OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Handbook of Management Scales/Strategic risk assessment
## Strategic risk assessment (alpha = 0.831; composite reliability = 0.834; AVE = 0.56)
### Items

* The impact that outsourcing would have on our customer(s) was evaluated.
* The potential negative consequence of losing our initial capability to perform this activity was considered.
* The decision making team evaluated the risks to our organization's intellectual property.
* The risk of external suppliers acting opportunistically was considered.
* The risk of external suppliers shirking in their responsibilities was considered.

### Source

* Handley/Benton (2009): Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 344–361.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Statistical process control
## Statistical process control (alpha > 0.7; composite reliability = 0.86; average variance extracted = 0.60)
### Description

The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, employee involvement, JIT delivery by suppliers, pull, set up time reduction, statistical process control, supplier development, supplier feedback, and total productive/preventive maintenance.

### Definition

Lean production is an integrated socio-technical system whose main objective is to eliminate waste by concurrently reducing or minimizing supplier, customer, and internal variability. This dimension of lean production is about ensuring each process will supply defect free units to subsequent process.

### Items

Please indicate the extent of implementation of each of the following practices in your plant. (1) no implementation; (2) little implementation; (3) some implementation; (4) extensive implementation; (5) complete implementation.
* Large number of equipment/processes on shop floor are currently under SPC
* Extensive use of statistical techniques to reduce process variance
* Charts showing defect rates are used as tools on the shop-floor
* We use fishbone type diagrams to identify causes of quality problems
* We conduct process capability studies before product launch

### Source

* Shah/Ward (2007): Deﬁning and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.

### Comments

Some items (especially 3 and 4) appear to be formative rather than reflective.

### Related Scales

* Statistical process control usage
# Handbook of Management Scales/Stock market performance
## Stock Market Performance (AVE = 0.789; CR = 0.937)
### Description

The authors test the construct validity of indicators of three dimensions of organizational performance, a fundamental construct in strategic management. Based on an examination of reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and nomological validity, and on additional analyses, the authors find evidence of four rather than three dimensions of organizational performance: liquidity, profitability, growth, stock market performance.

### Items

* Total shareholder return (0.960)
* Sharpe ratio (0.723)
* Jensen’s alpha (0.695)
* Treynor ratio (0.777)

### Source

* Hamann et al. (2013): Exploring the Dimensions of Organizational Performance: A Construct Validity Study. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 67-87

### Comments

The authors did a lot to ensure reliability and validity of their scales. Richard et al. have conduct related research: Richard et al. (2009): Measuring Organizational Performance: Towards Methodological Best Practice. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, Nr. 5, pp. 718-804.

## Related Scales

* Comparative organizational performance
* Cost performance, delivery performance, flexibility performance, and quality performance
* Firm's financial performance over the past 5 years
* Performance
* Organizational performance: liquidity, profitability, growth, stock market performance
# Handbook of Management Scales/Supervisee trust
## Supervisee trust (alpha = 0.88/0.87)
### Items

* My supervisor and I have a sharing relationship; we freely share our ideas, feelings, and hopes about the work we do.
* I can freely talk to him/her about difficulties I am having at work and know that he/she wants to listen.
* If I share my problems with my supervisor, I know he/she would respond constructively and caringly.
* We both would feel a sense of loss if we could no longer work together.
* I would have to say, my supervisor and I have made considerable emotional investments in our working relationship.

### Source

* Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Previously used by McAllister (1995).

### Related Scales

* Distrust of others
* Trust
# Handbook of Management Scales/Strategic IT planning
## Strategic IT planning
### Description

The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be associated with successful ERP adoption is identified. Each construct is then operationalized as a multi-item measurement scale by applying a manual item sorting technique iteratively to independent panels of expert judges until tentative reliability and validity is established. Second, the multi-item scales is further refined and validated using survey data from 79 North American manufacturing users of ERP systems. The following items are taken from the strategic IT planning dimension of the ERP competence construct.

### Definition

Strategic IT planning characterizes an organization’s competence in matching IT capabilities with the changing, cross-functional business requirements of the enterprise.

### Items

* We constantly review our IT capabilities against strategic goals.
* IT plans are redesigned as required to meet evolving conditions.
* Strategic IT planning is a continuous process.
* Written guidelines exist to structure strategic IT planning in our organization.
* Top management is not involved in strategic IT planning. (reversed coded)
* Strategic IT planning includes inputs from all functional areas.

### Source

* Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Supervisory interaction facilitation
## Supervisory interaction facilitation
### Items

* Supervisors encourage the persons who work for them to work as a team.
* Supervisors encourage people who work for them to exchange opinions and ideas.
* Supervisors frequently hold group meetings where the people who work for them can really discuss things together.

