OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wikimedia/The History of Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons, more commonly called Commons, is a Wikimedia project created to host free-use images, sounds, and other media. As of December 2020, the project contained over 67 million free media files. These files are easily usable across Wikimedia projects and are free for reuse beyond, as long as the licensing terms described on each file's page is met.
The project was originally proposed in March 2004 as an expansion of the early Wikimedia "Project Sourceberg." Project Sourceberg was meant to house primary evidence and original source texts, and in 2004 a proposal was made on the Wikimedia mailing list "wikipedia-l" to retitle it to Wikimedia Commons to include images, public domain texts, and artistic works. While the proposal did not pass as originally posited, Wikimedia Commons was opened on September 7, 2004 to hold images and other media files that could be directly embedded in other Wikimedia projects. Project Sourceberg, with its public domain texts, became Wikisource.
# SQL Dialects Reference/Data structure definition/Data types/Numeric types

This page includes comparison tables which can be big and complex.
While it's perfectly all right to view them in their complete state, it is recommended to install a comparison tables extension that would allow to select particular columns of interest for comparison.
| SQL version | Feature | Standard SQL:2011 | DB2 | Firebird | Ingres | Linter | MSSQL | MySQL | MonetDB | Oracle Vers. 11.x | PostgreSQL | SQLite | Virtuoso |
| ? | Integer (1 byte) | | N/A | N/A | tinyint integer1 | N/A | tinyint (always unsigned) | TINYINT | TINYINT | NUMBER(1) | "char" (including quotation marks) | INTEGER | TINYINT |
| ? | Integer (2 bytes) | | SMALLINT | SMALLINT | smallint integer2 | SMALLINT | smallint | SMALLINT | SMALLINT | NUMBER(2) | SMALLINT INT2 | INTEGER | SMALLINT |
| ? | Integer (3 bytes) | | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | MEDIUMINT | N/A | NUMBER(3) | N/A | INTEGER | N/A |
| ? | Integer (4 bytes) | | INTEGER | INTEGER | integer integer4 | INT INTEGER | int | INT | INT | NUMBER(4) | INT INTEGER INT4 | INTEGER | INT INTEGER |
| ? | Integer (8 bytes) | | BIGINT | BIGINT | bigint integer8 | BIGINT | bigint | BIGINT | BIGINT | INTEGER | BIGINT INT8 | INTEGER | BIGINT |
| ? | Float (single precision, 4 bytes) | | REAL | FLOAT | float4 real float(23) | FLOAT REAL FLOAT(n), n≤24 | real float(24) | FLOAT | REAL | BINARY_FLOAT | REAL FLOAT(24) | N/A | REAL |
| ? | Float (double precision, 8 bytes) | | DOUBLE FLOAT | DOUBLE PRECISION | float float8 double precision float(53) | DOUBLE DOUBLE PRECISION FLOAT(n), n>24 | float float(53) | DOUBLE | FLOAT DOUBLE | BINARY_DOUBLE | DOUBLE PRECISION FLOAT(53) | REAL | FLOAT |
| ? | Fixed precision (p) and scale (s) number | | DECIMAL(p, s) NUMERIC(p, s) | DECIMAL(p, s) NUMERIC(p, s) | DECIMAL(p, s) NUMERIC(p, s) | DECIMAL(p, s) DEC(p,s) NUMERIC(p, s) NUMBER(p,s) | decimal(p, s) numeric(p, s) | DECIMAL(p, s) NUMERIC(p, s) | DECIMAL(p, s) NUMERIC(p, s) | NUMBER(p, s)/NUMBER(p)/NUMBER DECIMAL(p, s)/DECIMAL(p)/DECIMAL NUMERIC(p, s)/NUMERIC(p)/NUMERIC FLOAT(p) | DECIMAL(p, s) NUMERIC(p, s) | N/A | DECIMAL(p, s) NUMERIC(p, s) |
| ? | Fixed precision p and s limits | no limits | p ≤ 31, 0 ≤ s ≤ p | p ≤ 18, 0 ≤ s ≤ p | p ≤ 31, 0 ≤ s ≤ p | p ≤ 30, 0 ≤ s ≤ p, s ≤ 10, p-s ≤ 20 | p ≤ 38, 0 ≤ s ≤ p | p ≤ 65, 0 ≤ 30 ≤ s ≤ p | p ≤ 18, 0 ≤ s ≤ p | p ≤ 38, -84 ≤ s ≤ 127 (for negative scale the least significant digit is on the left side of the decimal point) | p ≤ 1000, 0 ≤ s ≤ p | | |
| ? | UNSIGNED support | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| ? | Set display width in integer | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 SMALLINT, INTEGER, INT, BIGINT, DECIMAL and NUMERIC. See: Wikibook SQL
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 uses dynamic typing; allows any type name
* 1 2 FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION. See: Wikibook SQL
# SQL Dialects Reference/Data structure definition/Delimited identifiers
### Delimited identifiers

