OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Haloo, Jonatan!/Chapta 1

Kontenas - Chapta 1 - Chapta 2 - Chapta 3

## Un-ney chapta
### Un-ney mey (1 mey)

Man stan in urba. Man skribi deykitaba. Man vidi urba.
Ob man stan in urba? Ya, lu stan in urba.
Ob man stan in...man? Non, lu bu stan in man. Lu stan in urba.
Ob man stan in tren? Non, lu bu stan in tren. Lu stan in urba. Man stan in urba.
Ob man skribi deykitaba? Ya, lu skribi deykitaba.
Ob deykitaba skribi man? Non, deykitaba bu skribi man. Deykitaba bu skribi. Man skribi. Man skribi deykitaba.
Ob urba vidi man? Non, urba bu vidi man. Urba bu vidi. Man vidi. Ob man vidi urba? Ya, man vidi urba.
Wo stan man? Lu stan in urba. Kwo man skribi? Lu skribi deykitaba. Kwo man vidi? Lu vidi urba. Lu stan in urba, e lu skribi deykitaba, e lu vidi urba.
Ob man stan in deykitaba? Non, lu skribi in deykitaba. Ob man vidi man? Non, lu bu vidi man; lu vidi urba.
Man es gran. Man es hao, e man es intele. Lu dumi. Lu dumi om urba. Lu dumi: “Kwo es urba? Ob urba es hao? Ob urba es gran?”
Ob man skribi urba? Non, lu bu skribi urba; urba es gran. Lu skribi deykitaba; deykitaba bu es gran.
Ob deykitaba dumi om man? Non, deykitaba bu dumi. Man dumi. Lu dumi om deykitaba, e dumi om urba.
E lu skribi in deykitaba. Lu skribi om urba. Lu skribi: “ urba es hao, e urba es gran.”
Lu dumi: “urba es hao”; lu dumi ke urba es hao. Lu dumi: “ urba es gran”; lu dumi ke urba es gran. Lu dumi om urba, e lu dumi om deykitaba.
Kwo es deykitaba? Deykitaba es wo man skribi; lu skribi in deykitaba. In deykitaba, man skribi om urba. In deykitaba, man bu skribi om tren; man stan in urba, bu in tren. Lu bu dumi om tren; lu dumi om cité, urba Munih.
Kwo es urba? It es Munih. Wo es Munih? It es wo man stan. Wo es man? Lu es in Munih.
Ya, Munih es gran urba, e hao urba. Lu dumi ke Munih es hao urba, e lu dumi ke it es gran urba. Man es intele. Lu shwo: “Haloo, Munih!” Lu es hao man!
Man stan e dumi: “Wo es tren?” Lu vidi...lu vidi tren! Lu dumi: "Tren!" Nau lu bu dumi om deykitaba e bu dumi om urba; lu dumi om tren!

## Gramatika
### Dwa (2) zwo-wordas

* zwo-wordas in i: skribi, dumi, vidi
* otre zwo-wordas: stan, shwo, es

### ob

* ob = ?
** Man stan in urba.
** Ob man stan in urba?

### -ney

* un = 1
** un-ney
* dwa = 2
** dwa-ney
* tri = 3
** tri-ney
* Mey 2019 es 2019.05.
** Un-ney mey es 2019.05.01.
** Dwa-ney mey es 2019.05.02.
** Tri-ney mey es 2019.05.03

### om

* Man dumi om Munih.
* Man skribi om Munih.
* Man skribi: "Me vidi tren!" Lu skribi om tren.

## Lexikon

* hao: 👍
* urba 🏙️
* es
* ob (?)
* gran
* in
* it
* intele 🧠
* deykitaba 📝
* man 👨🏻
* non ↔ ya
* dumi: 💭
* om
* ke
* kwo
* haloo 👋
* skribi 🖋️
* stan 🧍
* tren 🚂
* wo 🗺️ 🤷‍♂️
* un = 1
* vidi 👀
* shwo 🗣️
* nau
# Halo/Vs. Scorpions

There are a couple of good ways to combat an enemy in a scorpion tank.
These aren't the only ways you can go about taking down an enemy tank, but rather, they are just tried-and-true methods for combatting these massive vehicles.
# Halo 2/Battle Rifle

Model: BR-55
Common Name: Battle Rifle
Zoom Capabilities: 2x
Rate Of Fire: 3-round bursts
Magazine Size: 36 rounds, or twelve bursts
The BR-55 is the favorite weapon of the Halo 2 veteran. Often considered the "new pistol", this weapon is highly effective at most ranges. Although a great weapon, able to kill in four bursts to the head, it's effectiveness is doubled when coupled with the plasma pistol, dropping shields with an overcharge of the weapon and then proceeding to fire one burst in the head. This technique is often called the "noob-combo", because many players consider it too easy a tactic and therefore, cheap or "noobish".
# Gothic/4/Word Order
## Gothic Word Order

Most of the extant Gothic texts are a virtual word-for-word translation of the New Testament Greek and thus our knowledge of Gothic syntax is heavily influenced by the Greek. However, this shows us that the word order of Gothic was rather free due to its rich declension system. Nonetheless, certain areas of the Gothic text can show us what appears to be native Gothic syntax. Sometimes what can be expressed in one word in the original Greek will require a verb and a complement in the Gothic translation. In these sentences the Gothic verb usually follows the complement as in:
dwala gatawida from Greek ἐμώρανεν (μωραίνω) 1 Cor 1:20
- made foolish
Therefore, it seems safe to conclude that the natural word order of Gothic was OV (object-verb). This was also the natural word order of other ancient Germanic languages, including the earliest attested stage of North Germanic.

## Imperatives, Negations and hw-questions

Imperatives, negations, and questions formed with hw-words are an exception.
In imperatives the verb usually comes first as in:
wairþ hrains from Greek καθαρίσθητι (καθαρίζω)
- become clean!
Also in negations the verbs usually comes first as in:
ni nimiþ arbi from Greek μὴ κληρονομήσει (κληρονομέω)
- does not take inheritance
There is a tendency in hw-questions for the verb to follow the hw-word directly, sometimes against the Greek, as in:
ƕa skuli þata barn wairþan? Compare Greek τί ἄρα τὸ παιδίον τοῦτο ἔσται;
- What shall the child become?

## References

* Thráinsson, Höskuldur (1996). Studies in Comparative Germanic Syntax: Volume II. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0294-7.
# Gothic/Masculine
## Strong Nouns

This is the strong noun A-Stem section, there are other kinds of strong nouns but we will deal with those later.

### Masculine A-Stem Nouns

Gothic has strong and weak nouns (along with strong and weak adjectives!). There are many stems or different declensions within each class of nouns. Here I will show you a-stem nouns. There are three genders in Gothic: masculine, feminine, neuter. These are not always sex-based as in English.
A-Stem Nouns :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | -s | -os |
| Accusative | - | -ans |
| Genitive | -is | -e |
| Dative | -a | -am |
Now onto the masculine article (definite). Gothic has no indefinite article (a, an) but only a definite (the) which has masculine, feminine, and neuter forms.
Masculine Article :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | sa | thai |
| Accusative | thana | thans | Genitive | this | thize |
| Dative | thamma | thaim |
For a while here I'm going to be basically throwing you a lot of tables. But here I'll explain the cases: Nominative: marks the subject of the sentence Accusative: marks the direct object of the sentence Genitive: marks possession Dative: marks the indirect object of a sentence.
# Gothic/Old

* Gothic/Phonology
* A|Stem
* Gothic/Neuter|A|Stem
* Gothic/Feminine|A|Stems
* Weak
* Gothic/Neuter|Weak

# Phonology
## Neuter Nouns

Neuter Nouns :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | -zero | -a |
| Accusative | -zero | -a |
| Genitive | -is | -e |
| Dative | -a | -am |
Neuter Article :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | thata | tho |
| Accusative | thata | tho |
| Genitive | this | thize |
| Dative | thamma | thaim |

## Feminine Nouns

Feminine Nouns :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | -a | -os |
| Accusative | -a | -os |
| Genitive | -os | -o |
| Dative | -ai | -om |
Feminine article :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | so | thos |
| Accusative | tho | thos |
| Genitive | thizo | thizos |
| Dative | thizai | thaim |

## Examples
### Masculine A-Stems

* aiths: oath
* asts: twig
* bagms: tree (cf. German Baum, English "beam" (of wood))
* laufs: leaf (Gothic au frequently = English ea)
* maithms: gift
* stains: stone (ai=o)
* winds: wind

### Neuter A-Stems

Feminine A=Stems (so is the fem. definite article)

## Weak Declensions

Weak nouns decline differently than strong nouns (hence the different name) and sometimes are more simple.
Weak Masculine :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | -a | -ans |
| Accusative | -an | -ans |
| Genitive | -ins | -ane |
| Dative | -in | -am |
Weak Neuter :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | -o | -ona |
| Accusative | -o | -ona |
| Genitive | -ins | -ane |
| Dative | -in | -am |

### Examples
#### Masculine Weak

* sa atta: the father
* sa bloma: the flower (cf. "bloom")
* sa brunna: the well (in Old English this word became burna "stream", and is still used in river names ending in -bourn)
* sa fula: the foal
* sa galga: the cross (cf. "gallows")
* sa garda: the yard, the fold
* sa Guta: the Goth
* sa Austraguta: the Ostrogoth
* sa hana: the rooster (cf. "hen", which comes from the feminine of this noun, which originally meant "the singer")
* sa magula: the little boy
* sa matha: the worm
* sa mena: the moon
* sa milhma: the cloud
* sa skuggwa: the mirror
* sa sparwa: the sparrow
* sa sunna: the sun
* sa unhultha: the demon

#### Neuter Weak

* thata augadauro: the window
* thata auso: the ear
* thata barnilo: the little child
* thata hairto: the heart
* thata kaurno: the (single) grain
* thata sigljo: the seal (cf. Latin sigillum)
* thata thairko: the hole
But the Weak declensions are not all the same there exists a few irregulars. First the masculine irregulars:
Irregular :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | manna | mans |
| Accusative | mannan | mans/manans |
| Genitive | mans | manne |
| Dative | mann | mannam |
Irregular :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | namo | namna |
| Accusative | namo | namna |
| Genitive | namins | namne |
| Dative | namin | namnam |
NEXT TO COME: FEMININE WEAK NOUNS, NEUTER AND FEMININE STRONG A-STEM VOCABULARY ALSO.

# Links

Gothic language on the web
# Gothic/Pronouns

<< Gothic
    Note: this article contains Gothic characters. You may need to install a Gothic Unicode Font.
There are pronouns in Gothic for all four grammatical cases in all three persons. The first two persons have different forms for all three numbers (singular, dual and plural). The third person has different forms for all three genders (feminine, masculine and neuter) and two numbers (singular and plural).
For mixed groups of masculine and feminine things or people, use the masculine plural pronouns.

## First person ("I", "me", "my", "we", "us", "our")

| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | ik 𐌹𐌺 | wit 𐍅𐌹𐍄 | weis 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 |
| Accusative | mik 𐌼𐌹𐌺 | ugkis 𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌹𐍃 | uns 𐌿𐌽𐍃 |
| Genitive | meina 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 | igkara 𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 | unsara 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰 |
| Dative | mis 𐌼𐌹𐍃 | ugkis 𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌹𐍃 | uns 𐌿𐌽𐍃 |

## Second person ("you", "your")

| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | thu 𐌸𐌿 | jut 𐌾𐌿𐍄 | jus 𐌾𐌿𐍃 |
| Accusative | thuk 𐌸𐌿𐌺 | igqis 𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌹𐍃 | izwis 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 |
| Genitive | theina 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 | igqara 𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐍂𐌰 | izwara 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 |
| Dative | thus 𐌸𐌿𐍃 | igqis 𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌹𐍃 | izwis 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 |

## Third person feminine ("she", "her")

| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | si 𐍃𐌹 | ijos 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 |
| Accusative | ija 𐌹𐌾𐌰 | ijos 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 |
| Genitive | izos 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 | izo 𐌹𐌶𐍉 |
| Dative | izai 𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 | im 𐌹𐌼 |

## Third person masculine ("he", "him", "his")

| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | is 𐌹𐍃 | eis 𐌴𐌹𐍃 |
| Accusative | ina 𐌹𐌽𐌰 | ins 𐌹𐌽𐍃 |
| Genitive | is 𐌹𐍃 | ize 𐌹𐌶𐌴 |
| Dative | imma 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 | im 𐌹𐌼 |

## Third person neuter ("it", "its")

| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | ita 𐌹𐍄𐌰 | ija 𐌹𐌾𐌰 |
| Accusative | ita 𐌹𐍄𐌰 | ija 𐌹𐌾𐌰 |
| Genitive | is 𐌹𐍃 | ize 𐌹𐌶𐌴 |
| Dative | imma 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 | im 𐌹𐌼 |
# Gothic/Appendix/Glossary

This glossary contains both all the used words in this course and some new words.
Gothic glossary
ak - but, after negation akei - but, not after negation alhs (f. konst.) - temple aþþan - but, however (used for emphasis) baurgs (f. konstr.) - city gadrauhts (m. i-stem) - soldier gards (m. i-stem) - house, family dags (m. a-stem) - day hairto (n. n-stem) - heart manna (m. n-stem) - man sitls (m. a-stem) - chair stibna (f. o-stem) - voice waurd (n. a-stem) - word
the weather
luftus (m. u-stem) - air maihstus (m. u-stem) - mist rign (n. a-stem) - rain sauil (n. a-stem) - sun sunno (f. n-stem) - sun
# Gothic/Phonology

<< Gothic

## Strong Nouns

This is the strong noun A-Stem section, there are other kinds of strong nouns but we will deal with those later.

### Masculine A-Stem Nouns

Gothic has strong and weak nouns (along with strong and weak adjectives!). There are many stems or different declensions within each class of nouns. Here I will show you a-stem nouns. There are three genders in Gothic: masculine, feminine, neuter. These are not always sex-based as in English.
A-Stem Nouns :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | -s | -os |
| Accusative | - | -ans |
| Genitive | -is | -e |
| Dative | -a | -am |
Now onto the masculine article (definite). Gothic has no indefinite article (a, an) but only a definite (the) which has masculine, feminine, and neuter forms.
Masculine Article :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | sa | thai |
| Accusative | thana | thans | Genitive | this | thize |
| Dative | thamma | thaim |
For a while here I'm going to be basically throwing you a lot of tables. But here I'll explain the cases: Nominative: marks the subject of the sentence Accusative: marks the direct object of the sentence Genitive: marks possession Dative: marks the indirect object of a sentence.
# Gothic/Verbs

    Note: this article contains Gothic characters. You may need to install a Gothic Unicode Font.

## What kind of verb is smart?

When you look up a verb in a Gothic dictionary, you will be told
* whether it is strong or weak
* which class it is in. There are seven classes of strong verbs (1 to 7, or I to VII) and four classes of weak verbs.
Strong verbs are marked with sv or abl.V.. Weak verbs are marked with wv or sw.V.. For example, look at the entries for skreitan (a strong verb) and skritnan (a weak verb) in this modern dictionary and this facsimile of a 1910 dictionary.

## Things which are the same for both strong and weak verbs
### Present tense

The present tense goes as follows:
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| First | ik qiþa, 𐌹𐌺 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰 I say. | wit qiþos, 𐍅𐌹𐍄 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐍉𐍃 the two of us say. | weis qiþam, 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌼 we say. |
| Second | þu qiþis, 𐌸𐌿 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌹𐍃 thou sayest. | jut qiþats, 𐌾𐌿𐍄 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐍄𐍃 the two of you say. | jus qiþiþ, 𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌸 you all say. |
| Third | is qiþiþ, 𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌹𐌸 he says. | (use the plural) | eis qiþand, 𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳 they say. |

## How strong verbs behave
### Infinitive

The infinitive of strong verbs always ends in -an. For example:
* Infinitive
* qiþan, 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 to say.

## Irregular verbs
### wisan, 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽, to be

* Infinitive
* wisan 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 to be.

#### Present

| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| First | ik im, 𐌹𐌺 𐌹𐌼 I am. | wit siju, 𐍅𐌹𐍄 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿 the two of us are. | weis sijum, 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿𐌼 we are. |
| Second | þu is, 𐌸𐌿 𐌹𐍃 thou art. | jut sijuts, 𐌾𐌿𐍄 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿𐍄𐍃 the two of you are. | jus sijuþ, 𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌿𐌸 you all are. |
| Third | is ist, 𐌹𐍃 𐌹𐍃𐍄 he is. | (use the plural) | eis sind, 𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌳 they are. |

#### Past

| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| First | ik was, 𐌹𐌺 𐍅𐌰𐍃 I was. | wit wesu, 𐍅𐌹𐍄 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿 the two of us were. | weis wesum, 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌼 we were. |
| Second | þu wast, 𐌸𐌿 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄 thou wert. | jut wesuts, 𐌾𐌿𐍄 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 the two of you were. | jus wesun, 𐌾𐌿𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 you all were. |
| Third | is was, 𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐍃 he was. | (use the plural) | eis wesun, 𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 they were. |
# Gothic/Articles

<< Gothic
    Note: this article contains Gothic characters. You may need to install a Gothic Unicode Font.
Gothic has no indefinite article ("a" or "an").
The definite article ("the") is in the Gothic Bible replaced by the demonstrative pronoun, therefore, the definite articles aren't really definite articles but demonstrative pronouns, research however shows that there are not a lot of cases in which the Greek definite article is translated in Gothic. The demonstrative pronoun has a different form for each of the four cases (nominative, accusative, genitive and dative), the three genders (feminine, masculine and neuter), and for singular and plural.

## Feminine

| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | so 𐍃𐍉 | thos 𐌸𐍉𐍃 |
| Accusative | tho 𐌸𐍉 | thos 𐌸𐍉𐍃 |
| Genitive | thizos 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 | thizo 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 |
| Dative | thizai 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 | thaim 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 |

## Masculine

| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | sa 𐍃𐌰 | thai 𐌸𐌰𐌹 |
| Accusative | thana 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 | thans 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 |
| Genitive | this 𐌸𐌹𐍃 | thize 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 |
| Dative | thamma 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 | thaim 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 |

## Neuter

| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | thata 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 | tho 𐌸𐍉 |
| Accusative | thata 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 | tho 𐌸𐍉 |
| Genitive | this 𐌸𐌹𐍃 | thize 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 |
| Dative | thamma 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 | thaim 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 |
# Latin/How to study a language on the Internet and in your head

How do you think about languages as you study them? Typically, you will consider every punctuation mark and letter, all the verbs and nouns, adverbs and adjectives, and study them in order to make connections. Ideally, you will have a teacher to point you in the right direction, and help you make those connections. But when you have no teacher, those connections are left for you to discover. They may be clear or hidden, but either way you will have to make them yourself. As you explore this Wikibook, it will require the skill of critical thinking.
You can never go wrong studying a language if you remember that exposing yourself to a language, even if you stumble in practice, is itself learning it. Looking things up too much can sometimes impede progress. Stretch your memory, read slowly, and re-read. As you will soon discover, you are about to study a language that is rich and full of meaning, the ancestor of the Romance languages, such as Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian, and an outsized influence on many other languages besides, including English.

## So do not assume that...

...Latin is like any other language. Do not assume ancient Roman culture is entirely unlike other cultures, however. The Romans grappled with issues that are universally dealt with.
We, the authors, endorse memorization, and after that, immersion. You must develop Latin muscles, and a willingness to write or type things out, or drill using software, or with a friend. Note the patterns after you have memorized the forms, not before. Allow yourself to be mesmerized by them. Similarly, seek out explanation only after you have memorized forms. Memorize forms, then make sentences, then use your knowledge to speak or to write the language.

## See also

* How to learn a language
# Latin/Lesson 1-Imperatives

Imperatives express direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. For example: run!, don't walk, be carried.

## Present active imperatives
### singular

For the singular imperative, the infinitive of the verb without the -re is used.
| infinitive | | singular imperative | |
| portāre | to carry | portā | carry |
| respondēre | to respond | respondē | respond |
| mittere | to send | mitte | send |
| audīre | to listen | audī | listen |

### plural

Plural active imperatives for the 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugation are formed by removing the -re from the end of the verb and adding -te. In the 3rd conjugation, -ere is removed from the infinitive and -ite is added.
| infinitive | plural imperative |
| portāre | portāte |
| respondēre | respondēte |
| mittere (3rd conjugation) | mittite |
| audīre | audīte |
# Latin/L2/Answers
## First Declension (L2) Answers

These are the answers to the exercises in the "First Declension" chapter.
* The poet gives wisdom.
* The poet loves the girls.
* Julia loves poets.
* Wisdom gives tables.
* The girl loves Julia.
Return to First Declension
# Latin/L3 Word List

This is a list of Latin words learned by the end of Lesson 3.

## Nouns
### First Declension

| Nom. Singular | Nom. Plural | Gender | English |
| Italia | Italiae | Feminine | Italy |
| Julia | Juliae | Feminine | Julia |
| mensa | mensae | Feminine | table |
| poeta | poetae | Masculine | poet |
| puella | puellae | Feminine | girl |
| Roma | Romae | Feminine | Rome |
| sapientia | sapientia | Feminine | wisdom |

## Verbs
### First Conjugation

| Pres. Act. Ind. 1st Sing | Pres. Act. Infinitive | Perf. Pass. Ind. 1st Sing | Supine |
| amo | amare | amavi | amatum |
| do | dare | dedi | datum |
| laudo | laudare | laudavi | laudatum |
| culpo | culpare | culpavi | culpatum |
Return to Lesson 3 - Introduction to Verbs
# Latin/L3/Answers
## Introduction to Verbs (L3) Answers

These are the answers to the exercises in the "Introduction to Verbs" chapter.
* I love Rome.
* The girls are blaming the poets.
* Julia gives the poet.
* You love Italy.
* Y'all love the poet.
* We are praising Julia.
Return to Introduction to Verbs
# Imperative
## Positive Imperative
### English

In English (and in Latin), the positive imperative is a command. For example:
* Just Do it!
* Stop, hammer time!
* Take me out to the ballgame!

### Latin

In Latin, the imperative singular is found by taking the last two letters off of the infinitive. The six exceptions to this rule are dicere (dic), ducere (duc), facere (fac), velle, malle (infinitives not used) and nolle (noli). Ferre (fer) and esse (es) are often considered irregular due to the lack of a vowel at the end but we can see that applying the rule of removing the last two letters forms the imperatives correctly.

#### Examples:

Run, boy!
    Curre, puer! (from curro, currere; to run)
Go!
    I! (from eo, ire; to go)
* ↑ In many cases, the vocative will be used with the imperative, unless the imperative is used in a conversation or at a reader, as in a letter or guide.

#### Questions

Write out:
* Love me, Octavia! (to love = amo, amare)
* Come to Rome! (to come = venio, venire; Rome = Roma, Romae, f.)

### Plural

To form the plural imperative in Latin, take the 2nd person plural present form of the verb (eg. amatis, sedetis, regitis, venitis) and replace the is at the end with e. The only exceptions to the rule are velle, malle (imperatives not used) and nolle (nolite). Ferre (ferte) and esse (este) are often considered irregular but applying the rule (fertis -> ferte, estis -> este) correctly forms the imperatives.
Go home, boys!
    Ite domum, pueri.
Stay, all of you!
    Manete, omnes!

#### Exercises

Write out:
* Take them, men! (to take = adripio, adripere)
* Fear me, children! (to fear = timeo, timere; children = liberi)

## Negative Imperative
### English

In English, we use the word "don't" for prohibitions, or negative imperatives. For example:
* Don't do it!
* Don't say that!

### Latin

Similarly, in Latin the negative imperative is formed with two words, the imperative of nolo, nolle and the infinitive.
Nolo by itself means "I do not want," but in its imperative it means "do not...!" Some teachers of Latin point out that literally you are saying "Be unwilling to ..." - a very polite way of giving an order!
Nolle is irregular, and its imperative forms are noli and nolite.

#### Examples

Do not fear me!
    Noli me timere!
Don't build the aqueduct there, soldiers!
    Nolite aquaeductum ibi aedificare, milites!
Don't wash the dog, boys!
    Nolite, pueri, canem lavare!

#### Exercises

* Don't cry, daughter! (to cry: fleo, flere)
* Don't hurt me, friends! (to hurt: vulnero, vulnerare)
* Don't go into the water, boys!
* Don't hurt them, soldiers! (them: use eos, masculine accusative plural of is, ea, id)
* Latin translation
* Latin translation
* Latin translation
* Latin translation
# Grsecurity/Troubleshooting

This page lists problems that might arise during deployment and usage of grsecurity.

## Policies generated by the Full System Learning mode are lumped under role default, subject /

The -F switch for gradm is important, without it the log is assumed to be a process or role-based learning log and results in a single role or single subject policy being generated. The correct invocation after a Full System Learning phase is: