OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Jarnunvösk

Jarnunvösk was Galbatorix's first dragon.

## History

When Galbatorix was still a young Rider, he went on a trip into the Spine with other Riders who, like him, were overconfident in their abilities. While they traversed the mountain range, a group of Urgals ambushed them, killing Galbatorix's companions. Jarnunvösk was fatally wounded by an arrow to the heart, that had been enchanted by an Urgal shaman.
This was the catalyst that brought Galbatorix's madness upon him. Galbatorix was furious that he was "without the arts to save" the dragon and blamed the elders of the Dragon Riders for his loss. The death of Jarnunvösk enraged him, causing him to wage war upon the Riders after a new dragon was denied to him by the Dragon Rider council.
It is unknown if Jarnunvösk left her soul in her Eldunarí before her physical death and if it was in Galbatorix's possession if she had. It is most likely not the case, indicated by Galbatorix's sense of loss.

## Description

Jarnunvösk's color is unknown, but not black.
She was probably small when she died, but was large enough to ride.

## Gender

There were some major discrepancies regarding Jarnunvösk's gender throughout the cycle.
Quote Without the arts to save her, she died in his arms.|Brom in Eragon Quote
Quote The dragons spared Jarnunvösk, Galbatorix’s first dragon, for it was not his fault he was killed by Urgals (...) Arya in Brisingr Quote
In early editions of Brisingr Jarnunvösk was mistakenly referenced as male. Later editions have corrected this and author Christopher Paolini has stated that the canon gender for Jarnunvösk is female.

## References

* ↑ http://shurtugal.com, "November 2009 Monthly Q&A with Christopher Paolini", retrieved March 30, 2011
* 1 2 http://shurtugal.com, "August 2009 Monthly Q&A with Christopher Paolini", retrieved March 30, 2011
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Morzan's dragon

Morzan's Dragon was the dragon bonded to Morzan of the Forsworn. The name of Morzan's Dragon is unknown, due to the fact that the dragons banished all of the Forsworn's Dragons names (this was known as the Banishing of the Names or Du Namar Aurboda), but it is likely that his or her color was red, due to the color of Morzan's sword, Zar'roc. Morzan's Dragon was slain by Brom shortly before Morzan himself died.
# Khowar/Transliteration

Transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another. Transliteration attempts to be lossless, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. To achieve this objective transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in a source script which do not correspond with letters in a goal script. Romaji is an example of a transliterating method.
# Khowar/Vocabulary/Months of the Year

The Khowar people have their own Calender having the names of months in Khowar Language.

##### Khowar Calender

| Name | Transliteration | Khowar Name |
| January | janvrī | پھیتنگ |
| February | fevarī | اڑیان |
| March | mārch | ݰداغ |
| April | apral | گندور |
| May | maī | بوئے |
| June | jūin | یوغ |
| July | julāy | پینی مور |
| August | agust | موژ مس |
| September | sitambar | خومپڅ |
| October | aktūbar | کھول کریمی |
| November | navamber | ݯھان ݯھوری |
| December | dismember | ٹھونگشال |
# Kicad

Kicad Navigation
Introduction KiCad eeschema Introduction to eeschema eeschema commands eeschema hierarchical sheets File Formats FAQ Autorouter Installing on Mac OS
Edit this box
KiCad is an open source software suite for EDA (Electronic Design Automation)
The KiCAD suite is a group of open-source, cross-platform programs for drawing schematics and PCBs.

# Table of contents

* Practical Electronics/PCB Layout has a more generic discussion of PCB layout
* Practical Electronics/PCB Manufacture
* Robotics/Design Basics/Design software briefly mentions Kicad and other software and hardware tools used to build robots
* Practical Electronics
* Circuit Idea discusses circuits in general
* Electronics
* Power Electronics
# Khowar/Nasta'liq

Nasta'liq or Nasta'leegh (نستعلیق) is a specific style for writing in the Arabic alphabet. It is the preferred style for writing Khowar, but is mostly considered a form of calligraphic art for writing other languages, specially Persian and Ottoman Turkish. The name derives from mixing Naskh and Ta'leeq, two other writing styles, of which Nasta'liq is a descendant.
In Iran, Nasta'liq is usually written with a somewhat thick reed pen (with a tip of about 5mm), and a special kind of carbon ink. In Pakistan, various kinds of pens and inks are used, because of the higher usage of the style.
Producing high quality Nasta'liq in print is a demanding process. For example, Monotype's attempt to implement Nasta'liq for photo composer typesetting resulted in a glyph repertoire of 20,000 different glyphs. See explanation below:
This is due to the vertical displacement of characters when they are joined together. As more characters join together (usually 2-5), each one of the previous ones moves slightly up. The OTF font specification can handle this and beautiful nasta'liq is now possible on regular rendering engines such as the Windows Uniscribe engine that ships with Microsoft Windows 2000 onwards.
As Khowar fontography is evolving, a number of issues with its Unicode representation have been raised. At the moment, the font that complies best with Unicode and OTF is Nafees Nasta'liq, produced by CRULP (Center for Research in Khowar Language Processing) .
If you have Nafees Nasta'liq installed, the text and image below should be identical. Note the previous letters being shifted up:
نفیس نستعلیق
# Khowar/Nouns

In Khowar language, there are no genders. It is very easy for a new user to learn about things, places, names, gender etc. Every name is spoken as male. For example; when a person says in English: "The girl is crossing the road" in Urdu: "Larki sarak par kar rahi hai" while in Khowar: "Kumoru raho muzhi phar biran". It means that there is no any word specifying the gender. Noun in Khowar: Borht بورھت Stone, Kan کن Tree, Sorum سوروم Gold etc.
Bokht- stone Kar-ear Naskar- nose Gheech-eye Host-hand
# Khowar/Vocabulary/Days of the Week
## Days of Week (Hafte ke Din ہفتہ کے دن )

| Anoos | Day | In Urdu Script |
| Dushambay | Monday | دشنبے |
| Seshambay | Tuesday | سہ شنبے |
| Charshambay | Wednesday | چار شنبے |
| Phachambay | Thursday | پھچنبے |
| Adina | Friday | آدینہ |
| Shambay | Saturday | شنبے |
| Yekshamby | Sunday | یک شنبے |
# Khowar/Word

Word is the smallest part of a sentence that may be uttered. e.g Khowar word څیق Child ریگیش beard
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology

This wikibook is based on the IGCSE Information and Communication Technology (0417) and uses the 2017-2019 syllabus from the Cambridge International Exams (CIE) board.

## Syllabus Content Areas

* Types and components of computer systems
* Input and output devices
* Storage devices and media
* Networks and the effects of using them
* The effects of using IT
* ICT applications
* The systems life cycle
* Safety and security
* Audience
* Online communities

## Contributors

* User:Konradkonlechner 2016/09/08
* User:Pastbury 2010/03/31
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/2. Input and output devices

The course syllabus states that you should be able to: (a) Identify the following input devices: Keyboards, Numeric Keypads, Pointing Devices (including mouse, touch pad and tracker ball), Remote Controls, Joysticks, Touch Screens, Magnetic Stripe Readers, Chip Readers, PIN Pads, Scanners, Digital Cameras, Microphones, Sensors, Graphics Tablet, MICR, OMR, OCR, Barcode Readers, Video Cameras, Web Cams, Light Pens. (b) Identify suitable uses of the input devices stating the advantages and disadvantages of each. (c) Identify the uses of the following sensors: Temperature Sensor, Pressure Sensor, Light Sensor. (d) Identify the following output devices: Monitors (CRT, TFT), Projectors, Printers (laser, ink jet and dotmatrix), Plotters, Speakers. (e) Identify suitable uses of the output devices stating the advantages and disadvantages of each. (f) Identify the following control devices in control applications: Motors, Buzzers, Heaters, Lights/Lamps (g) Identify suitable uses of the control devices stating the uses of each.
WHAT IS AN INPUT DEVICE? An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/Systems analysis and design

A system is a combination of components that make a complete thing. When we are talking about systems analysis and design we usually talk about software development to meet various needs and expectations.
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/1. Types and components of computer systems

The written theory exam is 2 hours long and covers a wide range of topics. Questions range from simple true/false ones, to ones requiring long, extended answers.
Like any other IGCSE subject, ICT theory requires you to understand and learn the facts.
There is no shortcut... you will have to REVISE!
But, hopefully, these notes will help you to gain the understanding required. Stacks Image 235 If you're trying to find out about a particular topic, rather than a syllabus section, try looking here: Topic List Before you start reading the notes for each of the syllabus sections, read this introductory section: Some General Concepts The notes are divided into the following sections to match the theory section of the syllabus: Types and Components of Computer Systems Input and Output Devices Storage Devices and Media Computer Networks Data Type and Organisation The Effects of Using IT ICT Use in Everyday Life, ICT Use in the Workplace Systems Analysis and Design
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/4. Networks and the effects of using them

networks are:a group or system of interconnected people or things. Networks Understand how a router works and its purpose Understand the use of other common network devices, including: network interface cards, hubs, bridges, switches, modems Understand the use of WiFi and Bluetooth in networks Understand how to set up and configure a small network, including: access to the internet, the use of a browser, the use of email, access to an ISP Understand the characteristics and purpose of common network environments, such as intranets and the internet Understand the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of computer to access the internet 4.2 Network issues and communication Describe security issues regarding data transfer Network communication
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/6. ICT applicatiolns

ICT, Information and Communication Technology and how we can apply them to our lives:
1. Communication for both personal and business reasons. There are 2 types of communication:
We can use our ICT skills to create documents, presentations, excel worksheets, databases to provide and produce a visual representation of data we want to convey. Additionally, ICT can be used to create posters, newsletters and flyers to target a certain audience depending on the visual attractiveness.
In the digital world with the huge presence of the Internet, ICT can be applied to create websites, multimedia presentations, animations and many more.
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/Types and components of computer systems

This section looks at the hardware and software components of computer systems. You will need to be able to discuss recent developments in these areas in addition to what may be discussed in the syllabus, on this page or in your textbooks and marks will be available for this in the exam.

## Hardware and Software
### Hardware

Hardware is the term used to describe the physical components of a computer system. If it can be touched and handled then it is hardware. Examples of hardware components include:
* Mainboard
* Graphics card
* CPU
* Video capture card
* Storage devices
* Input/output devices
Storage devices can be further broken down in to Primary and Secondary storage. Some examples of each of these are given in the table below.
| Primary/Internal Storage | Secondary/External Storage |
| Internal memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) Hard-disc drive | USB sticks Flash memory cards CD/DVD disc drives Floppy disc drives |
Input and Output devices are also very important to any computer system. Input devices allow data to be taken from an external source and transfered on to the computer in a digital form. Output devices take data stored on the computer and transfer this to the user in a useful form. Some examples of these types of devices are given in the table below.
| Input devices | Output devices |
| Mouse Keyboard Graphics tablet Webcam Scanner Trackball Sensors | Printer Monitor Speaker Control devices and motors |
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/7. The systems life cycle

The Systems Life Cycle topic looks at the stages and processes involved in designing and developing a new computer system. The system could be a stand alone programmme or it could be a complete computerised system. No matter the scope of the project the stages involved in the project are the same.
Note: in other IT or technology syllabi the stages might not necessarily be the same as the ones shown here. These are the stages designated by CIE.
There are six stages to the System Life Cycle:
# IGCSE Information and Communication Technology/9. Audience

Information Communication and Technology is a subject which can give an IGCSE a strong base of knowledge in which you can apply to your studies or work all over the world. All over the world daily people apply their skills based on what they have learnt in ICT. Ones' skills can be very useful as you can learn how to spread information not just to the world wide web, but the whole world. ICT skills have an international effect expanding your chances to travel to different places of the world as a person that has a rich knowledge in ICT can easily find a job wherever they look throughout the world(you can find more advanced jobs in that field later in your carreer). Unlike subjects like Computer Science which requires a level of advanced math skills ICT is a subject that requires limited math skills especially for an IGCSE student. If you can complete IGCSE maths successfully the
# Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/MATLAB
## Graphing Data in MATLAB
### Polynomial Regressions

MATLAB is able to do regressions up to very large polynomial orders, using the "polyfit" function. The syntax for this function is:
The x data and y data must be in the form of arrays, which for the purposes of this application are simply comma-separated lists separated by brackets. For example, suppose you want to perform the same linear regression that had been performed in the "linear regression" section. The first step is to define the two variables:
Then just call polyfit with order '1' since we want a linear regression.
The way to interpret this answer is that the first number is the slope of the line (1.778*10^2) and the second is the y-intercept (3.912*10^2).
# Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Introduction
## Introduction

This book is for anyone who is interested in some of the basic principles behind what chemical engineers do and how they can use powerful tools from physics to solve problems involving steady-state processes. It starts with a knowledge of algebra, chemistry, and some physics, and builds on current knowledge towards more practical problems. The ultimate goal is to obtain a book containing information about all of the major processes a chemical engineer may encounter as well as some insight into their analysis, which is essential for design.
The book is designed as an introduction to the subject and therefore tends to stay away from the more complicated mathematics, as the relatively steady-state black box analysis can be difficult enough for students (and teachers!) to solve.

## Invitation to Contribute

As this is a Wiki, anyone who wants to (and who is willing to have their work released under GFDL) is more than welcomed to contribute what they know towards the betterment of the book, or to make suggestions on the talk pages.

## Suggested Format of this book

This book attempts to make liberal use of examples, and uses some images (flowcharts) to illustrate the processes described, as a standard against which the student can compare their own. This is essential since drawing flowcharts is a fundamental skill for any engineer, not just a chemical engineer. Unit conversions of various types, and use of a variety of information from a variety of sources will also be stressed.
Example problems (but usually not solutions except for simple problems) are set off with the template {{example| [problem goes here]}} , which looks like this:
Example:
The production of ethanol is an example of a process that uses multiple unit operations. Sugar, water and nutrient are fed into a fermenter, and the resulting liquid is then distilled to produce alcohol. The fermenter must be cooled in order to maintain the correct temperature for fermentation.
If it seems like one of the pages is missing something, use the {{todo| [stuff to do]}} template, which looks like this:
Notes about something special that someone must know to solve problems can be set aside using the template {{NOTE| [things to note] }} which looks like this:
Final results for examples as well as the results of derivations should be boxed using the {{box| [equation]}} template, which looks like this:
Finally, if you want to write a problem for the student to work out on their own, use the {{problem|'''#.''' [Problem Statement]}} template which looks like this:
#. [Problem Statement]
Using these to set the parts of the book apart, it is hoped that the experience will be easier to follow for the student.
# Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/Mathematical Methods Practice Problems

1. In enzyme kinetics, one common form of a rate law is Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which is of the form:
$-r_{S}={\frac {V_{max}*[S]}{K_{m}+[S]}}$
where $V_{max}$ and $K_{m}$ are constants.
a. Write this equation in a linearized form. What should you plot to get a line? What will the slope be? How about the y-intercept?
b. Given the following data and the linearized form of the equation, predict the values of $V_{max}$ and $K_{m}$
Also, calculate the R value and comment on how good the fit is.
c. Plot the rate expression in its nonlinear form with the parameters from part b. What might $V_{m}ax$ represent?
d. Find the value of -rS when [S] is 1.0 M in three ways:
* Plug 1.0 into your expression for -rS with the best-fit parameters.
* Perform a linear interpolation between the appropriate points nearby.
* Perform a linear extrapolation from the line between points (0.5, 0.0030) and (0.8, 0.0036).
Which is probably the most accurate? Why?
2. Find the standard deviation of the following set of arbitrary data. Write the data in $\mu \pm \sigma$ form. Are the data very precise?
Which data points are most likely to be erroneous? How can you tell?
3. Solve the following equations for x using one of the rootfinding methods discussed earlier. Note that some equations have multiple real solutions (the number of solutions is written next to the equation)
a. $x^{2}-14x+15=0$ (2 solutions). Use the quadratic formula to check your technique before moving on to the next problems.
b. $x^{2}-14x+15-ln(x)=0$ (1 solution)
c. $e^{3x}=-x$ (1 solution)
d. ${\frac {x}{2x^{2}-3}}-{\frac {2x^{3}-x^{2}}{2x-x^{2}}}=10$ (2 solutions)
# Introduction to Chemical Engineering Processes/General chemistry review
## Stoichiometry

Le Système International d'Unités (SI Units)

### Mole

The mole is a measure of the amount of substance. A mole is the amount of material which contains the same number of elementary entities as there are atoms in 12g of Carbon-12.
There are Avogadro number of atoms in 12g of Carbon-12, i.e. 6.023 x 10^23 atoms.
Thus a mole of cars implies there are 6.023 x 10^23 cars and so on.

## Acid-Base

There are two major ways to classify acids and bases: the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. A chemical species that donates protons is a Brønsted-Lowry acid, and a species that accepts protons is a Brønsted-Lowry base. Typically, the proton is written as an H$^+$ ion, though they do not in isolation exist in solution and are instead exchanged between molecules. In water, the proton on an acid will often bond to the H$_2$O molecules to form the conjugate base and H$_3$O$^+$ (hydronium) ions, and the proton-accepting base will take an H$^+$ from the water to form the conjugate acid and OH$^-$ (hydroxide) ions. This is the most familiar situation for those who have taken general chemistry, but any species that loses an H$^+$ (proton) to another molecule is considered a Brønsted-Lowry acid, and likewise any H$^+$-taking species is considered a Brønsted-Lowry base.
The second and broader classification is the Lewis acids and bases. Lewis acids and bases are defined by their electron lone pair behavior. A Lewis acid is an electron acceptor (called an electrophile in organic chemistry), a Lewis base is an electron donor (a nucleophile in organic chemistry). In a Lewis acid-base reaction, the negatively charged electron lone pair in the base will bond to the positive or partially positive segment of the acid to form what is called a Lewis adduct. Unlike Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases, the exchange of protons is not required.

## Ideal Gas Law

$PV=nRT$
P = Pressure; V = Volume; n = moles; R = Ideal gas constant; T = Temperature

## Enthalpy

The enthalpy content of a substance is given by
\hat{H} = U + pV
where
H is the enthalpy (SI units: J/kg) U is the internal energy and p is the pressure V is the volume

## Branches of Chemistry

* Inorganic Chemistry - The study of the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds.
* Organic Chemistry - The study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
* Physical Chemistry - The study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. It applies the principles, practices and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics, equilibrium.
* Analytical Chemistry -
* Biochemistry -
* Organometallic chemistry -
# Korean/Lesson III1

* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* — Reading and writing •
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2단계: High beginner •
* 3급: Low intermediate —
* 1. The human body •
* 2. Religion •
* 3. Nature •
* 4. The universe •
* 5. Reading a book •
* 6:어느 정도로 나를 사랑해? •
* 7. Using computers •
* 8. At the restaurant •
* 9 •
* 10
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar
* 머리 head, hair
* 머리카락 hair
* 뇌 brain
* 눈 eye
* 눈썹 eyebrow
* 코 nose
* 볼 cheek
* 입 mouth
* 이 teeth
* 턱 jaw, chin
* 목 neck
* 어깨 shoulder
* 팔 arms
* 손 hand(s)
* 손가락 finger(s)
* 손톱 fingernail
* 배 stomach, belly
* 다리 leg(s)
* 무릎 knee
* 발 foot
* 발가락 toe(s)
* 뼈 bone
* 살 flesh
* 귀 ear
* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* — Reading and writing •
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2단계: High beginner •
* 3급: Low intermediate —
* 1. The human body •
* 2. Religion •
* 3. Nature •
* 4. The universe •
* 5. Reading a book •
* 6:어느 정도로 나를 사랑해? •
* 7. Using computers •
* 8. At the restaurant •
* 9 •
* 10
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar