OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Introduction

← Thermodynamics ·Thermodynamics/Enthalpy →
Thermodynamics is the study of the changes in energy that occur in reactions.

## Systems

A system is the set of substances and energy that is being studied. If, for example, reactions are occurring in a jar, everything inside the jar is the system, and everything outside the jar is the surroundings. The surroundings are everything not in the system, which means the rest of the universe. The system and the surroundings together are called the "universe".
One important issue is what kind of interactions exist between the system and its surroundings. Some systems may exchange matter and heat with the surroundings (like a system of boiling liquid losing matter and heat with the vapor). This is called an open system. If there is just heat exchange occurring between the system and its surroundings it is called a closed system. No matter can enter or leave a closed system. And, finally, if there is no exchange of heat and no exchange of matter, the system is completely isolated.

## Temperature vs. Heat

If you put a hot iron pot under cold water, it cools down very quickly. This is because iron has a low specific heat, which is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). Solid iron only requires 0.45 J/(g*K), while liquid water holds about nine times as much energy (heat) per degree (temperature). So when water receives energy from the pot, it only warms up by a few degrees, while the pot cools down substantially.

## Thermochemical Equations

Equations don't just show chemicals; they also show how much energy is required or released. This energy is called enthalpy. There are two ways to write a thermochemical reaction, for example:
* $2{\hbox{H}}_{2}+{\hbox{O}}_{2}\to 2{\hbox{H}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}+571.6\ kJ$
* $2{\hbox{H}}_{2}+{\hbox{O}}_{2}\to 2{\hbox{H}}_{2}{\hbox{O}}\quad (\Delta H=-285.8~kJ)$
Note that the number is negative in the second format. Also, notice how the first equation has double the energy because there are two moles of water. The second equation shows the amount of heat per mole, so the number of moles does not affect it.
From a thermochemical reaction, one can tell the molar heat of formation of a compound. Usually, this is measured at 25°C, and is written as ΔH$_f$°. It is the amount of heat required to make one mole of the substance. The small ° symbol means "standard", as in Standard Temperature and Pressure.
Molar heat of combustion is the opposite of the molar heat of formation. It measures the amount of energy released when a mole of the compound is burned. It is written as ΔH$_c$°.
# General Chemistry/Thermodynamics

* Introduction
* Enthalpy
* Entropy
* The First Law of Thermodynamics
* The Second Law of Thermodynamics
* Free Energy
# General Chemistry/Standard Reduction Potentials

| Half Reaction | Half Reaction | Half Reaction | E$^o$ (V) |
| F$_2$(g) + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | 2 F$^-$ | 2.87 |
| Co$^{3+}$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Co$^{2+}$ | 1.82 |
| Au$^{3+}$ + 3e- | $\rightarrow$ | Au(s) | 1.50 |
| Cl$_2$ (g) + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | 2 Cl$^-$ | 1.36 |
| O$_2$ (g) + 4 H$^+$ + 4 e- | $\rightarrow$ | 2 H$_2$O(l) | 1.23 |
| Br$_2$(l) + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | 2 Br$^-$ | 1.07 |
| 2 Hg$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Hg$_2$$^{2+}$ | 0.92 |
| Ag$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Ag(s) | 0.80 |
| Hg$_2$$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | 2 Hg (l) | 0.79 |
| Fe$^{3+}$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Fe$^{2+}$ | 0.77 |
| I$_2$(s) + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | 2 I$^-$ | 0.53 |
| Cu$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Cu(s) | 0.52 |
| Cu$^{2+}$+ 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Cu(s) | 0.34 |
| Cu$^{2+}$+ e- | $\rightarrow$ | Cu$^+$ | 0.15 |
| Sn$^{4+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Sn$^{2+}$ | 0.15 |
| S(s) + 2 H$^+$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | H$_2$S(g) | 0.15 |
| 2 H$^+$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | H$_2$(g) | 0.00 |
| Pb$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Pb(s) | -0.13 |
| Sn$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Sn(s) | -0.14 |
| Ni$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Ni(s) | -0.25 |
| Co$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Co(s) | -0.28 |
| Tl$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Tl(s) | -0.34 |
| Cd$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Cd(s) | -0.40 |
| Cr$^{3+}$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Cr$^{2+}$ | -0.41 |
| Fe$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Fe(s) | -0.44 |
| Cr$^{3+}$ + 3 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Cr(s) | -0.74 |
| Zn$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Zn(s) | -0.76 |
| Mn$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Mn(s) | -1.18 |
| Al$^{3+}$ + 3 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Al(s) | -1.66 |
| Be$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Be(s) | -1.70 |
| Mg$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Mg(s) | -2.37 |
| Na$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Na(s) | -2.71 |
| Ca$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Ca(s) | -2.87 |
| Sr$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Sr(s) | -2.89 |
| Ba$^{2+}$ + 2 e- | $\rightarrow$ | Ba(s) | -2.90 |
| Rb$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Rb(s) | -2.92 |
| K$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | K(s) | -2.92 |
| Cs$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Cs(s) | -2.92 |
| Li$^+$ + e- | $\rightarrow$ | Li(s) | -3.05 |
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/C

