OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horn/Technique/Right Hand

* Horn
* Introduction
* General Information
* Playing Technique
* Posture and Use of Body
* Right Hand Usage
* Breathing and Moving Air
* Embouchure and Facial Musculature
* Articulation and Tonguing
* Playing Dynamics
* Mutes
* Reading Music
* Transposing Music
* Miscellaneous Techniques
* Playing with Other Musicians
* Repertoire
* Glossary
* Partial List of Authors

## Origins and reasoning

The original horn had no valves. The technique for playing notes between the open partials of the harmonic series was opening and closing the throat of the bell with the hand. When valves were added to the instrument, horn players opted to keep the hand in the bell. They had three primary reasons for doing so:
* The tone is darkened significantly, recreating the timbre of the Natural Horn.
* Pitches are more easily controlled. The deeper the hand goes into the bell, the lower the pitch.
* The hand is in place to perform extended techniques like stopped and echo horn.

## Steps in putting hand in the bell correctly
### The American method

* Assemble right hand as though it is going to be shaking another hand.
* Bring the thumb in so it points in the same direction as the other fingers.
* Place the hand inside the bell with the metal touching the back of the hand.
Some of the weight of the horn should be held up by the thumb and possibly the index-finger.

### The French method

* Hold right hand out flat with palm down and drop thumb to create a 90-degree angle with fingers.
* Place the hand inside the bell until the thumb hits the bottom wall of the bell.
Some of the weight of the horn should be held up by the first knuckles and the back of the hand.
If you experiment with both of these positions, you will quickly learn how much the placement of the hand in the bell affects the overall timbre and volume of the instrument.

## Miscellaneous Information

The hand should certainly "disrupt" the sound coming out of the bell. Otherwise, there would be no point to having the hand it the bell. However, the hand should not be disturbing the sound enough to cause it to sound stuffy.
Visually depicted, one should imagine as though sound is emerging as a stream of water and the palm is carefully guiding the stream along the back of the forearm.
# Horticultural Gardening Tips/Flowers

Flowering plants (Add your tips NOW! by clicking 'Edit this page'. No registration/login required.)

## Echiums

Transplanting: Difficult. Only possible when young. Try to transplant with accompanying soil as a block/cube around roots. Plant will sag and look dead after 2 hours, but will often recover. Water transplanted seedling regularly. Shade from all sun for at least 3 weeks. Once plant appears to be growing and standing upright, take away shading. Don't spray growing tips - rots very easily. Feeding has very little effect. Protect from all frost using fleece but ensure cover is off when temperature rises - otherwise growing tip rots. Caterpillars (green variety) very destructive. A single caterpillar can destroy a plant in a day.

## Rugosa roses

Never never spray with any chemicals even if covered in bugs. Let plant fight the bugs itself. Even organic sprays cause leaves to go brown and shrivel. Do not foliar feed either. Damaged plants do slowly recover. Don't prune unless at least 7 years old. Don't chop off finished flowers (chopping off rugosa flowers does not apparently encourage more flowering). Add Mycorrhizal fungi when planting.
# Horticultural Gardening Tips

Horticultural Gardening Tips is a wikibook that anyone can edit! This text aims to bring readers a collection of simple, easy to implement methods for improving success in gardening.

## Table of Contents

Vegetables (potatoes, carrots and sprouts etc.)
Fruit bushes (raspberries etc)
Fruit trees (apple, cherries, pears etc.)
Flowers (echiums, roses etc)
Irrigation (water efficiency, mulching etc)
Bug control (preventing bugs, birds, and rabbits etc. from ruining your work)
Miscellaneous gardening tips (stakes, trellises, and various extra tips and bits)
# Horticultural Gardening Tips/Fruit bushes

Fruit bushes
(Add your tips NOW! by clicking 'Edit this page'. No registration/login required.)

## Blackcurrant

Plant deeply to encourage plant to put out new shoots from the base. Chop very old stems (>4 years) during late summer. Chop up pruned bits into 15 cm lengths and plant as cuttings - burying at least 5cm in moist soil outdoors. Cuttings are fully hardy, will drop leaves in autumn and will re-sprout in spring. WIll fruit during following year. Move bushes only in winter. If moving in summer, move during cold, rainy, cloudy weather. Stand bush in water (add liquid fertiliser) whilst moving. Lightly prune large roots to encourage root branching/new smaller roots. Pull out all traces of weeds and their roots - especially bindweed roots (white spaghetti/noodle resembling roots). Fill new hole with water, plant, drench soil with water and water well for following month. Mulch soil around moved plant and prevent weeds. Consider shaing plant from direct sunlight for a month.

## Gojiberry

Grows fast. 10cm stalk reaches 40 to 50cm 3 months later. Cuttings root very easily. Drought tolerant. Slugs very troublesome but plant responds very quickly. Cuttings root very easily - multiply.

