OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach/Adventurer for Christ - Advanced

Adventurer for Christ - Advanced :
| Outreach General Conference | Skill Level 2 |
| Outreach General Conference | Year of Introduction: 1989 |

## 1. Have the Adventurer for Christ Honor.

Instructions and tips for earning the Adventurer for Christ honor can be found in the Outreach chapter.

## 2. Complete this honor within nine months to a year. Choose a starting date to begin.

The intent of this requirement is that the Pathfinder not try to count things that have been done in the past as credit for this honor. This honor should be earned by choosing future adventures. The deadline is intended to spur the Pathfinder to action.

## 3. Choose three activities from Section 1 of the Adventurer for Christ Honor and do them consistently for at least nine months beyond the six months required for the basic Adventurer for Christ Honor.

See Section 1 of the Adventurer for Christ honor for tips and suggestions.

## 4. Choose and do one activity (not previously selected) from Section 2 of the basic Adventurer for Christ Honor.

See Section 2 of the Adventurer for Christ honor for tips and suggestions.

## 5. Choose and do two activities (not previously selected) from Section 3 of the basic Adventurer for Christ Honor.

See Section 3 of the Adventurer for Christ honor for tips and suggestions.

## 6. Design and do three new adventures (not previously selected) from Section 4 of the basic Adventurer for Christ Honor. All three must involve three different time periods of two hours each.

See Section 4 of the Adventurer for Christ honor for tips and suggestions.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/Wyandotte

Wyandotte :
* Description: The Wyandotte is a medium sized breast with a rose comb and clean legs. The chicken feathers are broad and close fitting. The area around the vent is very fluffy. The legs are yellow. The Wyandotte is a breed that suits both free range and confinement in a run. The hens will lay around 200 eggs a year with an exceptional hen laying around 240 eggs a year. The eggs are tinted.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry/White Holland Turkey

White Holland turkey :
* Description: The White Holland is the ancestor of the Broad-Breasted White, the most commonly produced breed of domestic turkey. True White Hollands are extremely rare these days and are bred primarily by enthusiasts. It has white feathers, pink feet, shanks, throat and wattle.
* For images, see
* http://www.centralpets.com/animals/birds/domestic_birds/dbd4877.html
* http://www.foodmuseum.com/turkey.html
* http://www.raymondsturkeyfarm.net/aboutus.htm
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Subsistence Farming

Subsistence Farming :
| Outdoor Industries South Pacific Division/Island Ed. | Skill Level Unknown |
| Outdoor Industries South Pacific Division/Island Ed. | Year of Introduction: Unknown |
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outreach

The official answer book for the Outreach Honors series by Leland Davis is available through AdventSource. However, it has not been updated since 1998 and it does not include answers for any honors introduced since then. Some of the honors listed in the binder have moved to other categories.

## Index of Outreach Honors (33)

AY Answer Book Development Stages :
| No Icon No Answers | Some Answers | 25% Answered | 50% Answered | 75% Answered | Comprehensive Answers |
| Adventurer for Christ Adventurer for Christ - Advanced African American Adventist Heritage in the NAD African American Adventist Heritage in the NAD - Advanced Bible Marking Bible Marking - Advanced Christian Citizenship Christian Drama Christian Grooming & Manners Christian Storytelling | Crisis Intervention Cultural Diversity Appreciation Cultural Heritage Family Life Junior Witness Junior Youth Leadership Language Study Literature Evangelism Maori Lore Parade Floats Parade Floats - Advanced Peace Maker | Peace Maker - Advanced Personal Evangelism Preach It Preach It - Advanced Puppetry Puppetry - Advanced Sanctuary Sign Language Sign Language - Advanced Stewardship Temperance |
Division Honors :
| General Conference | East Africa Division | Euro Africa Division | North American Division | South Pacific Division |

## Index of Outreach Honors by Skill Level

| All Honors | Skill Level 1 | Skill Level 2 | Skill Level 3 |
| Outreach | Skill Level 1 | Skill Level 2 | Skill Level 3 |

