OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Software Engineering/Project Management/Cost Estimation

The ability to accurately estimate the time and/or cost taken for a project to come in to its successful conclusion is a serious problem for software engineers. The use of a repeatable, clearly defined and well understood software development process has, in recent years, shown itself to be the most effective method of gaining useful historical data that can be used for statistical estimation. In particular, the act of sampling more frequently, coupled with the loosening of constraints between parts of a project, has allowed more accurate estimation and more rapid development times.

## Methods

Popular methods for estimation in software engineering include:
* Analysis Effort method
* COCOMO
* COSYSMO
* Evidence-based Scheduling Refinement of typical agile estimating techniques using minimal measurement and total time accounting.
* Function Point Analysis
* Parametric Estimating
* PRICE Systems Founders of Commercial Parametric models that estimates the scope, cost, effort and schedule for software projects.
* Proxy-based estimating (PROBE) (from the Personal Software Process)
* Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
* SEER-SEM Parametric Estimation of Effort, Schedule, Cost, Risk. Mimimum time and staffing concepts based on Brooks's law
* SLIM
* The Planning Game (from Extreme Programming)
* Weighted Micro Function Points (WMFP)
* Wideband Delphi

## External links

* Software Estimation chapter from Applied Software Project Management (O'Reilly)
* Article Estimating With Use Case Points from Methods & Tools
* The Dynamics of Software Projects Estimation
* Resources on Software Estimation from Steve McConnell
* Links on tools and techniques of software estimation
* Article Estimating techniques throughout the SDLC
# Introduction to Software Engineering/Project Management/Labs
## Labs
### Lab 1: XYZ (30 min)

Let us get started...

### References
## Questions

* What is 1+1?
# Introduction to Software Engineering/Quality/Labs
## Labs
### Lab 1: XYZ (30 min)

Let us get started...

### References
## Questions

* What is 1+1?
# Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells

Staying overnight in the lobby of an office structure or on the landing of an apartment building is a variation of a hobo tourist's night rest. The option was tried out by the Russian traveller Viktor Pinchuk in Japan and Hong Kong.
In the big cities of Japan, some high-rise office and residential buildings do not have code locks at the front entrances, particularly the old nine-storey apartment buildings. If you go up the stairs, there is a technical floor at the top, a not big area of which is quite suitable for a night's rest.
Sometimes it is not necessary to go up. This is what it looks like in practice:
   "Osaka is the second largest and third most populous city in Japan. I was not invited to visit, spent the night in the entrance hall of a relatively (by Japanese standards) small building. We live in the 21st century, high-rise blocks have a security at the entrance. Japan is not far behind. Only the guard was not at workplace: for a long time and to no avail I knocked on his booth through the tinted glass. A cosy, dead-end corridor, lined on the left and right with letterboxes, is where the stunned Japanese found the early morning "alien".
The same traveller, while in Kyoto, lived on the floor of a student dormitory for several days, having a rest at the door of the lift which does not work at night (see video), and leaving his backpack dayly in the lobby during the day. While in Hong Kong, he spent the night on the top floor of a high-rise building, near the roof exit door, where permanently hid backpack started from the second day of stay.

## A guide to action

On the basis of the above, the recommendations for using this method can be summarised as follows:
* Find a high-rise building that does not have a combination lock, climb to the end of the stairs and (if there is a technical floor and space is available) spread out a sleeping pad on the concrete and lay down to sleep.
* Go into the lobby of the building; if a guard is present, ask him to allocate two square metres on the floor for sleeping. If there is no guard present, choose a secluded corner on your own and go to bed quickly, making as little noise as possible.

## References

* ↑ Pinchuk, Viktor. Japan for free (in Russian). Russia: Brovko. p. 7. ISBN 978-5-9908234-1-9.
* ↑ Pinchuk, Viktor. Six months by islands... and countries (in Russian). Russia: Brovko. p. 144. ISBN 978-5-9908234-0-2.
# Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Hostels

Hostel — an onject of accommodation, applies among others in the practice of hobo tourism. Widely used by western backpackers, popular among young people.

