OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Judaism
## Chapters

   * Preface
   * Introduction
   * What Is Judaism?
   * What do Jews Believe?
   * Who is a Jew?
   * Jewish Population
   * Movements of Judaism
   * Jewish Ethnic Divisions
   * Jewish Attitudes Toward Gentiles
   * Rabbis, and Other Jewish Functionaries
   * The Patriarchs of Judaism
   * The Origins of Judaism
   * Moses, Aaron and Miriam
   * Israel
   * Synagogues, and Other Jewish Places of Worship
   * Jewish Symbols
   * Jewish Cooking
   * The Hebrew Alphabet
   * The Yiddish and Ladino Languages
   * Common Jewish Expressions
   * Jewish Names
   * God's Name
   * The Torah
   * Love and Brotherhood
   * The Jewish Calendar
   * Shabbat
   * The First Month of Life
   * Bar or Bat Mitzvah and Confirmation
   * Marriage in Judaism
   * Divorce in Judaism
   * Death and Mourning
   * The Afterlife in Judaism

### Jewish Holidays

      * The Month of Tishrei
      * Rosh Hashanah
      * Days of Awe
      * Yom Kippur
      * Sukkot
      * Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah
      * Chanukah
      * Tu B'Shevat
      * Purim
      * Pesach (Passover)
      * The Counting of the Omer
      * Shavu'ot
      * Tisha B'Av
      * The Month of Elul and Selichot
      * Rosh Chodesh
      * New Holidays
   * The Nature of G-d
   * The Messiah
   * Women in Judaism
   * Prophets and Prophecy
   * Sages and Scholars
   * Hebrew Root Words
   * Torah Readings
   * Prayers and Blessings
   * Jewish Liturgy
   * Halachah (Jewish Law)
   * The Ten Commandments
   * Speech and Lashon Ha-Ra
   * Kosher Dietary Laws
   * Kosher Sex
   * Tzedakah (Charity)
   * Treatment of Animals
   * Kabbalah
   * Mussar
   * Bibliography
   * Glossary
   * Authors and Contributors

## See also

* Hebrew

## External Resources

* H-Judaic course syllabi for the academic study of Judaism.
# Judaism/God's Name

After about 70 of the C.E the Romans finally fought against the Israelis, destroyed their temple and exiled the people of the land so that they spread all over the world. These carried the Name of the almighty G-D. The Romans then forbid to call that name even unto death penalty. Therefore the rabbis also were forbidding to use that name in order to save the lives of many Jews. They developed a ceremony that they held every 7th year were the chosen rabbi taught a disciple standing over a surface of water the Holy Name making sure he heard it right. As we all know the Tetragrammaton is יהוה and as it is knowledge of those who have been taught that the vowels are Sheva, Cholam, Kamatz. That is to speak Yehova in English language.
Freely I have contributed this knowing from the Prophet that the heathen will know HIS name and later in the big fight of Gog from Magog also the Nation of Israel will come to know HIM and I am sure you will not speak HIS name in vain, because you will stand in awe as in the time of our blessed Moishe when he received the 10 commandments, which originals will be shown by the Israeli government soon.
* ↑ Ezekiel 36:23
* ↑ Ezekiel 39:7
# PHP Programming/The while Loop
## Analysis
### Example 1

This is an example that prints the numbers from 0 to 4. $c starts out as 0. When the while loop is encountered, the expression $c < 5 is evaluated for truth. If it is true, it executes what is in the curly braces. The echo statement will print 0, and then add one to $c. The program will then go back to the top of the loop and check the expression again. Since it is true again, it will then return 1 and add one to $c. It will keep doing this until $c is equal to 5, where the statement $c < 5 is false. After that, it finishes.

### Example 2

The first line of the program sets $myName to "Fred". After that, the while statement checks if $myName equals "Rumpelstiltskin". The != means 'does not equal', so the expression is true, and the while loop executes its code block. In the code block an if statement (see previous chapter) checks, if it equals Fred. Since it does, it then reassigns $myName to equal "Leslie". Then it skips the else, since the if was true and evaluated. Then it reaches the end of the loop, so it goes back and checks if $myName does not equal "Rumpelstiltskin". Since it still doesn't, it's true, and then it goes into the loop again. This time, the if statement is false, so the else is executed. This sets $myName to "Rumplestiltskin". We again get to the end of the loop, so it goes back, and checks. Since $myName does equal "Rumpelstiltskin", the while condition is false, and it skips the loop and continues on, where it echos, "How did you know?"

## New concepts
### Loops

Loops are another important basic programming technique. Loops allow programs to execute the same lines of code repeatedly, this is important for many things in programs. In PHP you often use them to layout tables in HTML and other similar functions.

### Infinite Loops

Loops can be very handy, but also very dangerous! Infinite loops are loops that fail to exit, causing them to execute until the program is stopped. This is caused when no matter what occurs during the loop, the condition will never become false and therefore never exit. For example, if Example 1 subtracted 1 from $c…
$c will always be less than 5, no matter what, so the loop will continue forever. This causes problems for those of us who don't have infinite time (or computer memory!). So, in that case, let's learn a handy dandy little bugger.
If you add 'break;' to a loop, the loop will end, no matter whether the condition is false or not.

### Parting example

Let's combine the two examples. Before moving on take a few moments to write out the steps this program goes through and what its output is.

## For more information

* PHP Manual: Control Structures: while.
# PHP Programming/XSL

ToDoList:
* Using XML DOM
* Using XSLT, basics
NEW:
# PHP Programming/Uses of PHP
## Commercial Web Hosting

The best scenario is if you have access to a commercial (perhaps free) web hosting service. Most likely it supports PHP and MySQL "out of the box"; it's pretty standard these days. The downside is, unless you have shell access and are comfortable with text-mode text editors, you will have to FTP your PHP scripts to the server every time you make any changes (that will be very often), this gets very annoying after a while. If your desktop is running on Windows, I suggest you download the text editor editplus, which can open a file over FTP and whenever you save, upload automatically to the FTP site. A good open source alternative is jEdit, which can open and save automatically over FTP and even SFTP (secure) if one installs the FTP plugin. jEdit is written in Java, so it runs on Mac OS X, OS/2, Unix, VMS and Windows. For you Linux people, you can also use something like CurlFtpFS (http://curlftpfs.sourceforge.net/), which lets you mount an FTP location as if it were any other mountable object, and thus all those nasty file transfers are done transparently, and you can use any editor you want. If you're blessed with a shell account, but are equally lazy, SSHFS (http://fuse.sourceforge.net/sshfs.html) is the one for you (assuming you use SSH to access your account...)
Please remember that anytime you upload an executable script to your web site, you create an opportunity for a malicious user to exploit any vulnerabilities in your code. In fact, one of the major advantages of operating on a commercial web host's server is that your scripts are prevented from affecting many critical parts of the machine. As long as you do not store important information on your web site, any damage a malicious user could cause will be kept to a minimum.
Some web hosting companies offer different features but most have a purchased product that allows you to navigate your server space quite easily. It is called cPanel and it is a great way to learn how to either start web designing or become an advanced web designer/programmer. Plesk is similar in nature.

## Desktop application

PHP can be used to create desktop applications by using extensions like PHP GTK , ZZEE PHP GUI. But it is rarely used since it provides low performance comparing to other desktop applications developed in native languages like C++ and it might get complex.
# PHP Programming/Why Templating

So what is a template, in the first place? For our purpose, a template is an HTML-like document that defines the presentation of a web page, while a PHP script supplies the content. The separation of content and presentation is at the heart of any GUI paradigm. To see why this is desirable, consider the following hypothetical, yet realistic script. It's a script to retrieve a list of books from the database and display it as a table with alternate colours for each row, or "No books found" if the list is empty.
You will find yourself writing this kind of script very soon. The problems with this script are obvious:
* This PHP page really is two pages, one for the error message and one for the normal display. Confusing.
* Even for the normal display part, the PHP script does two things: prepare the data and format it, e.g. alternate colour for each row.
* Look at how entangled the PHP and HTML codes are. Good indentation becomes practically impossible and that makes the code difficult to read.
* What if your boss now wants not a table, but a list instead? You will need to alter your PHP code for that.
* And now your boss wants a fancier error page that needs at least 300 lines of HTML, can you still tell where your first "page" ends and the second starts?
* You probably need to teach your graphics designer PHP if he wants to do any aesthetic make up to your page.
The list goes on.

## See also

* PHP Programming/smarty
# PHP Programming/XML

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is based loosely on HTML. XML is used mainly to store and transfer information from one protocol or language to another. The code for XML is very open, you can create your own tags though they must follow the syntax rules of XML which are very similar to but stricter than HTML. For Example:
As you can see, the structure is almost identical to that of HTML, but you are able to define your own tags.
Once the template done, it can be manipulated in PHP by the class DOMDocument, as mentioned in the chapter PHP Programming/XSL/registerPHPFunctions.
# PHP Programming/The foreach Loop
## The code

or

## Analysis

The foreach loop is a special form of the standard for loop. The example above will print all the values of $array. The foreach structure is a convenient way to loop through an array.

### Simple foreach statement

Foreach loops are useful when dealing with an array indexed with arbitrary keys (e.g. non-numeric ones):
To use the classical for structure, you'd have to write:
Basically, an array value can be accessed only from its key: to make sure you get all the values, you first have to make a list of all the existings keys, then grab all the corresponding values. The access to first array value, the previous example does the following steps:
The foreach structure does all the groundwork for you:
Note how the latter example is easier to read (and write). Both will output:

### foreach with key values

If you need to use the array's keys in the body of your loop, just add the variable as in the following statement. The phrase '$myKey => $value' makes the value of the key accessible:
Note that this is very useful when constructing a dropdown list in HTML. You can use a foreach-loop to have the $myKey variable inserted into the value="..." part and the $value as the actual text.
PHP Code:
PHP Output:
HTML Render:
Note that, if you change the assigned variable inside the foreach loop, the change will not be reflected to the array. Therefore, if you need to change elements of the array you need to change them by using the array key. Example:
# PHP Programming/The switch Structure
## Switch cases
### How they work

Here's an example of a simple game where a user enters a $user_command and different functions are run as a result:
Clearly, there's a lot of repeated code here. The switch case structure allows you to avoid this redundant code. It allows programmers to repeatedly compare the value of a certain variable to a list of possible values and execute code based on the result. This is the syntax for a switch case statement, compared to the same code written using if statements:
| if statement style | switch case style |
| if ($firstvariable == 'comparison1' || $firstvariable == 'comparison2') { doSomething; doSomethingElse; } else if ($firstvariable == 'comparison3') { doAThirdThing; } else { launchMissiles; } | // Look at how much switch case saves you! switch($firstvariable) { case 'comparison1': case 'comparison2': doSomething; doSomethingElse; break; case 'comparison3': doAThirdThing; break; default: launchMissiles; break; } |
The switch case style will save you from retyping $firstvariable, and make your code look cleaner (especially, if that code is a long chain of simple if statements). Returning to our zorkmid sample program, we have:
| Original Code | Switch-Case Code |
| if ($user_command == "n") { go_north; } else if ($user_command == "e") { go_east; } else if ($user_command == "s") { go_south; } else if ($user_command == "w") { go_west; } else { do_something_else; } | switch($user_command) { case 'n': go_north; break; case 'e': go_east; break; case 's': go_south; break; case 'w': go_west; break; default: do_something_else; break; } |

### Syntax

In this example, $var is the first variable to be compared. This variable is then compared against each case statement from the top down, until it finds a match. At that point, the code will execute until a break statement is reached (that will allow you to leave the case statement entirely).

### Important warning about using switch case statements

Don't forget to use break when you mean break! If you forget, you might run functions you don't intend to. However, there are circumstances where leaving breaks out can be useful. Consider this example:
This kind of coding is sometimes frowned upon, since it's not always as clear to see what the code is meant to do. Also, consider commenting case statements that aren't supposed to have a break; statement before the next case, so when others look at your code, they know not to add a break. In such a case, it is good programming practice to add comments to breakless cases so that it is clear that the break has been omitted deliberately:

## For more information

* PHP Manual: SWITCH Control Structure
# Plains Cree/Simple Words

* How - Tah-ni-si (pronounced Don-say or Don-see)
* Who - ah-wi-nah (owwey-na)
* Where - Tah-ni-te (Don-day)
* What - Ki-kwah-y (Kee-gway)
* How are you - Tah-ni-si-ki-ya (Don-si-kee-ya)
* I am fine - Ni-mi-ya-mah-chi-oin
* I am good - Ni-mi-wah-sin
* Good - Mi-wah-sin or depending on how it is used, Mi-ew
* How about you - Ki-ya-ma-kah
* Me too, I am also fine - Nis-tah-mi-wah-sin
* Me, I - Ni-ya
* me too - Nis-tah-mi-na
* Cree - Ne-i-yah-w (nay-he-yo)
* Come in - Pi-ti-kway (beat da gway) (used when someone knocks or allowing someone to enter a dwelling)
* Sit Down - Ah-ya-pi
* stand up - po-si-ko
* Jump - o-pi
* Almost - ki-kahts
# Pizzonese/Prepositions

| Pizzonese | English |
| énda | in, on |
| a | at, to |
| ‘ncoppa | above, over, on top of |
| sótta | below, under, underneath |
| attorna | around |
| prima | before |
| doppe | after |
| da | from, by |
| cu | with |
| senza | without |
| tra | between |
| fra | among |
| jendra | inside |
| fora | outside |
| niénza | in front of |
| arreta | behind |
| vicina | next to, near |
# Pizzonese/Pronouns
## Personal pronouns
### Subject personal pronouns

| Pizzonese | English |
| ij | I |
| tu | you |
| éssa | she |
| isse | he |
| nù | we |
| ù | you (all/fm.) |
| chile* | they |
* Chile turns into isse in a mixed-gender situation, similar to French, due to masculine presence.

### Direct object personal pronouns

| Pizzonese | English |
| me | me |
| te | you |
| la | her/it (fem.) |
| lu | him/it (masc.) |
| ce | us |
| ve | you (all/fm.) |
| le | them (masc. and fem.) |

### Indirect object (dative) personal pronouns

| Pizzonese | English |
| me | (to me) |
| te | (to) you |
| la | (to) her/it (fem.) |
| lu | (to) him/ it (masc.) |
| ce | (to) us |
| ve | (to) you (all/fm.) |
| isse | (to) them (masc. and fem.) |

## Prepositional pronouns

| Pizzonese | English |
| mì | me |
| tì | you |
| éssa | her |
| isse | him |
| nù | us |
| ù | you (all/fm.) |
| isse | them (masc. and fem.) |

## Possessive pronouns

| Pizzonese | English |
| la/e mè | mine |
| la/e tè | yours |
| la/e sè | hers/his |
| la/e n(u)oštra/e | ours |
| la/e v(u)oštra/e | your(s) (all/fm.) |
| isse/chile | theirs |

## Demonstrative pronouns

| Pizzonese | English |
| chela | that |
| chile | those |
| chešta | this |
| chište | these |
| nisciuna/e | none |

## Reflexive pronouns

| Pizzonese | English |
| me | myself |
| te | yourself |
| ze | her/him/itself |
| ce | ourselves |
| ve | yourselves |
| ze | themselves |
# Pizzonese/Éssere

* English: to be
* Italian: essere
Past participle: state Gerund: essene
To form the compound tenses add the auxiliary verb (éssere) + past participle (state)

## Indicative tenses
### Present tense

       ji singhe tu si isse jè éssa è nù séme ù séte isse sò chille sò

### Imperfect

       ji séve tu sive isse séve éssa séva nù samme ù sate isse sévene chille sévene

### Remote past

       ji fu tu fušte isse fu éssa fu nù fujéme ù fuište isse fùjene chille fùjene

### Simple future

       ji saraja tu sarié isse sarà éssa sarà nù saramme ù sarate isse sariénne chille saranne

## Conjunctive tenses
### Imperfect

       ji fusse tu fu isse fusse éssa fussa nù fusséme ù fusséte isse fùssene chille fùssene

## Conditional
### Present

       ji sarija tu sarisse isse sarebbe éssa sarebba nù sarèbbeme ù sarèbbeve isse sarèbbene chille sarèbbane
# Plains Cree/Numbers

1 - pe-yahk
2 - Ni-so
3 - Nis-to
4 - Ne-o
5 - Ni-ya-nahn
6 - ni-ko-twah-sik
7 - te-pah-kop
8 - ay-nah-new
9 - ki-ka-mi-tah-taht
10 - mi-tah-taht
11 - Pe-yahk-o-sahp
12 - Ni-so-sahp
13 - Nis-to-sahp
14 - Ne-o-sahp
15 - Ni-yah-nahn-o-sahp
16 - Ni-ki-twah-so-sahp
17 - te-pah-kop-sahp
18 - ay-nah-new-sahp
19 - Ki-kah-mi-tah-tah-o-sahp
20 - Nis-tah-no
21 - Nis-tah-no ah-yi-wahk pe-yahk (twenty and one)
# PHP Programming/Caching

A cache is a collection of duplicate data, where the original data is expensive to fetch or compute (usually in terms of access time) relative to the cache. In PHP, caching is used to minimize page generation time.

## Classification

PHP provides several cache systems:
| Name | Data stored | Flush |
| Instance cache | PHP object. Ex:if (null === $x) { $x = 1; } | Restart the script (ex: refresh the Web page). |
| Session cache | PHP object | Empty the navigator cookies. |
| OPcache | Opcode | opcache_reset; |
| APCu | RAM users variables | apc_clear_cache; |
| Navigator cache | Rendering | CTRL + F5 |
| ESI | Web page parts | Depends on the CDN or proxy server used. |
| Framework cache | Configurations, translations | Example of Symfony: php bin/console cache:clear empty the temporary var/cache files. |
| Proxy | Entire web pages | For examples, see: Varnish, HAProxy. |
| NoSQL database | Key-value pairs | For examples, see: Memcached, Redis. |
| ORM cache | Annotations, SQL requests or their results | Example with Doctrine: php bin/console doctrine:cache:clear-metadata php bin/console doctrine:cache:clear-query php bin/console doctrine:cache:clear-result or: bin/console cache:pool:clear doctrine.query_cache_pool doctrine.result_cache_pool doctrine.system_cache_pool |
| Chain cache | Everything | Use each included cache flushes. |
PHP basically has two main types of caching: 'output caching' and 'parser caching'. PHP 'output caching' saves a chunk of data somewhere that can later be read by another script faster than it can generate it. 'Parser caching' is specific feature. PHP is a scripting language and code is not compiled or optimized to a particular computer. Every PHP file must be parsed and that takes time. This type of time minimization is 'parser caching'.

## Parser caching
### Include caching

Example:
File:class.test.php
File:program.php
output:

### Array caching

Example:
File:program.php
output:

### Session caching

Example:
file:program.php
output:
output after refresh:

### Shared variables

Example:
file:program.php
output:

## Output Caching

The server cache policy is included into HTTP header, visible with cURL (with option "I" for header):
Example:

## References

* ↑ http://www.php-cache.com/en/latest/
* ↑ https://www.php.net/manual/en/session.security.php
* ↑ https://www.php.net/manual/en/intro.opcache.php
* ↑ https://www.php.net/manual/en/intro.apcu.php
# PHP Programming/Arrays

Arrays are sets of data that can be defined in a PHP Script. Arrays can contain other arrays inside of them without any restriction (hence building multidimensional arrays). Arrays can be referred to as tables or hashes.

## Syntax

Arrays can be created in two ways. The first involves using the function array. The second involves using square brackets.

### The array function method

In the array function method, you create an array in the scheme of:
For example, to set up the array to make the keys sequential numbers (Example: "0, 1, 2, 3"), you use:
This would produce the array like this:
It is also possible to define the key value:
This would set the array like this:

### The square brackets method

The square brackets method allows you to set up by directly setting the values. For example, to make $foobar[1] = $foo, all you need to do is:
The same applies for setting the key value:

## Examples of arrays
### Example #1

PHP Code:
PHP Output:
HTML Render:

### Example #2

The following example will output the identical text as Example #1:

### Example #3

PHP Code:
PHP Output:
HTML Render:

## Multidimensional arrays

Elements in an array can also be an array, allowing for multidimensional arrays. An example, in accordance with the motoring examples above, is:
In this example, if you were to use:
The output would be:

## Array functions

There are dozens of array manipulation functions. Before implementing your own, make sure it doesn't already exist as a PHP function in Array functions (PHP manual entry).

### Sorting

Examples:

## Array traversal

In various circumstances, you will need to visit every array element and perform a task upon it.
The simplest and the most widely used method for this is the foreach operator that loops through the whole array and works individually with each key/item couple. If a more complex way of traversing the array is needed, the following functions operate using the internal array pointer:
* reset - sets the internal pointer to the first element and returns the first element
* prev - sets the internal pointer to the previous element and returns it
* current - returns the current element; does not change the internal pointer
* next - sets the internal pointer to the next element and returns it
* each - returns the current element; then sets the internal pointer to the next element
* end - sets the internal pointer to the last element and returns the last element
Another possibility is defining a function and applying it to each array element via one of the following functions:
* array_walk - applies a function to each array element
* array_walk_recursive - same, but if the element is itself an array, it will traverse that array too

## External links

* PHP Manual on Array functions
* PHP Manual on Arrays