OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dichotomous Key/Selachimorpha
## 1

* Anal fin
** Present - #2
** Not present - #3

## 2

* Dorsal fins
** One - Hexanchiformes
** Two - #5

## 3

* Body shape
** Flattened - Squatiniformes
** Fusiform - #4

## 4

* Snout length
** Short - Squaliformes
** Long - Pristiophoriformes

## 5

* Fin spines
** Present - Heterodontiformes
** Not present - #6

## 6

* Mouth position
** In front of eyes - Orectolobiformes
** Behind eyes - #7

## 7

* Nictitating membrane
** Present - Carcharhiniformes
** Not present - Lamniformes
# Dichotomous Key/Porifera

Dichotomous Key: Porifera :
* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Porifera
Information related to Porifera :
* Wikipedia
* Wikispecies
* Wikicommons
* Parent key: Animalia
* Phyla
* Porifera
* Key: Porifera
* Porifera
* {{{6}}}

## 1

* Spicule composition
** Calcium carbonate (calcite) - Calcarea
** Other - #2
* Animalia keys
* Subkingdom
* Agnotozoa
* Phyla
* Acoelomorpha | Cnidaria | Ctenophora | Myxozoa | Orthonectida | Placozoa | Porifera | Rhombozoa
* Superphylum:Deuterostomia
* Chaetognatha | Chordata | Echinodermata | Hemichordata
* Superphylum:Ecdysozoa
* Arthropoda | Kinorhyncha | Loricifera | Nematoda | Nematomorpha | Onychophora | Priapulida | Tardigrada
* Superphylum:Lophotrochozoa
* Annelida | Brachiopoda | Ectoprocta | Entoprocta | Mollusca | Nemertea | Phoronida | Sipuncula
* Superphylum:Platyzoa
* Acanthocephala | Cycliophora | Gastrotricha | Gnathostomulida | Micrognathozoa | Platyhelminthes | Rotifera

## 2

* Spicule composition
** Silica - Hexactenellida
** Spongin fiber - Demospongiae
# Dichotomous Key/Primates

* Parent key: Mammalia
* Subclasses
* Marsupialia - Monotremata - Placentalia
* Key: Mammalia
* Orders
* Afrosoricida - Artiodactyla - Carnivora - Cetacea - Chiroptera - Dermoptera - Insectivora - Lagomorpha - Macroselidae - Marsupialia - Monotremata - Perissodactyla - Pholidota - Primates - Proboscidea - Rodentia - Scandentia - Sirenia - Xenarthra

## 1

* Nose
** Wet - 2
** Dry - 3

## 3: Haplorrhini

* Tarsus
** Elongated - Tarsiiformes
** Not elongated - 4

## 4: Simiiformes

* Nostril direction
** Downward - 5
** Sideways - 6

## 5: Catarrhini

* Number of cusps on molars
** Four - Cercopithecoidea
** Five - Hominoidea

## 6: Platyrrhini

* External ears
** Very small - Nyctipithecidae
** Other - Could be Pitheciidae, Atelidae or Cebidae
# Dichotomous Key/Psilotaceae
## 1

* Synangia
** Two-lobed - #3: Tmesipteris
** Three-lobed - #2: Psilotum
# Dichotomous Key/Rotifera

Dichotomous Key: Rotifera :
* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Rotifera
Information related to Rotifera :
* Wikipedia
* Wikispecies
* Wikicommons
* Parent key: Animalia
* Phyla
* Rotifera
* Key: Rotifera
* Rotifera
* {{{6}}}

## 1

* Male members of the species
** Present - #2
** Not present - Bdelloidea
* Animalia keys
* Subkingdom
* Agnotozoa
* Phyla
* Acoelomorpha | Cnidaria | Ctenophora | Myxozoa | Orthonectida | Placozoa | Porifera | Rhombozoa
* Superphylum:Deuterostomia
* Chaetognatha | Chordata | Echinodermata | Hemichordata
* Superphylum:Ecdysozoa
* Arthropoda | Kinorhyncha | Loricifera | Nematoda | Nematomorpha | Onychophora | Priapulida | Tardigrada
* Superphylum:Lophotrochozoa
* Annelida | Brachiopoda | Ectoprocta | Entoprocta | Mollusca | Nemertea | Phoronida | Sipuncula
* Superphylum:Platyzoa
* Acanthocephala | Cycliophora | Gastrotricha | Gnathostomulida | Micrognathozoa | Platyhelminthes | Rotifera

