OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Aggron
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 306
* Johto Index: 306
* Hoenn Index: 72
* Stage: Stage 2
* Height: 2.1m/6'11"
* Weight: 360kg/794.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Sturdy/Rock Head
* Type: Steel/Rock
* Species: Iron Armor
* Egg Group: Monster
* Hatch Steps: 8960
* Catch Rate: 45
* Base Experience: 205
* Max Experience: 1250000
* Hold Item in Advance: Hard Stone:5%
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 70 | 110 | 180 | 50 | 60 | 60 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 344 | 350 | 504 | 218 | 240 | 240 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are very good on Aggron: Fighting, Ground Move types which are good on Aggron: Water Move types which are bad on Aggron: Bug, Dark, Dragon, Ghost, Ice, Psychic, Rock Move types which are bad on Aggron: Flying, Normal Move types which don't effect Aggron: Poison

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire/ Emerald/ XD/ Colosseum | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Tackle Harden Mud-Slap Headbutt | Tackle Harden Mud-Slap Headbutt |
| 4 | Harden | Harden |
| 7 | Mud-Slap | Mud-Slap |
| 10 | Headbutt | Headbutt |
| 13 | Metal Claw | Metal Claw |
| 17 | Iron Defense | Iron Defense |
| 21 | Roar | Roar |
| 25 | Take Down | Take Down |
| 29 | Iron Tail | Iron Tail |
| 37 | Protect | Protect |
| 50 | Metal Sound | Metal Sound |
| 63 | Double-Edge | Double-Edge |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Aerial Ace, Attract, Blizzard, Brick Break, Cut, Dig, Double Team, Dragon Claw, Earthquake, Facade, Fire Blast, Flamethrower, Focus Punch, Frustration, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Ice Beam, Iron Tail, Protect, Rain Dance, Rest, Return, Roar, Rock Smash, Rock Tomb, Sandstorm, Secret Power, Shock Wave, Solarbeam, Strength, Sunny Day, Surf, Taunt, Thunder, Thunderbolt, Toxic, Water Pulse

### Evolution

* RS/FL: Body Slam, Endeavor, Smellingsalt, Stomp

## Trading Cards

* EX Ruby and Sapphire #1 - Aggron
* EX Sandstorm #95 - Aggron EX
* EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua #7 - Team Magma's Aggron
| Basic: Aron | Stage 1: Lairon | Stage 2: Aggron |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Aipom

National Pokédex:

## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 190
* Johto Index: 122
* Hoenn Index: 335
* Stage: Basic
* Height: 0.8m/2'7"
* Weight: 11.5kg/25.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Run Away/Pickup
* Type: Normal
* Species: Long Tail
* Egg Group: Ground
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 45
* Base Experience: 94
* Max Experience: 800000
* Hold Item in Advance: none
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | 55 | 70 | 55 | 85 | 40 | 55 |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 55 | 70 | 55 | 85 | 40 | 55 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | 313 | 238 | 208 | 268 | 178 | 208 |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 314 | 262 | 229 | 295 | 196 | 229 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are good on Aipom: Fighting Move types which don't effect Aipom: Ghost
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Aipom.

## Moveset

| Level | Gold / Silver | Crystal | Ruby / Sapphire Emerald XD / Colosseum | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Scratch Tail Whip | Scratch Tail Whip | Scratch Tail Whip | Scratch Tail Whip |
| 6 | Sand-Attack | Sand-Attack | Sand-Attack | Sand-Attack |
| 12 | Baton Pass | Baton Pass | - | - |
| 13 | - | - | Astonish | Astonish |
| 18 | - | - | Baton Pass | Baton Pass |
| 19 | Fury Swipes | Fury Swipes | - | - |
| 25 | - | - | Tickle | Tickle |
| 27 | Swift | Swift | - | - |
| 31 | - | - | Fury Swipes | Fury Swipes |
| 36 | Screech | Screech | - | - |
| 38 | - | - | Swift | Swift |
| 43 | - | - | Screech | Screech |
| 46 | Agility | Agility | - | - |
| 50 | - | - | Agility | Agility |

