OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB Economics/Development Economics

* 5.1 Sources of Economic Growth and/or Development
* 5.2 Consequences of Growth
* 5.3 Barriers to Economic Growth
* 5.4 Growth and Development Strategies
* 5.5 Evaluation of Growth and Development Strategies

### Key Terms

Absolute poverty
Aid v trade (as a development strategy)
Aid weariness
Appropriate technology
Bilateral aid
Brain drain
Capital flight
Characteristics of LEDCs
Commodity pricing agreements
Commodity concentration of exports
Convertible currency
Development
De-development
Development project examples (know why these lead to 'development'): maternity clinics/spacing children, agriculture extension projects, schools, HIV/AIDS awareness/prevention projects, clean water projects/well drilling, increased access to technology, literacy programmes, health education, microcredit schemes, immunization and vocational training
Dual sector growth model (Lewis)
Empowerment
Export-led growth (outward-oriented strategies)
Fair trade (organizations)
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
G-20
G-8
Girl's education
Globalisation
Grant aid
Gross National Happiness (Bhutan), as an alternative indicator to GDP/GNP
Growth strategies
Growth is not development
Harrod-Domar growth model
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs)
Human capital
Human Development Index (HDI)
Human Suffering Index (HSI)
Industrialisation
LEDCs
Import substitution (ISI, inward-oriented strategies/protectionism)
Indebtedness
Informal markets
Infrastructure
Institutional factors (contributing to development)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
MEDCs
Microcredit/microfinance
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Multilateral aid
Multinational corporation/company (MNC)
Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
Non-convertible currency
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), e.g., Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Oxfam, Heifer International
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Official aid
Poverty cycle
Quality of life
Relative poverty
Soft loans
South-South trade
Standard of living
Structural adjustment policies (SAP)
Sustainable development/sustainability
Tied aid
Transfer pricing
Transnational company/corporation (TNC)
UN Development Programme (UNDP)
Unofficial aid
World Bank
# IB Cultural Anthropology/The Nature of Culture/Rights

The anthropological doctrine of cultural relativism discussed previously has the potential for a wide range of abuse. Seemingly any behavior would be permissible under the guise of “cultural differences.” Some offences are too strong to bear under any culture, however, so cultural relativism is tempered by human rights.

## Human Rights

Human rights are those rights vested in any individual:
* Right to speak freely
* Right to hold personal religious beliefs
* Right to not be murdered
* Right to not be enslaved
* Right to not be imprisoned without charges
These rights transcend culture and governments and are inalienable to any human. However, because of the universal nature of these rights, several that we consider to be ‘inalienable’ are not considered at all by other cultures. These problem human rights are gender equality, political equality, and economic equality. While we may marvel at the gender inequality throughout the world, we would be horrified to practice economic equality and share our wealth with those around us.

## Cultural Rights

Not only do humans have rights, but cultures have rights as well. These are vested in groups, not individuals:
* Right to preserve culture
* Right to raise children in that culture
* Right to the culture’s language
* Right to not be deprived of economic base
* Right to self-determination
* Right to home rule
* Right to religious freedom
These rights are similar to human rights and are just as important- without a culture humans cannot survive anyway, so human rights would become worthless.

## Intellectual Property Rights

Today, problems arise with intellectual property rights. Cultures often like to decide for themselves which icons are allowed to be used by others as an attempt to preserve a cultural base. Christians, for example, would not often encourage the sale of a paint-by-number Jesus figurine. The problem arises when deciding who exactly “owns” the idea since cultures themselves cannot own anything in our culture.
Back to The Nature of Culture
# IB Economics
#### Syllabus section
### Introduction to Economics

* 1.1 Basic Definitions
* 1.2 PPF and PPC
* 1.3 Free Market vs Planned Economy

### Microeconomics

* 2.1 Markets
* 2.2 Elasticities
* 2.3 Theory of the Firm (HL)
* 2.4 Market Failure