There are regular identifiers and delimited identifiers to denominate database objects like tables or columns. You must apply delimited identifiers if you want to use SQL keywords like 'FROM' as identifiers or special characters within its name. Delimited identifiers are labeled by the following techniques.
| Dialect | Sample | Comment |
| Standard | "identifier" | The SQL standard calls these "delimited identifiers". The SQL standard requires that delimited identifiers are case-sensitive, although not all servers enforce this. |
| DB2 | "identifier" | Case sensitive per standard and also allows special characters. |
| Firebird | "identifier" | Case sensitive per standard. |
| Ingres | "identifier" | Case sensitivity for delimited identifiers is specified when a database is created. For compliance with ANSI/ISO Entry SQL-92, delimited identifiers must be case sensitive. |
| Linter | "identifier" | Case sensitive per standard. |
| MonetDB | "identifier" | Case sensitive per standard. |
| MSSQL | [identifier] "identifier" | Case sensitivity is set by a per-database option. |
| MySQL | `identifier` "identifier" |
| Oracle | "identifier" | Case sensitive per standard. Case insensitive when not double-quoted: They are converted to uppercase before the execution of any statement, e.g: 'CrEAtE table MyTable' is converted to 'CREATE TABLE MYTABLE'. This conforms to the standard. |
| PostgreSQL | "identifier" | Case sensitive per standard. Case insensitive when not double-quoted (converted to lower case - while it's upper case per standard). |
| SQLite | [identifier] "identifier" 'identifier' identifier | Never case sensitive, even when quoted. Bracketed keywords are always understood as identifiers. Double-quoted keywords are understood as identifiers if previously seen as such, but are otherwise interpreted as string literals. Single-quoted keywords are interpreted as string literals where such are allowed, but otherwise as identifiers. Some keywords may be used as identifiers even when not quoted. |
| Virtuoso | "identifier" | |
Notes:
* ↑ If the quoted_identifier option is set on — otherwise, "identifier" would be parsed as a string in single quotes.
* ↑ If running in ANSI mode.
# Question Writer Manual/Quiz Options
## Quiz Options

* Introduction to Quiz Options
* Quiz Details
** Title
** Pass Score Percentage
** Feedback Method
** Time Limit the Quiz
** Randomization
** Number of Pre-Randomized Quizzes to Generate
* Introduction
** Display Instructions
** User Identification
** Field Length for User Data
* Question Options
** General Question Properties
** Question Scoring Options
** Fill in the Blank Question Options
* Appearance Settings
** Jpeg Image Quality
** Publish as Flash Version
** Override Background Images
** Override Feedback Images
* Text Settings
** Text Settings
** Body Text Font
** Title Text Font
** Override Feedback Text Colors
* Web Settings
** Send Results over the Internet
** After Quiz
** Browser Options
* Metadata (SCORM)
* Report Settings
** Report Options
** Report Export Options
* Report Labels
* Other Labels

## Introduction to Quiz Options

When you first open Question Writer you will see the following screen:
Most of the screen appears blank but at the top there is the title bar (which tells you that you have opened Question Writer and which version); a menu bar with 3 menu options and below that a tool bar with 2 buttons.
To start creating your first quiz, click on the button New Quiz.
Double click on the Quiz-Untitled icon in the action panel. A properties window will open; this is where you will define the settings for your quiz.
Alternatively you can click on the Properties button on the tool bar while the Quiz is highlighted.
# Question Writer Manual/Quiz Options/Advanced Settings/General Question Properties
## General Question Properties

This window contains a series of tick boxes relating to the appearance of the question on the screen, most of which are self-explanatory.

