OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Horizontal Curves/Problem

A given curve was very poorly designed. The two-lane road used has a lower-than-average coefficient of friction (0.05), no superelevation to speak of, and 4-meter lanes. 900 kg vehicles tend to go around this curve and are stylistically top heavy. County engineers have warned that this curve cannot be traversed as safely as other curves in the area, but politicians want to keep the speed up to boost tourism in the area. The curves have a radius of 500 feet and a design speed of 80 km/hr. Because the vehicles using the curve are top heavy, they have a tendency to roll over if too much side force is exerted on them (the local kids often race around the curve at night to get the thrill of "two-wheeling"). As an engineer, you need to prove that this curve is infeasible before an accident occurs. How can you show this?
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Mode Choice/Problem

You are given the following mode choice model.
$U_{ijm}=-1C_{ijm}+5D_{T}\,\!$
Where:
* $C_{ijm}$ = travel cost between $i$ and $j$ by mode $m$
* $D_{T}$ = dummy variable (alternative specific constant) for transit
and Travel Times
Auto Travel Times :
| Origin\Destination | Dakotopolis | New Fargo |
| Dakotopolis | 5 | 7 |
| New Fargo | 7 | 5 |
Transit Travel Times :
| Origin\Destination | Dakotopolis | New Fargo |
| Dakotopolis | 10 | 15 |
| New Fargo | 15 | 8 |
A. Using a logit model, determine the probability of a traveler driving.
B. Using the results from the previous problem (#2), how many car trips will there be?
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 13

Today in 2002 eMule was released. It became the most popular client for the eDonkey2000 network.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 15

Today in 1999 Loki Software shipped Civilization: Call to Power, the first big commercial game for Linux.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 19

Today in 2010 Google released the VP8 video format and associated software under free licenses. Still the free alternative that lagged a step behind in quality, it was made the cornerstone of a series of successors that caught up with and eventually overtook patent-encumbered video compression technology in terms of both acceptance and quality.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 12

Today in 1996 the Internet Archive was founded.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 16

Today in 2003 Pamela Jones launched Groklaw.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 10

Today in 2002 Shuman Ghosemajumder published Advanced peer-based technology business models, which proposed the Open Music Model, aimed at disempowering the widespread copyright piracy and met wide adoption in the content industry.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 14

Today in 2013 SecureDrop was launched. It was Aaron Swartz’ last project, which already had a release date set, only a few weeks before his death.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/May 17

Today is World Telecommunication and Information Society Day.
← previous day · following day →
# FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security/About IOSN

The International Open Source Network (IOSN) is an initiative of APDIP and supported by the International Development Research Centre of Canada. IOSN is a Centre of Excellence for Free/Open Source Software (FOSS), Open Content and Open Standards in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a network with a small secretariat based at the UNDP Regional Centre in Bangkok and three centres of excellence – IOSN ASEAN+3, IOSN PIC (Pacific Island Countries), and IOSN South Asia, based in Manila, Suva and Chennai respectively.
IOSN provides policy and technical advice on FOSS to governments, civil society and the private sector. It produces FOSS awareness and training materials and distributes them under open content licenses. It also organizes awareness raising, training, research and networking initiatives to assist countries in developing a pool of human resources skilled in the use and development of FOSS. IOSN works primarily through its web portal http://www.iosn.net that is collectively managed by the FOSS community. The web portal serves as a clearinghouse and a platform for knowledge sharing and collaborations.
http://www.iosn.net
# FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security/About the Author

Gaurab Raj Upadhaya is currently employed as Internet Economics Analyst/Staff Engineer at Packet Clearing House (http://www.pch.net), a research non-profit based in Berkeley, California. He works mostly in Internet backbone operations, analyzing peering relationships between operators and roles of Internet Exchange Points in different parts of Asia. Much of the work involves training ISPs in developing countries about best practices on network operations. He also runs the PCH INOC-DBA (http://www.pch.net/inocdba) hotline phone system for service providers. He initiated the Nepal Internet Exchange and currently serves as its voluntary CEO.
In 2003, Gaurab started the South Asian Network Operators Group (SANOG), a non-profit educational event and forum for ISPs in the South Asian Region (http://www.sanog.org). SANOG has a track dedicated to in-depth hands-on workshops on ISP operations using FOSS, along side other workshops on BIND/DNS and Security. He currently chairs SANOG. He is also the vice-chair of Asia Pacific Internet Association (http://www.apia.org), and Management Committee member for Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT) (http://www.apricot.net).
In the past he has served as a National UN Volunteer, working for the UNDP/Cisco/USAID Least Developing Countries Initiative (http://www.cisco.com/edu/ldci) as Unites volunteer (http://www.unites.org). He has been using Linux and FOSS since 1996. He previously worked as system and network administrator for United Mission to Nepal (http://www.umn.org.np).
His personal website is http://www.gaurab.org.np. He likes travel, photography and reading books when he is not on the network.
# FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security/List of Abbreviations

