystals, in candlesticks, in lamps, in lustres, in candelabra, shining forth, in spacious warerooms, compared with which those of the present day can be regarded but as mere shops.
No poor resinier from his heights on the seacoast, no coalminer from the depth of his sable gallery, but will rejoice in higher wages and increased prosperity.
Only have the goodness to reflect, Gentlemen, and you will be convinced that there is, perhaps, no Frenchman, from the wealthy coalmaster to the humblest vender of lucifer matches, whose lot will not be ameliorated by the success of this our petition.
We foresee your objections, Gentlemen, but we know that you can oppose to us none but such as you have picked up from the effete works of the partisans of free trade. We defy you to utter a single word against us which will not instantly rebound against yourselves and your entire policy.
You will tell us that, if we gain by the protection which we seek, the country will lose by it, because the consumer must bear the loss.
We answer:
You have ceased to have any right to invoke the interest of the consumer; for, whenever his interest is found opposed to that of the producer, you sacrifice the former. You have done so for the purpose of encouraging labour and increasing employment. For the same reason you should do so again.
You have yourselves obviated this objection. When you are told that the consumer is interested in the free importation of iron, coal, corn, textile fabrics—yes, you reply, but the producer
# Economic Sophisms/60

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"If M. Lestiboudois desires it, I shall send him an extract from the books of M. T. He will there see at the credit of the profit and loss account—that is to say, as profits—two entries, one of 40,000, another of 70,400 francs, and M. T. is very sure that his accounts are accurate.
And yet, what do the Customhouse books tell M. Lestiboudois regarding this transaction? They tell him simply that France exported 200,000 francs' worth, and imported to the extent of 352,000 francs; whence the honourable deputy concludes "that she had expended and dissipated the profits of her anterior economies, that she is impoverishing herself, that she is on the high road to ruin, and has given away to the foreigner 152,000 francs of her capital."
Some time afterwards, M. T. despatched another vessel with a cargo also of the value of 200,000 francs, composed of the products of our native industry. This unfortunate ship was lost in a gale of wind after leaving the harbour, and all M. T. had to do was to make two short entries in his books, to this effect:—
"Sundry goods debtors to X, 200,000 francs, for purchases of different commodities despatched by the ship N.
"Profit and loss debtors to sundry goods, 200,000 francs, in consequence of definitive and total loss of the cargo."
At the same time, the Customhouse books bore an entry of 200,000 francs in the list of exportations; and as there was no corresponding entry to make in the list of importations, it follows that M. Lestiboudois and the Chamber will see in this shipwreck a clear and net profit for France of 200,000 francs.
There is still another inference to be deduced from this, which is, that according to the theory of the balance of trade, France has a very simple means of doubling her capital at any moment. It is enough to pass them through the Customhouse, and then pitch them into the sea. In this case the exports will represent the amount of her capital, the imports will be nil, and even impossible, and we shall gain all that the sea swallows up.
This is a joke, the protectionists will say. It is impossible we could give utterance to such absurdities. You do give utterance to them, however, and, what is more, you act upon
# Elementary Sylheti/About

The "Elementary Sylheti" Wikibook is a valuable resource for individuals interested in learning the Sylheti language, which is spoken primarily in the Sylhet region of South Asia and among Sylheti diaspora communities worldwide. This collaborative project on Wikimedia provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the language, catering to beginners and language enthusiasts alike. The Wikibook covers essential basic topics such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and enabling learners to develop a solid foundation in Sylheti. It offers a dynamic and evolving platform for language learners, fostering a sense of community and cultural exchange. Whether you're a Sylheti heritage speaker looking to reconnect with your roots or a newcomer eager to explore a unique South Asian language, the "Elementary Sylheti" Wikibook could be a handy resource.
# Elementary Sylheti/Introduction

