OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The wave of a photon/The double slit experiment

The double slit experiment is especially suitable for showing the wave properties of photons because the wave is split in two slits in two waves, introduce a time (so phase) difference while compared both by interference.
If light passes a single slit (1) it will diffract, resulting in a wide "wave" on the detector. With a second slit (2) there will be two separate waves, which add up at the detector. At places outside the centre of the detector there will different path lengths of both waves causing a phase difference. The sum of both waves will show an interference pattern. With a single photon the effect will be the same: in time the same wave will be build up with single photons. So what the wave shows, is the probability of absorption of a photon at the that position of the detector, according the quantum mechanical formula above.
Formulation: at the detector the two waves add up as: I = sin(ωt-φ/2) + sin(ωt+φ/2), if φ is the phase shift between both waves. Then the probability P = 0.5(1+cosφ)
Another classical formulation in wikipedia.
Energy
If with a single photon is measured, the detector it will show a certain energy. If one slits are narrowed, the interference pattern will change, but not the measured energy. Conclusion:
* The amount of the wave does influence the absorption probability pattern
* The amount of the wave does not influence the energy. So the wave does not contain energy in its volume (although its frequency is a measure of the energy)
Spatial coherence
In (2) the waves through both slits cancel each other completely in B, so are equal in size in both slits. Still the particle must have gone though one of the slit. That is by quantum definition (indivisible particle) and it has never been measured to split up in two particles. If detectors are placed just after the slits, they always measure one particle in on or the other slit, while the waves are the same at avery slity. Conclusion:
Coherence length
In (2) the interference can extend to the left and right over many periods. Suppose in C the phase difference is 10 periods. If the particle went through slit 1, its wave will interfere with the wave which comes 10 periods later out of slit 1. But if the particle went through slit 2, its wave will interfere with the wave which came 10 periods earlier out of slit 1.
Wave carrier
With a single slit (1) the wave is differacted, according the Huygens-Fresnel principle. However the principle is calculated for a wave with carrier. It is the interference of every point of the carrier radiating spherical which result in the diffraction pattern. This not caused by the particle because the diffraction behaviour depends on the wavelength and in the double slit the slit which passes only the wave gives the same diffraction as the slit which passes particle + wave. Conclusion:
Point source
# Theatre and Acting/Bertolt Brecht

Bertolt Brecht was a fully committed Marxist who believed that everyone should be equal and that “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it.” This belief was put into practice by the start of epic theatre, a theatre which had a moral for the audience and this was portrayed by all the emotions and suchlike being removed to show the very basics of the play. Brecht also portrayed his beliefs and tried to show us which belief we should lean towards through the play “The Good Person Of Szechwan” as he portrays Shen Teh as the Marxist side by giving rice to the hungry and giving shelter to the homeless, and he portrays the communist side through Shui Ta with the way that he is giving less than he should, yet both of these characters are essentially the same person this shows that there are two sides to every person. Brecht was also severely influenced by the war that was going on at the time. Due to his fear of persecution, Brecht fled from Germany and went to Denmark and then a few years later he moved to Sweden. During the war, Brecht became a main writer for the Exilliteratur, in which he expressed his opposition the National Socialist and Fascist movements.
# The wave of a photon/Introduction

