OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Disease

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of part or all of an organism, and that is not due to any external injury.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
* A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Exposure

Exposure assessment is a branch of environmental science and occupational hygiene that focuses on the processes that take place at the interface between the environment containing the contaminant(s) of interest and the organism(s) being considered.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* Biological markers in environmental health research. Committee on Biological Markers of the National Research Council, (1987)
* A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm, (2010)
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Disaster Sanitation

Emergency sanitation is the management and technical processes required to provide sanitation in emergency situations. This can include man-made or natural disasters. Emergency sanitation is also required during humanitarian relief operations for refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).

## Useful Off-site Resources

* NEHA: Preparedness
# Environmental Health Engineering Theory and Practice/Food Safety

Food safety is used as a scientific discipline describing handle, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness.

## Useful Off-site Resources

* NEHA: Food Safety
# High School Chemistry/The Solution Process

* What Are Solutions?
* Why Solutions Occur
* Solution Terminology
* Measuring Concentration
* Solubility Graphs
* Factors Affecting Solubility
* Colligative Properties
* Colloids
* Separating Mixtures
← Phase Diagrams · What Are Solutions? →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/The Solid State

* The Molecular Arrangement in Solids
* Melting
* Types of Forces of Attraction for Solids
* Phase Diagrams
← Heat of Vaporization · The Molecular Arrangement in Solids →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Thermodynamics

* Energy Change in Reactions
* Enthalphy
* Spontaneous Processes
* Entropy
* Gibbs Free Energy
← Buffers · Energy Change in Reactions →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Trends on the Periodic Table

* Atomic Size
* Ionization Energy
* Electron Affinity
← Lanthanides and Actinides · Atomic Size →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/Types of Reactions

You might have enjoyed eating a sweet mango or eating an orange. Have you at any point of time thought before eating, how are these produced?
By your knowledge you may say that it's by photosynthesis. Yes photosynthesis is a complex chemical reaction carried out by plants. It is so complex that it is difficult to describe it in detail.
There are many chemical reactions that take place in our daily life. As a result of these reactions variety of substance are formed by ninety naturally occurring elements.
* Chemical combination: A + B → AB
* Chemical decomposition: AB → A + B
* Chemical displacement: AB + C → AC + B
* Chemical double displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
# Formal Logic/Sentential Logic/Start of Sentential Logic

Places to go
# Description

* Transformation of Hyperbolic Escher Patterns by Douglas Dunham
* Dr. Doug Dunham - Repeating hyperbolic pattern algorithms - video
* Repeating Hyperbolic Pattern Algorithms — Special Cases by Douglas Dunham
* How to Create Repeating Hyperbolic Patterns by Douglas Dunham

## Hypebolic circle

* math.se question: construction-of-hyperbolic-circles-with-a-given-radius
* Riemann for Anti-Dummies: Part 63 : Dynamics not Mechanics

# Images

* Category : hyperbolic tilings
* images Checkerboard in Hyperbolic tilings by User:Tamfang

# Programs

* KaleidoTile by Jeff Weeks.
* Make Hyperbolic Tilings of Images by Malin Christersson 2015-04-19
* Checkerboard in Hyperbolic tilings by User:Tamfang : Python code
* Hyperbolic Geometry and Poincaré Embeddings by Brian Keng using python : Gensim library : models.poincare
# Fractals/MandelMachine

Mandel Machine Mandel Machine is a highly efficient Mandelbrot set explorer developed by Botond Kósa.

# code

* the c++ part ( mm64.cpp ) is only to declare functions that are implemented in assembly language and the rest is in java.
* FractalCanvas.java is the most important file

# Algorithms
## color

FractalCanvas.java line 1996 and further:

## Bump mapping

"bump mapping. It allows fake-3D visualization of subtle details previously hidden by the slow gradients in the palette.
Bump mapping is controlled by 3 parameters:
* Direction of lighting (in degrees): specifies the angle of the simulated lighting. Surfaces facing the light are highlighted, the ones blocked from lighting are darkened.
* Depth: controls how much the structures emerge from the background of slow gradients. Shallow depth causes a relief/emboss-like look. Greater depth values result in deeper valleys between structures (see the examples below).
* Strength: controls the amount of color shift caused by highlights and shadows.
The parameters are continuously adjustable to give instant feedback."

