OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Intellectual Property and the Internet/Italian Wikipedia

The Italian Wikipedia is the Italian edition of Wikipedia. This edition was created on May 11, 2001 and first edited on June 11, 2001. As of the end of 2011 it had over 882,000 articles and more than 708,000 registered accounts. It is the 5th-largest Wikipedia as measured by the number of articles (after the English, German, French and Dutch editions).

## 2011 Mass Blanking Protest

From October 4 to October 6, 2011, following a decision adopted by volunteers of the Italian Wikipedia community, a knowledge blackout was in place. During this time, all of the site's articles were hidden and the website was blocked by its administrators, as a protest against paragraph 29 of the DDL intercettazioni (Wiretapping Bill) which was being debated at the time in the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian parliament.
The proposed bill would empower anyone who believes themselves to have been offended by the content of a web site, even if the content is true, to enforce publication of a reply in the same place and with equal prominence of the related content, within 48 hours and without any prior evaluation of the claim by a judge. If after 48 hours the reply hadn't been published, the person requesting the reply may eventually appeal to a civil court which would assess the request and evaluate the disputed content. The sanction would be a fine between 9,500 and 12,000 euros. Should the bill pass, it is thought likely to inflict severe limitations on the "horizontal" freedom of access and editing that is common to Wikimedia projects.
This was the first time that a Wikipedia had blanked all its content to protest. The Wikimedia Foundation officially supported the decision of the Italian Wikipedia by a statement released the same day. As of 5 October 2011 the manifesto, which replaced the Italian Wikipedia, had been viewed approximately 8 million times. On October 6, 2011, the website content was restored, with a banner across the top of each page explaining the reason for the protest.

## References

* ↑ Italian Wikipedia. "Speciale:Statistics". Retrieved 2009-12-18.
* ↑ List of Wikipedias
* ↑ "Camera dei Deputati: disegno di legge N. 1415-B". Camera dei Deputati (in Italian). Retrieved October 4, 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
* 1 2 "Wikimedia blog » Blog Archive » Regarding recent events on Italian Wikipedia". Blog.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
* ↑ Official announcement (English version); permanent link: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Comunicato_4_ottobre_2011&oldid=43934170.
* ↑ "Intercettazioni, Wikipedia protesta – Homepage in bianco: "Inaccettabile ddl"". la Repubblica (in Italian). October 4, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2011. (Archived at WebCite)
* ↑ "Wikipedia Hides Italian Language Edition to Protest New Law | PCWorld Business Center". Pcworld.com. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
* ↑ "Wikipedia article traffic statistics". Stats.grok.se. Retrieved 2011-10-05. (Archived at WebCite)
* ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20120524091046/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gqt7W7Fn1fKrfqU1cPF0Mr6M-R3w?docId=CNG.c05571d1da8b533f5fbbc6407b4da20d.1b1
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Fire Crab
## Overview

Fire Crabs appear only once in the books, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and then only in passing. They are not described in the principal books and play no real role in the story.

## Extended Description

Fire Crabs are mentioned only in passing in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, where a story written about Hagrid by Rita Skeeter suggested that the Blast-Ended Skrewts that he was raising looked to be unauthorized cross-breeds between Fire Crabs and Manticores.
From Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, we learn that fire crabs are commonly mistaken for turtles with jewel-encrusted shells. Fire crab shells can also be used as cauldrons.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Flagrate
## Overview

Flagrate is used to mark things, such as doors, with a flaming mark of some sort.

## Extended Description

As they enter the Department of Mysteries at the Ministry of Magic, Harry and his companions find themselves in an antechamber with a number of identical doors, that seem to spin around every time a door is closed. As a result, it is impossible to tell which doors have already been tried. Hermione uses this spell to mark each door they try, until they find the correct one.

## Analysis

Despite the similarity in names, this spell seems to be not particularly similar to the Flagrante curse.
We note that Hagrid created a fire in the fireplace when visiting the Dursleys at the Hut on the Rock. While it's possible he used this charm, we note that the book describes the result as "a roaring fire", rather than a flaming mark. The result of the spell suggests strongly that some other charm was used at that point.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Fire-call
## Overview

A fire-call is a specialized use of the Floo Network – when you do not need to be physically present in another location, but you need to communicate with someone there, you insert just your head into a prepared fireplace, and your head is transported to another fireplace.

