# Tyap/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tyap

# Zwunzwuo a̱lyem Tyap ※ Tyap alphabet

The Tyap alphabet (Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji) formerly had 39 letters, as drafted by the Tyap Literacy Committee (TLC) during the early 1990s:
* Tyap alphabet: previous basic before 2018
Capital Letters
A A̱ B CH CHY D E F G GB GH GHW GHY H I I̱ J JHY K KH KP L M N NG NY O P R S SH SHY T TS U V W Y Z
Small letters
a a̱ b ch chy d e f g gb gh ghw ghy h i i̱ j jhy k kh kp l m n ng ny o p r s sh shy t ts u v w y z
Phonetic value
a ə b t͡ʃ t͡ʃʲ d e f g g͡b ɣ ɣʷ ɣʲ h i ɪ d͡ʒ ʒʲ k x k͡p l m n ŋ ɲ o p r s ʃ ʃʲ t t͡s u v w j d͡z
However, a current development as of 2018, has the Tyap Basic Alphabetical Chart reduced to 24, as follows:
* Tyap alphabet: new basic
Capital Letters
Small letters
The letter "ch" would henceforth be represented by the symbol "c", without the "h". All others remain the same.
Phonetic value
Pronounce outrightly as :
* Some Tyap words associated with the alphabet
| Letter | Name of letter | Corresponding sounds | as in |
| a | á | /a, ɑː/ | hat, hot |
| b | bi | /b/ | bush |
| c | ci | /tʃ/ | chair |
| d | di | /d/ | dance |
| e | é | /ɛ, eː/ | pen |
| f | fi | /f/ | file |
| g | gi | /g/ | girl |
| h | hi | /h/ | hiss |
| i | í | /ɪ, iː/ | ill |
| j | ji | /dʒ/ | jug |
| k | ki | /k/ | king |
| l | li | /l/ | louse |
| m | mi | /m/ | man |
| n | ni | /n/ | near |
| o | ó | /ɔ, oː/ | hot, old |
| p | pí | /p/ | peace |
| r | ri | /r/ | rat |
| s | si | /s/ | sun |
| t | ti | /t/ | tank |
| u | ú | /u/ | pull |
| w | wi | /w/ | week |
| y | yi | /j/ | yes |
| z | zi | /dz/ | No English equivalent |
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# Phonology
## Tyap Phonology
### Intonation

Tyap is a tonal language with a high, mid, low, mid low, high-low and low-high ranges, but only one (the high tone indicated by the acute accent) is used for writing. Tyap has no nasal vowel sounds. It, however, has nasal consonants sounds (m /m/, n /n/ and ng /ŋ/) which are also tonal. Tyap also uses the underscore diacritic mark usually placed under vowels "a" and "i"; a̱ denotes the schwa sound /ǝ/ while i̱ denotes the shortened "i" sound /ɨ/.

### Vowels

The seven vowels of Tyap can be classified as either short or long monophthongs sounds. Short Monophthongs : a a̱ e i i̱ o u Long Monophthongs : a a̱a̱ ee ii i̱i̱ oo uu The language has five (or six) diphthongs: /ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi/.

### Consonants

Labialization and palatalization of consonant sounds are responsible for the many consonant sounds in the language unlike in english. The language has over 80 monographic and digraph labialized and palatalized consonant sounds, classified into fortis and lenis modifications.

# Numbering system

We shall take the Tyap numbering system in terms of:
* Ordinal numbers
* Cardinal numbers
* Frequency

## Ordinal numbers

Fangnkyang di̱n Tyap: Nla̱mba

### Small numbers

| Number | Tyap | English |
| 0 | Gum, Piit | Zero |
| 1 | A̱nyiung/Nyiung/Jhyiung | One |
| 2 | A̱feang/Feang/Sweang | Two |
| 3 | A̱tat/Tat/Tsat | Three |
| 4 | A̱naai/Naai/Nyaai | Four |
| 5 | A̱fwuon/Fwuon/Tswuon | Five |
| 6 | A̱taa | Six |
| 7 | A̱natat | Seven |
| 8 | A̱ni̱nai | Eight |
| 9 | A̱kubunyiung | Nine |
| 10 | Swak | Ten |
| 11 | Swak ma̱ng a̱nyiung | Eleven |
| 12 | Swak ma̱ng a̱feang | Twelve |
| 13 | Swak ma̱ng a̱tat | Thirteen |
| 14 | Swak ma̱ng a̱naai | Fourteen |
| 15 | Swak ma̱ng a̱fwuon | Fifteen |
| 16 | Swak ma̱ng a̱taa | Sixteen |
| 17 | Swak ma̱ng a̱natat | Seventeen |
| 18 | Swak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai | Eighteen |
| 19 | Swak ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung | Nineteen |
| 20 | Nswak nfeang | Twenty |
In Tyap, there are three ways of naming numbers one to five. When to use which depends on the class the noun/adjective/pronoun being quantified belongs. Remember, Tyap has six classifiers (definite articles). Please see: here.
    For words in Category A and C, use numbers a̱nyiung (1), a̱feang (2), a̱tat (3), a̱naai (4), a̱fwuon (5).
       For example, nggwon a̱nyiung (one child), a̱ka̱kwon a̱feang (two trees)
    For words in Category B,
       in the "HU" Class, use numbers nyiung (1), feang (2), tat (3), naai (4), fwuon (5).
          For example, kyikyo nyiung (one leaf), nkyang nfeang (two things). NB: In this class when a plural noun is used, the number receives a nasal prefix n-, especially when the singular form of that plural word belongs to same "HU" Class.
       in the "JI" Class, use numbers jhyiung (1), sweang (2), tsat (3), nyaai (4), tswuon (5).
          For example, tswa jhyiung (one nut), zam sweang (two boys). NB: In this class when a plural noun is used, the number does not receive any nasal prefix.
Knowing the above numbering from zero to 20, let's count in tens from 30 to 100.
| 30 | Nswak ntat | Thirty |
| 40 | Nswak nnaai | Forty |
| 50 | Nswak nfwuon | Fifty |
| 60 | Nswak a̱taa | Sixty |
| 70 | Nswak a̱natat | Seventy |
| 80 | Nswak a̱ni̱nai | Eighty |
| 90 | Nswak a̱kubunyiung | Ninety |
| 100 | Cyi jhyiung | One hundred |
In counting other numbers in-between the tens, the format is <TENS> ma̱ng <UNITS>. Replace <UNITS> with a number between one and nine. Replace <TENS> with nswak nfeang, nswak ntat, nswak nnaai, nswak nfwuon, nswak a̱taa, nswak a̱natat, nswak a̱ni̱nai, or nswak a̱kubunyiung. For example, nswak nfeang ma̱ng a̱nyiung translates to twenty one. Your turn! Now practice how to count from zero to ninety-nine.

### Large Numbers

Hundreds
Note that what could be termed as the "ancient" counting system used for 1-5 is usually used from 100 till infinity. 1 becomes jhyiung, and no more a̱nyiung. Same thing with the 2,3,4 and 5 placed immediately after cyi, the word for hundred.
100: Cyi jhyiung
101: Cyi ma̱ng nyiung
102: Cyi ma̱ng feang
103: Cyi ma̱ng tat
104: Cyi ma̱ng nyaai
105: Cyi ma̱ng fwuon
106: Cyi ma' taa
107: Cyi ma̱ng natat
108: Cyi ma̱ng ninai
109: Cyi ma̱ng kubunyiung
110: Cyi ma̱ng swak
120: Cyi ma̱ng nswak nfeang
130: Cyi ma̱ng nswak ntat
140: Cyi ma̱ng nswak nyaai
150: Cyi ma̱ng nswak nfwuon
160: Cyi ma̱ng nswak a̱taa
170: Cyi ma̱ng nswak a̱natat
180: Cyi ma̱ng nswak a̱ni̱nai
190: Cyi ma̱ng nswak a̱kubunyiung
200: Cyi sweang
300: Cyi tsat
400: Cyi nyaai
500: Cyi tswuon
600: Cyi a̱taa
700: Cyi a̱natat
800: Cyi a̱ni̱nai (or a̱ri̱nai)
900: Cyi a̱kubunyiung
999: Cyi a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung
Thousands
Hayab (2016:66-67) in his research on Hyam, a related language to Tyap found out that the original word for number 10 is "kop"/kwop, and that the present word used for ten was the de facto word used for twelve or a dozen is "shwak" (in Hyam) or swak (in Tyap).
Due to the growing Hausa/English influence, undoubtedly before 1920 (because Thomas (1920:59) cited an example with Kagoro (Gworok) which, unlike its neighbours the Nungu, Ninzam, S. Mada and Mama, was not using as at then, the duodecimal system), the counting system has taken the shape of the Hausa/English decimal style and the word "kop/kwop" became almost extinct, while the "swak" took its place and misplaced its original meaning, which is twelve, to now mean ten.
With this in mind, when one considers the number "1,000" or cyi kwop jhyiung ("cyi kwop" is spelled one word), one can say that it literally means "hundred ten one" or "100 X 10 X 1".
Below are the modern Tyap Counting style in thousands:
1,000: Cyikwop jhyiung
1,018: Cyikwop jhyiung ma̱ng nswak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
1,500: Cyikwop jhyiung ma̱ng Cyi tswuon
2,000: Cyikwop sweang
3,000: Cyikwop tsat
4,000: Cyikwop nyaai
5,000: Cyikwop tswuon
6,000: Cyikwop a̱taa
7,000: Cyikwop a̱natat
8,000: Cyikwop a̱ni̱nai
9,000: Cyikwop a̱kubunyiung
10,000: Cyikwop swak
20,000: Cyikwop Nswak nfeang
30,000 : Cyikwop Nswak ntat
40,000: Cyikwop Nswak nnaai
50,000: Cyikwop Nswak nfwuon
60,000: Cyikwop Nswak a̱taa
70,000: Cyikwop Nswak a̱natat
80,000: Cyikwop Nswak a̱ni̱nai (or nswak a̱ri̱nai)
90,000: Cyikwop Nswak a̱kubunyiung
100,000: Cyikwop cyi jhyiung
200,000: Cyikwop cyi sweang
300,000: Cyikwop cyi tsat
400,000: Cyikwop cyi nyaai
500,000: Cyikwop cyi tswuon
600,000: Cyikwop cyi a̱taa
700,000: Cyikwop cyi a̱natat
800,000: Cyikwop cyi a̱ni̱nai
900,000: Cyikwop cyi a̱kubunyiung

### Larger numbers

Millions
1,000,000: Milyon or cyikwop cyikwop jhyiung or simply Cyikwop a̱ka̱feang jhyiung
2,000,000: Milyon sweang
3,000,000: Milyon tsat
4,000,000: Milyon nyaai
5,000,000: Milyon tswuon
6,000,000: Milyon a̱taa
7,000,000: Milyon a̱natat
8,000,000: Milyon a̱ni̱nai
9,000,000: Milyon a̱kubunyiung
10,000,000 : Milyon Swak
20,000,000: Milyon Nswak nfeang
30,000,000: Milyon Nswak ntat
40,000,000: Milyon Nswak nnaai
50,000,000: Milyon Nswak nfwuon
60,000,000: Milyon Nswak a̱taa
70,000,000: Milyon Nswak a̱natat
80,000,000: Milyon Nswak a̱ni̱nai
90,000,000: Milyon Nswak a̱kubunyiung
100,000,000: Milyon cyi jhyiung
200,000,000: Milyon cyi sweang
300,000,000: Milyon cyi tsat
400,000,000: Milyon cyi nyaai
500,000,000: Milyon cyi tswuon
600,000,000: Milyon cyi a̱taa
700,000,000: Milyon cyi a̱natat
800,000,000: Milyon cyi a̱ni̱nai
900,000,000: Milyon cyi a̱kubunyiung
Billions and Trillions
1,000,000,000: Bilyon or Cyikwop cyikwop cyikwop or simply Cyikwop a̱ka̱tat jhyiung
10,000,000,000: Bilyon Swak
100,000,000,000: Bilyon Cyi jhyiung
1,000,000,000,000: Trilyon or cyikwop cyikwop cyikwop cyikwop or simply Cyikwop a̱ka̱naai jhyiung.
10,000,000,000,000: Trilyon Swak
100,000,000,000,000: Trilyon Cyi jhyiung
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# Tyiet 1/Lesson 1

** 1. A kwai doot ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng a? = Good morning! (to one person)
*** Nyi kwai doot ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng a? = Good morning! (to more than one person)
** 2. A shyip ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng a? = Good morning! (to one person)
*** Nyi shyip ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng a? = Good morning! (to more than one person)
** A kwamam ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng a? = Good day/afternoon/evening! (to one person)
*** Nyi kwamam ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng a? = Good day/afternoon/evening! (to more than one person)
** Si̱ a̱tson ka! = Good night!
** A̱gwaza gu ta̱ngam nzi̱t ka̱ngka̱ra̱ng! = Good night!
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# Tyiet 2/Lesson 2

** Á̱ ngyei ang a̱nyan (w)a? = What is your name? (to one person)
*** Nung gwa á̱ ngyei Kambai = My name is Kambai! (lit. "I am the one they call Kambai!")
*** Á̱ ngyei nung Kambai = My name is Kambai! (lit. "I am called Kambai!")
*** A̱lyoot nung kya yet Kambai = My name is Kambai!
** Á̱ ngyei nyin a̱nyanyan bya? = What are your names? (to more than one person)
*** Nzi̱t bya á̱ ngyei _____. = Our names are _____! (lit. "We are the ones they call _____!")
*** Á̱ ngyei nzi̱t _____. = Our names are _____! (lit. "We are called _____!")
*** Lyulyoot nzi̱t hu hwa yet _____! = Our names are _____!

# Vocabulary

Contents : Nkyangmami
* Arts
* Business and economy
* Colours
* Dates and time
* Environment
* Food and drinks
* Health and Medicine
* History
* IT
* Law
* Linguistics
* Place names, nationalities, and languages
* Politics
* Professionals
* Science and technology
* Sports
* Transportation

## A̱sa̱khwot ※ Colours

| Tyap | English |
| a̱shong | red |
| a̱lyemu, tswuo | orange |
| bagina | yellow |
| lyilyim, a̱kwop, a̱li̱ga̱shi | green |
| bula | blue |
| a̱meti̱t | purple |
| mbyin | brown |
| a̱gurma | pink |
| a̱sai | white |
| ntong | grey |
| a̱dyundyung | black |
| a̱ghwum | maroon |
| khaan | creamy white |
Others are: a̱da̱nzwak (dark brown), a̱ja̱jiat (pure white), a̱shyui (reddish-brown/maroon), kyai tswazwa (sky blue), a̱shyim a̱kwop (yellowish green), a̱shyim a̱kwop na̱ kyiai ma̱ng bula (bluish-green, cyan), a̱baan/khan (milk).
Apart from A̱shong, A̱sai, A̱dyundyung, lyilyim and A̱ja̱jiat, it is advisable to first say A̱sa̱khwot before saying any of the colours above to make complete meaning.

## Á̱tuk ma̱ng Jen ※ Dates and Time

Swáng a̱lyiat ji̱ byia̱ a̱meang ma̱ng jen※ Terminologies associated with time :
| Tyap | English |
| Ma̱nini, Ma̱ninika | Now |
| Jenjini̱shi, Mi̱ di̱ kwi njen | Later |
| A̱fwun (ka) | Today |
| A̱tson (ka) | Tomorrow |
| Lyuo (hu) | Yesterday |
| A̱ti̱kyia̱ (ka) | A day after tomorrow |
| A̱ti̱kyia̱ kwamam lyuo (ka) | A day before yesterday |
| Mi̱ di̱ yong huni | Currently |
| Mi̱ di̱n jen ji̱ swak a̱ni | Previously |
| A̱tuk (ka) | Date |
| Mam (hu) | Day (of 12 hours) |
| A̱tuk (ka) | Day (of 24 hours) |
| A̱tsotson (ka), Tsotson (ka) | Morning |
| A̱ta̱mam (ka), Ta̱mam (ka) | Afternoon |
| Jenshyung (ji) | Evening |
| A̱tyetuk (ka)/A̱kyetuk (ka) | Night |
| Sati (hu) | Week |
| Zwat (ji) | Month |
| A̱lyia̱ (ka) | Year |
| Ta̱ulyia̱ | A year before |
| A̱leang (ka) | Current year |
| A̱lyia̱ cobai (ka) | A year after |
| Jen (ji) | Time |
| A̱cak (ka) | Season |
Mmam sati na ※ Days of the week :
| Tyap | English |
| A̱tuk Ladi (ka) | Sunday |
| A̱tuk A̱ta̱nii (ka) | Monday |
| A̱tuk Ta̱lata (ka) | Tuesday |
| A̱tuk La̱ra̱ba (ka) | Wednesday |
| A̱tuk A̱laamit (ka) | Thursday |
| A̱tuk Juma (ka) | Friday |
| A̱tuk A̱sa̱ba̱t (ka) | Saturday |
Zwát a̱lyia̱ ji ※ Months of the year :
| Tyap | English |
| Zwat Jhyiung (ji) | January |
| Zwat Sweang (ji) | February |
| Zwat Tsat (ji) | March |
| Zwat Nyaai (ji) | April |
| Zwat Tswuon (ji) | May |
| Zwat A̱taa (ji) | June |
| Zwat A̱natat (ji) | July |
| Zwat A̱ni̱nai (ji) | August |
| Zwat A̱kubunyiung (ji) | September |
| Zwat Swak (ji) | October |
| Zwat Swak ma̱ng Jhyiung (ji) | November |
| Zwat Swak ma̱ng Sweang (ji) | December |

## Kyayak ma̱ng nkyangswuo ※ Food and drinks

Names of raw foods (Lyulyoot a̱bun nkyayak /Lʲúlʲo:d əbun ŋ̀kʲájag/) :
| Tyap | English |
| Ji̱njok (ji) | Beans |
| A̱cyi (ka) | Yam |
| A̱gurma a̱nfwuong (wu) | Garlic |
| A̱gurma (wu) | Onion |
| A̱myia̱ (na)/Hya̱u (hu) | Oil/Fats |
| A̱nyenyiat nfak (wu), Shuga (ji) | Sugar |
| Cyia̱ga̱vang (hu) | Rice |
| Nfak (na) | Salt |
| Nyinyep (hu) | Spinach |
| Kwon (hu) | Vegetable |
| Swaat (also Swurak) (ji) | Sorghum/Guinea corn |
| Shita (ji) | Pepper |
| Shita a̱byin (ji) | Ginger |
| Shyui (ji) | Peanut |
| Tong (hu) | Honey |
| Tumatut (ji) | Tomato |
| Tson (ji) | Fonio |
| Zuk (ji) | Millet |
Names of cooked foods (Lyulyoot nkyayak weang /Lʲúlʲo:d ŋkʲájag wɛjaŋ/) :
| Tyap | English |
| Tuk cyi (hu) | Pounded yam paste |
| Tuk swakpat (hu) | Corn paste |
| Tuk cyia̱ga̱vang | Rice paste |
| A̱ka̱ti (wu) | Corn sauce |
| A̱ka̱ti cyi (wu) | Yam sauce |
| Nyiung (hu) | Soup |
Names of drinks (Lyulyoot nkyangswuo /Lʲúlʲo:d ŋkʲáŋsʷwo/) :
| Tyap | English |
| A̱ta̱bwai (na) | Porridge |
| Buza (hu) | Mead |
| A̱kan (na) | Beer |
| A̱kpa̱nkoot (wu) | Millet grained porridge |
| A̱kamu (wu) | Pap |
| A̱sa̱khwot (na) | Water |
| A̱baan (na) | Milk |
| Tii (hu) | Tea |
| Kwofi (wu) | Coffee |

## Lyenlilyem ※ Linguistics

A
    A̱lama wu = Symbol
    A̱lyem ka = Language, tongue
    A̱lyiat na = Speech
    A̱tyong ka = Syllable; paragraph
B
    Bwoi a̱lyoot hu = Etymology
G
    Ga̱lyuut = Font
K
    Kham a̱lyiat ji = Phrase
L
    Lang a̱lyiat hu = Sentence
    Lyiat = to Speak
    Lyuut hu = to write, writing, script
N
    Nwap ji = Ethnic group, tribe; language
S
    Swang a̱lyiat ji = Word
T
    Ta̱zut = to Inscribe
Y
    Yei hu = Pronunciation
Z
    Zwunzwuo ji = Mark, character, code
    Zwunzwuo a̱lyem ji = Alphabet

## Lyulyoot a̱ka̱vwuo, bibyinneet, ma̱ng lilyem ※ Place names, nationalities, and languages
### Place names

A̱baka̱keang, A̱ka̱keang, ma̱ng A̱ca̱cet a̱ka̱keang ma̱ A̱byin A̱nienzi̱t ※ Villages, Towns, and Cities in Nenzit land :
| Tyap | English (/Hausa) |
| A̱bwuiyap (wu) | Rohogo |
| Fantswam (hu) | Kafanchan |
| Gwoot (hu) | Kagoro |
| Tsok (ji) | Manchok |
| Nietcen A̱fakan | Zangon Kataf |
A̱ca̱cet a̱ka̱keang ta̱cya̱ ※ World cities :
| Tyap | English |
| A̱buja (ji) | Abuja |
| Nduguli (wu) | Maiduguri |
| Urusha̱lima (hu) | Jerusalem |
| Legwot (wu) | Lagos |
| Nja̱t (ji) | Jos |
| Atina (wu) | Athens |
| Da̱maskut (wu) | Damascus |
| Iska̱nda̱riya (wu) | Alexandria |
| Rom (wu) | Rome |
| Sa̱lamit (ji) | Salamis |
Bibyin swanta ※ Countries :
| Tyap | English |
| Naijeriya (ji) | Nigeria |
| Ityopya (wu), Ha̱basha (wu) | Ethiopia |
| Ma̱sa̱t (wu), Ma̱sa̱r | Egypt |
| Isi̱rela (wu) | Israel |
| Sudan | Sudan |
| Sudan A̱tak | South Sudan |
| Suriya | Syria |
| Italiya | Italy |
| Li̱biya | Libya |
| A̱gba̱ndang Bi̱ri̱ti̱n | Great Britain |
| Helat | Greece |
| Ma̱kidoniya A̱za | North Macedonia |
| Ma̱lita | Malta |
| Kuburut | Cyprus |
| Konggo | Congo |
| Mali | Mali |
| Turkiya | Turkey |
| Pa̱la̱stina | Palestine |
| Roshiya | Russia |
| Ndiya | India |
| Moroko | Morocco |
| Ninjer | Niger |
| Gana | Ghana |
| Afrika A̱tak | South Africa |
| Caina | China |
| Jami̱ni | Germany |
| Ja̱pan | Japan |
| Kenya | Kenya |
Nvam-a̱byin ※ Continents :
| Tyap | English |
| Afrika | Africa |
| A̱siya | Asia |
| Yurop | Europe |
| A̱streliya | Australia |
| Amerika A̱za | North America |
| Amerika A̱tak | South America |
| A̱ntati̱ka | Antarctica |
Nkyai a̱sa̱khwot ※ Oceans/Seas :
| Tyap | English |
| A̱gba̱ndang kyai a̱sa̱khwot Ati̱lantik | Atlantic Ocean |
| A̱gba̱ndang kyai a̱sa̱khwot Ndiya | Indian Ocean |
| A̱gba̱ndang kyai a̱sa̱khwot A̱tak | Southern Ocean |
| A̱gba̱ndang kyai a̱sa̱khwot Atik | Arctic Ocean |
| A̱gba̱ndang kyai a̱sa̱khwot Pasi̱fik | Pacific Ocean |
| Kyai a̱sa̱khwot Meditaroniya | Mediterranean Sea |
Lilyem ※ Languages :
| Tyap | English |
| Shong, Nggi̱li̱t | English |
| Kpat | Hausa |
| Ghwangkpang, Yoruba | Yoruba |
| Kuma̱cyi, Igbo | Igbo |
| Fi̱ransa | French |
| A̱biru | Hebrew |
| Helen | Greek |
| La̱ra̱ba | Arabic |

## Á̱nietnta̱m ※ Professionals

Á̱nietnta̱m ※ Professionals :
| Tyap | English |
| A̱bwok (wu) | Physician (of any sort) |
| A̱bwok-á̱niet (wu) | Doctor |
| A̱bwok-a̱nyunyung (wu) | Dentist |
| A̱bwok-nyám (wu) | Veterinary doctor |
| A̱bwok-ntswam (wu) | Engineer |
| A̱fwu (wu) | Blacksmith |
| A̱na̱mbwon (wu) | Nurse |
| A̱tyokat (/A̱tyu-a̱kat) (wu) | Hunter |
| A̱tyubwom (wu) | Singer |
| A̱tyuluk (wu) | Driver |
| A̱tyuluk a̱man-tswam (wu) | Pilot |
| A̱tyulyuut nkwambwat/nta̱ka̱da (wu) | Author/writer |
| A̱tyukhap (wu) | Farmer |
| A̱tyukwat (wu) | Barber |
| A̱tyushei A̱lyiat A̱gwaza (wu) | Preacher |
| A̱tyutsot bubwom (wu) | Musician |
| A̱tyutsot nkwambwat/nta̱ka̱da (wu) | Typist |
| A̱tyutyiet (wu) | Teacher |
| A̱tyutywai (/A̱tyutwai) (wu) | Tailor |
| Kapinta (wu) | Carpenter |
| Nggwonshan (ka) | Police |

## A̱ka̱cyet ※ Transportation

Nkyangcung ※ Vehicles :
| Tyap | English |
| Tsaai tswam (ji) | Bicycle |
| A̱bakputkput (ka), Tsaai ndong (ji) | Motorbike |
| A̱da̱dei ma̱to (wu) | Car |
| A̱gba̱ndang ma̱to (wu) | Truck, lorry |
| Bos (hu) | Bus |
| A̱taintuut (wu), Kyangcung a̱byin (hu) | Train |
| A̱man tswam (ka) | Aeroplane |
| Kukwon a̱wak (hu) | Canoe, boat |
| A̱gba̱ndang kukwon a̱wak (wu) | Ship |
| Kyangcung a̱sa̱khwot (hu) | Water vehicle |
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# Articles

Tyap has no Indefinite articles like in English or German, but has Definite articles or Classifiers.

## Indefinite articles

Indefinite articles are often unnecessary in normal speech, hence, absent in Tyap. But when being specific about the quantity of the noun, a number is used (usually placed after the noun).
    E.g.,
* A big tree. = A̱gba̱ndang a̱kwon.
* One big tree. = A̱gba̱ndang a̱kwon a̱nyiung.
       where: a̱gba̱ndang = big, great; a̱kwon = tree; a̱nyiung = one

## Definite articles

Tyap has six definite articles or classifiers. Two (ka & wu) are primarily used for singular nouns and adjectives, two (hu & ji) for both singular and plurals and the other two (ba & na) for plural nouns. All nouns and adjectives in Tyap fall under one of these six, so do their corresponding pronouns.
When placed under categories, we would have three categories.
* Category A (Ka & Wu)
** KA: Words here are mainly used for younger humans, some animals, few non-concrete nouns and adjectives and plants.
    Examples of words: a̱baai (knife), a̱bakeang (village), a̱banggwon (baby), a̱bwu (dog), a̱byin (land, country), a̱fwuop (link, meeting point, joint), a̱keang (human settlement, town), a̱kwi (cat), a̱kwon (tree), a̱nu (mouth), a̱pyia̱ (head), a̱sham (beautiful), a̱ta (bow), a̱ta̱nyeang (devil), a̱tuk (day - of 24 hours), a̱tyin (stem), nggwon (child), nggwoneam (girl), nggwoseam (boy)
       - A̱baai ka = The knife
       - A̱baai kani = This knife
       - A̱baai a̱kya = That knife
       - A̱baai keniaau = That knife over there
** WU: Words here are mainly used for matured humans, some animals, and most non concrete nouns and adjectives.
    Examples of words: a̱bwuon (fool), a̱gwak (expert, professional), a̱gwam (king, chief), A̱gwaza (God), a̱kwak a̱son (leader), a̱niet (person), a̱som (hare, rabbit), a̱toot (cloth), a̱tang (thief), a̱tyia̱ (father), a̱tyok (man), a̱tyoli (husband, master, mister), a̱tyu (person), a̱tyubishyi (human being), a̱yang (mother), a̱yin (person)
       - A̱bwuon wu = The fool
       - A̱bwuon wuni = This fool
       - A̱bwuon a̱wa = That fool
       - A̱bwuon wunia̱u = That fool over there
* Category B (Hu & Ji)
** HU: Words here are mainly used for objects, plants, rarely humans; in general, most words beginning with b, f, g, h, k, l, m, p, v some words beginning with c, d, jhy, n, s, t.
    Examples of words (singular): beang (help), bwak (hand), fi̱ng (young), fwuo (mind, neck), gak (boundary), hyet (arrow), kan (medication), kwon (vegetable), kyang (thing, property), li (to see), lang (line), mam (sun, 12-hour day), nam (meat, flesh, muscle), nyeang (marriage), pyia̱ (hair), tak (leg), vam (body), vak (road), wa (cavity), yak (grains, cereals)
       - Vak hu = The road
       - Vak huni = This road
       - Vak a̱hwa = That road
       - Vak hunia̱u = That road over there
    Examples of words (plural): bibyin (lands, countries, territories), li̱la̱n (pots), lyilyia̱ (years, livers), lyulyoot (names)
       - Lyulyoot hu = The names
       - Lyulyoot huni = These names
       - Lyulyoot a̱hwa = Those names
       - Lyulyoot hunia̱u = Those names over there
** JI: Words here are mainly used for almost all words beginning with z, ts, j, and some words beginning with b, c, d, j, ny, s; all languages; most loaned words in Tyap especially those from Hausa.
    Examples of words (singular): byia̱k (bridge, support), bying (faeces), cyuo (leopard, panther), dyang (waist), ja̱m (weed), jem (hippopotamus), jen (time), jet (cricket), khwap (loan), Kpat (Hausa), nyam (animal), Shong (English, any European language), song (dance), sop (forest), shan (stick), shisham (beauty), tyan (station, location, point, spot; to quote, quotation), Tyap (Tyap), tsaai (horse), tsok (mountain), tswa (spirit, nut), za (rain), zat (buffalo), zon (goat), zonseap (sheep), zwuom (elephant)
       - Jen ji = The time
       - Jen jini = This time
       - Jen a̱ja = That time
       - Jen jinia̱u = That time over there
    Examples of words (plural): cyuí (rats, mice), jét (cricets), nyám (animals), shán (sticks), tityan (points, stations, spots, locations; quotations), tsaaí (horses), tsutsok (mountains), zát (buffaloes), zón (goats), zwát (moons, months)
       - Zwát ji = The months
       - Zwát jini = These months
       - Zwát a̱ja = Those months
       - Zwát jinia̱u = Those months over there
* Category C (Ba & Na)
** BA: Words here are mainly used for plural living things, especially those with singulars in the "WU Category" and a few in the "KA & HU Category".
    Examples of words: á̱ga̱fi̱p (plants, shrubs), a̱ghyi (eyes), á̱ghyi (face), á̱kyuo (wives), á̱nap (females), á̱niet (people), a̱nyiuk (women), á̱sam (males), a̱ti̱tak (legs), á̱tuk (days - of 24 hours), á̱tyok (men), a̱yaasom (hares), a̱yaatyia̱ (fathers), a̱yaatyoli (masters, lords, husbands), a̱yaayang (mothers)
       - Á̱niet ba = The people
       - Á̱niet bani = These people
       - Á̱niet a̱bya = Those people
       - Á̱niet bania̱u = Those people over there
** NA: Words here are mainly used for plural of non-living things and some living things, especially those with singulars in the "KA Category" and "HU Category.
    Examples of words: a̱ka̱neam (girls), a̱ka̱khwon (axes), a̱ka̱kwon (trees), a̱ka̱laa (lies), a̱ka̱ta (bows), a̱ka̱tung (meetings, gatherings, assemblies), a̱ki̱kan (medications), mbwak (hands), mkpa (pestles), mmam (days - of 12 hours), mman (children), ndang (lines), ndyia̱ (years, livers), nkyang (things, properties), nla̱mba (numbers), ntangka̱i (types), nvak (roads), nvam (bodies)
       - Nkyang na = The things
       - Nkyang nani = These things
       - Nkyang a̱nia = Those things
       - Nkyang nania̱u = Those things over there
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# Nouns
## Noun/Lilyoot
### Difinition and Types

A noun is a word that identifies a person, place, animal, things, abstract idea etc.
Types
The types of noun include:
* A. Proper noun:
Begins with a capital letter. It identifies:
* Person:Dawali, Chechet, Dangana, Jatau, Agwam etc.
* Place: Zongon Kataf, Zonkwa etc.
* Institutions: ACDA, TLC etc.
* Months and Days: Zwat Tsat, A̱tuk Ladi (ka) etc.
* B. Common noun:
They don't start with capital letter.It refers to general names of person, place etc.
* Person:nggoneam, nggoseam, atyoli, ayang
* Animal: akwi, abwu, zwon etc.
* Things:ali, byin, kwatak, kurum, alaujyi, bung etc
* C. Abstract noun:
They do not have physical attribute e.g. mai, di, chat(love), dyep(praise), fwei, twei(cry) etc.
* D. Concrete noun:
They can be seen and touched e.g achiyang(basket), tong(honey), bokiti(bucket), tawud(towel),tebru/table, alaunjyi(sickle), akwatak(shoe).
* E. Uncounotable(mass)noun:
They can't be Pluralised.They are usually singular e.g. kurum(money), za(rain), Atyoka (man), gamun(mosquito), Z(w)on (goat) etc.
* F. Countable noun:
They can be counted and exist as singular and plural.
Examples:
| S/N | SINGULAR | PLURAL |
| 1 | Anyung | Anyunyung |
| 2 | Ali | Akasa |
| 3 | Atyem | Tityem |
| 4 | Ngoneam | Akaneam |
| 5 | Alade | Ayalade |
| 6 | Bwak | Mbwak |
| 7 | Abaai | Akabaai |
| 8 | Nggwon | Mman |
| 9 | Tak | Atitak |
| 10 | Acheang | Akacheang |
We can also classify Tyap noun plurals into regular and irregular.

### Noun Formation(Bwoi A̱lyoot):

In this chapter, we shall view the various ways of forming nouns from verbs and adjectives.
Nouns can be formed from verbs:
* (A) By adding the prefix "a̱-"
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | NOUN FORMED |
| 1 | bwom | a̱bwom |
| 2 | lyiat | a̱lyiat |
| 3 | khwo | a̱khwo |
| 4 | bwok | a̱bwok |
| 5 | kpang | a̱kpang |
| 6 | tyia‌ | a̱tyia |
The nouns formed above may refer to both living and non-living targets and situations.
* (B) By adding the prefix "ka-"
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | NOUN FORMED |
| 1 | jang | kajang |
| 2 | shei | kashei |
| 3 | kwok | kakwok |
| 4 | lyiat | kalyiat |
| 5 | kyiak | kakyiak |
| 6 | sang | kasang |
These nouns formed are mostly used in reference to living beings, in contrast to situations or non-living objects. Nevertheless, where the situation warrants, they are used!)
* (C) Nouns can be formed from adjectives by removing the first "a̱":
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | NOUN FORMED |
| 1 | a̱sham | sham |
| 2 | a̱tsatsak | tsatsak |
| 3 | a̱gi̱gi̱k | gi̱gi̱k |
| 4 | a̱tswotswat | tswotswat |
| 5 | a̱pa̱mpang | pa̱mpang |
| 6 | a̱sa̱t | sa̱t |
* (D) Nouns can also be formed by placing the noun antecedent "a̱tyu" as a prefix before a verb.
The nouns formed using "a̱tyu" can only be used to refer to humans.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | NOUN FORMED |
| 1 | tyiet | a̱tyutyiet |
| 2 | gba | a̱tyugba |
| 2 | lyuut | a̱tyulyuut |
| 3 | cham | a̱tyucham |
| 4 | luk | a̱tyuluk |
| 5 | khap | a̱tyukhap |
| 6 | myiam | a̱tyumyiam |
* (E) Nouns or noun phrases may also be formed using noun antecedents such as "kyang" and "swat" before other nouns.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | NOUN FORMED |
| 1 | chet | kyangchet |
| 2 | chung | kyangchung |
| 3 | a‌nyin | swat a‌nyin |
| 4 | a‌tyia‌ | swat a‌tyia‌ |
| 5 | fang | kyangfang |
| 6 | a‌yang | swat a‌yang |
* (F) Lastly, nouns can be realized by placing verbs such as "yet"and "ya" to act as antecedents before an adjective or adverb.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | NOUN FORMED |
| 1 | a̱tswotswat | yet a̱tswotswat |
| 2 | a̱tan | yet a̱tan |
| 3 | fwuang | ya fwuang |
| 4 | a̱swon | ya a̱swon |
NOTE: There are words which on their own serve as both verbs and nouns with removing or adding anything to from or to them. Example: Fang, lyuut, nwuan, etc.
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# Pronouns
## Pronouns

A pronoun is a word use in place of a noun.

### Types

* Personal pronoun:e.g nung, nung-wu, N, Zu, gu, Zit.
Examples:
* Zi ya chyi-agavang.
* N chat gu.
* Yei gu.
* Agwaza biyang zit.
* Indefinite pronoun: e.g konyan(everybody)
Examples:
* Konyan chat chyi-agavang.
* Zit chat agyang
* Interrogative pronoun: e.g ihwa(what), aji(where), ajau(there), ana/will.
* A nat aji?
* Ihwa nang aya?
* Ana ya kyak wu?
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# Verbs
## Verb
### Definition

A verb is a word that denotes action or a state of being.
* Action:
* Anyet madidit ya chyi agavang.
* Matina nung-wu lak nyung kusat.
* Samson nok ali.
* Nat a san khyahu
* Atyia,akum-achyi chat alyiat gu.
* Ana ya jinjok?
* State of being:
* Agwaza yet Agwam
* Akakwon shyia madidit ma'tachya ka.
* Miscellaneous examples of verbs: bai, nat, ya, twei, swuo, lyuut, lyiat, shim, fak, naai, fang, myiam, yong, swan, foot, Biyang, dyep, tyiet, cham, Gba, kwang, wan, chwi, San, shim, fak, nyin, Fip etc.

### Definition

A verb is a word that denotes action or a state of being.
Action:
* Anyet madidit ya chyi agavang.
* Matina nung-wu lak nyung kusat.
* Samson nok ali.
* Nat a san khyahu
* Atyia,akum-achyi chat alyiat gu.
* Ana ya jinjok?
State of being:
* Agwaza yet Agwam
* Akakwon shyia madidit ma'tachya ka.
Miscellaneous:
Example of other verbs are: bai, nat, ya, twei, swuo, lyuut, lyiat, shim, fak, naai, fang, myiam, yong, swan,foot, Biyang, dyep, tyiet, cham, Gba, kwang, wan, chwi, San, shim, fak,nyin ,Fip etc.

### Verb Formation (Bwoi 'Kyai'):

In Tyap, verbs are largely formed mainly from nouns. Other ways include the addition of verb antecedents to adjectives, adverbs or nouns to form verb phrases.
* Verbs are formed from nouns by the removal of the first letter "a̱-" of the noun word.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | VERB FORMED |
| 1 | a̱tung | tung |
| 2 | a̱shai | shai |
| 3 | a̱ta | ta |
| 4 | a̱bwok | bwok |
| 5 | a̱bwom | bwom |
| 6 | a̱gwai | gwai |
| 7 | a̱yaat | yaat |
| 8 | a̱ka̱u | ka̱u |
| 9 | a̱fwu | fwu |
| 10 | a̱wak | wak |
| 11 | a̱khwop | khwop |
| 12 | a̱lyiat | lyiat |
| 13 | a̱khwo | khwo |
| 14 | a̱khwu | khwu |
| 15 | a̱fwu | fwu |
| 16 | a̱kpang | kpang |
| 17 | a̱bwum | bwum |
| 18 | a̱tyia̱ | tyia̱ |
| 19 | a̱tsa | tsa |
| 20 | a̱mat | mat |
* Verbs can also be formed by the removal of the first part of a double-sounding noun word.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | VERB FORMED |
| 1 | shyishyi | shyi |
| 2 | shyishyim | shyim |
* Verbs or verb phrases are formed by the addition of verb antecedents to nouns, adverbs or adjectives.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | VERB FORMED |
| 1 | khwo | tyia̱ khwo |
| 2 | a̱swon | ya a̱swon |
| 3 | bwak | swuó bwak |
| 4 | fa̱t | bwuo fa̱t |
| 5 | bying | ta bying |
| 6 | jejeet | li jejeet |
| 7 | gba̱gbai | li gba̱gbai |
| 8 | taan | tyia̱ taan |
| 9 | kyekyak | tyia̱ kyekyak |
| 10 | nfwuut | ta nfwuut |
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# Adverbs
## Adverb
### Definition and Types

An adverb tells more about a verb.
Types of adverb
* Adverb of Manner:e.g shenshwuon, makpat, chachaat, ghan, akafiyang
* Adverb of time: manini, atswon, taulyia, kuzang-mam, lyuo, aliyang, nyet gbang-gbang, harmanini,afwun
* Adverb of place: aji, ajau, kpankpan, gban-kayau
* Adverb of degree: gbamgbam
* Adverb of frequency: kuzanjen, nchiring.

### Adverb Formation (Bwoi 'A̱kwa'):

Tyap language adverbs, regardless of dialect are mainly formed from adjectives, as well as from nouns in varying but closely related ways.
* Adverbs can be derived from adjectives by the addition of the prefix "m-".
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | ADVERB FORMED |
| 1 | a‌kyiri‌p | ma‌kyiri‌p |
| 2 | a‌chunchwiit | ma‌chunchwiit |
| 3 | a‌kyenkyai | ma‌kyenkyai |
| 4 | a‌ka‌nka‌rang | ma‌ka‌nka‌rang |
| 5 | a‌za‌nzan | ma‌za‌nzan |
| 6 | a‌kpa‌a‌t | ma‌kpa‌a‌t |
| 7 | a‌tsatsak | ma‌tsatsak |
| 8 | a‌shonshyon | ma‌shonshyon |
| 9 | a‌cha‌chaat | ma‌cha‌chaat |
* Adverbs are again derived from nouns by the addition of the "a̱-" prefix.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | ADVERB FORMED |
| 1 | mali | a̱mali |
| 2 | tsotswon | a̱tsotswon |
| 3 | ta̱mam | a̱ta̱mam |
| 4 | jenshyung | a̱jenshyung |
| 5 | tyetuk | a̱tyetuk |
* It may as well be formed from a noun through other ways.
Examples:
| S/N | WORD | ADVERB FORMED |
| 1 | sham | a̱nsham |
| 2 | shanshan | ma̱shansham |
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# Adjectives
## Adjectives
### Definition and Types

Adjective tells more about a noun,pronoun or adjective.
Types of adjective
* Attributive adjectives: atyong-jyip, kakap/sarai, nggoseam, atan, nyung, gbandang, abobwon, akpa.
Examples:
* Philip yet atan nggoseam
* Atyia nung-wu byia gbandang tsaai
* A yet abwon nggoseam.
* Predicative adjectives:asai-alyia, zanzam, Tsotswat, abwon, Akatuk, asham, dundung.
Examples:
* Atyubishi yet akatuk
* Joy kani yet asham

### Adjective Formation (Bwoi 'Sanggak'):

Adjectives in Tyap language (Tyap Proper dialect) are mainly formed from nouns by the addition of the prefix "a̱-".
* Examples:
| S/N | WORD | ADJECTIVE FORMED |
| 1 | fi̱fan | a̱fi̱fan |
| 2 | tsatsak | a̱tsatsak |
| 3 | shyim | a̱shyim |
| 4 | pyat | a̱pyat |
| 5 | sa̱t | a̱sa̱t |
| 6 | tswotswat | a̱tswotswat |
| 7 | sham | a̱sham |
| 8 | mumwang | a̱mumwang |
| 9 | gba̱za̱zai | a̱gba̱za̱zai |
| 10 | kyenkyai | a̱kyenkyai |
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# Prepositions
## Prepositions

Prepositions shows relationship between a noun, pronoun or other words in a sentence e.g. tafa ,tazwa
Examples:
* Akwi shyia tafa tebru kani
* Agwaza shyia tazwa
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# Conjunctions
## Conjunction

Word that join two or more phrases, clauses or sentences together.e.g "mang" ,"a" etc
Examples:
* Fang a myam
* Nat a hyat nyang ji nyou.
* Myiam Fang Mang Lyuut Tyap
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# Interjections
## Interjection

Word that expresses emotion, e.g. Ka̱t!, kaai!, Kwot!
Example:
* Ka̱t! bredi, ka̱ n na shyia̱.
* Kaai! N kan bai a̱ji bah.
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