OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Rectal

The human rectum is a channel in the human body through which drugs can be easily administered and absorbed well. Sometimes it is the most preferable to give a drug rectally rather than orally, e.g. in cases of nausea and vomiting. Disadvantages of drug administration through rectum include the interruption of absorption by defaecation and lack of patient acceptability ( it is not comfortable for most patients to have drug administered through their rectum). The mechanism of drug absorption from the rectum is probably no different to that in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, despite the fact that the physiological circumstances (e.g. pH, fluid content) differ substantially, absorption from aqueous and alcoholic solutions may occur very rapidly, which has proved to be of considerable therapeutic value in the rapid suppression of acute convulsive attacks by diazepam (e.g. in children), but absorption from suppositories is generally slower and very much dependent on the nature of the suppository base, the use of surfactants or other additives, particle size of the active ingredient, etc. There is some evidence that hepatic first-pass elimination of high clearance drugs is partially avoided after rectal administration, e.g. lignocaine. This can be explained by the rectal venous blood supply: the upper part is connected with the portal system, whereas the lower part is directly connected with the systemic circulation. Plasma concentration data following rectal administration of representatives of several classes of drugs are reviewed: anticonvulsants, non-narcotic analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, hypnosedatives and anaesthetics, strong analgesics, theophylline and derivatives, corticosteroids, antibacterial agents, thiazinamium, promethazine, hyoscine-N-butyl-bromide, streptokinase, progesterone, ergotamine tartrate and levodopa. Only limited number of cases has it been adequately shown that the rectal route of administration gives plasma concentrations which are comparable to the oral route. Potentially the rectal route offers the same possibilities as the oral route, but the influence of the formulation seems to be very critical. It is also likely that the future novel drug delivery systems with zero order release characteristics will be applied rectally. Interesting preliminary results have already been obtained with theophylline administered by 2ml osmotic pumps.

## Reference

http://www.enotes.com/rectal-medication-administration-reference/rectal-medication-administration
# Technology Supported Learning & Retention/Instructional Technology Literacy Rubric

Learning Support Technology Literacy Rubric
Assessing "literacy" associated with Technology to Support Learning & Retention (TSLR)
Introduction - overview, media, communication, web based research
* log into an online course, navigate through resources, activities
* participate in online discussion, real-time chat, meeting
* complete activities requiring direct input, selection
* upload text and image files
* view streaming video
* listen to podcast audio - streaming, download mp3
* use web resources for researching topic
Learning Support - assignments, quizzes, grades, presentation
* create an assignment
* input quiz questions and assemble into quiz
* publish lecture notes
* populate grades for student viewing
* discuss pedagogy, learning outcomes for learning activity types
* demonstrate activity displays
Teaching and Learning - course management, administration, evaluation
* facilitate online discussions
* implement assessment technologies appropriate to learning outcomes
* discuss technology support for learning styles, accessibility issues
* demonstrate technology options to personalize instructor "presence"
21st century Information Literacy Project
Digital Information Fluency (DIF) is the ability to find, evaluate and use digital information effectively, efficiently and ethically. DIF involves knowing how digital information is different from print information; having the skills to use specialized tools for finding digital information; and developing the dispositions needed in the digital information environment. http://21cif.imsa.edu/
Tutorials - MicroModules are self-paced, on-demand learning experiences each tailored to a specific topic. They are designed as 10-15 minute tutorials. Many MicroModules contain audio and/or video segments to communicate key concepts. http://21cif.imsa.edu/tutorials/micro
# The Maryland Entrepreneur's Guide/Early-State Private Equity

There are several types of early-stage private equity available for business entrepreneurs. Other than your personal funds, there are the following sources:
(1) Angels are wealthy individuals who invest in the early-stage of start-up companies. The benefit of using angels for early-stage financing is that it is less complicated and generally requires less expense than venture capital financing. However, there are downsides to using angels. Often these individuals can only provide a one-time investment, which may require a greater number of investors to provide all of the needed financing and create an administrative burden. Also, many times angels are not sophisticated investors and may have unrealistic expectations regarding the return on the investment. When financing is obtained from angels it is important for the entrepreneur to ensure that the angel is an “accredited investor” under securities laws.
(2) Venture capital is a fund of pooled investments that is managed by a venture capitalist. It generally becomes involved in the early stage of a company with the intent of growing the business, where a return on its investment will be realized through an eventual IPO or trade sale. The benefits of venture capital are that the funds generally have enough resources to provide much of the company’s needed financing, and many venture capitalists can also provide assistance with general business issues, including formulating a business strategy, recruiting, and providing introductions into the business community. However, the downside of using venture capital is that it requires shared equity, and many venture capitalists insist on also sharing control of the company (usually through representation on the board of directors). This financing is generally not available to smaller start-up companies, as the venture capital funds generally desire to make investments upwards of $500,000 to $1,000,000.
# The Maryland Entrepreneur's Guide/Mid-Atlantic Venture Association
### Mid-Atlantic Venture Association ("MAVA")

MAVA is an organization designed to "facilitate private equity investing in the mid-Atlantic region and represent the collective interests of venture capitalists with investment interests in the Mid-Atlantic." It is comprised of over 500 venture capital professionals from over 125 venture capital firms, who collectively manage capital totaling over $100 billion.

#### Programs

* ALPHAConnect is a program designed to bring together investors with promising technologies in development at universities, federal laboratories and other non-profits. The program hosts a variety of events throughout the year, including the Annual Mid-Atlantic Innovation Showcase and MAVA ALPHAConnect Luncheon.
* Capital Connection is an annual event designed to bring together investors with technology companies. This event features start-up, early-stage and expansion-stage companies as well as later-state private growth companies.
* The Mid-Atlantic Bio is an annual conference for the bioscience industry that attracts national and international industry leaders. Biotech industry leaders present their technologies, giving investors the ability to learn more about these advances.
* On the Links Golf: this annual golf tournament brings together venture capitalists with MAVA members for a day of networking on the green.
* Young Investment Professionals began in the 1990s and is designed to provide opportunities to young venture capitalists through networking, enhanced deal flow, building of co-investment relationships, and education. The program hosts a variety of networking events throughout the year, as well as sponsoring community outreach and professional development projects. The program has over 160 members from 86 venture capital firms.
* Mid-Atlantic Venture Association: Facilitates private equity investing
# The Maryland Entrepreneur's Guide/Choice of Entity

Chapter 1 Private Financing
Chapter 2 Maryland Financing Programs
Chapter 3 Federal Financing
Chapter 4 Incubators
Chapter 5 Business Enterprise Programs
Chapter 6 Opportunities for Business Growth
Chapter 7 Tax Credit and Incentive Programs
Chapter 8 Intellectual Property Protection
Chapter 9 Choice of Entity
Additional Resources
Contributors
Conditions of Use; Contributor's Disclaimer

# CHOICE OF ENTITY
## Generally

The State of Maryland offers numerous business forms under which to organize a business. Personal liability of owners, taxation, management requirements, and lender and investor preferences are among the principle considerations in choosing an entity form.

## Forms

Corporation
Before the advent of limited liability companies, corporations were THE choice of entity for owners (shareholders) who wanted nearly a bullet-proof shield from liability for the decisions or acts of the corporation. Perhaps the biggest complaint with the form is that the money that ultimately flows to the shareholders as dividends is taxed twice -- initially at the corporate level (the business entity itself is taxed on income), and then at the shareholder level when distributions are made (dividends are subject to personal income tax). Although an "S-Corp" election can be made with the IRS that permits single taxation of a corporation -- where the income of the corporation flows through to the individual shareholders -- there are numerous rules that apply, including, but not limited to, limitation on the number and type of shareholder. One or more other tax elections may also result in flow-through taxation. A corporation that does not make a special tax election with the IRS is generally referred to as a "C Corp."
Articles of Incorporation must be filed with Maryland's State Department of Assessments and Taxation ("SDAT") in order to form a corporation. Subsequent to forming the corporation, certain formalities must be followed including, but not limited to, Board of Director meetings, documentation of Board meetings, and subscriptions for and issuance of stock.
Limited Liability Company
The limited liability company ("LLC") has become a popular business form because, like a corporation, it shields owners (members) from personal liability, but, unlike a corporation, it has few mandatory organizational requirements and it can elect flow-through tax treatment other than taxation as an S Corp (i.e., to be taxed as a disregarded entity or a partnership).
Articles of Organization must be filed with SDAT in order to form a limited liability company. An operating agreement governs the LLC's internal organization and owners' relationship.
Other
There are a number of other business forms available, including, but not limited to, sole proprietorship, partnership, limited partnerships, and close corporations. The chart below provides a comparison of these other forms to corporations and LLCs.
# The Maryland Entrepreneur's Guide/Editing Guidelines