Captain Guynemer. (What high adventure, in what world afar) A treasury of war poetry, British and American poems of the world war, 1914-1919.
A Cathedral: All Saint's Day in the Great North Woods (It rises by a frozen mere) 1912 p. 101; 1916 v. 1 p. 201.
Cendrillon. (I am a dream) Harper's Monthly Magazine v. 125 no. 747 p. 472 (August 1912); 1912 p. 27; 1916 v. 1 p. 87. [from Wikipedia] Cendrillon is an opera—described as a "fairy tale"—in four acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Cain based on Perrault's 1698 version of the Cinderella fairy tale.
"Che Faro Senza Eurydice!" (see Eurydice)
The Cherubim. (Two angels stood at Eden's gate) The North American Review v. 198 no. 693 p. 195-96 (August 1913); 1916 v. 2 p. 126.
The Child and the Heart Bereft. (My garden, long time desolate) 1916 v. 2 p. 195.
Child-Fancies: I. Asphodel II. Gathered Wild-Flowers (The children played at naming, every one) 1909 p. 79.
The Chosen. (Death pitying stood before one bent and old) 1912 p. 103; 1916 v. 1 p. 64.
The Christ of the Andes. (Far, far the mountain-peak from me) 1909 p. 92; 1916 v. 1 p. 155.
Christmas Eve. (Would Jesus come to me, Mither) The Bellman v. 19 no. 493 p. 722 (25 December 1915); 1916 v. 1 p. 121.
The Chrysanthemum. (A Rose-tree, all ablush with opening flowers) 1898 p. 88.
Civilization. (Old as the race of man) 1904 p. 72; 1916 v. 1 p. 239.
The Clouds. (The clouds give back to earth again) 1904 p. 155; 1916 v. 1 p. 175.
Columbus. (Viceroy they made him, Admiral and Don) Harper's Weekly v. 36 p. 1014 (22 October 1892); 1898 p. 9; 1916 v. 1 p. 97.
Combatants. (He seemed to call me, and I shrank dismayed) The Century Magazine v. 47 no. 1 p. 139 (November 1893); 1898 p. 4; 1916 v. 1 p. 245.
Compensation. (When Winter's sovereignty complete) The Era (as "Winter's Sovereignty (Quatrain)") v. 11 no. 2 p. 214 (February 1903); 1904 p. 124; 1916 v. 2 p. 192.
Conflict and Rest. (Through the long voyage we may welcome day) 1909 p. 78.
Conscience. (The friend I loved betrayed my trust) Lippincott's Monthly Magazine v. 53 no. ? p. 682 (May 1894); 1898 p. 42; 1916 v. 2 p. 23.
Cora. (When through thy arching aisles) 1898 p. 14; 1916 v. 1 p. 42.
Coronation—To King Edward VII. (If thou be crowned, or if thou be not crowned) 1904 p. 21.
Courage. ('Tis the front toward life that matters most) The Outlook v. 90 no. ? p. 706 (28 November 1908); 1909 p. 105; 1916 v. 1 p. 241.
Cradle Song. (Thy heart and mine are one, my dear) 1904 p. 94; 1916 v. 2 p. 137.
Crippled. (Why hast Thou bound my feet) The Reader v. ? no. ? p. ? (December? 1903); 1904 p. 54; 1916 v. 2 p. 128.
Cruel Love—Anacreontic. (I looked from out my window once) Harper's Monthly Magazine v. 115 no. 686 p. 243 (July 1907); 1909 p. 106; 1916 v. 1 p. 62. Line 17:
* ——that I straightway [1907, 1909]
* ——that straightway I [1916]
Cupid and the Muses. (Once lovely Venus to her wayward boy) 1912 p. 36; 1916 v. 2 p. 221.
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book

A GUIDE-BOOK
TO THE
POETIC WORKS
OF
FLORENCE EARLE COATES

## The Poems

1898 = Poems (1898). 1904 = Mine and Thine (1904). 1909 = Lyrics of Life (1909). 1912 = The Unconquered Air, and Other Poems (1912). 1916 = Poems in 2 vols. (1916). 1917 = Pro Patria (1917).

## References

* ↑ "Godlessness Mars Most Contemporary Poetry." The New York Times, 10 December 1916.
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/H

He and I
The Heart of Love
Heimweh
Heart-Room
Helen Keller with a Rose
Henry James
Henry V (same as Ode on the Coronation of King George V, 1912)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882)
The Hermit
A Hero
His Face
Homeward
Honor
"Honor, not Honors"
The Hospital: I. In the Maternity Ward II. In the Surgical Ward
The House of Pain
How Wonderful is Love
Hylas
# Flora of New York/wetland

{{{1}}}
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/E

"Each and All"
Eagles—Gibert's Battle for the Air
Earth Has Her Blossoms (see Earth's Blossoms)
Earth's Blossoms
Earth's Mystery
Easter
Éastre
Echo Consolatrix
Edmund Clarence Stedman
The Empty House
Eros
Eurydice
Every Heart
Every Night at Marathon
Exaltation—After the French of Victor Hugo
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/F

Fairer Than Violets Are
A Farewell
Father
First and Last
For France
For Joy
For the Birthday of William Dean Howells (March 1, 1912)
Frederick. (fugitive) The American v. 17 no. 433 p. 89 (24 November 1888).
* "Respect the Future, which belongs to me!"
* So speak thy yearning and imperious will,
* Making the Present distant faiths fulfil,
* And raised from falling kingdoms—Germany.
* No idle name, no doubtful dream to thee
* That Future: actual, its clasp grown chill,
* It led thee, and thy soul sublimed it still,—
* Heir of a more than earthly dynasty!
* O didst thou think, untimely called to rest,
* The preparation of a life o'erthrown—
* To lose what thou so bravely didst resign?
* Forevermore the Fatherland shall own
* Her nobler liberties thy dear bequest:
* The future thy great spirit saw—was thine!
Friends to Virtue
Fritz Scheel—A Tribute
The Frogs—A Concert in the Marsh
# Florence Earle Coates Guide-Book/G

Gifts
Give Me Not Love
Giving Thanks
"Go not too far"
The Gods Remember
Le Grand Salut
Greatness
# Geometry/Chapter 13

Complementary angles are angles that the sum of their measures is equal to 90º.
File:Complementary angles|thumbnail|center </gallery> ]] Supplementary angles are angles that the sum of their measures is equal to 180º.

## Vertical Angles

In the above diagram, A and C are vertical angles, and B and D are vertical angles. Vertical angles are congruent.

