OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Guidelines/Required characteristics of the project manager

Required characteristics of the project manager
It is the responsibility of the project manager to:
* Ensure the project team is well-organised, adequately staffed, and working well together, i.e. that team members understand and accept their responsibilities.
* Keeps team resources focused on developing and executing the plan.
* Is responsible for the control over the project and makes timely adjustments to the plan.
* Report meaningful metrics for cost, schedule, quality, and risk;
* Conduct regular status and design reviews;
* Ensure the adequacy of project documentation and testing;
* Maintain meaningful communications among project stakeholders;
* Manage the project to attain the project goals and achieve stakeholder satisfaction.
* Arbitrates and resolves conflicts in the team.
The best project managers are:
* Good motivators and leaders, coaching, and teaching others on the team.
* “Big picture-oriented.”
* Effective communicators.
* Good organizers.
* Goal-oriented.
* Knowledgeable about and committed to the use of project management procedures.
In particular, the project manager is responsible for seeing that the project management process, is effectively executed.
The project manager should be officially announced in writing, with a complete description of the particular role and responsibilities involved. For instance, the announcement from senior management should indicate whether or not the project manager has the authority to make decisions if there is a dispute between team members, or to declare a “breakdown” that invokes assistance from others with authority.

## Tools
###### Templates

Applicant employee evaluation form Staff Activity Forecast and Report Interpersonal skill assessment Employee Performance Review – Peer Review
Performance appraisal forms

###### Guidelines

Key Questions for Establishing the Team Organization
How to reach an agreement on the Employee Performance Objectives
How to manage motivated and effective teams
How to recognize if Team Building is successful
How to check the level of togetherness in a team
Measures to make teams more performing
The 5 steps of team creation
Checklist for Identifying Performance Problems
Why do organisations need to plan and manage their communication?
How team members can improve overall project communication
Measures to make teams more performing
The 10 Project Management Guiding Principles

## See also

In other sections of this handbook
The employee empowering organization Manage the Performance of Project Team Members
Team Conflict Management
Decision Making in Groups
Leading and Managing
Team Conflict Management
Decision Making in Groups
Project Managers and programme Managers
Determining the project manager
⇒ The boss is never happy (especially if it is a project manager)
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Guidelines/Seven Steps To Building A Team in the meeting

An effective meeting consists of a group of people who work together as a team toward achieving common goals and objectives. Here are some tips to build the cohesiveness a meeting needs in order to become a team. While this is aimed at continuing meetings and long-term projects, many of these techniques can also be adapted for short-term projects:
* Identify all present—all the participants, including yourself—as a group, and show that you are part of that group. Say “We,” not “I.”
* Build a group tradition. That can be something a small as starting each meeting with bagels and cream cheese or chocolate cupcakes, to having team shirts, ties, or notebooks.
* Stress teamwork.
* Get the group to recognize good work, and applaud it.
* Set clear and obtainable group goals. If the final goal will take time to achieve, set a series of intermediate goals that will serve as measurable steps on the way to achieving that final goal.
* Give rewards to the group. It can be praise, a special dessert, a team jacket, certificate, a toy or keepsake. Whatever it is, it has to have special meaning within the group.
* Treat members like people, not machines. Each member is an individual. They are not interchangeable. Let each one know how special and important they are to the group and the ultimate goal.
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Guidelines/Methodological Principles of the Participatory Approach

By “participated development”, we mean a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and decisions that affect them. see ⇒The participatory approach
Proactive participation among stakeholders, be it within a community or an organisation, enables the exchange of ideas and opinions, information sharing and interpersonal rapport that is grounded in mutual respect and shared responsibilities, and working together towards common and mutual objective Cooperation. Getting the participation of the poor requires strengthening the organizational and financial capacities of the poor so that they can act for themselves. The constructive dialogue between civil society and local authorities is an essential prerequisite for a sustained and participated development.
Participation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them. Participation in political science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economical or management decisions. The term is also used in management theory (as in "Participatory management") to denote a style of management that calls for a high level of participation of workers and supervisors in decisions that affect their work.
Despite some clear differences in methodology, most participatory approaches share some common core principles:

## See also

Issue 2 ⇒ How can local policy actors contribute to the achievement of MDGs and other global policy objectives?
In other sections of this handbook ⇒ The participatory approach
On Wikipedia ⇒ Participatory development
Others:
* Participatory Approaches to Planning Community Interventions
* F.A.O. Introducing Participatory Approaches, Methods and Tools
# Cg Programming