## Gooseberry

Grow as cordon to make picking fruit easier. Over-ripe fruit on bush become sweet enough to eat raw without sugar. Red varieties seem sweeter. Cuttings: root very easily if planted in August in moist garden soil, fully hardy, sprouting in spring. Will fruit by 2nd year. Protect from birds using net laid over bottles inverted into bamboos stuck in the ground. When planting in fruit cages ensure netting doesn't blow and get snagged on the plant's spines - use non-blowing wire netting - not string/nylon netting.

## Juneberry

Prune to keep bushy. Grows fast. Rabbits and slugs very destruictive to foliage. Foliage regrows throughout summer. Protect birds from fruit. Cuttings root well.

## Raspberry

Avoid waterlogged ground or, when growing in pots avoid overwatering - they quickly die when standing in soggy soil. Ensure plating area is totally bindweed free - bindweed loves growing throiugh their roots. Weed killers damage raspberry foliage very easily. Spray foliage with seaweed solution, dissolved phostrogen and magnesium if leaves go yellow. Autumn fruitng raspeberries: better than summer types. Chop autumn fruiting varieties to ground in January. Summer fruiting: canes give fruit in second year (during July) then die. Chop down canes when fruiting has finished. Foliage yellows and looks manky in 2nd year. Summer fruiting raspberries need staking. Autumn ones don't. Birds: Big problem for summer fruiting types but not for Autumn types. Cover with net or grow in fruit cage.
# Interlingua/Curso de conversation

* Capitulo 1
** Capitulo 1, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 1, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 1, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 1, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 1, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 1, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
* Capitulo 2
** Capitulo 2, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 2, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 2, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 2, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 2, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 2, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
* Capitulo 3
** Capitulo 3, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 3, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 3, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 3, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 3, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 3, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
* Capitulo 4
** Capitulo 4, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 4, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 4, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 4, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 4, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 4, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
* Capitulo 5
** Capitulo 5, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 5, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 5, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 5, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 5, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 5, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
* Capitulo 6
** Capitulo 6, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 6, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 6, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 6, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 6, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 6, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
* Capitulo 7
** Capitulo 7, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 7, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 7, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 7, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 7, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 7, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
* Capitulo 8
** Capitulo 8, Scenas 1 e 2 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 8, Scenas 1 e 2 (anglese)
** Capitulo 8, Scenas 3 e 4 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 8, Scenas 3 e 4 (anglese)
** Capitulo 8, Scenas 5 e 6 (interlingua)
** Capitulo 8, Scenas 5 e 6 (anglese)
# IB/Group 3/History/Route 1

Route 1 explores the main developments in the history of Europe and the Islamic world (from 500 to 1570).

#### History of Europe and the Islamic world — Prescribed Subjects

The Origins and Rise of Islam c500–661
The Kingdom of Sicily 1130–1302

#### History of Europe and the Islamic World — Topics

Dynasties and Rulers
Society and Economy
Wars and Warfare
Intellectual, Cultural, and Artistic Developments
Religion and the State

#### Higher Level Options (3 of the following)

Christianity c500-1300
The Fatimids 909-1171
Monarchies in England and France 1066-1223
The Crusades 1095-1291
The Mongols 1200-1405
Muslim, Christian and Jewish Interactions in Spain, 711-1492
Emperors and Kings 1150-1300
Late Medieval Political Crises 1300-1485
14th Century Famine, Pestilence and Social Change
The Ottomans 1281-1566
Renaissance Government and Society in Italy 1300-1500
New Horizons: Exploration 1400-1550
# IB/Group 3/History/Route 2/Causes, Practices, and Effects of Wars

War was a major feature of the 20th century. In this topic the different types of war should be identified, and the causes, practices and effects of these conflicts should be studied.

## Table of Contents

Wars in the 20th Century
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions

### Total Wars
#### World War I

The Causes of World War I
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions
World War I and Total War
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions
The Results of World War I
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions

#### World War II

The Causes of World War II
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions
World War II and Total War
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions
The Results of World War II
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions

### Limited Wars

The Malvinas and Falklands War (1982)
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions
The Gulf War (1990-91)
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions

### Civil Wars

The Chinese Civil War (1927-37 and 1946-49)
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions
The Spanish Civil War (36-39)
Topic Summary • Past Papers • Example Essays • Study Questions
# IB/Group 3/History/Route 2

Route 2 encompasses the main developments in the 20th century world history.

#### 20th Century World History — Prescribed Subjects

Peacemaking, Peacekeeping—International Relations 1918–36
The Arab–Israeli Conflict 1945–79
Communism in Crisis 1976–89

#### 20th Century World History — Topics

Causes, Practices, and Effects of Wars
Causes and Effects of World War One (2020 Specification);
Causes and Effects of the Spanish Civil War (2020 Specification);
Democratic states—Challenges and Responses
Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single-Party States
Nationalist and Independence Movements in Africa and Asia, and post-1945 Central and Eastern European states
The Cold War

#### Higher Level Options (1 of the following)

Aspects of History of Africa
Aspects of History of the Americas
Aspects of History of Asia and Oceania
Aspects of History of Europe and the Middle East
# HydroGeoSphere/Type

To define what type of boundary condition (e.g. head, flux etc.) is to be applied use:

## Type

* bc_type The type of boundary condition to be applied.
The allowable flow boundary condition types are described in detail in the following sections.
# HydroGeoSphere/Transport Boundary Conditions

There are three basic options available for assigning boundary conditions to the transport solution. These are to specify either first-type (concentration), second-type (mass flux, concentration gradient), or third-type (Cauchy) at a node. Although these are typically applied to nodes located on the surface of the domain, first- and second-type boundary conditions can can also be applied to internal nodes.
Once they are defined, you can check the transport boundary conditions using the following instruction, which causes the current configuration to be written to the prefixo.eco file:

## Echo transport boundary conditions

Causes the current boundary conditions to be written to the prefixo.eco file.
# HydroGeoSphere/Timestep Control

Before we discuss the instructions which are available for controlling the behaviour of a transient solution, some background information is required. The preprocessor grok generates an array of target times, which are derived from the following sources:
* Times specified by the user to meet timestep constraints.
* Times specified by the user to meet output requirements.
* Times at which transient boundary condition values change.
This target time array is passed to HydroGeoSphere which uses it to produce timestep values.
As well, adaptive timestepping, as discussed in Section 5.5.2.1, can be used to adjust the timestep values based on changes in head, saturation and/or concentration as the solution progresses.
The instructions on this page can be used to modify the time-stepping behaviour of a transient solution.

## Initial time

* tinit Initial time.
Assigns a new value for the initial time, which defaults to zero. This is useful if you are restarting the simulation and want to index the times used to an earlier run.

## Initial timestep

* val Initial timestep size.
Assigns a new value for the initial timestep, which defaults to 0.01 time units.

## Maximum timestep

* val Maximum timestep size.
Assigns a new value for the maximum timestep size, which defaults to 10$^{25}$ time units.

## Minimum timestep

* val Minimum timestep size.
Assigns a new value for the minimum timestep size, which defaults to 1 × 10$^{−10}$ time units. If the timestep becomes smaller than this value as a result of the adaptive timestepping procedure, HydroGeoSphere will stop and issue a diagnostic message.

## Target times

* target_time...end Target times.
Listed times are added to the current set of target times.

## Generate target times

* tstart Start time [T].
* delta Initial time step size [T].
* tinc Time step multiplier.
* dtmax Maximum time step size allowed [T].
* tend End time [T].
New target times are generated from the start time tstart to end time tend by repeatedly adding the time step delta, which is increased each time by the multiplier tinc until it reaches a maximum size of dtmax.

## Output times

* output_time...end Output time.
Listed times are added to the current set of output times (i.e. times for which you want detailed output). Note that these values will automatically become part of the target time array.
# HydroGeoSphere/Travel Time Probability (Transport)
## Output travel time statistics

HydroGeoSphere will perform descriptive statistics, following Eqs. (2.154) and (2.155): mean travel time, mode and standard deviation will be calculated at each node/element.

## Integrate production zone

* fname Name of the file which contains the list of elements that contain a mass source function and the tabulated functions. It is formatted as follows:
       (a) nprodel Number of production elements. Read the following nprodel times:
          i. nel, ifunc The element number and the ID (number) of the associated tabulated function.
       (b) maxdatprod, delta_conv Size of the largest set of tabulated data which follows and the timestep size delta_conv for evaluating the convolution integral in
          Equation 5.16. Read the following for each of the ifunc time-series:
          i. ndata Number of data to read for the current time-series.
          ii. time, val Time and corresponding source value.
If ifunc = 0, then $m^{*}$ corresponds to a unit and instantaneous mass input function, and thus no time-series are required in the input file.
The element nel with the maximum value of ifunc determines how many sets of time-series data must be supplied.
This option is meant to simulate a forward transport solution by means of a backward solution. It requires the problem to be backward-in-time. Integration of the backward travel time PDFs will be performed over a series of element numbers, which are input in the .np file. In a forward transport run, these elements would contain a mass source $m^{*}$. The following equation is solved at each time-step in order to simulate the output mass flux $J_{o}(t)$ resulting from a forward transport (see [Cornaton, 2003]):
    $J_{O}(t)=\int _{\Delta }\int _{0}^{t}g_{t}(t-u,\mathbf {x} )m^{*}(\mathbf {x} ,u)\,du\,d{\Omega }$ (Equation 5.16)
if $m^{*}$ is an arbitrary mass source function [M L$^{−3}$ T$^{−1}$], or
    $J_{O}(t)=\int _{\Delta }g_{t}(t,\mathbf {x} ){\delta }(\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x_{i}} )\,d{\Omega }$ (Equation 5.17)
if $m^{*}$ is a unit and instantaneous mass input function [L$^{−3}$ T$^{−1}$]. ${\Delta }$ denotes the domain of elements where $m^{*}(\mathbf {x} ,t)\neq 0$.
# HydroGeoSphere/Travel Time Probability
## Find zero age zones

HydroGeoSphere will automatically find the inlet (or outlet for the backward problem) nodes and assign the proper initial condition (or boundary condition for the moment equations). This option is valid for the case of age/life expectancy computations at aquifer scale, in which case each node belonging to the inlet/outlet zone is to be assigned a zero age/life expectancy condition.

## Zero travel time

Assigns a zero travel time condition for the chosen nodes.
# HydroGeoSphere/Time-Varying Inputs

To define more complex spatial and temporal properties for a boundary condition use:

## Time value table

* bc_time(i), bc_val(i)...end The time and boundary condition value list.
At time bc_time(i) the value bc_val(i) is applied and maintained until time bc_time(i+1). The last value entered in the list will be applied until the end of the simulation.

## Time raster table

* bc_time(i), bc_raster(i)...end The time and raster file name list.
At time bc_time(i) the raster file bc_raster(i) is applied and maintained until time bc_time(i+1). The last raster file entered in the list will be applied until the end of the simulation. HydroGeoSphere uses the node (or face centroid) xy-coordinate for each member of the set to interpolate a value for the boundary condition at that point.
The following instructions use the same input data structure except they are applied to xz- or yz- coordinates:
       time raster xz table
       time raster yz table

## Time file table

* bc_time(i), bc_file(i)...end The time and file name list.
At time bc_time(i) the values read from file bc_file(i) are applied and maintained until time bc_time(i+1). The data from the last file entered in the list will be applied until the end of the simulation. HydroGeoSphere reads a list of values from the file and assigns them in order to the current set of nodes or faces, depending on what type of boundary condition is being applied. The number of values in the file must match the number of nodes or faces in the set or grok will stop with an error message.
This instruction can be used in conjunction with other instructions to create files of nodal values and then read them in to define boundary conditions. For example, these instructions:
create a file inflow.txt which contains a value for each currently chosen node. It uses the nodal z-coordinate to interpolate the value from the tabulated function of z versus value. We can now use the file like this:
Note that we use the node set inflow in conjunction with the file inflow.txt. Any mismatch in the number of nodes between the node set file and the data file will cause grok to stop with an error message.
# HydroGeoSphere/Transport (Properties)

* Porous Medium
* Discrete Fractures
* Dual Continuum
* Surface Runoff
# Introduction to Programming Languages
## Table of contents
### Introduction to Programming Languages

    Preface
    Programming Language Paradigms

### Syntax

    Grammars
    Parsing
    Ambiguity
    Precedence and Associativity

### Grammars in Practice

    Logic Grammars
    Syntax Directed Interpretation
    Syntax Directed Translation
    Syntax Directed Type Checking
    A recipe for writing a reusable grammar

### Execution Environments

    Compiled Programs
    Interpreted Programs
    Binding

### Functional Programming in Haskell

    Concepts of Functional Languages

### Types

    Data Types
    Primitive Types
    Constructed Types

### Typing Disciplines

    Dynamically vs Statically Typed Languages
    Nominal vs Structural Typing Equivalence
    Safe vs Unsafe Typing
    Type Inference vs Type Annotations

### Polymorphism

    What is Polymorphism
    Ad-Hoc Polymorphism
    Universal Polymorphism
    Overloading
    Coercion
    Parametric Polymorphism
    Subtype Polymorphism

### High-Order Functions

    Definition and Examples
    Closures
    Partial Application
    Noticeable High-Order Functions
    Template Oriented Programming

### Scope

    Definitions and Types of Scope
    Scoping with Blocks
    Scoping with Namespaces

### Functional Data Structures

    Algebraic Data Types
    Functional Data Structures

### Memory Management

    Types of Storage
    Static Memory
    Stack
    Heap
    Garbage Collection

### Parameter Passing

    Parameter Matching
    Evaluation Strategies

### Cost Models

    Introduction
    Lists
    Tail Call Optimization
    Unification
    Arrays

### Math in Prolog

    Simple Predicates
    The Power of Exhaustive Search

### Semantics

    Quest for Meaning
    An Interpreter for ML