### Macroeconomics

* 3.1 Measuring National Income
* 3.2 Introduction to Development
* 3.3 Macroeconomic Models
* 3.4 Demand-side and Supply-side policies
* 3.5 Unemployment and Inflation
* 3.6 Distribution of Income

### International Economics

* 4.1 Reasons for trade
* 4.2 Free trade and protectionism
* 4.3 Economic integration
* 4.4 World Trade Organization (WTO)
* 4.5 Balance of payments
* 4.6 Exchange rates
* 4.7 Balance of Payment problems
* 4.8 Terms of trade

### Development Economics

* 5.1 Sources of Economic Growth and/or Development
* 5.2 Consequences of Growth
* 5.3 Barriers to Economic Growth
* 5.4 Growth and Development Strategies
* 5.5 Evaluation of Growth and Development Strategies
# IB Cultural Anthropology/The Nature of Culture/Enculturation
## Definition

If a culture is to survive, it must find a way to pass itself through generations. All cultures do this through enculturation- the transmission of cultural knowledge to children. As children grow up, they learn the accepted behaviors of their society. However, enculturation is not simply the learning of accepted behaviors. Any animal can be conditioned to perform certain behaviors, yet these animals are not being encultured. When one is encultured, one not only learns proper behaviors, but the proper way of perceiving the world.

## Yanomamo vs. Semai Enculturation

A Yanomamo boy, for example, will learn certain behaviors as he grows up. He will learn to begin fighting whenever he gets angry. Yet, not only will he learn to fight, he will also begin to perceive fighting and “fierceness” as a noble and valiant behavior. A Semai boy, on the other hand, will not only learn radically different behavior, but will gain a radically different perception of the world. The Semai boy will learn to never express his anger or lash out in violence. After time, however, he will not only never physically express anger, but he will not view anger as a prized trait and so will rarely get angry.
Back to The Nature of Culture
# IB Cultural Anthropology/The Nature of Culture/Levels of Culture

Culture exists at various levels and changes to varying degrees between these levels. One can generalize these levels to be:
* International
* National
* Subcultures
* Individual

## Levels
### International

General cultural traits often extend beyond borders. Much of Latin America, for example, shares the same overall culture. Similarly, The US and Canada share many cultural standards. International culture tends to be very broad, however, and one will find a wide range of variation between the culture of, for example, Peru and Brazil. International culture is the most general classification of culture.

### National

For the most part, the people within a nation tend to have the same general cultural characteristics. Americans, for example, tend to value individual freedom over extensive family ties. These national cultural traits, however, are almost as weak as international cultural traits. Indeed, one could often find groups of people who share more in common with a group of people in another country than in their own. This tends to be the case in areas where borders were arbitrarily drawn for political reasons. (E.g. Africa or the Middle East.)

### Subcultures

Within any given culture (especially a large culture), one would be likely to find subcultures. In America, for example, the various economic classes form their own subcultures. Middle class families, for example, tend to emphasize individualism and happiness, whereas lower class families tend to emphasize obedience more. Both groups are still very much a part of the American culture; however, it is the distinction that can be made between them that makes them subcultures.
Occasionally a subculture might have to practice its culture secretly. During the early 1960s, for example, homosexuality was illegal, so homosexual cultures needed to maintain secrecy. Jewish culture during the 1930s in Nazi Germany is another example. Such subcultures are called clandestine cultures.

### Individual Variation

Culture is different for every member, and any study of culture must take into account those differences. Men and women tend to view their culture differently due to different places in society, and likewise a chief is likely to view the culture differently than a peasant. Despite these differences, the actual variation relative to another culture is negligibly small.

## Pluralistic Societies

Societies in which multiple cultures enhabit the same geographic and political region are called pluralistic societies. The United States is a weakly pluralistic society- there is a great deal of individual variation and a high number of subcultures. However, for the most part, these sub cultures maintain most of the values of the nation as a whole. More strongly pluralistic societies can be found in, for example, Bosnia. Often violence erupts in strongly pluralistic societies because members of different cultures cannot understand each other and conflict arises when they don't operate by the same rules.
Back to The Nature of Culture
# Minecraft/Cat
## Cat

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Exactly what it sounds like.