| ACL | Access Control List |
| APDIP | Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme |
| APNIC | Asia Pacific Network Information Centre |
| APRICOT | Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies |
| ARPANET | Advanced Research Program Agency Network |
| BIND | Berkeley Internet Name Domain |
| BO | Branch Office |
| ccTLD | Country Code Top Level Domain |
| CEO | Chief Executive Officer |
| CIDR | Classless Inter Domain Routing |
| DNS | Domain Name System |
| DoS | Denial of Service |
| FOSS | Free/Open Source Software |
| BSD | Berkeley Software Distribution |
| GPL | General Public License |
| FQDN | Fully Qualified Domain Name |
| FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
| gTLD | Global Top Level Domain |
| ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Name and Numbers |
| IDS | Intrusion Detection System |
| IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| IETF | Internet Engineering Task Force |
| IOSN | International Open Source Network |
| IP | Internet Protocol |
| ISP | Internet Service Provider |
| LAN | Local Area Network |
| LGPL | Lesser General Public License |
| MTA | Mail Transfer Agent |
| NAT | Network Address Translation |
| NetBEUI | NetBIOS Extended User Interface |
| NIC | Network Interface Card |
| NOS | Network Operating System |
| OS | Operating System |
| PCH | Packet Clearing House |
| POP | Post Office Protocol |
| RAM | Random Access Memory |
| RBL | Real Time Block List |
| RFC | Request for Comments |
| RIR | Regional Internet Registry |
| SANOG | South Asian Network Operators Group |
| SMTP | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol |
| SRI-NIC | Stanford Research Institute-Network Information Center |
| SSL | Secure Sockets Layer |
| TCP | Transmission Control Protocol |
| UCE | Unsolicited Commercial E-mail |
| UDP | User Datagram Protocol |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
| VLAN | Virtual Local Area Network |
| VPN | Virtual Private Network |
| WAN | Wide Area Network |
| WLAN | Wireless Local Area Network |
Note:- While Wi-Fi is often considered as an abbreviation of Wireless Fidelity, this is a misconception. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means IEEE 802.11x.

## References

* ↑ https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html
# FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security/About APDIP

The Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (APDIP) is an initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that aims to promote the development and application of information and communication technologies for sustainable human development in the Asia- Pacific region. APDIP aims to meet its goals by focusing on three inter-related core areas: (i) policy development and dialogue; (ii) access; and (iii) content development and knowledge management.
APDIP collaborates with national governments, regional, international and multi-lateral development organizations, UN agencies, educational and research organizations, civil society groups, and the private sector in integrating ICTs in the development process. It does so by employing a dynamic mix of strategies – awareness raising, capacity building, technical assistance and advice, research and development, knowledge sharing and partnership building.
http://www.apdip.net
# FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security/Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge all those who have helped and contributed to the preparation of this e-primer. My colleagues at PCH, Bill Woodcock and Daniel S. Silverstein, have provided both structural and content inputs. Ritesh Raj Josti of Mercantile Communications, who is my co-instructor at APRICOT, has provided the basis for a lot of security-related materials.
Thanks to Bill Manning (EP.net) for reviewing DNS-related materials and Merike Kaeo (Doubleshot Security) for reviewing the security-related materials. Vicky Shrestha (WorldlinkCommunications) for doing a sanity checks on all the configurations.
I’d also like to thank the IOSN Team, Kenneth Wong, Sunil Abraham, Khairil Yusof, Phet Sayo and Shahid Akhtar, for being patient.
Lastly, thanks to all the reviewers – Philippe Langlois, Dinesh Nair, Devdas Bhagat, Nah Soo Hoe, Raj Mathur, Satyakam Goswami, Vimal Joseph and Simos Xenitellis.
# FOSS Network Infrastructure and Security/Glossary

| Client | A client is a computer on the network which uses the server to get resources which may be e-mails, documents, or other forms of data. |
| Deamon | In UNIX and GNU/Linux, daemons are server software that constantly run on top of the operating system. |
| Host | Any device connected to the Internet or a TCP/IP network is referred to as the host. |
| IEFT | The Internet Engineering Task Force is the Internet standards making organization. IETF publishes the RFC series documents as Internet standards. See http://www.ietf.org. |
| Internet | The Internet is commonly referred to as the ‘networks of networks’. In technical terms, the Internet is the global network of computers that are able to communicate in TCP/IP with each other. |
| Intranet | A private network, which operates on the same principles as the Internet, is called Intranet. Intranets also use the TCP/IP protocol. |
| Localhost | Computers with TCP/IP installed refer to their loopback interface as the local host. This is defined by default in the DNS software. |
| Loopback | Loopback is a virtual interface defined in all TCP/IP computers. This virtual interface is assigned the IP address 127.0.0.1 and is required for TCP/IP to work properly. |
| PoP | Point of Presence – an Internet service provider’s branch office. This should not be confused with POP3, which is an e-mail protocol and stands for Post Office Protocol. |
| Port | The points of contacts with any TCP/IP host. TCP/IP computers with IP addresses have ports ranging from 1 to 65336, which act as points of contact for different services running on that computer. For example, the SMTP protocol uses port 25, HTTP uses port 80, and so on. |
| RFC | Request for Comments is the series of documentation for Internet standards documents. |
| Server | A server is a powerful computer that serves resources to other computers on the network. The server can also be a big storage space as well as a database. The key here is the special software that enables the hardware to provide services. |
| SSL | Secure Sockets Layer is a secure communications layer that makes it possible to use the Web for e-commerce transactions. It makes sure that all communications between a client and server is encrypted. |
| VLAN | A virtual LAN is a feature provided by many Ethernet switches, to allow the creation of multiple logical networks over the same physical connections. A single switch with three VLANs behaves the same way as three different physical switches. |
| VPN | Virtual Private Networks are encrypted private networks which are running on top of the public network like the Internet. |
# English-Hanzi/Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is an peninsula in East Asia and consists of the area of Korea. It has an area of 220,847km², and includes North Korea and South Korea.
朝鲜半岛 是 东亚 的 一个 半岛，由 朝鲜 地区 组成。它 的 面积 是 220,847km$^2$，包括 朝鲜 和 韩国。
# English-Hanzi/Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world and the ninth largest country in the world.
哈萨克斯坦是世界上最大的内陆国家，也是世界第九大国家。
# English-Hanzi/Kitten

A kitten is a baby cat.
小猫 是 一只 幼猫。
# English-Hanzi/Kenya

Kenya is a country in the east of Africa. Its population is 49 million. Its capital is Nairobi.
Kenya是一个在非洲东部的国家。它的人口是4900万。它的首都是Nairobi。
# English-Hanzi/Kidney

Kidney is an organ in the body for removing waste. There are two kidneys in the body.
肾脏 是 身体 清除 废物 的 器官。身体 有 两个 肾脏。
# English-Hanzi/Kind

A kind is a type of something.
种类 就是 某事物 的 类型。
# English-Hanzi/Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia. It is in the southwest of West Malaysia. Its population is 7.25 million. It is the largest city of Malaysia.
Kuala Lumpur是Malaysia的首都。它在West Malaysia的西南部。它的人口是725万。它是Malaysia最大的城市。
# English-Hanzi/Knowledge

Knowledge is the knowing of something.
知识就是对某事物的认识。
# English-Hanzi/Lamb

The meat of young sheeps used as food is called lamb.
用作食物的小羊的肉称为羔羊肉。
# English-Hanzi/Land

Land is the surface of the Earth that is not waters.
陆地 是 非水域的 地球 表面。
# Fundamentals of Physics/The Law of Gravity

Gravitation is the name given to the force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe. It was discovered by Sir Issac Newton in the year 1665, when he saw an apple falling down the tree. Gravitational force is the weakest force among the four fundamental forces of nature, but is the most important force because it played an important role in initiating the birth of stars, and controlling the entire structure of the universe.
NEWTONS LAW OF GRAVITATION:- It states that every body in the universe attracts every other bodies with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Consider two bodies of masses M and m. With distance r apart, and F be the force of attraction between them. Then according to newtons law of gravitation;
F∝Mm/r²
# Fundamentals of Physics/Vectors

A vector is a two-element value that represents both magnitude and direction.
Vectors are normally represented by the ordered pair ${v}=(v_{x}\,v_{y})$ or, when dealing with three dimentions, the tuple ${v}=(v_{x}\,v_{y}\,v_{z})$. When written in this fashion, they represent a quantity along a given axis.
The following formulas are important with vectors:
    $\left\|\mathbf {v} \right\|={\sqrt {{v_{x}}^{2}+{v_{y}}^{2}+{v_{z}}^{2}}}$
    $v_{x}=\left\|\mathbf {v} \right\|\cos {\theta }$
    $v_{y}=\left\|\mathbf {v} \right\|\sin {\theta }$
    $\theta =\tan ^{-1}({\frac {v_{y}}{v_{x}}})\,\!$

## Addition and subtraction

Addition is performed by adding the components of the vector. For example, c = a + b is seen as:
    ${c}=(a_{x}+b_{x}\,a_{y}+b_{y})$
With subtraction, invert the sign of the second vector's components.
    ${c}=(a_{x}-b_{x}\,a_{y}-b_{y})$

## Multiplication (Scalar)

The components of the vector are multiplied by the scalar:
    $s*{v}=(s*v_{x}\,s*v_{y})$

## Division

While some domains may permit division of vectors by vectors, such operations in physics are undefined. It is only possible to divide a vector by a scalar.
As with multiplication, the components of the vector are divided by the scalar:
    $s*{v}=({\frac {s_{x}}{v_{x}}}\,{\frac {s_{y}}{v_{y}}})$
# Fundamentals of Physics/Work and Kinetic Energy

Work in physics has a different meaning than work in everyday life. In physics, it is specifically only means the moving of an object in a particular direction.

## Equation

Work = Force * Displacement
# Fundamentals of Transportation
## Table of contents

| Introductory Material About Introduction Planning Decision Making Evaluation Planning Models Modeling Data Networks Modes Modeling Methods Agent-based Modeling Choice Modeling Traditional Travel Demand Forecasting Land Use Forecasting Trip Generation Destination Choice Modal Split Route Choice | Transit Transit Demand Transit Operations and Capacity Network Design and Frequency Timetabling and Scheduling Traveler Information for Transit Traffic Queueing Traffic Flow Queueing and Traffic Flow Shockwaves Traffic Signals Traffic Control Devices Metering Analogs | Geometric Design Sight Distance Grade Earthwork Horizontal Curves Vertical Curves Conclusions Conclusions |

## Related Wikibooks

* Transportation Economics
** Introduction
** Pricing
* Transportation Geography and Network Science

## Useful Off-site Resources

* NSF STREET: Simulating Transportation for Realistic Engineering Education and Training
* Transportation Engineering Lab Manual
* Pavement Interactive
* Georgia Tech Traffic Lab (simulations)
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Analogs

Transportation networks have analogs with network processes in other systems, such as water networks, structures, and electrical networks. Some of the relationships are outlined below.
| ' | Transportation | Water: Hydrostatics | Structures | Electrical |
| Node Conservation Law | Flow (q) | | | Current (Kirchoff’s Current Law) |
| Fundamental Law | q = kv | P = ρgh | F=δ (mv)/ δ (T) | V=IR |
| | k = q/v | | F= v δ (m)/ δ (T) | V=I/G |
| | v=q/k | Bernoulli’s Equation: | | Ohm’s Law on resistor |
| | | Constant=p+1/2ρ V$^2$+ ρgh | | |
| | | P=F/A (area) | | |
| | | F=ma | | |
| Analogs | flow (q) | Pressure (P*A) | δm/δT | Current (I) |
| | density (k) | Density (ρ) | Force (F) | Voltage (V) |
| | velocity (v) | velocity (v) | velocity | Conductance (G) |
| Equilibrium Conditions | Wardrop (time equal on used pairs in parallel) | | Sum of horizontal (and sum of vertical) forces on a structure = 0, sum of moments = 0. | Voltage drop across two components in parallel are equal |

