OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# MINC/SoftwareDevelopment/EZMINC/Tutorial
## Opening minc file for writing

Minc file is a complex structure, many parameters have to be setup properly to produce meaningful file, the easies way is to copy them from another minc file:
Or, if another file is already open: syntaxhighlight lang="text"
</syntaxhighlight>
Or, if only the dimensions need to be preserved (create a file with voxels of type float, and 2D slices): syntaxhighlight lang="text"
</syntaxhighlight>

## Analyzing MINC file meta information

* Determining number of dimensions: rdr.dim_no
* calculating the matrix size, resolution :
syntaxhighlight lang="text"
</syntaxhighlight> Note that these are physical parameters, which don't depend on the way how information is stored in a minc file
* Output direction cosine matrix
* Read a minc file history
* Read a string attribute
* Read a double attribute
syntaxhighlight lang="text"
</syntaxhighlight> Note: reading double attribute returns std::vector<double> by value

## Reading Image

Imaging data is stored as a multidimensional array of values a given type. Array is organized in slices (could be just one slice for the whole file), values stored inside the minc file may be normalized, see MINC/Reference for complete details. EZMINC was developed to hide the complexity of the data representation from programmer , but to allow complete control over how data is stored, if it is needed. There are several ways to read imaging information from a file using EZMINC library:
* The easiest, the whole volume is copied into a multidimensional array in memory. Usually this is the most convenient method:
** Reading a volume representing real values (interpret them as float)
syntaxhighlight lang="text"
</syntaxhighlight>
** Reading a volume with a binary mask (or discrete labels)
** Reading a 4D volume
* reading the whole minc file as a single continuous buffer, organized with vector_dimension the fastest varying (if present), X,Y,Z, and time the slowest varyuing (if present)
* reading the whole minc file voxel-by-voxel, in the order that data is stored inside file. This method is really usefull when working with big number of input files, and storing them all together in memory is problematic
* lowest-level interface, reading the minc file slice-by-slice in the order that data is stored

## Writing MINC file meta information

* copying history NOTE: if using first for of minc_1_writer::open history will be copied automatically
* Appending new line into MINC history
* Write a string attribute
* Writing a double attribute
* Writing an array of double values
* Copying all headers from another minc file

## Writing Images

* Simplest interface, using simple_volume or simple_4d_volume
* Writing image from a continuous array
* Using output iterator
* lowest-level, writing image slice-by-slice
# MINC/SoftwareDevelopment/EZMINC/ITK Integration
## Better MINC1/2 support for ITK

If you are not satisfied with MINC2 only interface provided by ITK, or need access to MINC file attributes, or want to read/write 4D data use ITK interface provided by EZMINC

## Installing

Compile EZMINC with ITK support, see [EZMINC_Installing] If you are not using ITK plugin (currently plugin is not recommended) add following code to "mincify" your ITK program:

## Example of working with DTI data

Code from itk_dti.cpp from examples:

## Using minc XFM files

* applying transformation
code from itk_resample.cpp
* Storing affine transformation in .xfm file
* Reading affine transformation from .xfm file
* reading/writing .tag files
# MINC/SoftwareDevelopment/EZMINC/Installing
## Prerequisites

* CMAKE: http://www.cmake.org/
* MINC1 or MINC2: MINC/Tutorials
* ITK (optional) : http://www.itk.org

## Installing from the source

* Download the source code https://download.github.com/vfonov-EZminc-095c9ac.tar.gz or clone git repository
* Unpack: tar zxf vfonov-EZminc-095c9ac.tar.gz
* Run cmake or ccmake to configure:
** Setup the MINC1/2 install location MINC_ROOT , default /usr/local/bic
** Decide if using MINC1 or MINC2 library USE_MINC2
** (Optionally) Specify location of ITK: ITK_DIR, default for Ubuntu /usr/lib/InsightToolkit
** Specify installation location CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX
** Enable building of examples BUILD_EXAMPLES
** Enable building of tests BUILD_TESTS
** ITK plugin is currently unstable
* run make && make install
Warning: version prior to r78 contained a serious bug that would sometimes result in incorrectly written data when integers and shorts are written to minc.
# 3rd party tools which were made to understand MINC using EZMINC
## Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTS)

Non-linear diffeomorphic registration tool, home page: http://picsl.upenn.edu/ANTS/ MINCIFIED version based on version 1.9 can read .mnc files, if the output have extension is .xfm, it will produce MINC style xfm files for forward and backward transformations. Note that non-linear part is stored in a separate file with suffix _grid_0.mnc (referenced from xfm files)
* Source code: http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~vfonov/software/mincANTS_1p9_p1.tar.gz

## ITK SNAP

Visual tools for manual segmentation of anatomical images, home page: http://www.itksnap.org MINCIFIED version based on version 2.0.0:
* Source code: http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~vfonov/software/itksnap-2.0.0-minc-src2.tar.gz
* 32-bit Debian package (self-contained does not require minc/netcdf/hdf): http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~vfonov/software/itksnap-2.0.0-20091117-Linux-i686-fixed-minc.deb
* 64-bit Debian package (self-contained does not require minc/netcdf/hdf): http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~vfonov/software/itksnap-2.0.0-20091117-Linux-x86_64-fixed-minc.deb
* 32-bit Mac OS X package (self-contained does not require minc/netcdf/hdf) : http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~vfonov/software/itksnap-2.0.0-20091117-Darwin-i386-fixed-minc.dmg
WARNING: Please upgrade to the latest version of binary package or compile EZminc version r73 or later if using source. A bug was fixed in the previous version leading to occasional corruption of minc files with labels due to inter-slice normalization.
MINCIFIED version based on version 2.2.0:
* Source code: http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~vfonov/software/itksnap-2.2.0-with-minc.tar.bz2
* 64-bit Ubuntu 11.04 package (self-contained does not require minc/netcdf/hdf): http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~vfonov/software/itksnap-2.2.0-20110504-Linux-x86_64.deb
NOTE: Due to the differences between neurological and radiological notations mincified version will not correctly display nii files (left-right swap).

## ElastiX

Non-linear registration tool, home page: http://elastix.isi.uu.nl/
* Example Mincified Source Code: http://www.cim.mcgill.ca/~dante/code/elastix-4.3_minc.tar.gz
NOTE: Elastix v4.3 has a must be compiled with ITK 3.14. Furthermore, ITK 3.14 must itself be compiled with the CMake variable ITK USE REVIEW set to ON and ITK USE REVIEW STATISTICS also set to ON. Please refer to the manual for detailed building instructions.
# Pinyin/Shanghai

See also
Shanghai is China's biggest city, as well as one of the world's largest cities with the population of 23 million in 2010. It is a directly governed city on the banks of the Chang Jiang River (also called Yangzi River). The river flowing through Shanghai is called the Huangpu River.
Shahnghaai shih Charng Jiang (yee jiaohzuoh Yarngzii Jiang) her`ahn d zhirxiarshih, shih ZG zuih dah cherngshih, yee shih shihjieh zuih dah cherngshih zhiyi, 2010 niarn rernkoou 2300 wahn. liurjing Shahnghaai d herliur jiaohzuoh Huarngpuu Jiang.
Shanghai was not a major city until the 1800s, when it became a major trading port with Western countries. It is the biggest port in the world.
19 shihjih Shahnghaai yuu Xifang maohyih cherngweir zhuuyaoh cherngshih. jintian Shahnghaai shih shihjieh zuih dah gaangkoou.
Shanghai is one of China's most important cities. Shanghai attracts many tourists each year. Because Shanghai is so big and important and makes so much money, it is both a city and a province in China.
Shahnghaai shih ZG zuih zhohngyaoh cherngshih zhiyi, meei niarn xiyiin heenduo yourkeh. Shahnghaai heen dah, heen zhohngyaoh, zhuahn heenduo qiarn, yin`err shih ZG d zhirxiarshih.
# Pinyin/Share

See also
A share is an unit of equal value which a company is divided and sold to raise money.
guufehn shih 1-jian gongsi pirngfen jiahzhir d danweih yohngyii chushouh lair jirzi.
# Pinyin/Sharp

See also
# Pinyin/Several

See also
# Pinyin/Shadow Tells You

The Shadow Tells You
The shadow tells you, you are not alone. There is also a shadow, follows you all the way. I will tell you: When you are bright, I'll follow you. When you are dark, I'll leave you.
Yǐngzi Gàosù Nǐ
Yǐngzi gàosù nǐ, nǐ bùshì yīgèrén. Hái yǒu yīgè yǐngzi, yīlù gēnzhe nǐ. Huì zhèyàng gàosù nǐ: Dāng nǐ hěn yángguāng de shíhòu, wǒ jiù gēnzhe nǐ. Dāng nǐ hěn yīn'àn de shíhòu, wǒ jiù lí nǐ ér qù.
# Pinyin/Shape
## Noun

* a shape is the form of the outer edges or surfaces of something.
** xirngzhuahng shih moouwuh d waihxirng.
# Pinyin/Shame

See also
# Preface

| bad | good |
| Introduction | Organic Chemistry/Introduction |
| Overview of Functional Groups | Organic Chemistry/Overview of Functional Groups |
| Authors | Organic Chemistry/Authors |
# Prealgebra for Two-Year Colleges/Workbook AIE/Properties of addition

Materials Needed: None

## Why

What does addition of fractions have in common with addition of decimals? What do these have in common with addition of expressions that contain variables? What does finding a perimeter have in common with balancing your checkbook?

## Learning Objectives

* Explain why when we add, we need common denominators or like place values or like terms or common units.
* Solve problems that involve finding totals, finding perimeters, or combining values.
* Use the commutative property of addition to aid in performing mental addition.

## Warm-up

An child in elementary is asked, "What is the value of 3 dimes and 5 pennies?" The child answers, "3 + 5 = 8. The money is worth 8 cents." Explain to the child why his reasoning is wrong, and how he could find the correct answer.
# Prealgebra for Two-Year Colleges/Workbook AIE/Properties of subtraction

Materials Needed: None

## Why

What does subtraction of fractions have in common with subtraction of decimals? What do these have in common with subtraction of expressions that contain variables? How is subtraction related to addition?

## Learning Objectives

* Explain why when we subtract, we need common denominators or like place values or like terms or common units.
* Solve problems that involve finding changes, differences, or missing pieces.
* Use the commutative property of addition to aid in performing mental subtraction.
# Prealgebra for Two-Year Colleges/Workbook AIE/Representations of numbers

Materials Needed: None

## Why

What is the connection between fractions, decimals, percents, number lines, and measurements? What are the interpretations and uses for negative numbers?

## Learning Objectives

* Convert between fractions, decimals, mixed numbers, percents, number lines, and two-dimensional or three-dimensional representations of quantities.
* Interpret negative numbers and use negative numbers to describe situations.
# Prealgebra for Two-Year Colleges/Workbook AIE/Measuring distances

Measuring Distances
Materials Needed: Ruler marked in inches and cm, string, scissors to cut the string

## Why

When you are given a map, blueprint, or diagram, you often need to measure with a ruler to get the information you need to solve the problem.

## Learning Objectives

* Use a ruler to measure perimeters (whole numbers of inches and cm).
* Use a string and a ruler to measure paths that are not straight (whole numbers of inches).

## Warm-up

    1. Explain how to calculate the perimeter of an object.
       Add up the lengths of all the sides.
    2. Which of the following objects can be used to help you measure perimeter? How?
** Measuring cup
** Graph paper
** Ruler
** 3”×5” index card
** String
** Sand

## Activity

    1. Without measuring, decide which of the following shapes has the larger perimeter. Explain your reasoning.
    2. Use a ruler to measure the perimeter of the rectangle in inches.
    3. Use a ruler to measure the perimeter of the “H” figure in centimeters.
    4. Use a ruler to measure the perimeter of the triangle in inches.
    5. Use a piece of string and a ruler to measure the perimeter of the oval in inches.
    6. Use a piece of string and a ruler to measure the length of the curved path in inches.
    7. Use a piece of string and a ruler to measure the shortest path on the map along the highways from the bull’s eye in Antioch to the bull’s eye in Oakland in inches.
       4 inches, to the nearest whole inch
    8. If each inch on the map represents 10 miles in real life, then how far is it between the spots represented by the bull’s eyes?
       40 miles
# Prealgebra for Two-Year Colleges/Workbook AIE/Problem solving and explaining your reasoning

Problem solving and explaining your reasoning
The Handshake Problem
Materials Needed: None

## Why

In addition to reviewing procedures for calculation in this class, you will improve your transferable skills of problem solving and communication.

## Learning Objectives

* Develop a problem-solving method.
* Clearly communicate your problem-solving thought process

## Warm-up

Below are an example problem and two example solutions. Which solution does a better job of communication the problem solver’s thought process? Give three specific reasons for your answer.
Problem:
    Oscar collects baseball cards. He has 109 cards for the New York Yankees, 96 for the Chicago White Sox, 79 for the Kansas City Royals, 42 for the Seattle Mariners, 67 for the Oakland Athletics, and 52 for the California Angels. How many cards does he have in total?
Solution #1:
    The key word here is “total.” To find the total number of Alan’s baseball cards, we can find the sum of the quantities for each team.
    ${\begin{matrix}&&&\color {Red}{33}\ \\&\mathrm {Yankees} &\to &109\\&\mathrm {Whitesox} &\to &\ 96\\&\mathrm {Royals} &\to &\ 79\\&\mathrm {Mariners} &\to &\ 42\\&\mathrm {Athletics} &\to &\ 67\\+&\mathrm {Angels} &\to &\ 52\\\hline &\mathrm {total} &&445\end{matrix}}$
Alan has a total of 445 baseball cards.
Solution #2:
    ${\begin{matrix}&109\\&\ \ 96\\&\ \ 79\\&\ \ 42\\&\ \ 67\\+&\ \ 52\\\hline &445\end{matrix}}$
Solution #1 is better because is shows steps, e.g. (1) the solution explains why addition was chosen, (2) it shows where each number comes from, (3) it shows the carrying, and (4) it states the answer in context with units.

## Activity

* Solve the problem below. Clearly communicate your problem-solving thought process. You may work with others in your group of three, but you need to write up your own solutions on your own paper.
Forty-five people attend a party. If every person shook the hand of everyone else just once, how many handshakes were there altogether?
There were 990 handshakes at the party.
* List the steps of a general problem-solving method, and fill in some details underneath each step.
a) Understand: Identify given information, identify unknown, list assumptions, Try a simpler problem. Draw a diagram or narrate a story.
b) Choose a strategy and do it: Use the perspective of tables (including table of simpler problems), diagrams, or verbal easoning, or formulas. Change perspectives as appropriate.
c) Check & Interpret: Compare two or more methods. State answer in context, with assumptions and units.
# Prealgebra for Two-Year Colleges/Workbook AIE/Properties of multiplication

Materials Needed: None

## Learning Objectives

* Use the distributive property to estimate products, and then to correct your estimate.
* Find and use patterns in the multiplication table.

## Warm-up

You have $80 in your wallet. You want to buy 3 DVD's for $19.95 each. (Fortunately, you are in Oregon where there is no sales tax.)
    1. Approximate the price a DVD to the nearest whole dollar.
    2. Estimate the cost of the three DVD's.
    3. Estimate how much money you will have in your wallet after the purchase.
    4. What do you need to add or subtract from your approximate price of a DVD to get the actual price?
    5. What do you need to add or subtract from your estimate of the cost of the three DVD's to get the actual cost?
    6. Exactly how much money you will have in your wallet after the purchase?
    7. Explain how your estimation and calculation is related to the following application of the distributive property. Be specific about why you are adding or subtracting.
       ${\begin{aligned}80-\underbrace {3(20-0.05)} &=80-\underbrace {3(20)} +\underbrace {3(0.05)} \\&=\underbrace {80-60} +0.15\\&=\underbrace {20+0.15} \\&=20.15\\\end{aligned}}$
# Mac OS X Tiger/Appendix B
### Repairing Permissions

The file system in Mac OS X is based on a derivative of UNIX called Darwin. All UNIX based systems use what is known as "permissions" to manage all the files stored on your drive, from files vital to the operation of the system itself to the photo of your pet rock.
Occasionally, the permissions of some files may become incorrect, and if this happens to system files, you can get problems including a slow down of the system to unexpected crashes or freezing.
Many times, you can "repair permissions" and the problems will stop occurring.
Open Disk Utility (found in /Applications/Utilities/Disk Utility) and select your hard drive from the list. The very first screen you see should have a button marked "Repair Permissions". Clicking this will start an automated process that will check the existing permissions on each file, and compare it to what it should be, then try to change the permissions on that file if it is incorrect. As the application does this, you may notice a lot of text scrolling in the window. This is the application doing its work. Once the process has finished, you should get a message stating if the repair was successful or not. If successful, quit the application and see if the problems you have been experiencing still exist.

### Throwing the .plist

Applications in OS X use something called plist to save the preferences. For example, when you start an application for the first time, it might ask you if it should look for updates when started and where you want your files to be saved. When you start the application next time, it will remember what you decided the first time. That information is saved in a plist file. Sometimes these files become corrupted, and that can lead to very odd problems like applications not starting and files not being saved correctly. Throwing the applications plist might fix this problem. (Throwing a plist file will not damage the application, but it will delete all your preferences and the application will act as if it's your first time using it the next time you start the application.)
The easiest way to throw a plist file is to search for the application in spotlight using the applications name and put .plist afterwards. For example, the plist for Mail is com.apple.mail.plist and the plist for iPhoto is com.apple.iPhoto.plist. From the spotlight menu, click "Show All" and right-click the plist file. Pick "Reveal in Finder" and a finder window should come up with the plist selected. Drag to the Desktop (and make sure that the plist is no longer in the folder you took it from). Start the application and see if it works better. If it doesn't, you can put the plist you put on the desktop back, that way you didn't lose your preferences for nothing.
# Mac OS X Tiger

* About this Wikibook
    The scope and motivation behind this Wikibook.
* Using this Wikibook
    Quick guide on how to use and participate in this book.
* Running Mac OS X Tiger today
    A retrospective for modern users of macOS.
* Introduction
    Introduction to the OS X Tiger.
* The Desktop
    A gentle first lesson in using your Mac.
* A Quick Look Under the Hood
    A simple view of what is lurking beneath the UI.
* The Mac Interface
    A follow-up to the first chapter that finishes explaining the Mac Interface.
* Using the Finder
    An introduction to browsing files on your Mac using the Finder.
* Advanced Finder Tricks
    An advanced chapter that helps you get the most out of the Finder.
* Meet the Applications
    A complete look at all of the applications included with Tiger.
* Utilities
    Instructions for using the various Utilities included with Mac OS X.
* System Preferences
    Learn how to adjust your Mac's settings to your liking.
* User Accounts
    Learn about accounts and understand the Mac OS X account system.
* Networking your Mac
    A guide to connecting your Mac to other Macs, PCs, and the Internet.
* Using your Mac as a Web Server
    Guide to using Mac OS X as a web server.
* Printing, Faxing, and Scanning
    Connect a printer and scanner to your Mac and learn how to send faxes.
* Handwriting and Speech
    Teach your Mac how to recognize your voice and your writing.
* Installing Tiger
    Learn how to upgrade an older version of Mac OS X to Tiger.
* Advanced Concepts
    Insight into the UNIX background and inner workings of Mac OS
* Appendices
*   * A: The Keyboard Shortcut Cheat Sheet
       Learn keyboard shortcuts to speed up your work flow.
*   * B: Mac OS X Troubleshooting
       Fix problems and determine what is causing your Mac or its applications to crash.
*   * C: Directory of Mac Models
       A directory of all modern (G4, G5, or Intel) Mac models.
*   * D: Top 30 Questions
       This appendix answers the top 30 questions people ask when using Mac OS X.
*   * E: Top 30 Mistakes
       This appendix lists the top 30 mistakes new Mac users make.
* Glossary
    Find a term you don't know? You might find it in the glossary.
* Pages to be incorporated (or deleted) Locally increased lead, Spaces disappear

## External Links

* Mac OS X Server Documentation
* Mac OS X Server Mailing List
* Mac OS X Server Mailing List Archives