An Introduction to Real-Time 3D Graphics

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Cg in Specific Frameworks and Platforms
   * Cg in Vertex and Fragment Shaders in Unity 2019.4.7 with the built-in renderer (Unity's ShaderLab)
   * [stub:] Cg in Surface Shaders in Unity (Unity's ShaderLab)
   * [stub:] Cg in Nvidia's Cg Toolkit
* General Cg Topics (linked from the previous sections)
   * Overview of the Programmable Graphics Pipeline
   * Vertex Transformations (Modeling, Viewing, Projection, and Viewport Transformations)
   * Vector and Matrix Operations in Cg (includes references about Cg syntax)
   * Applying Matrix Transformations to Points, Directions, and Normals in Cg
   * Rasterization (Interpolation of Per-Fragment Varying Parameters)
   * Per-Fragment Operations (Stencil Test, Depth Test and Blending, etc.)
   * [stub:] Anti-Aliasing Techniques
   * [stub:] Phong Reflection Model
# Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Pinhole
## Pinhole
### Defects Description

Pinholes are usually a small holes that appears on the surface of ceramic wares and mainly caused by the materials that burnt out during firing leaving a minuscule crater on the clay bodies.

### Causes & Solutions

There are many possible sources of defects such as:
* Airborne particles stuck onto the surface before firing
    Solution: Ensure the firing kiln are cleaned at least once a week and generally ensure proper cleaning is done in the production floor where the unfired wares travel
* Contaminated sands used during slip mixing.
    Solution: Need to sieve the slips before casting
* Foreign contaminants such as fibers from cleaning clothes, particles of sponge or foreign debris from water that are burnt off when firing leaving a hole on its place.
    Solution: Try replacing the consumable materials (such as sponge) to materials which are less likely to leave foreign contaminants (such as silicone scrubber)
* Poor pugging due to faulty de-airing machine (vacuum parts). The vacuum should extract any of the air bubbles inside the clay cakes.
    Solution: Check the vacuum functions of de-airing machine are still functioning according to the manual
* Rapid firing may cause trapped remnants air bubbles inside clay to burst through the surface
    Solution: Try the slower firing allows the air to percolate to the surface without rupturing clays causing pinhole
* Direct uses of reclaimed slip cast. Slips drained from moulds may pick up dust and dirt from pouring holes, casting throughs and etc.
    Solution: Only mix the reclaimed slips to main stocks if the slips are ensured in good condition; otherwise return to blunger
* Insufficiently blunged slips (especially if dried scrap clays are added)
    Solution: Increase the blunging time and blunger speed and manual checking on slips to see if the slips are properly blunged.
* Thick glaze coating where the bubbles may form as bubbles may take times to travel from bottom of layers to surface
    Solution: Thinning the layers to reduce the travels of bubbles
* Short heat soaking time causing the glaze is still bubbling at end of glost firing
    Solution: Extend the soaking time at max temperature by half-hour or more to allow the pinholing to recover and glaze to stabilize
* Contamination in glaze tubs due to dried glaze falls into the glaze slips during next dipping sessions. The dried glaze has the air pocket which will cause air pockets
    Solution: Cover the glaze tubs when not in use, the sides of tubs should be wiped with clothes or hands
# Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Dunting
## Dunting

Descriptions:
It is the type of cracks that passes through the pottery and formed as the result of thermal stress. There are many underlying causes but the trigger point is usually caused by thermal shock. Dunting is also more usually confined to glost ceramic wares as the ware has cooled down after being heated up.
There are types of dunting which are more dangerous that are "hot water dunting" (See pics attached). It occurs when hot water are poured into the ware ,where cracks formed on side wall, it may also occur at junctions where wall and base are formed together.
Solutions:
* Cracks are usually formed from corners and sharp angles. Therefore ceramic wares should be designed with the rounded shape. If there are angular holes or crevices, it is highly advisable to wet sponge the area to remove minute cracks which will be served as stress multiplier. Here are some design considerations to follow to minimizes dunting.
* Redesign the ceramic ware with rounded holes or rounded edges whenever it is possible. Avoid any of the sharp corners/angles
* Made the sections equally thick to prevent thinner sections dry faster compared to thicker sections
* Ensure the wall thickness (> 8mm and above) should be adequate to withstand compression and also the rapid expansion of glaze when exposed to boiling water
* The glaze should be as thin as possible as the glaze layer will exert compression force on clay as it cools down.
* Dunts spread readily in smooth dense clay body. Use lower firing temperatures and lower temperature glazes can help to reduce the dunting.
* Refiring may cause cristobalite in clay materials to form causing excessive shrinkage. It will fatigues the ceramic ware after each refiring. If the wares wouldnt be made good after 2 or 3 attempted re-firing, it is best to sell as second grade wares.
* Kiln are opened way much earlier during cooling down period. It is advisable to open up kiln only when the inside kiln reaches 150 C to reduce the thermal shock causing dunting
* If the ceramic wares are complex, it is advisable to "split up" to two piece from one piece to avoid accumulation of stress points.
# Ceramicware Defects Handbook/Specking
## Specking

