OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Programmable Logic/Verilog

This page of the Programmable Logic book is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
* Verilog Data Types
* Verilog Operators
* Verilog Always and Initial
* Verilog Control Structures
* Verilog Tasks
* Verilog Module Structure
* Verilog for Software Programmers
* Verilog RTL Coding Guidelines
# Programmable Logic/VHDL

* General Syntax
* Data Types
* Operators
* Module Structure
* Processes
* Sequential Statements
* Procedures
* Coding and Project Style
# Programmable Logic/VHDL Sequential Statement

Sequential statements are used in processes to specify how signals are assigned. The process is executed in order as a whole. After all the sequential statements in the process are executed the signals are assigned their new values.

## Assignment

A signal is assigned as follows:
This statement can be read as "assign sQ the value of sQ_next on the next simulation cycle.
So far, in the if statements only signals were used. The same rules apply when using variables, with a single difference. Like a signal, if a variable is assigned to only in some branches of the if statement, then the previous value is preserved by feedback. Unlike the case when a signal is used, the reading and writing of a variable in the same process will result in feedback only if the read occurs before the write. In this case, the value read is the previous value of the variable. In the case when a signal is used, a read and a write in the same process will always result in feedback. This observation may be used to create registers or counters using variables. Remember that a sequential process is interpreted by synthesis by placing a flip-flop or register on every signal assigned to in the process. This means that normally variables are not written to flip-flops or registers. However, if there is feedback of a previous variable value, then this feedback is implemented via a flip-flop or register to make the process synchronous. Example 6.21 describes a counter using the unsigned integer type. When a value of type unsigned is incremented, if the value is the highest value of the range, then the lowest value of the range is obtained.
Example 6.21
In this example, in the else branch of the if statement the previous value of the count variable is being read to calculate the next value. This results in a feedback. Note that in this example actually two registers are created. According to the feedback rules, variable count will be registered. Signal result will also be registered, because all signals assigned to in a sequential process will be registered. This extra register will always contain the same value as the register for variable count. The synthesis tool will normally eliminate this redundant register.

## CASE Statements

A case statement is a way to describe a conditional assignment with a large number of choices.
Case statements are often synthesized as multiplexers.
# SMF Records/Preface
## Preface

Beginning with MVS through OS/390 to z/OS the "IBM System Management Facilities (SMF)" allows us to store both hardware und software diagnostic data into so called SMF Records. SMF Records are organized as VSAM Datasets. There are many numbered SMF record types organized in different data structures containing distinct diagnostic data values in the appropriate record fields. The SMF record types are numbered in the range between 0 to 255 whereby the range 0 to 127 is reserved for IBM products. Independent Software Vendor products may use record types between 128 and 255 for their diagnostic data. The different record structures and fields of the IBM reserved record types are described in "z/OS MVS System Management Facilities (SMF)" (see L11 or L12 ). Descriptions of other record types apply to the appropriate Independent Software Vendors.
Although almost all questions regarding historical behavior of mainframe usage could be satisfied by using the diagnostic data within the SMF records, it is considered very difficult to extract the appropriate data. In the spring of 2013 George Ng published a wonderful series of articles (a1, a2, a3, a4) in "IBM Systems Magazine" showing how easy it is to pick almost any value out of SMF record fields using the REXX language (see also References).
But although there are a few fields with directly useable, useful values in the SMF records most of the data contained needs to be combined in more or less complicated formulas to produce more meaningful content.
That is the intention of this book. The first chapter describes how to extract SMF record field values using REXX. The remaining chapters are intended to be a growing collection of formulas from the community for the community, to get the most out of SMF records. With respect to the different record structure, each SMF record type should have a chapter of its own with a table of formulas and a principal REXX example. The table should contain formulas together with all used SMF record fields and a description of the derived values.
← Cover · How to Extract Values from SMF Record Fields →
# SMF Records/Cover
## SMF Records
### A Formula Collection

Preface →
# SMF Records
## SMF Records
### A Formula Collection

* Cover
* Preface
* How to Extract Values from SMF Record Fields
* SMF Type 19 Direct Access Volume
* SMF Type 70 RMF Processor Activity
* References
# SMF Records/References
## References
### Articles about "Processing SMF Records Using REXX" in IBM Systems Magazine by George Ng

* Leveraging SMF Data With (or Without) REXX a1
* REXX Offers Tools for Automated Processing of SMF Data a2
* Processing SMF Records Using REXX a3
* A Closer Look at the REXX Code for Processing SMF Data a4

### IBM Documentation

* SA22-7630-26 z/OS MVS System Management Facilities (SMF) L11 for z/OS 1.13
* SA38-0667-00 z/OS MVS System Management Facilities (SMF) L12 for z/OS 2.1
* SC33-7990-19 z/OS RMF User'sGuide L21 for z/OS 1.13
* SC34-2664-00 z/OS RMF User'sGuide L22 for z/OS 2.1
← SMF Type 70 RMF Processor Activity
# SMF Records/SMF Type 19 Direct Access Volume
## SMF Type 19 Direct Access Volume
### SMF Type 19 Structure

The SMF type 19 contains data of all DASD volumes online in an LPAR during the time the SMF record is written. There is one record per volume. SMF Type 19 records are written for every processed SWITCH SMF command. This is usually once a day shortly after midnight, but could occur more often during the day, depending on your installation. Therefore it is very important to preselect the SMF dump data in the SYSIN statement of the JCL precisely to avoid processing redundant DASD data in the REXX program. In the example in the first chapter the data selection was confined to the time between midnight and one o'clock in the morning to reflect this.
The structure of the SMF type 19 record is relatively simple. It consists of just one section with the usual offsets to fields.
For more information on field values and offsets see [L1] or [L2].

### SMF Record Field Values directly usable or used in the "Derived Values" Table

| Value | Description |
| SMF19SID | System ID |
| SMF19VOL | VOLSER |
| SMF19CUU | UCB Number |
| SMF19SPC | Unallocated cylinders of the volume |
| SMF19SPT | Unallocated tracks of the volume |
| SMF19TRK | Total tracks of the volume |

### Derived Values

| Value | Formula and Description |
| Cyls_total | Cyls_total = SMF19TRK / 15 |
| Cyls_total | Total cylinders of the volume. A 3390 disk volume contains 15 tracks per cylinder |
| GB_total | GB_total = (Cyls_total * 849960) / (1024 * 1024 * 1024) |
| GB_total | Total space of the volume in gigabyte. A 3390 disk volume contains 56,664 bytes per track, 15 tracks per cylinder and 849,960 Bytes per cylinder |
| GB_free | GB_free = ((SMF19SPC * 15) + SMF19SPT) * (GB_total / SMF19TRK) |
| GB_free | Free space of the volume in gigabyte A 3390 disk volume contains 15 tracks per cylinder |
| GB_alloc | GB_alloc = GB_total - GB_free |
| GB_alloc | Allocated space of the volume in gigabyte |
| DASD_Model | When SMF19TRK = 16695 then DASD_Model = '3390 Model 1' When SMF19TRK = 33390 then DASD_Model = '3390 Model 2' When SMF19TRK = 50085 then DASD_Model = '3390 Model 3' When SMF19TRK = 150255 then DASD_Model = '3390 Model 9' When SMF19TRK = 491400 then DASD_Model = '3390 Model 27' When SMF19TRK = 982800 then DASD_Model = '3390 Model 54' Otherwise DASD_Model = 'other' |
| DASD_Model | Because we know the number of total tracks of the different 3390 DASD models, a simple select of the value of SMF19TRK is necessary to choose the right DASD model |

### REXX Example for SMF Type 19

Example: REXX SMF19 to create a .csv file with the values of interest
← How to Extract Values from SMF Record Fields · SMF Type 70 RMF Processor Activity →
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Pulsar people

The following people related to pulsar research have existing wikipedia pages:
* Donald Backer
* Matthew Bailes
* Roger Blandford
* Marta Burgay
* Jocelyn Bell Burnell
* Francis Graham-Smith
* Antony Hewish
* Russell Hulse
* Andrew Lyne
* Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
* Joseph Taylor
* Aleksander Wolszczan
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Pulsar rotation measures
## Measuring pulsar rotation measures

Pulsar rotation measures (RMs) are measured by fitting the position angle of the linear polarization over a range of observing frequencies as:
$\psi ={\rm {RM}}\lambda ^{2}$
where $\lambda =c/f$ where $f$ is the observing frequency.
Measured pulsar RMs vary, in part, because of the Earth's ionosphere. This ionospheric correction can be estimated using the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model.
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Pulsar properties/Ppdot figure script
## Script for making p-pdot diagram

This figure was made using PSRCAT and Julia. First, to make the data files use the following PSRCAT commands
Then the following Julia commands:
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Related objects
## Introduction

There are many objects that (probably) are not directly related to pulsars and yet are either found in pulsar surveys (such as the Fast Radio Bursts; FRBs) or have some similarities (such as the pulsing brown dwarfs) and, hence, are studied by pulsar astronomers.

## Fast radio bursts

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) were first discovered by Lorimer et al. (2007). They are very bright (~Jy peak flux densities) short (millisecond-duration) single pulses with dispersion measures that seem to place the source outside of the Galaxy. A recent reprocessing of the initial discovery (stored in the file SMC021_00861) is shown in the Figure. The x-axis is simply time. The y-axis is the observing frequency and the grey-scale represents the intensity of the signal. Note that this data set is recorded with 1-bit sampling and so the signal is either black (above a threshold) or white (below the threshold). The horizontal line around 1500 MHz is an RFI signal. The FRB is the curve that goes from the bottom to the top of the plot. The "white" region after the pulse is caused by the level setting procedure used to ensure that the 1-bit digitiser does not saturate.
Subsequent discoveries have been described in Thornton et al. (2013), Burke-Spolaor & Bannister (2014) and Spitler et al. (2014).
The following table (based initially on this page) lists the currently known FRBs
| Name | Dispersion measure (cm-3pc) | R.A. | Dec. | UTC | Telescope | Year |
| 010621 | 746 | 18:52 | -08:29 | 13:02:10.795 | Parkes | 2011 |
| 010724 | 375 | 01:18 | -75:12 | 19:50:01.630 | Parkes | 2007 |
| 010125 | 790 | 19:06 | -40:37 | 00:29:13.230 | Parkes | 2014 |
| 110220 | 944 | 22:34 | -12:24 | 01:55:48.957 | Parkes | 2013 |
| 110627 | 723 | 21:03 | -44:44 | 21:33:17.474 | Parkes | 2013 |
| 110703 | 1104 | 23:30 | -02:52 | 18:59:40.591 | Parkes | 2013 |
| 120127 | 553 | 23:15 | -18:25 | 08:11:21.723 | Parkes | 2013 |
| 121002 | 1629 | 18:14 | -85:11 | 13:09:18.402 | Parkes | 2013 |
| 121102 | 557 | 05:32 | +33:05 | 06:35:53.243 | Arecibo | 2014 |
| 131104 | 779 | 06:44 | -51:16 | 18:04:01.200 | Parkes | 2014 |
| 140514 | 562 | 22:34 | -12:18 | 17:14:11.06 | Parkes | 2014 |
Some models of FRBs originating in our Galaxy do exist (GIVE REFs), but most theoretical work has concentrated on extragalactic sources (GIVE REFS).

### The peryton story

Burke-Spolaor et al. (2011) described a source similar in (some) characteristics to an FRB, but seemed to have a terrestrial origin. These were termed perytons. These have since been shown to be caused by a microwave at the Parkes site.

## Ultra-cool dwarfs

Some ultra-cool dwarf stars are observed to have strong radio flares that can be periodic. Hallinan et al. (2006) studied TVLM 513-46546 and found persistent, period radio emission with a period of ~2 hours which agrees with the estimates of the rotational period of the dwarf. The radio emission indicates a high brightness temperature and exhibits circular polarization. They conclude that the radiation is likely to be coherent, electron cyclotron maser emission from above the magnetic poles.
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Pulsar glitches
## Pulsar glitch events

Pulsars are generally considered to be stable rotators. However, Radhakrishnan & Manchester (1969) noted that the pulse rate of the Vela pulsar suddenly changed (the pulsar spun faster). Such events became known as "pulsar glitches". They are relatively rare. Around 500 glitches have, so far, been detected.
The Figure shows a typical glitch. The x-axis for all panels represents time and the vertical dotted line indicates the time at which a glitch occurred. The top panel shows the change in the pulse frequency with respect to the timing model parameters before the glitch. Clearly a sudden change occurred during the glitch in which the pulse frequency increased by ~20μHz. The scaling in this plot does not allow the viewer to see small changes. The central plot is therefore the same, but the mean Δν before and after the glitch has been separately removed. This figure indicates a long term (many thousands of days) decaying signal. The bottom panel shows how the spin-down rate is changing.

## Catalogues of glitch parameters

* Jodrell Bank glitch database which was originally based on Espinoza et al. (2011)

## The distribution of glitch sizes

In the figure we show the distribution of $\Delta \nu /\nu$ (i.e., glitch sizes) for all the radio pulsars in the Jodrell Bank glitch database as of 11th Oct 2015. The script used to make this figure is provided here. In this figure, no attempt has been made to account for observational selection effects. Different pulsars have different data spans, timing precision and observation cadence. This means that the ability to detect a glitch of a certain size is not the same for all pulsar data sets.
# Pulsars and neutron stars/Pulsar glitches/glitchDist figure script

This figure was made using the following commands (the catalogue data was copied into a file: glitchListRadio.dat)
# Puzzles/Easy Sequence 9/Solution

These numbers are sorted by reverse alphabet:
two, three, six, seven, one, nine, four, five, eight
2 3 6 7 1 9 4 5 8
# Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles/Halving the Window

Given you have a quadratic window of size 3 by 3 feet. How can you halve the window size keeping the height and width constant, keeping it quadratic, but changing its area to half the initial size?
# Puzzles/Escaping from Prison/Solution

The man hits his hand on the table until it is sore. He then uses the saw to chop the table into two halves. He puts the two halves together to make a whole. He jumps through the hole and lands in the desert. He shouts and shouts until his voice is hoarse. He jumps onto the horse and rides to the town. Before he gets to the town, he comes across a river. He then remembers that the banks close at 5pm. So he waits until 5pm and crosses the river into town.
# Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles

* Connecting Stars
* Connecting Utilities
* Halving the Window
* Matchsticks
* Rectangle and Circle
* Rubber Band
# Puzzles/Escaping from Prison

Puzzles | Lateral puzzles | Escaping from Prison
Escaping From Prison
A man is inside a prison cell. The cell is completely empty except for the man and a table. There are no doors or windows to escape from. There is also a desert surrounding the prison. At the edge of the desert is a town. The man escapes and traverses the desert to reach the town without walking over the desert. How?
Solution
# Puzzles/Four colour map

The four color map theorem mentions that you only need four colors to color all the regions of any map without the intersection or touching of the same color as itself.
As seen on the old maps of Britain on the right, we can see that district all Britain are coloured with red , yellow, green and blue. We can scrutinize the map itself and found that the map itself don't have any areas with same colour which touches side by side.
The first proposal of such puzzle's theory was made by Francis Guthrie on October 23, 1852. The proposal occurred while trying to color the map of England, when it was noticed that only four different colors were needed. (See the map on right). He asked his brother Frederick if it was true that any map can be colored using four colors in such a way that adjacent regions (i.e. those sharing a common boundary segment, not just a point) receive different colors. Francis Guthrie showed his brother some results he had been trying to prove about the colouring of maps and asked Frederick to ask De Morgan about them.
In 1860, De Morgan (lecturer of Francis Guthrie) to showcase the problem and its proof to the United States of America. In America, Benjamin Price (1809-1880) a famous mathematician and astronomer, chose to develop logical methods to investigate this conjecture. De Morgan used the fact that in a map with four regions, each touching the other three, one of them is completely enclosed by the others. Since he could not find a way of proving this, he used it as an axiom, the basis of his proof. His argument was considered correct until 1890 when Percy John Heawood discovered a flaw. Work by many people continued and the conjecture was finally proved true in 1976 by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken.

