# Lingwa de planeta/Compound sentence

In this lesson you are going to learn:
* 4 pronouns (swa, mutu, it, oni)
* 12 verbs (pregi, kwesti, jawabi, dai, pren, helpi, go, lai, safari, gani, dansi, rasmi)
* 10 special verbs (mog, janmog, darfi, treba, mus, gai, majbur, nidi, yao, pri)
* 8 prepositions (a, om, fo, por, kun, sin, in, fon)
* 6 question words (hu, kwo, wo, wen, way, komo)
* 6 indicative words (hir, dar, ahir, adar, dan, tak)
* 6 useful words (yoshi, toshi, poy, snova, turan, tuy)
* 3 conjunctions (sikom, obwol, yedoh)
* 2 grammar words (ke, unkwe, hi, ku)
59 words altogether
(+34 from lesson 1 = 93 altogether)

# Pronoun as an object

Pronouns in Lidepla don't change to indicate their grammatical role.
If a pronoun is put after the verb, it is an object (not a subject).
| Me lubi yu. | I love you. |
| Yu lubi me. | You love me. |
For "oneself" (myself, yourself etc.) the word "swa" is used.
For "one another" - the word "mutu".
| Li lubi mutu. | They love one another. |
| Ela bu samaji-te swa. | She didn't understand herself. |
An inanimate object can be replaced by the pronoun "it".
| Me vidi it. | I see it (a thing). |
Translation exercise

# Some prepositions

The preposition "a" corresponds to the English "to" to some extent.
| Me ve shwo a yu. | I will talk to you. |
| Ta dai-te it a me. | They gave it (an object) to me. |
The preposition "om" corresponds to the English "about" / "of".
| Me ve dumi om yu. | I will think of / about you. |
Some other prepositions: fo (for), por (because of), kun (with), sin (without)
| Me bu go sin yu. | I don't go (am not going, won't go) without you. |
| Me jivi fo yu. | I live for you. |
| Ta bu kredi por yu. | They don't believe because of you. |
Translation exercise
A gerund verb may also follow a preposition:
| Me bu yao shwo sin samaji. | I don't want to talk without understanding. |

# Question and indication words

Question words:
* hu - who
* kwo - what
* wo - where (place)
* a wo - whereto, whither (direction)
* fon wo - wherefrom, whence
* wen - when
* way - why
* komo - how
A question word is usually put in the beginning of a phrase; the word order doesn't change.
| Kwo yu vidi? | What do you see? |
Translation exercise
To answer the questions you can use indication words:
* se - this (noun)
* to - that (noun)
* hir - here (place)
* dar - there (place)
* ahir - here (direction)
* adar - there (direction)
* dan - then
* tak - so, this way
| Me bu samaji se. | I don't understand this. |
| Ta bu yao shwo om to. | They don't want to talk about that. |
| Me jivi hir. | I live here. |
| Nu jivi-te dar. | We lived there. |
| Me ve go adar. | I will go there. |
| Ta lai-te ahir. | They came here. |
| Dan me samaji-te. | Then I understood. |
| Me shwo tak. | I talk so / this way. |

# Compound sentence

Question words can also begin a clause:
| Me jan way yu bu gun. | I know why you do not work. |
Also, complex sentences can be formed, using the linking word ke (that):
| Me jan ke yu lubi lu. | I know that you love him. |
| Ela bu samaji-te ke lu bu lubi ela. | She did not understand that he doesn't love her. |
It is important not to confuse the words kwo and ke:
| Me jan kwo yu lubi. | I know what (that which) you love. |
| Me jan ke yu lubi me. | I know that you love me. |
Note that there is no such thing as tense agreement in Lidepla: in the subordinate clause, the particles indicate the time of the action relative to the action in the main clause.
| Me shwo ke me ve go adar. | I say that I will go there. |
| Me shwo-te ke me ve go adar. | I said that I would go there. |
Translation exercise
Another way to build a complex sentence: preposition + the particle ke:
| Me shwo-te om ke ta lubi yu. | I talked about how they love you. |
| Me bu yao go kun yu sin ke yu shwo ke yu lubi me. | I don't want to go with you unless you say (without you saying) that you love me. |

# Generative meaning

In English, there is a phrase “whatever”, which can occur after any interrogative word at the beginning of a subordinate clause: whoever, whatever, no matter how. In Lidepla, this turnover is expressed using a single word: unkwe, which can also be placed after any interrogative word (the verb is used in the main form):
| Me ve lai a yu, kwo unkwe yu shwo. | I will come to you, no matter what you say. |
| Me bu jawabi, hu unkwe kwesti om yu. | I don't answer no matter who asks about you. |
Sometimes it does not matter who is doing something. For such a case there is a pronoun oni, which can be translated as "one," "they", or even "people." In modern English, the word "one" is less often used; we sometimes say "you" in this situation.
| Oni shwo ke ta bu lubi yu. | They say that they don't love you. |
| Me lubi yu, kwo unkwe oni shwo. | I love you, no matter what people might say. |
Translation exercise

# Special verbs

Special verbs expressing an attitude towards an action are usually called "modals". And with their help, you can compose verb sequences:
* mog – can
* janmog – know how
* darfi – have permission
* treba – need
* mus – must
* gai – should
* majbur – have to
* yao – want
* pri – like
Modals themselves can attach particles that specify tense. Semantic verbs after modals are in the main form.
| Yu mus helpi me. | You must help me. |
| Me bu mog-te helpi yu. | I couldn't help you. |
The subject before the modal may be omitted. In this case, the phrase takes on an impersonal meaning:
| Treba gun. | Need to work. |
Translation exercise

# Emphatic particles "hi" and "ku"

In order to highlight or emphasize the meaning of the entire sentence (that is, primarily its predicate), as we already know, the particle ya is used. But in Lidepla there is also a particle of a more directed action: it highlights exactly the word after which it is located. This is the "hi" particle:
| Me hi ga bu yao go. | Me, I don't want to go at all. |
| Me yao go hi, bu lopi. | I want to go, not run. |
To emphasize a word in a question, the particle "ku" is used after the word.
| Yu ku bu yao go? | Is it you who doesn't want to go? |
The particle "ku" is useful when one needs to make a general question to a short phrase.
| Yu lai ku? | Are you coming? |
Translation exercise

# Useful words for stories

In a story you may need the word yoshi ("also"):
| Me janmog gani. Yoshi me janmog rasmi. | I can sing. I also can draw. |
In a dialog the word toshi ("too") may be used:
| Me janmog gani. - Me toshi. | I can sing. - Me too. |
Words used when talking about the order and time of some events:
* poy (then, later)
* snova (again)
* turan (suddenly)
* tuy (immediately, right now):
| Ta dumi, poy snova shwo. | They think, then talk again. |
| Turan li lai. | Suddenly they came. |
| Treba jawabi tuy. | One has to answer immediately. |
Useful conjunctions:
* sikom (since, as, for)
* obwol (though)
* yedoh (however, nevertheless)
| Sikom yu bu shwo-te, me bu jan. | As you didn't talk (say), I don't know. |
| Yu bu jawabi, obwol me kwesti. | You don't answer, though I ask / am asking. |
| Me bu kwesti, yedoh ta shwo. | I don't ask, they are talking however. |
Translation exercise

# New verbs

| pregi | to ask (for) | me bu pregi-te yu, ta bu ve pregi om se, li pregi |
| kwesti | to ask (about) | nu ve kwesti ta, ob yu kwesti me? ta kwesti-te om yu |
| jawabi | to answer | ob yu jawabi-te a ta? me ve jawabi, li bu yao jawabi |
| dai | to give | nu ve dai it a yu, li bu dai-te, yu dai |
| pren | to take | me pren it, ela bu pren-te, ob yu ve pren? |
| helpi | to help | yu helpi-te (a) me om to, nu bu ve helpi, li helpi (the preposition may be omited as there are no more objects) |
| go | to go | nu go adar, li bu ve go kun yu, yu go-te |
| lai | to come | ob yu ve lai? me bu lai-te, nu lai fo vidi yu |
| safari | to travel | yu bu ve safari, nu safari-te, me yao safari kun yu |
| gani | to sing | me pri gani, yu bu gani-te, ela ve gani fo yu |
| dansi | to dance | nu dansi-te kun mutu, ob yu dansi? li bu ve dansi hir |
| rasmi | to draw (a painting) | nu bu rasmi-te, me ve rasmi yu, kwo yu rasmi? |

# Text

Read the text. Try to retell it. Try to make your own story with all the words you know.
Me kwesti ta: "Hu komandi hir?"
Ta bu jawabi.
Me snova kwesti: "Way yu bu jawabi? Ob yu bu mog shwo?"
Ta shwo: "Me mog. Bat me bu jan kwo shwo. Bikos me bu jan hu komandi. Nu oli lubi mutu."
(afte Jani Rodari)
komandi - to command

# Etiquette: Where are you from? Where do you live?

Before asking a question, it may be appropriate to apologize for interrupting someone: Skusi.
When meeting, you may ask the question: Wo yu jivi? (Where do you live?).
In response, you’ll need the preposition in. The meaning is just as in English:
| Me jivi in Sankt-Peterburg. | I live in St. Petersburg. |
You might also ask: Fon wo yu lai? (Where do you come from?)
In response, you’ll need the preposition fon (from).
Names of countries in the Lidepla language sound as close as possible to the way they are pronounced in the native language of these countries:
* Rusia - Russia (Россия, Rossiya)
* Ingland - England
* Frans - France
* Doichland - Germany (Deutschland')
* Espania - Spain (España)
* Nipon - Japan (日本, Nippon)
* Jungwo - China (中国, Zhōngguó)
| Me lai fon Rusia. | I come from Russia. |

# Language in focus: Chinese

Despite its popularity, the English language is only in third place by number of native speakers (about 300 million). The number of Chinese speakers is more than two times larger (over 800 million)!
The Chinese language is very ancient: scientists have found inscriptions carved on the bones of animals sacrificed as early as the 11th century BCE.
A feature of the single Chinese writing system is that the characters do not transmit the sounds and meanings of words. Several dialects were formed on the basis of this system, which have each evolved independently within different regions of China. Over time, more widely spoken dialects formed in the north, and these served as the basis for forming an official language for the Chinese empire, in which all significant documents were written, as well as the language of ordinary people, which was used only in oral communication.
The lexical structure of the language has undergone at least two significant transformations — in the 1st century BCE, when the arrival of Buddhism enriched the language with many religious and philosophical concepts; and from the beginning of the 20th century, when the language absorbed many concepts of Western civilization.
An excerpt from "The Little Prince" in Chinese (very approximate transcription recorded with the sounds of Lidepla but without marking the tones):
| 啊！我的小王子 ...... | A! wo de syao wan zi |
| 就这样，一点一滴地，我逐渐懂得了你那忧郁的小生命。 | ziou je yan, idyen-idi-de, wo ju zien dun de le ni na you yu de syao shen min |
| 长久以来，你惟一的乐趣只是欣赏落日。 | ch'han ziou I lai, ni wei i de le tsiu ji shi sin shan luo r/shi |
| 这是我在第四天早晨知道的，当你说出： | je shi wo zai di si tien zao chen ji dao de dang ni shuo ch'hu |
| “我喜欢看夕阳。” | wo si huan kan si yan |
(reminder:
* the Lidepla letter ‘z’ is read as a lightweight affricate "dz", as in the English word "adze."
* the Lidepla letter ‘j’ is read as a lightweight affricate "dzh", as in the English word "June."
Chinese words are made up of syllables, each of which has its own value, and which are quite different from the sounds of familiar European languages. In addition, Chinese has not only the sounds themselves but also distinctive tones which specify how to pronounce a syllable — whether the vocal utterance is to be raised in pitch for that syllable, to be lowered or to remain at the same pitch.
Among the most frequent words of Lidepla, many words are borrowed from Chinese.
* Reserved keywords and adverbs: bu (not), ba (marks imperative), gwo (some time ago, at one time, earlier in life), zai (current activity), zuy (most), fen (to form a fraction), shi (ten), idyen (a little), haishi (still), shao (a little), turan (suddenly).
* Nouns: jen (man), bao (bag), mao (wool), dao (path), yuan (employee), guan (a public institution), bey (back), duza (abdomen), tuza (hare), chiza (spoon), feng (wind).
* Verbs: zwo (do), shwo (talk), lwo (fall), yao (want to), kan (watch), gun (work), chi (eat), zin (included), chu (go), zun (to do something), mangi (to be busy with something), tungi (hurt), kaulu (consider, take into account).
* Adjectives: hao (good), lao (old), gao (high), syao (small), byen (convenient), hwan (yellow), suan (sour), guy (expensive), kway (fast), lenge (cold), lan (lazy).
Exercise keys
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