OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Filesystem Mangement
## Partition Management

A partition is a place on disk which contains
at the fdisk prompt: n - create a new partition e - create an extended partition p - will print the table

#### Overview of Partitions

Using Radified's analogy, a partition is like

#### Creating a partition
##### Using the fdisk utility

"fdisk -l" ---> listed fdisk -l

##### the Mkfs Command

mkfs, then hit the tab key twice gives you a list mkfs -t * which equals mkfs.*
so mkfs.reiserfs equals mkfs -t reiserfs
VFAT filesystem - tends to be used for usb mkfs -b ----> mkfs -t every partition has
4k is what you want -> optimized for speed rat mkfs -f [fragment size] fdisk -> enters the interactive prompt w - write n - new m - manual +100m - creates a partition q - quit the command "q" will quit fdisk. if you exit with "q" rather than "w"
1000 bytes is kb 1024 bytes is a kib "kibibytes"
running the command "cat /proc/partitions" looking at the file /proc/partitions will tell you what block devices the kernel knows about partprobe - speaks to a higher level of the kernel
it is a good idea to check with "partprobe" if the kernel agrees with our partitions

#### Inodes

Metadata is stored in the inode
we have goto our filesystem formatted
ctime - when was the inode created mtime - when was the inode last modified
ext2 had to make sure it assigns them to the correct filesystem - tune2fs -l /dev/xvda1
dumpe2fs /dev/xvda1 holding

##### = Mounting the file system

if something is to show up on the desktop, then it will show up as mnt
if we "touch /home/share/unmounted"
the command to mount the
every directory has an inode for the current directory ( in the . entry)
dump e2fs will tell us if

## Filesystems
#### ext2 and ext3

ext3 is the ext2 filesystem with journaling added. Journaling keeps track of what will be written to the disk prior to the write operation beginning. When the write is done, it is noted in the journal. If the system crashes during a write, it can recover the operation when it comes back up. This prevents incomplete writes from occurring on the disk and eliminates the need to do a filesystem check after a system crash.

#### jfs

JFS is a high a performance filesystem made by IBM and ported to Linux in 2001. It uses B+ trees,extents, and a journal to guarantee the consistency of the file system in the event of a crash.

#### reiserfs
## AutoFS - Automounting

AutoFS allows the system to automatically mount devices and network shares as they are requested and even unmount them again when no longer in use. The main configuration for the automounter is /etc/auto.master. Initially, this file will only contain comments, including examples for a /etc/auto.misc and /etc/auto.net.
# Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Bash Scripting

< Fedora And Red Hat System Administration

## Basics
#### Handling Arguments

This program will display all arguments:
# Fedora And Red Hat System Administration

An introduction to system administration of Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
* Shell Basics
* The X Window System
* Archives And Compression
* Finding And Checking Files
* Bash Scripting
* Awk Scripting
* Users, Groups and Authentication
* Filesystem Mangement
* Working with repositories

## Further reading

* Linux For Newbies
* LPI Linux Certification
* Linux Networking
* FOSS Education
* Guide to Unix/Files
# Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Awk Scripting
## Awk - A Data Driven Programming Language

Under Construction

## Using Awk at the Command Line

Under Construction

## Awk Scripts
#### Parsing User Information from passwd data

/usr/local/bin/bash-users.awk
Usage:
# Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Acrofacial Dysostosis Syndrome

Acrofacial Dysostosis Syndrome

## Definition

* A condition resulting from problems in the development of the first & second branchial arches. The first arches produce the nerves and muscles for chewing, the lower jaw, 2 middle ear bones, and a small part of the ears. The second arches produce the nerves & muscles of facial expression, 1 middle ear bone, most of the external ears, and parts of the bone above the larynx.

## Characteristics

* underdevelopment of the cheek and jaw area (micrognathnia and malar hypoplasia)
* feeding and breathing problems in infancy
* down-sloping palpebral fissures
* absence of the lower eyelashes
* lack of development of the internal & external ear with temporary or long-term hearing loss
* possible cleft palate
* underdevelopment or absence of the thumb
* shortened forearms & poor movement in the elbow/limited range of arm motion
* stomach & kidney reflux
* normal intellect
* possible missing, overlapping, or webbing of the toes, clubfeet, hip dislocation, or underdeveloped ribs may occur

## Incidence

* very rare

## Etiology

* Unknown - may represent new mutations of an autosomal dominant trait or variable expression
* Genetic testing is highly recommended

## Genetics

* located on chromosome 9q32

## Prognosis

* may be lethal is there is lung hypoplasia

## Management

* Possible need for a tracheostomy to help with breathing
* Possible need for a gastrostomy tube to assure proper nutrition
* craniofacial surgery to the jaw, cleft palate, & ears
* plastic surgery for eye, jaw, ears
* orthopedic surgery for arms, hands, feet, or toes
* hearing screens
* speech therapy for proper development
* physical therapy to improve use of hands and feet

## Differential Diagnosis

* Miller Syndrome
* Genee-Wiedemann Syndrome
* Treacher Collins Syndrome
* Pierre Robin Sequence
* Franschetti-Klein Syndrome
* Goldenhar-Gorlin Syndrome
* Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome
* Juberg-Hayward Syndrome (Orocraniodigital Syndrome)
* Hemifacial Microsomia (HFM)
* Trisomy 18 (micrognathnia & distal ectromelia)

## References

* FACES: The National Craniofacial Association www.faces-cranio.org
* The Foundation for Nager and Miller Syndromes (FNMS) www.nagerormillersynd.com
* NORD www.rarediseases.org
* Gorlin's Syndromes of the Head and Neck p. 652-3

## Notes

The information in this outline was last updated in 2001.
# Handbook of Genetic Counseling/AR Sensorineural Hearing Loss (DFNB1/Connexin 26)

AR Sensorineural Hearing Loss (DFNB1/Connexin 26)

## Introduction

* Acknowledge prior phone contact
* What information have you been given already?
* Have you done any research on your own? What have you found out?
* What concerns or questions would you like to have answered today?
* Outline session

## Prevalence

* DFNB1 accounts for 50% of AR sensorineural hearing loss
* Prevalence is ~14/100,000
** 1/2000 congenital hearing impairment
** 70% of these are nonsyndromic
** 80% of nonsyndromic hearing loss is AR
** 50% of these are due to GJB2 mutation
* 1/30 people in general population are carriers

## Genetics

* Gene: GJB2
* Chromosome location: 13q11-12
* Protein: Connexin 26
** Gap junction protein
** Involved in conducing signal to the brain
* Autosomal recessive inheritance
** 25% risk of hearing loss for future children
** 50% risk of being a carrier for the mutation
** 25% risk of being an unaffected noncarrier

## Molecular Testing

* Detects 95% of disease-causing mutations
* ~66% of mutations - 35delG
* ~30% of mutations - other GJB2 mutations
* ~4% mutations - unknown
* carrier testing is available and can be offered to at-risk family members
* prenatal testing is available but rarely pursued

## Clinical Features

* nonprogressive sensorineural hearing impairment
** severe to severe-profound hearing loss
** diagnosed by Auditory Brainstem Response or pure tone audiometry and presence of no related anomalies
* no other associated health problems
* no balance problems

## Management

* When diagnosis is known or suspected
** Assessment of auditory acuity by ABR or pure tone audiometry
** Fitting with hearing aids
** Early intervention
* Follow-up care
** semiannual examination by physician familiar with hereditary hearing impairment
** repeat pure tone audiometry to confirm stability of loss
** consideration for cochlear implants

## Psychosocial Issues

* Deaf child born to hearing parents
* How did you feel when you first found out?
* How have your feelings changed?
* How have other family members reacted?
* Have you been in contact with any other families?
* Have you been in contact with any support groups?

## Resources

* American Society for Deaf Children
    PO Box 3355
    Gettysburg, PA 17325
    Phone: 717-334-7922
    Fax: 717-334-8808
    Email: ASDC1@aol.com
* National Association of the Deaf
    814 Thayer
    Silver Spring, MD 20910
    Phone: 301-587-1788
    Fax: 305-587-1791
    Email: NADinfo@nad.org

## References

* Geneclinics: Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, DFNB1
* National Information Center on Deafness
* Clinical Genetics Lecture

## Notes

The information in this outline was last updated in 2002.
# Handbook of Genetic Counseling/Achondroplasia-2

Achondroplasia

## Confirm diagnosis

* Physical features
** disproportionate short stature, shortening of the proximal segment of the limbs, prominent forehead, shallow nasal bridge, flattened midface,
average size trunk, large head relative to the body size
* Radiographs
** contracted base of the skull, square pelvis shape with a small sacrosciatic notch, short pedicles of the vertebrae, rhizomelic (proximal) shortening of the long bones, trident hands, normal length trunk, proximal femoral radiolucency, chevron shape of the distal femoral epiphysis

## Medical evaluation

* Measurements, proportions, and special growth charts
** height arm span and lower segment
* weight
** control eating habits to avoid obesity
* head circumference
* Infantile issues
** airway obstruction
** sleep apnea
* hydrocephalus
** MRI to determine ventricular size
* upper cord compression
** MRI of the foramen magnum

## Orthopedic

* thoracolumbar kyphosis/lumbar lordosis
** truncal weakness
* bowing of the legs
** fibular overgrowth at the knees and ankles
* hip flexion contractures
* lumbosacral spinal stenosis
* orthodontics/crowded teeth

## Neurological

* normal intelligence
* delayed motor milestones
* equal deep tendon reflexes

## Hearing

* otitis media
** conductive hearing loss
* speech evaluation

## Psychosocial assessment

* Family support
** family and friends' reactions
** support groups
* anticipatory guidance/learning from other families

## Long-term planning

* behavior and development
** avoid gymnastics and contact sports
* socialization skills
* adaptation of the home

## occupational therapy consultation

* schooling
* SSI benefits

## Clinical treatments

* Growth hormone studies
* Limb-lengthening procedures

## Notes

The information in this outline was last updated in 2002.
# GLSL Programming/Blender/Smooth Specular Highlights

This tutorial covers per-pixel lighting (also known as Phong shading).
It is based on the tutorial on specular highlights. If you haven't read that tutorial yet, you should read it first. The main disadvantage of per-vertex lighting (i.e. of computing the surface lighting for each vertex and then interpolating the vertex colors) is the limited quality, in particular for specular highlights as demonstrated by the figure to the left. The remedy is per-pixel lighting which computes the lighting for each fragment based on an interpolated normal vector. While the resulting image quality is considerably higher, the performance costs are also significant.

### Per-Pixel Lighting (Phong Shading)

Per-pixel lighting is also known as Phong shading (in contrast to per-vertex lighting, which is also known as Gouraud shading). This should not be confused with the Phong reflection model (also called Phong lighting), which computes the surface lighting by an ambient, a diffuse, and a specular term as discussed in the tutorial on specular highlights.
The key idea of per-pixel lighting is easy to understand: normal vectors and positions are interpolated for each fragment and the lighting is computed in the fragment shader.

### Shader Code

Apart from optimizations, implementing per-pixel lighting based on shader code for per-vertex lighting is straightforward: the lighting computation is moved from the vertex shader to the fragment shader and the vertex shader has to write the attributes required for the lighting computation to varyings. The fragment shader then uses these varyings to compute the lighting (instead of the attributes that the vertex shader used). That's about it.
In this tutorial, we adapt the shader code from the tutorial on specular highlights to per-pixel lighting. The resulting vertex shader looks like this:
Most of the work is now done in the fragment shader:
Note that the vertex shader writes a normalized vector to varyingNormalDirection in order to make sure that all directions are weighted equally in the interpolation. The fragment shader normalizes it again because the interpolated directions are no longer normalized.

### Summary

Congratulations, now you know how per-pixel Phong lighting works. We have seen:
* Why the quality provided by per-vertex lighting is sometimes insufficient (in particular because of specular highlights).
* How per-pixel lighting works and how to implement it based on a shader for per-vertex lighting.

### Further Reading

If you still want to know more
* about the shader version for per-vertex lighting, you should read the tutorial on specular highlights.
< GLSL Programming/Blender
# GLSL Programming/Blender/Two-Sided Smooth Surfaces

This tutorial covers two-sided per-pixel lighting (i.e. two-sided Phong shading).
Here we combine the per-pixel lighting discussed in the tutorial on smooth specular highlights with the two-sided lighting discussed in the tutorial on two-sided surfaces.

### Shader Coder

The required changes to the code of the tutorial on smooth specular highlights are: new properties for the back material, new local variables for the material parameters in the fragment shader, which are set either to the front material parameters or the back material parameters according to gl_FrontFacing. Also, the surface normal vector is negated in case a back face is rendered. Furthermore, back-face culling has to be deactivated as described in the tutorial on transparency. It's actually quite straightforward. However, keep in mind that Blender apparently never provides different data in gl_FrontMaterial and gl_BackMaterial; thus, you have to replace the uniforms in gl_BackMaterial by user-specified uniforms (see the tutorial on shading in view space).
The vertex shader could look like this:
And the fragment shader could be:

### Summary

Congratulations, you have reached the end of this short tutorial. We have seen:
* How two-sided surfaces can be rendered with per-pixel lighting.

### Further Reading

If you still want to know more
* about the shader version for single-sided per-pixel lighting, you should read the tutorial on smooth specular highlights.
* about the shader version for two-sided per-vertex lighting, you should read the tutorial on two-sided surfaces.
< GLSL Programming/Blender
# Final Fantasy VI/Characters
## Party members

* Terra Branford
* Locke Cole

## Other characters

* Kefka
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3/Author Sign-Up Page

* Students...
* To sign up for an author duty, click "edit this page", and sign your username (using four tildes) directly after the name of the duty you want to claim.
* Remember, each author duty will be completed by only one student. This means, if a username appears next to a duty, that duty is not available. Please choose another author duty in this or another chapter.
* EXAMPLE:
* Chapter FAQ PbakerODU (talk) 19:21, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
* This indicates that PbakerODU correctly signed up for this editor duty.

## Author Duties

Experts Take Sides Rcoll029
In the News
Chapter FAQ
The Scoop From Someone Who Knows
* Questions? Refer to How to Use This Book
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3/Chapter Introduction

Though it may not be something that crosses the mind of the everyday person very often, education as an institution has been around for thousands of years. Starting in the Ancient world, in Rome and Greece, philosophers like Plato and Socrates would hold lectures to young male students. Over time, females were allowed to join in on the learning. Beginning in the 17th and 18th centuries, education as we know it today began to develop. Each century following brought with it more and more advances in education. This chapter has articles that go into detail about the education milestones of the 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, and, 21st centuries. It also contains a section about the history of teacher education. All of these cover things that all new and experienced teachers should be familiar with.
The articles that follow are:
    •What are the educational milestones of the 17th and 18th Centuries?
    •What are the educational milestones of the 19th Century?
    •What are the educational milestones of the 20th Century?
    •What are the educational milestones of the 21st Century?
    •The History of Teacher Education
Sbutl016 (talk) 22:15, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
* Rate This!
# Guide to Unix/BSD/OpenBSD/Customize Installation

| $_ | Wikibooks Guide to Unix Computing | Edit template |
   General: Introduction | Explanations | Why Unix-like Platforms: Linux | BSD Quick Reference: Commands | Environment Variables | Files | License
   General: Introduction | External Links Distributions: FreeBSD | Mac OS X | NetBSD | OpenBSD | Historical
You may want to customize your installation if:
* you want to install a new set of packages during the OpenBSD installation.
* if you want to report an installation problem.
* If you want to change the default configuration files.

## Inside the iso

Mount the iso and cd into it. See the Guide to Unix Explanation section on how to mount an iso file. Then the <your OpenBSD release>, and then <your processor> directory.
For me it is:
(My auto-mount system gives the files that it mounts long names).

### Layout

For OpenBSD 4.4 i386 it is:

### Explanation

| File or Exec | Description |
| bsd.rd | "RAM Disk" kernel. |
| bsd | The OpenBSD kernel. |
| bsd.mp | Multi-processor (SMP) kernel. |
| base44.tgz | Contains the base OpenBSD system. |
| etc44.tgz | Contains all the files in /etc. |
| comp44.tgz | Contains the compiler and its tools, headers and libraries. |
| man44.tgz | Contains the man pages. |
| misc44.tgz | Contains misc info, setup documentation. |
| game44.tgz | Contains games for OpenBSD. |
| xbase44.tgz | Contains the base files for X11. |
| xetc44.tgz | Contains the /etc/X11 and /etc/fonts configuration files. |
| xfont44.tgz | Contains X11's font server and fonts. |
| xserv44.tgz | Contains X11's X servers. |
| xshare44.tgz | Contains manpages, locale settings, includes, and others for X. |

## Customize

Take the packages out of the iso and edit them as described below. Then take all of the files and make a new iso.

### Install additional packages

Cd into the iso as directed before. Now change the file permissions. If you want another package installed as an option. Take the package and rename it (do not put a period):
For abiword on OpenBSD 4.4, it is:
You will also have to find its dependencies and include them as well.

### Change configuration files

Untar etc44.tgz. You will find all of the default configuration files in etc. inside of the package. Edit them and retar them.
# Guide to Unix/BSD/OpenBSD/As a Firewall

| $_ | Wikibooks Guide to Unix Computing | Edit template |
   General: Introduction | Explanations | Why Unix-like Platforms: Linux | BSD Quick Reference: Commands | Environment Variables | Files | License
   General: Introduction | External Links Distributions: FreeBSD | Mac OS X | NetBSD | OpenBSD | Historical
OpenBSD includes PF ("packet filter") as a firewall.

## Getting Started

To turn PF on, on boot up, create the configuration file rc.conf.local.
To activate PF on boot up enter the following in the configuration file:
To enable PF manually, enter in the following command:
To disable PF manually, enter in the following command:
Congratulation, you are now protected by one of the best firewalls available.

## Configuring PF

Pf is a very good firewall by default however it also contains a few options. You can change the configuration of pf by editing the configuration file /etc/pf.conf.

### Options

| Option | Description | Example | Description of Example |
| rdr | Redirects traffic | rdr on tl0 proto tcp from any to any port 80 -> 192.168.1.20 | Redirects traffic for 192.168.1.20 on the tl0 interface, for any port up to 80. |
| Block | Blocks traffic | block out on fxp0 from 192.168.0.1 to any | For 192.168.0.1, blocks outgoing traffic on the fxp0 interface for any port. |
| Pass | Allows traffic to pass through | pass in all | Unless stated otherwise, pf will allow all incoming traffic. |
| Scrub | Scrubing defragments and in some cases rejects fragmented packets. | scrub in all | scrubs all incoming traffic on all interfaces. |
| Table | defines groups of IPs. | table <goodguys> { 172.16.0.0/16, 172.16.1.0/24, 172.16.1.100 } block in on dc0 all pass in on dc0 from <goodguys> to any | Allows incoming connections to <goodguys> on the dc0 interface. Blocks all other incoming connections on the dc0 interface. |
Wrong information.

### Scrubbing

Scrubbing defragments and in some cases rejects fragmented packets. This prevents your computer from becoming fragmented, however it also causes a lot of packets to be lost. To scrub an network interface enter the following in you /etc/pf.conf:
A simple example of this is scrubbing all of the incoming interfaces.

## Authors

If you made a contribution to this article please feel free to add your username.
* CFeyecare- Started page.

## See Also

* PF on Wikipedia
* small guide to PF usage on freebsd to fight spam

## References

* "Faq pf." Pf. OpenBSD. 3 Nov. 2008 <http://www.openbsd.org/faq/pf/>.
# Guide to Unix/BSD/OpenBSD/OpenBSD Installation

| $_ | Wikibooks Guide to Unix Computing | Edit template |
   General: Introduction | Explanations | Why Unix-like Platforms: Linux | BSD Quick Reference: Commands | Environment Variables | Files | License
   General: Introduction | External Links Distributions: FreeBSD | Mac OS X | NetBSD | OpenBSD | Historical
OpenBSD has an easy (although non-graphical) installation procedure.

## Authors

    The authors of this article: OpenBSD 101
    CFeyecare- started page.

## Notes

* ↑ This controls how much memory is in the root partition. I would not recomend using 10g as the example used. 5g would be plenty.
* ↑ This controls how much memory the swap partition has. The standard is twice your RAM.
* ↑ This controls how much memory the tmp partition has.
* ↑ This controls how much memory the var partition has.
* ↑ This controls how much memory the usr partition has. The usr partition is where you store all of your program. Vary the size depending on how many applications you want. 10g is good for a workstation. 3g is enough for a server.
* ↑ This controls how much memory the home partition has.
* ↑ If you want to use OpenBSD as a desktop or a workstation, you may want to use dhcp.
* ↑ Usually you will use your router as a DNS server (192.168.1.1).

## References

* "OpenBSD 101." OpenBSD101. 9 Nov. 2008 <http://www.openbsd101.com/installation.html>.