OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Indonesian/Conjugation
### Pembentukan Kata (Word Forming)

In Indonesian, you can form a new word from an existing word. For example, in English, you form the word organize from the word organ. Further, you can add -ization suffix on it and thus organization. This example pretty much illustrates how Indonesian words are formed. Certainly, this formation is not necessarily the same and it's far richer than that. You'll learn shortly why.
The word formation is very attached to Indonesian / Malay culture. Some of the formations may not make sense to the westerners. However, with some stretch of imagination, you should be able to cope with it. Many Asian language speakers, on the other hand, will find it very intuitive and much more structured than, say, Chinese.
Using these formations, you just need to memorize one type of word (either the noun form, the verb form, or the adjective form). You can then nounize the verb or verbize the noun or form other interesting words.
In a sense, the word formation is the irregular side of Indonesian since you must know which word works with which affixes. This can be confusing for beginners. However, even if you use the incorrect affixes, as long as it doesn't lead to preexisting meaning, sympathetic speakers would understand.

### Susunan Aktif / Pasif (Active / Passive Formation)

* Awalan me- Prefix me-
* Imbuhan me-kan dan me-i Affix me-kan and me-i
* Awalan ber- Prefix ber-
* Imbuhan ber-an dan ber-i Affix ber-kan and ber-i
* Awalan di- Prefix di-
* Imbuhan di-kan dan di-i Affix di-kan and di-i
* Awalan ter- Prefix ter-
* Imbuhan ter-kan dan ter-i Affix ter-kan and ter-i

### Imbuhan Sederhana Lain (Other Simple Affixes)

* Akhiran -kan Suffix -kan
* Akhiran -i Suffix -i
* Akhiran -lah Suffix -lah
* Akhiran -an Suffix -an
* Akhiran -nya Suffix -nya
* Awalan ke- Prefix ke-
* Awalan pe- Prefix pe-
* Awalan se- Prefix se-

### Imbuhan komposit (Composite Affixes)

* Imbuhan ke-an dan ke-i Affix ke-an and ke-i
* Imbuhan pe-an dan pe-i Affix pe-an and pe-i
* Imbuhan per-an dan per-i Affix per-an and per-i
* Imbuhan ter-kan dan ter-i Affix ter-kan and ter-i
* Imbuhan se-nya Affix se-nya

### Imbuhan kompleks (Complex Affixes)

* Imbuhan memper-kan dan memper-i Affix memper-kan and memper-i
* Imbuhan diper-kan dan diper-i Affix diper-kan and diper-i

### Imbuhan spesifik (Specific Affixes)

I call these very specific affixes because, unlike the previous ones, they can only be used in very few words.
* Akhiran -man, -wan, -wati, dan -ita Suffixes -man, -wan, -wati, -ita
* Sisipan -en-, -el-, -er- Infixes -en-, -el-, dan -er-
# Indonesian/Frontpage

Bahasa Indonesia ~ English
Learning Indonesian for English speakers
Go to contents>>
# Internet Technologies/Routing

A route is the path that data takes when travelling through a network from one host to another. Routing is the process by which the path, or some subset of it, is determined. One of the characteristic features of the Internet, as compared to other network architectures, is that each node that receives a packet will typically determine for itself what the next step in the path should be.
IP routing decisions are generally made based on the destination of network traffic. When an IP packet is sent from a node on the network, it will consult its routing table to determine the next hop device that the traffic should be sent to, in order for it to reach its final destination. The routing table on a typical home machine may look something like this (except formatted properly :):
So, for example, when it receives a packet on interface eth0 which has a destination of 216.239.59.104, it will consult the table and see that it should send it through the default interface, the host x.y.z, which is on interface ppp0.
The routing table is constructed from a combination of statically defined routes and those learned from dynamic routing protocols.
Statically defined routes may be declared at system boot time, or via a command line interface. They will generally include the following parameters:
* Destination - this may be either a single host, or a network (in which case a network mask is also required).
* Gateway - the device to which traffic with the defined destination should be sent.
Static routes may also include the following parameters:
* Interface - the interface through which the traffic to a destination must be sent. (Most OSs can determine this automatically)
* Metric - the number of 'hops' away that the gateway is from this host. For a gateway that resides on a directly connected network, the metric is '1'.
The default route is a special case of a statically defined route. It is the route of last resort. All traffic that does not match another destination in the routing table is forwarded to the default gateway.
Dynamic routing protocols allow network attached devices to learn about the structure of the network dynamically from peer devices. This reduces the administrative effort required to implement and change routing throughout a network. Some examples of dynamic routing protocols are:
* RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
* OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
* ISIS (Intermediate system to intermediate system)
* BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
* IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
ISIS and OSPF are link-state protocols, meaning each node part of the same zone, will know the state of all the link in the mesh. Due to the exponential number of link in a mesh, thoses protocols are for small mesh such as an ISP national backbone.
RIP is usually used to easily announce customer's routes in a backbone.
BGP is used as an external routing protocol to exchange routes with other entities. ISP use BGP extensively to "trade" their routes. It can also be used to carry customers routes across a network, in a MPLS backbone for example.
# Internet Technologies/Routing email

Email routing is performed based entirely on the destination address of the email message. An email address has the following format:
username @ domain
(For example: user@wikipedia.org)
While it would be theoretically possible for mail clients to deliver their own messages directly to recipients, this is not desirable. So, an end user's mail client will deliver outbound messages to their local mail server using SMTP or a similar protocol.
The local mail server then performs a DNS lookup to find the 'MX' (mail exchanger) records for the recipient's domain name. These MX devices are the designated mail servers for all email addresses within that domain.
The local server then attempts an SMTP connection to each of the MX servers in order of priority, until a connection is successful. It forwards the message to the remote server and ends the connection.
The remote mail server then either repeats this process, forwarding the message closer to the intended recipient, or may deliver the message directly to the recipient.
History
Prior to the advent of the SMTP protocol, email was delivered using the UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol).
In the early days of SMTP, before Spam became a massive problem on the Internet, it was possible to manually define the route that an email message was to take. This was done by appending multiple "@domain" entries to a recipient address. For example:
user@domain1.com@domain2.com@domain3.com
A message with this recipient address would be routed first to the mail server for domain3.com, then to the mail server for domain2.com, then finally to the mail server for domain1.com where it would be delivered to the local user.
Due to anti-relaying restrictions now in place on Internet-accessible mail servers, this is generally no longer possible.
# Internet Technologies/Search engine

A search engine is a type of computer software used to search data in the form of text or a database for specified information.
Search engines normally consist of spiders (also known as bots) which roam the web searching for links and keywords. They send collected data back to the indexing software which categorizes and adds the links to databases with their related keywords. When you specify a search term the engine does not scan the whole web but extracts related links from the database.
Please take note that this is not a simple process. Search engines literally scan through millions of pages in its database. Once this has taken place all the results are put together in order of relevancy. Remember also not to get a search engine and directory mixed up. Yes they are used interchangeably, but they do in fact perform two different tasks!
Before 1993 the term search engine never existed. From then until now that has changed drastically, and almost everyone knows what it is. Since the Internet is used by millions of Americans daily, a search engine sees a lot of visitors especially ones such as Google and Yahoo. Almost all of us use one of the two if we have the Internet. By simply typing words into the engine, we get several results which gives us a list of sites. (Seigel)
Usually a search engine sends out a spider which fetches as many documents as possible. An index is then created by what is called an indexer that reads the documents and creates it. Only meaningful results are created for each query though, a process called proprietary algorithm. (Webopedia)

## Sources

(2004, October 5). Search Engine. Retrieved September 19, 2008, from Webopedia Web site: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/search_engine.html
Seigel, Carolyn (2006). Internet Marketing. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.

## Work Cited

Boswell, Wendy. "How do search engines work?" What is a search engine? 19 September 2008. http://websearch.about.com/od/enginesanddirectories/a/searchengine.htm
* Did You Know?
* Google's spider is known as Googlebot. You can make Googlebot not add a page to its database. For more information, click here.
# Internet Technologies/Telnet

Telnet is a protocol designed to remotely access computers in a client-server fashion. Telnet is inherently insecure, as the data passed from the client to the server or vice-versa is not encrypted. For connections through insecure networks (such as the Internet), SSH (Secured SHell), should be used so all communications between the client and server are encrypted.
# Internet Technologies/Usenet

Usenet is a "network" of newsgroup servers (often run by ISPs) working together. Once connected to Usenet one can find everything from logical conversation to porn. One bad thing about Usenet is that it is often used to distribute warez, or illegal digital content like mp3s, Screeners, or cracked video games. In most cases Usenet is the first step in the life of warez. Unfortunately this has caused many newsgroup servers to block access to known warez newsgroups.
Usenet providers normally charge money for access but many ISPs have newsgroup servers running that their customers can access for free. So if you would like to check out Usenet first call your ISP and find out if they have a newsgroup server running.

## External Links

* Search engine for the alt.binaries newsgroups
# Inheritance Cycle/Culture/Ancient Language/Prefixes

Content for the Ancient Language

### Prefixes

äf-: gives words a malignant connotation. For example, "taka" (give) becomes "äftaka" (steal).
eld-: changes verbs into words of action. For example, "jierda" (break) becomes "eld jierda" (breaker).
# Inheritance Cycle/Culture/Ancient Language/Connections

Connections translations for the Ancient Language.

### Connections

By using simple knowledge it is also possible to find out other words in the Ancient Language.
Such as:
    Fethrblaka = bird/Feather-Flapper
    Lethrblaka = Adult Ra'zac /Leather-Flapper/ bat
    Skulblaka = Dragon/Scale-Flapper
    Sundavrblaka = Shadow-Flapper
So, Fethr means Feather, Lethr means Leather, Skul means Scale, and -blaka means flap.
Also, the word sundablaka—shadowflapper—appears in the Eragon movie.
# Inheritance Cycle/Culture/Ancient Language/Suffixes

Content for the Ancient Language.

### Suffixes

-ar: pluralises nouns ending on consonants. If the noun already ends with "r", place an "a" before it. For example, "draumr" (dream) becomes "draumar" (dreams). However, if the noun already has a vowel before the "r", the suffix "-ya" is used. For example, "edur" (tor) becomes "edya" (tors).
-í: changes verbs ending with any letter (except for "i" and "r") to past tense. For example, "haina" (harm) becomes "hainaí" (harmed).
-o: forms the past tense of verbs ending with "i" and "r". For example, "skölir" (shield) becomes "sköliro" (shielded).
-r: gives nouns a masculine connotation. For example, "älf" (elf) becomes "älfr" (male elf), which is also he.
-s: makes nouns possessive. For example, "könungr" (king) becomes "könungrs" (king's).
-sja: adds "-looking" to the end of adjectives. For example, "ramr" (strong) becomes "ramrsja" (strong-looking).
-ya: pluralises nouns ending on vowels. It also replaces the last vowel. For example, "agaetí" (celebration) becomes "agaetya" (celebrations). If the "-ya" interferes with the word's pronunciation, the vowel it would normally replace isn't removed. The vowels "a" and "i" are usually changed to "e". For example, "celöbra" (honour) becomes "celöbreya" (honours).
# Inheritance Cycle/Culture/Ancient Language/Translations

Helpful guide to some of the translations available.
* Ancient Language to English
* Connections
* Sentence construction
* Prefixes
* Suffixes
* Vocabulary
# Inheritance Cycle/Eragon/Discovery (Eragon chapter)

Discovery is the 1st chapter of Eragon. It takes the view of Eragon.