# Data format

"The Mandel Machine MMIT compressed iteration data file format:
* every datatype needs to be written in big endian notation.
* The following streamed through a Deflater (raw zlib format)" Dinkydau

# KFB to MMIT converter

Source code (written in C) that depends on kfb.h and kfb.c from kf-extras:

# Doc

* old fractalforums posts

# References

* ↑ Mandel Machine by Botond Kósa.
* ↑ fractalforums : mandel-machine -bump-mapping-and-improved-histogram-coloring-v1-3-10-is-available/
* ↑ fractalforums kfb-to-mmit-converter
# GBA Development/Nintendo e-Reader
## Nintendo e-Reader

Once you have written your own new custom GBA program, you could potentially distribute it to other people—if they have a e-Reader—in the form of "e-Cards".
The e-Reader scans special cards printed with a "Dot Code". Cards may be swiped in either direction (left or right). When a program comes on two or more cards, the cards do not need to be swiped in any particular order.
Tim Schuerewegen was successful in cracking the "dot code" code and was able to turn some homebrew programs into cards, playable on the e-Reader device. Using a special program, one is able to convert program data into a card stripe, and print it onto a piece of paper that can then be scanned and interpreted by the e-Reader.
For example, a homebrew NES game by Snobro, BombSweeper (a Game & Watch title clone), as well as numerous tech demos ("hello world," "Mario sprite," etc.) were made into executable files that could be converted into dot code.
Each card can hold up to two code strips. A long code holds 2.2 kilobytes of information.
A byproduct of the homebrew effort was that a method of "dumping" the data encased in the dot code of e-Cards was discovered. This led to a modified version of the e-Reader ROM image being created that can accept these "dumps" and interpret them for use in an emulator.
Homebrew cards can be created from any NES, Z80, or ARM game by first compressing it with nvpktool.exe and then converting into BMP images with nedcmake.exe.

## Further reading

* ↑ Nintendo. "What are the Dot Codes on the edges of some of the cards?".
* ↑ simoniker. "Nintendo e-Reader Gets Homebrew Dot-Code Games". Slashdot. 2004.
* ↑ Nintendo. "What are the Dot Codes on the edges of some of the cards?".
* ↑ Nintendo. "e-Reader instruction booklet".
* ↑ Nintendo. "e-Reader - Scanning a Card".
* ↑ "Homebrew tools and instructions". July 18, 2009.
* ↑ Nintendo World Report Forums. "Homebrew e-Reader Games hit the Scene". 2004.
* ↑ "Game Boy E-Reader".
# GAMSAT Guide/Science/Chemistry

There is a dual requirement in the GAMSAT to have a good knowledge of basic chemistry and also an in-depth knowledge of Organic Chemistry.

# Chemistry

* Atomic Structure
* Stoichiometry
* Bonding and w:Molecule Structure
* Phases
* Gas Laws
* Energetics
* Kinetics
* Equilibrium (Acids and Bases)
* Titration
* Redox
* The Periodic Table

# Organic Chemistry

* Introduction
* Reactions
* Functional Groups
* Alkanes
* Alkenes
* Alcohol
* Aldehydes
* Ketones
* Carboxylic acids
* Acyl halides
* Acid anhydride
* Amides
* Esters
* Ethers
* Phenols
* Amines
* Aromatics
* With particular regard to isomerism wherever it crops up, and representations of molecules, like Haworth structures and chair conformations.
# GAMSAT Guide/On the day

Get someone to drive you there and pick you up on the day. Take along a healthy lunch. No greasy foods as they will slow you down in section three.
1. Bring a jumper just in case. Even if it's 30 degrees plus outside, the air-conditioning can be very cold.
2. Moderate amounts of caffeine can boost cognitive performance, meaning 2-3 cups at most on GAMSAT morning.
3. Get enough sleep! Finish all revision 1 week before GAMSAT so the last week is spent doing practice tests.
4. Remember your pencils and invest in a good pen for section 2.
5. Arrive early - nothing is more stressful than worrying about being on time.
6. Pack a nice morning tea and good lunch so you have something to look forward to. Include lots of low GI food for long-lasting energy. Good examples are: Chicken and salad sandwich on multigrain bread, yogurt, fruit and tuna.
7. DO NOT nap in the afternoon in the weeks/days leading up to the exam. It is not good for your body to expect a nap at 3 in the afternoon - because you will be doing S3.
8. Bring water in a clear bottle (label removed)
# GAMSAT Guide/Science
## Skills assessed

This section is designed to test reasoning and problem solving and also examine the candidates ability to recall and understand basic science concepts.
The questions assess the ability to:
* Identify knowledge in new contexts
* Discover relationships
* Formulate and apply hypotheses
* Deduce consequences from models
* Evaluate evidence
# GAMSAT Guide/Science/Biology

* Energy and Living Cells
* The Cell
* Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
* Life and Muscular Systems
* Endocrine and Nervous Systems
* Homeostasis
* The Immune System
* Cardiac Cycle
* Reproduction and Development
* Inheritance and Selection
* Have a good look at negative feedback wherever it comes up - e.g. in Endocrine system
* Familiarise yourself with graphical representations of the heartbeat.. the pqrst complex and what parts of the heart are doing what during the various stages
* Look at oxygen dissociation curves and understand what they mean and how they shift in response to different internal and external environments
# GAMSAT Guide/Science/Physics

The physics content of the GAMSAT seems to vary greatly - the 20% theory seemed from my experience to be a rather inflated estimate. Still common themes tend to emerge over the years - favourite areas seem to be relatively simple electrics (although I was confronted with a hideously difficult question looking at how to reduce voltage - so going beyond the simple basics may be a good idea!), gravity related areas, optics...