## General information

The hostel is a tourist accommodation, where in one room, called «dormitory» (should not be confused tourist dormitory and dormitory for students and gastarbeiters), can be located from four to twelve and more inhabitants. Bunk beds are usually used to save space, and the shower and toilet are outside the room. In some hostels guests are given breakfast (which is included in the price of accommodation) in the common dining room; regardless of the location on the globe, «dishes» always look traditional: toast bread, butter and jam in disposable packages, tea or coffee. Sometimes hostels have a kitchen where you can prepare meals using your own products

## Where are they located?

Hostels are usually located in large cities (including capitals), or places of interest by tourists. In small towns and villages, low-cost hotels targeting the local poor or a wide range of alternative methods may be an option.

## Some features of hostels

* In some cases, the interior design and interior design of the hostels resembles a hippie commune, more often the interior is made in a classical style.
* In the hostels reigns a special atmosphere, some internal microclimate of the community of backpackers, travelers and tourists. From the outside, it looks like there’s a large family living here.
* Sometimes in hostels there are special "luggage storage", where everyone can leave their backpack — without any control from the staff, on trust. Or else things can be left anywhere — usually not stolen here.

## Recommendation

Accommodation in hostels will have to taste of those who love communication, noisy companies.

## Practical example

In Mexico City, for the same price, you can get a bed in the hostel or a separate room in the hotel (2015 information):
   "Some will say that the amount is small, but for me $14 is expensive, so went to look for options. A friendly salesman from a small shop and his comrade advised to go to the end of the block, warning that if I did not find what was sought there, it would be useless to continue the search. Really, in the specified place "hidden" several hotels, where offered a separate rooms for the price of a bed in the hostel".

## Gallery

* Hostel in Margao (India, 2006)
* Hostel in Yazd (Iran, 2008)
* Hostel with private rooms, shared kitchen and shower, Apia (Samoa, 2019)
* Hostel in the Aguas Calientes (Peru, 2015)
* Hostel in Nadi, Viti Levu (Fiji, 2019)

## References

* ↑ Pinchuk, Viktor. Two hundred days in Latin America (in Russian). Russia: Brovko. p. 96. ISBN 978-5-9909912-0-0.
# Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings

Staying at the an aborigines dwellings is a method used not only by hobo tourists, but also by backpackers, and sometimes by ordinary people (more often from among young people) who want to visit a particular country without large expenses. To achieve this goal, Hospitality exchange service are usually used, the participants of which offer foreigners accommodation for some time on their own living space.
But, if backpackers and "beginners" prefer to choose highly developed countries and large cities to visit, a traveler practicing hobo tourism can get to places around the globe where there is no Internet, and about the aforementioned service bobody knows. In this case, spontaneous acquaintances with local residents will help. Sometimes aborigines invite a wanderer to visit on their own initiative, but since this does not always happen, you can arrange an overnight stay with local residents yourself.

## A guide to action

To get things done, you need to know a few basic truths:
* Rural residents are more likely to receive guests than city dwellers. Sometimes the villagers' dwellings do not have locks: there is nothing to steal. The probability that the owner of a comfortable apartment located in a major city of any country will invite one or more foreigners to his home is much lower, and in megacities it is close to zero.
* The inhabitants of God-forsaken corners of the globe (in particular villages located on small islands) are bored by the lack of events. A foreigner from a distant country is the only way for them to communicate, an option to speak out.
* In a rural area or a small town, you can, after waiting for the evening, independently knock on any dwelling, asking for a place under a canopy in the yard; with a negative result, repeating the action repeatedly.

## Fact

Russian traveler Viktor Pinchuk, moving through the territory of Papua New Guinea (in 2013) for more than twenty days, never resorted to the services of hotels, during the entire period staying with the aborigines.

## Gallery

Illustrations from books:
Pinchuk, Viktor "Six months by islands... and countries". — Simferopol: Brovko, 2016. — 216 p. — ISBN 978-5-9908234-0-2 (photo #1-3) Pinchuk, Viktor "Two hundred days in Latin America". — Simferopol: Brovko, 2017. — 210 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-0-0 (photo #4) Pinchuk, Viktor "Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars". — Simferopol: Brovko, 2020. —116 p. — ISBN 978-5-9909912-5-5 (photo #5)
* On a visit to the Malaysians (Sukau, Sabah, 2013)
* On a visit at Indonesians (Sumatra Island, Indonesia, 2013)
* On a visit to the Papuans (Western Highlands, PNG, 2013)
* On a visit to the Cubans (Guisa, Cuba, 2015)
* On a visit to aborigines of the Pentecost Island (Ranwas, Vanuatu, 2020)

## References

* ↑ Pinchuk, Viktor. Six months by islands... and countries (in Russian). Russia: Brovko. p. 116 - 140. ISBN 978-5-9908234-0-2.
# Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the ancient pyramid

This article of the textbook is of a theoretical nature, due to the narrow possibilities of applying the method described below.

## General information

Ancient pyramid-like structures are found in many countries of the world: Indonesian Borobudur ; numerous creations of Maya civilization, preserved in the territory of present Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador; some of the Khmer temples of Cambodia, etc. The classic version, in the most used sense of the word, is in Egypt and Sudan.
The Egyptian pyramids are too large; the conventionally called burial chamber is located deep underground, which creates inconvenience for use as a place of the rest for hobo tourists, besides this, entrances to the majority of "last refuges" of pharaohs are сlosed and guarded.
This is not the case with the Sudanese pyramids: they are much smaller and have a kind of "front door" — small rectangular annex, a room-corridor leading to nowhere. The pyramids of Sudan are not tombs, but rather monuments to the deceased grandees of the ancient kingdom — some historians and researchers are inclined to this version.

## Which pyramid to stay in?

Not all pyramids in the Sudan are suitable for rest and sleep: most of them are destroyed by time. If you drive from the border with Egypt towards Khartoum — on both sides of the road there are dozens of pyramid-like structures: on the left — fenced space, where an entrance ticket is required, on the right — objects are not guarded, the passage to them is open. Choosing one of the surviving "tombs", you can lay down in it and relax, following the example of the author this article (see photo). It is preferable to use an ancient building for daytime recreation, when the outside is very hot, but you can also settle down here for the night.

## Meals and equipment

It should be remembered that the pyramids are in the desert, where it is impossible to find any food. Therefore, if you plan to stay here for more than one day, should stock up on products in advance.
The equipment used is a standard set of hobo tourists.

## Gallery

* Sudanese children watch sleeping in the pyramid
* Pyramid with a "antechamber", suitable for recreation
* Broken pyramids, unsuitable for rest and sleep
* Same kids on pyramid ruins

## Literature

* Pinchuk, Viktor (in ru) "Third African trip". — Simferopol: Phoenix Enterprise, 2013. — 56 p. — ISBN 978-617-671-039-4
# Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/On objects under construction

Overnight on objects under construction — one of the options for relaxation in the dark time, used by travelers practising methods of hobo tourism.

## Object selection recommendations

Choosing this method, it is preferable to settle down for the night, using the mothballed construction site (i.e., where no work is being done). This will allow you to act on your own, without adjusting to anyone. On the territory of the active construction sites you can be placed only with the permission of the responsible person. Sometimes such sites live workers.

## Arguments

One of the advantages of the method is protection against soaking, which is possible when sleeping under the open sky in rainy season. Another advantage is that you will not be bothered by the midnight conversations of the owners of the house, which is likely in the case of overnight stays in Aboriginal dwellings; and nobody will not be lifted you at 5-6 am for wet cleaning — as with a night in the police.

## Equipment

Polyethylene film, for laying under the ground pad (protecting the lower plane of it from dirt), actually the travel mat, inflatable pillow, blanket or sleeping bag. Mosquito net are needed in countries of tropical climates.

## Example from practice

In Sudan, there was a case where people living in an unfinished building (apparently homeless) asked a traveller for a small sum of money for the possibility of accommodation.

## References

* ↑ Pinchuk, Viktor. Third African trip (in Russian). Ukraine: Phoenix Enterprise. p. 13. ISBN 978-617-671-039-4.
# Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/Under the open sky

Staying overnight under the open sky is a well-known method used by travelers since time immemorial. The first to try it in practice were the medieval pilgrims. It is now used by local hikers, backpackers, and travelers, including supporters of hobo tourism.

## Places of use

* On city streets, in park areas (in Japan, South Korea and other low-crime countries).
* In the jungle, or suburban thickets (in islands of Oceania, some countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America).
* On the coasts of oceans, seas (in tropical countries, on islands).
* In deserts (in this case implied relatively small deserts, as visiting large deserts requires special preparation).
* On the rooftops of inhabited (with the permission of their owners) and abandoned houses.
* Having joined the street homeless (in some cities there are communes — from three people or more).
* At the cemetery (in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan).
* On the Coaching inn (Sudan).

## Equipment

* Sleeping mat and polyethylene film twice the size (it is placed under the mat).
* Blanket or sleeping bag.
* Mosquito net (need in the tropics)
* Inflatable pillow
** The use of a tent is undesirable: having fulfilled its purpose during a rainy night, in wet form, it will become a burden for the owner during hiking. Travel light; adjust to weather conditions, avoid sleeping outside in case of expected rainfall.

## Examples from the practice of modern Russian travelers

Anton Krotov, returning from a long trip (1999) that included several countries, including the Sudan and Egypt, writes:
   We spent the night on stones on the seashore. We spent the night in the gardens and in the fields. We slept in the desert. We slept on the rooftops of houses. We slept on the grass. We spent the night in villages and towns, visiting people when they invited us.
Viktor Pinchuk: in 2015 left without cash in Cuba (international bank cards are not valid in this country); more than two weeks lived on the street, including a huge thicker, meter-thick weeds wasteland in Havana near the Russian Embassy.

## References

* ↑ Krotov, Anton. It's you, Africa! (in Russian). Russia: Drofa (Moscow). ISBN 5-93281-008-4.
* ↑ Pinchuk, Viktor. Two hundred days in Latin America (in Russian). Russia: Brovko. p. 166. ISBN 978-5-9909912-0-0.
# Jánua Linguárum Reseráta/Vestibulum/Caput 4

| ←Caput III | Jánua Linguárum Reseráta by Author:John Amos Comenius Title | Caput V→ |
| Caput IV Dé rebus in scholá | Of things in a school |
| Scholasticus frequentat scholam Quó in artibus érudiátur Initium est á literís É syllabís vócés componuntur É dictiónibus sermó Ex libró legimus tacité Aut recitámus cláré Involvimus eum membránæ Et pónimus in pulpitó Atramentum est in atramentárió in quó tingimus calamum Scríbimus eó in chartá, in utraque páginá Sí perperam, delémus Et sígnámus dénuó técte, vel in margine | A scholar attends a school That he may be instructed in the arts The beginning is from letters Words are composed of syllables A speech of words We read silently from a book Or recite it aloud We wrap it up in parchment And lay it on a desk Ink is in the inkwell, in which we dip the pen We write with it on paper, on another page If badly, we blot it out And then mark it in the line, or the margin |
| Doctor docet Discipulus discit nón omnia simul, sed per partés Præceptor præcepit facienda Réctor régit Académíam Pædagogus advertit, & urget. Custós monet & cónsígnat Magister ínstituit úniversós, singulí attendunt Ille émendat mendás Díligéns próficit, negligéns vapulat Etenim ferula est præstó Nón verberant baculó Sed cædunt virgís Absque venia né exeás Post moram redeás Quod agere débés, age | A teacher teaches A scholar learns, not all at once, but by parts The Master orders things to be done The Governer rules the Academy The Schoolmaster observes and urges The observer warns and sets down The Master instructs all, they each attend He amends faults The dligent prosper, the negligent is beaten For the rod is ready They do not beat with a stick But chastise with rods Do not go out without permission Return after the pause Do what should be done |
| Línea fit régulá, circulus circinó Grammaticus loquitur, Dialecticus disputat Véra á falsís discernit Rhétor órnáté loquitur, Músicus cantat Poéta carmina fingit Pictor effigiem pingit Historicus rés gestás nárrat Physicus nátúram scrútátur Medicus eam imitátur Éthicus trádit mórés, quí studiósum decorant Vérum dé iís pauló infra | A line is made with a ruler, a circile by a compass A grammarian speaks, a logician disputes He discerns truth from falsehoods A Rhetoritician speaks elegantly, a musician sings A poet makes verses A Painter paints a picture A historian narrates acts A physician looks at nature A medical doctor imitates it A moralist shows manners which are fitting for a virtuous man But of those, see shortly below |
# Jánua Linguárum Reseráta/Vestibulum

| ←Index | Jánua Linguárum Reseráta by Author:John Amos Comenius Title | Caput I→ |
| Jánuæ Latínitátis vestibulum | The Portal to the Gate of Latin |
| Veníte puerí, Discite latínam linguam. Pulchram et élegantem. | Come children Learn the Latin language Beautiful and elegant |
| Comprehendite. Pró vestró captú Et variás rés, Sapientiæ sémina. | Understand it According to your capacity and various things, the seeds of wisdom |
| Deus vós juvábit. Praeceptórés amábunt. Alií laudábunt. Ipsí gaudébitis. | God will help you Teachers will love you Others will praise you You yourself will be pleased |
| Sí príncipium difficile, medium erit facile. Fínis jucundus. | If the beginning is hard, The middle will be easy, The end pleasant. |
# LMIs in Control/pages/Dissipativity of Affine Parametric Varying Systems
## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+B_{w}w(t),\\z(t)&=C_{z}(\theta )x(t)+D_{zw}(\theta )w(t),\end{aligned}}$
where $C_{z}$ and $D_{zw}$ depend affinely on parameter $\theta \in \mathbb {R} ^{p}$.