## Structures

* F= force
* m = Mass
* a = acceleration
* T = Time

## Transportation

* q = flow
* k = density
* v = velocity

## Electricity

* V= Voltage
* I = Current
* R = Resistance
* G = Conductance = 1 / Resistance

## Water

* P = hydrostatic pressure
* ρ = fluid density =mV = mass *volume
* g = acceleration due to gravity
* h = height
* c= constant
* A = area
# Fundamentals of Physics/Temperature

What is temperature? That is a very interesting question, and will be the topic of this chapter. The simple answer to this question is that temperature is the magnitude of heat in a system (how hot or cold it is), and heat is a measure of thermal energy that an object has, or how rapidly the particles (atoms and molecules) that make up the object are moving. The faster the motion, the hotter the object. So, the molecules in a glass of hot water are moving faster (and have a higher energy) than in a glass of water with ice (which would have a lower energy). As previously mentioned, temperature is just a measurement of the magnitude of this heat or cold.
Temperature is measured in degrees, and there are several different scales of measurement, but the most commonly used three are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. In each of these system of measurement, a degree has a different value (one degree Celsius is a larger step than a degree Fahrenheit, and other such things as these), but, nonetheless, they all measure the same thing-the degree of heat or cold in a system.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/About

This book is aimed at undergraduate civil engineering students, though the material may provide a useful review for practitioners and graduate students in transportation. Typically, this would be for an Introduction to Transportation course, which might be taken by most students in their sophomore or junior year. Often this is the first engineering course students take, which requires a switch in thinking from simply solving given problems to formulating the problem mathematically before solving it, i.e. from straight-forward calculation often found in undergraduate Calculus to vaguer word problems more reflective of the real world.

## How an idea becomes a road

One way to use this wikibook is through the lens of explaining "How an idea becomes a road." It begins with how ideas for roads are generated. This is followed by the analysis of ideas, first determining the origin and destination of a transportation facility (usually a road), then the width required to accommodate demand, and finally the design of the road, with a focus on curvature. The book is divided into three main parts: planning, operations, and design. These correspond to the three main types of practitioners in the transportation engineering community: transportation planners, traffic engineers, and highway engineers.
There are other topics provided as well, including Transit Planning and Operations.
Each page corresponds to the notes from one fifty-minute lecture.

## Authors

Authors of this book include David Levinson, Henry Liu of the University of Michigan, William Garrison,Mark Hickman, Adam Danczyk, Michael Corbett, Brendan Nee. Karen Dixon at Oregon State University contributed Flash animations developed by herself and her students linked to in this book.
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map krasьnъ

Semasiological map for *krasьnъ
R. красный • Blr. Ø • Ukr. красний • Ka. krôsny • USo. krasny • Cz. krásný • Sln. krasen • Cr. krasan • Bo. krasan • Sb. krasan • Bg. прекрасен,красен •
| *krasьnъ | Meanings: ‘beautifull’ ‘red’ ‘splendid’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *krasьnъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *krasьnъ | beautifull | red | splendid |
| R. красный | + | + | + |
| Blr. Ø | | | |
| Ukr. красний | + | | + |
| Ka. krôsny | | + | |
| USo. krasny | | | + |
| Cz. krásný | + | | + |
| Sln. krasen | + | | + |
| Cr. krasan | | | + |
| Bo. krasan | | | + |
| Sb. krasan | | | + |
| Bg. прекрасен,красен | + | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map kvetn

Semasiological map for *květьnь
R. цветень • Blr. Ø • Ukr. квітень • Pol. kwiecień • Ka. Ø • Cz. květen • Slk. Ø • Sln. Ø • Cr. Ø • Bo. Ø • Sb. Ø • Mk. Ø • Bg. цветен (adjective) •
| *květьnь | Meanings: ‘April’ ‘May’ ‘pollen’ ‘colored, not black and white’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *květьnь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *květьnь | April | May | pollen | colored, not black and white |
| R. цветень | | | + | |
| Blr. Ø | | | | |
| Ukr. квітень | + | | | |
| Pol. kwiecień | + | | | |
| Ka. Ø | | | | |
| Cz. květen | | + | | |
| Slk. Ø | | | | |
| Sln. Ø | | | | |
| Cr. Ø | | | | |
| Bo. Ø | | | | |
| Sb. Ø | | | | |
| Mk. Ø | | | | |
| Bg. цветен (adjective) | | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |