OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Economic Sophisms/55

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"the public, and give the proceeds as a premium to the ironmaster. The protective effect would be the same. Foreign iron would in this case be equally excluded; for our ironmaster can now sell his iron at seven francs, which, with the five francs premium, would make up to him the remunerative price of twelve francs. But with home iron at seven francs, the foreigner could not sell his for eight, which, by the supposition is his lowest remunerative price.
Between these two modes of going to work, I can see only one difference. The principle is the same; the effect is the same; but in the one, certain individuals pay the price of protection; in the other, it is paid for by the nation at large.
I frankly avow my predilection for the second mode. It appears to me more just, more economical, and more honourable; more just, because if society desires to give largesses to some of its members, all should contribute; more economical, because it would save much expense in collecting, and get us rid of many restrictions; more honourable, because the public would then see clearly the nature of the operation, and act accordingly.
But if the protectionist system had taken this form, it would have been laughable to hear men say, "We pay heavy taxes for the army, for the navy, for the administration of justice, for public works, for the university, the public debt, etc.—in all exceeding a milliard [£40,000,000 sterling]. For this reason, the State should take another milliard from us, to relieve these poor ironmasters, these poor shareholders in the coal-mines of Anzin, these unfortunate proprietors of forests, these useful men who supply us with cod-fish."
Look at the subject closely, and you will be satisfied that this is the true meaning and effect of the sophism we are combating. It is all in vain; you cannot give money to some members of the community but by taking it from others. If you desire to ruin the tax-payer, you may do so. But at least do not banter him by saying, "In order to compensate your losses, I take from you again as much as I have taken from you already."
To expose fully all that is false in this sophism would be an endless work. I shall confine myself to three observations.
You assert that the country is overburdened with taxes,
# Economic Sophisms/50

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"to gain by exchanging their products with those countries which possess them, because the subject of exchange is labour, apart from the consideration of the natural utilities worked up with that labour; and the countries which have incorporated in a given amount of their labour the greatest amount of these natural utilities, are evidently the most favoured countries. Their products which represent the least amount of human labour are the least profitable; in other words, they are cheaper; and if the whole liberality of nature resolves itself into cheapness, it is evidently not the producing, but the consuming, country which reaps the benefit.
Hence we see the enormous absurdity of consuming countries which reject products for the very reason that they are cheap. It is as if they said, "We want nothing that nature gives us. You ask me for an effort equal to two, in exchange for a product which I cannot create without an effort equal to four; you can make that effort, because in your case nature does half the work. Be it so; I reject your offer, and I shall wait until your climate, having become more inclement, will force you to demand from me an effort equal to four, in order that I may treat with you on a footing of equality."
A is a favoured country. B is a country to which nature has been less bountiful. I maintain that exchange benefits both, but benefits B especially; because exchange is not an exchange of utilities for utilities, but of value for value. Now A includes a greater amount of utility in the same value, seeing that the utility of a product includes what nature has put there, as well as what labour has put there; whilst value includes only what labour has put there. Then B makes quite an advantageous bargain. In recompensing the producer of A for his labour only, it receives into the bargain a greater amount of natural utility than it has given.
This enables us to lay down the general rule: Exchange is a barter of values; value under the action of competition being made to represent labour, exchange becomes a barter of equal labour. What nature has imparted to the products exchanged is on both sides given gratuitously and into the bargain; whence it follows necessarily that exchanges effected with countries the most favoured by nature are the most advantageous.
# Economic Sophisms/53

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"should have asked the protectionists why they direct their tariffs chiefly against England and Belgium, the most heavily taxed countries in the world? Am I not warranted in regarding their argument only as a pretext? But I am not one of those who believe that men are prohibitionists from self-interest, and not from conviction. The doctrine of protection is too popular not to be sincere. If the majority had faith in liberty, we should be free. Undoubtedly it is self-interest which makes our tariffs so heavy; but conviction is at the root of it. "The will," says Pascal, "is one of the principal organs of belief." But the belief exists nevertheless, although it has its root in the will, and in the insidious suggestions of egotism.
Let us revert to the sophism founded on taxation.
The State may make a good or a bad use of the taxes which it levies. When it renders to the public services which are equivalent to the value it receives, it makes a good use of them. And when it dissipates its revenues without giving any service in return, it makes a bad use of them.
In the first case, to affirm that the taxes place the country which pays them under conditions of production more unfavourable than those of a country which is exempt from them, is a sophism. We pay twenty millions of francs for justice and police; but then we have them, with the security they afford us, and the time which they save us; and it is very probable that production is neither more easy nor more active in those countries, if there are any such, where the people take the business of justice and police into their own hands. We pay many hundreds of millions (of francs) for roads, bridges, harbours, and railways. Granted; but then we have the benefit of these roads, bridges, harbours, and railways; and whether we make a good or a bad bargain in constructing them, it cannot be said that they render us inferior to other nations, who do not indeed support a budget of public works, but who have no public works. And this explains why, whilst accusing taxation of being a cause of industrial inferiority, we direct our tariffs especially against those countries which are the most heavily taxed. Their taxes, well employed, far from deteriorating, have ameliorated, the conditions of production in these countries. Thus we are continually arriving at the conclusion that
# Economic Sophisms/56

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"and on this fact you found an argument for the protection of certain branches of industry. But we have to pay these taxes in spite of protection. If, then, a particular branch of industry presents itself, and says, "I share in the payment of taxes; that raises the cost price of my products, and I demand that a protecting duty should also raise their selling price," what does such a demand amount to? It amounts simply to this, that the tax should be thrown over on the rest of the community. The object sought for is to be reimbursed the amount of the tax by a rise of prices. But as the Treasury requires to have the full amount of all the taxes, and as the masses have to pay the higher price, it follows that they have to bear not only their own share of taxation but that of the particular branch of industry which is protected. But we mean to protect everybody, you will say. I answer, in the first place, that that is impossible; and, in the next place, that if it were possible, there would be no relief. I would pay for you, and you would pay for me; but the tax must be paid all the same.
You are thus the dupes of an illusion. You wish in the first instance to pay taxes in order that you may have an army, a navy, a church, a university, judges, highways, etc., and then you wish to free from taxation first one branch of industry, then a second, then a third, always throwing back the burden upon the masses. You do nothing more than create interminable complications, without any other result than these complications themselves. Show me that a rise of price caused by protection falls upon the foreigner, and I could discover in your argument something specious. But if it be true that the public pays the tax before your law, and that after the law is passed it pays for protection and the tax into the bargain, truly I cannot see what is gained by it.
But I go further, and maintain that the heavier our taxes are, the more we should hasten to throw open our ports and our frontiers to foreigners less heavily taxed than ourselves. And why? In order to throw back upon them a greater share of our burden. Is it not an incontestable axiom in political economy that taxes ultimately fall on the consumer? The more, then, our exchanges are multiplied, the more will foreign consumers reimburse us for the taxes incorporated and worked
# Economic Sophisms/57

<pagequality level="4" user="Zoeannl" />style="background: #ececec; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"up in the products we sell them; whilst we in this respect will have to make them a smaller restitution, seeing that their products, according to our hypothesis, are less heavily burdened than ours.
In fine, have you never asked yourselves whether these heavy burdens on which you found your argument for a prohibitory régime are not caused by that very régime? If commerce were free, what use would you have for your great standing armies and powerful navies? … But this belongs to the domain of politics.
* Et ne confondons pas, pour trop approfondir,
* Template:GapLeurs affaires avec les notres.
# Economic Sophisms/5

<pagequality level="4" user="Theornamentalist" />
# FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/Flags

This should help define the flags command in FFMPEG.
The flag command is used to by calling "-flag", followed by a single space and then all flags with a plus "+" or minus "-" sign preceding each indicating active or inactive flag respectively.

## mv4

Affects: Encoding, Video
use four motion vector by macroblock (mpeg4)

## obmc

Affects: Encoding, Video
use overlapped block motion compensation (h263+)

## qpel

Affects: Encoding, Video
use 1/4 pel motion compensation

## loop

Affects: Encoding, Video
use loop filter

## gmc

Affects: Encoding, Video
use gmc

## mv0

Affects: Encoding, Video
always try a mb with mv=<0,0>

## part

Affects: Encoding, Video
use data partitioning

## gray

Affects: Encoding, Decoding, Video
only decode/encode grayscale

## psnr

Affects: Encoding, Video
error[?] variables will be set during encoding

## naq

Affects: Encoding, Video
normalize adaptive quantization

## low_delay

Affects: Encoding, Video
force low delay

## alt (deprecated)

Affects: Encoding, Video
alt used to be flag, but moved was to be a private option (named alternate_scan) for the mpeg2video and MPEG4 encoders.
enable alternate scantable (mpeg2/mpeg4)

## global_header

Affects: Encoding, Video, Audio
place global headers in extradata instead of every keyframe

## bitexact

Affects: Encoding, Decoding, Video, Audio, S (not sure but assuming subtitles)
EDVAS use only bitexact stuff (except (i)dct)

## aic

Affects: Encoding, Video
h263 advanced intra coding / mpeg4 ac prediction

## umv

Affects: Encoding, Video
use unlimited motion vectors
umv is no longer a flag option

## cbp

Affects: Encoding, Video
use rate distortion optimization for cbp

## qprd

Affects: Encoding, Video
use rate distortion optimization for qp selection

## aiv

Affects: Encoding, Video
h263 alternative inter vlc

## slice

Affects: Encoding, Video
slice is no longer a flag option

## ilme

Affects: Encoding, Video Codecs/Containers: MPEG 2 and MPEG 4. Interlaced fotage
Force InterLaced Motion Estimation, this is only necessary if you are working with interlaced video. It will force FFMPEG to maintain Quality with interlace footage. If you wish to deinterlace your footage please use '-deinterlace' option, but this will cause a quality lose in the video. Rule of thumb is anything intended is for television is interlace, any other delivery format is most likely progressive.

## ildct

Affects: Encoding, Video
Use when encoding Interlaced footage to ensure that FFMPEG doesn't field merge your DCT. Only affects Interlaced footage.

## scan_offset

Affects: Encoding, Video
will reserve space for svcd scan offset user data

## cgop

Affects: Encoding, Video
closed gop

## Problems
### trell

Trell is no longer a flag option, please use -trellis instead.
# FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/Installing

Because FFmpeg is so widespread, users can compile the program for any platform with an available compiler and a good enough machine. However, there are reasons you might not want to do this manually.
This guide focuses on the default builds. If you compile a version of FFmpeg that does not include the codecs and formats mentioned in this book, you may not be able to follow along.

## Repositories

| Distribution | Install command |
| Debian | sudo apt install ffmpeg |

## Windows

https://ffmpeg.zeranoe.com/builds/
An anonymous programmer from Australia compiles Windows builds on his website, and they are linked accordingly by the FFmpeg website's download page.

## Graphical Shells

If you want to use the power of FFmpeg with the features of any standard graphical solution, you can use these programs to help.
* HandBrake A frontend that uses the libraries directly, and doesn't allow for as many options as FFmpeg, but is considered a companion and not a competitor. It was originally designed for DVDs, but it can now decode anything FFmpeg supports.
* WinFF A now-retired frontend that creates a command line script (Batch on Windows, Shell on Unix) designed to factor in all your settings and run automatically.

## A note about updates

You should update FFmpeg whenever you can. That's not to say that the one you're using will always be good enough; in fact, it will actually never be. The software is updated on a daily basis and it's not difficult to fall behind on these updates as a result. The development team does push out releases whenever you can't keep up with the cutting edge, but a lack of updates can cause mild inconvenience. On Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, the default version of FFmpeg is still 2.8.11. You can work around this with an unofficial repository on Launchpad, but it's still a tedious process figuring out where to get newer releases.
The other reason you will want to stay updated is because of situations like this, where a user will be stuck with an old version of FFmpeg because a graphical shell isn't ever updated as much as the program is. Some graphical shells have ways to prevent this so that you can use newer features without losing the ease of the interface (where you can set the location of the ffmpeg executable instead of the default; this is what WinFF does), but if it's too old, the shell could be fundamentally binded to an encoder that ffmpeg could now support directly.

## Notes

* ↑ Also valid for other dpkg-based distributions (e.g. Ubuntu, Mint).
# FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/MOV

Codecs Tested
| Codec | Explanation | Status | Comment |
| v210 | Uncompressed 4:2:2 10-bit | Partial Pass | Works for play back but not real time editing |
| qtrle | QuickTime Animation (RLE) video | Pass | Works well in an uncompressed work flow |
# FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/Concatenation

With this script, multiple videos can be put together into one file. The process uses the -c copy parameter, meaning the video file is built from the existing video streams, and no processor-intensive re-encoding is necessary.
# FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/Audio

If there was space or time we could write a book on audio and how it relates to video, but for practical reasons this should at least serve as a guide. Before we get into specifics of audio in ffmpeg, lets take a moment to look at audio as it relates to video.

## Light Compressed Audio

An compressed audio format can not be used as anything but an intermediate or end user format. If you want to offend an audio engineer give him a compressed format as the master.
The three largest audio codecs available on the market are MP2, MP3 and AAC, of which only MP2 is natively encoded
# FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/General

This section will cover general video information and references.

## Variable vs. Constant Bitrates in Video

    See the Variable bitrate article on Wikipedia for more details
A compressed video describes large chunks of pixels as they move across the screen. Having low bitrates means there is less information about these chunks that can be described, which results in a noticeable degradation of quality when we see it play back.
A video encoded in a constant bitrate spreads a given number of bits evenly over all the frames of a second. This is usually quicker to encode and gives the video a very predictable size, but it tends to use up more disk space and many sudden changes in the video may not adjust well.
A video encoded in a variable bitrate is closer to the workings of a zip file, where it may take an average amount of bits per second but analyze the input video for changes. Rapid motion tends to use a higher bitrate, while a steady shot with little motion will usually have a lower bitrate. This normally takes longer to encode and works best with two pass encoding but results in smaller files and smoother quality of video.
Two-pass encoding is used in conjunction with a variable bitrate to help the encoder learn how to optimize itself for potential changes in bitrate and improve itself.
# FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/WMV

The Windows Media Video and Windows Media Audio codecs are staples of the Advanced Systems Format, in which Microsoft sought to find leading codecs on the market at the time of introduction. While both codecs have been outclassed over time, WMV is still an accepted format by YouTube to upload files, and projects like FFmpeg are able to encode to earlier versions of it. The format and its background contrasted with Microsoft's previous format AVI, in which Microsoft aimed to push for development of new and original codecs. At the time, this move resulted in conflicts on different systems, so with the development of ASF, Microsoft instead adopted the leading video and audio codecs at the time. The factors for including these codecs were determined by a) how fast it could be encoded to, b) how performant systems were during decoding, and c) resulting quality.
It should be noted that any material encoded into ASF using software not authorized by Microsoft violates their patent rights. Where organizations like Xiph are permissive of their formats being used, Microsoft went the way of Fraunhofer in 2000 when they asked a developer who had reverse engineered the format to stop. The developed software in question was VirtualDub, and the author had complied shortly after.
So, if you must encode to ASF using FFmpeg, do not publish your resulting material. Use other codecs if you possibly can.

## Using WMV with FFmpeg
### With WMV input

You can stream copy codecs that can't be encoded to by FFmpeg by doing this command:
This will copy both the video (vcodec) and audio (acodec).

### With other input

With supported encoders, you can do:
Notice the -b flag. At most 480p video, the output is slightly pixelated but still easily viewable. This creates Windows Media Video 8 video and audio file streams, because the encoder for Windows Media Video 9 is not completely working.
Make sure you include the -acodec flag or the default will not be wmav2 and will not be included in the output video. If the input audio has more than two channels (like surround sound), the encoder cannot handle more and will throw a "Too many channels" error. Manually set the number of channels to 2 with the -ac flag.

## References

* ↑ FAQ, Which codecs are supported by Windows? FFmpeg. "Note, ASF files often have .wmv or .wma extensions in Windows. It should also be mentioned that Microsoft claims a patent on the ASF format, and may sue or threaten users who create ASF files with non-Microsoft software. It is strongly advised to avoid ASF where possible." Accessed September 30, 2017.
* ↑ General documentation, Supported File Formats, Codecs or Features. FFmpeg. See entry "Windows Media Video 9". "not completely working". Accessed September 30, 2017.
# Fire Emblem Warriors/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fire_Emblem_Warriors

# Objects/Dragon Vein

Dragon Veins are map features which can modify the battlefield significantly.
Typically this includes:
* Making a river or canyon crossable by normal units.
* Extinguishing a lava field, making it safe to cross.
Dragon Veins can only be accessed after capturing the fort where they are located.
# Fire Simulation for Engineers/FDS/Building
## An university building

A more complex example is included within BlenderFDS distribution.
A three-floors university building is modeled. A 1500 kW fast fire is positioned at ground floor near the main entrance. The calculation domain is divided into three MESHs for parallel calculation. Round geometries are exported to FDS notation.
The following text is the first part of the generated FDS input file:
# Fire Emblem Warriors/Objects/Dragon Vein

Dragon Veins are map features which can modify the battlefield significantly.
Typically this includes:
* Making a river or canyon crossable by normal units.
* Extinguishing a lava field, making it safe to cross.
Dragon Veins can only be accessed after capturing the fort where they are located.