Specking can caused by a great variety of sources, To narrow down the potential causes, it would be best to break up the wares to observe if the specking is observed inside the ceramic wares or merely on surface If observed inside and outside of the ceramic wares, it is highly caused during body preparation stages If observed at both top and bottom facing, it implies it occurs during the early stages of clay processing Brown or black specking may occurs due presence of iron contaminants Sources of the contaminants are as followed:
* Presence of iron / rusts insisde the slip. Use double/triple sieve with decreasing aperture sizes (or deck sifters). Sieves should be magnetted to removed iron particles and magnets should be regularly cleaned.
* Regulary checking on slip storage do not have contaminants
* Filtered pressed cakes may be contaminated by pallets rusted nails
* During rainy seasons, the rain drops may bring the rusts of rooftop trusses possible dripping on clay cakes
* Electromagnet are not functioning
* Pug mills rusted in the barrel screws (No proper maintainence)
* Airborne dust that maybe blown around due to poorly design ventilations/ blower fans
* Exhaust discharge from grinding wheels. Silicone carbide are notorious specking agent and if possible, use sintered alumina
* Contaminations in water supply due to rusted metal
* Particles that are logged in to the kiln shelf onto ware below. Placing the wares from topmost shelf slowly downard to bottom to minimses any of the dislodged particles fall to the shelf below
* Contamination of the glazes (dipping) Keeping glaze tub covered when not in use.
* Repair technician perform repairing which includes but not limited to metal cutting, welding metals, knocking metals by hammers/chisels which may cause debris of iron particles spreading especially if it is near or inside production area
* Inadequate cleaning of kiln may causes kiln's batt particle to be spread over
# Cg Programming/Anti-Aliasing Techniques

Most GPUs support several anti-aliasing techniques (see the Wikipedia article on spatial anti-aliasing). The two most important techniques are:
* texture mipmapping: see the Wikipedia article on mipmap
* multisampling: see the Wikipedia article on multisample anti-aliasing
< Cg Programming
# Cg Programming/Cg Toolkit

Nvidia's Cg Toolkit is a legacy C API for developing graphics applications with Cg shaders in OpenGL and Direct3D. Implementations are available for Windows, MacOS X, and Linux, and come with numerous examples of Cg shaders.
< Cg Programming
# Cg Programming/Edge Outline Cutout

Edge Outline Cutout Version.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Spruce
## Spruce (Picea mariana)

Spruce oil comes from the Picea mariana tree. It has a woody, earthy scent.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes depression.

### Respiratory

Eases coughing.

## Caution

* Spruce oil may irritate sensitive skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Tobacco
## Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)

Tobacco oil comes from the Nicotiana tabacum plant. It has a earthy scent. It has an antiseptic and sedative effect.

## Properties

Tobacco oil is used in perfumery.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Tuberose
## Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)

Tuberose oil comes from the flowers of the Polianthes tuberosa plant. It has a sweet spicy scent.

## Properties

Tuberose oil is used in perfumery, but not often used in aromatherapy.

## Caution

* Tuberose oil can have a narcotic effect.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Thyme
## Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

Thyme oil comes from the flowers and leaves of the Thymus vulgaris plant. It has a sweet herbal scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Increases blood pressure.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression. Improves memory and concentration.

### Immunological

Helps fight colds, flu and other infections.

### Respiratory

Eases asthma, catarrh, coughs and laryngitis.

### Urological

Relieves cystitis and urethritis.

## Caution

* Don't use thyme oil during pregnancy.
* Don't use if you have hypertension (high blood pressure).
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Tagetes
## Tagetes (Tagetes minuta)

Tagetes oil comes from the flowers and leaves of the Tagetes minuta (Mexican marigold) plant. It has antiseptic and anti-infectious effects.

## Properties
### Immunological

Helps fight parasitic and fungal infections.