## Bibliography

* https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/four-color-map-theorem.html
* http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_four_colour_theorem.html
# Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles/Connecting Stars

Puzzles | Geometric puzzles | Connecting Stars
In the above picture cross all the stars with 4 straight lines and without taking the pencil off the paper (or screen;)!
solution
# Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles/Connecting Utilities

Puzzles | Geometric puzzles | Connecting Utilities
Here is a problem; you are commissioned to connecting utilities to the three houses A, B, and C below. The utilities are G for gas, W for water, and E for electricity.
You must connect each house to each utility without the connections crossing at all.
Solution
# Puzzles/Geometric Puzzles/Connecting Utilities/Solution

Puzzles | Geometric puzzles | Connecting Utilities | Solution
This problem can be analyzed using graph theory.
The problem is essentially showing that the bipartite graph K$_{3,3}$ is planar. However, Kuratowski's theorem tells us that this graph must not be planar.
Essentially, there is no solution and the required construction cannot be done! Sorry! :)
However, if we look at where the three houses and utilities are on a non-planar surface, such as a torus (or doughnut), we obtain some topological niceties that allow us to solve this problem.
Here is an example of one solution. Lines moving off the torus and looping around are signified with a V.
Here is a picture with forks, essentially equivalent to parallel connections
The solution usually given to this puzzle depends upon the fact that the puzzle, as stated, does not prohibit one of the connections going under a house (for example, the gas connection for A is routed G->pass under B->A). This appears to be topologically equivalent to the above(?).
# Rhetoric and Composition/Modes of Writing
## Overview

This section of the Wiki will investigate the several modes of writing. It will give helpful hints to instructors on what and how to teach these modes of writing with examples, past assignments, and prior exercises that helped fellow instructors effectively teach these modes.

#### Description

Description is the process by which a writer describes things he or she senses in order to evoke those same senses in the reader.

#### Narration

Narration is the act of telling a story in writing.

#### Exposition

Exposition is used to explain, describe, give information or inform.

#### Evaluation

Evaluation is a type of writing intended to critique a given subject according to a set of criteria.

#### Argumentation

Argumentation is meant to defend a certain point of view through writing.
# Rhetoric and Composition/Missing or unnecessary commas with restrictive or non-restrictive elements
## What are restrictive and non-restrictive elements?

An element is a word, phrase, or clause, whose meaning either narrows the meaning of another part of the sentence (restrictive) or provides extra information (non-restrictive). Following are examples of sentences with the element in bold.
* Non-Restrictive: The dog, which I rescued from the shelter, is named Terrance. (commas)
* Restrictive: The dog that I rescued from the shelter is named Terrance. (no-commas)
Whether an element is restrictive or not changes the meaning of a sentence. Consider these two examples:
* Matthew's brother, Alfred, arrived late last night.
* Matthew's brother Alfred arrived late last night.
In the first case, the author is indicating that Matthew only has one brother. The name "Alfred" is in commas to indicate it is extra information; since Matthew only has one brother, you don't need to know the name to figure out which one the sentence is talking about.
In the second case, the one without commas, the author is indicating that Matthew has at least two brothers, so we need the name to know which one we're talking about. This is called a "restrictive element" because it restricts (or limits) the meaning of the word "brother" in the sentence to Alfred.

## Examples of errors with commas and restrictive or non-restrictive elements

* The youngest puppy Tiddly is the most adorable pet I have ever seen. (There can only be one youngest puppy, so the element "Tiddly" is extra information and should be set off by commas.)
* Out of all the bowls of soup served tonight, only the one, that has the hair in it, was sent back to the kitchen. (The element "that has the hair in it" should not be in commas, since you need this information to know which bowl was sent back to the kitchen.)

## Fixing commas with restrictive or non-restrictive elements

You'll need to figure out first what the element in question is doing in the sentence. If you need it to restrict the meaning of another part of the sentence, take away the commas. If it's just there to provide extra information, put commas around it.
* The youngest puppy, Tiddly, is the most adorable pet I have ever seen.
* Out of all the bowls of soup served tonight, only the one that has the hair in it was sent back to the kitchen.

## Tips

It's generally considered correct to use "that" for restrictive elements and "which" for non-restrictive elements.
* The essay that won the award was authored by an international student.
* The best essay in the class, which was authored by an international student, is on display in the English department.
Learn more about commas here.
# Rhetoric and Composition/Parentheses
## What Do Parentheses Do?

Parentheses can be used to enclose an interjected, explanatory, or qualifying remark, mathematical quantities, etc. The words placed inside the brackets are not necessary for the interrupted sentence to be complete.

### Setting off incidental/accompanying information

    Examples:
   * Be sure to call me (extension 2104) when you get this message.
   * Copyright affects how much regulation is enforced (Lessig 2004).

### Enclose numbers and letters that label items listed in a sentence

← Hyphens and Dashes · Capitalization →