## Notes

* ↑ The Christian Drama honor was introduced in 2006, so it has no entry in the official Answer Book.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Parade Floats, Parade Floats - Advanced, Preach It, Preach It - Advanced, Young Peacemaker, and Young Peacemaker - Advanced honors were introduced in 2009, so they have no entries in the official Answer Book.
* ↑ The Sanctuary honor was introduced in 2004, so it has no entry in the official Answer Book.
# Applied Mathematics/Bessel Functions
## Bessel Functions

The equation below is called Bessel's differential equation.
    $x^{2}{\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}+x{\frac {dy}{dx}}+(x^{2}-n^{2})y=0$
The two distinctive solutions of Bessel's differential equation are either one of the two pairs: (1)Linear combination of Bessel function(also known as Bessel function of the first kind) and Neumann function(also known as Bessel function of the second kind) (2)Linear combination of Hankel function of the first kind and Hankel function of the second kind. Bessel function (of the first kind) is denoted as $\displaystyle J_{n}(x)$. Bessel function is defined as follow:
    $J_{n}(x)={\frac {x^{n}}{2^{n}\Gamma (1-n)}}(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2(2n+2)}}+{\frac {x^{4}}{2\cdot 4(2n+2)(2n+4)}}-\cdots )$
    $=\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{m}}{m!\,\Gamma (m+n+1)}}{\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)}^{2m+n}$
where
    $H_{n}^{(1)}(x)=J_{n}(x)+iN_{n}(x)$
    $H_{n}^{(2)}(x)=J_{n}(x)-iN_{n}(x)$
    $N_{n}(x)={\frac {J_{n}(x)\cos(n\pi )-J_{-n}(x)}{\sin(n\pi )}}$
Γ(z) is the gamma function. $i$ is the imaginary unit. $N_{n}(x)$ is the Neumann function(or Bessel function of the second kind). $H_{n}(x)$ is the Hankel functions. If n is an integer, the Bessel function of the first kind is an entire function.
# Applied Mathematics/Fourier Series

For the function $f(x)$, Taylor expansion is possible.
    $f(x)=f(a)+{\frac {f'(a)}{1!}}(x-a)+{\frac {f''(a)}{2!}}(x-a)^{2}+\cdots +{\frac {f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}}(x-a)^{n}+\cdots$
This is the Taylor expansion of $f(x)$. On the other hand, more generally speaking, $f(x)$ can be expanded by also Orthogonal f

## Fourier series

For the function $f(x)$ which has $2\pi$ for its period, the series below is defined:
    ${\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(a_{n}\cos nx+b_{n}\sin nx)\cdots (1)$
This series is referred to as Fourier series of $f(x)$. $a_{n}$ and $b_{n}$ are called Fourier coefficients.
    $a_{n}={\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x)\cos(nx)dx$
    $b_{n}={\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x)\sin(nx)dx$
where $n$ is natural number. Especially when the Fourier series is equal to the $f(x)$, (1) is called Fourier series expansion of $f(x)$. Thus Fourier series expansion is defined as follows:
    $f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(a_{n}\cos nx+b_{n}\sin nx)$
# Applied Mathematics/Fourier Integral Transforms

Let $f(x)=(-\infty ,\infty )$ and
suppose
    $\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|f(t)|dt\leq M$.
Then we have the functions below.
    $f(t)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\hat {f}}(\omega )e^{i\omega t}d\omega$
This function $f(t)$ is referred to as Fourier integral.
    ${\hat {f}}(\omega )=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(t)e^{-i\omega t}dt$
This function ${\hat {f}}(\omega )$ is referred to as fourier transform as we previously learned.
# Applied Mathematics/Complex Integration
## Complex integration

On the piecewise smooth curve $C:z=z(t)$ $(a\leqq t\leqq b)$, suppose the function f(z) is continuous. Then we obtain the equation below.
    $\int _{C}f(z)dz=\int _{a}^{b}f\{z(t)\}\ {\frac {dz(t)}{dt}}dt$
where $f(z)$ is the complex function, and $z$ is the complex variable.

## Proof

Let
    $f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)$
    $dz=dx+idy$
Then
    $\int _{C}f(z)dz$
    $=\int _{C}(u+iv)(dx+idy)$
    $=\left(\int _{C}udx-\int _{C}vdy\right)+i\left(\int _{C}vdx-\int _{C}udy\right)$
The right side of the equation is the real integral, therefore, according to calculus, the relationship below can be applied.
    $\int _{x_{1}}^{x_{2}}f(x)dx=\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}f(x){\frac {dx}{dt}}dt$
Hence
    $\int _{C}f(z)dz$
    $=\left(\int _{a}^{b}u{\frac {dx}{dt}}dt-\int _{a}^{b}v{\frac {dy}{dt}}dt\right)+i\left(\int _{a}^{b}v{\frac {dx}{dt}}dt-\int _{a}^{b}u{\frac {dy}{dt}}dt\right)$
    $=\left(\int _{a}^{b}ux'(t)dt-\int _{a}^{b}vy'(t)dt\right)+i\left(\int _{a}^{b}vx'(t)dt-\int _{a}^{b}uy'(t)dt\right)$
    $=(u+iv)\left(x'(t)+iy'(t)\right)dt$
    $=\int _{a}^{b}f\{z(t)\}\ z'(t)dt$
This completes the proof.
# Applied Mathematics/Fourier Cosine Series
## Fourier cosine series

The series below is called Fourier cosine series.
    $f(x)={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\cos {\frac {n\pi x}{L}}$
where
    $a_{n}={\frac {2}{L}}\int _{0}^{L}f(x)\cos {\frac {n\pi x}{L}}dx$
# Applied Mathematics

Applied Mathematics is the branch of mathematics which deals with applications of mathematics to the real world problems, often from problems stemming from the fields of engineering or theoretical physics. It is differentiated from Pure Mathematics, which deals with more abstract problems. There is also something called Applicable Mathematics, which deals with real world problems which need the techniques and mindset usually used in Pure Mathematics. These distinctions do not really become apparent during school level mathematics.

## Topics in Applied Mathematics

* Fluid Dynamics: the mathematics of fluid flow
* Quantum Mechanics applied to Engineering and Computer Science problems
** Numerical Calculus
*** Error calculations
*** Solving Linear Equations numerically
*** Special methods for solving of Linear Equations
** Numerical Methods of solving Differential Equations
** Optimization
** Fluid Dynamics
* Theory of The Fourier Transform and Its Applications
** The Basics of Theory of The Fourier Transform
** Fourier Series
** General Fourier Transform
** Fourier Sine Series
** Fourier Cosine Series
** Fourier Integral Transforms
** Parseval's Theorem
** Signal Processing and Analysis
** Quantum Theory
* Bessel Functions
* Laplace Transforms
* Complex Integration
* Linear Algebra
** The Basics
** Leontif Input-Output Model
** Markov Chains
** Finding Eigenvalues
** Orthogonalization and Normalization
** Least Squares Fit
** Finding Inverses
** Hermitian Matrices
** Singular Value Decomposition
* Calculus of Variations
** Lagrange Equations
* Vector Calculus
* Mathematics applied to problems in Physics
** General and Special Relativity
** Quantum Mechanics
** The State Equation
* Appendices
** Appendix A: Historical overview
** Appendix B: Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
** Appendix C: Applied Mathematics and Physics
# Exercise 1

* كِتابِي جَديدُ.
* سَيّارَتِي رَخيصةُ.
* مَطعَمُه بَعيدُ.
* سَيّارَتُكَ بَعيدةُ.
* حاسوبُه غالِ.
* مَدرَسَتُه جَيِّدةُ.
* مُعَلِّمُكَ سَيِّءُ.
* مَدرَسَتُنَا هُنا.
* المُستَشفى قَريبةُ.
* مَطعَمُكَ صَغيرُ.
* دَفتَرُكَ صَغيرُ.
* مَطعَمُه رَخيصُ.
ا