## Physics Core Topics

The GAMSAT is designed to test year 12 physics topics.

### Favourite Topics

These topics tend to recur.
* Vectors & Kinematics
** vectors and scalars, displacement, velocity, acceleration, linear motion, projectile motion.
* Electric Fields
** potential, field strength, Capacitance, combining capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor.
* Lenses
** convex, focal length, concave, magnification.

### Additional Core Topics

* Mechanics
** moments, Newton's law of motion, friction and equilibrium
* Work, Energy & Momentum
** power, work, mechanical energy, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of momentum, internal energy, Ideal gases
* Elastic properties of solids
** Hooke's law, elasticity, stress, Young's modulus, strain
* Current electricity
** resistors in parallel and series, resistance, Ohm's law, current and drift velocity, emf and voltage
* Magnetic Fields
** field strength, force on a moving charge, fields due to currents
* Waves
** oscillations, resonance, wave measurements, superstition and interference, simple harmonic motion.
** Refractive index
** The photoelectric effect, work constant of metals
* Radioactive decay
** rate of decay and half life, emissions, stable and unstable nuclei
* Sound
** decibels, intensity, sound level

### Other Topics

The above list has deliberately excluded some key year 12 topics, that are not commonly covered in the GAMSAT. These include:
* quantum duality
* particle accelerators
* astrophysics

## Personal Perspective

Some topics that came up in a single GAMSAT include:
* Forces at rest
* Force and Motion
* Vibration, Waves and Sound
* Gravitational and Electrical Fields
* Currents and circuits
* Electromagnetism
* Thermal Physics
* Particle Physics
* Optics
# GBA Development
## Table of Contents

* HAM IDE: GBA development with the HAM IDE and compiler
* Source
* devkitARM
* Nintendo e-Reader
* Resources
# Chapter 4. Understanding and Evaluating an Article
## Understanding and Evaluating an Article

* Anatomy of an Article
** The Article Text
** Backlinks
** Article History
*** Reading a Page History
*** Analyzing a Page History
*** Edit Summaries and Minor Edits
** Talk Pages
*** Reading and Contributing to Talk Pages
*** Making Good Use of Talk Pages
* Evaluating Articles
** Misinformation, Missing Information, and Mistakes
** D-R-E-W-S
*** Discussion on the Talk Page
*** Ratings
*** Edit History
*** Writing and Formatting
*** Sources
* Summary
* Final Thoughts for Part I
Once you've found the content you're looking for, the next thing you need to know is what you're looking at. With an understanding of namespaces and content types in Wikipedia, you can easily tell whether you're looking at an article, a discussion page, a community page, or a user page; and once you know how to search and browse the site, finding articles on your topic is simple. The next step is assessing an article's quality.
Understanding how to read all the components of an article—from its edit history to its discussion pages—is key for skilled and sensible reading of Wikipedia. Experienced editors and readers use many tricks to quickly evaluate pages and understand their state. It's a matter of knowing where to look and determining which clues are most significant.
In this chapter, we'll identify the different parts of a typical article and discuss what each part can tell you. We'll then list some detailed questions to ask when critically evaluating an article. Throughout this chapter, as we describe how articles are put together, we'll list Clues—points to pick up on for quality evaluation. If you're in a hurry, we've summarized our best clues at the end of the chapter.
    Note - In this discussion of the look and feel of Wikipedia, we'll be talking about viewing pages with the default configuration, the Monobook skin. Skins are customizable, and there are a variety to choose from; for more, see "Creating the Account" and "Setting Your Preferences" in Chapter 11.1.
# Chapter 3. Finding Wikipedia's Content
## Finding Wikipedia's Content

