# Pathology/Adjustment Reactions

Navigation
* Main Page | Introduction in Pathology | Adjustment Reactions | Cell and Tissue Damage | Exogenic Noxa
* Cardiovascular System: Heart | Vessels | Mediastinum
* Respiratory System: Upper Airway Tract | Lower Airway Tract and Lungs | Pleura
* Gastrointestinal System: Mouth and Oral Glands | Esophagus | Stomach | Intestine | Liver | Biliary Tract - Pancreas
* Urogenital System: Kidneys | Urinary Tract Collection System | Mammary Gland | Ovary | Uterus and Cervix | Vagina and Vulva | Gestation | Testes | Prostate
* Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands
* Neuropathology: Central Nervous System | Neoplasms of the Nervous System | Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord | Peripheral Nervous System | Muscle
* Locomotive System: Joints | Bone | Neoplasms of the Cartilage and Bone | Tendon Sheaths, Fasciae, and Connective Tissue
* Integument: Skin and Adnexal Structures | Hereditary Skin Diseases | Autoimmune Skin Diseases with Blisters | Non-Heritable Connective Tissue Disorders of the Skin | Microbial Skin Diseases | Neoplasms of the Skin | Cutaneous Symptoms in Internal Diseases
* Blood, Bone Marrow, and Immune System: Hämatopoetic System | Lymphatic System | Hematology
* Metabolism: Metabolic Disorders
* Procedures of Tissue Preparation | Glossary | Resources
The tissues of the body react dynamically on changes in the environment, on metabolic and mechanical stress as well as on the current internal conditions. By means of the morphologic and etiologic characteristics we can distinguish different forms of adaption.
* Hypertrophy: Increase in organ size/tissue mass by increase in cell size.
** compensating - e.g. myocardial hypertrophy in hypertonia.
** by activity - hypertrophy of the muscles in athletes.
** endocrine - e.g. through anabole steroids.
* Hyperplasia: Increase in organ size/tissue mass by increase in cell count.
** through regeneration - increase in skin thickness of the palms through hard working.
** endocrine - e.g. hyperplasia of the adrenal glands in CRH/ACTH-producing tumour.
* Atrophy: Decrease in organ size/tissue mass by decrease in cell size and/or in cell count.
** Involution - normal atrophy, e.g. thymus in adults, uterus in the older woman.
** Inaktivity - e.g. in paresis.
** Aging - involution + Inaktivity, e.g.: Osteoporosis.
** Hunger - deprivation of protein and other nutrients
** Vascular Atrophy - e.g. skin atrophy in diabetic foot or chronic arterial occlusion.
** Pressure - e.g. bone reduction near an pulsating aneurysm .
* Metaplasia: e.g. Barret-Esophagus in chronic reflux, bronchial squamous epithelium metaplasia through smoking.
| Bodybuilder Markus Rühl exhibits hypertrophy of skeletal muscles. | Hyperplasia of the thyorid follicles in hyperthyroidism, H&E staining. |
Navigation
* Main Page | Introduction in Pathology | Adjustment Reactions | Cell and Tissue Damage | Exogenic Noxa
* Cardiovascular System: Heart | Vessels | Mediastinum
* Respiratory System: Upper Airway Tract | Lower Airway Tract and Lungs | Pleura
* Gastrointestinal System: Mouth and Oral Glands | Esophagus | Stomach | Intestine | Liver | Biliary Tract - Pancreas
* Urogenital System: Kidneys | Urinary Tract Collection System | Mammary Gland | Ovary | Uterus and Cervix | Vagina and Vulva | Gestation | Testes | Prostate
* Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands
* Neuropathology: Central Nervous System | Neoplasms of the Nervous System | Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord | Peripheral Nervous System | Muscle
* Locomotive System: Joints | Bone | Neoplasms of the Cartilage and Bone | Tendon Sheaths, Fasciae, and Connective Tissue
* Integument: Skin and Adnexal Structures | Hereditary Skin Diseases | Autoimmune Skin Diseases with Blisters | Non-Heritable Connective Tissue Disorders of the Skin | Microbial Skin Diseases | Neoplasms of the Skin | Cutaneous Symptoms in Internal Diseases
* Blood, Bone Marrow, and Immune System: Hämatopoetic System | Lymphatic System | Hematology
* Metabolism: Metabolic Disorders
* Procedures of Tissue Preparation | Glossary | Resources