OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Celestia/Wish List

This page is obsolete. See the page Bugs and Feature Requests.
Wish List items are very unlikely to be implemented if they aren't on the SourceForge list. If you are interested in any of the features listed below, you must take the responsibility of making sure they're requested on SourceForge.
* Make a game based on Celestia... Mostly Harmless project stalled... Star Control! The next version of Star Control!
* Someone make an editor that allows us to tweak Celestia more easily and make worlds of our own. I'm a real lazy pig and all the .ssc generators I've checked out so far don't do a real good job.
* I have some worldwind cache-packs (folder with 50/200/800/3200/12800 little pictures). renaming to celestia-style should be no problem. but celestia starts 2x1x512pixel - and worldwind begins 10x5x512.
* Merging the goodness of World Wind, Celestia and Google Earth together!
* Make a recopilation of high resolution add-ons in a single pack, with most realistic data from official databases periodically updated. An auto-update could be great in order to manage the downloads of a large pack. Or it could be shared in a P2P network. Make a real 3D universe is now possible!
* Why not space agencies improve more this great project?
* Let Celestia include Google Earth and automatically run it when it detects the user wanting to zoom in on Earth (maybe bad idea)...
* Better promotion of this great and spectacular program (better promotion = biggest community = more developers = faster development of Celestia)
* cooperation with space agencies and another scientific institutions (universities, observatories etc.)
* Better main website (more screen shots, promo video, news about future versions, info from this with pictures + +, info about Celestia Wiki) and maybe new address
* Maybe (in far future) some spectacular computer benchmark based on Celestia (if Celestia engine needs more developers it's a good "bait" ;)
* Basic version with better textures and models (and version for "low end" computers)
* More configurations options in user interface
* HDR Rendering as soon as possible and more graphic options for modern GPUs
# Cell Biology/Cell division

Cell Biology | Introduction | Types of cells | Parts of the cell | Cell division | Gene expression and translation
* Cell cycle
* Meiosis
* Mitosis
Cell Biology | Introduction | Types of cells | Parts of the cell | Cell division | Gene expression and translation
# Cell Biology/Cell division/Meiosis

Meiosis is a special type of cell division that is designed to produce gametes. Before meiosis occurs, the cell will be double diploid and have a pair of each chromosome, the same as before mitosis.
Meiosis consists of 2 cell divisions, and results in four cells. The first division is when genetic crossover occurs and the traits on the chromosomes are shuffled. The cell will perform a normal prophase, then enter metaphase during which it begins the crossover, then proceed normally through anaphase and telophase.
The first division produces two normal diploid cells, however the process is not complete. The cell will prepare for another division and enter a second prophase. During the second metaphase, the chromosome pairs are separated so that each new cell will get half the normal genes. The cell division will continue thorough anaphase and telophase, and the nuclei will reassemble. The result of the divisions will be 4 haploid gamete cells.

## Crossover

Crossover is the process by which two chromosomes paired up during prophase I of meiosis exchange a distal portion of their DNA. Crossover occurs when two chromosomes, normally two homologous instances of the same chromosome, break and connect to each other's ends. If they break at the same locus, this merely results in an exchange of genes. This is the normal way in which crossover occurs. If they break at different loci, the result is a duplication of genes on one chromosome and a deletion on the other. If they break on opposite sides of the centromere, this results in one chromosome being lost during cell division.
Any pair of homologous chromosomes may be expected to cross over three or four times during meiosis. This aids evolution by increasing independent assortment, and reducing the genetic linkage between genes on the same chromosome.
# Cell Biology
## Contents

* Glossary and Guide
** Glossary Alphabetically
** Glossary By Lesson
** How to edit this book

### Beginning Cell Biology

* Introduction
** Introduction to Cell Biology
** What is living?
** What is a cell?
** Size of cells
** The Great Ancestor
** Cells Under Microscopes
** Chemical elements necessary for life
* Types of cells
** Prokaryotes
*** Bacteria
*** Archaea
** Eukaryotes
* Preliminary Glimpse at Organelles
** Nucleus
** Mitochondria
** Chloroplasts
** Membranes
** Other Organelles
** Unique Properties of Plant Cells
* Preliminary Glimpse at Cytoskeleton
** Actin filaments
** Intermediate filaments
** Microtubules
* Models for Cell Biology Research
** How do we know how cells function
** Escherichia coli
** Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae)
** Worms (Caenorhabditis elegans)
** Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
** Mice
** Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
** Human
* Cell division
** Cell cycle
** Meiosis
** Mitosis
** Cell Mass and Growth Rate
* Genes
** Expression
** Translation

## Resources

* Cell biology article at wikipedia
* Cell biology category at wikipedia
* Cooper textbook The Cell (online)
* Lodish textbook Molecular Cell Biology (online)
* Alberts textbook Molecular Biology of the Cell (online)
* CellsAlive animations
* The History of Cell Biology
* Inside the cell - National Institute of General Medical Sciences
* UCMP glossary
* Landmark Papers in Cell Biology Gall JG, McIntosh JR, eds. (online in The American Society for Cell Biology's Image & Video Library)
* Biology Internet Library - has a cellular biology section.

## Meta

* Cell Biology/Authors
# D Programming/Lexical/Operators

To do: a) create a table b) explain all operators c) give code examples.
# D Programming/Libraries/Phobos

Phobos is a standard runtime library for D programming language.

## D Modules

* std
** std.base64
** std.bitarray
** std.boxer
** std.compiler
** std.conv
** std.ctype
** std.date
** std.demangle
** std.file
** std.format
** std.gc
** std.intrinsic
** std.math
** std.md5
** std.mmfile
** std.openrj
** std.outbuffer
** std.path
** std.process
** std.random
** std.recls
** std.regexp
** std.socket
** std.socketstream
** std.stdint
** std.stdio
** std.cstream
** std.stream
** std.string
** std.system
** std.thread
** std.uni
** std.uri
** std.utf
** std.zip
** std.zlib
** std.windows
** std.linux
** std.c
*** std.c.stdio
*** std.c.windows
*** std.c.linux
# D Programming/GUI libraries/DFL

To be completed.
DFL (D Forms Library) is a Win32 windowing library for the D language.
Maybe, there will be a linux version as well.
Its main website is at http://www.dprogramming.com

## DFL Modules

* dfl
** dfl.all
** dfl.application
** dfl.base
** dfl.button
** dfl.clipboard
** dfl.collections
** dfl.colordialog
** dfl.combobox
** dfl.commondialog
** dfl.control
** dfl.data
** dfl.drawing
** dfl.environment
** dfl.event
** dfl.filedialog
** dfl.folderdialog
** dfl.fontdialog
** dfl.form
** dfl.groupbox
** dfl.label
** dfl.listbox
** dfl.listview
** dfl.menu
** dfl.messagebox
** dfl.notifyicon
** dfl.panel
** dfl.picturebox
** dfl.registry
** dfl.richtextbox
** dfl.socket
** dfl.splitter
** dfl.tabcontrol
** dfl.textbox
** dfl.timer
** dfl.tooltip
** dfl.treeview
** dfl.usercontrol
# D Programming/Garbage collector

This page should be a documentation of the internals of the actual GC implementation, the interface, restrictions ...

## Introduction

The actual Implementation has following characteristics:
* conservative (vs. precise and internal pointers)
* stop-the-world (vs. incremental vs. concurrent)
* mark and sweep (vs. copying)
* non-moving (vs. moving)
see also Garbage collection

## File structure
### std.thread

    Support the GC with the actual position of the stackpointer.

### /internal/gc/gc.d

    the GC interface, a wrapper around the implementation.

### /internal/gc/gcx.d

    the GC implementation

### /internal/gc/gcstub.d

    stub for the gc, to prevent linking into application

## Threads

To stop the world, the gc calls Thread.pauseAll. The stop mechanism on Linux works with the Signals SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2. In case of pausing the Thread, the signal handler stores the current stack pointer in stackTop, so this pointer is always uptodate.

## How does it work

The GC is only called when memory should be allocated and currently none is available. If the gc is not able to free enough memory, new memory is requested from the system.
Entry point is gcx.d fullCollect
* mark phase
** scan stacks of all threads
** scan roots (global variables)
** scan ranges (non gc managed memory which can also contain references to gc-objects)
* finalize all collected objects
* sweep the unused memory

## Further information

Thoughts about better GC implementations
# D Programming/Interfaces

There is an article in wikipedia describing the concept of interface in common.
The corresponding D specification is found on digitalmars.
An interface is something like a promise. A class implementing an interface promises to have at least all the listed methods. A class reference can be casted to the type of an implemented interface. This is useful, if another component is only interested in a certain aspect of an object.
# D Programming/Lexical

To be completed.
# D Programming/GUI libraries/DUI

DUI is a D language graphical user interface wrapping (or binding) GTK+ graphical toolkit
Its main website is at http://dui.sourceforge.net/
# D Programming/Mixins

A mixin is the possibility to make a copy of a template to a specified place.
This alone makes no sense. But if you want to insert it into a class, which has got a member variable mValue this can make sense.
You can use mixins to assemble a class out of pieces.

## Make an outer class know the mixin

If you need a way to make your mixin known to the outer class, you can use static constructors.
If you want to use multiple of such mixin, they have to be named, to avoid linker errors.
# D Programming/Lexical/Keywords

To do: a) create a table b) explain all keywords c) give code examples.
* abstract
* alias
* align
* asm
* assert
* auto
* body
* bool
* break
* byte
* case
* cast
* catch
* cdouble
* cent
* cfloat
* char
* class
* const
* continue
* creal
* dchar
* debug
* default
* delegate
* delete
* deprecated
* do
* double
* else
* enum
* export
* extern
* false
* final
* finally
* float
* for
* foreach
* function
* goto
* idouble
* if
* ifloat
* import
* in
* inout
* int
* interface
* invariant
* ireal
* is
* long
* mixin
* module
* new
* null
* out
* override
* package
* pragma
* private
* protected
* public
* real
* return
* scope
* short
* static
* struct
* super
* switch
* synchronized
* template
* this
* throw
* true
* try
* typedef
* typeid
* typeof
* ubyte
* ucent
* uint
* ulong
* union
* unittest
* ushort
* version
* void
* volatile
* wchar
* while
* with
# Employment Discrimination
## Contents

* Preface
* Introduction
* History
** The Common Law Conception of Employment
** History of Federal Employment Law Statutes
* Title VII
** Basic Provision
** Procedure
* The Plaintiff's Case
** Disparate Treatment
** Disparate Impact
* The Defenses
** Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
** Business Necessity
** Seniority System
* The Protected Classes
** Race
** Color
** National Origin
** Religion
** Sex
* Harassment & Sexual Harassment
* The Americans with Disabilities Act
* The Age Discrimination in Employment Act
* Areas of State Enforcement
** State Enforcement Generally
** Sexual Orientation
** Marital Status
** Family Status
** Veteran Status
* The Future
* Appendices
** Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
** Americans with Disabilities Act
** Age Discrimination in Employment Act
* References
* Contributors
# Employment Discrimination/Introduction

Employment discrimination has become one of the most prominent areas of modern litigation. Businesses are sued more often by their employees than by any other category of litigant—more than by competitors, customers or regulators. The great majority of those lawsuits by employees involve the accusation of employment discrimination. The threat of employment discrimination lawsuits has changed the nature of the employment relationship and caused employers to implement safeguards, procedures and technicalities they would have never considered fifty years ago. Further, discrimination has entered the popular consciousness as a legal concept much more successfully than many older (and, in daily life, arguably more important) legal concepts or categories. Employment discrimination is a representative case of how common law concepts can be revolutionized by single statutory enactments. While other laws influenced the development of employment discrimination, it is largely Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that began the sweeping changes in business and public attitude.
# Emulation
## Table of Contents
### Introduction

* What is Emulation?
* How does it work?
* How to get games?

### How to run emulators on...

* Personal Computers
** On PC - Windows
** On PC - Linux
** On Macs
* Console Systems
** On Dreamcast
** On Xbox Series
* On Java

### Emulating Specific Systems
#### Home Video Game Consoles
##### Nintendo

* NES
* SNES
* N64
* GameCube
* Wii
* Wii U
* Nintendo Switch

##### Sony

* PlayStation 1
* PlayStation 2
* PlayStation 3
* PlayStation 4

##### Microsoft

* Xbox
* Xbox 360

##### Atari

* Atari 2600
* Atari 5200
* Atari 7800
* Atari Jaguar

##### Sega

* Master System
* Mega Drive / Genesis
* Sega Saturn
* Sega Dreamcast

##### NEC

* PC Engine
* PC-FX

#### Handheld Game Consoles

* Nintendo
** Game Boy
** Game Boy Advance
** Pokémon Mini
** Nintendo DS
** Nintendo 3DS
** Nintendo Switch
* Sony
** PlayStation Portable
** PlayStation Vita

#### Computer Systems

* PC
* Mac
* Amiga
* MSX

#### Misc

* MAME
* Recalbox
* Other

## Authors

* User:RobKohr
* User:Etscrivner
# Preface

This is a textbook in the United States (primarily federal) law of employment discrimination. It is designed primarily for undergraduate students who have an interest in the field, not for law school students who would require a more detailed analysis of the statutes and cases involved.
The text assumes a basic familiarity with such legal concepts as common law reasoning, the creation of statutes, the fundamentals of contract and tort, etc.
Kenneth Schneyer (a.k.a. kschneyer), Professor of Legal Studies at Johnson & Wales University, began work on this wikibook on September 29, 2005.
To maintain consistency, contributors should name each new page "EmplDiscr xxxxx", where "xxxxx" is the name of the new page.
# Engineering Analysis/Vector Basics
## Scalar Product

A scalar product is a special type of operation that acts on two vectors, and returns a scalar result. Scalar products are denoted as an ordered pair between angle-brackets: <x,y>. A scalar product between vectors must satisfy the following four rules:
* $\langle x,x\rangle \geq 0,\quad \forall x\in V$
* $\langle x,x\rangle =0$, only if x = 0
* $\langle x,y\rangle =\langle y,x\rangle$
* $\langle x,cy_{1}+dy_{2}\rangle =c\langle x,y_{1}\rangle +d\langle x,y_{2}\rangle$
If an operation satisfies all these requirements, then it is a scalar product.

### Examples

One of the most common scalar products is the dot product, that is discussed commonly in Linear Algebra

## Norm

The norm is an important scalar quantity that indicates the magnitude of the vector. Norms of a vector are typically denoted as $\|x\|$. To be a norm, an operation must satisfy the following four conditions:
* $\|x\|\geq 0$
* $\|x\|=0$ only if x = 0.
* $\|cx\|=|c|\|x\|$
* $\|x+y\|\leq \|x\|+\|y\|$
A vector is called normal if it's norm is 1. A normal vector is sometimes also referred to as a unit vector. Both notations will be used in this book. To make a vector normal, but keep it pointing in the same direction, we can divide the vector by its norm:
    ${\bar {x}}={\frac {x}{\|x\|}}$

### Examples

One of the most common norms is the cartesian norm, that is defined as the square-root of the sum of the squares:
    $\|x\|={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\cdots +x_{n}^{2}}}$

### Unit Vector

A vector is said to be a unit vector if the norm of that vector is 1.

## Orthogonality

Two vectors x and y are said to be orthogonal if the scalar product of the two is equal to zero:
    $\langle x,y\rangle =0$
Two vectors are said to be orthonormal if their scalar product is zero, and both vectors are unit vectors.

## Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality

The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is an important result, and relates the norm of a vector to the scalar product:
    $|\langle x,y\rangle |\leq \|x\|\|y\|$

## Metric (Distance)

The distance between two vectors in the vector space V, called the metric of the two vectors, is denoted by d(x, y). A metric operation must satisfy the following four conditions:
* $d(x,y)\geq 0$
* $d(x,y)=0$ only if x = y
* $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$
* $d(x,y)\leq d(x,z)+d(z,y)$

### Examples

A common form of metric is the distance between points a and b in the cartesian plane:
    $d(a,b)_{cartesian}={\sqrt {(x_{a}-x_{b})^{2}+(y_{a}-y_{b})^{2}}}$
# Engineering Analysis/Spectral Decomposition

If λ$_i$ are the n distinct eigenvalues of matrix A, and v$_i$ are the corresponding n distinct eigenvectors, and if w$_i$ are the n distinct left-eigenvectors, then the matrix A can be represented as a sum:
    $A=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\lambda _{i}v_{i}w_{i}^{T}$
this is known as the spectral decomposition of A.
# Engineering Analysis/Resources
## Wikibooks

* Algebra
* Linear Algebra
* Calculus
* Ordinary Differential Equations
# Engineering Analysis/SISO Transformations

Let's say that we have a random variable X that is the input into a given system. The system output, Y is then also a random variable that is related to the input X by the response of the system. In other words, we can say that:
    $Y=g(X)$
Where g is the mathematical relationship between the system input and the system output.
To discover information about Y, we can use the information we know about the r.v. X, and the relationship g:
    $f_{Y}(y)=\sum _{i}{\frac {f_{X}(y)}{\left|{\frac {dy}{dx}}\right|}}$
Where x$_i$ are the roots of g.
# Engineering Analysis/Vector Spaces
## Vectors and Scalars

A scalar is a single number value, such as 3, 5, or 10. A vector is an ordered set of scalars.
A vector is typically described as a matrix with a row or column size of 1. A vector with a column size of 1 is a row vector, and a vector with a row size of 1 is a column vector.
[Column Vector]
    ${\begin{bmatrix}a\\b\\c\\\vdots \end{bmatrix}}$
[Row Vector]
    ${\begin{bmatrix}a&b&c&\cdots \end{bmatrix}}$
A "common vector" is another name for a column vector, and this book will simply use the word "vector" to refer to a common vector.

## Vector Spaces

A vector space is a set of vectors and two operations (addition and multiplication, typically) that follow a number of specific rules. We will typically denote vector spaces with a capital-italic letter: V, for instance. A space V is a vector space if all the following requirements are met. We will be using x and y as being arbitrary vectors in V. We will also use c and d as arbitrary scalar values. There are 10 requirements in all:
Given: $x,y\in V$
* There is an operation called "Addition" (signified with a "+" sign) between two vectors, x + y, such that if both the operands are in V, then the result is also in V.
* The addition operation is commutative for all elements in V.
* The addition operation is associative for all elements in V.
* There is a unique neutral element, φ, in V, such that x + φ = x. This is also called a zero element.
* For every x in V, then there is a negative element -x in V such that -x + x = φ.
* $cx\in V$
* $c(x+y)=cx+cy$
* $(c+d)x=cx+dx$
* $c(dx)=cdx$
* 1 × x = x
Some of these rules may seem obvious, but that's only because they have been generally accepted, and have been taught to people since they were children.
# Engineering Analysis/Wavelets

Wavelets are orthogonal basis functions that only exist for certain windows in time. This is in contrast to sinusoidal waves, which exist for all times t. A wavelet, because it is dependant on time, can be used as a basis function. A wavelet basis set gives rise to wavelet decomposition, which is a 2-variable decomposition of a 1-variable function. Wavelet analysis allows us to decompose a function in terms of time and frequency, while fourier decomposition only allows us to decompose a function in terms of frequency.

## Mother Wavelet

If we have a basic wavelet function ψ(t), we can write a 2-dimensional function known as the mother wavelet function as such:
    $\psi _{jk}=2^{j/2}\psi (2^{j}t-k)$

## Wavelet Series

If we have our mother wavelet function, we can write out a fourier-style series as a double-sum of all the wavelets:
    $f(t)=\sum _{j=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{jk}\psi _{jk}(t)$

## Scaling Function

Sometimes, we can add in an additional function, known as a scaling function:
    $f(t)=\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }c_{i}\phi _{i}+\sum _{j=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{jk}\psi _{jk}(t)$
The idea is that the scaling function is larger than the wavelet functions, and occupies more time. In this case, the scaling function will show long-term changes in the signal, and the wavelet functions will show short-term changes in the signal.
# Engineering Education in 2050

Engineering Education in 2050 is a vision of the engineering education, including computer science, as it can and should be in 2050. It is written by uniquely qualified authors: engineering students of the 2020s, many of whom will raise the people who may become the engineering students of of the 2050s. The authors have years personal experience in their subject. This connection gives these authors a direct stake in the success of the engineering education of 2050. Engineering education in the 2020s remains much like its predecessor of 25 or 50 years ago. Students still study textbooks, attended lectures in classrooms, do problem sets, and take tests, much as their predecessors did in the classrooms of the 1990s or even of the 1970s. This endurance may be due largely to the efficacy of these arrangements, or it may be due to a paucity of visionary, long-term planning. If the engineering education of 2050 is to be better than the engineering education of the 2020s, the planning must begin now. The authors themselves determine the educational ideas and values that engineering education in 2050 will serve. They will also consider how the technology of the mid-21st century may permit new educational possibilities, and which educational techniques of decades and centuries past should endure.
Engineering Education in 2050 is divided into three parts: 1. Beyond Desks, Textbooks, Problem Sets, and Tests 2. Beyond Ages 18-22 3. Beyond Truncated Innovation
Within each section, chapters will consider more specific subsets of these subjects. Authors are invented to consider each of them broadly, without regard in inherited assumptions.

## Table of Contents
#### Beyond Textbooks, Problem Sets, and Tests

* Learning Engineering by Engineering
* Engineering as Applied Creativity
* Professional Relationship Building

#### Full-Spectrum Innovation

* High-Sōsh Techniques
* Engineers as Applied Social Scientists
* Tools, Not Just Solutions

#### The Future of Computer Science Education

* Post-Classroom CS
* CS for Sustainability
* Keeping Humans in Responsible Charge of AI