OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Historical Rhetorics/Rhetoric's Medieval Resurgence/Camper, K. M. (2013). The stylistic virtues of clarity and obscurity in Augustine of Hippo's De doctrina christiana.

The Source
Camper, K. M. (2013). The stylistic virtues of clarity and obscurity in Augustine of Hippo's De doctrina christiana. Advances in the History of Rhetoric, 16(1), 58-81. doi: 10.1080/15362426.2013.764832
The Summary
In addressing the Wikibook’s question “To what extent does Augustine promote rhetoric?”, Camper’s article argues that Augustine’s contributions to rhetorical theory extend beyond traditional assertions that Augustine merely reinscribes Cicero and most directly confronts issues of rhetoric only in Book 4 of On Christian Teaching. Camper focuses on Augustine’s detailed discussions of clarity and obscurity as a stylistic concern to be considered in the differing rhetorical situations of preaching and interpreting the scriptures. Beginning his discussion by tracing the value of clarity in speech from Aristotle to Cicero (via Theophrastus) to Quintilian, Camper foregrounds an essentially stable, but increasingly rigid perspective that clarity/good and obscurity/bad. Camper then asserts that Augustine’s position on “modulated perspicuity” deviates from this lineage. For Augustine, he posits, both clarity and obscurity have a place in the discovery/interpretation of scripture, and, although clarity maintains primacy in preaching scripture, his stylistic commitment to clarity deviates from other Neoplatonist like Plotinus and Porphyry. He argues that, throughout all four books, Augustine sees modulated perspicuity as serving the “diverse spiritual needs” of the interpreter (67): clarity for spiritual fulfillment, and obscure passages to “combat boredom” (see Book 2.6.8) by enriching the interpreters enjoyment of the texts. Further, where the Latin tradition is rigid regarding clarity in speech, Camper notes that Augustine’s stylistic concern for clarity is even more radical in that it accommodates colloquial and common Latin (see Book 4.10.24).
In doing this, Augustine not only further advances the modulation of perspicuity as a function of rhetorical situation, but challenges the Neoplatonic position that metaphysical passages in scripture speak to the unspeakable nature of the divine and that only the educated can hope to apprehend this mystery. Camper’s assertion is that Augustine’s position on the relative on modulated perspicuity is rhetorically, not metaphysically grounded in the needs of the audience—whether that audience is interpreting or auditing a sermon.
# Historical Rhetorics/Rhetoric's Medieval Resurgence/King, Andrew A. "St. Augustine's Doctrine of Participation As a Metaphysic of Persuasion."

Because wo(man) is estranged from God, she/he must struggle (as a mandate) to attain knowledge as active seekers studying the opaque signs, obscure symbols, ambiguous language, and figurative meanings—all “scaffolding we must climb” through a learning process to participate in universal and divine knowledge (112). King argues that while Augustine’s Theory of Signs and Guide to Interpretation are well known, what is lesser known is a “metaphysics of persuasion that undergirds these methods,” the “Augustinian doctrine of participation,” which suggests that our sources of knowledge (canonical texts, authoritative hearsay of prophets, inspired teachers) must be “assimilated, interpreted, worked through—in short, participated in—if the learner wishe[s] to encounter the truth” (112-113). Augustine’s “modified Neo-Platonic” conception of participation is the bridge across three levels of reality: 1) the corporeal, or the recognition of a veiled “reality” from an opaque world of natural and artificial signs; 2) the psychic, or the act of ordering, judging, and reading out these signs in a “coherent world text”; and 3) the divine, or sharing in God’s immutable truth (here King suggests that Augustine edits Plato to suggest that “eternal forms and ideas exist within the mind of God,” and thus in shared contemplation we can participate in being itself) (113). King then compares Augustine’s metaphysics of Participation and Persuasion to Kenneth Burke’s metaphysics of Identification and Persuasion:
* Both are inspired by the Fall from Grace and the sense of estrangement and self consciousness that followed.
* Human understanding and insight are crucial to both conceptions.
* Augustine tells us that if signs were instantly intelligible, we would already be citizens in the City of God instead of sojourners in the City of Man. Likewise, Burke suggests that complete identification is impossible as it would mean “complete and perfect union with God and the end of human consciousness” (114).
Incomplete, ambiguous, and opaque signs offer resistance; they open up a “rite of passage.” “The difficulty of the passage and the uncertainty of the result heighten the learner’s sense of commitment to the message. We must struggle to feel at home in the universe. Those who undertake a personal odyssey gain a commitment to the lessons they have learned on the way. Thus a public truth is only rendered effective through a number of personal discoveries” (114).
# Historical Rhetorics/Rhetoric's Medieval Resurgence/Johnson, W. R. “Isocrates Flowering: The Rhetoric of Augustine.” ''Philosophy & Rhetoric'' (1976): 217–31.