## Exercises
### Navigation

* Geometry Main Page
* Motivation
* Introduction
* Geometry/Chapter 1 - HS Definitions and Reasoning (Introduction)
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 1 Introduction
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 2 Reasoning
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 3 Undefined Terms
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 4 Axioms/Postulates
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 5 Theorems
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Vocabulary Vocabulary
* Geometry/Chapter 2 Proofs
* Geometry/Chapter 3 Logical Arguments
* Geometry/Chapter 4 Congruence and Similarity
* Geometry/Chapter 5 Triangle: Congruence and Similiarity
* Geometry/Chapter 6 Triangle: Inequality Theorem
* Geometry/Chapter 7 Parallel Lines, Quadrilaterals, and Circles
* Geometry/Chapter 8 Perimeters, Areas, Volumes
* Geometry/Chapter 9 Prisms, Pyramids, Spheres
* Geometry/Chapter 10 Polygons
* Geometry/Chapter 11 $\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {R} ^{2},\mathbb {R} ^{3}$
* Geometry/Chapter 12 Angles: Interior and Exterior
* Geometry/Chapter 13 Angles: Complementary, Supplementary, Vertical
* Geometry/Chapter 14 Pythagorean Theorem: Proof
* Geometry/Chapter 15 Pythagorean Theorem: Distance and Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 16 Constructions
* Geometry/Chapter 17 Coordinate Geometry
* Geometry/Chapter 18 Trigonometry
* Geometry/Chapter 19 Trigonometry: Solving Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 20 Special Right Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 21 Chords, Secants, Tangents, Inscribed Angles, Circumscribed Angles
* Geometry/Chapter 22 Rigid Motion
* Geometry/Appendix A Formulae
* Geometry/Appendix B Answers to problems
* Appendix C. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
* Appendix D. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
← Chapter 12 · Chapter 14 →
# Geometry/Chapter 15

If you understand the Pythagorean Theorem and what it derives from, you can now start applying its formula to everyday problems.

## Examples
### Example 1 - Plane Distance

A plane flies south from an airport at 300 miles per hour. Another plane flies out at the same time due east at 250 miles per hour. How far apart are the planes after three hours?

### Solution to Example 1

The solution would be about 1172 miles apart after three hours. How do we determine the answer?

### Navigation

* Geometry Main Page
* Motivation
* Introduction
* Geometry/Chapter 1 - HS Definitions and Reasoning (Introduction)
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 1 Introduction
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 2 Reasoning
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 3 Undefined Terms
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 4 Axioms/Postulates
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Lesson 5 Theorems
** Geometry/Chapter 1/Vocabulary Vocabulary
* Geometry/Chapter 2 Proofs
* Geometry/Chapter 3 Logical Arguments
* Geometry/Chapter 4 Congruence and Similarity
* Geometry/Chapter 5 Triangle: Congruence and Similiarity
* Geometry/Chapter 6 Triangle: Inequality Theorem
* Geometry/Chapter 7 Parallel Lines, Quadrilaterals, and Circles
* Geometry/Chapter 8 Perimeters, Areas, Volumes
* Geometry/Chapter 9 Prisms, Pyramids, Spheres
* Geometry/Chapter 10 Polygons
* Geometry/Chapter 11 $\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {R} ^{2},\mathbb {R} ^{3}$
* Geometry/Chapter 12 Angles: Interior and Exterior
* Geometry/Chapter 13 Angles: Complementary, Supplementary, Vertical
* Geometry/Chapter 14 Pythagorean Theorem: Proof
* Geometry/Chapter 15 Pythagorean Theorem: Distance and Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 16 Constructions
* Geometry/Chapter 17 Coordinate Geometry
* Geometry/Chapter 18 Trigonometry
* Geometry/Chapter 19 Trigonometry: Solving Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 20 Special Right Triangles
* Geometry/Chapter 21 Chords, Secants, Tangents, Inscribed Angles, Circumscribed Angles
* Geometry/Chapter 22 Rigid Motion
* Geometry/Appendix A Formulae
* Geometry/Appendix B Answers to problems
* Appendix C. Geometry/Postulates & Definitions
* Appendix D. Geometry/The SMSG Postulates for Euclidean Geometry
← Chapter 14 · Chapter 16 →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 16

Today in 1993 the Debian Project was founded. It builds and maintains a complete operating system based on the FLOSS principles and has become a very influential FLOSS project with a strong ethical stance with its Social Contract and its authoritative Free Software Guidelines (DFSG).
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 21

Today in 2018 the Valve corporation released Proton, a compatibility layer for running Windows games on Linux systems.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 22

Today in 1988 the board of the IEEE approved the first edition of the POSIX standard.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 20

Today in 2008 the Guerilla Open Access Manifesto by Aaron Swartz was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 18

Today in 2008 the domain bitcoin.org was registered, the first trace in the obscure early history of the successful cryptocurrency. Prying financial exchange out of government control by technical means is a cryptoanarchist dream. It has gained wider acceptance after its first significant use to circumvent the financial blockade against Wikileaks in 2011. Besides the environmental problem of wasting electricity on the scale of a medium-sized country just to prove that it has indeed been wasted, its adoption for the purpose of laundering money from child pornography and human trafficking, which have since led to enormous increases in value, represents another dark side. The gigantic financial stakes have sparked a new interest in the critical importance of open source principles for the safety of computer code.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 19

Today in 2004 Inveneo was incorporated, a non-profit organization that helped communities in developing countries to obtain information and communications technology.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 17

Today is Margaret Hamilton’s birthday. She is credited with naming the discipline of “software engineering“ and legitimizing it, as well as for helping to open the door for more women to enter the field. She was the lead designer of the on-board flight software of the Apollo command module and the Skylab.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 2

Today in 2016 the Windows Subsystem for Linux was released. This allows the installation of a full Linux kernel as part of Windows. After its manufacturer Microsoft had long been known as the arch-enemy of Free Software, this was perhaps the clearest conceivable sign that this war is over. Microsoft had transformed itself – at least in parts – into an Open Source company and became, among other things, the largest Linux distributor.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 14

The Open Source Development Labs consortium, the forerunner to the Linux Foundation, was founded today in 2000.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 15

Today in 1997 GNOME was started.
← previous day · following day →
# History of Apple Inc./Early successes
## Apple I

* Apple I in custom case
* Mainboard Apple I
* A working Apple I with custom peripherals
After the Apple I was released, Wozniak and Jobs set off to improve the design and functions of their product.

## Apple II

On June 5, 1977 the compact and self-contained Apple II computer was released. The Apple Computer took the world by storm. The Apple II was not only the first successful personal computer, it was the first successful computer to have a keyboard and monitor, a form which has come to be synonymous with "computer" to many. It was priced at $1,298.00 for 4KB of RAM or $2,698.00 for 48KB of RAM. The features included a 1 MHz Motorola 6502 8-bit processor using MOS technology and sound capabilities. The result was pure genius - a personalized computer that was attractive and easy to operate for the everyday user.
Through the years Jobs and Wozniak created and sold over 2 million subsequent models that improved on the speed and original design of the Apple II (models included the: Apple II+, Apple //e, and Apple //c), making Apple a billion dollar company. In a recent video from Apple's YouTube channel, It commemorated Steve Jobs and he said "People don't buy Apple Computers for work, they buy it to change the world.".
* Apple II
* Apple II
* Apple II EuroPlus front
* Apple II EuroPlus rear
* Apple II EuroPlus open
* Apple IIc Pascal
* Apple IIc
* Taiwanese Apple II clone Cosmo
* Apple IIGS
* Apple IIGS "Woz Edition"
* Apple IIGS
* used to control a masspectrometer
In February 1981, Steve Wozniak left Apple after he crashed his airplane while taking off from Santa Cruz Sky Park. As a result of the accident, he had temporary Anterograde Amnesia, but was able to restore his short-term memory with the help of his girlfriend, Candi Clark. On the board now, to take Wozniak's place was Jeff Raskin and Bill Atkinson who came up with the Lisa project and the extension of the Apple II. Both of these systems had switched to the Motorola 6809E processors, 64 KB of RAM and monochrome graphics fitting a 256x256 pixel display.
# History of Apple Inc./Failure

Throughth its history, Apple had some products that couldn't meet customers' demands. Here are some notable examples of Apple products that failed.