# Key

1. My book is new. 2. My car is cheap. 4. Your car is far. 6. Your school is good. 8. Our school is here. 10. Your restaurant is small. 12. His restaurant is cheap.
# Translation Exercises
## Exercise 1

* الكِتابُ مِن المَدرَسةِ.
* الدَفتَرُ مِن المَطارِ.
* الكِتابُ مَعَ الدَفتَرِ.
* المَطارُ قُربَ المَدينةِ.
* المَطارُ في المَدينةِ.
* الشَمسُ فَوقَ الـأَرضِ.
* الكِتابُ في الشُقّةِ.
* العِمارةُ في المَدينةِ.
* الكُرسيُّ عَلى الـأَرضِ.
* الكِتابُ عَلى الطاوِلةِ.
* الطاوِلةُ تَحتَ الكِتابِ.
* المُعَلِّمُ في المَطارِ.
ا

# Key

1. The book is from the school. 2. The notebook is from the airport. 3. The book is with the notebook. 4. The airport is near the city. 5. The airport is in the city. 6. The sun is above the earth. 7. The book is in the apartment. 8. The apartment building is in the city. 9. The chair is on the ground. 10. The book is on the table. 11. The table is under the book. 12. The teacher is in the airport.
# Arabic/whatQuestions

The Arabic word for "what" in question sentences is usually ماذا (maadha) or the shorter form ما (maa). ماذا (maadha) or ما (maa) is used to translate the following sentences from English to Arabic.
What is your name? What did you do? What are you doing? What is this? What will you do?
Just like in English the word for "What" usually goes at the beginning of the sentence in Arabic.
ما أسـمك؟ maa ismuk mas-muk (irregular) What's your name?
ما أسـمـي؟
maa asmii maa-as-mii What's my name?
ماذا فعلت؟ maadha fa`alt(a)? maa-dha-fa-`alt what did you do?
ماذا تفعل؟ maadha taf`al? maa-dha-taf-`al What are you doing?/What do you do?
ما هذا؟ maa haadha? maa-haa-dha What is this?
ماذا ستفعل؟ maadha sa-taf`al? maa-dha-sa-taf-`al What will you (guy) do?
ماذا ستفعلين؟
maadha sa-taf`aliin(a)? maa-dha-sa-taf-`a-liin What will you (girl) do?
ماذا تريد؟
maadha turiid? maa-dha-tu-riid(a)? What do you (guy) want?
# Translation Exercises
## Exercise 1

* هٰذا حاسوبُ.
* هٰذِهِ مَدرَسةُ.
* هٰذا قَلَمُ.
* هٰذا مَطعَمُ.
* هٰذِهِ مِمْحَاةٌ.
* هٰذِهِ شُقّةُ.
* هٰذا كِتابُ.
* هٰذا دَفتَرُ.
* هٰذا تِلميذُ.
* هٰذا مُعَلِّمُ.
* هٰذِهِ تِلميذةُ.
* هٰذِهِ مُعَلِّمةُ.
ا

### Key

1. This is a computer. 2. This is a school.
3. This is a pen/pencil. 4. This is a restaurant. 5. This is an eraser. 6. This is an apartment. 7. This is a book. 8. This is a notebook. 9. This is a male student. 10. This is a male teacher. 11. This is a female student. 12. This is a female teacher.

## Exercise 2

* ذٰلِكَ تِلميذُ.
* تِلْكَ تِلميذة.
* هٰذا مَطارُ.
* ذٰلِكَ مَطارُ.
* ذٰلِكَ كِتابُ.
* ذٰلِكَ مَطعَمُ.
* تِلْكَ مِمْحَاةٌ.
* ذٰلِكَ قَلَمُ.
* هٰذِهِ مِمْحَاةٌ.
* تِلْكَ مُعَلِّمةُ.
* ذٰلِكَ مُعَلِّمُ.
* تِلْكَ مُعَلِّمةُ.
ا

### Key

2. That is a (female) student.
4. That is an airport. 6. That is a restaurant. 8. That is a pen. 10. That is a (female) teacher. 12. That is a (female) teacher.

