OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Macroeconomics/Macroeconomic Objectives
## Macroeconomic objectives

Broadly, the objective of macroeconomic policies is to maximize the level of national income, providing economic growth to raise the utility and standard of living of participants in the economy. There are also a number of secondary objectives which are held to lead to the maximization of income over the long run. While there are variations between the objectives of different national and international entities, most follow the ones detailed below:
* Sustainability - a rate of growth which allows an increase in living standards without undue structural and environmental difficulties. 'Economic growth' will be studied later on in this book.
* Full employment - where those who are able and willing to have a job can get one, given that there will be a certain amount of frictional, seasonal and structural unemployment (referred to as the natural rate of unemployment).
* Price stability - when prices remain largely stable, and there is not rapid inflation or deflation. Price stability is not necessarily the same as zero inflation, but instead steady levels of low-moderate inflation is often regarded as ideal. It is worth noting that prices of some goods and services often fall as a result of productivity improvements during periods of inflation, as inflation is only a measure of general price levels. However, inflation is a good measure of 'price stability'. Zero inflation is often undesirable in an economy. ("Internal Balance" is used to describe a level of economic activity that results in full employment with no inflation.)
* External Balance - equilibrium in the Balance of payments without the use of artificial constraints. That is, the value of exports being roughly equal to the value of imports over the long run.
* Equitable distribution of income and wealth - a fair share of the national 'cake', more equitable than would be in the case of an entirely free market. Like the other economic objectives, the distribution of income is a partly subjective or normative issue
* Increasing Productivity - more output per unit of labour per hour. Also, since labor is but one of many inputs to produce goods and services, it could also be described as output per unit of factor inputs per hour.
* Trade Equilibrium - equilibrium in the Balance of payments without the use of artificial constraints. That is, exports roughly equal to imports over the long run.

### Further Reading

* Economic Growth
* Full Employment
* Inflation
* Balance of Payments
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Applications of Non-Linear Systems

Applications of Non Linear systems
* Lyapunov Stability of a System With Polynomial Dynamics
* Global Minimum of Polynomial via SOS Method
* Local Minimum of Polynomial via SOS Method
* Global Lyapunov Function Search for System with Polynomial Dynamics
* Stability of Switching Systems - Arbitrary Switching
* Chebyshev Polynomials
* Control of Rational Systems using Linear-fractional Representations and Linear Matrix Inequalities*
# IB Psychology/Experimental Assessment/Paper 2

Paper 2 is the recall of Jen Langford’s notes... although it is a strenuous process it’s very achievable
# IB Psychology

This Wikibook is for the old syllabus, until it has been updated please refer to links below for the new 2011 syllabus
IB Psych Revision Blog for 2011 syllabus
Crane's Edublog
taken from IB Wikipedia Page:
The IB syllabus in psychology contains four main parts. The first part is concerned with the perspectives, the second part with the options, the third part with research methodology and finally all students have to carry out their own experimental study. There are three main perspectives, the biological, the cognitive and the learning. In addition to that higher level students also study the humanistic perspective. The options include comparative psychology, cultural psychology, psychology of dysfunctional behavior, health psychology, developmental psychology, sport psychology, human relationships, lifespan psychology, psychodynamic psychology and social psychology. Students at higher level study two options whereas standard level students study only one.
Each of the perspectives should be explored using the following four compulsory topics:
* development and cultural contexts
* framework
* methodologies
* application.
The aims of the psychology course at HL and at SL are to:
* interpret and/or conduct psychological research to apply the resulting knowledge for the benefit of human beings
* ensure that ethical practices and responsibilities are implemented in psychological inquiry
* develop an understanding of the biological, social and cultural influences on human behavior
* develop an understanding of different theoretical processes that are used to interpret behavior, and to be aware of how these processes lead to the construction and evaluation of psychological theories
* develop an awareness of how applications of psychology in everyday life are derived from psychological theories
* develop an appreciation of the eclectic nature of psychology
* understand and/or use diverse methods of psychological inquiry.
First, students must choose an experiment to replicate. When conducting the experiment, the IB demands that certain ethical guidelines be followed.[4] After the experiment has been completed, a written report must be produced detailing the experiment. The external assessment, which is administered in May or November, is the second component of the IB Psychology SL exam. The test is divided into two parts, which are referred to as "papers". Using the internal and external assessment, the IB calculates a grade value of one through seven. A score of four is considered passing; a score of seven is considered outstanding.

## Table of Contents

    Biological Level
    Cognitive Level
    Sociocultural Level
# Nicaragua

* The first meter stamps appeared in 1939.
* All stamps are inscribed “NICARAGUA”.
1. Universal “MultiValue” (MV), 1939. [$5]
    Upright frank with “CORREOS/ NICARAGUA” in cloud-like frame at top and ‘mountain’ coat of arms in frame at bottom.
    With large “¢” in panels at sides.
    Without identification number.
    TM: DC or nil
    V/F: 00
2. Pitney Bowes “DM” (LV-21), 1954. [$5]
    Small frank without outer frame line inscribed “CORREOS de NICARAGUA” across top of TM and value box.
    Triangular coat of arms between TM and value box.
    "PERM." at lower left outside town mark
    License number with “P.B.” prefix below coat of arms.
    TM: SC
    Values: 0.00
3. Pitney Bowes-GB “5000” (MV).
    Similar to Type 2 but much wider and with head of bull in wreath beneath triangular coat of arms between TM and frank.
    “CORREOS/ REPUBLICA DE’ NICARAGUA” stacked above value box which is open at left and has “A.C.” breaking bottom line.
    License number with “P.B.” prefix.
                                                    A.TM: DC
                                                    B.TM: square with rounded corners
                                                 V/F: ≋0.00
4. Pitney Bowes-GB “5000” (MV).
    “NICARAGUA” and inner frame line above value figures.
    Coat of arms within double circle.
    Double frame line at left with wavy line field within.
    License number with “PB” prefix between coat of arms and bottom frame line.
    TM: square with rounded corners
    V/F: ≋0.00
5. Pitney Bowes-GB “6300” (MV).
    Similar to Type 4 but the date and value figures are on the same level.
    The coat of arms is smaller, and the inner frame line is below the value figures rather than above.
    License number with “PB” prefix.
    TM: square with rounded corners.
    V/F: ≋0.00
6. Francotyp “Cc” (MV).
    Large coat of arms at right of value figures with country name at top left.
    License number with “F” prefix in lower left corner.
    TM: double squares with rounded corners.
    V/F: ◆00.00
                                                             a. printed in black
7. Satas (MV).
    Small upright frank with single line simulated perforation border.
    "CORREOS" curved below value figures.
    License number at bottom with "C.N." prefix.
    Hour figure between town mark and frank.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 0000 or ★000
8. Pitney Bowes-GB "A900" or "B900” (MV).
    Open design without outer frame lines except at right and bottom.
    "CORREOS DE NICARAGUA" across top, four parallel vertical wavy lines at right.
    License number with "P.B.PERM." prefix at bottom.
    Outline map of country between town mark and value figures.
    TM: DC
                                                 V/F: ≋00.00
# Niger

* Until 1960 Niger was included in FRENCH WEST AFRICA. See that country for meter stamps issued before 1960.
* All stamps contain “REPUBLIQUE DU NIGER” in the frank.
1. Satas “R” (MV), 1960. [$10]
    Upright rectangle with single-line simulated perforation border open at the sides.
    “REPUBLIQUE/ DU NIGER” at top, “POSTES” curved at bottom with M# below.
    Date figures without stops.
    M# with “SR” prefix.
    TM: SC
    V/F: ★000
                                                 2. Satas “J” (MV). [$7.50]
                                                 Similar in appearance to Type 1.
                                                 Date figures tall.
                                                 M# with “SJ” prefix.
                                                 TM: SC
                                                 V/F: ★00
3. Secap (MV). [$20]
    Possibly a Post Office stamp.
    Date figures without stops.
    Hour figure outside TM circle at left.
    “N1” prefix without meter number.
    V/F: 0000
4. Havas “P” (MV). [$10]
    Date figures without stops.
    M# with “P” prefix.
    TM: SC
    V/F: ★00
5. Havas “T” (MV). [$10]
    Date figures short with stops after D and between M and Y.
    M# with “T” prefix.
    TM: SC
    V/F: ★00
6. Satas “SP” (MV).
    Probably a Post Office Stamp.
    Very similar to earlier stamp types but with time of day added between the town mark and frank.
    M# with "SP" prefix.
    Date figures tall.
    TM: SC
    V/F: ★000
7. Neopost "Electronic” (MV).
    Frank wider than tall, with straight frame lines.
    M# with "BUR" prefix. One example seen, BUR 006.
    TM: DC
    V/F: ≋000
# Niue

* Meter stamps from this adhesive-stamp issuing country have not been seen or reported.
# Kazakhstan

* The country was a region of the former Soviet Union and became an independent country in 1991.
* All stamps are inscribed “КАЗАХСТАН” or are without country inscription and have Kazakhstani town mark.
* The stamps are grouped according to period:
       A - Provisional issues without country inscription in the frank or with old Soviet Union identification ("CCCP") but modified in a way that indicates the change in status
       B - Inscribed “КАЗАХСТАН”
NOTE: Many former Soviet Union stamps were used without alteration after independence.

## GROUP A: Provisional issues without political inscription

A1. Perm (MV). [$10]
    Upright octagon with value box in center.
    Star containing hammer and sickle at top, “ПОЧТА” stacked at left, blank at right and bottom.
    Value figures stacked, and date figures vertical.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 000
A2. Perm (MV). [$10]
    As Type A1 but blank at top.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 000
A3. Perm (MV). [$10]
    Upright octagon with double line border.
    “ПОЧТА” at bottom and “K” at right side and possibly at left as well.
    Date and value figures are horizontal.
    No inner box around value figures.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 000

## GROUP B: Inscribed “КАЗАХСТАН”

B1. Perm (MV). [$20]
    Upright octagon with star at top, “ПОЧТА” stacked at left and “КАЗАХСТАНА” stacked at right.
    Value figures stacked, and date figures vertical.
                                                                                        A.“КОП” at bottom
                                                                                        B.“РУБ” at bottom
    TM: SC
    V/F: 000
NOTE: Type B1 is an error of sorts. The Soviet star at top (hard to see in this scan) was not removed during the conversion from Soviet to Kazakh administration.
B2. Perm (MV). [$10]
    Upright octagon with “ПОЧТА” at top, “РЕСПУБЛИКА” at left and “КАЗАХСТАН” at right.
    Value figures stacked, and date figures vertical.
                                                                                        A. “ТИЫН” at bottom
                                                                                        B. “РУБ” at bottom
    TM: SC
    V/F: 000
                                                                                        a. Small “ТИЫН” at bottom
B3. Perm (MV).
    Upright rectangle with rounded corners.
    Post horn at top, “ҚАЗАҚСТАН” stacked at left, “ПОЧТАСЫ” stacked at right.
    "АЛМАТЫ" (Almaty, the largest city) at bottom.
    Value figures stacked, and date figures vertical.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 000
B4. Francotyp-Postalia (digital), 2007 or earlier.
    Rectangular frank with thick simulated perforation outer border. (The upper border line does not show in the accompanying image.)
    Inscribed at top “КАЗАКСТАН” / “ПОЧТАСЫ”.
    The meter number with "FP" prefix breaks the bottom frame line.
    TM: SC with inner frame around the date.
    V/F: 00000
# Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea)

Postage meters are not known used in North Korea. Non-metered ‘postage paid’ hand stamps that have some resemblance to meter stamps are known. Examples shown below. Found in both red and purple.
# Laos

* The first meter was installed in 1992.
* Only one design is known, with country inscription “Poste Lao”.
* See FRENCH INDOCHINA for issues before 1992.
1. Satas (MV), 1992. [$10]
    Inscribed in Laotian at top and with “Poste Lao” at bottom.
    Without meter number.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 0000
# Kyrgyzstan

* The country was a region of the former Soviet Union and became an independent country in 1991.
* The earliest date known for a meter stamp with distinctive Kyrgyzstan inscription is 1997. The one stamp seen is inscribed “КЫРГЫЗ РЕСПУБ” (Kyrgyz Republic).
* Meter stamps with former Soviet Union markings are known used without alteration after independence.
1. Perm (MV).
    Upright octagon with inner box around value figures.
    “ПОЧТА” (Post) at top and “ТЫЙЫН” (tyiyn - Kyrgyzstan currency) at bottom.
    Country name “КЫРГЫЗ / РЕСПУБ” (Kyrgyz Republic) stacked at sides.
    Date vertical, and value figures stacked.
    TM: SC
    V/F: 000
2. Perm (MV).
    Horizontal rectangle with panels at top and bottom.
    The top panel contains the country name in both Cyrillic and Western alphabets.
    The bottom panel contains “ПОЧТА”.
    Horizontal bottom panel lines are broken by "COM" (som - Kyrgyzstan currency) at top and the meter number at bottom.
    Meter number with "ПП" prefix.
    TM: SC with bars above and below the date
    V/F: 0000
# Kiribati

* Meter stamps from this adhesive-stamp issuing country have not been reported.
# Learning Clojure/Calling Java

* (. instance method args*)
* (. class method args*)
The special form . also known as host, invokes a public Java method or retrieves the value of a public Java field:
Notice that accessing a field might be mistaken for invoking a parameter-less method: if a class has a parameter-less method and public field of the same name, the ambiguity is resolved by assuming that calling the method is what's intended.
If the first argument to . is a symbol, the symbol is evaluated specially: if the symbol resolves to a Class referred in the current namespace, then this is a call to one of that Class's static methods; otherwise, this is a call to a method of the instance resolved from the symbol. So confusingly, using . with a non-referred symbol resolving to a Class is an invocation of a method of that Class object, not an invocation of a static method of the class represented by that Class object:
While the . operator is the generic operator for accessing java, there are more readable reader macros that should be preferred instead of using . directly:
* (.field instance args*)
* Class/StaticField or (Class/StaticMethod args*)
Note: Prior to Subversion revision 1158, .field was also usable for static access. However, in recent versions of Clojure, a (.field ClassName) form is treated as if ClassName were the corresponding instance of class java.lang.Class.
Thus, the above examples would be written as:
If there is need to manipulate the Class object, for example to call the Class.newInstance method, one can do the following:
The special form new instantiates a Java class, calling its constructor with the supplied arguments:
Like with calling static methods with ., the class must be specified as a symbol, not as the Class object of the class you wish to instantiate:
A reader macro exists for new as well:
# Learning C With Game Concepts/Inventory System
### Inventory System

There is nothing quite so satisfying as equipping one's character. Most of the time, you start out at level 1, wearing rags and shackles. After being released from the local dungeon for one reason or another, you meet a Haberdasher with a heart of gold. He gives you some odd jobs so you can earn enough copper to eat. After weeks of punching things, fetching things, running from things, and still without two copper pieces to scratch together, you at last come across the "Unremarkable Sword of Rusty Might". Huzzahǃ It nothing compared to what the City Guard is using, but now those sewer rats shall feel your wrath. So let's get to itǃ
An Inventory Shouldː
* Contain a list of items.
* We should be able to ADD and REMOVE items from the list, as well as FIND items.
* Similar items should be aggregated. When a similar item is added, quantity is increased, not list size.
* Players should have their own inventory, as should chests and other containers.
An Item Shouldː
* Have a name and description.
* Health and mana.
** These are the restorative properties of potions. 20 Health heals 20 health points if consumed.
* Similar items should be aggregated. When a similar item is added, quantity is increased, not list size.
* Have the option of multiple uses.
* Have an ID that uniquely identifies it.
Putting the above specification into practice, we start by defining the kinds of items available, via an enumeration. In the future, we may want to import a list of items from a file, rather than keeping all of them with our source code. However, it's best to keep things small for testing purposes.
Each item that we create will be embedded in an item node. A node is a single unit which can be linked to other nodes in order to form a data structures such as lists and trees. In this case, the data structure is a doubly linked list. As you can see, the itemNodeStructure points forwards, backwards, and to its own item. When defining the itemNodeStructure, it is necessary to use "struct itemNodeStructure" to declare the pointers because the itemNode typedef is not yet in effect and the compiler will not understand.
Going back to ye olde playerStructure datatype, we add a new value to it.
Because the functions required for a basic inventory setup are somewhat involved, it cannot be broken up into more digestible pieces. My code is very likely not the most elegant solution to the problem, so there is room for improving the clarity. For now, if you want to understand how the functions for the inventory work, you'll need to read through the comments until you can identify what each piece of code is doing.
inventory.c
inventoryFinished.c
# Learning Clojure/Coding Conventions

Because Clojure code is just a bunch of literals, it is hard to read if not indented in a readable style. Well-formatted Clojure looks like this:
The general idea here is that, when spread onto multiple lines, the elements of a list or vector should be indented on the lines below. Notice that the line beginning (loop is indented in by two spaces under (defn because the list starting (loop is a direct element of the list starting (defn. However, below that, the author broke from this rule by choosing to line (recur with (and above instead of two spaces in from (if. Also note that the vector starting [map starts interior to its line, so the two lines below continuing the vector are aligned just right of the opening [. The rules are:
* Indent continuation lines by 2 spaces...
* Unless there is an opportunity to align opening (, [, or { characters...
* Or unless continuing an interior literal.
In essence, always indent in underneath the (, [, or { to which an element belongs. Admittedly, this scheme does take some getting used to, both to read and to write.
It's quite typical in Lisp that you end up with many trailing parentheses:
Text editors like Emacs can help you cope with parentheses matching and indentation style.
# Learning Clojure

For detailed coverage of Clojure, consult the language and API reference at clojure.org. Also see Clojure Programming.
Clojure (read as closure), is a powerful, lisp-1 programming language designed by Rich Hickey and designed to run on the Java Virtual Machine. This book shall provide a detailed introduction to the constructs of Clojure, and act as a tutorial through the features of the language.

## Getting Started
### History

    A brief history of the Clojure language.

### Installation

    Learn how to install Clojure on Windows, Linux, and Mac

### REPL

    Learn how to launch the REPL execution system and the classic "Hello World" application

## Basics
### Basic Syntax

    Describes the basics in how the applications you write will be interpreted

### Coding Conventions

    Quickly describes the generally accepted conventions for Clojure.

### Functional Programming

    The entities used to store data of various shapes

### Namespaces

    Identifies how to encapsulate a program from other programs

### Basic Operations

    Explains how use essential functions

### Data Types

    Explanation of basic data types in the Clojure language.

### Data Structures

    Explains how to use Clojure hash, list, and array data structures

### Meta Data

    Explaining meta data in the Clojure language.

### Special Forms

    Learn how to use several utility functions to support Clojure

### Branching and Monads

    How to implement imperative style into a functional language

### Exception Handling

    Responding to errors that can occur

### Evaluation

    How expressions are evaluated

## Java Integration
### Calling Java

    Learn how to call Java functions from within Clojure

### Building Jars

    Learn how to take Clojure code and create a portable Java executable

## Advanced Topics
### Macros

    Learn how to utilize the macro system Clojure uses

### Concurrent Programming

    Learn how to write programs that utilize concurrent execution

### Leiningen

    Learn the perfected Clojure build system

### Reader Macros

    Macros that control the way code is interpreted

### Unit Testing

    Learn how to write unit tests in Clojure