OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/The Classical Age in India

New kingdoms rose to power in Ganges River valley by 500 B.C.E. Urbanization emerged in the capitals of these kingdoms and near major religious temples. But by the sixth century B.C.E., religious thinkers were beginning to challenge the rituals on which the Brahman elite—Vedic priests—depended. The most important of these thinkers, the Buddha, created a new religion that would have world-wide significance. Moreover, the rivalry between Buddhism and Vedic religion, later known as Hinduism, shaped the nature of Indian culture for many centuries. But out of this turmoil India entered a “Golden Age” under the rule of the Gupta dynasty. During this era, new and sophisticated ideas about literature, art, and science became fixtures of Gupta society. In this unit, we will see that classical India during this period was defined by political disunity and religious conflict broken only briefly by unification under the Guptas.
# Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/The Development of Early Towns: Jericho and Catal Huyuk
## Jericho

Jericho is one of the world's oldest continually inhabited cities in the world. Archaeologists have evidence of inhabitants living in the city since 9000 BCE. Even before the era of permanent settlement, the area that would one day become Jericho was a popular camp site for Natufian hunter-gatherers. As the earth emerged from a relatively cold period known as the Younger Dryas between 10,000 and 9000 BCE, the area became more hospitable for human settlement. The village began with small circular dwellings, burials in the floors of the buildings, the cultivation of wild grains and the use of no pottery. Buildings were made of clay and straw bricks held together by mud dried in the sun.
By 9400 BCE, the town had more than 70 of these dwellings, with more than 1000 inhabitants. Most interesting to archaeologists is the evidence for a stone wall over three and half meters high and a tower of equal height. The wall was likely used to prevent flooding from the nearby Jordan River and was an unprecedented innovation in human history.

## Catal Huyuk

Catal Huyuk (Çatalhöyük, Turkish for Forked Mound) is one of the largest and best-preserved Neolithic settlements known to archaeologists. Located in southern Anatolia, in modern day Turkey, Catal Huyuk was inhabited between 7500 and 5700 BCE. The site is comprised completely of domestic buildings, several with large rooms with murals. The mud-brick domiciles were crammed together in tightly-packed bunches with no streets or footpaths between one another. Entrance to these homes was accessed through holes in the roof and ladders down into the home. In this sense, the roofs of the homes served as the walkway in the village.
All walls and platforms of the buildings were covered over in smooth plaster. Combined with the fact that the rooms were kept scrupulously clean, they interior of these buildings looked bright white. Although archaeologists generally discovered little trash in the buildings, dead family members were typically buried beneath the floor or hearth. Apart from the murals discovered on walls throughout the settlement, a number of religious figurines were scattered throughout the settlement. Although archaeologists do not know much about the religious practices of Catal Huyuk, there seemed to have been no temples for the religion, but rather individual shrines to deities within the home. Figurines were highly symbolic and ranged from hunted or domesticated animals to men with erect phalluses, to the "Seated Woman of Catal Huyuk". Interestingly, while there are some male deity figurines, the majority are female, like the Seated Woman. Although this might indicate that the society was a matriarchy, what men and women ate and drank indicated there was no social status differentiation between the sexes. Apart from equality of the sexes, there seems to be no form of socio-economic differentiation, as evidenced by the similarity of all homes without differentiating features.
# Themes in Literature/Xenophobia and Xenophilia

Film
    The Hate U Give, directed by George Tillman Jr.
# Theoretical Mechanics

<Cover and Inter-Wiki Mechanics is some of the essential part of our life and physics

## Contents

* Vector Algebra
Most of the math in mechanics involves vectors, understanding them is essential for understanding mechanics. This section covers the basics of vector math.
* Statics
Statics is about balance. It studies the relations between different bodies at rest.

### Forces And Their Effects
#### Force

A force is an interaction between 2 objects. If there aren't 2 (or more) objects there can't be a force. The objects do not necessarily have to touch. e.g. Gravity, electromagnetic and electrostatic forces.
A force is represented by a vector: the magnitude represents the magnitude of the force; The direction represents the direction in which the force acts; the origin defines where the forces acts on the object.

#### Effects Of Forces

A net force acting on an object can have five effects: tension, compression, shear, translation or rotation.
Note that this translation is according to Aristotelian Physics which is founded on the belief ii that something moves, it must have a mover, i.e. force causing change in position. This is not true according to Newtonian physics in which force changes the velocity of an object.