The Maryland Entrepreneur’s Guide is a dynamic business guide for emerging Maryland businesses seeking to locate key resources such as those related to financing, tax incentives, insurance, business registration, certified vendors, grants, incubators, and business planning programs. Preferably the Guide will be updated frequently by readers, by the resource personnel mentioned in the Guide, and by others in order to ensure that it is comprehensive, accurate, and current. Any change to the Guide should support the Guide’s purpose of providing “a concise guide to federal and Maryland financing and support programs for emerging companies" in Maryland.
Each change to the Maryland Entrepreneur’s Guide will create a new draft of the Guide. This “Latest Draft” will be made available to the Wikibook community, including the original contributors to the Guide and current editors, for consideration, with final approval and implementation of each change made by a designated Wikibook "reviewer." Proposed changes to the Guide may be declined or removed if manifestly inappropriate or outside the scope of the Guide's purpose. The most important editting, however, is by users and the resource agencies and institutions resulting from their efforts to make the Guide more accurate and useful based on their own experience with doing business in Maryland. Thoughtful contributions by all readers are strongly encouraged. For a detailed description of the editing process, please see Using Wikibooks, which is available at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Using_Wikibooks. A instructional video on how to edit a wikibook or wikipedia article can be found here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7yXx3YbcNI.
# SQL Exercises/Contributors

* Borja Sotomayor - Original author, editor, contributor
* Adam Shaw - Unoriginal author, purveyor of various small edits
* Jacob Lee - Occasional Contributor
# SQL Exercises/The Hospital
## Exercises

Obtain the names of all physicians that have performed a medical procedure they have never been certified to perform.
Same as the previous query, but include the following information in the results: Physician name, name of procedure, date when the procedure was carried out, name of the patient the procedure was carried out on.
Obtain the names of all physicians that have performed a medical procedure that they are certified to perform, but such that the procedure was done at a date (Undergoes.Date) after the physician's certification expired (Trained_In.CertificationExpires).
Same as the previous query, but include the following information in the results: Physician name, name of procedure, date when the procedure was carried out, name of the patient the procedure was carried out on, and date when the certification expired.
Obtain the information for appointments where a patient met with a physician other than his/her primary care physician. Show the following information: Patient name, physician name, nurse name (if any), start and end time of appointment, examination room, and the name of the patient's primary care physician.
The Patient field in Undergoes is redundant, since we can obtain it from the Stay table. There are no constraints in force to prevent inconsistencies between these two tables. More specifically, the Undergoes table may include a row where the patient ID does not match the one we would obtain from the Stay table through the Undergoes.Stay foreign key. Select all rows from Undergoes that exhibit this inconsistency.
Obtain the names of all the nurses who have ever been on call for room 123.
The hospital has several examination rooms where appointments take place. Obtain the number of appointments that have taken place in each examination room.
N.b. The solution below fails in MS SQL Server Management Studio, with the following message:
Obtain the names of all patients (also include, for each patient, the name of the patient's primary care physician), such that \emph{all} the following are true:
* The patient has been prescribed some medication by his/her primary care physician.
* The patient has undergone a procedure with a cost larger that $5,000
* The patient has had at least two appointment where the nurse who prepped the appointment was a registered nurse.
* The patient's primary care physician is not the head of any department.

## Table creation code

Please note the syntax presented here is for the SQLite system. It has been tested by the authors on sqlite3 specifically. Click below to see MYSQL syntax, tested on MYSQL5. Note that the names of some fields had to be changed from the sqlite version because they are reserved words in MYSQL.
# SQL Exercises/Cover

Welcome to the wikibook on SQL Exercises
Go to Contents >>
# SQL Exercises/Pieces and providers
## Exercises

1. Select the name of all the pieces.
2. Select all the providers' data.
3. Obtain the average price of each piece (show only the piece code and the average price).
4. Obtain the names of all providers who supply piece 1.
5. Select the name of pieces provided by provider with code "HAL".
6. For each piece, find the most expensive offering of that piece and include the piece name, provider name, and price (note that there could be two providers who supply the same piece at the most expensive price).
7. Add an entry to the database to indicate that "Skellington Supplies" (code "TNBC") will provide sprockets (code "1") for 7 cents each.
8. Increase all prices by one cent.
9. Update the database to reflect that "Susan Calvin Corp." (code "RBT") will not supply bolts (code 4).
10. Update the database to reflect that "Susan Calvin Corp." (code "RBT") will not supply any pieces (the provider should still remain in the database).
# SQL Exercises/Planet Express
## Relational Schema

PK and FK stand for primary key and foreign key respectively.

## Exercises

The first several exercises build on each other and illustrate the use of subqueries.
Who received a 1.5kg package?
What is the total weight of all the packages that he sent?
Which pilots transported those packages?

