OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# WikiLang/Algonquian

Algonquian languages are a family of indigenous languages of North America that are part of the Algic languages family. The Algonquian family is divided into three main geographic groups: Plains, Central and Eastern. However, only Eastern Algonquian is a true genetic subgroup, the others being only geographical divisions (i.e. the languages were spoken in the same area, they are not more related to each another than languages from another groups). The Algonquian family includes around 30 languages.

## Eastern Algonquian

See detailed page: Eastern Algonquian
Eastern Algonquian languages are indigenous to the Atlantic coast of Canada and United States and the regions immediately inland from it. Prior to European contact it included at least 17 languages. On those, Mi'kmaq and Malecite-Passamaquoddy languages are the only two with a relatively appreciable number of speakers today. Some others still have a few speakers, but most Eastern Algonquian languages are extinct.
See the detailed page for the list of Eastern Algonquian languages.

## Central Algonquian

Central Algonquian languages include:
* Cree languages
** Atikamekw
** East Cree
*** Northern East Cree
*** Southern East Cree
** Innu
** Moose Cree
** Naskapi
** Plains Cree
** Swampy Cree
** Woods Cree
* Fox
* Kickapoo
* Mascouten (extinct and unattested)
* Menominee
* Miami-Illinois
* Ojibwe languages
** Algonquin
** Chippewa
** Central Ojibwe
** Eastern Ojibwe
** Northern Ojibwe
** Oji-Cree
** Ottawa
** Western Ojibwe
* Potawatomi
* Sauk
* Shawnee

## Plains Algonquian

Plains Algonquian languages are indigenous to the Great Plains of Northern United States and Southern Canada. Within the Algonquian languages family, Plains Algonquian languages are the ones that diverged the most from the common ancestor, Proto-Algonquian.
Plains Algonquian languages include:
* Arapahoan languages
** Arapho
** Besawunena (extinct)
** Gros Ventre
** Ha'anahawunena (extinct)
** Nawathinehena (extinct)
* Blackfoot
* Cheyenne

## Revitalization projects

Wampanoag language

## See also

* WikiLang/Algic
* WikiLang/North America
# WikiLang/Asia

Asia includes six main regions: Central Asia (blue on map), East Asia (yellow/orange), Middle East (brown), Russia and the Caucasus (purple), South Asia (green) and Southeast Asia (red). The main majority languages of this continent

## East Asia
### South Korea

* Jeju language
* ... (table)

## Southeast Asia
### Indonesia

* There are 10 countries in SE Asia, with Indonesia as the most linguistically-diverse country (see Language in Southeast Asia). There are more than 700 languages in this region alone, and many of them does not have their languages documented.

### Philippines

* There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the archipelago (see Languages of the Philippines). A number of Spanish-influenced creole varieties generally called Chavacano along with some local varieties of Chinese are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution designates Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog, as the national language and an official language along with English. Filipino is regulated by Commission on the Filipino Language and serves as a lingua franca used by Filipinos of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds.

## Portal

* Back to Main page
# WikiLang/Atikamekw

Atikamekw is a language spoken by the Aboriginal nation of the same name in Quebec, Canada. The language status is "developing" with approximately 6,000 speakers. The majority language in Atikamekw communities is French, but Atikamekw is the mother language of 95% of the members of the nation's communities and some communities have even 100% members that have Atikamekw as a mother tongue. Some people, mostly elders, are monolingual Atikamekw. It is one of the most vibrant of the Native American languages in Canada today. The average age of Atikamekw speakers is 21 years, the lowest in Canada. However French is used for the education starting at the second cycle of elementary school. French is also used for "modern activities" such as television and Internet. Many Atikamekw speakers use French at work and some also speak English. There is an "Institut linguistique atikamekw" (ILA) that is responsible to standardize and promote the language.
Atikamekw is a language part of the macrolanguage Cree, but is different from other Cree languages and dialects in that it has a lot of borrowed words from Ojibwe. Another important difference is that Atikamekw is the only Alonguian language to use the letter "r" of the latin alphabet.

## Technical info

* Language family: Algic languages/Algonquian languages/Cree languages
* Regions: Quebec, Canada
* Number of speakers: approx. 5,900
* Script(s): Latin alphabet (LTR)
* Majority language(s): French

## Writing systems

Although Atikemekw is part of the Cree language family, it doesn't use the Canadian Unified Syllabics. It uses the latin alphabet. Atikamekw has 11 consonants and 4 vowels.
Atikamekw alphabet :
| Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA |
| Consonants ||||||||||||||||||||||
| c | [ʃ] | h | [h] | k | [k] | m | [m] | n | [n] | p | [p] | r | [r] | s | [s] | t | [t] | w | [w] | tc | [tʃ] |
| Vowels ||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | [a] | â | [a:] | ê | [e:] | i | [i] | î | [iː] | o | [o] | ô | [o:] | | | | | | | | |
Vowels with an accent represents the long vowels. However in the written language accents are usually not used in Atikamekw. Vowels a, i, o can be either short or long while the vowel e is always long.

## Some words in Atikamekw

| Atikamekw | English |
| mikwam | house |
| nipi | water |
| atimw | dog |
| atikw | horse |
| amiskw | beaver |
| mahikan | wolf |
| maskwa | black bear |
| mikisiw | eagle |
| mos | moose |
| kiskinohamatokamokw | school |
| takapikenikan | phone |
| kinokepitcikan | computer |
| pa mikicikwe pitcikan | Internet |
| otapanaskw | sled |
| ickote otapan | train |
| ka mactatanawkiparik | car |
| ka miremakak | plane |

## See also
### Other articles

* Algonquian languages
* Canada

### Portal

* Atikamekw Portal

### Other projects

* Wikipedia in Atikamekw
* Atikamekw language's article on English Wikipedia
* Atikamekw language's article on French Wikipedia

## References

* ↑ Institut linguistique atikamekw
# Textbook of Psychiatry/Dissociative Disorders

* Introduction
* Phenomenology
* Pathogenesis
* Treatment
* Special Populations
* References

## Chapter Authors

    David R. Spiegel, MD
    Associate Professor
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
    Eastern Virginia Medical School
    Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
    Kapil Chopra, MBBS
    Kokil Chopra, MBBS
    Kevin Lamm, MD
    Margarita Somova, MD
    Grant Yoder, DO
    Resident Physicians
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
    Eastern Virginia Medical School
    Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
# Textbook of Psychiatry/Dissociative Disorders/Introduction

Dissociative disorders are a fascinating group of disorders which is considered a myth by some and by some, a reality. Dissociation is defined as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity and perception of the environment (Mulder et al. 1998) leading to a fragmentation of the coherence, unity and continuity of the sense of self. Dissociative disorders were first officially classified as a separate diagnostic group in DSM-III (Tutkun et al. 1998). Besides being a disorder on its own, dissociation may accompany several psychiatric disorders as a confounding factor or co morbid disorder (Evren et al. 2007). Dissociative disorders may accompany several psychiatric disorders (Sar & Ross, 2006) including borderline personality disorder (Sar et al. 2003; Sar, Akyuz, Kugu, Ozturk, & Ertem-Vehid, 2006), obsessive–compulsive disorder (Lochner et al. 2004), posttraumatic stress disorder (Briere, Scott, & Weathers, 2005), acute stress disorder (Spiegel, Classen, & Cardena, 2000), eating disorders (Farrington et al. 2002), pathological gambling (Grant & Kim, 2003), kleptomania (Grant, 2004), and schizophrenia (Ross & Keyes, 2004). Traumatic childhood experiences play a major role in the development of dissociative disorders (Tutkun et al. 1998; Kluft, 1991; Spiegel, 1991). Regression analysis done in one of the studies indicated that dissociation in young adulthood was significantly predicted by observed lack of parental responsiveness in infancy, while childhood verbal abuse was the only type of trauma that added to the prediction of dissociation (Dutra et al. 2009). Substance use is suggested to be an important problem among patients with dissociative disorder (Evren et al. 2007; Ellason et al. 1996).
Other conditions that can mimic similar symptoms as dissociative disorders are Dementia, Substance induced, certain medical conditions such as Multiple sclerosis, temporal lobe epilepsy, head trauma and other psychiatric conditions such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, somatoform disorders, affective illnesses, anxiety disorders as well as malingering (Chu et al. 2005).
This chapter gives an overview of Dissociative disorders including clinical symptoms and classification, pathogenesis and management (assessment and treatment).
# Texas State Travel Guide

* This page has moved to Wikivoyage:Texas. Please update all bookmarks and links that refer to this page or notify the webmaster of the webpage that referred you here.
# The Bell Jar/Seven
## Plot summary

Chapter seven is the story of Esther's encounter with Constantin, the interpreter. She describes him as handsome in his own way, but way too short. If it wasn't for his tan and good teeth, he could pass for an American. However, unlike any man Esther has known, he had what she called intuition. She feels comfortable in his company and believes that he won't mind if she's too tall or lacking knowledge. They visit the UN, where Esther expresses her admiration of another interpreter she see there, a Russian woman. She feels inadequate in comparison and begins to list things she cannot do, like horse riding, dancing, typing shorthand or cooking. The image of the fig tree makes another appearance.
Esther goes with Constantin to a New York restaurant. After several glasses of wine she decides that she will let Constantin seduce her, since she thinks she ought to sleep with somebody just like Buddy did, to “even out' the score. She mentions the one time she had discussed going to bed before, with a boy from Yale she met by chance one weekend. They discussed the topic over coffee and the boy shared his one experience he had with a woman. In the end Esther decided not to sleep with him. Back in New York, Esther is invited by Constantin to his apartment. She agrees, partly to spite all the people warning young women not to go to other men's apartments, as well as Mrs. Willard, who introduced them.
Esther and Constantin spend some time listening to music, after which she goes to lie down on his bed. He lies down beside her, but before anything can happen, she falls asleep and wakes up at three o'clock in the morning. She imagines what it would be like to be Constantin's wife and equates that life with Mrs. Willard's life, as well as reflecting on her parents and Buddy's remarks about their eventual future life. She wakes Constantin up and has him drive her to her hotel. The rain makes her remember her old leg-break, blaming it first on Buddy, then on herself.

## Example study questions

* What does this chapter establish about Esther's ambitions?
* What does Esther find attractive or unattractive about Constantin?
# The Bell Jar/Six
## Plot summary

The chapter starts off as Esther retells her experience with Buddy Willard at the hospital where he apprenticed at. She asked him to show her all the interesting things one can see in a hospital, so he takes her to the morgue, where she could see dead bodies as well as watch Buddy perform a post-mortem. The last thing they do is spectate the birth of a baby from a delivery room window. Esther feels proud of herself for not being bothered by all the morbid and grotesque sights she sees. Surprisingly enough, the tour of the hospital concludes without problems and it is only afterwards that the most important event of that day occurs and we learn about Buddy's hypocrisy.
Later that day, sitting in Buddy's room, Esther asks him if he's ever had an affair. She didn't expect him to say anything but “No”, so it comes to her as a great shock when Buddy confesses to having had one. As it turns out, he had an affair with some unnamed waitress at Cape Cod the previous summer, and, as Esther estimates, he must have slept with her at least thirty times. She feels cheated, although not because he had an affair, but because he had pretended to be innocent and Esther to be sexy and experienced in comparison. Later on, Esther decides to break off with Buddy because of that, but before she can do it, she gets a call from him about him contracting TB and having to go to the Adirondacks to recover. She feels relieved at these news, as it means she can put off announcing the breakup and people can admire her for dealing with the “grief” so well.

## Example study questions

* What do you think about Buddy's character in the light of his affair and his way of dealing with it?
* How does this chapter influence your way of reading the character of Buddy Willard's mother?
# The Bell Jar/Fifteen
## Plot summary

Chapter fifteen begins in Boston traffic, as Esther is taken in Philomena Guinea's car to a private hospital. She had apparently been interested in Esther's case and took it upon herself to put her in a proper institution until she is well again. Esther knows she should feel grateful, but finds that she can't feel anything, and it wouldn't make a differnce if she was going on a tour of Europe or on a cruise instead.
At the hospital, she is gven her own room, and she is introduced to Docto Nolan, a slim young womanthat would be Esther's doctor. Esther decides to explore the hospital and finds out that she's not restricted by anyone and that most of the patients are outside playing golf or badminton. In the lounge she meets Valerie, a girl that looks like a Girl Scout and not like there's anything wrong with her, as Esther remarks.
Esther tells Doctor Nolan about Doctor Gordon and her time at his hospital. The doctor tells Esther that her electroshock therapy wasn't done properly and that she won't have it performed on Esther, at least not without telling her about it beforehand.
Esther makes the acquaintance of a new patient, Miss Norris. She's an older woman who doesn't speak, but Esther spends time in her room and follows her to sit with her at the empty cafeteria table until supper. Later on Esther gets a regular insulin injection and comments how she seems to be getting fatter and fatter. Esther talks more with Valerie and she shows off her lobotomy scars on her forehead. Valerie says it helped with her anger issues and she can now go out into the town shopping, or to see a movie.
The chapter ends with Esther moving to another part of the house and Miss Norris moving to Wymark, a different branch of the hospital for the more difficult cases. When Esther arrives in her new room, the nurse tells her to go meet her neighbor, who turns out to be her friend, Joan.

## Example study questions

* How is Doctor Nolan different from Doctor Gordon?
* Comment on the imagery of the bell jar introduced in this chapter in relation to the rest of the novel.
# The Bell Jar/Five
## Plot overview

The chapter continues on the next morning, Esther still recovering from her food poisoning. She receives a phone call from the simultaneous interpreter Constantin, that Mrs. Willard promised to introduce to her. Esther remarks on his interesting name and how she “collects” men with names like these. They agree on taking a tour of the UN, where Constantin works, as well as having “a bite to eat afterward”. She imagines herself in a relationship with a handsome and exotic Russian interpreter that would immediately fall in love with her. She then tries to subvert her fantasy by hoping Constantin would be short and ugly, so that she could look down on him the same way she does on Buddy Willard, who she considers a hypocrite. She refers to her past experiences with Buddy and how she went from adoring him from afar to hating him, but doesn't go into detail. She mentions how everybody expects the two to marry, but she wants to break up with Buddy, only waiting until his TB is cured to tell him her mind.
Esther remembers her first day at the hotel and how she made a faux pas by not tipping the bellhop. She recounts how Doreen explained tipping to her later on, and how she had another awkward experience by inappropriately tipping a cab driver. She then opens the book The Thirty Best Short Stories of the Year and reads the story of the Jew, nun and the fig tree. She draws a comparison between the characters of the story and herself and Buddy Willard, how they met under their imaginary fig tree, then witnessed a baby being born and went their separate ways. She thinks about conversations she used have with Buddy, both real and imaginary where she would always come up with arguments to counter his. She reflects on their relationship and recalls how she was invited by him to the Yale Prom, how their date during the Prom went and how she was kissed by him for the first time afterwards. The chapter ends on Esther mentioning how she found out what a hypocrite Buddy really was “on the day they saw the baby born.”.

## Example study questions

* What do you think about Esther and Buddy's relationship as shown in this chapter?
# The Bell Jar/Four
## Plot overview

Chapter four continues where chapter three left off: in Jay Cee's office. She gives Esther a set of story manuscripts to review and later send to the office of Betsy's editor to be read. Esther works until noon when Jay Cee lets her off to the banquet, herself going to an appointment with two writers. She leaves Esther with a pat on the back and the words “Don't let the wicked city let you down”. Esther imagines herself in Jay Cee's position, as a famous editor Ee Gee and wishes she had a mother like that. She then gives a very short, but important, remark about her mother who would support the family by typing and teaching shorthand after the death of Esther's father. Esther claims that her mother secretly hated her profession and her late husband for dying and abandoning her without any support. She would pressure Esther to learn shorthand after college to have a means of supporting herself financially.
We return to the banquet for a short while, where Esther is given a fingerbowl with warm water by a waitress. It makes her remember another episode from her past, the first time she met her benefactress, Philomena Guinea, whose scholarship she had received. As Esther was told, it was a custom at her college to write to one's benefactor. She wrote to Guinea about her college life and was subsequently invited by her to dinner, where she would see a fingerbowl for the first time. She would then eat the contents of the bowl, taking it for some kind of Japanese after-dinner soup, only to learn much later on what she had done.
After the banquet the city is smothered by hot rain and Esther, Betsy and two other girls go to see a movie. Halfway through Esther and Betsy start feeling sick and leave the cinema in a hurry. They take a cab back to the hotel, and when they get there they go to separate bathrooms to throw up. Esther lies down n the floor of the bathroom and falls asleep, shivering with sickness. She wakes up to a pounding on the door. Half-conscious she is hauled out of her room by a nurse and the next thing she know she's in a hospital bed. There, she is visited by Doreen, who, as the only one not affected by the food poisoning, is handing out chicken soup to all the sick girls. She tells Esther about the events that happened when she was unconscious and gives her an apology gift from the organisers of the banquet: a book called The Thirty Best Short Stories of the Year.

## Example study questions

* What issues does the chapter raise about Esther's realtionship with her mother?
* What significance does the book The Thirty Best Short Stories of the Year serve later on in the story?
# The Bell Jar/Fourteen
## Plot summary

Chapter fourteen begins in darkness, followed by a rush of sensations Esther feels through her pill-induced stupor. She eventually wakes up in a hospital bed, where she is visisted by her mother and brother. When she asks Esther how she's doing, she answers: “The same”. The narrative is fragmented, showing glimpses of her experiences in the hospital.
She is visited by a boy she doesn't know, but who vaguely knows her, and tells him to get the hell out. She asks the nurse to see a mirror and drops it in shock when she recognizes her swollen face in it. She is taken to a different hospital, to a special ward, as her mother tells her. There, she is visited by a group of young apprentice doctors who ask her some questions before leaving. Next, we see Esther sitting on a grassy square at the hospital with her mother. She tries to manipulate her mother by telling her she'd be all right if she got out of the hopital. She promises to get Esther out, at the very least to a better place.
The chapter ends on two stories of Esther's misbehaviour during her stay at the hospital. One time after dinner, Esther kicks a “Negro” responsible for taking the dinner tureens around in the shin for giving them two servings of beans. Esther justifies this by saying that you didn't serve two kinds of beans at a meal and it was the result of the Negro's ill will. The other time Esther breaks a whole tray of thermometers a nurse set down on her bed. She behaves like a spoiled, malicious child, doing it just to spite the nurse, and keeps a ball of mercury like a treasure, behaving like a “child with a secret”.

## Example study questions

* How is the fragmented narration used in this chapter and to what effect?
* How would you explain Esther's unruly behaviour in this chapter?