##### Translation

[[File:Transl.png|none|thumb|center|150px|{{center|Translation of a rectangle]]
* The object moves in a direction parallel to itself.
* The effect is defined by the magnitude and direction of the acting force.
* A is the object at its original position.
* A' and A'' are the object translated along respectively the X- and the Y-axis.
A''' is the object translate along both axis.

##### Rotation

* The object rotates around a point.
    The original rectangle (left) is rotated around its center. The result is displayed to the right. The dotted rectangle show the location of the original rectangle.
* The object rotates around an axis.
    E.g. A door. Imagine a line through the hinges, this is the axis. The door rotates around this axis.

##### Translation and Rotation

* The object doesn't move parallel nor does it rotate around a fixed point or axle.

## Kinematics

Kinematics describes the position, speed and acceleration of a point or a body and the relations between them without regard to the cause of the acceleration.

## Dynamics

Dynamics connects statics with kinematics by connecting the cause (forces) with the effect (acceleration). This is where the three laws of Newton fit in.
As well as the Newtonian laws, there are other formulations of mechanics; Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These formulations of mechanics focus more on energy than force.
# Tagalog/Lesson 7

| Mgá Aralín (Lessons): | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Table of Contents |

## Color - Kulay

| Pilipino | Inglés |
| Itím | Black |
| Putî | White |
| Pulá | Red |
| Kahél/dalandán | Orange |
| Diláw | Yellow |
| Luntian/Berde(from Spanish "verde") | Green |
| Bugháw/Asúl (from Spanish "azul") | Blue |
| Lila (or kulay-ube) | Purple |
| Kayumanggí | Tan(ned) |
| Gintô | Gold |
| Pilak | Silver |
| Tansô | Bronze |
| Rosas from Spanish "rosa" | Pink |

## Other Colors

There are no exact equivalents of the colors brown and gray. "Kulay-tsokolate" ("tsokolate" means chocolate) can be used to describe brown, or sometimes, "pulá" (red). Gray can be described as "kulay-abó" ("abo" means ash).

## Summary

| Mgá Aralín (Lessons): | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Table of Contents |
# Tagalog/Lesson 9

| Mgá Aralín (Lessons): | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Table of Contents |
Mga Lugar Mga Lugar or Places

## Vocabulary

* Simbahan - Church
* Bahay - House
* Páaralán - School
* Ospitál - Hospital
* C.R. (Comfort Room) - Toilet
* Banyo (Baño) - Bathroom
* Opisina - Office
* Gusali - Building
* Kainán - Eatery
| Mgá Aralín (Lessons): | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Table of Contents |
# Tagalog/Ligatures

Tagalog uses the ligature na as a way for adjectives to modify nouns. In order to smoothen pronunciation, two other ligatures, -ng and -g (shortened forms of na), are also used.

## Aralín (Lesson)

The Tagalog ligature na comes after words in order to modify them. For the sake of euphony, two other ligatures, -ng and -g, both shortened forms of na, are also used. The ligature used depends on the ending letter of the word, as shown below:
* The ligature -ng is attached to words that end with a vowel
* The ligature -g is attached to words that end with the letter "N"
* The ligature na comes after the word being modified if it ends in a consonant other that "N"

### Ang paggamit ng -ng (Usage of -ng)

As mentioned earlier, the ligature suffix ng is attached to words that end with a vowel, as shown in the following examples:
* Ang puláng kama ay akin. (The red bed is mine.)
* Marunong siyang magsalita ng wikang Ingles. (He/She can speak the English language.)

### Ang paggamit ng -g (Usage of -g)

The ligature -g functions in the same way as -ng with the exception that the "N" from the latter is removed since the "N" is already incorporated into the word that the ligature is being attached to, as shown in these sentences:
* Ang sínumang waláng sulatín bukas ay hindí pápasa sa klase ko. (Whoever does not have their essays tomorrow will not pass my class.)
* Nandito ang aking mágasin. (My magazine is here.)

