OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 6. ...h5

Instead of the more traditional ...h6, here black opts to block the white pawn from advancing altogether. This is a rare move at the professional level, although not an inherently bad one (although castling kingside becomes more dangerous compared to ...h6 lines). White has a large variety of moves to play; 7. Nf3 develops a piece while 7. Nh3!?, aiming for an eventual Nf4, has also been attempted.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h5
* 7
* Nf3 +=
* Nh3 +=
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## References

* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

8. h5 is mostly played, aiming to tie up black's kingside pawns. The pawn on h5 is double-edged. It's powerfully positioned in black's territory, but it also requires protection from the knight on g3, making this potentially a bad piece.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7
* 8
* h5
* Bd3
* Bc4
* Bf4
* Be3
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## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

Taking with the queen is of course the only response, to prevent the doubled, isolated pawns.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. h5 Bh7 9. Bd3 Bxd3
* 10.
* Qxd3
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## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

Previously, all three main responses (...Ngf6, ...e6, ...Qc7) were thought to be equivalent, and often transposed to the same position with black castling queenside. Later development saw Black look at castling kingside, but for a while this fell out of favour as White found he could move his knight to e4 or e2, and advance g4, without needing to prepare Rg1. This extra tempo seems to threaten this line as a viable alternative for black, as white can win the race between the white kingside and black queenside attacks. More recent theory, however, has seen Black resurrect ...e6, quite often not castling at all, while the other alternatives remain out of favour.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. h5 Bh7 9. Bd3 Bxd3 10. Qxd3
* 10
* ... e6
* ... Ngf6
* ... Qc7
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# Caro-Kann Defence:Classical Variation

The white knight on e5 is usually seen as too powerful, and black normally chooses Nd7 to prevent this.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3
* 7
* ... Nd7
* ... Nf6
* ... e6
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# French/Texts/Simple/La Cigale et la Fourmi

* News story
* Déclaration des Droits
* La Cigale et la Fourmi
* Le Corbeau et le Renard
* Les Deux Mulets
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## The fable

| En français La Cigale, ayant chanté Tout l'été, Se trouva fort dépourvue Quand la bise fut venue: Pas un seul petit morceau De mouche ou de vermisseau. Elle alla crier famine Chez la Fourmi sa voisine, La priant de lui prêter Quelque grain pour subsister Jusqu’à la saison nouvelle. « Je vous paierai, lui dit-elle, Avant l’Août, foi d’animal, Intérêt et principal. » La Fourmi n’est pas prêteuse: C’est là son moindre défaut. « Que faisiez-vous au temps chaud ? Dit-elle à cette emprunteuse. — Nuit et jour à tout venant Je chantais, ne vous déplaise. — Vous chantiez ? J’en suis fort aise. Eh bien ! Dansez maintenant. » | In English The cicada, having sung All summer long, Found herself sorely deprived When the north wind arrived: Not a single morsel Of fly or tiny worm. She went to plead famine At the house of the Ant her neighbor, Praying her to lend her Some grain to survive Until the new season. “I will pay you,” she said to her, “Before August, on my honour as an animal, Interest and principal.” The Ant is not a lender: That is the least of her faults. “What were you doing in warm weather?” She said to this borrower. “Night and day to all that came I sang, if you please.” “You sang? I am very glad. Well! Dance now.” |

## Questions

News story · Déclaration des Droits · La Cigale et la Fourmi · Le Corbeau et le Renard · Les Deux Mulets
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Vocabulary/Colors

* Colors
* Fruit
* Vegetables
* Animals
* Family
* Food
* Drink
* Dates, time, and numbers
* Hotels
* Nations
* Phrases
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Colors (Colours)

* All colors are adjectives.
Colors · Fruit · Vegetables · Animals · Family · Drink · Food · Dates, time, and numbers · Hotels · Nations · Phrases
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Vocabulary/Countries

* (m) = masculine
* (f) = feminine
* Top Line = English
* Bottom Line = French
Example:
# French/Texts/Simple/Le Corbeau et le Renard

* News story
* Déclaration des Droits
* La Cigale et la Fourmi
* Le Corbeau et le Renard
* Les Deux Mulets
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Vocabulary

| le corbeau | crow |
| le renard | fox |
| allécher quelqu'un | to give someone an appetite, to make one's mouth water |
| mentir | to lie |
| le ramage | song (of a bird) |
| montrer | to show |
| la proie | prey |
| le flatteur | flatterer |
| vivre aux dépens de quelqu'un | to live at someone's expense |
| honteux | ashamed |
| confus | embarrassed |
| jurer | to swear |

## The fable

| En français Maître Corbeau, sur un arbre perché, Tenait en son bec un fromage. Maître Renard, par l’odeur alléché, Lui tint à peu près ce langage : « Hé ! bonjour, Monsieur du Corbeau. Que vous êtes joli ! Que vous me semblez beau ! Sans mentir, si votre ramage Se rapporte à votre plumage, Vous êtes le Phénix des hôtes de ces bois. » A ces mots le Corbeau ne se sent pas de joie ; Et pour montrer sa belle voix, Il ouvre un large bec, laisse tomber sa proie. Le Renard s’en saisit, et dit : « Mon bon Monsieur, Apprenez que tout flatteur Vit aux dépens de celui qui l’écoute : Cette leçon vaut bien un fromage, sans doute. » Le Corbeau, honteux et confus, Jura, mais un peu tard, qu’on ne l’y prendrait plus. | In English Mr. Crow, sitting in a tree, Held a piece of cheese in his beak. Mr. Fox, mouth watering from the scent, Uttered almost precisely this to him: “Hey! Good morning, Mr. Crow. How lovely you are! You look so beautiful! Without lying, if your songs Are in keeping with your feathers, You are the Phoenix of the inhabitants of these woods.” With these words the Crow feels nothing but delight. And to show off his beautiful voice, He opens a wide beak and lets his prey fall. The Fox grabs it and said: “My dear sir Learn that every flatterer Lives at the expense of the one who listens to him. This lesson is worth a piece of cheese, no doubt.” The Crow, ashamed and embarrassed, Swore, but a bit late, that he would never be fooled again. |

## Questions

News story · Déclaration des Droits · La Cigale et la Fourmi · Le Corbeau et le Renard · Les Deux Mulets
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Texts/Simple/Les Deux Mulets

* News story
* Déclaration des Droits
* La Cigale et la Fourmi
* Le Corbeau et le Renard
* Les Deux Mulets
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## The fable

Deux mulets cheminaient, l’un d’avoine chargé,
L’autre portant l’argent de la gabelle
Celui-ci, glorieux d’une charge si belle,
N’eût voulu pour beaucoup en être soulagé.
Il marchait d’un pas relevé,
Et faisait sonner sa sonnette :
Quand, l’ennemi se présentant,
Comme il en voulait à l’argent,
Sur le mulet du fisc une troupe se jette,
Le saisit au frein et l’arrête.
Le mulet, en se défendant,
Se sent percé de coups ; il gémit, il soupire.
Est-ce donc là, dit-il, ce qu’on m’avait promis ?
Ce mulet qui me suit du danger se retire ;
Et moi j’y tombe et je péris !
— Ami, lui dit son camarade,
Il n’est pas toujours bon d’avoir un haut emploi :
Si tu n’avais servi qu’un meunier, comme moi,
Tu ne serais pas si malade.

## Questions

What were the mules carrying?
News story · Déclaration des Droits · La Cigale et la Fourmi · Le Corbeau et le Renard · Les Deux Mulets
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Texts/Simple/News story

* News story
* Déclaration des Droits
* La Cigale et la Fourmi
* Le Corbeau et le Renard
* Les Deux Mulets
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
From wikinews:fr:Premier incendie de l'été en région PACA/Brève

## Vocabulary

| brûler | to burn |
| l'incendie | fire |

## The news story

30 juin 2005. – Une centaine d'hectares de forêt a brûlé jeudi après-midi en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.Le Centre opérationnel départemental d'incendie et de secours du Var a déclaré que le terrain était « très difficile d'accès en raison de la densité de la végétation ».
Toutefois, avec l'aide d'importants moyens (huit avions, et deux hélicoptères), les pompiers espèrent maîtriser l'incendie avant la nuit bien que le feu soit attisé par un vent d'ouest. Les raisons de l'incendie restent inconnues, une enquête est ouverte.
Ce premier feu de forêt de l'été fait craindre une situation difficile pour les pompiers : les spécialistes craignent une situation similaire à celle de l'été 2003 lors duquel plusieurs centaines d'hectares du massif des Maures avaient été ravagés.

## Questions

* Why was the area where the fire had burned difficult to access?
* Why do the firefighters want to control the fire before nightfall?
* What happened during the summer of 2003?
News story · Déclaration des Droits · La Cigale et la Fourmi · Le Corbeau et le Renard · Les Deux Mulets
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Vocabulary/Dates, time, and numbers

* Colors
* Fruit
* Vegetables
* Animals
* Family
* Food
* Drink
* Dates, time, and numbers
* Hotels
* Nations
* Phrases
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Days of the week

* The days of the week are not capitalized in French.
* The calendar starts on Monday
* For phrases relating to the day of the week, see the phrasebook.

## The Months of the Year

* The months of the year are not capitalized in French.
* For phrases relating to the months of the year, see the phrasebook

## Les nombres (adjectifs numéraux cardinaux et ordinaux)

* This pattern changes slightly after the sixties:
** Numbers seventy to seventy-nine are configured in the form of soixante-[10-19]. For example seventy is soixante-dix (60-10), seventy-three is soixante-treize (60-13), and seventy-seven is soixante-dix-sept (60-10-7).
** Number eighty is configured in the form of quatre-vingts (4 - 20's) || catr vahn || eighty
** Numbers eighty-one to ninety-nine are configured in the form of quatre-vingt-[01-19]. For example eighty-one is quatre-vingt-un (4*20-one), ninety is quatre-vingt-dix (4*20-10), and ninety-four is quatre-vingt-quatorze(4*20-14).
* une dizaine (one ten)
* une douzaine (one dozen)
* The French commonly use '.' instead of ',' to separate thousands.
* For 70-79, it builds upon "soixante" but past that it builds upon a combination of terms for 80-99.
* Only the first (21,31,41,51,etc.) have "et un"; but past this it is simply both words consecutively (vingt-six, trente-trois, etc).
* For 100-199, it looks much like this list already save that "cent" is added before the rest of the number; this continues up to 1000 and onward.

## The Time

* Use heure in between the hour and the minutes when telling the time, e.g., Il est cinq heures dix
* Note that there is no "a.m." or "p.m." in French. Use du matin, de l'après midi, and du soir to disambiguate a given time. "Il est sept heures du soir" makes it clear that it is 7 o'clock at night, and not in the morning. Alternatively, you could use the 24-hour system: "Il est dix-neuf heures" has no ambiguity; time is often expressed in this fashion, particularly in professional/commercial settings.
* Midi and minuit can be used without an article when telling the time: "Il est midi." (It is noon.)
Colors · Fruit · Vegetables · Animals · Family · Drink · Food · Dates, time, and numbers · Hotels · Nations · Phrases
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3 Bd6 10. Bxd6
| | 11 |
| Qxd6 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation

White accepted the gambit in Ilja Schneider (2368) vs Peter Kuehn (2384), played in the European Club Cup, in 2006. The game continued:
1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5. c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3 Bd6 10. Bxd6 Qxd6 11. Qxb7 Rb8 12. Qa6 O-O 13. O-O Rb6 14. Qa3 Qxa3 15. bxa3 Rfb8 16. Rfb1 Kf8 17. Rxb6 Rxb6 18. Rb1 Rxb1+ 19. Bxb1 Bxf3 20. Nxf3 Ne8 21. Bd3 Nd6 22. Kf1 Na5 23. Ke2 h6 24. Nd2 Ke7 25. Nb3 Nac4 26. a4 Kd7 27. Bxc4 Nxc4 28. Nc5+ Kc6 29. f4 h5 30. g3 Kd6 31. h3 Kc6 1/2-1/2
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation

Allowing the option of queenside castling, as well as Rc8 after castling kingside.
Nd2 is almost always played, although in a 1939 game, Aitken vs Flohr, white tried h3, and lost.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7
| | 8 |
| Nd2 |
| h3 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2
* e6
* Nh5
* Qe6+
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation

With the light bishop now trapped,(this is also a drawback of the French Defense) black would like to exchange the bishop.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6
| | 8 |
| Ngf3 |
| h3 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation

With the light bishop now trapped, black would like to exchange the bishop, so Bxf3 is most common, although this can be delayed.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3
* Bxf3
* Bd6
* Be7
* b6
* a6
* Nh5
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation

A pawn gambit, usually ignored.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3 Bd6
* Bxd6
* Bg3
* Be5
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3 Bxf3 10. Nxf3
* Bd6
* a6
* Be7
* Na5
* Nh5
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation

White can either castle, the usual response, or prepare the queen for some shuffling around by accepting the gambit.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3 Bd6 10. Bxd6 Qxd6
| | 11 |
| O-O |
| Qxb7 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Caro-Kann Exchange Variation
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4. Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6. Bf4 Bg4 7. Qb3 Qd7 8. Nd2 e6 9. Ngf3 Bxf3
| | 10 |
| Nxf3 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunns Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry

Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry, FA-MS, is a sensitive and quantitative mass spectrometry analytical approach that offers a route to on-line, real-time deuterium abundance measurements in water vapour in breath and above aqueous liquids, including urine and serum. This method involves the production and flow of thermalised hydrated hydronium cluster ions in inert helium or argon carrier gas along a flow tube following the introduction of a humid air sample. These ions react in multiple collisions with water molecules, their isotopic compositions reach equilibrium and the relative magnitudes of their isotopomers are measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer located downstream.

## Trace gas analysis

One of the first papers reporting the use of the flowing afterglow was reported in Planet Space Sci in 1966 by Norton, Ferguson, Fehsenfeld, and Schmeltekopf. They studied ion-molecule reactions pertinent to the Martian atmosphere. This flowing afterglow technique replaced the then standard stationary afterglow. Flowing afterglow has many attractive aspects: well-understood laminar behavior, viscous gas flow, a large density of carrier gas which allows the study of thermalized reactions, and the capability to make new reactant ions in situ. The ambipolar plasma is sampled using a nosecone and detected using conventional quadrupole or tandem mass spectrometry, depending on the application. One of the drawbacks of the flowing afterglow technique is the possibility of generating multiple reactant ions. This problem is circumvented by implementing the selected ion flow tube (SIFT).
The flowing afterglow technique can be used to identify and quantify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of a sample as long as the fundamental ion chemistry is known. The commonly used ions are H$_3$O$^+$, O$_2$$^{+*}$, and NO$^+$. All ions have drawbacks and advantages. Strategies that have been employed to unequivacally identify the VOCs include using gas chromatography coupled with flowing afterglow and using a complement of reagent ions. Detection limits are typically in the parts per billion range if there is limited sample or parts per trillion if there is an unlimited sample size.

## References

* ↑ Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques. Elsevier. 2004. ISBN 0-444-51114-8.
* ↑ Norton, RB; et al. (1966). "Ion-neutral reactions in the Martian ionosphere". Planetary and Space Science. 14 (10): 969–978. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
* ↑ Adams, NG, Smith (1976). "The Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT); A Technique for Studying Ion-Neutral Reactions". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics. 21: 349–359.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Newman K, Mason RS (2006). "Organic mass spectrometry and control of fragmentation using a fast flow glow discharge ion source". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 20 (14): 2067–2073. doi:10.1002/rcm.2560. PMID 16767685.