## Summary

This chapter introduces Eragon, a poor and humble farm boy, who was hunting a doe with a limp in her left foreleg for his family. He was journeying through the Spine, a vicious mountain range. As he zeroed in on the kill, there was an explosion, and where the deer once stood was a bright blue stone, unlike any Eragon had ever seen. The explosion caused Eragon, to lose his best arrow as he had shot it at the deer, and missed by a finger-breadth. The deer bolted during the explosion. Believing it to be valuable, he kept it for when he returned home, figuring he could trade it for food back in Carvahall. He goes to sleep that night, before heading back down the Spine to Carvahall.
* Eragon
* Shade of Fear | 1. Discovery | 2. Palancar Valley | 3. Dragon Tales | 4. Fate's Gift | 5. Awakening | 6. Tea for Two | 7. A Name of Power | 8. A Miller-to-Be | 9. Strangers in Carvahall | 10. Flight of Destiny | 11. The Doom of Innocence | 12. Deathwatch | 13. The Madness of Life | 14. A Rider's Blade | 15. Saddlemaking | 16. Therinsford | 17. Thunder Roar and Lightning Crackle | 18. Revelation at Yazuac | 19. Admonishments | 20. Magic Is the Simplest Thing | 21. Daret | 22. Through a Dragon's Eye | 23. A Song for the Road | 24. A Taste of Teirm | 25. An Old Friend | 26. The Witch and the Werecat | 27. Of Reading and Plots | 28. Thieves in the Castle | 29. A Costly Mistake | 30. Vision of Perfection | 31. Master of the Blade | 32. The Mire of Dras-Leona | 33. Trail of Oil | 34. Worshipers of Helgrind | 35. The Ra'zac's Revenge | 36. Murtagh | 37. Legacy of a Rider | 38. Diamond Tomb | 39. Capture at Gil'ead | 40. Du Súndavar Freohr | 41. Fighting Shadows | 42. A Warrior and a Healer | 43. Water from Sand | 44. The Ramr River | 45. The Hadarac Desert | 46. A Path Revealed | 47. A Clash of Wills | 48. Flight Through the Valley | 49. The Horns of a Dilemma | 50. Hunting for Answers | 51. The Glory of Tronjheim | 52. Ajihad | 53. Bless the Child | 54. Mandrake Root and Newt's Tongue | 55. Hall of the Mountain King | 56. Arya's Test | 57. The Shadows Lengthen | 58. Battle Under Farthen Dûr | 59. The Mourning Sage
# Inheritance Cycle/Eragon/A Name of Power
## Attribution

wikiasite:inheritance:A Name of Power 17:21, November 24, 2017‎
Artix Kreiger (discuss • contribs) 03:07, 2 February 2018 (UTC)
# Inheritance Cycle/Culture/Ancient Language/Sentence construction

Sentence construction translations for the Ancient Language.

### Sentence construction

Descriptions are placed after the object they describe. The most common mistake made by people trying to speak the Ancient Language is to place adjectives before nouns.
Example: "Aí skulblaka ramr" means "a strong dragon", but literally translates as "a dragon strong".
Unlike in English, descriptions can be placed in any order following the object.
Example: "Aí oro ramr hvitr" (a strong, white arrow) can also be rendered as "aí oro hvitr ramr" (a white, strong arrow).
Aside from descriptions, the structure of a sentence in the Ancient Language is usually the same as it would be in English.
Example: "Gath un reisa du rakr" would literally translate as "unite and raise the mist". No restructuring of the sentence is required.
There are no participles (e.g. walking, swimming) in the Ancient Language. Verbs are either past simple (e.g. walked, swam), present simple (e.g. walk, swim) or future simple (e.g. will walk, will swim).
Example: "I am following" would have to be rendered as "I follow" (Eka tauthr) in the Ancient Language, "I was following" as "I followed" (Eka tauthro) and "I will be following" as "I will follow" (Eka weohnata tauthr).
When two nouns are joined together to form a single noun, the descriptive noun comes first, as it does in English.
Example: "Fethrblaka" (bird) is a combination of the nouns "fethr" (feather) and "blaka" (flapper).
# Investment Business Plan
## Table of Contents

* Portfolio Philosophy
* Screening for Stocks
* Analysis of Stocks
* Maintaining a “Watch List” of Stocks
* Index Investments
* Portfolio Management
* References
# Investing/Insurances

Praveen Padalia stock exchange
organized market for the trading of stocks and bonds (see bond ; stock ). Such markets were originally open to all, but at present only members of the owning association may buy and sell directly. Members, or stock brokers , buy and sell for themselves or for others, charging commissions for their services. A stock may be bought or sold only if it is listed on an exchange, and it may not be listed unless it meets certain requirements set by the exchange's board of governors. There are stock exchanges in all important financial centers of the world; the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, in nearly continuous operation since 1792), which had a trading volume of $7.3 trillion in 1998, is the largest in the world. Tokyo, London, and Frankfurt also have major facilities, and Euronext, an inter-European exchange combining facilities in Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, and other cities, is also significant. By providing a centralized, ready market for the exchange of securities, stock exchanges greatly facilitate the financing of business through flotation of stocks and bonds. However, speculation in stocks can sometimes accentuate the instability of an economy. The reality of the Great Depression was emphasized by the stock market crash in 1929. The interstate sale of securities and certain stock exchange practices in the United States are regulated by federal laws administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission . Today, a large percentage of stocks are traded through such over-the-counter organizations as Nasdaq (National Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotations) and its European equivalent, Nasdaq Europe (formerly Easdaq). Through these organizations, many securities not listed on a major stock exchange may be traded by dealers using computer and telecommunications technology; in 1994, Nasdaq, on which many computer and other high-technology stocks are traded, surpassed the NYSE in annual share volume. After the deregulation of the British securities market in 1986, the London Stock Exchange saw a decline in business due to a new computerized market similar to Nasdaq.
Computer-driven trade has significantly affected the stock exchange. Computer and telecommunications technology, besides opening a wide market in over the counter dealings, has also given rise to trading on an international level. Personal computers and modems allow trading to occur around the clock (after-hours NYSE and Nasdaq trading began in 1999), and the securities trading on one major stock exchange can now significantly affect the trading on others. Many contend that the traditional manner of trading will eventually become obsolete. Technology also now allows for “day trading,” a high-risk business in which numerous computerized trades are made during a single day, with large gains (and large losses) possible.
# Investing/Mutual funds

* Investing
* Stock market |
* Mutual funds |
* Bonds |
* Real estate |
* Rental properties |
* Starting a business |
* Insurances
* Tax advantaged investing
Mutual funds come in a variety of different types. Fund managers select and group managed funds by industry sector (technology, international growth, etc.) as well as by risk level. A manager will buy and sell stocks within the area with the aim of getting the highest return on investment.
Mutual funds with potentially higher returns tend to be riskier, so an investor who needs to have his money back into his hands in three years will choose a less volatile fund so as not to risk losing the original investment. However, a person who is more prepared to lose money sometimes will likely gravitate towards the higher-return funds which will over the long term generate higher returns.

## Index funds

An index fund is a mutual fund that holds a portfolio that seeks to match the performance of an index, for example the S&P 500. These funds have lower management costs than actively managed funds and therefore often outperform managed funds.

## Exchange traded Funds

ETF's are simply Index funds which can be traded like stocks. They have the same advantages as the index fund with its low management fees. They are superior to index funds because trades can be placed at the same speed of a stock, versus the fund which cannot be purchased until the following morning.

## Online resources

Many excellent resources available on the web:
* About Mutual Funds
* Morningstar
* Mutual Funds 101 A 10-day Email Course
* SmartMoney: Funds
* Advantages and Examples of Using ETFs
# Investing/Starting a business

* Investing
* Stock market |
* Mutual funds |
* Bonds |
* Real estate |
* Rental properties |
* Starting a business |
* Insurances
* Tax advantaged investing
Investing counselors advise that the best way to get a return on money is by starting up a business. This can take up many forms, from home-based business to a storefront to franchising. Franchising is a safe way to get into business for an inexperienced person because a corporation gives extensive help in getting the new venture started.
# Investing/Tax advantaged investing

There are three types of tax advantages that one can possibly gain when investing.
* Tax Reduction Now
* Tax Deferred Growth
* Tax Free Withdrawals
Tax Reduction allows one to take the investment and deduct directly from the income reported to the IRS.
Tax Deferred Growth allows someone to postpone paying taxes on the capital gains, interest, or dividends from an investment until one takes a withdrawal.
Tax Free Withdrawal is the ability to withdraw funds from an account or sell an investment without paying taxes on the gains within the investment.
Other topics that are important:
* Marginal Tax Rates vs. Average Tax Rates
* Capital Gains - Long Term vs. Short Term
* Dividend Tax Rates
* Interest Tax Rates - Corporate, Municipal, Federal
* Real Estate Depreciation and effects on taxes
Types of Tax Advantaged Accounts
* Traditional IRAs
* Roth IRAs
* Simple IRAs
* SEP-IRAs
* 401k Plans
* Roth 401ks
* Defined Benefit Plans
* Profit Sharing Plans
* Annuities
* Life Insurance Wrappers