### Respiratory

Eases catarrh and coughs.

### Skin

Helps skin infections and promotes wound healing. Improves athlete's foot.

### Other uses

Repels insects.

## Caution

* Don't use tagetes oil during pregnancy.
* Don't expose skin to sunlight after using tagetes oil.
* Tagetes oil may irritate sensitive skin
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Tea Tree
## Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)

Tea Tree oil comes from the roots of the Melaleuca alternifolia tree. It has a fresh, medicinal scent. It has anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-fungal effects.

## Properties
### Immunological

Helps fight colds, flu and fungal infections.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis and coughs.

### Urological

Alleviates cystitis, vaginal thrush and urinary tract infections.

## Caution

* Tea tree oil may irritate the skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Turmeric

Turmeric oil comes from the root of Curcuma longa plants. It has a fragrant woody scent.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Spikenard
## Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi)

Spikenard oil comes from the rhizome of the Nardostachys jatamansi plant. It has a floral scent. It has an antiseptic and sedative effect.

## Properties
### Emotional

Soothes stress and tension.

### Skin

Improves rashes and the effects of aging.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Sweet Orange
## Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)

Sweet orange oil comes from the Citrus sinensis plant. It has a sweet citrus scent.

## Properties
### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, flatulence and constipation.

### Emotional

Soothes stress.

### Respiratory

Alleviates coughs and symptoms of colds and flu.

## Caution

Sweet orange oil may irritate sensitive skin.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Tangerine
## Tangerine (Citrus × tangerina)

Tangerine oil comes from the rind of the fruit of the Citrus × tangerina (a variety of Citrus reticulata) tree. It has a fruity citrus scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Stimulates circulation and reduces water retention.

### Digestive

Relieves flatulence, diarrhea and constipation.

### Emotional

Soothes stress.

### Skin

Reduces stretch marks.

## Caution

Don't expose the skin to sunlight after using tangerine oil.
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1137

IBM code page 1137 (CCSID 1137) is an EBCDIC code page used on IBM mainframes to support Devanagari script. It contains characters from the Devanagari Unicode block and is different from CCSID 806 (which is based on ISCII).

## Codepage layout

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.
Devanagari EBCDIC :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 0x | NUL | SOH | STX | ETX | ST | HT | SSA | DEL | SSA | RI | SS2 | VT | FF | CR | SO | SI |
| 1x | DLE | DC1 | DC2 | DC3 | OSC | NL | BS | ESA | CAN | EM | PU2 | SS3 | IFS | IGS | IRS | ITB |
| 2x | PAD | HOP | BPH | NBH | IND | LF | ETB | ESC | HTS | HTJ | VTS | PLD | UP | ENQ | ACK | BEL |
| 3x | DCS | PU1 | SYN | STS | CCH | MW | SPA | EOT | SOS | SGCI | SCI | CSI | DC4 | NAK | PM | SUB |
| 4x | SP | NBSP | ँ 0901 | ं 0902 | ः 0903 | अ 0904 | आ 0905 | इ 0906 | ई 0907 | उ 0909 | ऊ 090A | . 002E | < 003C | ( 0028 | + 002B | | 007C |
| 5x | & 0026 | ऋ 090B | ऌ 090C | ऍ 090D | ऎ 090E | ए 090F | ऐ 0910 | ऑ 0911 | ऒ 0912 | ओ 0913 | ! 0021 | $ 0024 | * 002A | ) 0029 | ; 003B | ¬ 00AC |
| 6x | - 002D | / 002F | औ 0914 | क 0915 | ख 0916 | ग 0917 | घ 0918 | ङ 0919 | च 091A | छ 091B | ज 091C | , 002C | % 0025 | _ 005F | > 003E | ? 003F |
| 7x | झ 091D | ञ 091E | ट 091F | ठ 0920 | ड 0921 | ढ 0922 | ण 0923 | त 0924 | थ 0925 | ` 0060 | : 003A | # 0023 | @ 0040 | ' 0027 | = 003D | " 0022 |
| 8x | द 0926 | a 0061 | b 0062 | c 0063 | d 0064 | e 0065 | f 0066 | g 0067 | h 0068 | i 0069 | ध 0927 | न 0928 | प 092A | फ 092B | ब 092C | भ 092D |
| 9x | म 092E | j 006A | k 006B | l 006C | m 006D | n 006E | o 006F | p 0070 | q 0071 | r 0072 | य 092F | र 0930 | ल 0932 | ळ 0933 | व 0935 | श 0936 |
| Ax | ZWNJ | ~ 007E | s 0073 | t 0074 | u 0075 | v 0076 | w 0077 | x 0078 | y 0079 | z 007A | ष 0937 | स 0938 | ह 0939 | [ 005B | ़ 093C | ऽ 093D |
| Bx | ा 093E | ि 093F | ी 0940 | ु 0941 | ू 0942 | ृ 0943 | ॄ 0944 | ॅ 0945 | ॆ 0946 | े 0947 | ै 0948 | ॉ 0949 | ॊ 094A | ] 005D | ो 094B | ौ 094C |
| Cx | { 007B | A 0041 | B 0042 | C 0043 | D 0044 | E 0045 | F 0046 | G 0047 | H 0048 | I 0049 | ् 094D | ॐ 0950 | ॑ 0951 | ॒ 0952 | ₹ 20B9 | |
| Dx | } 007D | J 004A | K 004B | L 004C | M 004D | N 004E | O 004F | P 0050 | Q 0051 | R 0052 | ॠ 0960 | ॡ 0961 | ॢ 0962 | ॣ 0963 | । 0964 | ॥ 0965 |
| Ex | \ 005C | ZWJ | S 0053 | T 0054 | U 0055 | V 0056 | W 0057 | X 0058 | Y 0059 | Z 005A | ० 0966 | १ 0967 | २ 0968 | ३ 0969 | ४ 096A | ५ 096B |
| Fx | 0 0030 | 1 0031 | 2 0032 | 3 0033 | 4 0034 | 5 0035 | 6 0036 | 7 0037 | 8 0038 | 9 0039 | ६ 096C | ७ 096D | ८ 096E | ९ 096F | ॰ 0970 | APC |

