OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# African American Vernacular English/Introduction

What is AAVE? Is it a language, is it a dialect, or is it just English spoken badly. To linguists, it's obviously not the last of those, and the first distinction is not really important. It's a spoken system of communication with a clearly defined set of rules, grammatical and phonological, and a generally accepted vocabulary.

## Terminology

This book uses a great deal of linguistic terminology. Though a linguistic background is thus helpful, and we recommend reviewing the Linguistics Wikibook, it is not required. We will try to provide explanations of the terms, and also to illustrate the principles through examples.
In discussing African American Vernacular English, we will look at the language on its own terms, and compare it both to common rules in most English dialects, and to Mainstream American English. The following acronyms will thus be helpful to your understanding of the test.
* AAVE: African American Vernacular English: the subject of this book.
* MAE: Mainstream American English, the prestige variety of English also known as "General American," or "Radio English": spoken by most white Americans in the Northern and Eastern United states.
* GE: General English: features which are common across many or most varieties of English, including both prestigious varieties such as MAE, Estuary English, and BBC English, and "low-class" and regional varieties, including AAVE, Cockney, Newfoundland English, and Southern (white) American English.

## Origins

There are several hypotheses about the origins of AAVE. Of these the most important are:
* Creolization and decreolization
* African development
* Irish or Ulster Scots substratum

### Creolization

Historically, the most commonly accepted hypothesis for the origins of AAVE has been the creolization hypothesis.

### African Substratum

A recent alternative is that AAVE borrowed features not common to MAE from African languages.

### Irish or Ulster Scots substratum

Many have proposed that AAE, which shares a large number of features with Irish English, Ulster Scots and the southern Appalachian English which descended from it, or occasionally other English dialects, may have borrowed features from these languages.
This hypothesis was once popular among linguists, though with the beginning of serious study of both AAVE and creoles, linguists have observed that many features of AAVE are quite common cross-linguistically.
# African American Vernacular English

African American Vernacular English is a dialect or sociolect spoken in the United States. It is sometimes considered as a creole or sometimes even a separate language. It is spoken by many African Americans, European Americans, and even some Hispanics or Asians in the US are able to speak it. Another name for African American Vernacular English is Ebonics, AAVE, or Black American English.
AAVE has been spoken since the arrival of African slaves, it has used in the Hip-Hop culture. African American Vernacular English gets some of its grammar and words from many African words such as the Wolof word "Dig" which means understand. The Wolof word "Dig" derives from the Serer word "Ndigil" which means truth in the Serer language. Some of its grammar comes from Southern American English and Gullah. There is also Black American Language. Like AAVE, it has some differences from Standard English. The spelling of AAVE could be confusing, but it is a very easy to learn this creole, dialect, language, or sociolect.

## Contents

Introduction
* About AAVE
* Pronunciation
* Why study AAVE?
* Greetings
Grammar
* Verbs
** Copula
** Aspect
* Quoting

## Links

AAVE on Wikipedia
African American Portal
AAVE Tips
College page on AAVE
A collection of AAVE links
# Afaan Oromo/Translations

Girma: Tariku, how are you?
Tariku: How are you? Are you well?
Girma: I'm well, thank God. How are you?
Tariku: I'm good, thank God. Where are you headed?
Girma: I'm going by the school.
Tariku: What are you doing tonight?
Girma: I have to go study.
Tariku: Alright. I'll see you soon.
# African American Vernacular English/Verbs

Verbs in AAVE are quite similar to other English dialects, however there are some differences. Most importantly:
* There is no conjugation for the present tense. In the Copula all forms use the third-person singular, in all other verbs, the form used for all versions except the third person singular is used.
* The rules for the Copula are different than in MAE, and it can sometimes be dropped.
* AAVE has more Aspects than MAE.
# Alternative Socioeconomics/Participatory Economics

Overview of Participatory Economics
# Alternative Socioeconomics/The Venus Project

The Venus Project (TVP) "presents a bold, new direction for humanity that entails nothing less than the total redesign of our culture." The Venus project aims to provide a solution to today's problems of unemployment, violent crime, replacement of humans by technology, over-population and sustainability through the application of science to society. The Venus project present a holistic design, key components of which include:
A Resource Based Economy: instead of an economy based on decisions made by companies based on consumer demand, an RBE is based on using the scientific method to satisfy human needs. This includes implementing a vastly different political system focusing more on direct democracy and automation of government by democratically-controlled computers in order to prevent the election of dishonest people.
Cities function best when they're planned. Although certain people may not agree with the artist's depiction of circular cities portrayed by TVP's videos/movies, a purpose is to show what good planning can do. TVP may be criticized for its designs that may seem dull and boring, but the point isn't to replicate exactly what the graphics look like.
Energy, as anyone with decent education should know, should be clean and sustainable. While the oil age has permitted humanity with many technological advances despite environmental side-effects, the lack of democracy and accountability among governments and oil companies can and have caused devastating consequences. The astronomical quantities of money misspent by governments in general, including to subsidize oil, can go to more important causes, including clean energy.
Housing: in the case of homelessness, it's been proven that it's cheaper to rehabilitate and house them instead of leave them on the street.
Construction
Space
TZM split with TVP regarding disagreements between the current representatives, but these events shouldn't distract people from their similar purposes and philosophies.
# Alternative Socioeconomics/EOS/PeopleSide
## People Side

Non-nation centric forms an important characteristic of the proposal that EOS presents. Instead of nations, EOS argues that culture and language form important attributes and thus proposes a system based on networks of communities of about 200 people in each. Each community would link up with a number of others to form an urbanate of about 10 000 people. An urbanate forms the proposed replacement for cities and forms a building block for the government of the people side.
EOS recommends a direct democracy for administration of the people aspects of an urnbante. In such a system, the people would elect a governing body of representatives that would suggest laws. The people would then vote the laws in or out. If a sufficient group of people wish to change an established law then they can place that before the governing council.
Direct democracy fors a suggestion. Urbanates could implement other forms of government for people aspects as they wish. However, each urbanate must maintain a set common ground; such as basic human rights and the right to move from urbanate to urbanate. In addition, no governing council could interfere with technical aspects of society. So, for example, a governing council could decide on what TV programs to show but not the design of the equipment.
Urbanates with similar cultures or languages could join together if they so wished and form a confederacy. A confederacy would operate as if it were a single urbanate but each composing urbanate would have the right to leave as it wished.
# Alternative Socioeconomics/EOS
## EOS

The European Organisation for Sustainability (EOS) has a two part plan for an alternative socio-economic system; a people side and a technical side. The technical side manages all the technical aspects of society such as production, transportation, education and medical. The people side manages all non-technical aspects such as morality and culture aspects. For example, televisions has a both a technical and people side. On the technical side we have the design of cameras, recording equipment and broadcasting equipment. We also have technical standards to maintain and implement. However, what the system should broadcast, the actuarial television programme content, falls within the people side. From a technical point of view an engineer would need to do the same job regardless of programming but from a people point of view some programs might have a cultural acceptance but others might not. In the plan that EOS would propose each side would have a different form of management.
At the core of EOS's proposal lies the idea of sustainable. EOS aim for a socioeconomic system that offers a good standard of living for the longest time possible.
People Side
Technical Side
# Alternative Socioeconomics/EOS/TechnicalSide
## Technical Side

The technical side manages all technical aspects of a society. Groups of technical experts mange areas which they have the technical expertise to manage. Management revolves around projects composed of multi-discipline teams working locally as possible. The terms technate then refers to the overall geographical area where the managers operate.
Holonic Organisation
Energy Accounting
Technical Management
# Alternative Socioeconomics/EOS/TechnicalSide/EnergyAccounting
## Energy Accounting

Economic system represent a type of resources allocation system. In an economic system we have a set of resources, and set of production facilities, which produce a set of goods, used for consumption. Such a system requires energy to run. Actually, the system requires a set of energy producers that make available a supply of usable energies (exergy). People, though demands for goods, then drive the system.

### Exergy as a common accountancy unit

The term "exergy" refers to the usable energy for a physical system and follows from the second law of thermodynamics; we cannot full change heat to work. Energy comes in different forms such as potential, chemical, kinetic and electrical energy. Not all forms of energy have the same potential to produce work. We can convert electrical energy completely to work but cannot convert heat energy fully to work.
As any socioeconomic system requires energy to work we can measure how much available energy (as exergy) we have and that will give us a measure of the system's ability to produce.
A socioeconomic system not only needs energy but also materials. We can also use exergy as a measure of materials. This follows from the materials having a chemical potential. In addition, information can also have an exergy value. This follow from the application of statistical mechanics and information theory where we can define a particle as have one bit of information.
As we can use exergy to measure usable energy, materials and information that a socioeconomic system utilises, exergy, therefore, forms a common accountancy unit for any socioeconomic system.
Exergy has an additional property of use for a socioeconomic system; exergy has a relationship to the environment. The greater the difference a system exhibits between itself and the surrounding environment the greater the exergy becomes.
As exergy forms a common accountancy unit and has a relationship to the environment we can use exergy as a control variable for a resource allocation system such as a socioeconomic system.

### Overview of an Exergy Based Socioeconomic System

A socioeconomic system based on exergy becomes a resources allocation system where we would have a system that uses state variables to control the system. The system would use exergy to measure the production cost of an item so each item produced would have a cost that reflects the physical cost of that item rather than a subjective monetary value. A society would also have a certain amount of exergy available for the production of each item. The resource allocation problem then becomes one of allocating exergy to production based on the user initiated demand for goods and the maintenance requirements of the system. We could do this through calculating how much exergy we would have available for production and distribute this capacity equally among the user base as "Energy Credits" (EC). The ECs effectively represent production capacity and the users can then allocate EC to production to acquire personal items.
# Alternative Socioeconomics

This book has the purpose of presenting a number of alternative socioeconomics systems to our current money based system. The alternative economic systems present have a root in science applied to society and propose a moneyless system. We could find a number of reasons why we might wish to look at alternative system but this book aim begins with presenting physical reason for considering alternatives.

## Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Why look at alternative systems?
Chapter 2 EOS
Chapter 3 The Venus Project
Chapter 4 Participatory Economics
# Baptist Theology/God the Father

God the Father
God as Father reigns with providential care over His universe, His creatures, and the flow of the stream of human history according to the purposes of His grace. He is all powerful, all knowing, all loving, and all wise. God is Father in truth to those who become children of God through faith in Jesus Christ. He is fatherly in His attitude toward all men.
Genesis 1:1; 2:7; Exodus 3:14; 6:2-3; 15:11ff.; 20:1ff.; Leviticus 22:2; Deuteronomy 6:4; 32:6; 1 Chronicles 29:10; Psalm 19:1-3; Isaiah 43:3,15; 64:8; Jeremiah 10:10; 17:13; Matthew 6:9ff.; 7:11; 23:9; 28:19; Mark 1:9-11; John 4:24; 5:26; 14:6-13; 17:1-8; Acts 1:7; Romans 8:14-15; 1 Corinthians 8:6; Galatians 4:6; Ephesians 4:6; Colossians 1:15; 1 Timothy 1:17; Hebrews 11:6; 12:9; 1 Peter 1:17; 1 John 5:7.
# Baptist Theology/Its supernatural origin

The Holy Bible was written by men divinely inspired and is God’s revelation of Himself to man. It is a perfect treasure of divine instruction. It has God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its matter. Therefore, all Scripture is totally true and trustworthy. It reveals the principles by which God judges us, and therefore is, and will remain to the end of the world, the true center of Christian union, and the supreme standard by which all human conduct, creeds, and religious opinions should be tried. All Scripture is a testimony to Christ, who is Himself the focus of divine revelation.
Reference:
Exodus 24:4; Deuteronomy 4:1-2; 17:19; Joshua 8:34; Psalms 19:7-10; 119:11,89,105,140; Isaiah 34:16; 40:8; Jeremiah 15:16; 36:1-32; Matthew 5:17-18; 22:29; Luke 21:33; 24:44-46; John 5:39; 16:13-15; 17:17; Acts 2:16ff.; 17:11; Romans 15:4; 16:25-26; 2 Timothy 3:15-17; Hebrews 1:1-2; 4:12; 1 Peter 1:25; 2 Peter 1:19-21
# Baptist Theology/Origin of Sin

Man is the special creation of God, made in His own image. He created them male and female as the crowning work of His creation. The gift of gender is thus part of the goodness of God’s creation. In the beginning man was innocent of sin and was endowed by his Creator with freedom of choice. By his free choice man sinned against God and brought sin into the human race. Through the temptation of Satan man transgressed the command of God, and fell from his original innocence whereby his posterity inherit a nature and an environment inclined toward sin. Therefore, as soon as they are capable of moral action, they become transgressors and are under condemnation.
# Baptist Theology/Salvation

Salvation involves the redemption of the whole man, and is offered freely to all who accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour, who by His own blood obtained eternal redemption for the believer. In its broadest sense salvation includes regeneration, justification, sanctification, and glorification. There is no salvation apart from personal faith in Jesus Christ as Lord.
A. Regeneration, or the new birth, is a work of God’s grace whereby believers become new creatures in Christ Jesus. It is a change of heart wrought by the Holy Spirit through conviction of sin, to which the sinner responds in repentance toward God and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. Repentance and faith are inseparable experiences of grace.
Repentance is a genuine turning from sin toward God. Faith is the acceptance of Jesus Christ and commitment of the entire personality to Him as Lord and Saviour.
B. Justification is God’s gracious and full acquittal upon principles of His righteousness of all sinners who repent and believe in Christ. Justification brings the believer unto a relationship of peace and favor with God.
C. Sanctification is the experience, beginning in regeneration, by which the believer is set apart to God’s purposes, and is enabled to progress toward moral and spiritual maturity through the presence and power of the Holy Spirit dwelling in him. Growth in grace should continue throughout the regenerate person’s life.
D. Glorification is the culmination of salvation and is the final blessed and abiding state of the redeemed.
Genesis 3:15; Exodus 3:14-17; 6:2-8; Matthew 1:21; 4:17; 16:21-26; 27:22-28:6; Luke 1:68-69; 2:28-32; John 1:11-14,29; 3:3-21,36; 5:24; 10:9,28-29; 15:1-16; 17:17; Acts 2:21; 4:12; 15:11; 16:30-31; 17:30-31; 20:32; Romans 1:16-18; 2:4; 3:23-25; 4:3ff.; 5:8-10; 6:1-23; 8:1-18,29-39; 10:9-10,13; 13:11-14; 1 Corinthians 1:18,30; 6:19-20; 15:10; 2 Corinthians 5:17-20; Galatians 2:20; 3:13; 5:22-25; 6:15; Ephesians 1:7; 2:8-22; 4:11-16; Philippians 2:12-13; Colossians 1:9-22; 3:1ff.; 1 Thessalonians 5:23-24; 2 Timothy 1:12; Titus 2:11-14; Hebrews 2:1-3; 5:8-9; 9:24-28; 11:1-12:8,14; James 2:14-26; 1 Peter 1:2-23; 1 John 1:6-2:11; Revelation 3:20; 21:1-22:5.
# Baptist Theology/The Church

A New Testament church of the Lord Jesus Christ is an autonomous local congregation of baptized believers, associated by covenant in the faith and fellowship of the gospel; observing the two ordinances of Christ, governed by His laws, exercising the gifts, rights, and privileges invested in them by His Word, and seeking to extend the gospel to the ends of the earth. Each congregation operates under the Lordship of Christ through democratic processes. In such a congregation each member is responsible and accountable to Christ as Lord. Its scriptural officers are pastors and deacons. While both men and women are gifted for service in the church, the office of pastor is limited to men as qualified by Scripture.
The New Testament speaks also of the church as the Body of Christ which includes all of the redeemed of all the ages, believers from every tribe, and tongue, and people, and nation.
Matthew 16:15-19; 18:15-20; Acts 2:41-42,47; 5:11-14; 6:3-6; 13:1-3; 14:23,27; 15:1-30; 16:5; 20:28; Romans 1:7; 1 Corinthians 1:2; 3:16; 5:4-5; 7:17; 9:13-14; 12; Ephesians 1:22-23; 2:19-22; 3:8-11,21; 5:22-32; Philippians 1:1; Colossians 1:18; 1 Timothy 2:9-14; 3:1-15; 4:14; Hebrews 11:39-40; 1 Peter 5:1-4; Revelation 2-3; 21:2-3.
# Baptist Theology/Jesus Christ (the Son of God)

God the Son
Christ is the eternal Son of God. In His incarnation as Jesus Christ He was conceived of the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. Jesus perfectly revealed and did the will of God, taking upon Himself human nature with its demands and necessities and identifying Himself completely with mankind yet without sin. He honored the divine law by His personal obedience, and in His substitutionary death on the cross He made provision for the redemption of men from sin. He was raised from the dead with a glorified body and appeared to His disciples as the person who was with them before His crucifixion. He ascended into heaven and is now exalted at the right hand of God where He is the One Mediator, fully God, fully man, in whose Person is effected the reconciliation between God and man. He will return in power and glory to judge the world and to consummate His redemptive mission. He now dwells in all believers as the living and ever present Lord.
'Genesis 18:1ff.; Psalms 2:7ff.; 110:1ff.; Isaiah 7:14; Isaiah 53:1-12; Matthew 1:18-23; 3:17; 8:29; 11:27; 14:33; 16:16,27; 17:5; 27; 28:1-6,19; Mark 1:1; 3:11; Luke 1:35; 4:41; 22:70; 24:46; John 1:1-18,29; 10:30,38; 11:25-27; 12:44-50; 14:7-11; 16:15-16,28; 17:1-5, 21-22; 20:1-20,28; Acts 1:9; 2:22-24; 7:55-56; 9:4-5,20; Romans 1:3-4; 3:23-26; 5:6-21; 8:1-3,34; 10:4; 1 Corinthians 1:30; 2:2; 8:6; 15:1-8,24-28; 2 Corinthians 5:19-21; 8:9; Galatians 4:4-5; Ephesians 1:20; 3:11; 4:7-10; Philippians 2:5-11; Colossians 1:13-22; 2:9; 1 Thessalonians 4:14-18; 1 Timothy 2:5-6; 3:16; Titus 2:13-14; Hebrews 1:1-3; 4:14-15; 7:14-28; 9:12-15,24-28; 12:2; 13:8; 1 Peter 2:21-25; 3:22; 1 John 1:7-9; 3:2; 4:14-15; 5:9; 2 John 7-9; Revelation 1:13-16; 5:9-14; 12:10-11; 13:8; 19:16.
# Baptist Theology/Last Things

God, in His own time and in His own way, will bring the world to its appropriate end. According to His promise, Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth; the dead will be raised; and Christ will judge all men in righteousness. The unrighteous will be consigned to Hell, the place of everlasting punishment. The righteous in their resurrected and glorified bodies will receive their reward and will dwell forever in Heaven with the Lord.
Isaiah 2:4; 11:9; Matthew 16:27; 18:8-9; 19:28; 24:27,30,36,44; 25:31-46; 26:64; Mark 8:38; 9:43-48; Luke 12:40,48; 16:19-26; 17:22-37; 21:27-28; John 14:1-3; Acts 1:11; 17:31; Romans 14:10; 1 Corinthians 4:5; 15:24-28,35-58; 2 Corinthians 5:10; Philippians 3:20-21; Colossians 1:5; 3:4; 1 Thessalonians 4:14-18; 5:1ff.; 2 Thessalonians 1:7ff.; 2; 1 Timothy 6:14; 2 Timothy 4:1,8; Titus 2:13; Hebrews 9:27-28; James 5:8; 2 Peter 3:7ff.; 1 John 2:28; 3:2; Jude 14; Revelation 1:18; 3:11; 20:1-22:13.
# Baptist Theology/Holy Spirit

God the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit is the Spirit of God, fully divine. He inspired holy men of old to write the Scriptures. Through illumination He enables men to understand truth. He exalts Christ. He convicts men of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment. He calls men to the Saviour, and effects regeneration. At the moment of regeneration He baptizes every believer into the Body of Christ. He cultivates Christian character, comforts believers, and bestows the spiritual gifts by which they serve God through His church. He seals the believer unto the day of final redemption. His presence in the Christian is the guarantee that God will bring the believer into the fullness of the stature of Christ. He enlightens and empowers the believer and the church in worship, evangelism, and service.
Genesis 1:2; Judges 14:6; Job 26:13; Psalms 51:11; 139:7ff.; Isaiah 61:1-3; Joel 2:28-32; Matthew 1:18; 3:16; 4:1; 12:28-32; 28:19; Mark 1:10,12; Luke 1:35; 4:1,18-19; 11:13; 12:12; 24:49; John 4:24; 14:16-17,26; 15:26; 16:7-14; Acts 1:8; 2:1-4,38; 4:31; 5:3; 6:3; 7:55; 8:17,39; 10:44; 13:2; 15:28; 16:6; 19:1-6; Romans 8:9-11,14-16,26-27; 1 Corinthians 2:10-14; 3:16; 12:3-11,13; Galatians 4:6; Ephesians 1:13-14; 4:30; 5:18; 1 Thessalonians 5:19; 1 Timothy 3:16; 4:1; 2 Timothy 1:14; 3:16; Hebrews 9:8,14; 2 Peter 1:21; 1 John 4:13; 5:6-7; Revelation 1:10; 22:17.