## Exercise 3

* ذٰلِكَ مَطارُ.
* ذٰلِكَ مَطْعَمُ.
* تِلْكَ مِمْحَاةٌ.
* تِلْكَ جامِعةُ.
* ذٰلِكَ مَطارُ.
* هٰذا قَلَمُ.
* تِلْكَ تِلميذةُ.
* ذٰلِكَ قَلَمُ.
* تِلْكَ شُقّةُ.
* هٰذِهِ تِلميذةُ.
* ذٰلِكَ دَفتَرُ.
* تِلْكَ جامِعةُ.
ا

### Key

2. That is a restaurant. 4. That is a university. 6. That is a pen. 8. That is a pen. 10. This is a student. 12. That is a university.
# Exercise 1

* عِندَكَ كِتابُ.
* ماعِندِي كِتابُ.
* عِندِي سَيّارةُ.
* عِندَه مَطعَمُ.
* عِندَنَا بَيتُ.
* ماعِندِي قَلَمُ.
* عِندَنَا مَدرَسةُ.
* عِندِي حاسوبُ.
* عِندَكَ كِتابُ.
* عِندَكِ كِتابُ.
* ماعِندِي مَحّايةُ.
* ماعِندَنَا بَيتُ.
ا

# Key

2. I don't have a book. 4. He has a restaurant. 6. I don't have a pen. 8. I have a computer. 10. You (female) have a book. 12. We don't have a house.
# Arabic/possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, our, their) are used to indicate ownership of something.
In Arabic, as with object pronouns, these take the form of suffixes; they are attached to the noun that's owned
| | English | Arabic عربي | Example مثال | English Example |
| Singular | My | ـي (-i) | كتابي | My book |
| Singular | your (male) | ـكَ (-ka) | كتابكَ | Your (m.) book |
| Singular | your (female) | ـكِ (-ki) | كتابكِ | Your (f.) book |
| Singular | his | ـه (-u) | كتابه | His book |
| Singular | her | ـها (-ha) | كتابها | Her book |
| Dual | our | ـنا (-na) | كتابنا | Our book |
| Dual | your | ـكما (-kuma) | كتابكما | Your book |
| Dual | their | ـهما (-huma) | كتابهما | Their book |
| Plural | our | ـنا (-na) | كتابنا | Our book |
| Plural | your (male) | ـكم (-kum) | كتابكم | Your (m.) book |
| Plural | your (female) | ـكن (-kunna) | كتابكن | Your (f.) book |
| Plural | their (male) | ـهم (-hum) | كتابهم | Their (m.) book |
| Plural | their (female) | ـهن (-hunna) | كتابهن | Their (f.) book |
# Exercise 1

* مامِن كِتابِ.
* هُناكَ كِتابُ.
* هُناكَ مَطارُ.
* هُناكَ مَطعَمُ.
* مامِن دَفتَرِ.
* هُناكَ مُستَشفى.
* مامِن مَدرَسةِ.
* مامِن كُرسيُّ.
* هُناكَ كُرسيُّ.
* مامِن شِقّةِ.
* مامِن عِمارةِ.
* مامِن عِمارةِ.
ا

# Key

2. There is a book. 4. There is a restaurant. 6. There is a hospital. 8. There is no chair. 10. There is no apartment. 12. There is no apartment building.
# Arabic/thereafter

ظَرْفُ المَكَانِ و ظَرْفُ الزَََّمَانِ designs to the time and the place of an event (المَفْعُولُ فِيهِ). It is considered an optional part of phrase structure. The word "ظَرْفُ" literary means container, in the Arabic grammar it generally means the container of event. It contains the time الزَََّمَانِ and the place of a certain event المَكَانِ. The tool of questioning about time is "مَتَى" and place is "أَيْنَ".