## Table creation code

Please note the syntax presented here is for the SQLite system. It has been tested by the authors on sqlite3 specifically.
Also note that the NOT NULL constraint on the primary key fields is semantically redundant, but a syntactic necessity in SQLite.
# SQL Exercises/Employee management
## Exercises

1. Select the last name of all employees.
2. Select the last name of all employees, without duplicates.
3. Select all the data of employees whose last name is "Smith".
4. Select all the data of employees whose last name is "Smith" or "Doe".
5. Select all the data of employees that work in department 14.
6. Select all the data of employees that work in department 37 or department 77.
7. Select all the data of employees whose last name begins with an "S".
8. Select the sum of all the departments' budgets.
9. Select the number of employees in each department (you only need to show the department code and the number of employees).
10. Select all the data of employees, including each employee's department's data.
11. Select the name and last name of each employee, along with the name and budget of the employee's department.
12. Select the name and last name of employees working for departments with a budget greater than $60,000.
13. Select the departments with a budget larger than the average budget of all the departments.
14. Select the names of departments with more than two employees.
15. Select the name and last name of employees working for departments with second lowest budget.
16. Add a new department called "Quality Assurance", with a budget of $40,000 and departmental code 11. Add an employee called "Mary Moore" in that department, with SSN 847-21-9811.
/*Note: Quoting numbers in SQL works but is bad practice. SSN should not be quoted it is an integer.*/
17. Reduce the budget of all departments by 10%.
18. Reassign all employees from the Research department (code 77) to the IT department (code 14).
19. Delete from the table all employees in the IT department (code 14).
20. Delete from the table all employees who work in departments with a budget greater than or equal to $60,000.
21. Delete from the table all employees.
# SQL Exercises/Movie theatres
## Exercises

1. Select the title of all movies.
2. Show all the distinct ratings in the database.
3. Show all unrated movies.
4. Select all movie theaters that are not currently showing a movie.
5. Select all data from all movie theaters and, additionally, the data from the movie that is being shown in the theater (if one is being shown).
6. Select all data from all movies and, if that movie is being shown in a theater, show the data from the theater.
7. Show the titles of movies not currently being shown in any theaters.
8. Add the unrated movie "One, Two, Three".
9. Set the rating of all unrated movies to "G".
10. Remove movie theaters projecting movies rated "NC-17".
# SQL Exercises/Scientists
## Exercises

List all the scientists' names, their projects' names, and the hours worked by that scientist on each project, in alphabetical order of project name, then scientist name.
# SQL Exercises/The computer store
## Relational Schema

Please note the datatypes given are SQLite datatypes.
PK and FK stand for primary key and foreign key respectively.

## Exercises

1. Select the names of all the products in the store.
2. Select the names and the prices of all the products in the store.
3. Select the name of the products with a price less than or equal to $200.
4. Select all the products with a price between $60 and $120.
5. Select the name and price in cents (i.e., the price must be multiplied by 100).
6. Compute the average price of all the products.
7. Compute the average price of all products with manufacturer code equal to 2.
8. Compute the number of products with a price larger than or equal to $180.
9. Select the name and price of all products with a price larger than or equal to $180, and sort first by price (in descending order), and then by name (in ascending order).
10. Select all the data from the products, including all the data for each product's manufacturer.
11. Select the product name, price, and manufacturer name of all the products.
12. Select the average price of each manufacturer's products, showing only the manufacturer's code.
13. Select the average price of each manufacturer's products, showing the manufacturer's name.
14. Select the names of manufacturer whose products have an average price larger than or equal to $150.
15. Select the name and price of the cheapest product.
16. Select the name of each manufacturer along with the name and price of its most expensive product.
17. Select the name of each manufacturer which have an average price above $145 and contain at least 2 different products.
18. Add a new product: Loudspeakers, $70, manufacturer 2.
19. Update the name of product 8 to "Laser Printer".
20. Apply a 10% discount to all products.
21. Apply a 10% discount to all products with a price larger than or equal to $120.

## Table creation code

Please note the syntax presented here is for the SQLite system. It has been tested by the authors on sqlite3 specifically.
The code is also tested against SQL Server 2017.
Also note that the NOT NULL constraint on the primary key fields is semantically redundant, but a syntactic necessity in SQLite.
# Research Methods/Measurement, Reliability, Validity

Research methods often depend on taking measurements, the validity of those measurements and the reliability of the global procedure. At first glance all this elements seems to be referring to the same, but you need to understand that all deal with the consistency in obtaining consistent and valid data at each level of complexity of he process.
Reliability is the degree of consistency of the examiner or the tools used to obtain the measurements.

## Consistency

Consistency deals with duplicability and the enforcement of the scientific method. All things being equal the results should remain the same.

### Internal Consistency (reliability)

Covers the degree of similitude in results regarding operations, inside a specific and limited range, regarding the locality of said operations.
# Research Methods/Introduction to Research

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts.