OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arabic/Appendix A
## Arabic (Semitic)

Note that this is relevant only to Modern Standard Arabic and not to the colloquial forms of Arabic spoken in daily life, which vary from place to place. Also, some of the following expressions were written only to suit a male speaker.
Pronunciation guide: Stress in Arabic is most often on the penultimate syllable (i.e., the one preceding the last).
| Translation | Phrase | IPA | Pronunciation |
| Arabic | العربيّة | /alʕaraˈbijja/ | (al-'arabeeya) |
| hello/welcome | مرحبًا | /marˈħaba/ | (mar'Haba) |
| | سلام | / sa'lām/ | (sa-laam) |
| see you | إلى اللقاء | /ilalliˈqaʔ/ | (ila-lli'qa') |
| goodbye | مع السلامة | /maʕa ssaˈlaːma/ | (ma-a ssa'la:ma) |
| please | من فضلك / لطفاً | /min ˈfadˁlak/,/ lutfan/ | (min 'fad/lak),(Lutfan) |
| thanks | شكرًا | /ˈʃukran/ | ('Shukran) |
| that one | ذٰلك | /ˈðālika/ | ('Daalika) |
| How much/How many? | كمْ؟ | /kam/ | (kam) |
| English | الإنجليزيّة | /alʔinʤliˈzija/ (formal), /alʔinkliˈzija/ (colloquial) |
| yes | نعم | /ˈnaʕam/ | ('na-am) |
| no | لا | /laː/ | (la:) |
| Where's the bathroom? | أين الحمّام؟ | /ʔejna-l-ħamˈmaːm/ | (ein-al-Ham'ma:m) |
| What is your name? | ما اسمك؟ | /ˈma smuk/ | ('ma smuk) |
| I don’t know | لا أعرف | /laː ˈʔaʕrifu/ | (la: 'a-rifu) |
| I have no clue. | لا أدري | /laː ˈʔadri/ | (la: 'adri) |
| I don’t understand | لا أفهم | /laː ˈʔafham/ | (la: 'afham) |
| I don’t remember | لا أتذكر | /laː ʔataˈðakkar/ | (la: ata'Dakkar) |
| Welcome | أهلاً وسهلاً بكم | /ˈahlan waˈsahlan ˈbikum/ | ('ahlan wa'sahlan 'bikum) |
| I am sick | أنا مريض | /ʔana maˈriːdˁ/ | ('ana ma'ri:d/) |
| Hello | السلام عليكم | /assaˈlaːm ʕaˈlejkum/ | (assa'la:m aa'laykum) |
| Hello (response), how are you? | وعليكم السلام! كيف الحال؟ | /waʕaˈlejkumu ssaˈlaːm. kayfa lħaːl/ | (wa-a'lejkumu ssa'la:m. kejfa lHa:l) |
| Fine, and you? | بخير، الحمد لله. وكيف أنت؟ | /biˈxejrin, alˈħamdu lilˁˈlˁahi. waˈkejfa ʔant/ | (bi'xejrin, al'Hamdu lil/'l/ahi. wa'kejfa ant) |
| Bye | ودعا | /wada:ʕan/ | (Wida'an) |
| Where is the airport? | أين المطار؟ | // | (Ayna al-maTa:r?) |
| Help! | !النجدة | // | (Annajda:) |
| I am hungry. | أنا جائع | // | (Ana ju:a:n) |
| I feel tired. | أشعر بالتعب | // | (Ash'ur bitta'b) |
# AquaResp/Set up
## Equipment List

In order to do respirometry experiments using AquaResp, following equipment is needed
* PC (Recommended:1.5 GHz & >1GB RAM ) see AquaResp/Software
* A/D Converter USB-1208LS
** Converted: capacitor 680nF (Vishay 680nF (MKT 1817-468/065)
** Unconverted: nothing
* Relay box with 2 relaysa. 2x resistors 22kOhm/10W
** 2x varistors 14kOhm
** 2x electronic relays (Crydom AC relay, MP240D3)
* Wires
* Measurement device with analog output or COM port output