Welcome to the world of Sylheti language and culture! The "Elementary Sylheti" Wikibook is your gateway to unlocking the beauty and depth of Sylheti, a language spoken in the enchanting Sylhet region of South Asia and cherished by Sylheti communities around the globe. Whether you're a curious beginner eager to grasp the basics or a heritage speaker looking to strengthen your connection to your roots, this collaborative Wikibook is here to guide you. Our mission is to provide you with a comprehensive, accessible, and engaging resource that not only teaches you the fundamentals of Sylheti pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary but also immerses you in the rich cultural context of the language. Through this Wikibook, you'll embark on a journey of language learning, cultural exploration, and community building. So, let's embark on this adventure together as we discover the fascinating world of Sylheti language and heritage!
# Elementary Sylheti

Welcome to the world of Sylheti language and culture! The "Elementary Sylheti" Wikibook is your gateway to unlocking the beauty and depth of Sylheti, a language spoken in the enchanting Sylhet region of South Asia and cherished by Sylheti communities around the globe. Whether you're a curious beginner eager to grasp the basics or a heritage speaker looking to strengthen your connection to your roots, this collaborative Wikibook is here to guide you. Our mission is to provide you with a comprehensive, accessible, and engaging resource that not only teaches you the fundamentals of Sylheti pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary but also immerses you in the rich cultural context of the language. Through this Wikibook, you'll embark on a journey of language learning, cultural exploration, and community building. So, let's embark on this adventure together as we discover the fascinating world of Sylheti language and heritage!

## Table of contents

| Introductory Material About Introduction How this book works Survival kit for parents Units Unit1.1 Unit1.1 Unit1.2 Unit2.1 Unit2.1 Unit2.2 Unit3.1 Unit3.1 Unit3.2 Unit4.1 Unit4.1 Unit4.2 Unit5.1 Unit5.1 Unit5.2 Talking about today Unit 1 - Family 1 1-a. Talking with each other 1-b. Talking with your children 1-c. Talking with acquaintances Unit 2 - Jobs 2-1. Talking with each other 2-b. Talking with your children 2-c. Talking with acquaintances Ser / Estar / Tener Talking about the past Unit 3 - Family 2 3-a. Talking with each other 3-b. Talking with your children 3-c. Talking with acquaintances 3-d. Talking After School 3-e. School Vocab Additions Unit 4 - Education 4-a. Talking with each other 4-b. Talking with your children 4-c. Talking with acquaintances Planning for the future Unit 5 - Weekend Plans 5-a. Talking with each other 5-b. Talking with your children 5-c. Talking with acquaintances Unit 6 - Holiday Plans 6-a. Talking with each other 6-b. Talking with your children 6-c. Talking with acquaintances Extra Help Supplemental lessons Dialogues Vocabulary | Conclusions Conclusions References and further reading Cable, C. (2014). Primary Teaching Assistants Curriculum in Context. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Martin-Jones, M., Jones, K. (2001). Multilingual Literacies: Reading and Writing Different Worlds. Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Revitalizing Endangered Languages: A Practical Guide. (2021). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Weber, J., Horner, K. (2013). Introducing Multilingualism: A Social Approach. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Thomas, C. (2012). Growing Up with Languages: Reflections on Multilingual Childhoods. United Kingdom: Multilingual Matters. Other resources The Number Story 1: Small Book One English-Sylheti by Miss Anna. |

## Related Wikibooks

* Sylheti
* Elementary English
* Elementary Spanish
# Elements of Art/Introduction

Cover • Intro • Line • Shape • 2D & 3D

## ELEMENTS OF ART-INTRODUCTION
### Audience (who the book is for)

Students, producers and consumers of diverse forms of art, including but not limited to painting, drawing and sculpture, who would like to know more about the elements and theory of their specific art and art in general. This book is also for those who have an interest in the history of art. It will be richly illustrated, so that the facts and concepts it contains will be comprehended by children and adults, and be within their interest levels.