### Ang paggamit ng na (Usage of na)

The ligature na does not attach itself to a word. Instead, it links the word being modified to the word being described. The na ligature only goes with words whose ending letter is neither a vowel nor ends with "N", as shown in these sentences:
* Ang hayág na lugár na iyón ay malayò. (That public place is far.)
* Máyroon akóng apat na tanóng. (I have four questions.)
^ Table of Contents ^ | <<Conjunctions | Ligatures | Nouns and Markers>>
# Tagalog/Lesson 8

| Mgá Aralín (Lessons): | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Table of Contents |

## Insects – Mgá Kulisap

Ant – Langgám or Guyam Bee – Bubuyog Butterfly – Paruparó Cockroach – Ipis Cricket – Kuliglíg Dragonfly – Tutubí Flea – Pulgás Fly – Langaw Insect – Kulisap, Insekto Mosquito – Lamók Tick – Garapatá

## Mammals – Mgá Mamalya

Bat – Panikì Bear – Oso (from Spanish "oso") Carabao/Water buffalo - Kalabáw Cat – Pusà Civet Cat – Musang Cow – Baka (from Spanish “vaca”) Deer – Usá
Dog – Aso Goat – Kambíng Horse – Kabayo (from Spanish "caballo") Monkey – Unggóy, Matsíng Pig – Baboy Rabbit – Kuneho (from Spanish “conejo”) Rat – Dagâ Wolf – Lobo (from Spanish "lobo") Whale – Balyena

## Other animals – Mgá ibáng hayop

Centipede - Alupihan Crab - Alimango Fish - Isdâ Frog - Palakâ Goat - Kambíng Horse - Kabayo (from Spanish "caballo") Lizard - Butikî Scorpion - Alakdán (from Spanish “alacrán”) Shrimp - Hipon Snail - Kuhól Snake - Ahas Spider - Gagambá or Anlalawà Tortoise/Turtle – Pagóng Sea turtle - Pawikan Worm - Bulate, Uod
| Mgá Aralín (Lessons): | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Table of Contents |
# Tagalog/Nouns and markers

This lesson will teach you about the usage of nouns and markers in Tagalog.

## Aralín (Lesson)
### Mga pangungusap at pangmarka (Nouns and markers)

While Tagalog nouns are not inflected, they are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.
Unlike English and Spanish which are nominative-accusative languages, Tagalog is considered to be either an ergative-absolutive language, or a language with an Austronesian alignment. It's a common misconception that Tagalog is frequently spoken in the passive voice.
Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb.
Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession.
Oblique markers are similar to prepositions in English. It marks things such as location and direction.
Furthermore, noun markers are divided into two classes: one for names of people (personal) and the second for everything else (common).
Below is a chart of case markers. mga (pronounced [maŋa]) marks the plural. The word ng (pronounced [naŋ])
| | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique |
| Common singular | ang | ng | sa |
| Common plural | ang mga | ng mga | sa mga |
| Personal singular | si | ni | kay |
| Personal plural | sina | nina | kina |

### Examples

Dumating ang lalaki. "The man arrived."
Nakita ni Juan si Maria. "John saw Maria."
Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel. "Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house."
Nasaan ang mga libro? "Where are the books?"
Kay Tatay ang susi. "Father has the keys"
^ Table of Contents ^ | <<Ligatures | Nouns and Markers | Prefixes and Suffixes>>
# Tagalog/Prepositions

Mga Pang-ukol (Prepositions)

## Introduction

Prepositions play a crucial role in any language, including Tagalog. They function as connective words, linking nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of a sentence. By understanding the usage and meaning of prepositions, learners can improve their language skills and create more accurate and nuanced sentences.

## Basic Prepositions

In Tagalog, there are several basic prepositions commonly used in everyday conversations. These prepositions establish relationships between various elements within a sentence. Here are some of the most frequently used basic prepositions:
* Sa - Meaning "in," "on," or "at," this preposition is used to indicate a specific location or time. For example, "Nasa bahay ako" translates to "I am at home."
* Ng - Translated as "of," "by," or "from," this preposition is used to indicate possession, place of origin, or the agent of an action. For example, "Ang bahay ng bata" means "The child's house."
* Para sa - Meaning "for" or "to," this prepositional phrase indicates the recipient or purpose of an action. For example, "Bumili ako para sa iyo" translates to "I bought it for you."

## Compound Prepositions

Tagalog also uses compound prepositions, which are formed by combining a basic preposition with other words. These compound prepositions provide more specific meanings and nuances. Here are some examples:
* Sa harap - Translated as "in front of" or "facing," this compound preposition creates a sense of spatial relationship. For example, "Ang libro ay nasa harap ng mesa" means "The book is in front of the table."
* Sa loob - Meaning "inside" or "within," this compound preposition emphasizes the internal location of an object. For example, "Ang pusa ay nasa loob ng bahay" translates to "The cat is inside the house."
This is only the first draft, this page must be revised, and other propositions should be included
| Mgá Aralín (Lessons): | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - Table of Contents |
# Tagalog/Pronouns

Uri ng panghalip
Ang panghalip ay salita o katagang panghalili sa pangngalan.
# Tagalog/Why study Tagalog

Hello fellow reader and welcome to this tutorial on the Tagalog language. As a major Philippine language and, as Filipino, the national language of the Philippines, Tagalog can help you get by in the Philippines better.

## Why Study Tagalog?

* The next time you visit the Philippines, you don't need to take your Tagalog-English English-Tagalog dictionary when asking where the toilet is.
* Speaking Tagalog helps you to gain more Filipino friends.
* You hate the Western Cold weather and finding some beaches to sunbathe in and communicating in Tagalog the next time you visit the country will help you to NOT-GET-LOST when touring around. (The Philippines might have a large population of English speakers but this doesn't mean that everyone in the country understands English fluently.)
* You might get pissed when some of the Filipino people start talking in Tagalog and you might think they're talking about you, learning Tagalog will help you understand what they're talking about and the next time you see some talking in Tagalog you won't get a misinterpretation of what they're talking about.
* You're obsessed of eating Filipino foods but you don't understand the menu because it's written in pure Tagalog. After learning some Tagalog you will understand what the menu says and you'll know what you're consuming.
* You might also love reading literature, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo by José Rizal are mostly translated into Tagalog however its main form was in Spanish, you might not understand Spanish nor Tagalog, but after studying Tagalog the books will catch your heart.

## Demographics

Tagalog is the native language of 22 million Filipinos and is the largest of all the Philippine languages. More than 65 million people, roughly about three-fourths of the Philippine population, have learned Tagalog as their second language to varying degrees of comprehension.
Tagalog is one of the keys to Philippine culture. By studying it, you unlock an amalgamation of Malay, Arab, Indian, Latin and European cultures.
However, there are catches to learning Tagalog. For example, accentation can differentiate different forms of a word with the same spelling (as in hapon, which can mean either "afternoon" or as a reference to Japan), as in Spanish, but accents are usually not written. This can create confusion at first.
Also, Tagalog can use different word orders but that mean the same thing: an example is the Wikipedia slogan, which can be translated as Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya (the English word order) or Ang Ensiklopedyang Malaya (the Spanish word order).
Learning Tagalog, however, can be made easier if one knows how to speak Spanish or languages such as Malay or Indonesian, which Tagalog either has cognates or has borrowed words from. It helps create a better learning experience.
^ Table of Contents ^ | Why study Tagalog? | How to use this Tagalog Wikibook>>
# Tagalog/Phrasebook
## Common phrases

| Translation | Phrase | Pronunciation |
| Good Morning | Magandang Umaga | MA-GAN-DANG U-MA-GA |
| Good Noon | Magandang Tanghali | MA-GAN-DANG TANG-HA-LI |
| Good Afternoon | Magandang Hapon | MA-GAN-DANG HA-PON |
| Please | Paki | PA-KI |
| How are you? | Kamusta ka? | KA-MUS-TA KA? |
| Fine | Mabuti | MA-BU-TI |
| Goodbye | Paalam | PA-A-LAM |
| Yes | Oo | O-O |
| No | Hindi | HIN-DEH |
| Where's the toilet? | Nasaan ang Banyo? | NA-SA-AN ANG BA-NYO |
| I don't understand | Hindi ko naiintindihan | HIN-DEH KO NA-I-IN-TIN-DI-HAN |
| Sorry | Paumanhin (po) | PA-U-MAN-HIN |
| Excuse me, Sorry but I don't know Tagalog very well | Paumanhin po pero hindi po ako magaling magtagalog | PA-U-MAN-HIN PO PE-RO HIN-DEH PO A-KO MA-GA-LING MAG-TA-GA-LOG |
| Sorry, but I don't understand Tagalog | Paumanhin po, pero hindi po ako nakakaintindi ng Tagalog | PA-U-MAN-HIN PO, PE-RO HIN-DEH PO A-KO NA-KA-KA-IN-TIN-DI NG TA-GA-LOG |
| Do you know how to speak english? | Marunong ka ba magsalita ng Ingles? | MA-RU-NONG KA BA MAG-SA-LI-TA NG ING-LES |
| Goodbye | Paalam | PA-A-LAM |

## How are you?

| Translation | Phrase | Pronunciation |
| How are you? | Kamusta ka? | KA-MUS-TA KA? |
| I'm fine, Thank you | Mabuti naman ako, Salamat | MA-BU-TI NA-MAN AKO, SA-LA-MAT |
| I'm not fine | Hindi ako Mabuti | HIN-DEH A-KO MA-BU-TI |
| And you? | At ikaw? | AT I-KAW? |

## Titles

| Translation | Phrase | Pronunciation |
| Sir/Gentleman | Ginoo | GI-NO-O |
| Mam/Madam | Binibini | BI-NI-BI-NI |

## Greetings

| Translation | Phrase |
| Good Morning | Magandang Umaga |
| Good (After)Noon | Magandang Tanghali |
| Good Afternoon | Magandang Hapon |
| Good Evening | Magandang Gabi |
| How Are you? | Kamusta ka? |
| I'm Fine, Thank You | Mabuti naman Ako, Salamat |
| And You? | At Ikaw? |
| I'm not fine | Hindi ako Mabuti |

## Titles

| Translation | Phrase |
| Sir, Mr. | Ginoo/Mister |
| Mam, Mrs. | Miss, Misis |
| Miss | Binibini |

## Goodbye

| Translation | Phrase |
| Goodbye! | Paalam! |
| Take Care | Mag-ingat ka (you)/kayo {you(plural)} |
| Hope we meet again | Sana'y magkita tayo ulit |
| See You Later | Magkita tayo mamaya |
| See You Tomorrow | Magkita tayo bukas |

## Courtesy

| Translation | Phrase | Pronunciation |
| Please (There is not really a word in Tagalog that means please but Paki is used in passing, giving or asking things like Paki-abot ng kanin; Can you please pass me the rice?) | Paki | PA-KI |
| Thank you | Salamat | SA-LA-MAT |
| You're welcome (The word; "Walang Anuman" literally means "No problem") | Walang Anuman | WA-LANG A-NU-MAN |
# WebObjects/EOF/Modeling/Attributes

An attribute is, abstractly speaking, a piece of information about an entity. For example, an EOEntity may represent a person. The first name of the person is an attribute. The zip code of the person's address may be an attribute. An attribute is represented in EOF as a com.webobjects.eoaccess.EOAttribute instance. If an entity's information comes strictly from a table, then an attribute will be the object representation of a column. A relationship in an entity may also be an attribute of the entity.
A "class" EOAttribute" is distinguished from a non-class EOAttribute by whether or not the attribute is supposed to be an attribute of the class which models it. For example, if you have the first name of a person, that would be a class attribute. If you have an attribute you use in the entity to act as a key for a join, that attribute itself is not part of the class as such. It is part of the machinery used by the class. That key, itself, would not be something that one would want a user to know about. If that attribute is used in a join, and that join defines a relationship, then one would want to expose the relationship to a user. The relationship would be a class EOAttribute and the key in the join would be a non-class EOAttribute.
# WebObjects/EOF/Modeling/Custom Attributes

Kieran Kelleher has written an excellent article on his blog about performing encryption on an EO attribute via a custom attribute:
http://web.archive.org/20071121050703/homepage.mac.com/kelleherk/iblog/C729512539/E2033071041/index.html
# WebObjects/EOF/Modeling/EOModeler on Windows
#### Sigurður Anton Ólafsson

If anyone is having a problem with EOModeler on Windows XP, here’s a solution:
I had a problem with EOModeler, it simply wouldn’t start. It’s a part of WebObjects 5.2.4, that is WebObjects 5.2 that had been updated to 5.2.4 The bug came in during the update.
The solution is this:
* after the original installation of WebObjects 5.2, verify that EOModeler works.
* You can also check if you see the following processes running in task manager: nmserver.exe, machd.exe, pbs.exe –these are all necessary for EOModeler to run.
* Right Click My Computer and select Manage
* Select Services
* In the Services Menu, make all Apple Services manual and turn them off.
* Go on with the WebObjects Update to 5.2.4
* Turn the Apple Services back on and make them automatic.
* Restart computer.
* EOModeler should now work.

#### Oracle JDBC

http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=75145