## The Apple III

* Apple III
* Apple III
* Apple III with external ProFile hard disk

## The Apple Lisa

* Apple Lisa with a ProFile hard drive on top
* Apple Lisa "motherboard"
* Apple Lisa 2/10 (same case as the Macintosh XL)

## The Macintosh 128k debacle

* Macintosh 128k
* Macintosh 128k with peripherals at Enter museum in Switzerland
* Backside ports of Macintosh 128K
# History of Apple Inc./Platform Wars

In 1983 Apple released the Macintosh. Twenty years later, all computers still resemble what the Mac brought to the market. Apple had a long head start on the competition, the first successful competing product was Microsoft Windows 3.1, released in 1992 (GEOS, released in 1986, failed). In technology-years this was an eternity, but Apple failed to capitalize.
See The "Apple Could Have Been Microsoft" Myth

## Winner-takes-all Platform Wars
### The Backwards Compatibility Curse and a Solution

If it lacked backwards compatibility, Apple would have to convince developers to port all their applications before anyone would buy it. But if nobody had it, why build applications for it? Conversely, if it provided flawless backward compatibility with the Mac, then its new features might never be really put to use by developers.
These same problems were faced by Microsoft and IBM in trying to establish OS/2 as a new platform: how different from DOS could it afford to be? While OS/2 was beginning to offer a much stronger foundation than the aging MS-DOS, developers weren't quick to jump on OS/2 development because it wasn't yet widely deployed.
Notable platform lesson: The catch-22 of development support for new platforms is one of the most significant barriers for entry.
Simulating a complete Mac in Copland was difficult. It took 8 years for the Mac to simulate Apple IIs, with the Apple IIe Card. Simulating the Mac didn't happen till OSX.
Apple does an end-run around compatibility curse nowadays. Software works for two cycles, then must be rebuilt. Apple won't support anything older.
The "Universal binary" strategy where software developers build PowerPC and Intel binaries simultaneously and ship them on the same CD. Makes transition more comfortable for software producers and consumers.
# History of Apple Inc./Disadvantages of closed hardware

Apple's closed system gave Apple a monopoly on hardware. This let Apple charge far more for its gear than it could have in a competitive market (some disagree -- see the apple overprcing myth). The closed model has other major advantages; Apple could make major changes to its designs, for instance.
But it also resulted in, possibly, smaller market share and correspondingly smaller incentives for suppliers to compete and improve their products. While Intel, AMD, and Cyrix competed to make cheaper and faster CPUs, Apple's sole CPU supplier, Motorola, produced mediocre products.
Notable platform lessons: supporting an integrated system is far easier than supporting a product of assembled parts from different vendors.
# History of Brazil
## Table of Contents

* Preface
* Introduction

### Brazil before Europeans (before 1500)

* Pre-Cabraline period
* Indigenous peoples in Brazil

### Colonial Brazil (1500-1815)

* The arrival of Europeans
* Exploratory expeditions
* Extraction of brazilwood
* Colonial administration
* Dutch Invasion (1630-1654)
* Colonial economy
* Foreign invasions and colonial conflicts
* Minas Conspiracy
* Revolt of the Tailors
* Principality of Brazil
* Transfer of the Court and Opening of Ports

### Kingdom (1815-1822)

* Elevation to United Kingdom
* Pernambucan revolt
* Revolution in Porto and return of John VI

### Empire (1822-1889)

* First reign (1822-1831)
* Regency period (1831-1840)
* Second reign (1840-1889)

### Republic (1889-present)

* First Republic (1889-1930)
* Vargas Era (1930-1946)
* Fourth Republic (1946-1964)
* Military dictatorship (1964-1985)
* Sixth Republic (1985-present)