### Show Question Number

The question number can be displayed at the top of each question page using this option

### Randomize Question Options

This randomizes the order in which answer options are displayed in Multiple Choice, Multiple Response and Partial Credit question types. In Sequencing and Matching question types, options are always randomized.

### Display Point Values For Questions

The number of points awarded for each questions is shown to bottom right hand side of the question if this option is selected.

### Display Title With Each Question

This option displays the title of the quiz at the top of each question page.

### Use Image Zooming

When an image or piece of Flash is displayed with a question, it can optionally be shown in the top left hand corner and zoomed to full size when the mouse moves over it. If this option is not selected, the image appears at its default size at the top of the question.

### Fill In The Blank Answers Must Use Correct Capitalization

This determines whether the scoring for Fill In The Blank style questions is case sensitive. If the required answer was 'Blue' but the user entered 'blue' - they would not score any points if this option is selected.
# Question Writer Manual/Quiz Options/Advanced Settings/PreRandomized
## Number of Pre-Randomized Quizzes

If you're using any randomization in your quiz or sections, Question Writer handles this by generating a number of pre-randomized quizzes when you publish. One of these is selected at random each time a quiz-taker accesses the quiz. It is usually better to have more rather than less of these pre-randomized quizzes as this minimizes the possibility that two quiz-takers will see the same quiz or the same quiz-taker will see the same quiz twice in a row.
Balance this against the time it takes to publish your pre-randomized quizzes and the space that the pre-randomized quizzes will take up.
See Frequently Asked Questions for an idea of how this can be used.
# Question Writer Manual/Look and Feel/Text Formatting
## Text Formatting using HTML

You can choose to use HTML text formatting to change the appearance of text in your quiz, or to add special symbols. See Text Settings for more detail.
# Question Writer Manual/Look and Feel/Themes
## Themes

The simplest way to change the look of your quiz is to choose a new theme. This is very easy to do.
Both the Standard and Professional versions of Question Writer come with a range of themes.
You can find out when new themes are released by subscribing to the Question Writer Newsletter, or you can read the regular updates on the blog.
To add or change the theme, click the 'Switch Themes' button. A list of themes will appear and you can select a different theme. A dialogue box will appear telling you that the theme has been changed.
You can then Preview the quiz to see how it looks with the new theme.
# Question Writer Manual/Quiz Options/Advanced Settings/Question Scoring
## Question Scoring Options
### Partial Credit

* By ticking this box you can give quiz takers credit for an answer that is not 100% correct in the sequencing and matching question types. For matching questions a score based on the number of correct matches is awarded. For sequencing questions, a more complex scoring method is used by calculating the number of correct relative pairs sequenced. (There's an article here that goes into more detail, ).

### Allow Overall Negative Marks From Partial Credit Questions

* You can choose whether or not you allow negative scores for Partial Credit Questions. These negative scores will the be set against positive scores achieved in other questions. If you don't allow negative scores, the minimum score that can be awarded for any question is 0.

### Fill In The Blank Answers Must Use Correct Capitalization

This determines whether the scoring for Fill In The Blank style questions is case sensitive. If the required answer was 'Blue' but the user entered 'blue' - they would not score any points if this option is selected.
# Question Writer Manual/Quiz Options/Advanced Settings
## Advanced Settings

There are several sections in the Advanced Settings properties windows.
* General Question Properties
* Question Scoring
* Text Settings
* Theme Images
* Number of Pre-Randomized Quizzes
* Report Options
* Report Export Options
# Question Writer Manual/Quiz Options/Advanced Settings/Report Export Options
## Report Export Options
### Allow User To E-mail Report to

You can give the quiz taker the option to press a button on the final report screen to email their report. This will use the user's e-mail client and the user will have the opportunity to change the e-mail address / report details.
This is a convenience for the user - the results by e-mail service offered in the Web Settings is much more reliable for most purposes.

### Allow User To Print Report

You can give the quiz taker the option to press a button on the report screen to print their report. This can be a good way to provide a certificate for the quiz-taker.
# The Grand Inquisitor/Introduction
## What Will This Book Cover?