* Searching Wikipedia
** Basic Searching
*** Varying the Search
*** Search Operators
*** Searching Other Namespaces
*** Some Special Searches
*** Search Problems and Some Alternatives
** External Search Engines
*** When to Use External Search Engines
*** When Not to Use External Search Engines
* Ways into Wikipedia
** Welcome to the Main Page
*** Navigating the Main Page
*** Portals into the Encyclopedia
*** Daily Content
*** Constructing the Main Page
*** Disclaimers, License, and Privacy
** The Omnipresent Sidebar
*** Navigation
*** Interaction
*** Recent Changes
*** The Search Box
*** Toolbox
*** Languages
* Joys of Hypertext
** A Hypertext Primer
** Three Types of Links
** Browsing by Topic
*** Lists of Articles
*** Traditional Classification Schemes
*** Date-Related Articles
** Browsing by Categories
*** Structure of a Category Page
*** Navigating Categories
*** A Longer Journey Using Categories
** Browsing by Page Type
*** Finding Excellent or Poor Content
*** Finding Images
*** Finding Media Files
* Summary
Considering Wikipedia's vastness, finding exactly what you're looking for can be a challenge. Fortunately, search is a powerful technology. This chapter will explain how to search Wikipedia effectively.
But searching for a specific piece of information is not the only way to use Wikipedia. Unlike the sections in a printed book, Wikipedia articles are not in any particular order; instead, they can be bundled together by topic and in many other ways. This grouping makes it great fun to browse Wikipedia casually and facilitates chance discovery: Filling out your understanding of a topic's background is usually painless, and one topic can lead to another in a surprising and enjoyable way.
Whether you're reading Wikipedia for fun or serious study, mastering some key research and navigation skills will help you make the most of your time. Therefore, this chapter will also describe the key structures set up for browsing (portals, categories, and lists) and will explain some basic navigational tools, including the links on the website's left-hand sidebar.
As usual, this chapter will show you where to look up detailed and up-to-date explanations of the topics that are covered here only in brief.
# Chapter 2. The World Gets a Free Encyclopedia
## The World Gets a Free Encyclopedia

* Wikipedia's Mission
* Wikipedia's Roots
** Ancient Greece to Today: Encyclopedias
** Late 17th Century: The Modern Encyclopedia
** Wikipedia as an Encyclopedia
** The 1960s and 1970s: Unix, Networks, and Personal Computers
** The 1980s: The Free Software Movement
*** Wikipedia and the Free Perspective
** 1995: Ward's Wiki
** 1997: Open Source Communities
** 2000: Online Community Dynamics
*** Wikipedia as a Wiki Community
** 2001: Wikipedia Goes Live
** Wikipedia Today
** Unfinished Business
* The Wikipedia Model Debated
** Misinformation: The Seigenthaler Scandal
** Amateur Contributors, Authority, and Academia
*** Wikipedia and Academic Authority
*** Wikipedia and Experts
*** Case Studies in Academic Authority
*** Pseudonyms and Claimed Expertise
*** The Crowd of Amateurs
* Summary
The hopeful dreams from the early days of Wikipedia have become reality. There is a free, online encyclopedia, and in Chapter 1, What's in Wikipedia?, you reviewed its content. But what led to Wikipedia's creation, and what is the philosophy behind the site?
In Serendipities, leading Italian academic and intellectual Umberto Eco closed his first essay with this thought:
After all, the cultivated person's first duty is to be always prepared to rewrite the encyclopedia.
In 1994, when Eco lectured to the University of Bologna on "The Force of Falsity," he naturally did not mean this statement literally. For him, the encyclopedia is metaphorical; a revision of beliefs is a sign of a civilization that can question itself, and fresh views and discoveries, such as a scientific advance or the exposure of a forgery, prompt new summaries of knowledge. But Wikipedia has allowed this metaphor to spring to life: Daily, thousands of people "rewrite the encyclopedia," and no one checks to see whether these editors have the appropriate degrees or credentials or are even dressed for the occasion.
Wikipedia combines the ideas of the encyclopedia, the wiki website, and free and open content to define how a free encyclopedia can be built by everyone. In this chapter, we'll explore these three ideas and how they have evolved, discuss the motivation behind the project and its early history, and examine the drawbacks to Wikipedia's method by discussing some common criticisms of the site, centered around a few case studies. In the last chapter of this book, we'll return to more recent history and the current organizational side of Wikipedia. In the meantime, as you read and edit articles and participate in community discussions, knowing Wikipedia's philosophical background and influences is key to understanding how it works.
    [2] ^ See Umberto Eco, "The Force of Falsity," in Serendipities: Language and Lunacy, trans. William Weaver (New York: Columbia, 1998), 21.
# GCSE Modern History/The Vietnam War
### Why Did the USA Become Involved in Vietnam?

* Vietnam was becoming Communist - The Truman Doctrine meant they should intervene
* Kennedy had just succeeded in the Cuban Missile Crisis - overconfidence
* USA feared an Asian Domino Theory - China had already fallen, wanted to prevent India falling too, like Vietnam→Laos→Cambodia→Burma→Thailand→India
* North Vietnamese patrol boats opened fire on US ships in the Tonkin Gulf in August 1964. This led to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which gave Johnson the power to attack Vietnam in a full-scale war.
* Containment - stopping the advance of Communism wherever it looked like it was gaining ground
* Domestic Politics - being seen to be "tough" on Communism, and continuing Eisenhower's anti-communist policies, was a big vote-winner for Kennedy
* Military-Industrial Complex - big business and the military benefited from war. Huge budgets were given to commanders, which were passed on to weapons manufacturers