## ظَرْفُ الزَََّمَانِ

There is a difference between time and time container. Time container refers to the time of an event but you can use time as a subject or a object (mark the no use of container in other phrase structure). For example: Yesterday was great. الأَمْسُ كَانَ رَائِعََا. In this sentence, yesterday is the subject of the sentence. I came yesterday. جِئْتُ بِالأَمْسِ. In this sentence, yesterday is a time container. (The sentence "I came" still makes sense without yesterday, it just has less precision. It is the same in Arabic, "جِئْتُ" represents a complete sentence.
Time container in Arabic grammar has different groups. There are the inflective words "الظّرفُ المُعْرَبُ" (words that can be used in different positions not only as a time container like the one in the examples). There are the built words (time prepositions) "الظّرفُ المبنيُّ" (these are complex words or simple words that can only refer to time container and cannot be used in other position.

#### الظّرفُ المُعْرَب

The inflective words, they refer to time in general and can be used as a time container: Second ثانية. I left for a second: غِبْتُ لثَانِيَةٍ Hour ساعة. he will arrive after an hour: سَيَأْتِي بَعْدَ سَاعَةٍن Never أبداً. It will never fly: Maroce

#### الظّرفُ المبنيُّ

The built words can't be used in time for general use, it means time container and some time other different meanings. Examples: Since منذُ. I was awake since 6am: كُنْتُ مُسْتَيْقِظًا مُنْذُ السَّادِسَةِ صَبَاحًا. Now الآنَ. I am reading now: أَنَا أَقْرَأُ الآنَ. Until ريثما. I will wait until he comes: سَأَنْتظِر رَيْثَمَا يَأْتِي.منبتل آ
# Arabic/existance

The strange letter لا is a ligature lam + alif (= 'la')

# Exercise 1
## Vocabulary

* الكِتابُ لا يوجَد. There is no book.
* المَدرَسةُ لا توجَد. There is no school.
* لا يوجد مطعم. There is no restaurant.
* هناك تلميذ. There is a student.
* هناك مطار. There is an airport.
* الكَلِمةُ لا توجَد. The word doesn't exist.
* .الكلمة غير موجودة. The word doesn't exist.
* هناك كتاب. There is a book.
* هناك مدرسة. There is a school.
* هناك مطار. There is an airport.
* هناك قلم. There is a pen.
* لا يوجَد مطار. There is no airport.

# Key

2. There is no school. لا توجد مدرسة 4. There is a student هناك طالب 6. The word doesn't exist. الكلمةُ غير موجودة 8. There is no school. ليست هناك مدرسة 10. There is no pen. لا يوجد قلم 12. There's no airport. لا يوجد مطار. ليس هناك مطار
# Arabic/pronouns1

In Arabic, pronouns can appear either as independent words or as suffixes, depending on their function. Pronouns that act as subjects use the standalone form, while pronouns acting as objects—either of verbs or of prepositions—use the suffix form.
Standalone forms
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| 1st Person | اَنا | نَحنُ | نَحنُ |
| 2nd Person (M) | اَنتَ | اَنتُما | اَنتُم |
| 2nd Person (F) | اَنتِ | اَنتُما | اَنتُنَّ |
| 3rd Person (M) | هُوَ | هُما | هُم |
| 3rd Person (F) | هِيَ | هُما | هُنَّ |
Suffix forms
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| 1st Person | ني- | نا- | نا- |
| 2nd Person (M) | كَ- | كَما- | كُم- |
| 2nd Person (F) | كِ- | كُما- | كُنِّ- |
| 3rd Person (M) | هُ- | هُما- | هُم- |
| 3rd Person (F) | ها- | هُما- | هُنَّ- |

# Exercise 1

* نَحنُ هُنا.
* أَنا مَوجودُ.
* أَنا في المَطارِ.
* هُوَ في المَطعَمِ.
* نَحنُ عَلى الـأَرضِ.
* هِيَ جَميلةُ.
* أَنتَ في المَطارِ.
* أَنتَ في المَدرَسةِ.
* أَنا هُنا.
* أَنتَ هُنالِكَ.
* هُوَ قَبيحُ.
* أَنتَ في السوقِ.
ا

# Key

1. We are Here.
2. I am available.
3. I Am in the Airport.
4. He is in the restaurant. 6. She is pretty. 8. You are in school/ the school. 10. You are there. 11. He is ugly.
12. You are in the market/mall. 13. Father
14. Mother
15.son
# A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of data representation/Streaming audio

Gone are the days when you had to buy music on a wax cylinder, LP, tape, CD or MiniDisc. Nowadays if you want to get some music you can download it using a program such as iTunes or stream it using a website such as MySpace, YouTube, BBC iPlayer or Spotify.
The big difference between downloading audio and streaming it is that when you download something you generally have to acquire the whole file before you can play it, with streaming audio you play the file whilst you are downloading it. There are two types of streaming technology that you need to know, multi-cast and uni-cast.
* Exercise: Streaming audio
* Why might you want to stream audio instead of downloading it?
* Answer:
* Streaming audio allows you to play sound as soon as you have buffered a few seconds, downloading might require you to download the entire file before you can play any of it
* Name a benefit and a drawback of using multicast streaming:
* Answer:
* a server only has to distribute one version of a file to serve many people, saving processing power and bandwidth. on the other hand if someone wants to join a stream after it has started they might miss the beginning
* Name a benefit and a drawback of using unicast streaming:
* Answer:
* Unicast streaming allows users to access an individual version of a file accessible as and when they want it. On the other hand it places a lot of stress on the server as 10 people watching a video will require ten times the bandwidth to deliver than through multicast
# A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of data representation/Units
## Units

Bytes can be combined into larger units used to measure the capacity of memory or storage devices.
Historically the terms kilobyte, megabyte, etc. have often been used when kibibyte, mebibyte, etc. are meant.
* From the Specification : Units
* Know that quantities of bytes can be described using binary prefixes representing powers of 2 or using decimal prefixes representing powers of 10,
* eg. one kibibyte is written as 1KiB = 2$^{10}$ B and one
* kilobyte is written as 1kB = 10$^3$ B.
* Know the names, symbols and corresponding
* powers of 2 for the binary prefixes:
* kibi, Ki - 2$^{10}$
* mebi, Mi - 2$^{20}$
* gibi, Gi - 2$^{30}$
* tebi, Ti - 2$^{40}$
Note that all the symbols end in an 'i', eg. Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti, and they are all binary and are base 2.
1 kibibyte or 1KiB = 2$^{10}$ bytes = 1024 bytes. 1 mebibyte or 1MiB = 2$^{20}$ bytes = 1024KiB = 1,048,576 bytes
* From the Specification : Units
* Know the names, symbols and corresponding
* powers of 10 for the decimal prefixes:
* kilo, k - 10$^3$
* mega, M - 10$^6$
* giga, G - 10$^9$
* tera, T - 10$^{12}$.
Note that all these k, M, G, T are all decimal and are base 10.
1 kilobyte or 1kB = 10$^3$ bits = 1000 bytes. 1 megabyte or 1MB = 10$^6$ bits = 1000kB = 1,000,000 bytes
* Exercise: Choose the correct units
* How many bytes are in a kilobyte?
* Answer:
* There are 10$^3$ = 1000 bytes in a kilobyte
* How many bytes are in a kibibyte?
* Answer:
* There are 2$^{10}$ = 1024 bytes in a kibibyte
* A hard disk drive has a capacity of 8TB. How many bytes of data can it store?
* Answer:
* 8TB = 8 x 10$^{12}$ bytes = 8,000,000,000,000 or 8 million million (a UK billion!).
* How many bits in a kibibyte?
* Answer:
* 1024 bytes in 1Ki and there are 8 bits in a byte, so 1024 x 8 = 8192 bits