## A/D Converter

If flush/recirculation control through AquaResp is wanted, a relay needs to be connected to two of the digital ports of the USB-1208LS. Port A0 and B0 is recommended for ease of use in VBA. Further you can add up to 4 analog ports that AquaResp can read.
# AquaResp/Software
## Software List

In order to do respirometry experiments using AquaResp, following software is needed
* Universal Library by MCC
* MS Excel 2003 or newer
N.B. AquaResp is only tested on PCs running Windows.
# Arab-Israeli Conflict Through Stamps/Refugees

The Palestinian refugees are a problem that has been an issue for the United Nations since the outbreak of war in May, 1948. It is not certain whether they were evicted by the Israeli forces or whether they left of their own free will after being coerced by the neighboring Arab countries. It is also unknown as to how many refugees there were.
When referring to Palestinian refugees, the United Nations created the United Nations Relief and Works Agency to handle the refugees. They also considered a Palestinian refugee as the people and their descendants, who fled or were expelled from their homes during and after the 1948 Independence War, yet no mention is made of Jews who were forced out of Arab countries.
Jordan was the only country that integrated Palestinian refugees into their society.
The UNRWA may be considered a sub-topic of the Refugees theme.
UNRWA
| Country | Depicting | Issued |
| Algeria | PLO Flag | 25/11/82 |
| Jordan | Plight of the Refugees | 10/12/69 |
| Libya | Palestine Children Day | 10/12/82 |
# Arab-Israeli Conflict Through Stamps/Refugees/UNRWA

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War by the United Nations General Assembly under resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949. This was supposed to be a relief agency, providing education, health care, social services and emergency aid to hundreds of thousand Palestine refugees living in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, as well as in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It is the only agency dedicated to helping refugees from a specific region or conflict. It is a separate body from the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, which is the only other UN agency aiding refugees, dedicated to aiding all refugees in the world.
The World Refugee Year was officially launched on 28 June 1959. The idea was initiated by the United Kingdom and approved by the General Assembly in a resolution adopted on 5 December 1958. The basic idea of a World Refugee Year was that a special purely humanitarian effort should be made to bring refugee problems nearer to a solution. The emblem of the WRY was an uprooted oak tree. It depicted the refugees being uprooted from their own home. However, for the official United Nations stamps Olav Mathiesen from Denmark designed a special emblem that became the official UNHCR logo. UNRWA was not a part of the UNHCR, however many Arab countries used this symbol as their UNRWA symbol. The symbol was introduced on Arab stamps from 1960 with the introduction of the World Refugee Year. Often, they added the notation "UNRWA for Palestine Refugees".
# Arabic/1stPersonSingPoss

ـِي
Adding the suffix ـِي (ee) to a word to say it's yours.
an example:
كتاب --> كتابي
kitaabun-->kitaabee ki-taa-bun --> ki-taa-bee a book-->my book
It does not matter if it was: kitaabun or kitaabin or kitaaban
meaning "a book". All become kitaabee. kitaabun-->kitaabee kitaaban-->kitaabee kitaabin-->kitaabee
This makes it much simpler grammatically to say something is yours than to say something is his, or hers.
# Climate Change/Science/Influential Factors

We have seen that the vast majority of energy in the climate system comes from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation, and most of that visible light. From the discussion of blackbody radiation, we saw that the emission temperature of Earth was much colder than the actually global mean temperature. It is the presence of the atmosphere -- because of its ability to absorb the emitted infrared radiation -- that the surface temperature is a much more comfortable temperature. This process is called the greenhouse effect (sometimes modified as the "natural greenhouse effect"). What is it that allows the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation, and for that matter, why is it so transparent to visible radiation?
To answer these questions completely requires a full treatment of radiative transfer and atmospheric chemistry, which are beyond the scope of this Wikibook. However, we can begin to understand these processes with basic physical principles.

## Some topics to add

* albedo - surface, cloud, ice, and snow
* infrared absorption - water vapor, carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases
* feedbacks - positive/negative, albedo, cloud, water vapor, vegetative, snow/ice
# Climatology
## Table of Contents

* About
* Introduction
* Atmospheric Composition and Structure
* Insolation
* Heat Budget
* Temperature of the Atmosphere
* Air pressure
* Wind
* The Monsoon
* Humidity
* Precipitation
* Fog and Clouds
* Cyclones

## Appendices

* Further Reading – References and recommendations..textbook, and scientific work to supplement this Wikibook.
* External Links
* Frequently Asked Questions

### Tools and applications

* Flood Maps (http://flood.firetree.net/) interesting demonstration, using Google's mapping API and raw data from NASA, to generate a visualization of the impact of sea level rising due to climate change.

## Related Wikibooks

* Climate Change
# Climate Change/Science/Present Climate

Here we illustrate some important aspects of the current climate. (This should cover not just the late 20th century, but pre-industrial to present climate. )
# Climate Change/Science/Other Fields
## Geology

* Sedimentary rocks: The presence of sedimentary rocks is direct evidence of ancient climatic change. The atmosphere slowly developed in its current composition from very different states related to geology and biology. Geological processes, especially weathering due to wind and rain, helped transform primary igneous rocks to sediments. Those sediments are deposited downstream, and over time they are compacted and form sedimentary rocks. Tectonic activity can also contribute to the process, acting to accelerate compaction of sediment.
* lake sediments
* ocean floor sediments
Tectonic activity has been an abundant source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for our earth's history. A single volcanic event can transfer as much carbon dioxide to our atmosphere as our whole nation's output for a year. This tectonic phenomenae is credited for the creation of our original atmosphere. A case can be made that the Earth's carbon is simply recycled from original volcanic origin to life forms and then later to limestone in sedimentary rock accumulations. Vast deposits of limestone are known from the Paleozoic era. Increased carbon dioxide in our atmosphere may result in an increase of limestone deposition in our oceans.

## Biology

* ecosystems
* dendrochronology
* coral reefs
* rainforests
* desertification
# Climate Change/Science/Ice Ages

The American Meteorological Society Glossary of Meteorology contains an entry for ice ages that reads, "A major interval of geologic time during which extensive ice sheets (continental glaciers) formed over many parts of the world.
The best known ice ages are 1) the Huronian in Canada, occurring very early in the Proterozoic era (2700–1800 million years ago); 2) the pre-Cambrian and early Cambrian, which occurred in the early Paleozoic era (about 540 million years ago) and left traces widely scattered over the world; and 3) the Permo-Carboniferous, occurring during the late Paleozoic era (from 290 million years ago), which was extensively developed on Gondwana, a large continent comprising what is now India, South America, Australia, Antarctica, Africa, and portions of Asia and North America. The term ice age is also applied to advances and retreats of glaciers during the Quaternary era"
This last bit, the Quaternary era ice ages, is the most recent period of major glaciations, and is most often discussed in analogy with anthropogenic climate change. The period from about 2 million years ago until 20,000 years ago, quasi-periodic ice ages dominate the climatic record. These glacial times are recorded in geologic records, such as stalactites and deep-sea sediment cores. To decipher those records, isotopic analysis is commonly employed. Most of the Quaternary ice ages are spaced by about 41,000 years, in conjunction with changes in Earth's obliquity. In the past 800,000 years, the ice ages were about 100,000 years long, punctuated by warm interglacial periods similar to the current Holocene.
# Dark and Light/Skills/Citizen
## Citizen Skills

* Survive Abilities
| Name | Type | Damage | Range | Mana Cost | Casting Time | Reload Time | FX Points | Description |
| Keep In Life | DD(magic) | HP -39 | 5 m | 19 | 2 secs | | 1 | Single Target Melee Special |
| Find Your Food | DD(magic) | HP -42 | 30-40m | 19 | 2 secs | | 2 | Single Target Magical Spell |
| Magic Attack | DD(magic) | HP -46 | 36 m | 28 | 3 secs | 2 secs | 3 | Single Target Magical Spell |
| Heal Yoursef | Heal(magic) | HP +64 | 0 m | 32 | 4 secs | 10 secs | 4 | Self Heal Magical Spell |
| Trap Exp Drop | DD | HP -67 | 10 m | 75 | 5 secs | 30 secs | 5 | 10 m Range AOE |
NOTE:You can spend up to 20pts into this skill line and upgrade these abilities.
* Mount Skills
| Name | Type | Range | Mana Cost | Casting Time | Reload Time | Duration | FX Points | Description | Required FxP Level |
| Summon Pioneer Dragon | Pet(magic) | 30 m | | 5 secs | 900 secs | Until Death | 1 | Summons a Red Dragon | 1 |
| Summon Dodo | Pet(magic) | 30 m | 86 | 5 secs | 900 secs | Until Death | 4 | Summons a Dodo | 2 |
| Summon Rancho | Pet(magic) | 30 m | 10 | 2 secs | 900 secs | Until Death | 8 | Summons a Rancho | 4 |
| Summon Griffon | Pet(magic) | 30 m | 536 | 15 secs | 900 secs | Until Death | 15 | Summons a Griffon | 30 |
| Summon Dragon | Pet(magic) | 30 m | 10 | 2 secs | 900 secs | Until Death | 20 | Summons a Dragon | 35 |
# Dark and Light/Skills/Enchanter

* Charm Abilities
* Counter Spell Abilities
jump to Healer Skills jump to Citizen Skills
back to Enchanter Class
# Dark and Light/Skills
##### Skills in General

This location has important information on skills: http://forum.mmosite.com/topics/43/200512/15/451,1.html?time=1135213433
FXP Skills can be unlocked by distributing FXP Skill Points into the various skill lists available to a character according to his/her class. Upon each FXP Level gain, the character is awarded 2 FXP Skill Points and given the chance to reassign a total of 5 points already spent.
Note: as of 0.88.81 it is possible to unlearn a complete skill line, thus not loosing any points on lines no longer needed (e.g. the Citizens "Survival Abilities"). This is not consistent with the official FAQ and may change in the future.

##### Base Classes

Fighter | Hunter | Mage | Healer

##### Fighter Classes

Warrior | Paladin | Amazon/Archer | Shadow Knight

##### Hunter Classes

Ranger | Rogue | Bard | Barbarian

##### Mage Classes

Sorceror/Wizard | Illusionist | Necromancer | Shaman

##### Healer Classes

Druid | Cleric | Enchanter | Monk
# Dark and Light/Skills/Archer

* Sniper Abilities
* Rockets Abilities
jump to Fighter Skills jump to Citizen Skills
back to Archer Class
# Dark and Light/Skills/Bard

* Relax Abilities
* Voodoo Abilities
jump to Hunter Skills jump to Citizen Skills
back to Bard Class
# Dark and Light/Skills/Cleric

* Healing Abilities
* Battle Supply Abilities
jump to Healer Skills jump to Citizen Skills
back to Cleric Class
# Dark and Light/Skills/Druid

•Nature Abilities
[ Roots Attack: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691332-10.jpg tried it,works fine just takes a bit til the target is actually rooted.dont be surprised if the monster reaches you when you casted the spell.
Nature Gifts: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691296-9.jpg a powerful all-resis-buff,select urself or any friendly target,looks flashy,like a golden egg around u =)
Instant Life: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691308-6.jpg a must have for the druid,use it for urself or any almost dead pet or players,says instant but it casts about 3 sec tho (uninterruptable),at level 10 its about 500 HP healing
Group Evacu : http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691321-2.jpg never tried sorry :X ] by Varrok
•Merge Abilities
[ Bear Merging: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691468-5.jpg you morph into a white bear (i dont know if there are differences in class/race,i myself am a male woodelf light) with every higher level your movespeed as bear increases,next level i have it +100% and thats about lvl 9 or 10
Bears Invoca: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691249-4.jpg summons 3 little brown bears,same as the ones u can level at on a hill near northern starting zone,they dont last long when u first summon them,like for 1 or 2 monsters only,with level the time will increase
Friendly Bear: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691262-4.jpg I love those pets,they are just a bigger version of the bears invocation,but as pets they do not disappear and u can summon them together with bear invocation,it is said u can have 1 or 2 of those pets,but i managed to have 3 out (?),if 1 bear dies,hit the "recall pet" button and he comes back (no need to recast the spell)
Bears Contag: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691283-1.jpg appears to be another version of a morph,just instead of movespeed u will get +% Strenght (damage) with is also an aura around you for friendly compagnions,i will most likely use this morph when im pvp'ing :)
Zlub Dance: http://www.mypix.us/img/Zekk/1134691273-7.jpg appears to morph your enemies into ugly plants and debuffs their strength ]
jump to Healer Skills jump to Citizen Skills
back to Druid Class
# Dark and Light/Religion

The Religion associated Ganareth is fairly complicated for MMORPGs.

## gods
### Gothar

Gothar cannot be chosen as a diety.
Gothar is the god of creation, the origin of everything. He created Ganareth, and gave it the sun, to repel darkness for eternity. Then, he gave birth to nine gods, born from his essence.

### Ysatis

Ysatis is Gothar’s first creation, first child and the mother of life on Ganareth. On the day when gods asked their creator to offer each of them a race that would worship and obey them as they worshipped and obeyed Gothar, the god of gods granted Ysatis the hard task of creating the rite of life creation.

### Agnar

The second of Gotahr’s sons, Agnar is the master of death, Ysatis’ logical and necessary counterpart. The reaper is one of the cruelest and deceitful gods in Ganareth pantheon, and he never did anything to prove people wrong about it.

### Zephyr

Zephyr is Gothar’s third son. Born from his breath, he rules over traveling since the beginning. When the time came to create the race that would worship him, he created the Orcs: strong, resilient, and able to stand against the hardships of a nomad’s life in great deserts.

### Hydra

When Gothar created Hydra, he wanted her to be the mistress of waters, but the oceans he had created seemed too large for the new goddess. He took the oceans for him, and gave Hydra a kingdom of islands and waters.

### Neutra

Neutra is one of the strangest divinities in Ganareth pantheon, and one of the hardest to grasp. An androgynous god/goddess, she has always remained perfectly neutral in most conflicts on Ganareth since it was created.

### Malecta

Malecta is Gothar’s sixth creation, and probably the one he unleashed most of his wrath upon. As the gods were fighting for power and supremacy over Ganareth, Malecta sowed Freïa to reap the souls.

### Hel

The seventh of Gothar’s sons, Hel is certainly one of the gods who displays his power in the most obvious ways. Born of Gothar’s strength, master of lightning, Hel knows no master. He is independent and proud, and although faithful to his friends, he gives them no influence upon his actions.

### Calder

The eighth creature born from Gothar, Calder draws his essence from his creator’s intelligence. The god of gods knew what he did when he created this divinity. Calder has always been a secretive and cruel god.

### Aesir

Aesir is the last goddess Gothar created, the youngest of the nine gods. Yet, during the whole history of the world, she was his most dedicated and faithful child.
# Computers & Society/Social Web/Flickr

Pssst! Want to see some pics? There's lots to see on Flickr.
This is placeholder text

## Politics

Microsoft tries to buy Yahoo! and fails.
Yahoo! owns Flickr.