## Abilities and strengths/weaknesses
### Drops

* 1 - 3 string
* 1 - 3 exp. points

## Description

Found in villages, these felines make great company, when tamed. They give you gifts and scare creepers and phantoms, keeping them away. They may climb on top of beds and chests, making them unusable.

### Possible gifts

* Rabbit's Foot
* Rabbit's Hide
* Raw Chicken
* Feathers
* String
* Phantom Membrane
* Rotten Flesh

### How to tame

You can tame a cat with raw cod, raw samon, tropical fish or pufferfish. You may need to use more than one to tame them, as each try has a 1 in 8 chance to tame.
Once tamed, cats can be bred with any item you can tame them with.

## Strategies

None

## Mobs

* Animals
       Sheep
       Pig
       Cow
       Chicken
       Bat
       Cat
       Ocelot
       Wolf
       Fox
       Horse
       Donkey
       Mule
       Llama
       Bunny
       Frog
       Axolotl
       Tadpole
       Panda
       Mooshroom
* Monsters
       Creeper
       Zombie
       Skeleton
       Stray
       Witch
       Slime
       Phantom
       Warden
* Ocean
       Cod
       Pufferfish
       Salmon
       Tropical Fish
       Squid
       Glow Squid
       Dolphin
       Turtle
       Guardian
       Elder Guardian
* Nether
       Blaze
       Ghast
       Piglin
       Zombified Piglin
       Hoglin
       Strider
       Wither Skeleton
* End
       Enderman
       Endermite
       Shulker
* Illager/Villagers
       Villager
       Wandering Trader
       Illager
       Pillager
       Evoker
       Vex
       Ravanger
* Utility
       Snow Golem
       Iron Golem
       Allay
* Bosses
       Wither
       Ender Dragon
* Secret mobs
       Npc
# Minecraft/Brewing Reference

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
    This page assumes that you have read and understood How To Brew
Brewing reference guide :
| Result | Base potion | Ingredient(s) - only use one |
| Awkward potion | Water bottle | Nether wart |
| Mundane potion | Water bottle | Blaze powder/redstone/glittering melon/magma cream/rabbit's foot/ghast tear/sugar/spider eye/phantom membrane |
| Thick potion | Water bottle | Glowstone |
| Weakness | Water bottle | Fermented spider eye |
| Night vision | Awkward potion | Golden carrot |
| Invisibility | Night vision | Fermented spider eye |
| Leaping | Awkward potion | Rabbit's foot |
| Swiftness | Awkward potion | Sugar |
| Slowness | Swiftness/leaping | Fermented spider eye |
| Water breathing | Awkward potion | Pufferfish |
| Healing | Awkward potion | Glittering melon |
| Poison | Awkward potion | Spider eye |
| Harming | Healing/poison | Fermented spider eye |
| Regeneration | Awkward potion | Ghast tear |
| Strength | Awkward | Blaze powder |
| Slow falling | Awkward | Phantom membrane |
| Turtle master | Awkward | Turtle shell |
Modifiers :
| Effect | Ingredients | Conflicting modifiers | Notes |
| Stronger effect | Glowstone | Extended duration | |
| Extended duration | Redstone | Stronger effect | |
| Splash | Gunpowder | -- | Reduces duration slightly. |
| Lingering | Dragon's breath | -- | Reduces duration greatly. Must be used on a splash potion. |
# Minecraft/Carpet

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Carpets are commonly used to decorate your buildings and houses, typically as flooring. Because Carpet is not very resistant to attack, you should consider cladding any externally facing surface below or adjacent to it with a more durable material when playing in Survival mode.

## Obtaining

Carpet is found in woodland mansions.
Crafting recipe:
| Wool | Wool |
This makes 4 carpets.
# Minecraft/Cactus

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Prickly, green plants that thrive in extreme heat.

## Obtaining

Cacti are found in deserts and badlands.

## Use

Cacti have value in simple traps. Placing a wall of them damage mobs that approach. Careful though, those spikes will hurt you and your pets as well.
They also destroy any item thrown onto it. Even diamonds!
Cacti need support, similar to sand, but instead of falling, they break, like sugar cane and bamboo.

## Notes

* You cannot place cacti directly adjacent to another solid block, but they can be placed diagonally. They can also only be placed on sand and red sand.

## Automatic farming

Automatic farming allows you to generate an endless supply of items without needing to interact with it in any way.
Taking advantage of cacti breaking if next to a block, a piston can be used and when activated, its head would touch, not push, the cactus.
The tricky bit is detecting when it is time to harvest. Some forget that a block can still be placed on top of a cactus block. So, if you place an observer 3 blocks above the sand of a cactus, when it grows, the observer will emit a redstone charge, which should be used to power a piston. If you grow multiple cacti this way, one observer could power every piston. Use hoppers or flowing water to pick up the cacti and place it into a chest. Don't get rid of the bottom block of cacti, or the cactus will stop growing.
# Minecraft/Bed

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Beds allow you to sleep through the night and skip it. On multiplayer, all players must sleep to skip to day.

## Obtaining

Beds can be found in villages.
Crafting recipe:
| Wool | Wool | Wool |
| Plank | Plank | Plank |
This makes a bed.

## Notes

* Sleeping in a bed in the Nether and The End will cause it to explode with a force stronger than TNT. This stops you setting your spawn in dangerous dimentions with no way back out, and stops you easily killing the Ender Dragon.
* Villagers need beds for their trades to restore once disabled.
* The wool you make your bed with must all be of the same colour. The bed will come be the same colour as the wool used. You can change it by using dye on it (on consoles and bedrock edition) or crafting it with dye (on java edition). This will save dye, as you won't be using one on each wool (a total of three) but only 1.

## Achivements
### A change of sheets

Change the colour of your bed.
# Minecraft/Brewing Stand

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Allows making potions.

## Use

Alows you to create potions.

## Obtaining

Crafting recipe:
| | Blaze Rod | |
| Cobblestone | Cobblestone | Cobblestone |
This makes a brewing stand.
Can be found in village temples, igloo basements and End ships.

## Achivements
### Local brewery

Brew a potion.

## See also

* How To Brew
* Brewing Reference
# Minecraft/Bee
## Bee

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Bees are your friends if you want honey or honey combs for any reason.

## Abilities and strengths/weaknesses

Arthropod
This mob is an arthropod, and takes additional damage from weapons with the bane of arthropods enchantment.

### Drops

Nothing

## Description

Bees will fly to flowers to collect nectar from them. If they fly over a crop after collecting nectar, the crop will skip growth by a stage.
If you attack one, every nearby bee will attack you back. They may not be strong, even including the poison, but bees do not respawn, and if they attack you, they will die in under a minute.

## Strategies

None

## Mobs

* Animals
       Sheep
       Pig
       Cow
       Chicken
       Bat
       Cat
       Ocelot
       Wolf
       Fox
       Horse
       Donkey
       Mule
       Llama
       Bunny
       Frog
       Axolotl
       Tadpole
       Panda
       Mooshroom
* Monsters
       Creeper
       Zombie
       Skeleton
       Stray
       Witch
       Slime
       Phantom
       Warden
* Ocean
       Cod
       Pufferfish
       Salmon
       Tropical Fish
       Squid
       Glow Squid
       Dolphin
       Turtle
       Guardian
       Elder Guardian
* Nether
       Blaze
       Ghast
       Piglin
       Zombified Piglin
       Hoglin
       Strider
       Wither Skeleton
* End
       Enderman
       Endermite
       Shulker
* Illager/Villagers
       Villager
       Wandering Trader
       Illager
       Pillager
       Evoker
       Vex
       Ravanger
* Utility
       Snow Golem
       Iron Golem
       Allay
* Bosses
       Wither
       Ender Dragon
* Secret mobs
       Npc
# Minecraft/Breeding

Minecraft
Blocks | Items | Mobs
Structures
Miscellaneous
Guides
Some animals can be bred with certain items. Hold the correct item and look at an animal. Then press the use button while still looking at it. This will cause love hearts to appear over it. This, sadly, does not mean it loves you. It means that it's in love mode, which is when it is ready to breed. Feed another nearby animal of the same type, and they will create a baby version of that mob.
Most babies grow up in around ten minutes. Some, like baby zombies, don't grow up at all.
Turtles can breed, but lay eggs instead of giving birth, much like real turtles. Chickens lay eggs every now and again and can give birth from breeding, unlike real chickens, which do not give birth to live young.
# Miskito/Lesson 11

Lesson plan
Date: April 19, 2013. Grade: 3rd Grade. Discipline: Foreign Language. Number and name of unit I I I usual activities.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson students will be able to:
* Describe parts of they body
* What part of their body they like and why?
* Use charades to learn new vocabulary of part of the body.
Basic content
Development Here to introduce the vocabulary I WILL have students guess the vocabulary by using the charades: this is consist of showing pictures to the students with different parts of the body. They will draw it on the white board while the others will guess the names.
Example
Foot Ankle Mouth Lip Teeth Hand Hair Head Finger
These are just some of the name that they will guess. This activity will help student since they will see the picture and how to write it so that they can learn the names.
Also students will try to describe parts of their body and say what they like about it.
Home work
1. mra ___________ arm
2. hselayese _________ eyelashes 3. drbae_____________ beard 4. coumahest __________ moustache 5. htmuo ____________ mouth 6. eken _______________ knee
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Bone

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
| | Bone | |
| <<Basic Sciences | Bone | Histology of Bone>> |

## Bone

Bone is the tissue that makes us vertebrates. The stiffness and rigidity of our body is due to the presence of bone. Bone provides our body structural form and gives us the shape that we so often refer to as the human body. It is the internal scaffolding on which the rest of the body is built. Due to its ability to absorb force, bony structures also protect vital organs in the body. Bone is the unit that makes up the skeleton in vertebrates. Several bones join together in specialised areas, termed joints, to form the skeleton. Alongwith the muscle tissue, tendons and ligaments bones are able to move on one another at the joints and produce movement of various parts of the body. This also permits the movement of the human body from one location to another - locomotion.
Bones are a storehouse for two important minerals in our body - calcium and phosphorus. Matabolic activity in the bones is intimately related to the balance of these two minerals. Any alteration in the levels of calcium or phosphorus, as they do occur in many disease processes, is reflected on the human skeleton. Bones are also the site for production of red blood cells, haematopoiesis.
In this chapter we try to understand important biological processes involving the bones. Understanding the basic anatomical tissue will provide us a sound ground for comprehending the pathological states they may be involved in.
* Histology of Bone
* Blood Supply of Long Bones
* Bone Injury and Repair
* Bone Mineralisation
* Bone Viability
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Bone Viability

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
* Current Chapter: Upper Limb
| | Bone Viability | |
| <<Bone Mineralisation | Bone Viability | Joints>> |
Bone is living too. We lose sight of this, but somehow the bone bound creatures that are osteocytes have managed to find a cooperative arrangement whereby they are transported from place to place while remaining comfortably ensconced in their protective surroundings. They have their side of the bargain to uphold as well which is to manage the volume and pattern of structure which is their immediate environment and tend it like a garden. They are like beavers it seems, mending breaks and leaks in their dam to restore the integrity of the structure upon which they rely.
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Biophysics/Bone

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
* Current Chapter: Basic Sciences
| | Biophysics of Bone | |
| <<Ceramics | Biophysics of Bone | Ligaments and Tendons>> |
Life forms with low body mass can exploit varied niches and evade predators. The bones provide levers to effect speed and strength while minimizing body mass; the material stiffness of bone derives from the triple helical structure of type 1 collagen encrusted with hydroxyapatite crystals. While this composite structure is strong and light its performance as a biomaterial is critically dependent on ongoing remodeling of microtrauma sustained in the course of daily mechanical stresses.