OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice/Search and Seizure/Warrantless Searches
## Types of Search

An individual alleging a breach of his or her Charter rights bears the burden of proving that violation on a balance of probabilities. That being said, if the individual can demonstrate that a police search was conducted without a warrant, that search will be presumed to be unreasonable unless shown to be justified. The Crown then must prove the reasonableness of the search on a balance of probabilities. Reasonableness of a search has both a subjective and objective component.
The Police cannot enter into a private dwelling without a warrant, consent, or exigent circumstances.
There are four types of warrantless searches:
* Search by Consent;
* Search Incident to Detention;
* Search Incident to Arrest;
* Search of Abandoned Property;
* Search in Plain View;
* Exigent Circumstances
* ↑ Hunter v. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 S.C.R. 145 1984 CanLII 33; R. v. Golden, [2001] 3 S.C.R. 679, 2001 SCC 83; R. v. Mann, 2004 SCC 52 R. v. Feeney, [1997] 2 S.C.R. 13 at para. 54
* ↑ see R. v. Caslake, [1988] 1 S.C.R 51 at para. 11 1998 CanLII 838
* ↑ R v Bernshaw, 1995 CanLII 150 (SCC)
* ↑ R. v. Feeney, [1997] 2 SCR 13, 1997 CanLII 342 (SCC) at 44
# Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice/Trials
## Topics

* Trial Process
* Representation at Trial
* Accused at Trial
* Opening and Closing Submissions
* Calling of Witnesses
* Examinations
* Role of Trial Judge
* Juries
* Weighing Evidence
* Verdicts

## See Also

* Canadian Criminal Procedure and Practice/Appendix/Case Law
# 2. Bb5

This does not do much, as Black can easily counter with 2...c6, forcing White to retreat the bishop. However, the check might have a psychological impact on Black.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Scandinavian Defense: Blackburne Gambit

Black plays this gambit to gain a developmental advantage with Nxc6. Black can also go for the dubious Kloosterboer Gambit with 3...e5 after the accepted variation with 3.dxc6.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 d5 2. exd5 c6
| 3 |
| dxc6 Nxc6 | += |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Scandinavian Defense: Mieses-Kotrč, Gubinsky-Melts Defense

Rather than moving the queen to d8 or a5 after Nc3, the Gubinsky-Melts Defense opts to keep the queen in the center of the board, controlling many important squares, but allowing the queen to be a more ideal target compared to the queen going all the way back to d8 or a5, where it is tucked into a safer square.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qd6
| 4. |
| d4 | = |
| Nf3 | = |
| Bc4 | = |
| g3 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Pirc Defense
### 1...d6

The Pirc Defense is a modern opening and a response to white’s 1.e4. Black gives up the center and refuses to fill it with pawns but instead builds up slowly with defensive moves such as d6 (played now) and g6 (played in the near future) to fianchetto the DSB. White also often plays f4 and eventually e5 to add more control to the center. The Pirc Defense is an uncommon opening nowadays, but is very solid.
If White dislikes this opening, White can play 2. Nf3 in order to transpose into the Sicilian Defense (2...c5) or into the Philidor Defense (2...e5).
If White agrees to play this defense, White has no reason not to build its pawn center with 2. d4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. e4 d6
| | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Main line | d4 Nf6 | Nc3 g6 | Nf3 Bg7 | = |
| Geller System | Nf3 Nf6 | d3 g6 | g3 Bg7 | = |
| | d4 c6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Scandinavian Defense: Valencian Variation

The retreat with 3...Qd8 was depicted in Castellvi–Vinyoles: the Valencian Variation, the oldest of all Scandinavian lines. Prior to the 20th century, it was often considered the main line, and was characterized as "best" by Howard Staunton. In the 1960s, 3...Qd8 experienced something of a revival after the move was played in a game by Bronstein against GM Andrija Fuderer in 1959. Bronstein's game featured the older line 4.d4 Nf6, while other grandmasters, including Karl Robatsch, explored fianchetto systems with 4.d4 g6 and a later ...Ng8–h6.
The 3...Qd8 variation as a whole remains playable, although it is now considered somewhat passive. It is played particularly by IMs John Bartholomew and Daniel Lowinger, and by the GMs David Garcia Ilundain and Nikola Djukic.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qd8
| 4. |
| d4 | = |
| Nf3 | = |
| h3 | = |
| g3 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* ↑ N. de Arenas, S. and Rubio, F. (2023). "Revista de ajedrez "Peón de Rey": La Variante Valenciana de la Defensa Escandinava". Barcelona: Ed. EDAMI: 80. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Staunton, Howard (1864). "The chess-player's handbook: A popular and scientific introduction to the game of chess". London: Henry G. Bohn: 377. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ↑ Harman and Taulbut, p.68
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Pirc Defence

Black must now choose between going on in a modern defence with 2...g6 or transposing into another defence with 2...c5 or 2...e5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 d6 2.Nf3
| | 2 |
| Sicilian Defence (by transposition) | ... c5 | = |
| Philidor Defence (by transposition) | ... e5 | = |
| | ... g6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Pirc Defence

Black should start to put pressure on White's pawns, either with a direct threat : 2...Nf6 or by fianchettoing his king's bishop : 2...g6.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. e4 d6 2. d4
| | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Main line | d4 Nf6 | Nc3 g6 | Nf3 Bg7 | Be2 O-O | = |
| Modern Defence by transposition | ... g6 | Nc3 Bg7 | Be3 a6 | Qd2 b5 | = |
| Balogh Defence | ... f5 | Nc3 Nf6 | Bd3 fxe4 | Nxe4 Nxe4 | += |
| Philidor Defence | ... e5 | Nf3 exd4 | Nxd4 Nf6 | Nc3 Be7 | +=/= |
| | | dxe5 dxe5 | Qxd8+ Kxd8 | Bc4 | +/= |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Pirc Defence

This is the main line of the Pirc Defence. Black immediately challenges the White center with his knight, which forces White to protect it. White has several options. Each one has its pluses and minuses. Black will, usually regardless of what White plays, play 3....g6 next and 4....Bg7. Fianchetto on the fourth move, however, is not always obligatory. In the systems with 4. Bd3 or 4.f3 Black often delays this thematic move, in order to discourage Bh6. Instead, he opts for queenside expansion with ...c6 and ...b5.

## Theory table

1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6
| | 3 |
| Main Line | Nc3 | = |
| | Bd3 | = |
| | f3 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Applied Mathematics/The State Equation
## Ideal gas law

As an experimental rule, about gas, the equation below is found.
    $PV=nRT$...(1)
where
    $\ p$ = Pressure (absolute)
    $\ V$ = Volume
    $\ n$ = Number of moles of a substance
    $\ T$ = Absolute temperature
    $\ R$ = Gas constant
    $R\simeq 8.31J(Kmol)^{-1}$
The gas which strictly follows the law (1) is called ideal gas. (1) is called ideal gas law. Ideal gas law is the state equation of gas. In high school, the ideal gas constant below might be used:
    $R=0.082LatmK^{-1}mol^{-1}$
But, in university, the gas constant below is often used:
    $R=8.31JK^{-1}mol^{-1}$
# Applied Mathematics/Parseval's Theorem
## Parseval's theorem

    $\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|x(t)|^{2}\,dt=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|X(f)|^{2}\,df$
where $X(f)={\mathcal {F}}\{x(t)\}$ represents the continuous Fourier transform of x(t) and f represents the frequency component of x. The function above is called Parseval's theorem.

## Derivation

Let ${\bar {X}}(f)$ be the complex conjugation of $X(f)$.
    $X(-f)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(-t)e^{-ift}$
    $=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)e^{ift}$
    $={\bar {X}}(f)$
    $\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|X(f)|^{2}\,df$
Here, we know that $X(f)$ is equal to the expansion coefficient of $x(t)$ in fourier transforming of $x(t)$. Hence, the integral of $|X(f)|^{2}$ is
    $\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\bar {X}}(f)X(f)\,df$
    $=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left({\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2}}\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)e^{ift}dt\right)\left({\frac {1}{{\sqrt {2}}\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t')e^{-ift'}dt'\right)df$
    $=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t')\left({\frac {1}{2\pi }}e^{-if(t-t')}df\right)dtdt'$
    $=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t)x(t')\delta (t-t')dtdt'$
    $=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|x(t)|^{2}dt$
Hence
    $\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|x(t)|^{2}\,dt=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|X(f)|^{2}\,df$
# Applied Mathematics/Fourier Sine Series
## Fourier sine series

The series below is called Fourier sine series.
    $f(x)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{n}\sin {\frac {n\pi x}{L}}$
where
    $b_{n}={\frac {2}{L}}\int _{0}^{L}f(x)\sin {\frac {n\pi x}{L}}dx$
# Applied Programming
## Introduction

Computer programming is a way to instruct a computer on what it should do. Computer code is the instructions set involved. As people use various languages in communication, computer code also has multiple languages. C, C++, Python, MATLAB, Java, and SQL are well-known programming languages developed to allow people to code with instructions similar to human languages, rather than the 0 and 1 format found in machine code. These programming languages can help accomplish specific objectives, as they bridge the gap between human language and binary machine code.
15 applied programming topics will be covered herein to help understand and accomplish various programming objectives. The material will explore the various components, concepts, and regulations involved.

## Lessons

* Variables
* Functions
* Conditions
* Loops
* Testing
* Strings
* Files
* Lists and Tuples
* Dictionaries and Sets
* RegEx
* Internet Data
* Databases
* Modules and Classes
* GUI
* Web Design
# Applied Mathematics/The Basics of Theory of The Fourier Transform
## The Basics

The two most important things in Theory of The Fourier Transform are "differential calculus" and "integral calculus". The readers are required to learn "differential calculus" and "integral calculus" before studying the Theory of The Fourier Transform. Hence, we will learn them on this page.

## Differential calculus

Differentiation is the process of finding a derivative of the function $f(x)$ in the independent input x. The differentiation of $f(x)$ is denoted as $f'(x)$ or ${\frac {d}{dx}}f(x)$. Both of the two notations are same meaning.
Differentiation is manipulated as follows: ${\frac {d}{dx}}(x^{3}+1)$ $=3x^{3-1}$
$=3x^{2}$
As you see, in differentiation, the number of the degree of the variable is multiplied to the variable, while the degree is subtracted one from itself at the same time. The term which doesn't have the variable $x$ is just removed in differentiation.

### Examples

${\frac {d}{dx}}(x^{5}+x^{2}+28)$ $=5x^{5-1}+2x^{2-1}$ 28 doesn't have the variable x, so 28 is removed $=5x^{4}+2x^{1}$ $=5x^{4}+2x$
${\frac {d}{dx}}(x^{7}+x^{4}+x+7)$ $=7x^{7-1}+4x^{4-1}+1x^{1-1}$ 7 doesn't have the variable x, so 7 is removed $=7x^{6}+4x^{3}++1x^{0}$ $=7x^{6}+4x^{3}+1$

### Practice problems

(1)${\frac {d}{dx}}(x^{4}+15)=$
(2)${\frac {d}{dx}}(x^{5}+x^{3}+x)=$

## Integral calculus

If you differentiate $f(x)=x^{3}$ or $f(x)=x^{3}-2$, each of them become $f'(x)=3x^{2}$. Then let's think of the opposite case. A function is provided, and when the function is differentiated, the function became $f'(x)=3x^{2}$. What's the original function? To find the original function, the integral calculus is used. Integration of $f(x)$ is denoted as $\int f(x)dx$.
Integration is manipulated as follows: $\int 3x^{2}dx$ $={\frac {3x^{2+1}}{2+1}}+C$ $=x^{3}+C$ $C$ denotes Constant in the equation.
More generally speaking, the integration of f(x) is defined as:
    $\int x^{n}dx={\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}+C$

### Definite integral

Definite integral is defined as follows: $\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx$ $=[F(x)]_{a}^{b}$ $=F(b)-F(a)$ where $F(x)=\int f(x)dx$

### Examples

(1)$\int 4xdx$ $={\frac {4x^{1+1}}{1+1}}+C$ $=2x^{2}+C$
(2)$\int _{1}^{2}(2x+1)dx$ $=[x^{2}+x]_{1}^{2}$ $=(4+2)-(1+1)$ $=4$

### Practice problems

(1)$\int 6xdx=$ (2)$\int _{0}^{2}(3x^{2}+3)dx=$

## Euler's number "e"

Euler's number $e$ (also known as Napier's constant) has special features in differentiation and integration:
    $\int e^{x}dx=e^{x}+C$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}$
By the way, in Mathematics, $exp(x)$ denotes $e^{x}$.
# Applied Mathematics/General Fourier Transform
## Fourier Transform

Fourier Transform is to transform the function which has certain kinds of variables, such as time or spatial coordinate, $f(t)$ for example, to the function which has variable of frequency.

## Definition

    ${\hat {f}}(\xi )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(t)\ e^{-i2\pi t\xi }\,dt$...(1)
This integral above is referred to as Fourier integral, while ${\hat {f}}(\xi )$ is called Fourier transform of $f(t)$. $t$ denotes "time". $\xi$ denotes "frequency".
On the other hand, Inverse Fourier transform is defined as follows:
    $f(t)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\hat {f}}(\xi )\ e^{i2\pi t\xi }\,d\xi$ ...(2)
In the textbooks of universities, the Fourier transform is usually introduced with the variable Angular frequency $\omega$. In other word, $\xi \rightarrow \omega =2\pi \xi$ is substituted to (1) and (2) in the books. In that case, the Fourier transform is written in two different ways.
1.
    ${\hat {f}}(\omega )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(t)e^{-i\omega t}dt$
    $f(t)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\hat {f}}(t)e^{i\omega t}d\omega$
2.
    ${\hat {f}}(\omega )={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(t)e^{-i\omega t}dt$
    $f(t)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\hat {f}}(t)e^{i\omega t}d\omega$
# Applied Mathematics/Lagrange Equations
## Lagrange Equation

    ${\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}}}\right)-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial x}}=0$
where ${\dot {x}}={\frac {dx}{dt}}$ The equation above is called Lagrange Equation.
Let the kinetic energy of the point mass be $T$ and the potential energy be $U$. $T-U$ is called Lagrangian. Then the kinetic energy is expressed by
    $T={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {y}}^{2}$
    $={\frac {m}{2}}({\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2})$
Thus
    $T=T({\dot {x}},{\dot {y}})$
    $U=U(x,y)$
Hence the Lagrangian $L$ is
    $L=T-U$
    $=T({\dot {x}},{\dot {y}})-U(x,y)$
    $={\frac {m}{2}}({\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2})-U(x,y)$
Therefore $T$ relies on only ${\dot {x}}$ and ${\dot {y}}$. $U$ relies on only $x$ and $y$. Thus
    ${\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}}}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {x}}}}=m{\dot {x}}$
    ${\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {y}}}}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {y}}}}=m{\dot {y}}$
In the same way, we have
    ${\frac {\partial L}{\partial x}}=-{\frac {\partial U}{\partial x}}$
    ${\frac {\partial L}{\partial y}}=-{\frac {\partial U}{\partial y}}$
# Parham Attack
### 2...Nc6

A logical move defending the e5 pawn. Black knight could later move to d4 and threaten Nxc2+ and Nxa1, however Black can't be too hasty as White's Queen is aggressively placed.
White has only one sensible move of 3. Bc4 in view of Black's potentially in playing Nf6 to nudge the Queen away. However in the exhibition game with tennis player Boris Becker vs Garry Kasparov, Becker played 3. Qf3, a move then Kasparov showed led to the better position for Black.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6
| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Bc4 g6 | Qf3 Nf6 | Ne2 Bg7 | Nbc3 d6 | = |
| Bb5 g6 | Qf3 Nd4 | Qd3 Nxb5 | =+ |
| Qf3? Nd4 | Qc3 Nf6 | =+ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Illustrated Chess for Children. 1960. Harvey Kidder. Publisher, Doubleday ISBN 0-385-05764-4.

## External links

* Boris Becker vs Garry Kasparov at chessgames.com
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f6/3. Nxe5/3...Qe7

Damiano Gambit; Closed Defence
Black sees the idea & goes for a safer capture. Nf3 is the best move.
Why this is the best move
All of white's Qh5+ ambitions are born gone if this is played. Black's g6 is actually effective now, as well.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Qh5/2...Ke7/3. Qxe5
## Bongcloud Mate / 3 Move checkmate
### 3.Qxe5#

Black blundered, allowing the fastest possible checkmate of Black by White.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Napoleon Opening or Queen's Attack
## 2. Qf3?!

The Napoleon Attack, or Napoleon Opening, is weaker than it sounds. Not only does it develop the queen too early, but it blocks the King's Knight from developing to f3, its best square.
As with the similar 2. Qh5, White hopes for the scholar's mate: 2.Qf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5?? 4.Qxf7#. In both cases, Black can easily avoid the trap. However, the Parham Attack is more forcing and stronger—first requiring Black to defend his e-pawn (usually with 2...Nc6), then after 3.Bc4 forcing Black to play a sub-optimal move (3...g6 virtually committing Black to a fianchetto rather than a more aggressive placement of the bishop; 3...Qe7 blocking the bishop; or 3...Qf6 taking away the knight's best square). 2.Qf3 places no such impediments on Black's development.
Among serious chess players this opening is very rare, but beginners occasionally play it to troll or surprise the opponent. Black has no problems equalizing this game.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
# Parham Attack
### 3. Bc4

With this aggressive move, White now threatens checkmate called "Scholar's Mate" by taking the pawn on f7 with the queen. Black has some ways to adequately prevent this mate from happening. The two decent replies are 3...g6 and 3...Qe7. Kasparov chose Qe7 when he met this position in a game against the actor Woody Harrelson in a consultation game.
At the lower level many players may be tempted to play 3…Nf6?? attacking White’s queen. However, Black leaves f7 undefended, and White can play the move they were intending to play when 2. Qh5 was played: 4. Qxf7#!, known as the Scholar’s Mate.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| | Bc4 g6 | Qf3 Nf6 | Ne2 Bg7 | Nbc3 d6 | =/+ |
| | Bc4 g6 | Qf3 Nf6 | Qb3 Nd4 | =/+ |
| | ... Qe7 | Nf3 Nf6 | Qh4 d6 | d3 h6 | = |
| | ... Nh6 | d3 g6 | Qf3 | | +/= |
| Scholar's mate | ... Nf6?? | Qxf7#! | |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Illustrated Chess for Children. 1960. Harvey Kidder. Publisher, Doubleday ISBN 0-385-05764-4.

## External links

* Woody Harrelson vs Garry Kasparov at chessgames.com
# Damiano Defence
## 3...fxe5?

Black is up material, at least for a while.
4. Qh5+!
The move checks the king and, if Black ever blocks with 4...g6, white can play 5. Qxe5+, winning the rook.
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 f6? 3. Nxe5! fxe5?
# The Basman Attack

The Basman Attack is an unusual chess opening named after the English International Master Michael John Basman who played the strange 2. Nh3 in a game versus John T Fletcher in 2013.
The Basman Attack is offbeat, but slightly playable for White. It is mainly used to avoid highly theoretical lines such as the Ruy Lopez or the Sicilian Defense: Najdorf Variation. White intends to play f2-f4 soon.
The Basman Attack incurs multiple problems for White. First, it develops a piece towards the outer edge of the board. The problem with developing your knight to h3 instead of f3 is that on h3 it doesn't control the pivotal central squares of e5 and d4. On h3, the only square the knight can move to that it couldn't move to if it was on f3 is f4. The other problem with this opening is that it loses initiative. In e4 e5 openings, White typically controls the opening. Moves like Nf3 put immediate pressure on the opponent, forcing them to defend. The move Nh3 puts none of that pressure and therefore is an almost pointless move.
It is relatively easy for Black to equalise in this opening, for example, 2...Nf6, 2...d5, and 2...Nc6 all equalise, although Black should be careful to avoid an eventual f2-f4.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Castles of England/West Sussex

There are five castles in West Sussex with significant above-ground remains.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Amberley Castle | Castle | 13771377–82 | Partly habitable | Hotel | Incorporates earlier manor house dating to 12th century, occupied portions remodelled 16th century and later, working portcullis. |
| Arundel Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112–13th century | Heavily restored | HH Duke of Norfolk | Remodelled 1791–1815 and 1890–1903. |
| Bramber Castle | Keep and bailey | 100111–12th century | Fragmentary remains | EH | Commanding position, earthworks and fragment of wall remain. |
| Halnaker House | Fortified manor house | 120113–14th century | Ruins | Private | Altered 18th century, fell into ruin 1880s, replaced by later house of same name. |
| Knepp Castle | Motte and bailey | 110112–13th century | Fragmentary remains | Private | Remains of 13th century keep standing on motte. The modern Knepp Castle is a 19th-century castellated mansion designed by John Nash. |
# Castles of England/Wiltshire

There are five castles in Wiltshire.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Devizes Castle | Neo-romantic castle | 1919th century | Intact | Private apartments | Present building begun 1842 on site of important medieval castle. |
| Longford Castle | Sham castle | 15911591 | Intact | Earl of Radnor | Remodelled 18th century. |
| Ludgershall Castle | Ringwork | 100111–13th century | Fragmentary remains | EH | Remains of a tower and extensive earthworks. |
| Old Sarum Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–13th century | Fragmentary remains | EH | On site of Iron Age hill fort. |
| Old Wardour Castle | Castle | 1393c.1393 | Ruins | EH | Remodelled 16–17th centuries, superseded by Palladian building known as New Wardour Castle. |