OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# America's Army: Special Forces/Smoke Grenade

Basic Operation Using the Smoke Grenade in AAO is relatively easy. All you have to do is pull it out and throw it buy press the fire key and releasing it. 4-5 seconds later it will start to smoke.
How to Cook a nade Cooking a nade is one of the coolest things to do to surprise your enemy. When you cook a nade you are pulling the pin by pressing the fire and alt fire keys and holding the live grenade in your hand for a few seconds before you throw it by pressing the fire key. Usually the opfor you are throwing it at can hear you cook the nade and run away, but if you pull the pin before you are close to them they won't. A good rule of thumb is only cook it for 2-3 seconds because sometimes nades will have shorter fuses than others.
Advanced Techniques Airbursting a nade is a great technique to use to Smoke before it hits the ground and will smoke the air for a few seconds. You cook the nade like normal, but you throw it higher so that it will Smoke in the air over your target.
Silent Grenade Throw If you want to throw a grenade without yelling, all you have to do is press the slow walk key before throwing it.
Rolling Grenades Probably the most useful to roll because of the fact that usually where you want to throw the smoke, it doesn't land there (Bridge Crossing is a great example!!). Instead of whipping that smoke where it might miss its intended target, roll the grenade. It will land reallllyyy close to where you want unless for some reason you get shot in the process of rolling it .. Rolling smoke is a very effective way to smoke a doorway, because when the smoke is thrown to the doorway, it tends to miss. You know what I'm talking about...
# America's Army: Special Forces/Special Forces Training
## Tips

Keep in mind that special forces training is supposed to be hard. This being the case, we can and will only give hints.

### Evade and Escape

* Stay Slow and Low.
Always Crouch.
* Always take the longest route.
Never The Shortest, even when you need more time then you need.
* Stay away from guards, lights, hilltops, and towers.
They will spot you.
* Do not cross bridges.
Its easy to see you.
* Listen to the guy in the 'copter.
He gives instructions.
* If you need to go near towers, time the light and remember, Low and Slow! (Make sure Dynamic Lighting is turned on in your Video Settings so you can SEE the light.)
This is needed.
* Learn the enemy speech using the OPFORian translator to know when it's safe to proceed.
* Run until you are spotted, then drop prone and don't move – you can do the whole thing with this method (and some luck) in about 10 min.
* Make sure you're going the right way. If you don't, the guards have super-vision and stuff. If the guards seem to catch you way too easily, chances are you're going the wrong way, but give it a couple more tries before giving up.
* Use riverbeds.
* Use SLOW prone in shrubs and bushes.
* Use SLOW prone around enemy camps and sentries.
DesertFox_59 {X}, Unknown, {FoM}Gurkbuster, UCA_Duck-Bill, sly.fox88 XxDSpAwNxX
the link above didn't work for me, try opfor_language.
# A-level Critical Thinking/Flaws in Arguments

Appeal to Tradition
"we've always done it this way" Arguing that because something has always been done in one way in the past,it should continue to be done that way.
Appeal to Popularity
"Everyone likes them" Arguing that something must be the case or true or good because many people engage in an idea or activity.
Appeal to History
"If something has happened before, it will happen again." Arguing that what has happened in the past is always a guide to the future and/or the past will repeat itself.
Appeal to Emotion
"These poor puppies have been abandoned and you could give them the loving home they so desperately need." Arguing through tugging at peoples emotions rather than through logical reasoning/argument.
Appeal to Authority
Trying to persuade a reader to accept an argument based on the respect for authority rather than logic.
False Dichotomy
"either or" Reducing an argument to only two extreme options when there are other possibilities.
Restricting the Options
E.g" We blindfold him or we knock him out....or you just let your fiancee your wedding dress." Presents a limited picture of choices available in a situation in order to support one particular option.
Confusing Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
E.g "I have done everything necessary,registered and trained for the race. But is it sufficient/enough for me to win the race?" Necessary conditions are conditions which must be fulfilled in order for an event to happen. Sufficient conditions are conditions which, if fulfilled, guarantee that an event will happen. Some people confuse necessary and sufficient conditions.
Hasty Generalisation
Drawing a general conclusion from insufficient evidence/limited examples.
Conflation
Putting two or more things together that aren't related. Treating two things as the same when in fact they aren't. eg. Obesity often conflated with lack of fitness.
Straw Man
Misrepresenting and exaggerating one part of the opponents argument in order to dismiss it and the entire argument. Changing or exaggerating an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to refute.
False Cause
Wrongly assumes a cause-and-effect relationship ('A' causes 'B' without proof that a relationship actually exists).
Slippery Slope
Making one or more unsupported leaps in an argument to arrive at an extreme conclusion.
Circular Argument
"People like dogs because dogs are kind pets which people like." Where a reason is the same as the conclusion, so the argument doesn't go anywhere as it just restates the argument rather than actually proving it.
Non Sequitur
Latin for "it does not follow." An inference or a conclusion that does not follow from the premises,evidence or reasoning given prior.
Ad Hominem
Latin meaning "against the man." In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas.
Post Hoc
Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." Arguing that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. But sequence is not cause.
Add or remove terms from this set
# A-level Critical Thinking/Types of reasoning

* Simple reasoning – There is a conclusion that is supported by a reason.
* side by side reasoning – Two reasons independent of each other support a conclusion.
* Joint reasoning – Two reasons from which one conclusion can be drawn. It would not be possible to draw a conclusion from one of the reasons on its own.
* Chain reasoning – Reasoning linked together.
* Joint reasons: Reasons which have been used together to support a conclusion.
* Assumption: An Assumption is an unstated reason
* Principal: A principal is a general statement about how something should be. There are moral, legal and ethical principals. Principals are inflexible and cannot be bend to fit particular situations.
* Counter argument: A counter argument is an argument that opposes another argument. Counter arguments can be included in an argument in order to dismiss that argument .
* Counter claims: Counter claims or counter assertions are claims that are dismissed in an argument. The claims to not agree with the main conclusion.
* A counter-example is an example that challenges the truth of a claim. Counter-examples challenge generalizations.
* Hypothetical reasoning - Something will happen on the condition that something else happens .
* Value judgements – A judgement based upon a value (e.g. murder is wrong). People have conflicting values and values change over time.
* Definitions – Definitions are precise meanings of a word or phrase. Definitions can be argued other e.g. the definition of rape.
* Causal explanations – Cause and effect (Smoking causes cancer).
* A common cause – A correlation between two things is caused by a third factor.
A correlation between two things may be caused by chance .
Some things have multi-causal explanations – explanations which show that there are more than one causes causing an effect.
An analogy is a comparison between two things which are seen to be similar .
Criteria to evaluate an argument by analogy 1. Number of instances 2. Number of similarities 3. Strength of conclusion 4. Relevance 5. Number of differences
Extreme analogies should be avoided as they can weaken an argument
# A-level Critical Thinking/Unit II

* Argument = Reason + Conclusion
* Argument – The presentation of one or more reasons to support a conclusion.
* Reason – A claim that supports a conclusion.
* Conclusion – A claim that is supported by one or more reasons.
* Argument indicator - A word which links a reason and a conclusion.
Arguments are often presented without using reason indicators. Reasons are different to evidence – evidence supports a reason.
The reasons and conclusions separated by an inference bar Conclusions can be identified by conclusion indicators (e.g. Therefore).
Some arguments have an intermediate conclusion – a conclusion before the main conclusion is stated.
# A-level Critical Thinking/Deductive and Inductive reasoning

In a deductive the conclusion is deductively valid. If the conclusion is not guaranteed to follow from the reasons then the argument is invalid and the argument ceases to be a deductive reasoning.
Inductive arguments: Where is the reasons are true then the conclusion will probably be true. (Chelsea are 12pts ahead in the Premiership with only a few games to go it its likely that they will win the league).
In a strong argument reasons are only relevant if they make a difference to the conclusion.
Deductive reasoning: There the conclusion is guaranteed to follow from the reasons.
Inductive reasoning: If the reasons are true then it is likely that the conclusion is true.
Often there s a lot of evidence in arguments to support reasons which support conclusion.
# A-level Economics/AQA

This is a book about A-level economics, designed around the AQA syllabus. The aim is for it to serve as a useful revision aid and eventually alternative textbook for this course. As it stands at the moment it is far from completion and has only been edited by a limited number of authors, as such all information within should be taken with a pinch of salt.

## As Units

* Unit 1: Markets and Market failure - 35% of total AS marks/ 17.5% of total A2 marks
* Unit 2: The National Economy - 35% of total AS marks/ 17.5% of total A2 marks
* Unit 3: Markets at Work - 30% of total AS marks/ 15% of total A2 marks

## A2 Units

* Unit 4: Working as an Economist - 20% of total A2 marks
* Unit 5: Business Economics and the Distribution of Income - 15% of total A2 marks
* Unit 6: Government Policy, the National and International Economy - 15% of total A2 marks
THIS HAS NOW CHANGED, Visit the AQA Website and Look on New Specifications
# A-level Critical Thinking/Sources and types of evidence
## History

* Primary sources – sources from the time or period of study
* Secondary sources – sources not from the time of study. These can include books with primary sources that have been processed and analysed by historians.

## Sociology

* Primary evidence –new evidence collected as part of research
* Secondary evidence – all other evidence such as government statistics.
* First-hand evidence – eyewitness accounts from those who have directly observed an event.
* Second hand-evidence – hearsay, evidence from those that have heard an account.
* Direct evidence – eyewitness evidence .
* Circumstantial evidence - non-direct evidence from which something can be inferred .
* Statistics – can they be trusted?
* Participant observation – does it affect behaviour?
* Interviews – Does interview style affect the responses gained?
* Questionnaires – Are they representative and will people be honest?
# A-level Economics

This is a collection of books for A-level Economics.
* AQA
* OCR
* WJEC
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/An introduction to denominations

Christians meeting together form a church. Two or more churches joining together to form a common administration and teaching could be considered a denomination.
Denominations formed for various reasons, some for geographically reasons, some for political reasons, and others for differences in interpreting the Bible - that is doctrinal differences.
For discussion purposes these denominations are broken down into four basic groups
Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant, and others.
# Biblical Studies/Bible Topics/Love

In a world consumed with hatred, war, cheating, corruption, etc., one of the bible's greatest contributions to the world is the concept that God loves us. The Bible give us wisdom about the meaning of love: the love of God for us and the love that we are called to share with others in order to make the world a better place. Please consider these selections when thinking about love.
PSALM 139:7-8 offers us a glimpse of just how far God's love will go, even past the portal of death: "Where can I go from your Spirit? Where can I flee from your presence? If I go up to the heavens, you are there; if I make my bed in the depths of [sheol], you are there."
The universality of God's love, as it originates in Abraham, has its roots in GENESIS 12:3 "I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed."
The reach of God's love is found in PSALM 139:7-8 "Where can I go from your spirit? Or where can I flee from your presence? If I ascend to heaven, you are there; if I make my bed in She'ol, you are there."
God's patience, expressed in love can be found in PSALM 145:8-10 "The Lord is gracious and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love. The Lord is good to all, and his compassion is over all that he has made. All your works shall give thanks to you, O Lord, and all your faithful shall bless you."
God's gift of love, to all, is expressed in JOEL 2:28 "I will pour out my spirit on all flesh; your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions."
Jesus explains the love of God in a way that is a challenge to many North Americans, in MATTHEW 5:43-46, "You have heard that it was said, 'You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be children of your Father in heaven; for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the righteous and on the unrighteous. For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have?"
Jesus tells a short story about God's love in LUKE 15:4 "Which one of you, having a hundred sheep and losing one of them, does not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness and go after the one that is lost until he finds it? When he has found it, he lays it on his shoulders and rejoices. And when he comes home, he calls together his friends and neighbors, saying to them, 'Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep that was lost.'"
Paul gives us a beautiful image of love in 1 CORINTHIANS 13:4-8 "Love is patient; love is kind; love is not envious or boastful or arrogant or rude. It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice in wrongdoing, but rejoices in the truth. It bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never ends."
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/Christian Theology

Christian Theology is a systematic view of the doctrines of the Bible.

## Theology Proper

The doctrine of God
* Character
* Existence
* Gender
* Immanence
* Immutability
* Nature
* Omnipotence
* Omnipresence
* Omniscience
* Transcendence
* Trinity

## Angelology

The doctrine of Angels and Demons
* Angels
* Demons
* Satan
* The Archangel, Jude 9; 1 Thessalonians 4:16
* The Cherubim, Living creatures, Ezekiel 1; Revelation 6
* The Seraphim, Isaiah 6
* The Principalities, Ephesians 1:21; 3:10; 4:12
* The Powers, Ephesians 1:21; 3:10; 6:12
* Named Angels, Gabriel, etc. Luke 1:26, etc.

## Anthropology

The doctrine of man
* Creation
* Nature

## Bibliology

Origin of the Bible
The doctrine of the Bible
* Inspiration
* Inerrancy
* Preservation
* Canonicity
Apocrypha
Cult Usage

## Christology

The doctrine of Jesus
* Atonement
* Deity
* Historicity
* Humanity
* Incarnation
* Infallibility
* Messiahship
* Miracles
* Offices
* Resurrection
* Return
* Titles
* Virgin Birth
* Christ and the Eucharist

## Ecclesiology

The doctrine of the Church
* Origin of Church
* Nature of the Church
* Church Polity
* currently a separate Wikibook: History of Christianity

## Eschatology

The doctrine of End Times
* Introduction
** Christian eschatology
** Second Coming
** End of the World
* Prophetic Views
* Millennialism
** Premillennialism
*** Pretribulationism
*** Midtribulationism
*** Posttribulationism
** Amillennialism
** Postmillennialism
* Preterism

## Hamartiology

The Doctrine of Sin
* Origin of Sin
* Effect of Sin
* Human Depravity

## Pneumatology

The doctrine of the Holy Spirit
* Deity of the Spirit
* Nature of the Spirit
* Ministries of the Spirit
* Gifts of the Spirit

## Soteriology

The doctrine of Salvation
* Adoption
* Justification
* Original Sin
* Perseverance of the saints
* Predestination
* Regeneration
* Reprobation
* Repentance
* Sanctification

## Prayers & Worship

* Worship & Sacraments in the Early Church
* The Catholic Mass and its Scriptural Origins
* Spiritual Exercises
* Prayer in the Ignatian Understanding
* Arminianism
* Calvinism
* Theosis
* Universalism
# Biblical Studies/Bible Topics/The Heart

The heart produces something very strong: emotions. The heart is very dangerous, and just one mistake with it can cost you a lifetime. Mark 7:20-23 reads: "20-The things that come from a man are the things that make him wrong. 21-All these bad things begin inside a person, in his mind: bad thoughts, sexual sins, stealing, murder, adultery, selfishness, doing bad things to people, lying, doing sinful things, jealousy, saying bad things about people, proud boasting, and foolish living. 23-All these evil things come from inside a person. These things make a person wrong."
If we could start meditating on the Word of God and follow it, our hearts would be much closer to God, away from all the evil thoughts.
If you (as an individual) could allow God to come into your life and take control of everything (soul, mind, and heart), your life would never be the same again. Let go of the things of this world because one thing I know: You can gain the whole world, and lose your soul.
# Biblical Studies/Bible Topics/The Messiah

Messiah means the savior. The time God created Man(Adam) and Woman were in touch with God in garden, but the time they disobey God's command they fall into sin. The early years of Mankind rushes with different kinds of sin. God distorted Mankind with heavy flood with 40days rain. Afterward with Noha God brought new generation but after Noha again sin enter into peoples lives.
# Biblical Studies/Bible Topics/The Kingdom

2:2 It shall happen in the latter days, that the mountain of Yahweh’s house shall be established on the top of the mountains, and shall be raised above the hills; and all nations shall flow to it.
2:3 Many peoples shall go and say,
“Come, let’s go up to the mountain of Yahweh,
to the house of the God of Jacob;
and he will teach us of his ways,
and we will walk in his paths.”
For out of Zion the law shall go forth,
and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem.
2:4 He will judge between the nations,
and will decide concerning many peoples;
and they shall beat their swords into plowshares,
and their spears into pruning hooks.
Nation shall not lift up sword against nation,
neither shall they learn war any more.
* Daniel 7:18 But the saints of the Most High shall receive the kingdom, and possess the kingdom forever, even forever and ever.
* Judges 6;09 When hope comes, this is my kingdom, our perffersins, and our hearts to be brave, and our love.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of databases/Client server databases

Client server database system provides simultaneous access to the database for multiple clients through Database Management System (DBMS) with server software running on network server and client software

## Know how concurrent access can be controlled to preserve the integrity of the database.

Concurrent access can result in the problem of updates being lost if two clients edit a record at the same time. This problem can be managed by the use of record locks, serialisation, timestamp ordering and commitment ordering

### Record Lock

It is a technique that prevents simultaneous access to objects in database in order to prevent update being lost or arising data inconsistencies

### Serialisation

Ensures that transactions do not overlap in time and therefore cannot interfere with each other or lead to updates being lost and implemented using the Timestamp ordering

### Timestamp ordering

Timestamp is given to each transaction so that if 2 transaction affect the same object (record) the transaction with the earlier timestamp would be applied first and to ensure the data are not lost every object in database has a read and write timestamp which are updated whenever an object in database is read or written

### Commitment Ordering

Serialisation technique ensures safe transaction without any lost of data when >2 users are simultaneously accessing the same object in database and ordered in terms of their dependencies on each other and the time they were initiated
# A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of data representation/Unsigned binary
## Unsigned Binary

Up to this point you have only been working with whole positive numbers represented as unsigned binary patterns. You can also represent negative values as signed binary and real numbers with fractional parts or decimal places. Before you start real numbers check you understand unsigned binary by recapping 1 and 2 below.
* Number bases - For converting between binary, decimal and Hexadecimal.
* Bits and bytes - To see how to calculate the munimum and maximum values for a given number of bits (in unsigned binary).
* Two's complement - How negative values are represented as signed binary. We will cover this further on.