# Proto-Turkic/Vocabulary 2

Welcome to tenth lesson of Proto-Turkic! This is the second of vocabulary lesson and in this lesson we will improve our vocabulary.

## Vocabulary

Let's start with a text.
Translation:
Since plurality is a controversial issue in Proto-Turkic, plural cases other than pronouns are written in singular in this text. There is no previously unprocessed grammar in the text. The body parts mentioned in the text are given below. Simple verbs come right after it. Words related to time will be explained in the next lesson.

### Parts of body

Proto-Turkic :
| head | *baĺč |
| face | *yǖŕ |
| hair | *s(i)ač |
| eyebrow | *k(i)āĺč |
| eyelash | *kirpik |
| eye | *köŕ |
| ear | *kulkak |
| nose | *burun (Shaz) *sumsa (Lir) |
| lip | *tōtak |
| mouth | *agïŕ |
| tongue | *til |
| chin | *ēŋek |
Proto-Turkic :
| neck | *bōyn (shaz?) |
| throat | *boguŕ |
| Adam's apple | *bogurdak |
| shoulder | *omuŕ *egin |
| shoulder blade | *yarïn |
| breast | *kögüŕ *tȫĺ |
| breast (female) | *čičig |
| arm, hand | *kol |
| forearm | *kar |
| elbow | *čïkan(ak) |
| belly | *kạrïn |
| waist | *bẹ̄l(k) |
| hand | *elig |
| handful | *ạbuč |
| finger | *biarŋak |
| fingernail | *tïrŋak |
| anus, buttocks | *köt |
| leg, thigh | *būt (shaz) |
| thigh, hip | *satan |
| calf of leg | *b(i)altïr (shaz) |
| foot | *adak |
| sole | *tāpan |

### Basic Verbs

Proto-Turkic :
| to take | *ạl- |
| to give | *bēr- |
| to come | *kẹl- |
| to go (away) | *bar-, *kē(y)t- |
| to walk | *yorï-/*yüri- |
| to organize, make | *ēt- |
| to do, make | *kïl- |
| to know (something) | *bil- |
| to know (someone) | *tạnu- |
| to sit | *oltur- |
| to stand | *tur- |
| to stay behind, remain | *kiāl- |
| to put, leave, abandon | *kod- |
| to put, throw | *sal- |
| to live | *tīri- |
| to see | *kör- |
| to look, watch | *bạk- |
| to hear | *ẹĺit- |
| to speak | *kele-, *seble- |
| to say | *tē- |
| to say, tell; to ask, demand | *ạyït- |
| to touch | *tẹg- |
| to eat | *yē- |
| to migrate | *köč- |

### The exception of the palatals

We've talked about this before. However, as we start to learn new words, we need to mention it again, as it is a situation that you will encounter more and more.

#### Contrast noun-verb

You may have noticed above. Aren't the word *köŕ and the word *kör- similar? Similar? Only when it is noun the r sound is palatal, when it is a verb it is not palatal.
Some words in Turkic have both noun and verb forms. For some reason, when the r sound, which is palatal in some words, is at the end, it lacks palatal in the verb form.
* *köŕ (“eye”) but *kör- (“to see”)
* *semiŕ (“fat”) but *semir- (“to fatten”)
* *kūtuŕ (“mad, enraged”) but *kūtur- (“to become mad, rage”)

#### Contrast without suffix-with suffix

Some words with suffixes are without palatal. But when there is no suffix, it is palatal.
* *sakïŕ (“gum, resin”) but *sakïrtka (“tick (animal)”) (The existence of an r-form in a Shaz language is sufficient to prove that the word belongs to the Proto-Turkic language. Because if there was a formation formed in Shaz Turkic, it would be sakïz+tka=sakïztka. But this word is not in that form because it was formed in the Proto period.)
* *boguŕ (“throat”) but *bogurdak (“Adam's apple”)

## Grammar

In an agglutinative language, suffixes form the structure of the language. There are two types of suffixes.

### Inflectional suffixes

Inflectional suffixes are suffixes that do not change the structure. Suffixes such as plural suffixes, case suffixes, tense suffixes are inflectional suffixes.
Verbs can take tenses only once. If the latter is needed, it is provided with an auxiliary verb.

### Derivational suffixes

Derivational suffixes are suffixes that change the structure. All suffixes in the seventh lesson are derivational suffixes. Verbals are also derivational suffixes (The meaning of if mentioned in the lesson verbals is not a derivational suffix.).
It is debatable whether the negative suffix is a derivational suffix.