OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# LaTeX/MetaPost

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# History of Islam/Modern period/Djibouti
## Djibouti

The Republic of Djibouti gained its independence from the French on June 27, 1977. Djibouti is the successor to "French Somaliland" (later called the "French Territory of the Afars and Issas"), which was created in the first half of the nineteenth century as a result of French interest in the Horn of Africa. However, the history of Djibouti recorded in poetry and songs of its nomadic peoples, goes back thousands of years to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, India, and China.Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar tribes in this region became among the first on the African continent to accept Islam. Djibouti is a Muslim country which regularly takes part in Islamic as well as Arab meetings.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Conflicts with Israel
## Conflicts with Israel

Muslim world is subject to varying levels of hostility in the West due to the prolonged Arab-Israeli conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Turkey was the first Muslim-majority state to recognize Israel, just one year after its founding, and they have the long shared close military and economic ties. Prior to the Iranian Revolution, Iran and Israel maintained a strong political friendship, however the current Iranian government is strongly anti-Israeli and has repeatedly called for Israel's destruction. Once at war, both Egypt and Jordan have established diplomatic relations and signed peace treaties with Israel, and attempts to resolve the conflict with Palestinians have produced a number of interim agreements. Nine non-Arab Muslim states maintain diplomatic ties with Israel, and since 1994, the Gulf states have lessened their enforcement of the Arab boycott, with Saudi Arabia even declaring its end in 2005, though it has yet to cancel its sanctions. States like Morocco that have large Jewish populations have generally better relations with Israel.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Chad
## Chad

French colonial expansion led to the creation of the Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony. French rule in Chad was characterized by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernization. The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labor and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administration in Chad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the south was governed effectively; French presence in the north and east was nominal. The educational system suffered from this neglect. After World War II, France granted Chad the status of overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the French National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. The largest political party was the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on August 11, 1960 with the PPT's leader, François Tombalbaye, as its first president.
Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated interethnic tensions. In 1965 Muslims began a civil war. Tomalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975, but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions conquered the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power. The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. Libya moved to fill the power vacuum and became involved in Chad's civil war. Libya's adventure ended in a disaster in 1987; the French-supported president, Hissène Habré, evinced a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil.
Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence; an estimated 40,000 people were killed under his rule.The president favoured his own Daza ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the Zaghawa. His general, Idriss Déby, overthrew him in 1990.
Deby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and re-introduced multiparty politics. Chadians approved a new constitution by referendum, and in 1996, Déby easily won a competitive presidential election. He won a second term five years later. Oil exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would at last have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a new civil war broke out. Déby unilaterally modified the constitution to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties. In 2006 Déby won a third mandate in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has warned that a genocide like that in Darfur may yet occur in Chad.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Eritrea
## Eritrea

Eritrea was consolidated into a colony by the Italian government on January 1, 1890. Upon Italy's losses in World War II, Eritrea was ruled as a British protectorate between 1941 and 1952. Following a UN plebiscite in 1950, a resolution 390 (V) was adopted to have Eritrea enter into a federation with Ethiopia in 1952. Emperor Haile Selassie I, nevertheless annexed Eritrea as Ethiopia's 14th province in 1961 sparking the 30-year war that lasted from 1961 to 1991. Following a UN supervised referendum called UNOVER Eritrea declared- and gained international recognition for its independence in 1993. Eritrea's constitution, adopted in 1997, stipulates that the state is a presidential republic with a unicameral parliamentary democracy. The constitution, however, has not yet been implemented fully due to, according to the government, the prevailing border conflict with Ethiopia which began in May 1998.
Eritrea is a multilingual and multicultural country with two dominant religions (Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Sunni Islam) and nine ethnic groups. The country has no official language, but it has two working language,Tigirnya and Arabic. Christian live in urban areas like Asmara and Muslims live in villages like Afabet and Nakfa. The two communities are smoothly connected by the ruling socialist party and its leftist ideology.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Indonesia
## Indonesia

In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony.
For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over these territories was tenuous; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence.
Sukarno moved from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the Military, Islam, and the Communist Party of Indonesia. An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed. Between 500,000 and one million people were killed. The head of the military, General Suharto, out-manoeuvred the politically weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration was supported by the US government, and encouraged foreign investment in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.
In 1997 and 1998, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian Financial Crisis.This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protests. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998. In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year occupation, which was marked by international condemnation of repression and human rights abuses. The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Comoros
## Comoros

France first established colonial rule in the Comoros in 1841. The first French colonists landed in Mayotte, and Andrian Tsouli, the Malagasy King of Mayotte, signed the Treaty of April 1841, which ceded the island to the French authorities. In 1886, Mohéli was placed under French protection by its Queen Salimba Mochimba. That same year, after consolidating his authority over all of Grand Comore, Sultan Said Ali agreed to French protection of his island, though he retained sovereignty until 1909. Also in 1909, Sultan Said Muhamed of Anjouan abdicated in favor of French rule. The Comoros (or Les Comores) was officially made a French colony in 1912, and the islands were placed under the administration of the French colonial governor general of Madagascar in 1914.
The Comoros served as a way station for merchants sailing to the Far East and India until the opening of the Suez Canal significantly reduced traffic passing through the Mozambique Channel. The only native commodities exported by the Comoros were coconuts. French settlers, French-owned companies, and wealthy Arab merchants established a plantation-based economy that now uses about one-third of the land for export crops. After its annexation, France converted Mayotte into a sugar plantation colony. The other islands were soon transformed as well, and the major crops of ylang-ylang, vanilla, coffee, cocoa, and sisal were introduced.
Agreement was reached with France in 1973 for Comoros to become independent in 1978. On July 6, 1975, however, the Comorian parliament passed a unilateral resolution declaring independence. The deputies of Mayotte, which remained under French control, abstained. Referendums on all four of the islands excluding Mayotte showed strong support for independence. Ahmed Abdallah proclaimed the Comoros' independence on September 5, 1975 and became its first president.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Nuclear capabilities
## Nuclear capabilities

Pakistan started focusing on nuclear development in January 1972 under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Pakistan's nuclear weapons development program was in response to India's development of nuclear weapons. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on January 20, 1972, at Multan. It was here that Bhutto rallied Pakistan's scientists to build the atomic bomb for national survival. At the Multan meeting, Bhutto also appointed a Pakistani nuclear engineer, Munir Ahmad Khan, as chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, who till then had been working as Director of Nuclear Power and Reactor Division at IAEA, in Vienna. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear capability. Following India's surprise nuclear test, code named Smiling Buddha in 1974, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus.
Consequently, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgical engineer, working in a Dutch research firm used URENCO blueprints for designing the ultra centrifuges at Kahuta (near Islamabad) also joined Pakistan's nuclear weapons-grade Uranium enrichment program. The uranium enrichment program had been launched in 1974 by PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan as Project-706. AQ Khan joined the project in the spring of 1976 and was made Project-Director in July 1976 after taking over from Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood. Although in 1983, A.Q.Khan was convicted of the theft of these blueprints, the conviction was overturned on some technicality.
A few weeks after India's Shakti (Power) operation (second nuclear test), on 28 May 1998, Pakistan detonated 5 nuclear devices in the Chagai Hills in the Chaghai district, Baluchistan. This operation was named Chagai-I by Pakistan. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Kahuta and Khushab/Jauharabad, where weapons-grade Plutonium is made; the latter, allegedly, with the assistance of Chinese-supplied technology.
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) estimates that Pakistan has built 24-48 HEU-based nuclear warheads with HEU reserves for 30-52 additional warheads.[8][9] The US Navy Center for Contemporary Conflict estimates that Pakistan possesses between a low of 35 and a high of 95 nuclear warheads, with a median of 60.
The NRDC's and the Carnegie Foundation's estimates of approximately 50 weapons are from 2002-3 estimations. In 2000, US Military intelligence estimated that Pakistan's nuclear arsenal may be as large as 100 warheads.The actual size is hard for experts to gauge owing to the secrecy which surrounds the program in Pakistan.
The United States government responded to Pakistan's testing of nuclear weapons in 1998 with sanctions. Following the Gulf War, the United Nations put in place decade-long sanctions against the Government of Iraq with the stated purpose of preventing the government from developing weapons of mass destruction. The 2003 Invasion of Iraq was partly based on the idea that Iraq had developed, or was in the process of developing, weapons of mass destruction but the intelligence reports were later proven to be flawed.
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Spirochetes/Treponema spp/Treponema pallidum
## Medically Significant Treponema Pallidum Subspecies

* Treponema pallidum pallidum
* Treponema pallidum pertenue
* Treponema pallidum endemicum
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Spirochetes
## Species of Spirochetes

* Treponema spp
* Borrelia spp
* Leptospira
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Spirochetes/Treponema spp
## Medically Significant Treponema Species

* Treponema pallidum
** Treponema pallidum pallidum
** Treponema pallidum pertenue
** Treponema pallidum endemicum
* Treponema carateum
# Intelligence Intensification/Repetition

* Intelligence Intensification
* Introduction |
* Information Sifting |
* Information grasping
* Information Evaluation |
* Information Invention |
* Information Utilization

## Why Boring Repetition?

If you want to minimize studying time, repetition is important. If you repeat, you tell your brain this is important, remember this.

## Optimizing Repetition

Repetition should be made at certain intervals of time. Of course it's best if you experiment and find your own optimal intervals but a general guideline is as follows: After one hour of study wait ten minutes. During these ten minutes your brain will organize the new information. Then you should briefly repeat the information during about five minutes. The next repetition should be after about an hour, also about five minutes long. Then repeat again after one day, as much as you feel needed. Try again after a week and then after a month. Hopefully the information is in your long-term memory by then.
Note that these are only general guidelines which may very well vary due to the nature of the material you study, your studying technique, etc. Experiment!

## Aiding Software

There already exist several software programs that optimise the repetition cycle.
SuperMemo$^{(proprietary)}$ uses a repetition algorithm, which is based on neural research. Free programs with a similar algorithm include such programs as Anki or Mnemosyne.
The best combination between using a structured approach and optimal repetition intervals is realised with RecallPlus$^{(proprietary)}$. RecallPlus uses concept maps for structuring the learing material and then uses repetition cycles, associated with the links between topics.
# Intelligence Intensification/The Concept of Change

* Intelligence Intensification
* Introduction |
* Information Sifting |
* Information grasping
* Information Evaluation |
* Information Invention |
* Information Utilization

## Speculative History of the West

For thousands of years there was little change toward better conditions for human beings. The changes in the ability to treat diseases was minor. Technology improvement was slow. Then, suddenly, rapid change occurred.
Initially, people didn't expect change. As a self-fulfilling prophecy, nothing happened. On many levels change was not tolerated. Then, new inventions became common, change was commonplace and people began to expect change.
And what was expected, happened. And it happened even more dramatically than anyone expected. Today, new knowledge accumulates and the ability to apply it is acquired faster than ever. The Age of Networking is born.
Also, during the centuries, old systems have been replaced by newer more efficient systems. A new government replace the old with each new revolution. After a while, the new system is old and it's time for a new replacement.

## On a Smaller Scale

On a smaller scale, this can happen in an individual too. Use the power of self-fulfilling prophecies. Love change and don't be afraid of changing. Every time we learn something, we change. If you are afraid of changing it will make learning harder.
Moreover, each remodeling of the solution to a problem tends to make the solution better. Everyone who has done some computer programming knows that a program solution tends to be better if it is remade from scratch instead of applying ad hoc patches.
Use this phenomena to your advantage. Throw all your habits out of the window every now and then. Start from scratch, use your new and increased knowledge to create better habits.
Our nervous system receives a large amount of impressions each second. From this chaos it selects a pattern which we perceive as reality. Thus our perception of reality is colored by how we recognize patterns. We see the patterns we know. Example: Think of red. Look around right where you are sitting now. Your brain extracts everything that is red. But what smells were around? How many green items did you see? The brains works in the same fashion when it comes to ideas, views and opinions. Thus, if you try to build on your old knowledge new information will be filtered according to your old information. A better idea might be to try to start from scratch, as described above.
# Intelligence Intensification/The Theoretician Versus the Practician

* Intelligence Intensification
* Introduction |
* Information Sifting |
* Information grasping
* Information Evaluation |
* Information Invention |
* Information Utilization

## The Theoretician

In periods I'm a striking theoretician. I think about a lot of interesting things and new ideas pops up in my mind all the time. But nothing gets done. That's the problem of the theoretician. Knowing that one is a typical theoretician, one has better chances to counteract.
The typical situation is that one buys a book or reads a text about something interesting. Instead of putting everything into practice one contents oneself with reading the exercises (if there are any) and thinking about the content. One may actually feel that one really learnt something and that the reading gave lots of insights. Imagine how many insights you would get if you tried everything you read about in physical reality (whatever that is).
Another problem associated with books is that authors often wants to write hundreds of pages about a theory which very well could be explained in ten pages. In general, all an intelligent reader needs is the essence of a theory. Everything else is evident when the essence is understood. In fact, many books explains so many unnecessary details that the essence is never understood. That is the problem of the theoretician. He spends time reading about details which soon becomes obvious for anyone who put the ideas to use. Whenever you, the reader, feels a section in this book doesn't break down to the essence of the subject, please use the possiblity to discuss a page in order to make the active contributors of this book aware of the problem.

## The Virtue of Discipline

The only way to solve the problem of putting things into practice that I can think of is discipline. Maintaining discipline is crucial when one must overcome the psychological barrier that so often appears when one wants to learn something or do something creative. Discipline can be practiced in various ways, the reader can probably invent his own methods. You are your best teacher. That is why you should only read this book to inspire your own thinking and practice.