According the Copenhagen interpretation matter exhibits a wave particle duality which states that a quantum exhibits the properties of both particles and waves. Because the nature of a quantum is unknown, it does not mean that the particle or wave are real physical entities. But until a certain limit one can calculated as if it were classical particles or waves, with classical formula.
For quanta with mass, like the electron, the shape of this wave is a solution of the Schrödinger_equation. The result is a small wave packet around the position of the electron which decreases with distance, quickly at first but gradually slowing down so that it never reaches zero. So in principle the wave is present everywhere in the universe, but very small. According to quantum mechanics the wave determines the probability of a particle to be observed at that location, by squaring the wave:
$\int _{0}^{2\pi }\!I^{2}\,d\omega t$
For the massless quanta the Schrödinger equation has no solution, so there is no formula for the shape (envelope) of the wave of a photon. Therefore there are no clear descriptions and a lot of opinions about this shape. The general view is that there still is a wave"packet", which length is determined by the source. In time this would be the coherence time, for which typical time scales are mentioned of nanoseconds for atoms, picoseconds for semiconductors or femtoseconds for light from the sun. Also for photons the wave is supposed to determine the probability, calculated with the same formula.
Although there is no formula, the wave of photon shows often with various experiments, especially with the double slit. By interpreting the results it is possible to draw conclusion about its shape. For the convenience of explanation in the following it will look a real physical wave is mentioned, but that is never the case. In all examples the wave is used as a tool to calculate what the experiments show, so will sometimes also show different behaviour then a normal wave.
# The wave of a photon/Measuring the particle

In principle in quantum mechanics is that when the path of the particle is known, there will no interference. This could be done by measuring the particles with detectors in the two paths. With photons that is quite difficult, because detecting always destroys the photon.

## With particle detectors at the slits

The most simple and most often mentioned measuring is placing a detector before each slit. However the experiment is probably not possible in this way, because photons cannot be detected without absorbing. There is also no publication where this experiment has been actually done.

## References

* ↑ Feynman, Richard P. (1965). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3. US: Addison-Wesley. pp. 1.1–1.8. ISBN 0201021188. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
# Theatre and Acting
## Table of contents
### About the Theatre

* Introduction
* A Short History of the Theatre

### Acting Warmups and Games

* Physical Warmups
* Vocal Warmups
* Facial Warmups
* Energy Warmups
* Focus Warmups
* Games

### The First Principles of Acting

* Faith
* Impulse
* Honesty
* Objectives, Obstacles, Tactics
* Choices

### Styles, Methods, Types of performance

* Improvisation
* Naturalism
* Coarse Acting
* Commedia dell'arte
* Theatre of Cruelty
* Epic Theatre
* Theatre of the Absurd
* Method Acting

### Theatre Practitioners

* Antonin Artaud
* Bertolt Brecht
* Rudolf von Laban
* Samuel Beckett

### Auditions

* Preparing For Auditions
# The wave of a photon/Other experiments
## Hong–Ou–Mandel Interferometer

The Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer is a variant of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which two simultaneous photons are compared. A 351 nm laser radiates a KDP crystal, which because of SPDC emits now and then two entangled photons of about 702 nm. The KDP is propably a type I, in which both photons have the same polarization and the same phase. Both waves are mixed in a 50% reflecting mirror, filtered by a bandpass interference filter IF and detected with a coincidence of 7.2 ns.
It is supposed that this beam splitter is a glass plate with reflector on one side, causing (only) the reflection from the normal input having a phase shift of π. All other have no phase shift. At the detectors the waves are: I$_u$ = 0.5sin(π+ωt+φ/2) + 0.5sinαsin(ωt-φ/2) and I$_l$ = 0.5sin(ωt+φ/2) + 0.5sinαsin(ωt-φ/2). With an ideal bandwidth filter d = Δω/ω, the probability is calculated:
P$_u$ = 0.5 - 0.5cos(4πΔx/λ) sin(πd(2k+2Δx/λ)) / πd(2k+2Δx/λ) and P$_l$ = 0.5 + 0.5cos(4πΔx/λ) sin(πd(2k+2Δx/λ)) / πd(2k+2Δx/λ)
These formula predicts the result of the measurement if the cosine term is ignored and k = 0. Then the formula will be:
P$_u$ = 0.5 - 0.5sin(πd2Δx/λ) / πd2Δx/λ
P$_l$ = 0.5 + 0.5sin(πd2Δx/λ) / πd2Δx/λ
coincident: P = P$_u$ * P$_l$
In the experiment ω = 2πc/702nm = 2.7 10$^{15}$. The bandwidth filter is 3 10$^{13}$, d = 3 10$^{13}$ / 2.7 10$^{15}$ = 0.011. Then FWHM = 113 μm.

## References

* ↑ Hong, C. K.; Ou, Z. Y.; Mandel, L. (1987). "Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference". Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (18): 2044–2046. Bibcode:1987PhRvL..59.2044H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2044. PMID 10035403. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
# Theatre and Acting/Antonin Artaud
## History

Born on the 4th September 1896, under the Christian name of Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, he became known for his contribution the art of surrealism. He suffered from meningitis at a young age, and later on he suffered from neuralgia, and severe depression, he was sent for prolonged periods of time to the sanatorium. He was conscripted to the French army, but was allegedly discharged due to his habit of sleepwalking

## What he believed in and what techniques he used

Artaud believed that the audience should be involved in the story and believed that the audience should feel heightened emotions; this became known as the theatre of cruelty. The theatrical techniques used in the theatre of cruelty are mainly used to attract the audience’s attention and to express the characters themselves in such a way that the audience cannot fathom out what the play is actually about. The plays themselves usually have no storyline, but instead have many different themes going on at the same time; this causes confusion and discomfort for the audience.
# Spanish/Answers/¿Cuál es tu trabajo?
## Dialogue

    Raúl: Hi, Sofía. What do you do for a living?
    Sofía: I work in a shop.
    Raúl: Ok.
    Sofía: What about you, what do you do for a living?
    Raúl: Ah, I'm an English teacher.
    Sofía: Great! Do you speak English natively?
    Raúl: No, I love learning new languages.
    Sofía: Yeah, I want to learn English for my job, too. There are always customers who want to speak English. It's very difficult.
    Rául: Yeah, I understand. Goodbye!

## Jobs and occupations

* d
* a
* h
* b
* g
* e
* i
* f
* c

## A Few Important Words

* Tengo demasiadas manzanas.
* Today, I'm working in a shop to earn some money.
* ¿Eres fontanero? ¡Qué fantástico!
* Many boys want to be builders.
* Prefiero hombres que juegan al rugby.
* Occasionally, I want to play football, but not now.
* Usualmente, practicamos la natación, pero hoy, vamos a jugar al tenis.

## Workplaces

* Un colegio
* Un restaurante
* Un taller mecánico; una fábrica
* Una oficina
* Una tienda

## The Future Tense

* Iré a Canadá
* Trabajaremos en un restaurante en la ciudad.
* ¿Ganarás veinte euros por hora? ¡Qué bueno!
* Tendrán cuarenta y ocho años.
* Querré dormir.
* ¿Jugaréis al tenis?
* Irá a Irlanda para experimentar una cultura diferente.
* Seré ingeniera.
# Spanish/Answers/¿Cómo te llamas?
## Dialogue

    Raúl: Hello! I'm Raúl. What's your name?
    Sofía: Hi Raúl, I'm Sofía. How do you spell Raúl?
    Raúl: It's spelt R-A-Ú-L. How are you?
    Sofía: Well. And yourself?
    Raúl: Doing great, thanks.
    Sofía: How fantastic! Goodbye!
    Raúl: See you later.

## Hello!

* Buenas tardes
* Buenas mañanas
* Buenos días
* Buenas noches
como te llamas

## What's your name?

* My name is natasha
* What are your names?
* We are Peter and Carl.
* What are they called?
* Se llama Sally.
* ¿Cómo te llamas?
* Se llama Raúl.
* Me llamo Santiago (James in English).

## How are you?

* Fantástico
* Muy bien
* Bien
* Mal
* Fatal

## How do you spell that?

* A
* D
* N
* Ñ
* Q
* R
* RR
* S
# Spanish/Answers/¿Dónde vas a ir?
## Dialogue

    Raúl: Hi Sofía. Next week, I'm going to go to Italy.
    Sofía: How are you going to get there? By train?
    Raúl: No. I hate trains; they're very noisy.
    Sofía: Of course. I prefer airplanes, too.
    Raúl: Usually I go to Ireland, but I have a ticket for Italy.
    Sofía: So, are you going to buy another ticket?
    Raúl: No, Italy is good too. I can sunbathe and experience the native culture.
    Sofía: How much time are you going to spend there?
    Raúl: Two weeks. I'd like to spend a month, but I can't take myself a month off work.
    Sofía: I understand. See you later!

## The Simple Future tense

* Voy a comer a las seis.
* Van a jugar al fútbol.
* Va a almorzar a las seis.
* Voy a peinarme a las tres.
* Vamos a vivir en un piso en Inglaterra.
* Va a llamarse Miguel.
* ¿Vas a dormir a la una?
* Vais a ser de Escocia.
* Voy a tener doce años.

## In the future...

* Mañana por la mañana
* Mañana por la noche
* Pasado mañana
* La semana que viene
* El mes que viene
* El año próximo
* En el futuro

## Holidays

* que
* a
* a
* pasar
* me
* un
* viven
* los
* por
* mucho
* el
* por
* irnos
* me
* son
* voy
* el

## Stem-Changing Verbs

Comnjugate the following verbs in the present tense.
* Pensar
** Pienso
** Piensas
** Piensa
** Pensamos
** Pensáis
** Piensan
* Tener
** Tengo
** Tienes
** Tiene
** Tenemos
** Tenéis
** Tienen
* The following are all verbs you have learnt. Say if they are stem-changing, or not, and say if they're E=>IE or O/U=>UE.
** U=>UE stem changing verb
** Regular verb
** O=>UE stem changing verb
** E=>IE stem changing verb
** Regular verb
** Regular verb
** E=>IE stem changing verb
** O=>UE stem changing verb
# Spanish/Adverbs

In Spanish, as in English, most adverbs are made by adding a suffix to adjectives.
To create an adverb from an adjective that is inflected, i.e ends in -o or -a, inflect the adjective for the feminine form. Then add -mente.
Por Ejemplos:
Adjective Adverb rapido rapidamente (quickly) estupido estupidamente (stupidly)
Adverbos Irregulares
Adjective Adverb verdad verdaderamente (truly) igualdad igualdadamente (equally) ideal idealamente ( ideally)
# Spanish/Answers/?Qu? comes?

In the exercise answers section of this chapter, the 10th answer for Food and Drink has been wrongly printed as red wine. The correct answer is white wine.
# Spanish/Answers/La escuela

    Ricardo: ¿What do you think about our biology teacher?
    Juanita: Miss González makes it hard. We have a lot of homework.
    Ricardo: Yes, but she is very kind.
    Juanita: ¿Where is the cafeteria?
    Ricardo: I don´t know. Maybe we could ask someone.
    *The bell rings*
    Juanita: Oh, I must attend my classes. Bye!
    Ricardo: Bye!
# Spanish/Answers/¿Dónde vives?
## Dialogue

    Raúl: Hello! Where do you live?
    Sofía: Hello, Raúl. I live in a flat in London, England. And you?
    Raúl: OK. I live in the South of Spain.
    Sofía: In the countryside or the city?
    Raúl: The country. Cities are noisy.
    Sofía: Yes, but there's nothing to do in the countryside.
    Raúl: Well, bye Sophie!
    Sofía: See you!

## Countries of the World

* I live in England
* They're from Spain
* Are you from Germany?
* We live in the South of France
* Do you all live in Wales?
* He/She/It is from Scotland
* Where does he/she/it live?
* We are from Northern Ireland
* They live in Southwestern USA
* I am from Canada
* Somos de España
* Vivo en Inglaterra
* Es del norte de México
* ¿De dónde eres?
* ¿Por qué vives en Australia?
* Son de Canadá
* ¿Vivís en Gales?
* Es del Reino Unido
* Vive en el este de Alemania
* ¿De dónde es?

## Habitations

* c
* g
* a
* h
* d
* i
* e
* b
* f

## Adjectives

* Los hombres malos
* Un niño bueno
* Unas niñas malas
* Una mujer buena
* El hombre bueno
* La niña bonita
* Unos hombres malos
* Las mujeres malas

## City and Countryside

* The city is noisy
* Vivo en una casa en el campo
* The countryside is fantastic; you can walk in woodland
* Es de la ciudad
* They live in the English countryside
* La ciudad es animada; hay mucho para hacer
* The bad thing about the city is that there isn't any foliage
* ¿Vives en la ciudad o el campo?
# Spanish/Answers/¿Qué comes?
## Food and Drink

* f) A cucumber
* h) Cheese
* j) An apple
* i) The pears
* g) Tea
* b) The carrots
* e) An egg
* a) Water
* c) Rice
* d) White wine

## What do you eat?

* Bebo
* Bebes
* Bebe
* Bebemos
* Bebéis
* Beben
* Ceno
* Cenas
* Cena
* Cenamos
* Cenáis
* Cenan

## A bottle of wine

* c) Un kilo y media de patatas
* e) Algo de pasta
* a) Una copa de vino tinto
* b) Un vaso de leche
* d) Una barra de pan

## In the shop

    Buenos días.
    Buenos días. ¿Qué tal?
    Muy bien, gracias. ¿Qué quisieras?
    Quisiera seis huevos. [ can be anything, so long as it's plural ]
    Vale. Ahí están.
    ¿Cuánto cuestan?
    Cuestan tres euros.
    Gracias. Adiós.
    ¡Adiós!

## Adjectives

* Ahí están tres tomates verdes.
* Las mujeres son difíciles.
* Me gustan hombres amables.
* Odia pepinos.
* No les gusta comer patatas con queso.
* Odio comer las tomates: son aburridas.
* He doesn't have cheese or milk because he's vegan.
* No bebo leche porque es blanca.
* Would you like to buy an apple?
* ¿Le gusta pasta con tomates y zanahorias?
# Spanish/Answers/¿Qué es tu trabajo?

    Raul: What do you do for work?
    Sofia: I am a dentist.
    Raul. That's great.
    Sofia: What do you do for work?
    Raul: I'm an English teacher.
    Sofia: Wow! You speak English? That's awesome.
    Raul: Yes, I like English very much.
    Sofia: I would like to learn English for my work.
# Terve, Jonathan!/Kapitul 3

Kapitules – Kapitul 2 – Kapitul 3 – Kapitul 4

## Kapitul tri (kapitul 3)

Jonathan siste in Vien: di vil de Vien. Jonathan denke ke Vien e beni, i ke Vien e beli. Jonathan ne denke ke Vien e hesli; el denke ke Vien e beli. El dikte: "Vien e beli vil! Me ve skribe o il!" I el skribe in di dagbuk o Vien. In di dagbuk el skribe: "Mei triti dag e muj beni! In di drugi dag me sisted in Munik. Ma ted me siste in Vien: Vien nie Munik. Munik i Vien e du viles; Munik nie Vien i Vien nie Munik. Me siste in Vien i di vil e muj beli. Me lubie Vien; di vil nie hesli. Kom beli e Vien! Ma me have problem."
Kvod? Jonathan have problem? Keli problem? Ted el ne vide di dagbuk; el vide di vil i denke. El denke multum o di problem.
Di problem de Jonathan e ke el lubie Vien, ma el ne have tajm.
El denke: "Hm. Ted il e sep (7) ur. In des (10) ur di tren odite. Des (10) ur minus sep (7) ur e tri (3) horas. Tri horas nie multi tajm pro beli vil! Me ne have tajm. Have tajm e beni, ma me ne have il! Skribe dagbuk e beni, ma me ne have tajm pro skribe il! Kvod fakte in Vien?"
El denke: "Me ne have muj tajm. Kvod fakte—skribe dagbuk, u ede, u vide di vil? Kvod me ve fakte?"
El cetrodenke, i dikte: "Me have beni idea! Un moment…me denke. Mei tren odite in des (10) ur. Ci er e mer tardi tren, in des un (11) ur, u des du (12), des tri (13), des kvar (14) u des kvin (15) ur?"
E vide…ja! Er e tren kel odite in des kvin ur. Ted Jonathan e felisi.
Jonathan dikte: "Des kvin (15) minus sep (7) e ok (8). Ted me have ok horas de tajm! Kvod me ve fakte?"
El dikte: "Me vise! Me ve ede stejk. I me ve drinke bier. Un moment…ne, me ve drinke du bieres, u tri bieres. Beni idea!"
Ted Jonathan drinke bier in Vien, i ede stejk. El e felisi. El dikte: "Kom me e felisi! Me lubie di vil de Vien. Kom me lubie viates!"
# Tensorflow.js
### Table of Contents
#### Introduction to TensorFlow.js

