OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scouting/BSA/Surveying Merit Badge
## Requirement 1

Show that you know first aid for the types of injuries that could occur while surveying, including cuts, scratches, snakebite, insect stings, tick bites, heat and cold reactions, and dehydration. Explain to your counselor why a surveyor should be able to identify the poisonous plants and poisonous animals that are found in your area.

## Requirement 2

Find and mark the corners of a five-sided lot that has been laid out by your counselor to fit the land available. Set an instrument over each of the corners and record the angle turned between each line and the distance measured between each corner, as directed by your counselor. With the assistance of the counselor, compute the error of closure from the recorded notes. The error of closure must not be more than 5 feet. From the corners, take compass readings or turn angles to trees, shrubs, and rocks and measure to them. All measurements should be made using instruments, methods, and accuracies consistent with current technology.

## Requirement 3

From the field notes gathered for requirement 2, draw to scale a map of your survey. Submit a neatly drawn copy.

## Requirement 4

Write a metes and bounds description for the five-sided lot in requirement 2.

## Requirement 5

Use one of the corner markers from requirement 2 as a benchmark with an assumed elevation of 100 feet. Using a level and rod, determine the elevation of the other four corner markers.

## Requirement 6

Get a copy of the deed to your property, or a piece of property assigned by your counselor, from the local courthouse or title agency.

## Requirement 7

Tell what GPS is; discuss with your counselor the importance of GPS and how it is changing the field of surveying.

## Requirement 8

Discuss the importance of surveying with a licensed surveyor. Also discuss the various types of surveying and mapping, and applications of surveying technology to other fields. Discuss career opportunities in surveying and related fields. Discuss qualifications and preparation for such a career.

## External links

* Surveying Merit Badge with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources.
* Earning Merit Badges in the Boy Scouts of America
* Professions and Trades
* Animal Science | Architecture | Automotive Maintenance | Dentistry | Drafting | Electronics | Engineering | Farm Mechanics | Game Design | Graphic Arts | Home Repairs | Journalism | Landscape Architecture | Law | Medicine | Metalwork | Plumbing | Programming | Public Health | Pulp and Paper | Salesmanship | Surveying | Textile | Truck Transportation | Veterinary Medicine | Woodwork
# Scouting/BSA/Sports Merit Badge
## Requirement 1

Show that you know first aid for and how to prevent injuries or illnesses that could occur while playing sports, including sprains, strains, contusions, abrasions, fractures, blisters, muscle cramps, dehydration, heat and cold reactions. injured teeth, nausea, and suspected injuries to the head, neck, and back.

## Requirement 2

Explain the importance of the following:
    A. The physical exam
    B. Maintaining good health habits, especially during training
    C. Maintaining a healthy diet

## Requirement 3

Discuss the following:
    A. The importance of warming up and cooling down
    B. The importance of weight training
    C. What an amateur athlete is and the differences between an amateur and a professional athlete
    D. The attributes (qualities) of a good sport, the importance of sportsmanship, and the traits of a good team leader and player who exhibits Scout spirit on and off the playing field

## Requirement 4

Take part for one season (or four months) as a competitive individual or as a member of an organized team in TWO of the following sports: baseball, basketball, bowling, cross-country, field hockey, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, water polo. Your counselor may approve in advance other recognized sports, but not any sport that is restricted and not authorized by the Boy Scouts of America. Then with your chosen sports do the following:
    A. Give the rules and etiquette for the two sports you picked.
    B. List the equipment needed for the two sports you chose. Describe the protective equipment and appropriate clothing (if any) and explain why it is needed.
    C. Draw diagrams of the playing areas for your two sports.

## Requirement 5

With guidance from your counselor, establish a personal training program suited to the activities you chose for requirement 4. Then do the following:
    A. Organize a chart to track your training, practice, and development in these sports for one season (or four months).
    B. Demonstrate proper technique for your two chosen sports.
    C. At the end of the season, share your completed chart with your counselor and discuss how your participation in the sports you chose has affected you mentally and physically.

## External links

* Sports Merit Badge with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources.
* How to Warm Up and Cool Down from the Mayo Clinic
* Earning Merit Badges in the Boy Scouts of America
* Sports and Outdoor Hobbies
* Archery | Athletics | Backpacking | Canoeing | Camping | Climbing | Cycling | Fishing | Gardening | Geocaching | Golf | Hiking | Horsemanship | Kayaking | Motorboating | Orienteering | Pioneering | Rifle Shooting | Rowing | Shotgun Shooting | Skating | Small-Boat Sailing | Snow Sports | Sports | Swimming | Water Sports | Whitewater | Wilderness Survival
# Portuguese Grammar/Basic grammar
## Morphology

* Noun
* Article
* Adjective
* Pronouns
** Tables
* Verb
** Tables
* Preposition
* Conjunction
* Interjection
* Word Formation
# Portuguese Grammar/More on History

* Romance Languages
* Iberia and Portuguese
* Around the World
# Portuguese Grammar/Noun

Noun is a word that names beings, things, places, qualities, actions or states. Portuguese noun inflect for gender and number.

## Gender

Portuguese has two genders: masculine and feminine. Gender classification is purely grammatical and it only matters when adding articles or Adjectives.
Besides the animate nouns, there is no strict rule for the gender. It is meaningless to say that, in Portuguese, a chair (cadeira) is feminine or a book (livro) is masculine. Compared to English, however, is a good feature of languages like Portuguse the more specific difference between a male friend (amigo) or a female friend (amiga).
The normal ending are -o for masculine and -a for feminine. This is not a general rule, however; actually, few nouns follow it.

## Noun classification

Due to its meaning or formation, the noun can be divided in several groups.

### Concrete and abstract nouns

A concrete noun refers to things that have independent existence. They can be real or not real, material or not material.
* água (water)
* Brasil (Brazil)
* círculo (circle)
* galinha (chicken)
* João (John)
* professor (teacher)
* repolho (cabbage)
A abstract noun refers to qualities, actions or states, independently of the things to which they are related.
* beleza (beauty)
* saudade
* calor (heat)
* vida (life)
* encontro (meeting)
* tamanho (size)
* condição
Sometimes a noun can be both, depending on the context.

### Common, proper, and collective nouns

A noun that refers to a specie is classified as common.
* arquivo (file)
* bananeira (banana tree)
* caixa (box)
* pessoa (person)
* vinho (wine)
A noun that refers to an individual being is classified as proper.
* Carlos (Charles)
* Lisboa (Lisbon)
* São Paulo
A noun that refer to a collectivity is classified as collective
* arquipélago (archipelago) - of islands
* assembléia (assembly) - of deputies
* exército (army) - of soldiers
# Portuguese Grammar/Crase
## Definition

Crase (from greek krâsis, "mixture", "blend") refers to the contraction of two vowels. In Portuguese, only two vowels "a" can make up a crase, the first "a" being the preposition a (to, at, in, for) and the second "a" must be the first character of the next word. This phenomenon occurs in the following situations:
* The preposition a before the definite article a ("the", feminine, regardless number);
* The preposition a before the determiners aquele, aquela or aquilo ("that"), regardless of gender and number.
Aquele is used to refer masculine words.
Aquela is used to refer feminine words.
Aquilo is like aquelas coisas ("those things").

## Notice

Sometimes the contraction with the article a occurs even when the next word is implicit/hidden. This situation happens when the hidden word is moda ("mode", "fashion"), maneira ("manner", "way"), a.s.o.

## Examples

1. Vou à festa de aniversário de Maria.
    I'm going to Mary's birthday party.
2. Diga àquele homem para parar de beber.
    Tell that man to stop drinking.
3. Saída à francesa.
    Exit without saying farewell. (An idiom; literally, "Exit in the French way / Exit à la French".)

## Explanation

The verb ir (to go, irregular) is constructed with the preposition a. Since the mentioned party (festa) is a specific party (Mary's), one uses the definite article. Festa is a feminine word so it receives the article a. This way:
    Vou a a festa → Vou à festa (a+a = à)

## Errors in using crase

Some people write à caminho, à não ser.
But this is not correct because caminho ("way") is a masculine word and não ("no", "not") and ser ("to be") are not nouns.
To be continued.
Author: Daniel Simas Barros
Edited by: Alexandre D. Almeida
# Portuguese Grammar/Grammar overview

Portuguese grammar is similar to the grammar of other Romance languages (or even English) and like them there is a strong latin structure that is always being reconstructed. The learner shall find archaic constructions being replaced by modern ones, mostly in colloquial language but even in formal and standard languages.
Firstly, we shall see that Portuguese has a flexible Subject-Verb-Object order, just like in English and there is no case declensation. Adjectives are generally placed after the noun. In some cases, there are some subtle differences in placing them after or before the noun, like in French.
The noun has singular and plural forms, but it is interesting to note that, unlike in English, the adjectives also are declinated. There are just two genders: masculine and feminine. The latin neuter gender was absorbed by the masculine one.
Portuguese verbs are slightly complicated, with lots of tenses and moods. There are also some tenses which are equivalent: like eu fizera and eu tinha feito (I had done).
Some peculiarities are remarkable. The Personal Infinitive verb conjugation is found in few languages, such as Gallician or Hungarian. Portuguese has also developed the Subjunctive mood in such way doesn't found in other Romance languages and is used even in familiar language. Although, the most special feature of this language is the nasals. The nasal vowels - very abundant - has developed in the same way as in French. But the nasal diphtongues found in no language but Portuguese, probably . Although these diphtongues - ão, õe - are difficult for foreigners to pronounce, there is usually no confusion if they are mispronouced.
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# Portuguese Grammar/Introduction

* About this Wikibook
* About Portuguese language
* About Portuguese speakers countries
* Grammar overview
# Portuguese Grammar/Pronouns

I - Eu You - Tu (informal in Brazil / informal in Portugal) / Você (informal in Brazil / formal in Portugal) He / She / It - Ele / Ela We - Nós You - Vós (formal in Brazil / informal in Portugal) / Vocês (informal in Brazil / formal in Portugal) They - Eles / Elas
Me - Me (without preposition) You - Te / Você (without preposition) Him / Her / It - O / A (without preposition) You – Vos / Vocês (without preposition) Us - Nos (without preposition) Them - Os / As (without preposition)
With + me - Comigo With + you - Contigo / Com você With + him / her / it - Com ele / Com ela With + us - Conosco With + you - Convosco / Com vocês With + them - Com eles / Com elas
To + him / her / it - Lhe To + them - Lhes
Me - Mim (with preposition) You - Ti / Você (with preposition) Him / Her / It - Ele / Ela (with preposition) Us - Nós (with preposition) Them - Eles / Elas (with preposition)
Of / From + her / him / it - dele / dela
* It's separated the preposition from the pronouns when the pronouns are the subject: I like her doing something – Eu gosto de ela fazendo algo.
* It uses a hyphen when the pronoun is after the verb.
# Portuguese Grammar/Article

There are eight words for the articles in Portuguese. They may be Definite or Idefinite, Masculine or Feminine and Singular or Plural.

## Definite article

The definite articles o, a, os, as correspond to the English definite article the.

## Indefinite article

The indefinite articles um, uma, uns, umas correspond to the English indefinite article a an. The singular set um, uma are also the Portuguese words for the numeral one.
# Portuguese Grammar/Contents
## Introduction

* About this Wikibook
* About Portuguese language
* About Portuguese speakers countries
* Grammar overview

## Alphabet & Phonology

* Alphabet
* Ortography
* Pronunciation
* Soft vowels
* International words

## Basic grammar
### Morphology

* Noun
* Article
* Adjective
* Pronoun: Tables
* Verb
** Verb: Tables
* Preposition
* Conjunction
* Interjection
* Word formation

### Syntax
## Advanced grammar

* Crase

## More on History

* Romance languages
* Iberia and Portuguese
* Around the World

## Variations

* Portuguese standard language vs. Brazilian standard language
* European Colloquial Portuguese
* Brazilian Colloquial Portuguese
* African Colloquial Portuguese
* Portuguese in East Timor
# Radiation Oncology/Radiochemistry

* Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable
* Radiochemistry includes the study of both natural and man-made radioisotopes
* Verena Pichler et al. J Nucl Med. 2018 Sep. An Overview of PET Radiochemistry, Part 1: The Covalent Labels 18 F, 11 C, and 13 N (PMID: 30042159)

## Radioactive Equilibrium

* Transient Equilibrium
* Secular Equilibrium

## Radioactive Series

* Thorium Series
* Neptunium Series
* Uranium Series
* Actiuranium Series

## Industrial Applications

* Albert Zeller et al. Chimia (Aarau). 2020. Radiochemical Applications in Industry - A Journey through Time with RC Tritec (PMID: 33357297)
# Radiation Oncology/Recent

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
# Radiation Oncology/Radiobiology/Radiosensitivity

* Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs, organisms, or other substances to the injurious action of radiation
* In general, it has been found that cell radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the rate of cell division and inversely proportional to the degree of cell differentiation
* The most radio-sensitive cells:
** High division rate
** High metabolic rate
** Non-specialized type
** Well nourished
# Radiation Oncology/Radiobiology/Radiosensitizer

Hypoxic radiosensitizers and hypoxic cytotoxins (PMID: 12871083):
# Radiation Oncology/Radiotherapeutic (Medical) Physics

Medical physics is a distinct field of its own, built upon a foundation of physics but focusing on application to medicine. Medical physics provides the technical foundations of radiology, radiation oncology, nuclear medicine, and radiation safety.
* Physics of Radiation Therapy
* Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning
* Radiation Therapy Treatment Techniques
* Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
* Proton Therapy
* Heavy Ion Therapy
# Radiation Oncology/Radiopharmaceuticals
## List of Nuclear Medicine Radiopharmaceuticals

* Calcium-47
* Carbon-11
* Carbon-14
* Chromium-51
* Cobalt-57
* Cobalt-58
* Erbium-169
* Fluorine-18
* Gallium-67
* Gallium-68
* Hydrogen-3
* Indium-111
* Iodine-123
* Iodine-125
* Iodine-131
* Iron-59
* Krypton-81m
* Lutetium-177
* Nitrogen-13
* Oxygen-15
* Phosphorus-32
* Radium-223
* Rubidium-82
* Samarium-153
* Selenium-75
* Sodium-22
* Sodium-24
* Strontium-89
* Technetium-99m
* Thallium-201
* Xenon-133
* Yttrium-90
# Practice Problems in LOLGraphics/Problem I - Calculator

Namer is a street cat from Beer Sheva, Israel. Like all street cats, it’s his dream to reach the Kingdom of Cats - a mansion with a beautiful garden on a floating island with everything a cat can ever wish for. However, not every cat is eligible to live in the Kingdom of Cats - cats have to first pass a test in LOLGraphics to be allowed to even enter the Kingdom. A cat that enters the Kingdom will feast with the King of Cats and then will pass another test in order to join the Order of the Tiger. Only members of the Order are allowed to live in the Kingdom of Cats.
Each year, a hot air balloon only visible to cats departs from a random city in the world. This year it departs from Istanbul. Namer left Beer Sheva towards the sea where he met a cat with a boat. The cat said that he doesn’t know how to program, and that he will take Namer free of charge if he programs a calculator in LOLGraphics for him. He also gave a page which reads as following:
   If you program a calculator in LOLGraphics for me, I will take you to Istanbul for free. My requirements for the LOLGraphics calculator are as following:
   First, the calculator should ask the user to enter two numbers, and then a mathematical operation (addition, subtraction, multination, division), and then it will print the result. For division, since LOLGraphics doesn’t support fractions, I want to see the integer result and the reminder. For 99/3 it will print 33 and 0, for 15/7 it will print 2 and 1.
# Practice Problems in LOLGraphics/Preface

This book is intended for readers who have finished reading Programming in LOLGraphics 3.4, and would like to practice their skills. In every chapter, the reader will be faced with a problem that needs to be solved in LOLGraphics, and then he will see the solution with detailed explanations on how the code works an which parts of it can be written differently. The book assumes that you are already familiar with how the language works. If you are not, please read “Programming in LOLGraphics 3.4”.
The book will focus on the journey of Namer the cat to the Kingdom of Cats. At every state of the journey he will be presented with a challenge which he has to solve using the LOLGraphics 3.4 programming language.
IMPORTANT: Just because your solution for one of the problems is different from the one presented in the book doesn’t mean that it’s wrong. There are multiple ways to solve every problem in the book which is why after every solution there’s also a list of alternative ways.
# Practice Problems in LOLGraphics/Problem II - Greek Numerals

Namer has successfully written a calculator in LOLGraphics and got a free ride to Istanbul. Near the port, he met a cat from the Order of the Tiger who said he will tell the way to the launch location if Namer can write a program in LOLGraphics that converts Arabic Numerals to Greek Numerals. He also gave a page that reads as following:
   In order to prove that you are worthy to see the hot air balloon of His Majesty King Battlecat III, you need to first write a code that converts Arabic Numerals to Greek Numerals. Here is a table of Greek Numerals (there are multiple variations, we will be using the modern one for typability):
   | Arabic | Greek | Greek | | | Arabic |
   | 1 | Αʹ | 10 | Ιʹ | 100 | Ρʹ | 1000 | ,Α |
   | 2 | Βʹ | 20 | Κʹ | 200 | Σʹ | 2000 | ,Β |
   | 3 | Γʹ | 30 | Λʹ | 300 | Τʹ | 3000 | ,Γ |
   | 4 | Δʹ | 40 | Μʹ | 400 | Υʹ | 4000 | ,Δ |
   | 5 | Εʹ | 50 | Νʹ | 500 | Φʹ | 5000 | ,Ε |
   | 6 | Ϛʹ | 60 | Ξʹ | 600 | Χʹ | 6000 | ,Ϛ |
   | 7 | Ζʹ | 70 | Οʹ | 700 | Ψʹ | 7000 | ,Ζ |
   | 8 | Ηʹ | 80 | Πʹ | 800 | Ωʹ | 8000 | ,Η |
   | 9 | Θʹ | 90 | Ϟʹ | 900 | Ϡʹ | 9000 | ,Θ |
   So the number 7777 will be written ,ΖΨʹΟʹΖʹ. Assume the number is smaller than 9999 but bigger than 1.
# Pragmalinguistic Peculiarities of English Slogan in Fashion Domain/Apendix

APENDIX Pragmalinguistic Peculiarities of English Slogan in Fashion Domain
Pragmalinguistic Peculiarities of English Slogan in Fashion Domain :
| Pragmatics of slogan can be realised: | Examples: |
| 1) in semantics of separate words in advertising slogan (one or several): | «Timeless seduction» («Agent Provocateur»), «Traditional New England style since 1876» («Bass» ), «For successful living» («Diesel»), «America’s original jeans since 1850» («Levi’s»), «The fashion made in Italy» (“Carella”), «It’s a process of self-discovery» (“Louis Vuitton”), «Philosophy of style» (“Alberta Ferretti”), «Forever Fendi» (“Fendi”), «New custom fits for women. It’s about shape not size. Curve it!» («Levi’s») , «Hello boys!» («Wonderbra»), «Lifts and separates» («Playtex»), «Timeless style for timeless occasions» («Phillips -Van Heusen») , «Gift 4 men» («Dsquared2» ), «Metropolitan casual, designed to eXXcite» («MEXX») , «50 years of fashion and design» («Pierre Cardin» ) , «60 years of creation» («Pierre Cardin»), «Impossible is nothing» («Adidas»), «Designed for sport, crafted for life» («Nike»), «Everything you need to make yourself» («Nike women»), «It’s:my: time. The next face of Benetton could be you» ( «Benetton» ), «I am what I am» («Reebok») , «A diamond is forever» ( «De Beers»), «Yes, it’s me» («Losi»), «Your fragrance – your rules» («HUGO BOSS»), «Eternity moment» - «One moment is enough for changing everything» ( «Kelvin Clein»), Arpege - «She’d love to spend Christmas in Arpege» («Lanvin»), «Dolce Vita» – «Еlixir of happiness» («Dior»), «Forever different» - «Karl Lagerfeld», «Miss Dior Cherie» – «The luxury of freedom» («Dior») ; |
| 2) based on semantics of imperative, which is advertising slogan: | «Be faster!» («Adidas»), «Be stupid!» («Diesel»), «Just do it!» («Nike»), «Let the average man be divine» («Levi’s»), «Join fashion!» («Zara»), «Be casual!»( «FINN FLARE»), «Get free!» («Gianfranco Ferre»), «Live unbuttoned» («Levi’s»), «Let the average man be divine» («Levi’s»), «Expect everything» («HUGO BOSS»), «Arpege» - «Promise her anything but give her Arpege» (« Lanvin»), «Run unleashed» («Nike»), «Be fast, be seen» («Nike»); |
| 3) based on background knowledge implied in slogan: | «Universe of fashion» («Chanel»), « DKNY» - «Love from New York» («Donna Karan» ) «Parfume # 1 of John Galliano» («John Galliano») , «Gucci connect» ( «Gucci»), «Adventure with geometry» («Chloe»), «Tree of life» («Etro»), «This country wasn’t built by men in suits» («Levi’s»), «Chloe loves Japan» («Chloe» ). |
# Practice Problems in LOLGraphics/Problem III - Byzantine Calendar

Namer has successfully written a program in LOLGraphics that converts numbers to Greek Numerals, and the cat from the Order of the Tiger has led him to the location of the hot air balloon that belongs to the Kingdom of Cats. There were other cats, and each got a computer and a page. The page read:
   Congratulations for reaching this far! Only one of you can get to the Kingdom of Cats, however, and in order to determine which one, each of you will try to write a program in LOLGraphics and the one who finishes first will proceed. Because we are standing on the site of former Constantinople, the problem is to write a code that converts Gregorian dates to Byzantine dates. The program will ask the user to enter the numbers of the current year, month, and say, and the program will print the year, name of month, and day according to the Byzantine Calendar.
   The Byzantine Calender is 13 days behind the Gregorian Calender so Byzantine January 1 is Gregorian January 14. Also the Byzantine New Year is on September 1 (Gregorian September 14) not January. Another thing to put attention on is the years. Gregorian September 1, 2027 is Byzantine August 19, 7525. Gregorian September 14, 2027 is Byzantine September 1, 7526.