This book will cover three chapters from the book The Brothers Karamazov: Rebellion, The Grand Inquisitor, and The Devil. These three chapters center around the character Ivan, and represent some of the most powerful critiques of organized religion. Of particular interest here is Roman Catholicism.
It may be possible for this annotated text to eventually be expanded to cover additional chapters from the book. However, considering its size, it is unlikely that the entire book will ever be annotated here. Besides the three covered initially, there are several other important chapters worth annotating.

## How Will This Book Be Arranged?

The three chapters presented in this annotation are not subdivided into sections. However, for the sake of clarity, this book will divide the chapters into individual component pieces, at places where there is a logical breaking point.
The first section of the book will contain some basic information about The Brothers Karamazov, including information about the author, information about the plot, and information about the characters. The second section of the book will contain the annotations, complete with the full text of the passages. The full text will appear in shaded boxes on the left of the page, and discussion and annotation will appear in plain text on the right side of the page.

## Where To Go From Here?

Readers who have not yet read The Brothers Karamazov are encouraged to read it in its entirety. The full text can be found at wikisource: Wikisource:The Brothers Karamazov.
# The Grand Inquisitor/History

The Brothers Karamazov was intended to be the first part of a trilogy of books, but Dostoevsky died shortly after the first installment was published. The three chapters described here, The Grand Inquisitor, Rebellion, and The Devil have also been published as a stand-alone reader.
# Transformative Applications in Education/Blio
## Blio ebook Reader
### What is Blio?

Blio is eReader software that presents electronic books, magazines, and other digital content. Designed for readers on the go, Blio keeps printed books in their original format. Not only does Blio have ebooks, but also cookbooks, travel guides, instructional books, and children’s stories. The Blio Bookstore offers a wide selection, which includes over a million free books. Books that are downloaded are stored in a virtual library that can be accessed on multiple devices [KNFB Reading Technology, Inc. 2010]

### What are the features of Blio?

Blio allows readers to highlight, underline, and annotate to easily recall information later. Readers can adjust reading speed when accessing text-to-speech, as well as font size. To create study materials readers can save images, videos, or notes from Blio documents and export them to use in a document. If reading on a small screen, students can view text only, which will make the most of their screen space. In 3D “book view” realistic page turning provides students with a real-life reading experience. Different page views allow students to customize their screen layout [KNFB Reading Technology, Inc. 2010]

### Where can the Blio reader be used?

Available soon, Blio can be used on a Windows, Mac, or Linux system, as well as on the Android, Symbian, Windows Mobile, or iPhone. The supported eBook formats include XPS, PDF, and ePub [KNFB Reading Technology, Inc. 2010]

### How can Blio be used in the classroom?

The books from the Blio Bookstore can be read to students aloud using TTS (text-to-speech). Students can also follow along with the audio while the words being spoken are highlighted. The read-aloud feature allows readers an audio experience that would benefit visually impaired students and auditory learners. The embedded multimedia gives students a graphics-rich experience. The color books offered in the Blio Bookstore come to life with the 3D “book view” for life-like page turning. Students will be able to read books on mobile devices, as well as PC’s in the classroom. The amount of books available for a classroom will no longer be an issue, as students will be able to access Blio even from home or on their mobile device [KNFB Reading Technology, Inc. 2010]

## References

* 1 2 3 4 KNFB Reading Technology, Inc. (2010) Blio.
# SPM/Normalisation

In order to compare data from several scans and / or research subjects, all the brain images have to be in the same 3D space. In SPM this is accomplished by "normalizing" the images into the space defined by the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template. Different versions of SPM use different algorithms for this process. In general, the closer the images start out to the MNI template orientation, the better the outcome of the normalization.

## Links

* Spatial normalization
# Psychophysiological Interactions (PPI)

* http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/doc/biblio/Keyword/PPI.html
* http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/data/attention/#PPI
* http://scan.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/5/604.full
* http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/PPI
# Percentage of Signal Change

* http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/nichols/entry/spm_plot_units/
* http://marsbar.sourceforge.net/faq.html#how-is-the-percent-signal-change-calculated
* http://mindhive.mit.edu/node/86
* http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12021-008-9042-x
* http://www.sbirc.ed.ac.uk/cyril/bold_percentage/BOLD_percentage.html
* http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fnins.2014.00001/abstract
# SPM/Power Analysis
### Tools

* fmripower: Mumford, Jeanette A.; Nichols, Thomas E. (2008). "Power calculation for group fMRI studies accounting for arbitrary design and temporal autocorrelation". NeuroImage. 39 (1): 261–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.061. PMC 2423281. PMID 17919925.
* PowerMap: Joyce, Karen E.; Hayasaka, Satoru (2012). "Development of PowerMap: A Software Package for Statistical Power Calculation in Neuroimaging Studies". Neuroinformatics. 10 (4): 351–65. doi:10.1007/s12021-012-9152-3. PMC 4426870. PMID 22644868.
* NeuroPower: http://neuropowertools.org/

### Comment

See this thread on the SPM mailing list:
* There is no principled power analysis that can be applied in the context of classical inference using the topological mass-univariate approach adopted by the standard analysis approaches using Statistical Parametric Mapping. This is because specification of the alternate hypothesis is not possible in quantitative terms (because the hemodynamic response variable is produced by a generalized convolution of neuronal treatment effects). (i) Even if is this were possible, the power analysis would have to be replicated about one hundred thousand times to cover the different standard errors of the treatment effect estimators at each voxel (volume element). (ii) Even if this were done, the results would not be useful because of the multiple comparison problem, which would be more severe for some contrasts relative to others (depending on the differential search volumes for each contrast). In short, it is naive to apply power analyzes developed for inference on discrete data to topological inference with SPM. The most useful approach, which is now standard in the field, is to use previous similar studies with n-subjects that have been able to reject the null hypothesis in one or more voxels (adjusted to control family wise error). This establishes a lower bound on the number of subjects required
# SPM/Python
## SPM and Python
### Nipype

Nipype (Neuroimaging in Python) has an SPM interface.
Tutorials can be found at:
* https://miykael.github.io/nipype_tutorial/
* https://pythonhosted.org/nipype/users/examples/fmri_spm_auditory.html

### Calling MATLAB from Python

* https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/matlab-and-python.html
* https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab-engine-for-python.html
You can also call MATLAB in a subprocess:
* https://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess
using the -batch (execute MATLAB script non-interactively) and -sd (set initial working directory) input argument options:
* https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/matlablinux.html#buknt99-1-option1optionN

### spm1d

spm1d is a package for one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping.
# Non-sphericity specification in SPM5
## GUI

In batch mode for factorial design specification, one can specify whether error variances are unequal across the levels of a factor and whether error variances are correlated between different levels of the same factor.

## Script, SPM.mat

After the design has been specified, SPM.xVi.Vi will hold a cell array of non-sphericity component matrices. Each matrix should have as many rows and columns as you have images in your design. A 1 in a certain row i and column j means that images i and j are assumed to have dependent error covariance. Note the special case if i==j, this encodes for the error variance of image i.
If you are not satisfied with SPMs suggestions for error covariances, you can insert your own list of Vi components after design specification, before you estimate the model.

## Verification of covariance specifications

Covariance components can be verified using SPMs Review Design facility - in the Menu there is an item called Explore Covariance structure.
# Physiological noise correction

There are a number of toolboxes available implementing variants of RETROICOR to correct for physiological noise using physiological recordings (respiratory, cardiac, ...):
* TAPAS PhysIO Toolbox - integrated with SPM Batch Editor
* PhLEM Toolbox, see also 1
* DRIFTER Toolbox - actually not RETROICOR, but a nonlinear Bayesian model of physiological noise
* 3dretroicor
* See also some direct implementations of the RETROICOR algorithm in MATLAB:
** http://cbi.nyu.edu/software/
** https://github.com/neurodebian/freesurfer/blob/master/fsfast/toolbox/fast_retroicor.m
References:
* http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10893535
* http://mindhive.mit.edu/book/export/html/88
* http://mindhive.mit.edu/book/export/html/89
* http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/PNM
* http://www.nitrc.org/projects/pestica/
* http://www.cabiatl.com/CABI/resources/part/
* http://sourceforge.net/projects/spmphysiotools/