* TensorFlow.js is a JavaScript library for training and deploying machine learning models in the browser or on Node.js. It provides a high-level API for building and training models, as well as tools for visualizing and debugging them. TensorFlow.js is built on top of TensorFlow, a powerful and widely-used machine learning library for Python. With TensorFlow.js, developers can use the same models and techniques in JavaScript that they would use in Python, making it easy to build and deploy machine learning applications in the web and Node.js environments.
# Terve, Jonathan!/Kapitul 2

Kapitules – Kapitul 1 – Kapitul 2 – Kapitul 3

## Kapitul du (kapitul 2)

Ted di muž e in di tren. El nie in Munik; el e in tren. El viate. El denke: "Ted me viate od Munik do Vien. Il e beni viat. Me lubie viates."
El denke o Munik. El denke: "Ted me e in di tren, ma jer me esed in Munik. I ted me skribe dagbuk in di tren, ma jer me skribed dagbuk in Munik. I ted me denke in di tren, ma jer me denked in Munik. Jer me denked o Munik in Munik, i ted me denke o Vien in di tren. Ted me e in di tren, ne in Vien. Ma me denke i skribe o Vien."
Ted di muž denke in Munik? Ne, el ne denke in Munik. El denke in di tren. Jer el denked in Munik. El dikte: "Terve, tren!"
Di muž e in di tren, i el viate do vil. Di vil nie Munik; Munik e di vil de jer. Di vil e Vien; Vien e di vil de hojt.
Di muž denke o Munik i Vien. El denke: "Munik esed di vil de jer, i Munik esed beni. Ted il e hojt, i me e in tren; di tren e beni. Ve Vien ese beni?"
Di muž denke o Munik: Munik esed di vil de jer. El denke in di tren: el e in di tren hojt. I el denke o Vien: Vien ve ese di vil de zautra.
I el denke: "Munik esed grandi. Di tren e grandi. Ve Vien ese grandi?"
I el denke: "In Munik me skribed in dagbuk. In di tren me skribe in dagbuk. In Vien ve me skribe in dagbuk? Ja, zautra in Vien me ve skribe in dagbuk. Me lubie dagbukes." Di muž denke multum (el denke multum = el denke i denke i denke), i el skribe multum. Ja, el e inteligenti muž. Inteligenti mužes skribe multum, i denke multum. El e Jonathan; Jonathan e inteligenti muž.
El skribe: "Me e Jonathan. Me e in tren. Jer me sisted in Munik; zautra me ve siste in Vien."
El denke, i skribe: "Di tren…il e beni, ma oldi. Il nie novi; il e oldi. In Munik di trenes e oldi? Ja, di trenes de Munik e oldi. Ma di trenes de Munik e beni, i me lubie di trenes de Munik. Jer me lubied di tren in Munik, i hojt me lubie di tren ted, i zautra me ve lubie di tren in Vien. Me lubie trenes!"
Jonathan skribe: "Munik e beni vil i oldi vil, i Vien e beni vil i oldi vil. Munik i Vien nie novi, ma e beni. Munik i Vien e oldi, ma beni viles. Di viles nie novi, ma beni. Me lubie viles!"
Jonathan denke, ke di drugi dag de viat e beni. El dikte: "Hojt esed beni drugi dag de viat. Me lubie viates!"