## Resources

TechnologyGuardian UK
# The Network is the Message

This is the title for the „Opening“ of the book „The Internet Galaxy“ by Manuel Castells in 2001.
It is a deliberate play on words: a pun. The first resolution is „The Medium is the Message“. This is the famous slogan of Marshall McLuhan.
Even the slogan is subject to ambiguity. An alternative reading is „The Medium is the Massage“.
The second linking from „The Internet Galaxy“ is to McLuhan's famous work „The Gutenberg Galaxy“.
# Computers & Society/Social Web/Yahoo!

We will write a section on Yahoo! because of the attempted takeover by Microsoft with a view to competition with Google.
Yahoo! is important because it owns Flickr and Flickr has recently begun accepting video clips...
At the time of writing events are moving rapidly and it is only to be expected that whatever is written here will need to be updated.
What is also needed is our very own history mechanism for this entry to track the historical change. Let us see how this might be done?

## History in the making

Pick you favorite online newspaper which is open source oriented and see what is going on. For example searching with
* Yahoo! + "Guardian Unlimited"
will bring up reports such as "Yahoo proxy fight is on, courtesy Carl Icahn", May 15, 2008.
Notice the inclusion of the date. This is a part of the history marker.
# Computers & Society/Social Web/Flock

A web browser, specifically designed for the Social Web is Flock.
Flock is an aggregator. It brings together various "social media" such as Flickr, YouTube, Facebook, ...
The name directly or inadvertently calls to mind the saying "birds of a feather flock together". The saying is one of affinity and similarity.

## Resources

to do
# Backstory

Everybody gets named. Usually, they get their first name sometime around their birth. Most get named before they are born. It all depends on the culture and the circumstances. For example, once upon a time someone called MacDonald would be the presumed son (mac is the prefix which means son) of Donald. Today, Jane MacDonald is... well... Jane.
There are many cultures where the naming was really a father to son affair. One of the most famous naming laws in the twentieth century was passed on June 21, 1934. Where was it passed? Why was it necessary?
Sometimes, the one born would be given the name of the occupation of the father. So, we have John Smith and Mary Taylor. Were we to follow this tradition, we can imagine names like Timothy Kingmaker and Cynthia Filmproducer.
And so, it came to pass, that when the Internet came into being, there was again the need to name. An even bigger and more important naming need occurred with the birth of the World Wide Web (WWW).

## Weaving the Web

In his book "Weaving the Web" with Mark Fischetti, Tim Berners-Lee writes (p. 66) "I presented the idea of a universal document identifier" (UDI). Subsequently, universal became uniform, document became resource, and locator was preferred over identifier. "We argued, but at the IETF [1992] the universal resource identifier became URL, the uniform resource locator" (p. 67).
That was then. Now the URI has come into its own.

# Answers
## Question on the Naming Law of 1934

There are many cultures where the naming was really a father to son affair. One of the most famous naming laws in the twentieth century was passed on June 21, 1934.
* Q. Where was it passed?
* Q. Why was it necessary?

## Answer strategy

* 1. Why not try searching Wikipedia first?
Let us begin with the search text «Wikipedia "naming law"»
The first result is about Dutch names.
We now search with «Wikipedia "naming law" 1934»
There are no results.
Let us search outside Wikipedia. There are still no results. Perhaps we must be very specific about the date. Let us begin again. «Wikipedia "naming law" 21 June 1934» Hmmm! This is a harder question than expected.
* 2. The answer is on Wikipedia!
How do I know? Well, that is where I started when I formulated the question. Here is a source: Atatürk's Reforms.

# Notes and references

* ↑ The is a very interesting article on the question of naming. It is not the answer anticipated. To find the answer to the naming law question we will need to include the year 1934.
* ↑ In order to enrich our experience and knowledge, and to help others, let us answer the question by checking facts inside and outside Wikipedia. Then let us add a new page on Turkish_name just like that of the page on Dutch_name which we found?