OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Simulation with AnyLogic/System Dynamics
## Bass Diffusion Model

AnyLogic supports different modeling techniques. This document covers System Dynamics modeling approach. There are many spheres where system dynamics simulation can be successfully applied — the range of SD applications includes business, urban, social, ecological types of systems. AnyLogic allows you to create complex dynamic models using standard SD graphical notation.
This tutorial will briefly take you through the process of constructing a simulation model using AnyLogic. It is intended to introduce you to AnyLogic interface and many of its main features. We will create a simple illustrative example — the product life cycle model, used for forecasting sales of new products.
The first 10 steps will take you through the process of construction of the classic Bass diffusion model. The model describes a product diffusion process. Potential adopters of a product are influenced into buying the product by advertising and by word of mouth from adopters – those who have already purchased the new product. Adoption of a new product driven by word of mouth is likewise an epidemic. Potential adopters come into contact with adopters through social interactions. A fraction of these contacts results in the purchase of the new product. The advertising causes a constant fraction of the potential adopter population to adopt each time period.
Then we will expand our model by considering some details and introducing you to some advanced features of AnyLogic useful in creating system dynamics models. The expanded model may help you to better plan the entry strategy, target the right consumer and anticipate demand so as to have an efficient and effective promotion strategy.
Note that there are several reference files available for this model representing the milestones of the editing. You can use reference files if you experience any difficulties creating a model and you would like to compare your model with the reference file. You can use Welcome Page to open those examples. Welcome Page appears automatically when you open AnyLogic. It can be also opened whenever you like from AnyLogic menu: Help|Welcome.
You can also run this model online.
* Step 1. Analyzing the model
* Step 2. Creating a new model
* Step 3. Adding stocks
* Step 4. Adding adoption flow
* Step 5. Adding constants
* Step 6. Defining initial values of stocks
* Step 7. Adding auxiliaries
* Step 8. Configuring simulation
* Step 9. Running the model
* Step 10. Adding charts
* Step 11. Modeling replacement purchases
# Simulation with AnyLogic/System Dynamics/Step 1. Analyzing the model

Step 1. Analyzing the Model
First of all, we need to analyze the model to decide how it can be described in the system dynamics terms. We should distinguish the key variables of the model and their patterns of influence and then create stock and flow diagram of the model. When constructing stock and flow diagram, we should consider what variables should be modeled with stocks, flows or auxiliaries.
Stocks (also known as levels, accumulations, or state variables) change their value continuously over time. Flows, also known as rates, change the value of stocks. In turn, stocks in a system determine the values of flows. Intermediate concepts are known as auxiliaries and can change instantaneously.
When constructing a stock and flow diagram, consider what variables accumulate over a period of time. In our model, adopter and potential adopter populations are stocks and the adoption rate – a flow.
The system dynamics presentation of the model is shown in the following figure. Stocks are denoted with squares, flow with a valve, and auxiliaries with circles. Arrows denote causal dependencies in the model.
# Simulation with AnyLogic/System Dynamics/Step 11. Modeling replacement purchases

Step 11. Modeling Replacement Purchases
The model we have created does not capture situations where the product is consumed, discarded, or upgraded, all of which lead to repeat purchases. We will model repeat purchase behavior by assuming that adopters move back into the population of potential adopters when their first unit is discarded or consumed.
First, we will define a constant representing the average life time of product.
Create the ProductLifeTime constant
People move back from the adopter population to the pool of potential adopters when the product they have purchased is discarded or consumed. So, the discard flow is nothing else but the adoption flow delayed on the average life time of the product.
Create the discard flow Adopters to PotentialAdopters
* First, double-click Adopters stock in the graphical editor.
* Then click PotentialAdopters variable.
* New flow from Adopters to PotentialAdopters is added. Change the name of the flow to DiscardRate (do not forget to press Ctrl+Enter when finished typing new flow name).
* You can see that stock formulas have changed as well:
* Set the following formula for the flow variable: delay(AdoptionRate, ProductLifeTime) The delay function implements the time delay and has the following notation: delay(<variable>, <delay value>, <initial value>) In our case, function reproduces AdoptionRate delayed on the ProductLifeTime value. The discard rate is null until the time of use of the first purchased products elapses.
Now we have finished modeling the product replacement purchases. You may check how the delay function works. Run the model and view plots for AdoptionRate and DiscardRate. You can see that rate curves look exactly how we expected — the discard rate is actually the adoption rate delayed by 2 years — the life time of the product.
Observe the population dynamics using the chart. Now, instead of falling to zero, the potential adopter population is constantly replenished as adopters discard the product and reenter the market. The adoption rate rises, peaks, and falls to a rate that depends on the average life of the product and the parameters determining the adoption rate. Discards mean there is always some fraction of the population in the potential adopter pool.
If you like, you may add control group varying product life time, say from 0.5 to 10.
# Simulation with AnyLogic/Pedestrian Simulation/Step 4. Configuring the simulation
## Step 4. Configuring Simulation

Model simulation has a set of specific settings. A group of model settings is called an experiment, and experiments are displayed at the bottom of the model branch in the workspace tree. You can create several experiments for the same model with alternative model settings. One experiment is created by default and named Simulation.
If we start the model, it will work for 100 time units and then will stop. Since we want to observe the process for a long time, we need to remove the model stop condition.
Remove the model stop condition
* In the Project view, click the Simulation:Main experiment item.
* Go to the Model Time tab of the Properties window. Here you can define model time settings. In Pedestrian Library a model time unit is considered as one day of a model lifetime (you can see that days are chosen as Time units).
* Choose Never in the Stop drop-down list. The model now will simulate infinitely until we will stop it.
# Waves/Waves in two and three Dimensions

Waves : 2 and 3 Dimension Waves 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 Problems

## Waves in Two and Three Dimensions

In this chapter we extend the ideas of the previous chapter to the case of waves in more than one dimension. The extension of the sine wave to higher dimensions is the plane wave. Wave packets in two and three dimensions arise when plane waves moving in different directions are superimposed.
Diffraction results from the disruption of a wave which is impingent upon an object. Those parts of the wave front hitting the object are scattered, modified, or destroyed. The resulting diffraction pattern comes from the subsequent interference of the various pieces of the modified wave. A knowledge of diffraction is necessary to understand the behavior and limitations of optical instruments such as telescopes.
Diffraction and interference in two and three dimensions can be manipulated to produces useful devices such as the diffraction grating.
# We ♥ Katamari/Cleaning
## Page 1

| Cleaning item | Description | Size to roll up |
| Clothes Peg (1) | A clip that keeps freshly-washed clothing from flying away. You could also use this underwater, We suppose. | 6cm6mm |
| Clothes Peg (2) | A tool used to keep laundry from flying off the string. | 6cm6mm |
| Soap | Defeats dirt with its scrubbing lather. Not actually sold in its bubbly form. | 10cm4mm |
| School Soap | Everyon rubs their dirty hands all over this, so We bet it must be filthy by now. | 25cm2mm |
| Detergent | It's filled with powder used to clean clothes. Smells kind of fresh. | 37cm2mm |
| Washtub | Fill it with water and use it to wash clothes or bathe your children. | 52cm6mm |
| Laundry Basket | A basket for dirty clothes. If you wet the bed, it's better to just wash your underpants yourself. | 73cm2mm |
| Faucet | Water comes out when you twist it. Pinching it has no effect. | 27cm3mm |

## Page 2

| Cleaning item | Description | Size to roll up |
| Dishwashing Liquid | There's something fantastical about the bubbles this makes. Environmentally-minded people use this sparingly. | 33cm2mm |
| Sponge | Used to wash dishes. One scrub cleans up even the most stubborn of crevices. | 15cm6mm |
| Laundry Pole | Where you hang laundry after you wash it. Just leave it there to dry. | 1m30cm0mm |
| Laundry Deck | This supports the pole you hang wet clothes from. | 1m50cm0mm |
| Laundry Hanger | Used to dry underpants and things. These are hung indoors on rainy days. | 49cm5mm |
| Washstand | This can hold a lot of water, but there's a hole in the middle of it, so it falls out in the end. | 1m15cm0mm |
| Hose Reel | A tool for wrapping up tubes that shoot out water. If you reel it in too far, you can't get it out again. | 85cm2mm |
| Washing Machine | A machine that gets your clothes all soggy. Whatever was in your pockets, too. | 2m35cm7mm |

## Page 3

| Cleaning item | Description | Size to roll up |
| Water Tap | Used to water flowers, amongst other things. If you have some soap, you can even wash your hands. | 1m24cm4mm |
| Car Wash | A box that washes cars with its gigantic brushes. Don't drive in with the windows down! | 6m10cm2mm |
# We ♥ Katamari/Daruma

| Daruma item | Description | Size to roll up |
| Hammer | A small wooden toy hammer used to knock over stacks of block. We doubt it can be used to pound nails. | 16cm6mm |
| Daruma Head (RARE) | A block-like thing with a daruma drawn on it. Never moves, even when the blocks under it are knocked off. | 13cm6mm |
| Daruma Body (2nd) | Apparently lives for the thrill of getting sent flying by a hammer. | 12cm5mm |
| Daruma Body | Tries its very best to stay put. | 12cm5mm |
| Daruma Body | Its mind and body are a mess from all the punishment it receives. | 12cm5mm |
| Daruma Body | Not only does this have to support everyone's weight, people are always hitting it with hammers. It must feel very put upon. | 12cm5mm |
# We ♥ Katamari/Drink
## Page 1

| Drink | Description | Size to roll up |
| Drink | It can hold many different drink flavors. Sucking it through the thin tube is apparently the height of fashion. | 21cm7mm |
| Orange Juice | Made from the juice of oranges. It sometimes has bonus pulp inside. | 17cm0mm |
| Green Tea (Can) | A refined drink. Nobody ever talks about how it's made from leaves, because that doesn't sound very tasty. | 17cm0mm |
| Coffee (Can) | A black and bitter beverage. Drink it anyway, and you'll soon feel the difference. | 17cm0mm |
| Soda (1) | Drink it for a delicious, bubbly taste. Mothers get annoyed when you drink this before dinner. | 17cm0mm |
| Soda (2) | A bubbly drink. Even after the bubbles are gone, it's still pretty sweet and tasty. | 17cm0mm |
| Sports Drink | A drink that energizes your entire body. You can drink it even if you aren't an athelete. | 17cm0mm |
| Apple Juice | This is usually gulped down quickly, so you can't test the health of your gums with it. | 17cm0mm |

## Page 2

| Drink | Description | Size to roll up |
| Bottle Cap | A drink cap. Strong, or foolish, people apparently rip these off with their teeth. | 3mc9mm |
| Glass Bottle | People in TV dramas and movies get hit in the head with these a lot. Actors have it tough. | 38cm7mm |
| Pet Bottle Juice | It may be tasty, but gulping it down all at once isn't good for your body. | 31cm1mm |
| Milk Carton | Made out of paper, and yet strong enough to keep milk inside. Can be recycled over and over again. | 17cm6mm |
| Tetrapack Milk | Milk in a conveniently sized pack. Goes well with cookies and chocolates. | 20cm2mm |
| Milk Bottle | A bottle with milk inside. Please try not to laugh while drinking. | 19cm9mm |
| Coffee Milk (RARE) | A mild drink made from milk and a black, bitter beverage. Kids love it. | 19cm9mm |
| Large Milk Carton | Open it on the wrong side, and things quickly go downhill. | 26cm0mm |

## Page 3

| Drink | Description | Size to roll up |
| Ice Cream Float | Mix up the ice cream? Eat it as is? It's quite the conundrum. | 33cm2mm |
| Mixed Juice | A drink made of many fruit juices mixed together. It tastes a little gross at room temperature. | 34cm9mm |
| Lemon Tea | A sour fruit comes with this drink, but it's usually taken out of the cup before it is consumed. | 31cm8mm |
| Mug | Made for hot drinks. There are sets made for hot couples. | 20cm0mm |
| Teacup | Use this to drink hot things without burning your hand. Very civilized. | 18cm0mm |
| Teapot | Put leaves and hot water in, and delicious tea comes out. Probably its lips are pursed because of the heat. | 28cm7mm |
| Thermos Pot | Turns cold water into hot water. It's pretty hot, so don't got using it in place of a bath. | 51cm1mm |
| Kettle | Shrieks in pain if you heat it up too much. | 72cm9mm |

## Page 4

| Drink | Description | Size to roll up |
| Oasis | Most people cherish this pond as it's found in the desert. Apparently there are some in your heart, too. | 201m34cm1mm |
# We ♥ Katamari

We ♥ Katamari (塊魂 2; Katamari Damashii 2, roughly Katamari Damacy 2, Japanese (Minna Daisuki Katamari Damacy) is a video game published by Namco and developed for the PlayStation 2. It was released in Japan on July 6, 2005, in South Korea on July 28, 2005, in North America on September 20, 2005, and in Europe on February 3, 2006. It is the sequel to the previous year's sleeper hit, Katamari Damacy.

## Contents
### Collecting

* Cousins
* Presents

#### Items

* Snacks
* Food
* Fruit
* Vegetable
* Reading
* Cleaning
* Trash
* Cooking
* Drink
* Japanese Food
* Games
* Playtime
* Powerful
* Sports
* Sound
* Daruma
* Sewing
* Fashion
* Stationary
* Decorations
* The World
* Summer
# We ♥ Katamari/Fashion
## Page 1

| Fashion Item | Description | Size to roll up |
| Straw Hat | It has a lot of small holes in it, making it cool to wear on hot days. | 44cm8mm |
| Glasses | People like these so much, they'll look for a pair even when one's already perched on their forehead. | 9cm3mm |
| Lipstick | Used to paint lips various colors. For some people, using this is a sign of adulthood. | 7cm6mm |
| Hairpin | An item you stick in your hair to change its shape. | 4cm5mm |
| Hair Dryer | A tool that blows hot breath. You can turn it down if you're already too hotheaded. | 33cm3mm |
| Briefs | Tight and snug. Some people write their names on the waistband in marker. | |

## Page 2

| Fashion Item | Description | Size to roll up |
| Red Sock | Clothing for the feet. Starts to stink if you wear it long enough. | 11cm6mm |
| Blue Sock | Clothing for the feet. Recently, socks with separated toes are also popular. | 12cm7mm |
| Bunny Slipper | Footwear shaped like an animal. You don't have to feed it, luckily. | 53cm7mm |
| Leather Shoe | Polished to a fine veneer. Apparently worn to stodgy affairs. | 39cm6mm |
| Sandal | Easy slip-on, slip-off action. Some of the more fashionable kinds have fancier names. | 31cm1mm |
| Kid's Shoe | A shoe made for very small children. They sometimes have pictures of superheroes on them. | 23cm5mm |
| Pumps | The poles on the back make the wearer a bit taller but it makes it more difficult to rum. | 34cm0mm |
| Sneaker | Good on days when you're walking a lot. The pattern on the bottom wears away over time. | 36cm0mm |

## Page 3

| Fashion Item | Description | Size to roll up |
| Striped T-Shirt | Relaxed menswear. We wonder where all the O-shirts and G-shirts are. | 59cm1mm |
| Parasol | An umbrella mostly used on clear days. It protects your skin from invisible rays. | 1m35cm3mm |
| Royal Nose (RARE) | Apparently, this has the ability to smell the difference between fresh and spoiled food. | 7m55cm7mm |
# Weatherization/US Weatherization Assistance Program

Weatherization has become increasingly high-profile as the cost of home heating has risen. Fortunately, there are programs available to help low income families reduce energy consumption and costs.
The Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) was created in 1976 to assist low-income families who lacked resources to invest in energy efficiency. WAP is operated in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and works with Native American tribes. The funds provided by Congress are used to improve the energy efficiency of low-income dwellings using the most advanced technologies and testing protocols available in the housing industry. The energy conservation resulting from the efforts of state and local agencies helps our country reduce its dependency on foreign oil and decrease the cost of energy for families in need, while improving the health and safety of their homes.
The WAP is governed by various federal regulations designed to help manage and account for the resources provided by DOE. WAP funding is derived from annual appropriations from Congress. Each year Senate and House Interior Appropriations committees decide how much will be allocated.
Since the inception of the WAP, over 5.6 million homes have been weatherized with DOE funds. This year, an estimated 93,408 homes will be weatherized with Department of Energy (DOE) funds. An average of 30.5 million MBtu of energy is saved as a result of weatherization. This equates to a 23% reduction in primary heating fuel use. Low-income families will save an average of $358 in reduced first-year energy costs, at current prices. Taken together, for every $1 invested in the Program, Weatherization returns $2.69 in energy and non-energy related benefits.
Many state LIHEAP (Low Income Home Energy Assistance) programs work side by side with WAP to provide both immediate and long term solutions to energy poverty.
# Weatherization/Ventilation

See the Wikipedia article on HVAC. Also be aware that poor attic ventilation, combined with poor insulation, can create an ice dam.
# WebObjects/Additional Resources/Books
### Beginning Xcode and WebObjects: From Novice to Professional

This book has been cancelled. We are planning on writing a book like "Beginning WebObjects: From Novice to Professional", but it will be based on Eclipse and WOLips. This is not yet underway, so please don't ask about the schedule. -- Chuck

### Practical WebObjects

Practical WebObjects is a must-have book for anyone who is serious about WebObjects development. Chuck Hill, of WebObjects mailing list fame, covers a huge number of topics that will be useful at almost any level of WebObjects development. In particular, his coverage of the request-response loop is one of the best explanations available.

### Professional WebObjects with Java

WebObjects 5 is the powerful new release of Apple's award-winning application server, built from the ground up in Java. This allows WebObjects to run on virtually any server making it easily accessible to millions of Java programmers. WebObjects also integrates with other Java-based solutions such as EJB containers, servlets, ORBs, and web services. The combination of a Java runtime with advanced native tools for Mac OS X and Windows 2000 makes WebObjects an obvious environment for customers needing rapid development of flexible, scalable web applications.
This book covers:
Complete guide to installing and using WebObjects 5.0 Multi-platform approach, for WebObjects running on either Mac OS X or Windows 2000 Comprehensive tour of WebObject's application development tools Creating WebObjects components Object-relational mapping to databases using the Enterprise Object Framework Advanced features including Direct To Web and Java Client Practical worked examples throughout, including a detailed case study
You will get the most from this book if you are an experienced Java software developer with an interest in building sophisticated, database-driven web application using WebObjects. Apple has applied all their graphical user interface expertise to make using WebObjects pretty straightforward, but to unlock its potential, a thorough understanding of Java is needed.
# WebObjects/Additional Resources/Authors

The following people have approved the use of his or her WebObjects mailing list posts when accompanied by the proper attribution. If you would like to reproduce a mailing list post onto the WebObjects Wikibook, please refer to this list prior to doing so. If you would like your own posts to be available, please add your name to this list.
* Andrew Lindesay
* Andrus Adamchik
* Logan Allred
* Pierre Bernard
* Zak Burke
* Ondra Cada
* Alex Cone
* mmalcolm Crawford
* Travis Cripps
* Lachlan Deck
* Brendan Duddridge
* Gavin Eadie
* Pierre Frisch
* Chuck Hill
* David Holt
* Geoff Hopson
* Art Isbell
* Ian Joyner
* Kieran Kelleher
* Anjo Krank
* David LeBer
* Francis Labrie
* Paul Lynch
* Jake MacMullin
* Baiss Eric Magnusson
* Sacha Michel Mallais
* Joe Moreno
* Guido Neitzer
* Sigurður Anton Ólafsson
* Thomas Pelaia II
* Christian Pekeler
* Arturo Perez
* John Pollard
* Mark Ritchie
* Aaron Rosenzweig
* Mark Ruggiero
* Mike Schrag
* Helge Staedtler
* Thomas Termini/Bluedog
* Jean-Francois Veillette
* Jerry W. Walker
* Robert Walker
* Pierce T. Wetter III
* Carlos Gonzalez
* Timo Höpfner
* Javier Romojaro
# Social Statistics/Course Adoptions

This book was written over the course of several years and was refined as a textbook for an in-class setting. If you choose to adopt this text or make modifications of it for more specific environments, please note them here. Further collaborators and instructors may be able to learn from your experiences.
← Noted Contributors
# Software Engineers Handbook/Operating Systems/Forth

The earliest versions of the Forth Programming Language (around 1970) ran on primitive minicomputers with no other OS or executive. Systems at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's 11-meter radio telescope near Tucson, AZ, controlled precise movements of the telescope and dome as well as performing concurrent data acquisition and supporting analysis on a graphics terminal.
Mass storage (used for both program source and data) resided on 7- or 9-track magnetic tape, soon replaced by a drum and later by disks. Mass storage was addressed in "blocks" (typically 1024 bytes), and a block number was a function of its physical location on the media. This was an extremely simple and reliable approach. The entire system, including drivers for disk and terminal, command line interpreter, resident compiler and assembler, multitasker, and applications such as control of the telescope, was so small it could run without overlays in under 32K bytes of memory.
Because of Forth's unique ability to run efficiently in such a resource-constrained environment, it has always been most popular in embedded systems, particularly hand-held or battery-powered devices such as the package-tracking devices used by FedEx Corporation. It has also been used in numerous space applications by NASA and others.
Some companies, such as New Micros, Inc. sell inexpensive microprocessor boards with Forth already installed. Others, such as FORTH, Inc. and Microprocessor Engineering Ltd., provide cross-compilers for embedded systems in which the Forth OS runs on the target but the compiler and other development tools run on a conventional PC.

## further reading

* the Forth Wikibook.