OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HKDSE Geography/M1/Intrusive Vulcanicity

Intrusive vulcanicity occurs when the magma enters and solidifies in lines of weakness or chambers in the earth's crust.

## Process

* The magma is under great pressure.
* Plate movements and tectonic processes produce lines of weakness in the crust.
* The lines of weakness extend downwards and to the magma chamber below.
* The magma pressure is released.
* Magma and gases in the mantle rise along the cracks.
* They intrude into and solidify in chambers the earth's crust (intrusive vulcanicity).

## Associated Landforms

Refer to the diagram and table below. The features on the left part of the diagram are landforms formed by intrusive vulcanicity.
| Name | Description | Formation |
| Batholith | It is a large, irregularly-shaped reservoir of magma. | Magma intrudes into a large chamber beneath the surface of the earth. It cools and solidifies at a very slow rate there. |
| Sill | It is a horizontal sheet-like feature between bedding planes. | Magma intrudes between bedding planes. It cools and solidifies at a very slow rate there. |
| Laccolith | It is a dome-like feature between bedding planes. | Magma intrudes between bedding planes, but its progression is blocked by a structure. The magma pushes up the rock layer above it. It cools and solidifies at a very slow rate there. |
| Dyke | It is a vertical or diagonal wall-like feature cutting across bedding planes. | Magma intrudes into a line of weakness cutting across bedding planes vertically or at an angle. It cools and solidifies at a very slow rate there. |
Note: The precise definition of bedding planes will be discussed in the Dynamic Earth elective. For now, bedding planes are rock layers.

## Intrusive rocks

Intrusive rocks are formed by intrusive vulcanicity. When magma cools and solidifies in the earth's crust, rocks with large crystals are formed. If it was formed very deep in the earth's crust, it is a plutonic rock. They can be exposed onto the earth's surface after denudation. Intrusive rocks are a subset of igneous rocks, which include rocks formed from intrusive and extrusive vulcanicity. These will be covered in great detail in the Dynamic Earth elective.
# HKDSE Geography/M1/Perception of Risks
## Rational Perception of Risks

* When a hazard appears infrequently in an area and with low intensity, people will choose to absorb losses.
* When a hazard exceeds the awareness threshold, people will take notice of it. However, they will still accept the losses.
* When the frequency and magnitude of the hazard reaches the action threshold, people will take measures to minimise the losses.
* When the hazard exceeds the intolerance threshold, people will move away from the area.

## Other Perceptions

* Some believe hazards cannot occur in the same location twice, i.e. 'Lightning does not strike the same place twice.'
* Some believe that the occurrence of hazard is controlled by a deity, and it is thus meaningless to attempt to evade it.
* Some may forget the possibility of a hazard after a long time, e.g. dormant volcanoes.
* Some may believe the government provides sufficient production, and it is thus unnecessary to move out of the area. vteHKDSE Geography : Core Module 1 - Opportunities and Risks: Is It Rational to Stay in Hazard-Prone Areas?Internal ProcessesThe Earth's Layers · Plates · Folding · Faulting · Intrusive Vulcanicity · Extrusive VulcanicityPlate BoundariesDestructive (Continental-Continental · Continental-Oceanic · Oceanic-Oceanic) · Constructive · ConservativeTectonic HazardsDistribution · Formation · Impacts · Factors Affecting Power · Measures · Effectiveness of MeasuresStay-Leave DecisionsReasons for Stay · Perception of Risks
# HKDSE Geography/M1/Plate Boundaries

The narrow zone between two adjacent plates is called a plate boundary.

## Three Types of Plate Boundaries

Let's review the three types:
| | Constructive/divergent plate boundaries | Destructive/convergent plate boundaries | Conservative plate boundaries |
| Convection currents which are | Rising/Diverging | Sinking/Converging | / |
| cause plates to | Diverge from each other | Converge/collide into each other | Slide past each other |
| and create | Tensional force | Compressional force | Shear/lateral force |
This diagram shows the three types of boundaries (transform plate boundaries = conservative plate boundaries, but that term is not accepted in Hong Kong):

## The World's Plate Boundaries

This diagram shows all of the earth's plate boundaries:
You should be able to identify the boundary types by looking at the directions of the arrows, which indicate compression, tension or lateral force.
# HKDSE Geography/M1/Plates

According to the plate tectonics theory, the lithosphere is cracked into many segments as they have been torn apart by internal forces constantly generated from the asthenosphere and exerted onto the lithosphere. Each piece is a tectonic plate or simply plate.
Plates have highly irregular shape, varying thickness and varying size. Plates where oceanic crust is dominant are called oceanic plates. Plates where continental crust is dominant are called continental plates. Some plates only carry oceanic crust, but not plates carry only continental crust.

## Plate movement

(Unimportant background knowledge) 200 million years ago, all continents formed a huge landmass, a supercontinent called Panagaea. Convection currents in the asthenosphere caused Panagaea to split into different continents. They drifted apart, resulting in the present locations of the seven continents. This is called continental drift.
(This is important) The theory of plate tectonics was later developed. As the core of the earth is very hot, magma at the bottom of the mantle is heated. This magma has lower density, so it rises up to form a rising current. It is then cooled down and sinks to form a sinking current. It rises and falls repeatedly, forming convection currents. This is mantle convection.
Plates lie and float on the asthenosphere. Mantle convection causes plate movement. Plates move at several centimetres a year.

## Plate boundaries

The narrow zone between two adjacent plates is called a plate boundary. Plate boundaries are classified into three types.
| | Constructive plate boundaries (Divergent) | Destructive plate boundaries (Convergent) | Conservative plate boundaries |
| Convection currents which are | Rising/Diverging | Sinking/Converging | / |
| cause plates to | Diverge from each other | Converge/collide into each other | Slide past each other |
| and create | Tensional force | Compressional force | Shear/lateral force/stress |

## Slab pull, ridge push

At destructive plate boundaries, gravity pulls the denser plate towards the subduction zone. This is slab pull.
At constructive plate boundaries, magma wells up to new crust at the opening. It cools and solidifies, forming a ridge. The new crust pushes the two sides of the plate away from it. This is ridge push.
# Gerris Manual/Object hierarchy

* GfsBox
** GfsBoxNotAdapt
* GfsGedge
* GfsBcDirichlet
* GfsBcNeumann
* GfsBcFlather
# German for tourists/Vocabulary 3

| English version | German version | Recording |
| Where is a good restaurant here? | Wo ist hier ein gutes Restaurant? | vocabulary 3.1 |
| A table for [two/three/four], please. | Einen Tisch für [zwei/drei/vier], bitte. | vocabulary 3.2 |
| The menu, please | Die Speisekarte, bitte | vocabulary 3.3 |
| The wine list, please | Die Weinkarte, bitte | vocabulary 3.4 |
| I would like something to drink | Ich möchte gerne etwas trinken | Vocabulary 3.5 |
| Do you have a vegetarian dish? | Haben Sie ein vegetarisches Gericht? | vocabulary 3.6 |
| Is the tip included? | Ist das Trinkgeld inbegriffen? | vocabulary 3.7 |
| I would like… | Ich hätte gern… | vocabulary 3.8 |
| What’s the difference between X and Y? | Was ist der Unterschied zwischen X und Y? | vocabulary 3.9 |
| Waiter! / Waitress! | Bedienung! | vocabulary 3.10 |
| Is there a local specialty? | Gibt es eine Spezialität aus dieser Gegend? | vocabulary 3.11 |
| May I have a glass of _____? | Könnte ich ein Glas _____ haben? | vocabulary 3.12 |
| May I have a cup of _____? | Könnte ich eine Tasse _____ haben? | vocabulary 3.13 |
| May I have a bottle of _____? | Könnte ich eine Flasche _____ haben? | vocabulary 3.14 |
| Enjoy the meal! | Genießen Sie das Essen! | vocabulary 3.15 |
| Cheers! | Zum Wohl! | vocabulary 3.16 |
| It's delicious! | Es schmeckt ausgezeichnet! | vocabulary 3.17 |
| That's all. | Das ist alles. | vocabulary 3.18 |
| The check, please. | Die Rechnung, bitte. | vocabulary 3.19 |
DIALOGUES:
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPk1YqYOHig - At a Restaurant in Germany
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-SIOWJrOmM - Ordering a Burger in German
# German for tourists/Vocabulary 6

| English version | German version | Recording |
| Entrance/ Exit/ Emergency exit | Eingang / Ausgang/ Notausgang | vocabulary 6.1 |
| Open from/ Closed | Geöffnet von.../ Geschlossen | vocabulary 6.2 |
| Push/ pull | Drücken / Ziehen | vocabulary 6.3 |
| Caution | Vorsicht | vocabulary 6.4 |
| No trespassing | Für Unbefugte verboten | vocabulary 6.5 |
| Men’s room | Herrentoiletten | vocabulary 6.6 |
| Ladies’ room | Damentoiletten | vocabulary 6.7 |
| Elevator | Aufzug | vocabulary 6.8 |
| Danger | Gefahr | vocabulary 6.9 |
| No smoking | Rauchen verboten! | vocabulary 6.10 |
| Vacant/ filled up | Frei/ Belegt | vocabulary 6.11 |
| Occupied | Besetzt | vocabulary 6.12 |
| Attention | Achtung! | vocabulary 6.13 |
| Do not touch | Nicht berühren | vocabulary 6.14 |
| No swimming | Baden verboten! | vocabulary 6.15 |
| Hot / cold | Heiß/ kalt | vocabulary 6.16 |
| Room for rent | Zimmer frei | vocabulary 6.17 |
| Mortal danger | Lebensgefahr | vocabulary 6.18 |
# German for tourists/Vocabulary 7

| English version | German version | Recording |
| Help! | Hilfe! | vocabulary 7.1 |
| I need the police | Ich brauche die Polizei | vocabulary 7.2 |
| I’ve lost [my bag/my wallet] | Ich habe [meine Tasche/mein Portemonnaie] verloren | vocabulary 7.3 |
| I have been just robbed | Ich bin gerade bestohlen worden | vocabulary 7.4 |
| Where is the hospital? | Wo ist das Krankenhaus? | vocabulary 7.5 |
| Where is the pharmacy? | Wo ist die Apotheke? | vocabulary 7.6 |
| I am sick | Ich bin krank | vocabulary 7.7 |
| How do I get to the [American/Canadian/Australian/British] consulate? | Wie komme ich zum [amerikanischen/kanadischen/australischen/britischen] Konsulat? | vocabulary 7.8 |
| I’m lost. | Ich habe mich verlaufen | vocabulary 7.9 |
| This is an emergency. | Das ist ein Notfall | vobaculary 7.10 |
# German for tourists/Vocabulary 1

| English version | German version | Recording |
| Good morning | Guten Morgen | vocabulary 1.1 |
| Good afternoon | Guten Tag | vocabulary 1.2 |
| Good evening | Guten Abend | vocabulary 1.3 |
| Good night | Gute Nacht | vocabulary 1.4 |
| Goodbye | Auf Wiedersehen | vocabulary 1.5 |
| See you soon | Bis bald | vocabulary 1.6 |
| See you later | Bis später | vocabulary 1.7 |
| See you tomorrow | Bis morgen | vocabulary 1.8 |
| Bye | Tschüß | vocabulary 1.9 |
| Yes/No | Ja/Nein | vocabulary 1.10 |
| Thank you | Danke | vocabulary 1.11 |
| Thank you very much | Vielen Dank | vocabulary 1.12 |
| Please | Bitte | vocabulary 1.13 |
| You are welcome | Bitte sehr | vocabulary 1.14 |
| Excuse me | Entschuldigung | vocabulary 1.15 |
| What is your name? | Wie heißen Sie? (formal)/Wie heißt du? (informal) | vocabulary 1.16 |
| My name is... | Ich heiße... | vocabulary 1.17 |
| How are you? | Wie geht es Ihnen? (formal)/ Wie geht es dir? (informal) | vocabulary 1.18 |
| I am fine, thanks. And you? | Gut, danke. Und Ihnen? (formal)/ Und dir? (informal) | vocabulary 1.19 |
| I am from…[the USA/Canada/Australia/UK]. | Ich komme aus…[den USA/Kanada/Australien/Großbritannien]. | vocabulary 1.20 |
| Do you speak German? | Sprechen Sie Deutsch? (formal)/ Sprichst du Deutsch? (informal) | vocabulary 1.21 |
| I speak English | Ich spreche Englisch | vocabulary 1.22 |
| Please speak more slowly | Sprechen Sie langsamer, bitte (formal)/ Sprich langsamer, bitte (informal) | vocabulary 1.23 |
| Please repeat | Wiederholen Sie bitte (formal)/ Wiederhole bitte (informal) | vocabulary 1.24 |
| Do you understand? | Verstehen Sie? (formal)/ Verstehst du? (informal) | vocabulary 1.25 |
| I understand | Ich verstehe | vocabulary 1.26 |
| I do not understand | Ich verstehe nicht | vocabulary 1.27 |
| What did you say?/Can you repeat? | Wie bitte? | vocabulary 1.28 |
| What does it mean? | Was bedeutet das? | vocabulary 1.29 |
| What is that? | Was ist das? | vocabulary 1.30 |
| I do not know it | Ich weiß es nicht | vocabulary 1.31 |
# Gerris Manual

This book is a full reference manual for the Gerris Flow Solver. It contains both a step-by-step introduction to Gerris and in-depth examples of its application to solve complex problems.

## Table of Contents

* Object hierarchy

## See also

* Gerris Flow Solver website
# German for tourists/Vocabulary 5

| English version | German version | Recording |
| I want a single room for tonight | Ich möchte ein Einzelzimmer für heute Nacht | vocabulary 5.1 |
| I want a double room | Ich möchte ein Doppelzimmer | vocabulary 5.2 |
| How much does it cost? | Wieviel kostet es? | vocabulary 5.3 |
| Is breakfast included? | Ist das Frühstück einbegriffen? | vocabulary 5.4 |
| With a bathtub / with shower | Mit einer Badewanne / Dusche | vocabulary 5.5 |
| With shower and toilette | Mit Dusche und WC | vocabulary 5.6 |
| A room with two beds, please | Ein Zimmer mit zwei Betten, bitte | vocabulary 5.7 |
| May I see the room? | Darf ich mir das Zimmer ansehen? | vocabulary 5.8 |
| I like it/ I don’t like it | Es gefällt mir/ es gefällt mir nicht | vocabulary 5.9 |
| Do you have a room with a view of the sea? | Haben Sie ein Zimmer mit Blick aufs Meer? | vocabulary 5.10 |
| I will take it | Ich nehme es | vocabulary 5.11 |
| I need an extra bed | Ich brauche ein zusätzliches Bett | vocabulary 5.12 |
| I need a blanket/pillow | Ich brauche eine Decke/ ein extra Kopfkissen. | vocabulary 5.13 |
| Where is the lift? | Wo ist der Aufzug? | vocabulary 5.14 |
| Where is the pool? | Wo ist das Schwimmbad? | vocabulary 5.15 |
| What is my room number? | Welche Zimmernummer habe ich? | vocabulary 5.16 |
| I have a reservation | Ich habe eine Reservierung | vocabulary 5.17 |
| Do you have free rooms? | Haben Sie noch Zimmer frei? | vocabulary 5.18 |
| I am staying [one night/two nights/three nights]. | Ich bleibe [eine Nacht/zwei Nächte/drei Nächte]. | vocabulary 5.19 |
| Can you wake me up at X o’clock? | Können Sie mich um X Uhr wecken? | vocabulary 5.20 |
| When is the check-out? | Bis wann muss man auschecken? | vocabulary 5.21 |
# German for tourists/Vocabulary 2

| English version | German version | Recording |
| How much is it? | Was kostet das? | vocabulary 2.1 |
| Do you sell…? | Verkaufen Sie…? | vocabulary 2.2 |
| What would you like to have? | Was möchten Sie? | vocabulary 2.3 |
| What are you looking for? | Was suchen Sie? | vocabulary 2.4 |
| Do you have that in a (smaller/bigger) size? | Haben Sie das in einer (kleineren/größeren) Größe? | vocabulary 2.5 |
| Do you have something cheaper? | Haben Sie etwas Billigeres? | vocabulary 2.6 |
| Can I pay in cash? | Kann ich mit Bargeld bezahlen? | vocabulary 2.7 |
| Can I pay with credit card? | Kann ich mit Kreditkarte bezahlen? | vocabulary 2.8 |
| What time does the shop [open/close]? | Um wieviel Uhr [öffnet/schließt] das Geschäft? | vocabulary 2.9 |
| Can I help you? | Kann ich Ihnen (formal)/dir(informal) helfen? | vocabulary 2.10 |
# German for tourists/Vocabulary 4

| English version | German version | Recording |
| Excuse me, where is…? | Entschuldigung, wo ist…? | vocabulary 4.1 |
| In what direction is X? | In welche Richtung ist X? | vocabuary 4.2 |
| Is it near? | Ist es in der Nähe? | vocabulary 4.3 |
| Is it far away? | Ist es weit weg? | vocabulary 4.4 |
| Where is the [entrance/exit]? | Wo ist der [Eingang/Ausgang]? | vocabulary 4.5 |
| Where are the taxis? | Wo sind die Taxis? | vocabulary 4.6 |
| Where is the bus? | Wo ist der Bus? | vocabulary 4.7 |
| Where is the subway? | Wo ist die U-Bahn? | vocabulary 4.8 |
| Go straight ahead. | Gehen Sie geradeaus. | vocabulary 4.9 |
| Go that way. | Gehen Sie diesen Weg. | vocabulary 4.10 |
| Go back. | Gehen Sie zurück. | vocabulary 4.11 |
| Turn right. | Biegen Sie rechts ab. | vocabulary 4.12 |
| Turn left. | Biegen Sie links ab. | vocabulary 4.13 |
| Stop here, please. | Bitte halten Sie hier an. | vocabulary 4.14 |
| At the corner | An der Ecke | vocabulary 4.15 |
| Upstairs | Oben | vocabulary 4.16 |
| Downstairs | Unten | vocabulary 4.17 |
| Back | Zurück | vocabulary 4.18 |
| North | Norden | vocabulary 4.19 |
| South | Süden | vocabulary 4.10 |
| East | Osten | vocabulary 4.21 |
| West | Westen | vocabulary 4.22 |
| To the city center, please | Zum Stadtzentrum, bitte | vocabulary 4.23 |
| To the train station, please | Zum Bahnhof, bitte | vocabulary 4.24 |
| To the airport, please | Zum Flughafen, bitte | vocabulary 4.25 |
| A map of the city, please | Einen Stadtplan, bitte. | vocabulary 4.26 |
| A subway map, please. | Einen U-Bahnplan, bitte. | vocabulary 4.27 |
| How much is a ticket to X? | Wieviel kostet eine Fahrkarte nach X? | vocabulary 4.28 |
| Does this train go to…? | Fährt dieser Zug nach…? | vocabulary 4.29 |
| Where does this bus go to? | Wohin fährt dieser Bus? | vocabulary 4.30 |
| Do I have to transfer? | Muss ich umsteigen? | vocabulary 4.31 |
# Gerris Manual/Object hierarchy/GfsEvent

Events are used to control any action which needs to be performed at a given time during a simulation. This includes one off actions as well as periodically repeated actions.
The syntax in parameter files is as follows:
with:

## start

    Physical starting time (default is zero). The "end" keyword can be used to indicate the end of the simulation.

## istart

    Time step starting time (default is zero).

## step

    Repeat every step physical time units (default is infinity).

## istep

    Repeat every istep time steps (default is infinity).

## end

    Stop at or before this physical time (default is infinity).

## iend

    Stop at or before this number of time steps (default is infinity).
# Game Maker Programming/Functions

MCI_command
abs
action_another_room
action_bounce
action_change_object
action_color
action_create_object
action_current_room
action_draw_background
action_draw_ellipse
action_draw_font
action_draw_health
action_draw_highscore
action_draw_life
action_draw_life_images
action_draw_line
action_draw_rectangle
action_draw_score
action_draw_sprite
action_draw_text
action_draw_variable
action_end_game
action_end_sound
action_execute_script
action_fill_color
action_fullscreen
action_highscore
action_highscore_add
action_highscore_show
action_if
action_if_aligned
action_if_collision
action_if_dice
action_if_empty
action_if_health
action_if_life
action_if_mouse
action_if_next_room
action_if_number
action_if_object
action_if_previous_room
action_if_question
action_if_score
action_if_sound
action_if_variable
action_inherited
action_kill_object
action_kill_position
action_line_color
action_linear_step
action_load_game
action_message
action_move
action_move_contact
action_move_point
action_move_random
action_move_start
action_move_to
action_next_room
action_path
action_path_position
action_path_speed
action_potential_step
action_previous_room
action_restart_game
action_reverse_xdir
action_reverse_ydir
action_save_game
action_set_alarm
action_set_caption
action_set_cursor
action_set_friction
action_set_gravity
action_set_health
action_set_hspeed
action_set_life
action_set_motion
action_set_score
action_set_sprite
action_set_vspeed
action_show_info
action_sleep
action_snap
action_sound
arccos
arcsin
arctan
arctan2
# Networking and Multiplayer

Multiplayer games are harder to create, but more fun to play.
# Preface

This book/class is supposed to give a hands-on experience related to programming with the Unity Game Engine. Different aspects will be looked at. Most likely this book will be outdated as soon as it is finished, but for a little while it may serve as an entrance to the world of game programming.
The idea behind this class project came from a colleague who suggested that most class projects produce really nice results, but usually disappear in some instructors' drawers. After reading on the possibility of using Wikibooks for class projects, we just had to give it a try.

## Getting Started

If you are new to Wikibooks, you might first want to look at Using Wikibooks. Details for creating a class project can be found at Class_Project_Guidelines. If you are completely new to Wikipedia, the Wikipedia tutorial maybe helpful to you. If you like to upload images to wikipedia, use the File Upload Wizard. However, only upload images if you created them and you own the copyright!

## Other Wikibooks

There are also other wikibooks on subjects related that are quite useful:
* Game_Creation_with_XNA
* Cg_Programming
* C_Sharp_Programming

## Other Class Projects

Inspiration from successful class projects can be drawn here, which by themselves are also quite interesting and maybe helpful for this project:
* Basic Writing
* Handbook for Doctoral Students in Education

## Experience from the First Iteration

No experience yet.
# Game Maker Programming/Contributors lounge

I was thinking about doing a small scripting tutorial of my past work, and was thinking about looking into creating an actual OOP edition of the script. Anyone have any comments/ideas?
Please do. I firmly believe in putting code out there for folks to learn by copy and paste (I sure learn a lot that way).
On a related note, there are lots of tutorials and documents out there on various GM subjects, but they often lack one or more of the following modules:
I like the definition on wikipedia for "tutorial"... It says that a tutorial should have:
   While many writers refer to a mere list of instructions or tips as a "tutorial", this usage can be misleading... SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutorial
I agree with it. The nice thing is, if you can't do all the work yourself, someone else will eventually come in and help out.
I'm considering writing a few tutorials in GML; where should I put them? In particular, I'm working on a variation of 3D mouselook for flight games that makes the view controls behave consistently even when looking straight up. This seems like it doesn't quite fit in the Tough Topics chapter; that chapter seems to be for troubleshooting rathar than tutorials. Maybe there should be a section for tutorials, or a separate WikiBook for GM tutorials?