OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# LPI Linux Certification/Kernel Components
## Detailed Objective (201.1)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to utilize kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, identifying stable and development kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x documentation
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* /usr/src/linux
* /usr/src/linux/Documentation/
* zImage
* bzImage
* xz compression

## Kernel Image Formats

Two types of kernel image formats can be used on Intel platforms: zImage and bzImage. The difference between them is the way they bootstrap and how large the kernel can be, not the compression algorithm as one might think. Both use gzip for compression.
zImage
This is the old boot image format for Intel, which works on all known PC hardware. The bootstrap and the unpacked kernel are loaded into the good old, 8086-era 640 KB of low memory. The allowed kernel size is 520 KB. If your kernel excedes this size, you either have to switch to bzImage or put more of the kernel into modules. The boot image builder will tell you when this is the case.
bzImage
The b in this format stands for big. The bzImage kernel image is not restricted to 520 KB or even 640 KB. bzImage is now the preferred boot image. Though there are some reports of boot failures using this boot image type, these problems are being pursued because the kernel developers want the format to work on all Intel hardware.
# LPI Linux Certification/Kernel Runtime Management & Query

Weight: 4
Description:
Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a kernel and kernel loadable modules.

## Obtain information about kernel and modules

To display version of currently running kernel use uname command:
lsmod command can be used to display currently loaded kernel modules:
Used by column shows how many modules are dependent on a given one. In example above vfat depends on fat which has to be loaded first.

## Loading and Unloading Modules

To load and unload kernel modules you need superuser privileges.
insmod - this command can be used to load kernel module (however use of modprobe is recommended). It is automatically located by the tool but this command works at low level and does not resolve module dependencies. Command below fails because vfat module requires fat to be loaded first:
When we load fat module first everything works fine:
rmmod - this command can be used to remove modules from running kernel. As insmod it will not resolve dependencies:
modprobe - this command allows to load and unload modules and automatically resolves dependencies using System.map file (ie. /lib/modules/2.6.31-21-generic/modules.dep). To load module use command with module name as parameter. It will make sure all required modules are loaded as well:
To remove module using modprobe command use -r switch:
To list all available modules for currently running kernel use -l switch:
To determine whether a module can be safely removed use lsmod command described above. You have to make sure that number in the last column is 0 (so that no modules are using the one you are removing)

## Getting Information About Modules

modinfo - can be used to display information about a module. Common switches are -a to display author information, -d to display description and -p to display options (parameters) a module accepts:

## Creating Name Aliases

To create an alias which used by modprobe command it needs to be added to one of its configuration files. It could be either /etc/modprobe.conf or a file in /etc/modprobe.d/ directory. Sample entries below define eth0 as an alias for bnx2 network card driver and scsi_hostadapter will be an alias for mptbase. Once entries are added one can use modprobe eth0 to load bnx2 network card module.
# LPI Linux Certification/Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting
## Detailed Objectives (201.3)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x, 3.x or 4.x kernel and its loadable modules. Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues. Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules
* Manually load and unload kernel modules
* Determine when modules can be unloaded
* Determine what parameters a module accepts
* Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.
* /proc filesystem
* Content of /, /boot/, and /lib/modules/
* Tools and utilities to analyze information about the available hardware
* udev rules
Terms and Utilities:
* /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
* module configuration files in /etc/
* /proc/sys/kernel/
* /sbin/depmod
* /sbin/rmmod
* /sbin/modinfo
* /bin/dmesg
* /sbin/lspci
* /usr/bin/lsdev
* /sbin/lsmod
* /sbin/modprobe
* /sbin/insmod
* /bin/uname
* /usr/bin/lsusb
* /etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/
* /sbin/sysctl
* udevmonitor
* udevadm monitor
* /etc/udev/
# How to Teach a Language/Consider Your Audience

When teaching a language speakers of another, you need to consider who you're teaching to. Keep in mind that teaching philosophies and strategies
Because English is different from many languages, we have another chapter devoted specifically to teaching English. For the purpose of this article, we will assume that you are teaching your students Spanish, which as the reader is on the English Wikibooks, we assume is the language you're most likely to know.

## Where are you?

It makes a big difference whether you're in a country that speak your language or a country that doesn't. There's also a difference between being in a country that speaks the students' language, and a country that speaks neither their language, nor the language you're teaching (Spanish), but that's less important.

### In your country

Focus on vocabulary and on pronunciation. Grammar is less important than getting by, though you should still explain grammatical concepts.
You will also have to teach some idioms, mi media-niranja (my half orange, my love).

### In another country

In another country, you have more of a chance to focus on grammar. Trying building lessons around a grammatical point, but choose a context (for example a deli), and integrate vocabulary in every class except reviews. (Review classes should be rare.)

## Who are your students?

* How many do you have?
* How old are they?
* What level are they?

## Why are you here?

It matters why your students want to learn another language. If they want to travel to a foreign country, it's quite a different matter than if they plan to engage in business or espionage.
# How to Teach a Language/English

When teaching English, there are considerations that don't necessarily apply to other languages. Because English is the de facto lingua franca of business, engineering, medicine, and aviation, it's the most commonly learned second language, and a significant number of English language learners will be speaking it not with native speakers, but with other non-native speakers. When teaching English, take into account your students, and consider your audience.

## General English

Most of the classes you will be teaching are likely to be General English. When teaching these classes, it makes a significant difference whether your students are adults or children, and whether they are living in their country, in a country that speaks English, or in a country that speaks another language the students may not know.

## English for specific purposes

There are a number of varieties of English for Specific purposes, and these generally require some sort of specific training, in addition to a TESOL certificate. The most common of these are Business English, and preparation for the Test Of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). English is the de facto language of the medical community, and the International Civil Aviation Organization requires all air-traffic controllers to have a minimum level of English. English for specific purposes often require you to have some training in the specific field.

### TOEFL

Students studying in English-speaking countries, or universities where classes are taught in English need to prove that they can understand it. Which means that many colleges require the TOEFL: the Test of English as a Foreign Language.

### Business English

Business English requires you to teach general economic terms, marketing terms, and business management terms.

## Idioms

One of the most difficult things for English learners is English's large number of idioms--phrases that don't mean what they seem to mean. It helps to understand them, but you also need to consider when to teach them. Many of your students will use English only or primarily with other non-native speakers, and when this is the case, you can eliminate most idioms, with one important exception.

### Phrasal Verbs

A specific kind of idiom is the phrasal verb, which is a verb, usually a fairly common one, combined with a preposition, used as a particle. If this seems difficult, don't worry. You use them from the time you wake up to the time you finally get up. You keep it up when you get going and head off to work, and you show up and clock in. When you knock off for the night and head out, whether you meet up with some friends or go back home, you're using them again.
Phrasal verbs are unavoidable in English, and though you can try to keep them to a minimum, it's important that you understand how they work.
# How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python 2nd Edition

How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python 2nd Edition by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey, and Chris Meyers
From: http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english2e/index.html

## Table of Contents

    Copyright Notice
    GNU Free Documentation License
    Foreword
    Preface
    Contributor List
    Customizing and Contributing to the Book

### Chapters

* The way of the program
* Variables, expressions, and statements
* Functions
* Conditionals
* Fruitful functions
* Iteration
* Strings
* Case Study: Catch
* Lists
* Modules and files
* Recursion and exceptions
* Dictionaries
* Classes and objects
* Classes and functions
* Classes and methods
* Sets of Objects
* Inheritance
* Linked Lists
* Stacks
* Queues
* Trees

### Appendices

    Appendix A: Debugging
    Appendix B: GASP
    Appendix C: Configuring Ubuntu for Python Development
    Appendix D: Solutions to Exercises
# How to Survive in Minecraft/Start

Using minecraft takes some mastry, but afterwards it is easy.

## World creator menu

Assuming this is starting off from where we last left off, you are going to click on Singleplayer, than New World. If you are on Demo, click the first button, and a world will be generated for you.
If you have bought the name, you will be presented with a bunch of options. For now, either change the name to whatever you want to call your world, or press create. If you changed the name, also press create.

## Minecraft Mechanics/Controls

Note: This guide is using Minecraft version 1.11.2, so the controls may differ depending on the version you are playing. Template:How to Survive in Minecraft/Controls

### Moving

* W - Move up
* A - Move left
* S - Move down
* D - Move right
* Left Control - Sprint
* SPACE - Jump
* Left Shift - Sneak
Template:How to Survive in Minecraft/Controls

### World interaction

* Button 1 - Break a block/hit an object. Button 1 is your left mouse click. If a block does not break instantly, you have to hold down left mouse click.
* Button 2 - Place an object/defend with sword/shield. Button 2 is your right mouse click. When defending, you have to hold down right mouse click.
* Button 3 - Pick a block. This will only work in Creative Mode. It puts the block you are looking at into your hotbar.
* Q - Drop the item you have selected on your hotbar.
Template:How to Survive in Minecraft/Controls

### Hotbar/Inventory

* 1 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 2 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 3 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 4 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 5 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 6 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 7 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 8 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* 9 - Move to the hotbar slot of this number.
* E - Open up your inventory.
* F - Swipe items to your second slot.
Template:How to Survive in Minecraft/Controls

### Other

* NONE - Highlight Spectators
* F2 - Take a screenshot
* NONE - Toggle Cinematic Camera
* F11 - Go to Fullscreen
* F5 - Toggle your Perspective
Template:How to Survive in Minecraft/Controls

### Changing the controls

If you want, you can change these controls by pressing esc, clicking on options, clicking on controls, clicking on the control you want to change, and then tapping the key you want to use. Template:How to Survive in Minecraft/Controls
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Linear systems

Applications of Linear systems
* LMI for Attitude Control of Nonrotating Missiles, Pitch Channel
* LMI for Attitude Control of Nonrotating Missiles, Yaw/Roll Channel
* LMI for H2/Hinf Polytopic Controller for Robot Arm on a Quadrotor
* An LMI for the Kalman Filter
* Hinf Optimal Model Reduction
* An LMI for Multi-Robot Systems
* Helicopter Inner Loop LMI
* Hinf LMI Satellite Attitude Control
* H2 LMI Satellite Attitude Control
* Mixed H2-H∞ LMI Satellite Attitude Control
* Mixed H2/Hinf LMI Satellite Attitude Control
* Problem of Space Rendezvous and LMI Approaches
* LMI for Attitude Control of BTT Missiles, Roll Channel
* LMI for Controller Design of Multiple Solar PV Units Connected to Distribution Networks
* Hinf Optimal Stabilization of a Class of Uncertain Impulsive Systems
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Linear systems/An LMI based static output feedback control to design a flight control system

An LMI based static output feedback control to design a flight control system for UAV's

## Introduction

Since UAV's can perform various dangerous tasks which do not require the intervention of human beings, the robust control design of UAV's has been extensively worked on during the past years. The main advantage of implementing Static Output Feedback control design to UAV's is that it requires only the internal signals available in the plant for control purpose.

## System Representation

The state space representation of the Linear time invariant system
${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+B_{v}v(t)\\\end{aligned}}$
${\begin{aligned}y(t)=Cx(t)\end{aligned}}$

## Control Law

${\begin{aligned}u(t)=-Ky(t)=-KCx(t)\end{aligned}}$

## The LMI

${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}P_{n}A_{i}+A_{i}^{T}P_{n}+Q&P_{n}B_{i}&P_{n}B_{v}i&L_{n}^{T}\\B_{i}^{T}P&-R&0&0\\B_{v}i^{T}P&0&-\gamma ^{2}I&0\\L_{n}&0&0&-R\\\end{bmatrix}}<=0\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusions

The approach proposed above can be used for nominal and perturbed models.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Linear systems/Design of LMI-Based Adaptive Barrier Global Sliding Mode Fault Tolerant Control for Uncertain Systems with Faulty Actuators

LMI for adaptive barrier global sliding mode control (ABGSMC)
Uncertain systems with faulty actuators can be simplified and modeled via an LMI for adaptive barrier global sliding mode control (ABGSMC). The LMI can be derived by using a global nonlinear sliding surface in order to achieve system stability and the occurrence of sliding when actuator faults are present within the system. This LMI is important for continued research into LMI-based actuator improvements as modern systems are heavily prone to faults (including actuator faults).

## The System

The following system is assumed:
${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+BLu(t)+D\\D&=\Delta \ Bu(t)+bf(x)+d\\\end{aligned}}$
where $x(t)=[x1,x2]^{\text{T}}\in R^{2}$ notes the system’s state vector, f(𝑥) is a nonlinear system function, $\Delta f$ and $\Delta g$ are parametric uncertainties and d represents the external disturbances. L is the post-fault coefficient which represents the actuator's effectiveness. We can assume that: ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}A\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}A_{11}&A_{12}\\A_{21}&A_{22}\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}$
$\Delta B=[0,\Delta B_{2}]^{\text{T}}$
$B=[0,\Delta B_{2}^{\text{T}}]^{\text{T}}$
and $L=[0,L_{2}]^{\text{T}}$

## The Data

The system can then be described as:
${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x_{1}}}(t)&=A_{11}x_{1}(t)+A_{12}x_{2}(t)\\{\dot {x_{2}}}(t)&=A_{21}x_{1}(t)+A_{22}x_{2}(t)+(B_{2}L_{2})u(t)+D\\\end{aligned}}$
With the state space form described above.

## Assumptions

1. Pair (A, B) is totally controllable. Using this assumption for the system, the controllability of $(A_{11},A_{12})$ can be obtained by the controllability of (A, B)
2. The parametric uncertainty and external disturbance term Dx is bounded and is less than $\eta _{k}$

## The LMI

Using the Lyapunov function, Schur Complement, the adaptive control law, and the assumption of sliding surfaces an LMI can be brought together to minimize faults via actuators
${\begin{aligned}&{\text{min}}\quad \eta _{k}<Dx\\&{\begin{bmatrix}(B_{1}W)^{T}+A+B_{1}W&B_{2}&(D_{1}W)^{T}\\B_{2}^{T}&I&D^{T}\\L_{2}W+DW&D&-L_{2}\end{bmatrix}}<0\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

As mentioned, the goal of this LMI is to mitigate the effects of external disturbances, parametric uncertainties, and actuator faults within the system. Minimizing the parametric uncertainty and disturbance term allows the system to mitigate faults within the actuators as well as determine a proper solution on how to minimize the external disturbance Dx so it falls below the parametric uncertainty.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Linear systems/Example

LMI for adaptive barrier global sliding mode control (ABGSMC)
Uncertain systems with faulty actuators can be simplified and modeled via an LMI for adaptive barrier global sliding mode control (ABGSMC). The LMI can be derived by using a global nonlinear sliding surface in order to achieve system stability and the occurrence of sliding when actuator faults are present within the system. This LMI is important for continued research into LMI-based actuator improvements as modern systems are heavily prone to faults (including actuator faults).
# LMIs in Control/Algebraic Riccati Inequality

Algebraic Riccati Equations are particularly significant in Optimal Control, filtering and estimation problems. The need to solve such equations is common in the analysis and linear quadratic Gaussian control along with general Control problems. In one form or the other, Riccati Equations play significant roles in optimal control of multivariable and large-scale systems, scattering theory, estimation, and detection processes. In addition, closed forms solution of Riccti Equations are intractable for two reasons namely; one, they are nonlinear and two, are in matrix forms.

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

Following matrices are needed as Inputs:.
    $A,B,N$.

## The Optimization Problem

In control systems theory, many analysis and design problems are closely related to Riccati algebraic equations or inequalities. Find

## The LMI: Algebraic Riccati Inequality

Title and mathematical description of the LMI formulation.
       P>0, Q>0, R>0. The Algebraic Riccati inequality is given byA$^T$P+PA−(PB+N$^T$)R$^{−1}$(B$^T$P+N)+Q≥0 can be written using the Schur complement lemma as[A$^T$P+PA+QPB+N$^T$⋆R]≥0{\textstyle {\begin{aligned}P>0, \\Q>0, \\R>0.\\{\text{ The Algebraic Riccati inequality is given by}}\;\\A^{T}P+PA-(PB+N^{T})R^{-1}(B^{T}P+N)+Q&\geq 0\\\\{\text{ can be written using the Schur complement lemma as}}\;\\{\begin{bmatrix}A^{T}P+PA+Q&&PB+N^{T}\\\star &&R\\\end{bmatrix}}&\geq 0\end{aligned}}}

## Conclusion:

If the solution exists, LMIs give a unique, stabilizing, symmetric matrix P.

## Implementation:

Matlab code for this LMI in the Github repository:
* REDIRECT- CODE

## External links

* -Optimal Solution to Matrix Riccati Equation
* https://https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.08599/ LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory.- - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes
# LMIs in Control/A Newton-like method for solving rank constrained linear matrix inequalities
## A Newton-like method for solving rank constrained linear matrix inequalities
### Introduction

The rank constrained LMI problem is a natural as well as important generalization of this problem. It is a non-convex feasibility problem defined by LMI constraints together with an additional matrix rank constraint.

### The system

Find x Rm such that F (x) := F0 + m i=1 xiFi 0, (1) G(x) := G0 + mi=1 xiGi 0, (2) rank G(x) ¡= r. Let Sn + = X Sn — X0 and, for each integer s, let Sn +(s) = X Sn — X0, rank(X) = s. De�fine Mr = SnF + × r s=0 SnG + (s) = (X, Y ) SnF × SnG —X0, Y 0, rank(Y )r and L = (X, Y ) SnF × SnG — (X, Y ) = (F (x), G(x)) for some x Rm. Problem 1 can be stated in the following equivalent form.
B(AX + XAT + 2X)BT I 0, CT(Y A + ATY + 2Y )CTT I 0, [ X I I Y ] I 0, rank ([ X I I Y ] I ) n + nc

#### Theorem 1.1

Sn +(s) is a connected smooth manifold of dimen- sion 1 2 s(2n s + 1). The tangent space of Sn +(s) at an element X is TXSn +(s) = X + XT — Rn×n

#### Theorem 1.2

Sn +(s) is a connected smooth manifold of dimen- sion 1 2 s(2n s + 1). The tangent space of Sn +(s) at an element X is TXSn +(s) = X + XT — Rn×n

### Conclusion

Like all other algorithms that attempt to solve the rank constrained LMI problem, convergence from an arbitrary initial condition is not guaranteed. Though the convergence properties of the algorithm are not yet completely understood, as demonstrated by the experiments, the algorithm can be quite effective.

### Reference

K.M. Grigoriadis et al. Low-order control design for LMI problems using alternating projection meth�ods Automatica (1996)