Johnson, W. R. “Isocrates Flowering: The Rhetoric of Augustine.” Philosophy & Rhetoric (1976): 217–31.
If Augustine mainly emphasizes theory, he has the characteristics of a philosopher; if he has more concern with practice, he will side with rhetoricians. Once Augustine converted to Christianity, his preoccupation shifted to doing the work of the Church; he no longer had time for his own personal indulgence in philosophy. In order to convince an audience which was not present, Isocrates learned “to create on paper a figure whose being is totally defined by the passion, the energies, and the logic of his will” (225). This distillation of personality into will allows the rhetor to exert influence through time and space. Like Isocrates, and later Cicero, Augustine believes that rhetoric’s only worthy goal is to effect action in the audience.
# Introduction to Library and Information Science

Library and Information Science (LIS) is the academic and professional study of how information and information carriers are produced, disseminated, discovered, evaluated, selected, acquired, used, organized, maintained, and managed. This book intends to introduce the reader to fundamental concerns and emerging conversations in the field of library and information science.
A secondary goal of this book is to introduce readers to prominent writers, articles, and books within the field of library science. The book originated as a collection of annotations of important LIS articles. Though these citations are being developed into a fuller text, we hope that this book remains firmly rooted in the literature of LIS and related fields, and helps direct readers toward important resources when a particular topic strikes their fancy.
This book is primarily intended to support introductory courses in graduate-level LIS programs, but it can also be used in Library Technician programs. When complete, this text will be aligned with the Foundations of library services competency set from the ALA-APA Library Support Staff Certification. Laypeople interested in the practical and theoretical considerations that information workers face will also enjoy this book.
If you want to get involved, or notice something in this book that you would like to add, you are encouraged to . If you need ideas of how to start, check out our To Do List.

## Chapters

* Contextualizing Libraries: Their History and Place in the Wider Information Infrastructure
* Ethics and Values in the Information Professions
* Information Policy
* Information Organization
* Information Seeking
* Re-contextualizing Libraries: Considering Libraries within Their Communities
* Technology and Libraries: Impacts and Implications
* Library Cooperation
* Transcending Boundaries: Global Issues and Trends
* Learning More: Free LIS Resources

## About this book

* List of Contributors
* LSSC alignment
* Local Style Guide
* Want to get involved? Please visit our To Do List to find something you can do to help make this book better!
* Textbook home
* List of chapters
* LIS books on Wikibooks
* To do list
* Contributors list
* How to contribute to Wikibooks
# Introduction to Library and Information Science/Information Seeking

* Textbook home
* List of chapters
* LIS books on Wikibooks
* To do list
* Contributors list
* How to contribute to Wikibooks
| Previous Chapter | Next Chapter |
| ← Information Organization | Re-contextualizing Libraries: Considering Libraries within Their Communities‎ → |

## Scientific and academic research

Antwerp State University Centre conducted a survey of 3545 scientists which confirmed that the scientists first consult references at the end of articles in journals and books when staying informed about their field. Ranked second, Current Contents and the library operated SDI service were reviewed for paper titles. Abstracting and indexing journals, followed by personal recommendations, computerized information services, library browsing, theses and catalogues ranked next. The Antwerp survey was compared to Hakulinen's findings which also conclude that for scientific research abstracting and indexing journals are less important. The so-called information explosion poses the challenge of keeping aware of new publications and what has been published on a given subject. With the increase in information, scientists do not read more, but are finding relevancy to their subject area in a set number of core journals.
The use of computer data bases to scan titles and subjects in a scientist’s field is more pertinent today than when the article was published. A search across multiple listings of journals through computer data bases saves time previously spent reading the table of contents of journals and having to physically retrieve those journals. Academic libraries are maintaining fewer periodicals in print each year. The findings of the article remain important in its contribution to bibliometrics specifically regarding where scientists can find current information in their field.

## References

* ↑ Van Styvendaele, B.J.H, 1977. University Scientists as Seekers of Information Sources of References to Periodical Literature. Journal of Librarianship 9:270-277.
* Textbook home
* List of chapters
* LIS books on Wikibooks
* To do list
* Contributors list
* How to contribute to Wikibooks
| Previous Chapter | Next Chapter |
| ← Information Organization | Re-contextualizing Libraries: Considering Libraries within Their Communities‎ → |
# Introduction to Library and Information Science/Library Cooperation

* Textbook home
* List of chapters
* LIS books on Wikibooks
* To do list
* Contributors list
* How to contribute to Wikibooks
| Previous Chapter | Next Chapter |
| ← Technology and Libraries: Impacts and Implications | Transcending Boundaries: Global Issues and Trends → |

## Interlibrary loan

Interlibrary loan means to sharing the information/document etc. one library to another library or group of libraries in

## Copy cataloging

* Textbook home
* List of chapters
* LIS books on Wikibooks
* To do list
* Contributors list
* How to contribute to Wikibooks
| Previous Chapter | Next Chapter |
| ← Technology and Libraries: Impacts and Implications | Transcending Boundaries: Global Issues and Trends → |
# Government and Binding Theory/Case Filter

An important concept in Case Theory is the Case Filter. It posits that all DPs must have abstract case.
* Case Filter
* Every phonetically realised DP must have abstract Case.
This explains why DPs and APs never take PP complements:
(1a) *the help John (1b) *happy the incident
Does this remind you of anything? Yes, we briefly mentioned this puzzle near the beginning of the book!

## Case Filter and A-Movements

A-movements are motivated by the Case Filter. Let's use an example.
To satisfy the Extended Projection Principle, it seems that we can simply fill up the subject position of (2c) using a pleonastic it, but this is not possible:
(2c) *It was killed he
Why is this? The Case Filter comes to the rescue. he cannot be assigned Case in (2a) because passive verbs cannot assign accusative Case, as we will see later. Thus (2c) is not possible. Instead, the DP in object position moves to subject position in S-Structure, where the inflection assigns nominative Case to it.

### Burzio's generalisation

Burzio's generalisation captures the properties of unaccusative, raising and passive verbs at once:
* Burzio's generalisation
* A verb without an external argument cannot assign accusative Case.
* A verb that fails to assign accusative Case does not have an external argument.
Burzio's generalisation relates the θ-marking and case-assigning properties of verbs. Verbs that can assign accusative Case do not have external arguments, and vice versa. This necessitates movement:
| Verb | Internal argument | External argument | Nominative Case | Accusative Case |
| Transitive (e.g. take) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Intransitive (e.g. jump) | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Unaccusative (e.g. come), ergative verbs (e.g. melt) passive (e.g. be eaten), raising (e.g. seem) | ✓ | | ✓ | |
You may be wondering how intransitive verbs assign accusative Case. The answer lies in cognate objects. Intransitive verbs can carry cognate objects, but not unaccusative, ergative, passive or raising verbs:
(3a) He lives a great life. (3b) *He came a great coming. (3c) *He melted a great melt. (3d) *He was killed a great kill. (3e) *He appeared a great appearance.
We can now also explain raising verbs:
(4a) It seemed that he had finished his homework. (4b) *It seemed that he to have finished his homework. (4c) He seemed to have finished his homework.
(5a) It is thought that he had finished his homework. (5b) *It is thought that he to have finished his homework. (5c) He is thought to have finished his homework.
In (4a) and (5a), the finite inflection assigned nominative Case to he, so it's all good. We used a pleonastic subject as no external argument could be assigned. In (4b) and (5b), to cannot assign nominative Case to he. He violated the Case filter, resulting in (4c) and (5c), in which the subject of the lower IP moved to the beginning.
# Government and Binding Theory/Barriers

Yet Subjacency is not sufficient to explain everything. Consider these examples:
(6) and (7) are essentially the same story. An element moved across an IP node, left a trace and moved cross another IP node. Under Subjacency, both are correct. However, a native speaker can intuitively tell that (6) is categorically wrong, and (7) is correct. There is but one fundamental difference between the two: in 5a, what is moved from the subject position, and in 5d, what is extracted from the complement position.

## Barriers

Chomsky has thus suggested the Barriers theory, which explains why it is easier to move an element out of a complement than a subject:
* Bounding Principle under Barriers
* A constituent is L-marked if it is subcategorised by a lexical head.
* A constituent is a Blocking Category if it is not L-marked.
* A constituent is a barrier if it is a Blocking Category other than IP.
* A CP inherits barrierhood from the IP and it is a barrier unless its specifier position is filled, in which case the it is not a barrier if not L-marked.
* A movement may not move across a barrier.
We can look at our previous examples to verify this principle. In (6), the CP is not subcategorised by the head but by its first projection, so it is not L-marked and will be a blocking category under any situation, preventing movement. In (7), the IPs are of course not barriers. The CP is subcategorised by the head, so after what moves to its specifier position, there aren't any barriers in sight. The movement is deemed grammatical.
# Governing the Internet

Since the dawn of tribal society and the emergence of a social structure, the concept of governance has been evolving and changing. When a king is crowned and rules his lands with an even temperament or an iron fist the norms and behavior that is expected of his subjects is a form of governance. When ancient council members meet to discuss and decide on the rule of their lands is a form of governance. Governance is a tool for establishing ordered rule and mobilizing a collective into action (Stoker, 1998). Stoker wrote "The essence of governance is its focus on governing mechanisms which do not rest on recourse to the Authority and sanctions of government." (Stoker, 1998) As societies become more advanced the mechanisms of governance become more advanced. In the modern era governance is a complex network of checks and balances that requires adherence to many different concepts that work in unison to help keep the process of governance moving in a forward direction. The concepts that we are going to look at in this study are participation, transparency, responsiveness, consensus and accountability.

## Table of contents

Introduction to Internet Governance
Net Neutrality
Network Security
Accessibility
Privacy
Content Standards
Protecting Property
Summary of Governing the Internet
# Government and Binding Theory

A Wikibooks Production
This will be an introductory book on the influential syntactic theory. Linguistics is a prerequisite.

## Table of Contents

* Principles and Parameters
* X-bar Theory
** X-bar Theory The basic X-bar structure
** IP and CP
** Recursion
** DP Hypothesis
** Split INFL Hypothesis
** VP-Shell Hypothesis
** Articulated CP Hypothesis
** Head Parameter
* Basics of Movement A type of movement
** Theta Theory
** A-Movements
** Ā-Movements
** Head Movements
** Trace Theory
* Bounding Theory
** Subjacency
** Barriers
** Relativised Minimality
* Case, Control and Binding
** Case Theory
** Case Filter
** Control Theory
** the pro-drop Parameter
** Binding Theory
* Logical Form
# Horticulture/Elements of a Garden Location
## The five elements in a garden location
### Soil

Good soil is essential; most soil problems can be amended with good homemade compost. A garden will need at least one foot of good soil to grow in, more if you're planning to grow deep-rooted plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, rye, radishes, etc.

### Wind Circulation

A nice brisk wind will strengthen your plants, keep diseases scarce, and bring numerous beneficial insects. Too much wind will flatten your garden though, so try for a good balance and plant windbreaking trees if necessary.

### Sunlight

Sunlight duration throughout the year in a garden will determine success or failure. Most (90%) of vegetable plants need at least 8 hours of full sunlight a day, though less can be workable with excellent soil and watering. Watch the sun's path through the course of a day, throughout the year, so your plants can be placed to not overshadow a sun-needy neighbor.

### Water availability

Deep, irregular watering is the key to strong roots for your plants. If you water a little bit often, the roots of your plants will spread out along the surface of the soil (thatch) and be susceptible to diseases, insects, and drought. Watering deeply (drenching) but not often forces the roots to grow deep into the soil, finding nutrients and any water tables. With good mulching, most established vegetable gardens can be watered once a week, barring heat or other extenuating circumstances. Because heavy watering will be necessary, make sure that a good source of water is near your garden location.

### Location

Before starting any design it's important to study views and traffic patterns so that you can enjoy vistas, aren't gawked at by passing motorists, and have enough room for both growing and maneuvering space. A garden should be someplace easily accessible. Visit your garden often, once a day or many times a week, to catch problems, harvest young vegetables, and perform regular tasks. The closer your garden to your front or back door, the better—and the better it will look and produce.

## Deciding on what to grow
### Types of plants
#### Annuals

These plants usually germinate, flower and die within one year. Unless prevented from setting seed, true annuals will not live longer than this. Some seedless plants can also be considered annuals even though they do not flower.
Examples of true annuals include corn, lettuce, pea, cauliflower, watermelon, bean, zinnia and marigold.
# Horticulture/Erigeron

Fleabanes :
| Genus: | Erigeron |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Pollination: | Insects |
Erigeron (syn. Stenactis) is a genus of about 200 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with the highest species diversity in North America.
The most widely used common name, fleabane, is shared with related plants in several other genera; another common name is summer starwort. The common name is derived from the belief that the dried plants repelled fleas.
Many species are used as ornamental plants, with numerous named cultivars such as 'Wayne Roderick', 'Charity', 'Dunkelste Aller' and 'Foersters Liebling'.

## Description

The species are annuals, biennials or perennials. They are well-branched plants with erect stems, characterized by their numerous white, lavender or pink ray flowers and yellow disc flowers. Some members of this group have no ray flowers. The pappus (= modified calyx, forming a crown) is shorter than in Aster, and consists of bristles. The ray florets are narrower than in Aster, but are clearly longer than the involucre (= whorled bracts).

## Pests and diseases

Bucculatrix angustata, Coleophora squamosella (which feeds exclusively on E. acris), Schinia intermontana, Schinia obscurata (both of which also feed exclusively on Erigeron), Schinia sexata (which feeds exclusively on E. glabellus) and Schinia villosa.

## Gallery

* Philadelphia Fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus)
* Corpus Christi Fleabane (Erigeron procumbens)
* Robin's Fleabane (Erigeron pulchellus)
* Erigeron annuus
* Erigeron acer
* Erigeron glaucus Arthur Menzies.
* Plains Fleabane (Erigeron modestus)
* Subalpine Fleabane (Erigeron peregrinus)
# Horticulture/Euphorbia maculata

Spotted spurge :
| Binomial: | Euphorbia maculata |
| Type: | Annual |
| Conditions: | Sun, no wet soils |
| Seed Dispersal: | Shatters |
| Vegetative Spread: | Prostrate, spreading |
Euphorbia maculata, variously called Spotted spurge or Prostrate spurge, is an annual plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, native to North America. It grows in sunny locations and a variety of soils, and frequently found as a weed of gardens and lawns, and can also grow well in the cracks of hardscapes or walls.

## Description

Euphorbia maculata is a low-growing, spreading, annual plant with reddish stems. The leaves are bluish-green on the margins, and red along the midribs. The flowers are tiny, and are produced within a few weeks of germination, quickly followed by the small seeds.

## Control

Early action is crucial with this weed because of the short period between germination and the setting of seeds. The seeds will germinate in wood and stone mulches as well.
* Mowing: Ineffective due to the low height.
* Cultivation: Effective, especially for young plants.
* Pulling: Plants pull easily, as they do not root at the node. They should always be put immediately into a container to prevent seed dispersal.
* Flame: Very effective, and has the added benefit of killing the seeds.
* Disposal: This plant should only be composted in hot piles, due the copious seeds.
# Horticulture/Eumorpha achemon

The Achemon ((Sphinx)), Eumorpha achemon, is native to most of the United States.