### Source

* Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052. Originally from: Taylor/Bowers (1972).
# Go/Philosophical Beginnings
## The Metaphor

Go is a game of territory. Two players alternate turns, each placing one stone on the board in an attempt to surround as much territory as possible. Groups of stones can be captured when they are completely surrounded by enemy stones. It is important to keep in mind, however, that the game is about surrounding territory, not capturing prisoners.

## Learning from Go

Lots of people see lots of different things in go. Some see a war game where each stone is a little soldier, and the best general wins. Others see a more peaceful trading game, where each player makes compromises on what part of the board they want. I have heard that one of the more traditional views was that the board represented the earth, and the black and white stones are night and day fighting over the earth for all the days of the year (361~=365). Some people even view the board as economics, where stones are businesses and the board is unreached markets.
These variations in what people see also determine what they can learn from it. From being a better general, a better negotiator, to being more at peace with the world.

## Player Rankings

There are three rank scales. The low scale is called "kyu". Kyu ranking numbers decrease with increased ability, so 30 kyu (sometimes abbreviated as 30k) is the weakest and 1k ("first kyu") is the strongest. The middle scale are the amateur dan levels starting at 1d and going to 7d. The high scale are "professional dan" rankings. 1 dan ("first dan") is the rank above 1 kyu (however, a professional 1 dan is typically strong enough to be a rank up from an amateur 7 dan), then 2 dan, and so forth up to 9 dan. Professional ranks also follow the dan scale, but they are denoted 1p-9p to indicate that they are separate from amateur ranks. In Korea "gup" is used in place of kyu. The scale is 18 gup to 1 gup.
Ranking is simply a convenient way to set handicap. This allows players of different strength to have an interesting game despite their disparity in skill. A general guideline is that the player taking black (the weaker player) receives one handicap stone per difference in rank with the white (stronger) player. Placing handicap stones is black's first move.
Several ranking tests are available online; one such test is on this site.
# Go/Lesson 3: Basic Capturing Techniques

There are several tactical constructs aimed at capturing stones. These are among the first things a player learns after understanding the rules. Recognizing the possibility that stones can be captured using these techniques is an important step forward.

## Ladder

A ladder. Black cannot escape unless the ladder connects to friendly stones further down the board.
The most basic technique is the ladder. To capture stones in a ladder, a player uses a constant series of atari to force the opponent into a zigzag pattern as shown in the diagram to the right. Unless the pattern runs into friendly stones along the way, the stones in the ladder cannot avoid capture. Experienced players will recognize the futility of continuing the pattern and will play elsewhere. The presence of a ladder on the board does give a player the option to play a stone in the path of the ladder, thereby threatening to rescue their stones, forcing a response. Such a move is called a ladder breaker and may prove a powerful strategic response. In the diagram, Black has the option of playing a ladder breaker.

## Net

A net. The chain of three black stones cannot escape in any direction.
Another technique to capture stones is the so-called net, also known by its Japanese name, geta. This refers to a move that loosely surrounds some stones, preventing their escape in all directions. An example is given in the diagram to the left. It is generally better to capture stones in a net than in a ladder, because a net does not depend on the condition that there are no opposing stones in the way, nor does it allow the opponent to play a strategic ladder breaker.

## Snapback

A snapback. Although Black can capture the white stone by playing at the circled point, White can then snap back by playing at 1 again.
A third technique to capture stones is the snapback. In a snapback, one player allows a single stone to be captured, then immediately plays on the point formerly occupied by that stone; by so doing, the player captures a larger group of their opponent's stones, in effect snapping back at those stones. An example can be seen on the right. As with the ladder, an experienced player will not play out such a sequence, recognizing the futility of capturing only to be captured back immediately.

## References

* ↑ Kim 1994 pp. 80–98
* ↑ Kim 1994 pp. 88–90
* ↑ Kim 1994 pp. 91–92
* ↑ Kim 1994 pp. 93–94
# Go/Lesson 4: Life and Death

Life and Death refers to situations that one would get themselves into but have a bleak ending. Or do they? There is a reason that it is called "Life and Death" and not just "Death". Making good things out of life and death situations are key features in playing Go. This is a concept that allows you to protect your groups from being captured by your opponent, and likewise to capture their's. The ability to make eyes and the ability to escape to neighboring stones are all key concepts to learn when you study Go and in particularly life and death problems. Life and Death is one of the most important concepts in Go, and any serious player should not neglect it; losing a group can be dangerous as you may not have enough compensation to make up for your lost points. In order for a group to be live, it must be able to have at least 2 eyes.

# Outside liberties

In order to kill your opponent's group, you must first surround all of the outside liberties of a group. This is to prevent that group from escaping and connecting with another one to guarentee it's live status.

# Eyes

An Eye is an internal liberty of a group. While in some contexts, it specifically refers to a point where the opponent's stone can be placed inside, it can also more broadly refer to the internal liberties as well. A group can not live with 1 eye alone.

#### False-eyes

False eyes appear as an eye, but it can be easily captured. It it usually because the remaining liberty of that chain. In a Capturing race, these false eyes are functionally the same as a 'real' eye, but in Life and Death, these do not contribute to a group's life and death status.

# Ko

For more info, check out the Resources page.
# Go/Lesson 3: Fuseki

Fuseki is a standard way to play the opening (the first few moves in a game of Go).
An example is the Shusaku Fuseki, a famous fuseki used by the player Honinbo Shusaku.

# Common Fuseki patterns
### San-san

Komuku

# Full board Fusekis
### Shusaku

Note: While these openings are still being reccommended and used by amateurs and hobby players, these openings are no longer effective due to the advent of Ai
# Go/History

Go is almost 4,000 years old and is the oldest game to still be played in its original form. The creation of the game has been credited to Yao, (Traditional Chinese: 堯, Simplified Chinese: 尧) , an ancient king of China, as a means of educating his less than brilliant son but this is most likely not the actual beginning of the game. Many scholars believe that the origins of go are in divination and fortune telling. Wherever this game has it origin one thing is clear the game was first played in china.

## Go spreads west
# Notable People in Go History
## Rui Naiwei

First woman 9 dan
# Go/Intermediate strategy
## Intermediate Strategy (10 kyu - 1 kyu)

A few notes:
- Read as much literature as you can, this will foster your understanding of the game.
- Play with both weaker and stronger players: Playing with strongers will help you gain new strategies, and playing with weakers will allow you to refine them.
- Watch Pro games and attempt to follow them. Professional games can be found online for free (as SGF files) or purchased as a collection. There is a free screensaver (Turbogo) that will play games stored on your computer.
# Go/Resources
## Websites
### Strategy

Probably the best source in the world for go information is the Sensei's Library wiki.
Go Grinder a free program for working problems

### Online Play

Online Go Server Real Time and Turn based (HTML)
Dragon Go Server Turn based (HTML)
Internet Go Server (Java)
KGS Go Server (Java)

### Equipment

Samarkand this site has a great store and also has lessons by Janice Kim. Janice is a 3dan and the same person who does the lessons for the monthly shonen jump.
Yellow Mountain Imports this website has equipment for: Go, Mahjong, Chess, Chinese Chess, Shogi, Backgammon, Chinese Checkers, Domino & Pai Gow, Fortune Telling, Games, Cards & Casino Games, and other games. They also have a Tea Shop!
Yutopian eSTORE The Yutopian provides all kinds of equipment for your Go playing enjoyment. Everythings from Boards to Yunzi's are at your fingertips.

### Books

Yutopian eSTORE This website has many books that may be useful for you. they are for purchase and the prices are reasonable.
Slate and Shell Slate and Shell provides a plethora or reading material, although not as much as the Yutopian eSTORE. They are reasonably priced and are of exceptional quality.

### General

* Go Problems this site specifically reviews problems that arise in Go. Namely Life and Death, Board Opening problems, and Endgame problems.
* The Go Teaching Ladder this site will review your games for you.
* rank tests find out your rank.
* The American Go Association Everything go.
* wikipedia has a great article on go.
* Computer Go a Wikibook on computer go.
* Go Base Go news.
* "Goama" Free Weekly Go magazine with Alexander Dinerchtein.
* Go4Go Professional game records, daily updates.
# History of New York State

    This book describes and analyzes the history of New York State in the United States from pre-colonial times to the present.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Pre-Colonial History and the "Province of New York"
* New York State: American Revolution to Civil War
* Gilded Age New York State
* Modern New York
* Post-War New York
* New York State since the Nixon Era
* New York State in American Popular Culture
* Further Reading
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 31

Today in 1978 the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) published its final report, in which it recommended extending copyright protection to software. Its drafts were implemented in 1980 with minor changes.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 5

Today in 2015 the Hacking Team data breach has been announced.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 1

Today in 1999 was the first release of Napster, the iconic pioneer of peer-to-peer file-sharing.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 10

The first documented mention of Copyleft was made today in 1976.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 30

Today in 2020 the first Linux systems were launched to Mars. NASA’s Mars 2020 mission uses Linux to relay imagery and control flight of the autonomous drone helicopter Ingenuity, among other things, and includes other Free Software like the famous FFMpeg.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 4

Today in 1971 Project Gutenberg published its first text. It is the oldest ebook library and the inventor of the ebook.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 6

Today in 2003 the Internet celebrated the victory in the campaign for the release of the firmware source code of Cisco’s Linksys WRT54G Wi-Fi routers, which was withheld in violation of the terms of the GNU General Public License. People immediately started hacking it, and within months of the release the successful OpenWRT distribution had formed and started releasing aftermarket firmware images forked from this code.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 7

Today in 2009 version 1.0 of the VLC media player was published.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 8

1. Make each program do one thing well. ... 2. Expect the output of every program to become the input to another, ...
Today in 1978 Doug McIlroy first published a version of the Unix philosophy in The Bell System Technical Journal. Following these principles facilitates the chaotic remote collaboration that is vital for the success of open source development, since even complex systems are preferably built in manageable parts.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 9

Today in 2010 Wheelmap.org was launched.
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# Horticulture/Muscari

Grape Hyacinth :
| Genus: | Muscari |
| Family: | Hyacinthaceae |
| Type: | Perennial bulb |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to shade |
| Soil requirements: | Moist, well-drained, humus-rich |
| Propagation: | Offsets, seed |
| Pollination: | Insects |
Grape hyacinths are a group of plants in the genus (Muscari) of plants native to Eurasia that produce spikes of mostly blue flowers resembling bunches of grapes. There are about forty species.
Some species are among the earliest to bloom in the spring, and are planted both in flower beds as well as in lawns and woodlands. They tend to multiply quickly when planted in good soils. The most commonly planted species is Muscari armenaicum.

## Species

* Muscari armeniacum
* Muscari aucheri
* Muscari azureum
* Muscari botryoides
* Muscari latifolium
* Muscari muscarimi (M. moschatum)
* Muscari racemosum (M. neglectum)

## Uses

Many species are used for "naturalizing" in shady lawns or woodlands.

## Maintenance

The smaller species tolerate mowing after bloom, with little effect on the next year's display.

## Propagation

Offsets and seeds. Self propagates readily.

## Gallery

* Photo of Grape Hyacinth growing in the wild in Armenia.
# Horticulture/Mustard Greens

Mustard Greens :
| Binomial: | Brassica juncea |
| Genus: | Brassica |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
Mustard greens are a leafy vegetable grown for use as a salad green or as a cooked green.
# Horticulture/Myzus persicae

Green Peach Aphid :
| Binomial: | Myzus persicae |
| Order: | Homoptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Simple |
| Diseases vectored: | Plum Pox Virus |
The Green Peach Aphid is a pest of over 875 species of plants, including both food crops and ornamental species.

## Host plants

A wide range of plants, including those in the following genera:
* Beta (Beets)
* Brassica (Coles)
* Camellia
* Capsicum (Pepper)
* Clematis
* Crocus (Crocus)
* Daucus (Carrot)
* Dianthus (Carnation)
* Erythronium (Trout Lily)
* Hedera (Ivy)
* Lactuca (Lettuce)
* Lilium (Lily)
* Lycopersicon (Tomato)
* Papaver (Poppy)
* Philadelphus (Mock Orange)
* Pisum (Peas)
* Prunus (Stone Fruits)
* Rheum (Rhubarb)
* Rosa (Rose)
* Sedum (Rockcress)
* Solanum (Nightshades)
* Verbena
* Viola (Violets)

## Control

* Cultural controls: Prune for good air flow and to allow access to predators
* Organic pesticides: Horticultural Oil, Neem Oil
* Predators and parasites: Syrphids

## References

* ↑ http://www.ento.vt.edu/Fruitfiles/GPA.html
# Horticulture/Mulching

Mulching is a common practice in garden maintenance involving the covering of exposed soil with a loose material to provide weed control, moisture retention, and temperature regulation. Most often the mulch material is also organic matter which also helps raise the nutrient content of the soil, but in some cases stone or even synthetic mulches are used to provide longer-term cover. Organic matter is sometimes also raked over lawns, which is referred to as "top-dressing". In some situations, mulches are also added on top of a soil barrier, in order to smother weeds or stabilize soil.
Mulches can be applied at any time of year. They come in a variety of colors such as red, brown, and black. In most gardens, it is only applied once in the springtime as part of the spring cleanup process, but in intensive vegetable gardens and many organic gardens, it is applied more than once. Whenever they are applied, it is always after a garden has been well-weeded and edged.
When applying mulch, it's best to start applying at the back of the garden, or in the middle in the case of "island" beds, in order to avoid walking on or rolling wheelbarrows over the mulch that's already been applied.
In gardens with large open spaces between plants, the simplest method is to simply dump the wheelbarrows or bags on the soil, then spread with a rake. In densely planted gardens, it is best to mulch by hand.
The depth of the mulch depends on the type of mulch used: for wood mulches (the most common type in most areas due to price and availability), the mulch is generally laid 1.5" to 2" thick.
Mulches should never be thrown on top of plant crowns, as this creates conditions conducive to rot. The mulch should be kept about 2" from any plant crown or tree trunk (it should never be piled up in "volcanoes" against the trunk of a tree).