### Purpose (why it might be used)

Elements of Art is designed to be used as a reference book. It is also a teaching book, to be consulted with other and more advanced/specialised resources on the subject, including textbooks that people may already be using. It can be a 'cram book' for examinations and tests, or a 'coffee table' book to take to the museum, library or keep at home.

### Form (the shape of the book)

Chapters explaining (describing, analysing) the form, content and structure of particular elements of art, as well as general concepts reinforced throughout the book, and at the end of a section. Generally they are designed to build upon one another.
Thus, there are chapters about line, colour, dimensionality (2-D forms of art like drawing and painting, and 3-D like sculpture) and shape.

## General Questions about Art (five Ws and a H-hopefully will be answered throughout the book, by clicking on specific links)

WHO WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY and HOW
What are the elements of art? How many elements? What are the forms of art? What is the difference between two-dimensional art? What is line? What is colour? How is line used? How is colour used? What is a dimension? What are the components of two dimensions? Of three? How can I show emotion? What have artists used to show emotion? What have artists used to show senses?
Who is an artist? Who created the first art?
Where was the first art created? Where were major art developments? Where can I go and see (hear/touch/taste/smell) art? Where can I go and learn more about art? Where do I start?
When was the first art created? When were the major art developments? When is an artwork complete?
Why do we create art? Why do we need art? Why do we respond to elements? Why use line/colour/whatever there and not here?
http://SeaCloud9.org This web site is dedicated to the latest technological advancements, open source code, and cutting edge multimedia art.
# Elements of Art

Cover • Intro • Line • Shape • 2D & 3D
# Elementary Sylheti/How this book works

One of the crucial skills to acquire during your academic journey is the ability to navigate unfamiliar language interactions. If you've primarily taken structured language courses in school, you might not have encountered this skill, as such classes often emphasize incremental mastery of each language element. Immersive language learning, on the other hand, equips you with the tools necessary to communicate effectively in a native speaker environment, exposing you to elements of the language that you may not have encountered before. This approach mirrors how children naturally learn in school.
# Elementary Sylheti/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Elementary_Sylheti

# About

The "Elementary Sylheti" Wikibook is a valuable resource for individuals interested in learning the Sylheti language, which is spoken primarily in the Sylhet region of South Asia and among Sylheti diaspora communities worldwide. This collaborative project on Wikimedia provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the language, catering to beginners and language enthusiasts alike. The Wikibook covers essential basic topics such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and enabling learners to develop a solid foundation in Sylheti. It offers a dynamic and evolving platform for language learners, fostering a sense of community and cultural exchange. Whether you're a Sylheti heritage speaker looking to reconnect with your roots or a newcomer eager to explore a unique South Asian language, the "Elementary Sylheti" Wikibook could be a handy resource.

# Introduction

Welcome to the world of Sylheti language and culture! The "Elementary Sylheti" Wikibook is your gateway to unlocking the beauty and depth of Sylheti, a language spoken in the enchanting Sylhet region of South Asia and cherished by Sylheti communities around the globe. Whether you're a curious beginner eager to grasp the basics or a heritage speaker looking to strengthen your connection to your roots, this collaborative Wikibook is here to guide you. Our mission is to provide you with a comprehensive, accessible, and engaging resource that not only teaches you the fundamentals of Sylheti pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary but also immerses you in the rich cultural context of the language. Through this Wikibook, you'll embark on a journey of language learning, cultural exploration, and community building. So, let's embark on this adventure together as we discover the fascinating world of Sylheti language and heritage!

# How this book works

One of the crucial skills to acquire during your academic journey is the ability to navigate unfamiliar language interactions. If you've primarily taken structured language courses in school, you might not have encountered this skill, as such classes often emphasize incremental mastery of each language element. Immersive language learning, on the other hand, equips you with the tools necessary to communicate effectively in a native speaker environment, exposing you to elements of the language that you may not have encountered before. This approach mirrors how children naturally learn in school.
# Elements of Art/Navline

Cover • Intro • Line • Shape • 2D & 3D