## Extended Description

This technique is first seen in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Amos Diggory, then at the Ministry of Magic, has urgent need to reach Arthur Weasley regarding some garbage cans that are flying around Mad-Eye Moody's yard. Harry receives a fire-call from Sirius later in the book. It is also used in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, twice by Sirius to reach Harry, and twice by Harry to try and reach Sirius. Harry feels that this is a very uncomfortable way to send a message; quite apart from the necessity to stay hunched over the fireplace while talking, it is very disconcerting to have your head whirled around dizzily while the remainder of your body remains firmly planted on the floor in front of the sending fireplace.
More information is available at Floo Powder and Floo Network.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Flagrante
## Overview

The Flagrante curse causes an object to become unbearably hot when touched.

## Extended Description

According to Griphook, it is apparently fairly common for valuable items in the vaults at Gringotts to be protected with the Gemino and Flagrante curses. The latter causes the touched item to become unbearably hot, so that the burglar cannot hold onto his ill-gotten gains.
We see this spell in action in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, where it turns out that the contents of the Lestrange vault are protected by these two charms. The Trio, and the two goblins they have with them, are very nearly covered in burning-hot replicas of the treasures in the vault.
Despite the similarity in names, this spell has very little in common with the Flagrate spell.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Floo Powder
## Overview

Floo powder is a greyish or silvery powder which allows access to the Floo Network transportation system.

## Extended Description

The Floo Network is a magical linking of most fireplaces in the Wizarding world; it is used as a means of rapid transportation from one Wizarding building to another. Floo Powder provides entry to that network; place a pinch of Floo powder in the fire, and it becomes green and harmless. You may then enter the fire, and speak your destination, and you will be carried to the fireplace you have named. It is a very dizzying ride; you spin very rapidly while in transit, and you would be well-advised to keep your elbows tucked in.
It is also possible to place only a body part, such as a head, in the fire, whereupon that part will be the only thing that is carried to your named destination. Placing your head in someone else's fireplace is one way to communicate over long distances, but as Harry finds out, it can be rather disconcerting to have your head spun around rapidly while your body stands still. Colloquially, this is sometimes referred to as a Fire-call.
Apparently in certain circumstances, Floo powder or something similar to it can be used to summon someone. Professor Snape uses this in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to summon Professor Lupin to his office.

## Analysis

Most commonly, after you toss a pinch of the powder in the fire, you step into the fire and pronounce the name of the place you want to go to (e.g. "Diagon Alley"). If you only want your head transported you sit in front of the fire and only stick your head in. Unclear pronunciation has its consequences; you might end up somewhere other than your intended destination.
However, if you only want to call someone, it seems that it is unnecessary to say the name of that person's actual residency, the name of that person will do. It is unclear whether you need to know their current whereabouts, though.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* When someone is talking to another person with Floo powder, their head is in that other person's fireplace. If someone was in the same room as you, talking to someone else with Floo powder, what would you see?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Flutterby bush
## Overview

The Flutterby bush, apparently a purely decorative plant, is treasured for its delicate, fluttering leaves that move even when there is no wind, giving the bush a shimmering appearance.

## Extended Description

In Harry's fourth year, his class are called upon to prune flutterby bushes in Herbology class.
Flutterby bushes appear again as decoration at the doorway to the Burrow just before Bill and Fleur's wedding.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Foe Glass
## Overview

A Foe-Glass is an object somewhat like a mirror which reveals approaching enemies. The closer said enemies are, the more focused their images are.

## Extended Description

The first time we see a Foe Glass, it is mounted on the wall of Professor Moody's office. While there is constant motion within the glass when Harry first sees it, everything he sees is indistinct, indicating that there are no enemies nearby.
Once Moody has revealed himself, Harry notices that there are three images in the glass that are steadily becoming more distinct; shortly before the door is broken down, he recognizes the images as Professor Dumbledore, Professor McGonagall, and Professor Snape. The image of the three stays in the mirror while Moody is questioned.
We see a Foe Glass, quite possibly the same one, mounted on the wall of the Room of Requirement when Dumbledore's Army meets there in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Flobberworm
## Overview

The flobberworm is a large worm that can grow up to ten inches; each end is indistinguishable from the other. It lives in damp ditches, and its preferred food is lettuce.

## Extended Description

In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Vincent Crabbe claims to have been bitten by a Flobberworm; this information is provided to Rita Skeeter who is, at the time, gathering damaging information about Rubeus Hagrid. However, this is rather damaging to the eventual story, because in fact Flobberworms have no teeth.
In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, after spending all term teaching about Flobberworms, and that they will die if fed too much lettuce, Hagrid manages to kill all the Flobberworms he has been teaching with over Christmas break by feeding them too much lettuce.

## Analysis

The key aspect of the flobberworm is its total harmlessness. As Care of Magical Creatures teacher, Hagrid is very uncertain of himself, and his first-ever lesson goes rather horribly wrong, with a Hippogriff injuring Draco Malfoy. In order to avoid a repetition of this problem, Hagrid retreats to the safety of the innocuous, and so his class are faced with a long series of boring lessons about the flobberworm. The main purpose of this seems to be showing the fragility of Hagrid's self-image; big and fearsome as he is, he is easily upset and easily dismayed.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology

Child psychology is a field of study in which researchers work to understand and describe changes that take place as children grow. Some sections within this wikibook are translations from a French wikibook.

## Introduction

* Summary
* Introduction

## Childhood: a concept at the crossroads of science

* Childhood and History
* Childhood and Sociology
* Childhood and the Law
* Childhood and Theories of Communication

## Childhood through history and the methodology of psychology

* Experimental Psychology
* Clinical Psychology
* Research Methods

## Psychological approaches to children

* Observation of Children
* Children and Games
* Psychoanalytic Reconstruction

## Heredity and environment - development throughout the lifespan

* Common Issues
* Push and Pull Factors
* Separation and Individuation
* Genes
* Conception
* Prenatal Environment
* Birth
* Infants and Toddlers (0-2 years)
* Early Childhood (3-6 years)
* Middle Childhood (7-11 years)
* Adolescence (12 years +)

## Understanding development: cognitive and psychoanalytic theories throughout the lifespan

* Contributions of Wallon
* Contributions of Piaget
* Contributions of Freud
* Contributions of Erikson
* Behavioral and Social Learning Theories
* Biological Theories
* Psychoanalytic reactions to research
* Current developments in psychological research
* Adolescence - a period of transition

## Psychology in everyday life

* Emotional Disturbances
* Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
* Special Education
* Psychological Therapies

## Miscellaneous pages

* Question Key
* Conclusion
* About the Contributors
* Glossary
* Bibliography
* Index
# Introduction to Psychology/Behavior Analysis
## Introduction

Behavior analysis is the science of behavior, consisting of basic research and an applied technologies. The focus is on observable, measurable behavior and the role of the environment in establishing and maintaining behaviors.
Behavior Analysis/Table of Contents
Brief History
The foundations for Behavior Analysis are found in the experimental psychologies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially the work of Ivan Pavlov ("The Conditioned Reflex") and Edward Thorndike. Methods of experimental psychology established by these researchers for approaching the subject of behavior were based on these researchers.
Assumptions of Behavior Analysis
1. Behavior is not random, but is rather governed by lawful principles. 2. Principles of behavior apply to all species.
Research in Behavior Analysis
1. Single subject design versus statistical analysis of group differences. 2. Generalization across species, settings, and subjects.
Examples of Applied Behavior Analysis
1. By observing and interviewing people who interact with an individual with disabilities, it is possible to hypothesize that the individual is hurting himself in order to get other people's attention. Following this assessment and hypothesis, the individual is taught a simple picture communication system which is easier to use than words for him. By then providing attention to the individual when he points to the appropriate picture card that communicates need for attention, the self-injury behavior stops.
2. A student creates disruption and is sent out of the classroom frequently. A behavior analysis indicates he is probably acting disruptively in order to be sent out of the room. Instead of sending him out of the room, he is asked to continue working if he wants to get a positive consequence later (e.g., get to go to recess). Now, he would rather work and get recess than have to stay in the class during recess. The disruptive behavior no longer served the function of allowing escape and the required behavior ended up serving the function more effectively.
# Introduction to Psychology/Branches of Psychology

Psychology is an extremely broad field, encompassing many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that comprise psychology, divided into fields of research psychology and fields of applied psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychological topics and list of psychology disciplines.
# Introduction to Psychology/Case Studies

Case study in psychology refers to the use of a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon. A variety of techniques may be employed including personal interviews, direct-observation, psychometric tests, and archival records. The psychology case studies are mostly used in clinical research to describe rare events and conditions, which contradict well established principles in the field of psychology. Case studies are generally a single-case design, but can also be a multiple-case design, where replication instead of sampling is the criterion for inclusion. Like other research methodologies within psychology, the case study must produce valid and reliable results in order to be useful for the development of future research. Distinct advantages and disadvantages are associated with the case study in psychology.

## Advantages

One major advantage of the case study in psychology is the potential for the development of novel hypotheses for later testing. Second, the case study can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.

## Disadvantages

The major disadvantages of the case study in psychology is the inability to draw cause and effect relationships or test hypotheses. Further, with the case study it is impossible to generalize the findings to a wider population.

## Famous case studies in psychology

* Phineas Gage
* Freud and Little Hans
* John Money and the John/Joan case
* Genie (feral child)
* Piaget's studies
* Washoe (sign language)

## References

* 1 2 Christensen, L. B. (1994).“Experimental methodology"( 6th ed).,Simon & Schuster:Needham Heights, MA. ISBN 978-0-205-15506-4.
* ↑ Yin, R.(1994). “Case study research: Design and methods” (2nd ed.).Sage Publishing:Beverly Hills, CA. ISBN 978-0-7619-2553-8.
# Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/About the Contributors

Timothyleary (talk) 14:45, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
# Introduction to Psychology/Biopsychology

Biological psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states. Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system, it is sensible to study how the brain functions in order to understand behavior. This is the approach taken in behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology. Neuropsychology is the branch of psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific behavioral and psychological processes. Often neuropsychologists are employed as scientists to advance scientific or medical knowledge. Neuropsychology is particularly concerned with the understanding of brain injury in an attempt to work out normal psychological function.
The approach of cognitive neuroscience to studying the link between brain and behavior is to use neuroimaging tools, such as fMRI, to observe which areas of the brain are active during a particular task.
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Medial Epicondylitis

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
* Current Chapter: Upper Limb
| | Medial Epicondylitis | |
| <<Lateral Epicondylitis | Medial Epicondylitis | Baseball Pitcher's Elbow>> |
Medial epicondylitis is sometimes known as golfer's elbow.
Golfers Elbow is a problem with the flexor muscle mechanism of the wrist - in other words the group of muscles whose job it is to flex the wrist joint. These muscles are attached to the facet on the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle at the elbow.
Golfers elbow or medial epicondylitis is much less common than tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis.
Features of Medial Epicondylitis
* Pain at the medial epicondyle or inner side of the joint
* A history of overuse
* Expect to find normal range of movement on passive testing of the joint
The main "golfers" sign is pain on resisted flexion of the wrist - more so if tested with the elbow held in the extended position during testing.
The site of inflammation is almost invariably at the teno-osseous junction where the common flexor tendon meets the medial epicondyle at its anterior aspect. The teno-osseous junction is the part where the tendon tissue joins with the bone.
The pain may be felt by the patient further down the arm in the muscle belly of the flexors in the forearm - this pattern of referred pain can sometimes cause confusion.
Treatment of golfers elbow There are three main options for golfers elbow treatment - but keep in mind that the natural history is for spontaneous resolution in the majority of cases
* Conservative - Avoid provoking activity or change sports equipment (grip size of tennis racket or golf clubs). Short term anti-inflammatory medication and reassure strongly. Consider using an epicondylar clasp for symptom relief.
* Physiotherapy - reasonable success rate although may require several treatments before substantial improvement is seen. Treatment needs to be backed up by education on stretching and prevention of recurrence.
* Injection of steroid and local anaesthetic - the most cost effective option. No difference from physiotherapy in long term outcome but works more quickly and is much more cost effective.
Author: Dr Gordon Cameron