## The Data

The matrices $A,B_{w},C_{z}(.),D_{zw}(.)$.

## The Optimization Problem:

Solve the following semi-definite program
       ${\begin{aligned}&\min _{\{P\succ 0,\gamma ,\theta \}}\gamma \\&\quad s.t.\quad {\begin{bmatrix}A^{\top }P+PA&PB_{w}-C_{z}(\theta )^{\top }\\B_{w}^{\top }P-C_{z}(\theta )&2\gamma I-D_{zw}(\theta )-D_{zw}(\theta )^{\top }\end{bmatrix}}\preceq 0.\end{aligned}}$

## Implementation

https://github.com/mkhajenejad/Mohammad-Khajenejad/commit/b6cd6b81f75be4a2052ba3fa76cad1a2f9c49caa

## Conclusion

The dissipativity of $H_{\theta }$ (see [Boyd,eq:6.59]) exceeds ${\gamma }$ if and only if the above LMI holds and the value function returns the minimum provable dissipativity.

## Remark

It is worth noticing that passivity corresponds to zero dissipativity.

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/pages/Exterior Conic Sector Lemma
## The Concept

The conic sector theorem is a powerful input-output stability analysis tool, providing a fine balance between generality and simplicity of system characterisations that is conducive to practical stability analysis and robust controller synthesis.

## The System

Consider a square, contiuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) system, ${\mathcal {G}}:{\mathcal {L}}_{2e}\rightarrow {\mathcal {L}}_{2e}$, with minimal state-space relization (A, B, C, D), where ${\mathcal {E,A}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{n\times n},{\mathcal {B}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{n\times m},{\mathcal {C}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{p\times n},$ and ${\mathcal {D}}\in {\mathcal {R}}^{p\times m}$.
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t),\\y(t)&=Cx(t)+Du(t)\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices The matrices $A,B,C$ and $D$

## LMI : Exterior Conic Sector Lemma

The system ${\mathcal {G}}$ is in the exterior cone of radius r centered at c (i.e. ${\mathcal {G}}\in$excone$_r$(c)), where $r\in {\mathcal {R}}_{>0}$ and $\in {\mathcal {R}}$, under either of the following equivalent necessary and sufficient conditions.
    1. There exists P $\in {\mathcal {S}}^{n}$, where P $\geq 0$, such that
       ${\begin{bmatrix}PA+A^{T}P-C^{T}C&PB-C^{T}(D-CI)\\(PB-C^{T}(D-CI))^{T}&r^{2}I-(D-cI)^{T}(D-cI)\end{bmatrix}}\leq 0.$
    2. There exists P $\in {\mathcal {S}}^{n}$, where P $\geq 0$, such that
       ${\begin{bmatrix}PA+A^{T}P-C^{T}C&PB-C^{T}(D-CI)&0\\(PB-C^{T}(D-CI))^{T}&-(D-cI)^{T}(D-cI)&rI\\0&(rI)^{T}&-I\end{bmatrix}}\leq 0.$
Proof, Applying the Schur complement lemma to the $r^{2}I$ terms in (1) gives (2).

## Conclusion:

If there exist a positive definite $P$ matrix satisfying above LMIs then the system ${\mathcal {G}}$ is in the exterior cone of radius r centered at c.

## Implementation

Code for implementation of this LMI using MATLAB. https://github.com/VJanand25/LMI

## Related LMIs

KYP Lemma
State Space Stability

## References

1. J. C. Willems, “Dissipative dynamical systems - part I: General theory,” Archive Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 321–351, 1972.
2. D. J. Hill and P. J. Moylan, “The stability of nonlinear dissipative systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 708–711, 1976.
3. LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory, by Ryan James Caverly1 and James Richard Forbes2
4. Bridgeman, Leila Jasmine, and James Richard Forbes. "The exterior conic sector lemma." International Journal of Control 88.11 (2015): 2250-2263.