### TM/HM

* GS/C/RS/FL: Attract, Cut, Double Team, Frustration, Hidden Power, Iron Tail, Protect, Rest, Return, Rock Smash, Shadow Ball, Strength, Sunny Day, Thief, Thunder, Toxic
* C/RS/FL: Thunderbolt
* GS/C: Curse, Defense Curl, Detect, Dream Eater, Dynamicpunch, Endure, Fire Punch, Fury Cutter, Headbutt, Ice Punch, Mud-Slap, Nightmare, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger, Swift, Thunderpunch, Zap Cannon
* RS/FL: Aerial Ace, Brick Break, Dig, Facade, Focus Punch, Rain Dance, Secret Power, Shock Wave, Snatch, Solarbeam, Taunt, Water Pulse

### Breeding

* GS/C/RS/FL: Agility, Beat Up, Counter, Doubleslap, Pursuit, Screech, Slam, Spite

## Trading Cards

* Neo Genesis #26 - Aipom
* Neo Revelation #41 - Aipom
* Aquapolis #67 - Aipom
# Organizational Behavior and Change Management
## Contents

* Cover and interwiki links
* Unit 1
* Author(s)
# Origami
## Contents

* Introduction

### Techniques

* Yoshizawa-Randlett system
* Practice
* Model bases

### Types

* Action Origami
* Pureland Origami
* Modular Origami
* Iso-Area Folding
* Wet Folding
* Standard Origami
* Paper Fundamentals
* Paperfolders
# Origami/Folders
## Eminent Paperfolders and Origami Book Authors

* David Brill
* Max Hulme
* Tomoko Fuse
* Robert J. Lang
* Jun Maekawa
* John Montroll
* Joseph Wu
* Akira Yoshizawa
* Satoshi Kamiya
* Anibal Voyer
* Fernando Gilgado
* Manuel Sirgo
* Michael laFosse
* Dave Venables
# Origami/Techniques/Yoshizawa-Randlett system

Many origami books begin with a description of basic origami techniques which are used to construct the models. The folds are normally described using the Yoshizawa-Randlett diagramming system. There are two main types of origami symbol, lines and arrows. The arrows show how the paper is bent or moved. Lines show various types of edges:
* A thick line for the edge of the paper
* A dashed line for a valley fold
* A dashed and dotted line for mountain folds (there may be one or two dots per dash depending on the author)
* A thin line for a previous fold
* A dotted line for a previous fold that's hidden, or sometimes a fold that's not yet made.

## Paper representation

* Side color
* Crease
* Invisible line

## Operations

* Valley fold
* Mountain fold
* Fold and unfold valley
* Fold and unfold mountain
* Pleat fold
* Pull
* Inside crimp fold
* Outside crimp fold
* Inside reverse fold
* Outside reverse fold
* Open
* Sink
* Inflate
* Roll
* Cut
* Repeat action

## View

* Rotate
* Turn over
* Zoom in
* Zoom out
There are some symbols that have been used by some authors but are not accepted into the Yoshizawa-Randlett system. Robert Lang has introduced a “view from here” symbol that looks like an eye which has proven to be very useful, especially with his signature three-dimensional models.
* View from here
Several different methods have been introduced to point out to the folder to pay attention to a certain spot; these range from a letter or number to a circle, dot, or other geometric symbol.

## References

* ↑ Peter Engel (1989). Origami from Anglefish to Zen. Dover. p. 8. ISBN 978-0486-28138-4.
# Origami/Types/Action Origami

Action Origami covers still-life and there are also moving objects; Origami can move in clever ways. Action origami includes origami that flies, requires inflation to complete, or, when complete, uses the kinetic energy of a person's hands, applied at a certain region on the model, to move another flap or limb. Some argue that, strictly speaking, only the latter is really "recognized" as action origami. Action origami, first appearing with the traditional Japanese flapping bird, is quite common. One example is Robert Lang's instrumentalists; when the figures' heads are pulled away from their bodies, their hands will move, resembling the playing of music.
* Airplane
* Crane
* Boat
* Fortune teller
* Frog
* Windmill
* Chicken
* Box
* Spring
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Floatzel
## Base Statistics

A water type

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Floatzel: grass, electric Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Floatzel: fire, water, ice, steel
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Floragato
## Description

A green catlike like Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A grass type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Floragato: fire, ice, poison, flying, bug Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Floragato: water, grass, electric, ground

## How to Evolve

Floragato evolves from Sprigatito and evolves into Meowscrada.

## Notes

Introduced in Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Fomantis
## Description

A small mantis-like Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Grass type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Fomantis: fire, ice, poison, flying, bug Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Fomantis: water, grass, electric, ground
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Forretress
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 205
* Johto Index: 94
* Hoenn Index: 348
* Stage: Stage 1
* Height: 1.2m/3'11"
* Weight: 125.8kg/277.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Sturdy
* Type: Bug/Steel
* Species: Bagworm
* Egg Group: Bug
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 75
* Base Experience: 118
* Max Experience: 1000000
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | 75 | 90 | 140 | 40 | 60 | 60 |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 75 | 90 | 140 | 40 | 60 | 60 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | 353 | 278 | 378 | 178 | 218 | 218 |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 354 | 306 | 416 | 196 | 240 | 240 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Types which are very good on Forretress: Fire Types which are bad on Forretress: Bug, Dark, Dragon, Ghost, Ice, Normal, Psychic, Steel Types which are very bad on Forretress: Grass Types which don't effect Forretress: Poison
All other types are normal effectiveness on Forretress

## Moveset

| Level | Gold / Silver | Crystal | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Tackle Protect Selfdestruct | Tackle Protect Selfdestruct | Tackle Protect Selfdestruct | Tackle Protect Selfdestruct |
| 8 | Self-Destruct | Self-Destruct | Selfdestruct | Selfdestruct |
| 15 | Take Down | Take Down | Take Down | Take Down |
| 22 | Rapid Spin | Rapid Spin | Rapid Spin | Rapid Spin |
| 29 | Bide | Bide | Bide | Bide |
| 31 | - | - | - | Zap Cannon |
| 39 | Explosion | Explosion | Explosion | Explosion |
| 49 | Spikes | Spikes | Spikes | Spikes |
| 59 | Double-Edge | Double-Edge | Double-Edge | Double-Edge |

### TM/HM

* GS/C/RS/FL: Attract, Double Team, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Protect, Rest, Return, Rock Smash, Sandstorm, Solarbeam, Strength, Sunny Day, Toxic
* GS/C: Curse, Defense Curl, Endure, Headbutt, Rollout, Sleep Talk, Snore, Swagger, Sweet Scent
* RS/FL: Dig, Earthquake, Facade, Light Screen, Reflect, Secret Power

### Evolution

* GS/C/RS/FL: Flail, Pin Missile, Reflect, Swift
* RS/FL: Counter, Sand Tomb

## Trading Cards

* Neo Discovery #2 - Forretress
* Neo Discovery #21 - Forretress
* Neo Destiny #35 - Dark Forretress
* Skyridge #H8 - Forretress
* Skyridge #9 - Forretress
* Skyridge #56 - Forretress
* EX Dragon #28 - Forretress
| Basic: Pineco | Stage 1: Forretress | (No Stage 2) |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Foongus
## Description

A mushroom-like Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Grass and Poison type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Foongus: fire, ice, flying, psychic Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Foongus: water, electric, fighting, fairy Moves that deal 25% of their damage to Foongus: grass
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Florges
## Description

A flowerlike Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Fairy type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Florges: poison, steel Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Florges: fighting, bug, dark Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Florges: dragon
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Floette
## Description

A flowerlike Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Fairy type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Floette: poison, steel Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Floette: fighting, bug, dark Moves that deal 0% of their damage to Floette: dragon
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Fly
## In Battle

When in battle, a Pokémon flies up, causing the opponent's Pokémon's attack to miss.
Then on your next turn the Pokémon flies down and attacks the opponent's Pokémon, causing serious damage.

## Overworld Use

Prior to generation 7, this move enables the player to quickly fly to any town visited when out of battle. In these generations Fly was often taught by an HM, letting it be reused multiple times.
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Flygon
## Basic Statistics

* National Index: 330
* Johto Index: 330
* Hoenn Index: 118
* Stage: Stage 2
* Height: 2m/6'7"
* Weight: 82kg/181.0lb
* Gender Distribution: 50% Male
* Ability: Levitate
* Type: Ground/Dragon
* Species: Mystic
* Egg Group: Bug
* Hatch Steps: 5120
* Catch Rate: 45
* Base Experience: 197
* Max Experience: 1059860
| | HP | Attack | Defense | Speed | Special Attack | Special Defense |
| Base Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Base Stats (RS/FL/E) | 80 | 100 | 80 | 100 | 80 | 80 |
| Base Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (BW/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (XY/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Base Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (RB/Y) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (GS/C) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Max Stats (RS/FL/E) | 364 | 328 | 284 | 328 | 284 | 284 |
| Max Stats (DP/PT/HGSS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (B/W/B2W2) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (X/Y/ORAS) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (SM/USUM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Max Stats (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Effort Points (Sword/Shield/BDSP) | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Type Matching

Move types which are very good on Flygon: Ice Move types which are good on Flygon: Dragon Move types which are bad on Flygon: Fire, Poison, Rock Move types which don't effect Flygon: Electric
All other move types are normal effectiveness on Flygon.
Note: Ground moves do not hit flygon since flygon has the levitate ability.

## Moveset

| Level | Ruby / Sapphire | Fire Red / Leaf Green |
| Start | Bite Sand-Attack Faint Attack Sand Tomb | Bite Sand-Attack Faint Attack Sand Tomb |
| 9 | Sand-Attack | Sand-Attack |
| 17 | Faint Attack | Faint Attack |
| 25 | Sand Tomb | Sand Tomb |
| 33 | Crunch | Crunch |
| 35 | Dragonbreath | Dragonbreath |
| 41 | Screech | Screech |
| 53 | Sandstorm | Sandstorm |
| 65 | Hyper Beam | Hyper Beam |

### TM/HM

* RS/FL: Attract, Dig, Double Team, Dragon Claw, Earthquake, Facade, Fire Blast, Flamethrower, Fly, Frustration, Giga Drain, Hidden Power, Hyper Beam, Iron Tail, Protect, Rest, Return, Rock Smash, Rock Tomb, Sandstorm, Secret Power, Solarbeam, Steel Wing, Strength, Sunny Day, Toxic

### Evolution

* RS/FL: Focus Energy, Gust, Quick Attack

## Trading Cards

* EX Dragon #4 - Flygon
* EX Dragon #15 - Flygon
| Basic: Trapinch | Stage 1: Vibrava | Stage 2: Flygon |
# Pokémon/Pokédex/Fraxure
## Description

A bipedal Pokémon.

## Base Statistics

A Dragon type Pokémon.

## Type Matching

Moves that deal 200% of their damage to Fraxure: ice, dragon, fairy Moves that deal 50% of their damage to Fraxure: fire, water, grass, electric
# Pinyin/Something

Search Pinyin something

## Pronoun

* something: a thing that is not known or mentioned by name
** mooushihwuh: bu zhidaoh huoh tirdaoh mirngzih d dong'xi
# Pinyin/Soul

Search Pinyin soul
# Pinyin/Song Fan

See also
# Pinyin/Some people

Search Pinyin people
Some people
Some people, have cold appearance, but have a hot heart.
Some people, have hot appearance, but have a cold heart.
Some people, open their heart, show laughters to joys and sorrows.
Some people, close their heart, lock up all happiness, anger and sadness.
yooude rern
yooude rern, waihbiaao leengmoh, dahn neihxin chihreh.
yooude rern, waihbiaao rehqirng, dahn neihxin bingleeng.
yooude rern, baa xin daakai, xiaoh duih rernsheng d beihuanlirher.
yooude rern, baa xin guanshahng, suoozhuh suooyoou d xiinuh'aileh.
# Pinyin/Song

See also
# Pinyin/Sound
## Noun

* a sound is something that you can hear.
** shengyin shih kee tingdaoh d dong'xi.
# Pinyin/Somebody

See also

## Noun

* somebody is a person who is not known or mentioned by name.
** moourern shih bu zhidaoh huoh tirdaoh mirngzi d rern.
# Physics with Calculus/Introduction/For Engineers

    "Mathematics is the mortar of the bricks of Physics. Engineering is the house they build" - Unknown
Physics, especially calculus-based physics, is integral to the solving of engineering problems. Without understanding the relationships between current and voltage, electrical engineers are unable to solve problems to do with power. Civil engineers use density and volume to find the weight of an object. Mechanical engineers rely heavily on dynamics in everything they do, which in turn is deeply rooted in differential equations and parameterization.
There are many more examples of the use of physics in the world of engineering, and we can then think of engineering as a mix between applied physics and applied mathematics.
The text will try to provide an application to real world problems within the context of engineering, from a calculus-based approach. The mathematics of engineering will be referred to in parts, and it is expected that those engineering students who are readers of the book have at least a basic grasp of both calculus and simple algebra.
# Physics with Calculus/Electromagnetism/Gauss' Law
## Basic Theory

Gauss' Law relates the amount of charge contained within a volume to the electric flux passing through the surface of that volume. It was developed by Carl Fredric Gauss, an 18th century mathematician. Electric flux can only truly be described by mathematics, but has an intuitive meaning as well. Essentially, electric flux is the amount of 'electric field' going through a surface. Think of a cage which is immersed in a flowing river, where the cage is meshed so that the water runs through it fairly unabated. The 'flux' is the amount of water passing through the cage's surface at any one moment. For this discussion we shall not concern ourselves with electric fields which change in time, so consider the electric flux to be constant in time.
When using Gauss' law we create something called a "Gaussian surface", or just the "Gaussian". A Gaussian is an imaginary surface which is completely enclosed.
Electric Flux (Flux: field line flow) Φ: how much field passes through a surface S. Uniform Field (parallel field lines) Φ=E A cos (theta) Where theta is the angle measured between direction of field lines and direction for the normal to the surface.
where F is a vector field, dA is the area element of the surface S, directed as the surface normal, and Φf is the resulting flux. For a surface that encloses the field generator
Gauss' Law
where $\mathbf {E}$ is the electric field, $d\mathbf {A}$ is the area of a differential square on the closed surface $S$ with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction, $\mathrm {Q} _{A}$ is the charge enclosed by the surface, $\rho$ is the charge density at a point in $V$, $\epsilon _{o}$ is the permittivity of free space and $\oint _{S}$ is the integral over the surface $S$ enclosing volume $V$.
# Physics with Calculus/Introduction/For Biologists

Living organisms are part of the physical world. The science of Biology depends upon physics and chemistry in many ways. When a chimpanzee uses its eyes, photons interact with molecules in the retina to trigger chemical reactions inside cells. The light-induced chemical changes lead to the movement of ions across cell membranes and the propagation of electrical signals along axons leading into the brain from the eyes. For vision, most animals are mainly dependent upon light that comes to the Earth from the nearest star. The photopigments in our eyes have been selected through the process of evolution to efficiently interact with just those colors of light that predominate in sunlight.
A fruit tree can capture the energy of photons and convert that energy into chemical energy that is stored in sugar molecules. When a chimpanzee eats, food molecules become available as sources of energy inside cells for purposes like pumping ions across cell membranes. These pumped ions make possible the electrical signals of neurons that allow a chimpanzee to be consciously aware of what it sees. Most life on Earth depends on the conversion of matter to energy by fusion reactions inside the sun.
Atoms such as iron that are required for the normal function of our cells were produced by nuclear reactions inside stars many billions of years ago. Many powerful tools for biology research depend on technologies that rely on the work of physicists. Scanning laser microscopes allow us to probe the structure of cells by making use of the physical fact that certain particles such as photons can be packed densely into the same physical space. Brain scanning techniques rely upon nuclear disintegrations or the magnetic properties of atoms. There is no real boundary between physics and biology; some scientists work in hybrid fields such as biophysics. It is often convenient to specialize in either biology or physics, but ultimately the results biology and physics must be consistent.
As a biology major, you are aware of the idea that human understandings of life have changed dramatically during recorded history and continue to change. It is only relatively recently that biological evolution could be understood in terms of mutations in DNA molecules. In the history of the study of life there was a dramatic conceptual reorientation from the idea that biological species were fixed forms to the current view of living organisms as dynamically evolving forms. Similarly, physics has undergone such conceptual revolutions. We now know that conservation of energy and conservation of mass do not hold when there is conversion between energy and mass. However, in biology there are many situations where it is still useful to make use of ideas like conservation of energy and conservation of mass. In Part I, we start our exploration of physics with these fundamental physical concepts.
Physics: Calculus-based