## 2

* Habitat
** The gills of Nebalia - Seisonoidea
** Elsewhere - Monogononta
# Dichotomous Key/Polypodiopsida

Glossary for this page (all links are to Wikipedia articles) :
* Bipinnate: Leaf arrangement where the leaflets of a pinnate leaf are also pinnately divided. Also called "twice pinnate".
* Midrib: The central, most prominent vein of a leaf or leaflet.
* Pinna(e): Leafy segment of a single pinnate blade, sometimes appearing to be an individual leaf.
* Pinnule: Ultimate free leaflet of a multi-pinnate leaf.
* Rachis: The main stem of a compound leaf.
* Spine: A stiff, sharp structure; usually a modified leaf or stem.
* Sporophyll: A modified leaf that bears the plant's spores.
A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having certain tissue that conducts water and nutrients, and having branched stems. Like other vascular plants, ferns have leaves, and these are "megaphylls", which are more complex than the "microphylls" of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes termed "true ferns"; they produce what are called "fiddleheads" that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species.
Ferns first appear in the fossil record 360 million years ago in the late Devonian period, but many of the current families and species did not appear until roughly 145 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, after flowering plants came to dominate many environments. The fern Osmunda claytoniana is a paramount example of evolutionary stasis; paleontological evidence indicates it has remained unchanged, even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes, for at least 180 million years.

## References

* ↑ McCausland, Jim (20 September 2009). "Rediscover ferns". Sunset.com. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
* ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
* ↑ "Pteridopsida: Fossil Record". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
* ↑ Bomfleur B, McLoughlin S, Vajda V (March 2014). "Fossilized nuclei and chromosomes reveal 180 million years of genomic stasis in royal ferns". Science. 343 (6177): 1376–7. doi:10.1126/science.1249884. PMID 24653037.
# Dictionary of Laboratory Terms

This book is a guide to the terminology of laboratories, for all users of laboratory instruments in industry and science. It explains terms as they are used in the specialized setting of laboratory technology and related areas.
The Dictionary contains terms from the following fields: fundamentals of the laboratory, application and use of laboratory instruments, international standards, and legal requirement for laboratory instruments.
An index facilitates rapid location of the required term.

## Table of Contents

* General Index A-Z
* Density and Refractometry
* pH
* Pipetting
* Thermal analysis
* Titration
* UV/VIS Spectrophotometry
* Weighing
* References
# Dichterliebe/Ich will meine Seele tauchen
### Ich will meine Seele tauchen

| Original German | English Translation |
| Ich will meine Seele tauchen In den Kelch der Lilie hinein, Die Lilie soll klingend hauchen Ein Lied von der Liebsten mein. Das Lied soll schauern und beben Wie der Kuss von ihrem Mund', Den sie mir einst gegeben In wunderbar süsser Stund'! | I will dip my soul in the chalice of the lily; the lily shall breathe a song about my beloved. The song shall quiver and palpitate like the kiss of her mouth that once she gave me in a wonderfully sweet moment! |
# Dichterliebe/Wenn ich in deine Augen seh
### Wenn ich in deine Augen seh

| Original German | English Translation |
| Wenn ich in deine Augen seh' So schwindet all' mein Leid und Weh; Doch wenn ich küsse deinen Mund, So werd' ich ganz und gar gesund Wenn ich mich lehn' an deine Brust, Kommt's über mich wie Himmelslust; Doch wenn du sprichst: Ich liebe dich, So muss ich weinen bitterlich. | If I look into your eyes all my sorrow and pain disappear; but If I kiss your mouth, then I become wholly well. If I lie upon your breast a heavenly happiness comes over me; but If you say: I love you! then I must weep bitterly. |
# Dichterliebe/Im Rhein, im heiligen Strome
### Im Rhein, im heiligen Strome

| Original German | English Translation |
| Im Rhein, im heiligen Strome Da spiegelt sich in den Well'n, Mit seinem grossen Dome Das grosse, heilige Köln. Im Dom, da steht ein Bildniss Auf goldenem Leder gemalt. In meines Lebens Wildniss Hat's freundlich hineingestrahlt. Es schweben Blumen und Englein Um unsre Liebe Frau, Die Augen, die Lippen, die Wänglein, Die gleichen der Liebsten genau. | The Rhine, the holy river, reflects in its waves, with its great cathedral, the great holy city of Cologne. In the cathedral there hangs a painting painted on gilded leather; in the confusion of my life it has shone kindly down upon me. Flowers and cherubs float about Our dear Lady. Her eyes, her lips, her cheeks are exactly like those of my love. |
# Dichterliebe/Im wunderschönen Monat Mai
### Im wunderschönen Monat Mai

| Original Germanische sprache | Eng Translation |
| Im wunderschönen Monat Mai, Als alle Knospen sprangen, Da ist in meinem Herzen Die Liebe aufgegangen. Im wunderschönen Monat Mai, Als alle Vögel sangen, Da hab' ich ihr gestanden Mein Sehnen und Verlangen. | In the wonderful month of May, When all the buds were bursting open, My love burst forth from my heart. In the wonderful month of May, When all the birds were singing, I confessed to her my longing. |
# Dichterliebe/Und wüßten's die Blumen, die kleinen
### Und wüßten's die Blumen, die kleinen

| Original German (Song 8) | English Translation (Poem XXII) |
| Und wüßten's die Blumen, die kleinen, wie tief verwundet mein Herz, sie würden mit mir weinen zu heilen meinen Schmerz. Und wüßten's die Nachtigallen, wie ich so traurig und krank, sie ließen fröhlich erschallen erquickenden Gesang. Und wüßten sie mein Wehe, die goldenen Sternelein, sie kämen aus ihrer Höhe, und sprächen Trost mir ein. Die alle können's nicht wissen, nur Eine kennt meinen Schmerz; sie hat ja selbst zerrissen, zerrissen mir das Herz. | And if they knew it, the blooms, the little ones, how deeply wounded my heart is, they would weep with me to heal my pain. And if they knew it, the nightingales, how I am so sad and sick, they would loose the merry sound of refreshing song. And if they knew my pain, the golden little stars, they would descend from their heights and would comfort me. All of them cannot know it, only one knows my pain, she herself has indeed torn, torn up my heart. |
# Dictionary of Laboratory Terms/Pipetting

Pipetting refers to the use of Pipettes to use precice amounts of liquid substances.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5/5...Nf6/6. Bc4

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
Black has to do something about the attack by the White bishop and knight on f7. The bishop's diagonal must be blocked at the cost of a pawn with 6...d5.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5/5...Nf6/6. Bc4/6...d5

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
White's c4-bishop and e4-pawn are forked by the Black pawn on d5. 7. exd5 is necessary to remove the threat.
7. Bxd5 would be a positional disaster for White. It would give Black a powerful centralised queen after 7...Nxd5 8.exd5 Qxd5, it would bring White no closer to recovering the pawn, and it would give up the bishop pair for no reason. In the analogous position after 7.exd5, 7...Nxd5 would not oblige White to capture the knight.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3
## The Breyer Gambit - 3. Qf3?!

The Breyer Gambit is a chess opening that involves sacrificing a pawn on the second move to gain control of the center. It is also known as the King's Gambit Accepted: Breyer Gambit, because the black player accepts the gambit and tries to counterattack with their minor pieces. The Breyer Gambit is considered a risky but aggressive opening that can lead to sharp and complex positions.
The main idea behind the Breyer Gambit is to use the queen's move to f3 to support the advance of the g-pawn to g3 and create threats against the black king. The queen also prevents black from playing Nc6, which would challenge white's development, however, the move 3. Qf3 prevents that due to 4. Qxf4, winning back the pawn. White hopes to quickly develop their pieces and castle, while black has to deal with the weak f4-pawn and the exposed e-file.
However, the Breyer Gambit is not without drawbacks. White's queen can be sometimes attacked by black's pieces. Black can also try to undermine white's center with moves like c5, d5, Qh4+ or even sacrifice the f4-pawn back to open lines for their pieces. Black has to be careful not to fall into traps or tactical blows, but if they survive the initial attack, they can enjoy a solid position with an extra pawn.
1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?!
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3/3...Qh4/4. g3

White blocks the check with the g-pawn.
1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?! Qh4+ 4. g3
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Qf3/3...Qh4
## 3...Qh4+

Black checks the white king, just how they intended. But fortunately for white, white can play 4. g3 due to the queen on f3 that supports it.
1. e4 e5 2. f4 exf4 3. Qf3?! Qh4+
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5/5...d6/6. Nxg4

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
6...Nf6 is the usual move. Black aims to come out with a lead in development after an exchange of knights on f6, that will compensate for her suspect kingside pawn structure.
6...Be7 is a move that lay gathering dust on a shelf for a century and a half, between Howard Staunton losing a famous game with it against Baron Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa in 1853 and the computers rediscovering it in the 1990s. It's had a very positive score from a small sample size. Black threatens to take White's pawn on h4, because taking pawns means you have more of them than your opponent does.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5/5...d6/6. Nxg4/6...Be7

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
White's h-pawn is doomed. The only move that saves it is 7.h5, but there's a subtle problem with that move. Black has the secondary threat that after 7...Bh4+ 8.Nf2 Nh6, the next move is going to be ...Ng4 winning the pinned knight on f2 (or at least forcing the h1-rook to sacrifice itself for the bishop). If the White pawn were not on h5, White could offer some defence with 9.Qh5, chasing the pinning bishop away before the knight arrives on the scene.
Doing nothing at all would be a better move than 7.h5, but that's not allowed, so how could White make some use of this spare tempo?
You can postpone the decision one move with 7. Nf2, like Baron von Heydebrand und der Lasa did against Staunton, but there's no reason for Black to do anything other than grab the h4-pawn and transpose to one of the lines below.
7. d4 and 7. d3 threaten Bxf4, followed by g3 getting out of the pin. 7.d3 may be overly cautious compared to 7.d4, since there's no imminent threat to e4 whereas keeping the Black queen's knight out of e5 is very useful, especially if White's going to put a queen on f3 to help defend the kingside.
7. Bc4 is certainly in the spirit of the King's Gambit, making a bolt-hole on f1 for the king. But in this line, the king doesn't want to be on f1 particularly. 7...Bxh4+ 8.Kf1 Qg5 9.Nh2 Qg3 threatens mate in one and, although 10.Qe2 Nc6 11.Nf3 keeps everything nailed down for now, White isn't exactly happy being material down and being made to man the barricades while Black develops pieces.
7. Qf3 is the no-nonsense approach, aiming to round up the forward f-pawn. After 7...Bxh4+ 8.Nf2 Black can resist with either 8...Bg3 or 8...Qg5, and White can add a second attacker with 9.d4 which transposes to the 7.d4 lines.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5/5...d6

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
6. Nxg4 is the only sensible move, otherwise it's not clear how White will ever recover the pawn on g4.
# Allgaier Gambit

At first it looks like the knight trapped itself on g5, since it has no safe retreat squares. But the idea behind 5.Ng5 is to sacrifice the knight on f7 and force the black king out into the open. This gambit has a better chance of succeeding in a blitz game where tactical errors are more frequent in sharp games like this, rather than in a correspondence game against a prepared opponent where there might not be enough compensation for the lost piece.
Black can accept the challenge with 5...h6 forcing the knight sacrifice; or he can steer the game in a more peaceful direction (and avoid the sacrifice) with the solid equalizing move 5...d5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 g5 4. h4 g4 5. Ng5
| 5 | 6 | 7 |
| ... h6 | Nxf7 Kxf7 |
| ... d5 | exd5 h6 | Qe2 Be7 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Fundamental Chess Openings (2009). Paul van der Sterren. ISBN 1-906454-13-2.
* The King's Gambit (2013). John Shaw. ISBN 978-1-906552-71-8.
* "The King's Gambit". The Gambiteer's Guild. Retrieved 25 Jul 2014.
# Becker's Defence

The idea of Becker's Defence 3...h6 is to play 4...g5 without having to fear 5.h4, which would simply be answered with 5...Bg7.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3. Nf3 h6
* 4
* d4 g5
* h4 Be7
* b3 d6
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Finding And Checking Files
## Finding files with dangerous permissions
#### Files that are writable by "other"

If we search just based on permission, we'll get false hits from things like symbolic links.
Instead look for files with other write enabled that are regular files.

#### Directories that are writable by "other"

When searching for directories that are writeable by other, one should also consider whether the "sticky bit" is set for the directory. In octal, the sticky bit is represented as a 1 in the first position in four digit octal representation (ex: 1777). This is a common setting for temporary directories and is not normally considered a security risk.
World writable temporary directories:
Finding the real problem directories:
[user@station user]$ find / -perm -002 -not -perm -1000 -type d -ls 2>/dev/null

#### SUID and SGID executables

SUID and SGID executables can present serious security concerns since they allow users to execute programs with permissions of another user. For this reason they should be closely monitored. SUID is represented as 4 in the first position and SGID, by a 2.

## md5sum

The md5sum command produces a checksum for a file that can be used later to check whether the file's contents have changed.
This is often used when downloading files from possibly untrustworthy mirrors. So long as a trusted checksum can be obtained, it can be used to verify that the data wasn't corrupted whether accidentally or maliciously. Often checksum files are distributed with downloads or kept on secure media to check systems for possible data corruption or intrusion. To create an MD5 checksum file, simply redirect the md5sum output to a file. md5sum -c can then be used to run the check later.
# Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Archives And Compression
## Compressing Data
#### gzip and gunzip

Under Construction

#### bzip2 and bunzip2

Under Construction

## tar - *NIX Archives

Under Construction

#### Creating a tar archive

To create an uncompressed tar archive, the c and f options are provided (think 'c' for create and 'f' for filename):
[user@station user]$ tar cf foo.tar file1 file2 file3
The first argument is the name of the archive, in this case foo.tar. Any following arguments are the files that are being archived (e.g. file1 file2 file3). Usually globbing is used to archive all files of a particular type (e.g. tar cf foo.tar *.cpp will archive all of the .cpp files in the current directory):
To archive all files and subdirectories within a directory, the same options are provided, but the second argument is the . character which symbolizes the current working directory:
[user@station user]$ tar cf foo.tar .
To compress the contents of the archive one of the z, J, or j options are used. Each option corresponds to a different compression algorithm, which in order are: gzip, xz, and bzip2.
For example, to create a gzip compressed archive of the current directory the following would be run:
[user@station user]$ tar cfz foo.tar.gz .

#### Inspecting a tar archive

Under Construction

#### Extracting a tar archive

Under Construction

## cpio - Flexible Archiving Tool

In general, tar is the preferred method for creating archives, but in some cases a particular archive format may be desired and cpio provides a greater degree of control over how the archive is generated at the cost of greater complexity.

#### Creating a cpio archive

To create a cpio archive, the -o option is provided (think 'o' for "The archive is being written out"). cpio expects a list of files to be provided to its standard input. The list of files is usually provided by piping results from the find command. The -H option can be used to specify the archive format, see the man page for more information.

#### Listing contents of an archive with cpio

To view the contents of an archive the -i option is provided to tell cpio to expect the archive data on its standard input. The -t option is also used then to tell cpio to not extract, but rather simply list the contents of the archive.

#### Extracting an archive with cpio

The -i option is used with a combination of options to tell it how to extract. Common choices include -d to tell cpio to create directories as needed. -m to reset file modification times. -R to change file ownership.

## dump - Filesystem Level Backup

Under Construction