## References

* ↑ "CCSID 1137 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
* ↑ "Code page 1137 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-17.
* 1 2 Code Page CPGID 01137 (txt), IBM
* ↑ Code Page CPGID 01137 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
* ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1137_P100-1999.ucm, 2002-12-03
# Character Encodings/Code Tables/EBCDIC/EBCDIC 1152

IBM code page 1152 (CCSID 1152) is an EBCDIC code page used in IBM mainframes. It is an extension of CCSID 28709 (code page 1159 without the euro sign) that includes box drawing characters.

## Codepage layout

Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes.
EBCDIC 1152 :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| 4x | SP | | | | | | | | | | ¢ 00A2 | . 002E | < 003C | ( 0028 | + 002B | | 007C |
| 5x | & 0026 | | | | | | | | | | ! 0021 | $ 0024 | * 002A | ) 0029 | ; 003B | ¬ 00AC |
| 6x | - 002D | / 002F | | | | | | | | | ¦ 00A6 | , 002C | % 0025 | _ 005F | > 003E | ? 003F |
| 7x | | | | | | | | | | ` 0060 | : 003A | # 0023 | @ 0040 | ' 0027 | = 003D | " 0022 |
| 8x | | a 0061 | b 0062 | c 0063 | d 0064 | e 0065 | f 0066 | g 0067 | h 0068 | i 0069 | | | | | | |
| 9x | | j 006A | k 006B | l 006C | m 006D | n 006E | o 006F | p 0070 | q 0071 | r 0072 | | | | | | |
| Ax | | ~ 007E | s 0073 | t 0074 | u 0075 | v 0076 | w 0077 | x 0078 | y 0079 | z 007A | | | | | | |
| Bx | ^ 005E | | | | | | | | | | [ 005B | ] 005D | | | | |
| Cx | { 007B | A 0041 | B 0042 | C 0043 | D 0044 | E 0045 | F 0046 | G 0047 | H 0048 | I 0049 | ┼ 253C | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | └ 2514 | ┌ 250C | ┘ 2518 |
| Dx | } 007D | J 004A | K 004B | L 004C | M 004D | N 004E | O 004F | P 0050 | Q 0051 | R 0052 | ┐ 2510 | ─ 2500 | | | | |
| Ex | \ 005C | | S 0053 | T 0054 | U 0055 | V 0056 | W 0057 | X 0058 | Y 0059 | Z 005A | | ├ 251C | ┤ 2524 | | | |
| Fx | 0 0030 | 1 0031 | 2 0032 | 3 0033 | 4 0034 | 5 0035 | 6 0036 | 7 0037 | 8 0038 | 9 0039 | │ 2502 | | | | | EO |

## References

* ↑ "Code Page 1152" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21.