OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Sylhet/References

Back to Table of Contents

## References

* "Climatological Information". WMO. Retrieved 23 September 2023.

## Further Reading

* "Hazrat Shah Jalal O Sylheter Itihas (Shah Jalal and the History of Sylhet)" by Syed Murtaza Ali - An erudite exploration delving into the annals of Sylhet's rich historical narrative.
* "The ‘Hut’ and the ‘Axe’: The 1947 Sylhet Referendum" by Bidyut Chakrabarty - A meticulous dissection of the Sylhet division and an illuminating exposition of the British divide and rule stratagem.
* "Investing in Nature Around Sylhet: An Excursion into Geographical History" by David Ludden - A scholarly tome unveiling the bountiful natural resources that have shaped the geographical history of the region.
* "Tombs in Tea: Tea Garden Cemeteries, Sylhet, Bangladesh" by John Alfred Radford and Susan Maria Farrington - An exhaustive compendium detailing the prominent cemeteries of Kajuricherra, Chandpore, Lungla, Sylhet, Shamshernagar, Chhatak, Morapore, Dullabcherra, and Baitakhal in Sylhet.
# History of Spain/References

* History of Spain
* Introduction • References • Contributors • Print version
* Ancient Spain • Roman Spain • Visigoths • Spain Divided • Habsburg Spain
* Bourbon Spain • Napoleonic Wars • First Restoration • First Republic
* Second Restoration • Second Republic • Francoism • Third Republic
# History of Spain/Visigoths

* History of Spain
* Introduction • References • Contributors • Print version
* Ancient Spain • Roman Spain • Visigoths • Spain Divided • Habsburg Spain
* Bourbon Spain • Napoleonic Wars • First Restoration • First Republic
* Second Restoration • Second Republic • Francoism • Third Republic

## History

The Middle Ages started in Spain with the creation of the Visigoth Kingdom in the 5th Century. It would last until 711, with the conquest of Spain by the Umayyad Caliphate. In 409, the Roman Empire was very weak and was invaded by German People from the north. Some of these people, like Vandals, Alans, Swabians and Visigoths, settled in Spain and Portugal. The Visigoths arrived to Spain from the Pyrenees and settled in the middle of the Peninsula. The Visigoths founded a kingdom, with capital in Toulouse. Later, the capital was translated to Toledo. Between the Visigoth Kings highlighted Leovigildo, Recaredo and Recesvinto, who conquered the entire Peninsula. The Visigoths divided their kingdom in five provinces (provincias in Spanish), named ducats (ducados in Spanish). The kingdom was ruled by a king and each duchy was ruled by a duke. The Visigoth Kingdom disappeared in 711, when king Rodrigo was defeated by the Muslims in the Battle of Guadalete river.

## Society

The Visigoth society was made up by nobles and farmers. The nobles had the political and military dominion, they were the owners of the lands and they had many riches. The farmers were the majority of the population. A few were the owners of their lands, but the majority tilled the lands of the nobles in exchange of food and housing. The Visigoths adopted the Latin language, the Catholic religion and Roman laws. They lived in villages and their houses were simple. Their jobs were the agriculture and animal husbandry and they were experts in the production of objects with stones and metals.

## Visigothic Inheritance in Spain

The Visigoths have bequeathed to Spain their constructions and their goldsmith works. The Visigoths built simple and small romanic churches, made of stone. They produced many jewels with metals and stones.

## References

* ↑ http://cplosangeles.juntaextremadura.net/web/edilim/tercer_ciclo/cmedio/espana_historia/edad_media/los_visigodos/los_visigodos.html
# History of Technology/Contents
## Contents

   * Preface This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.
   * Introduction
   * Technological Determinism
      * Great Men of History Accounts
   * Cultural Determinism and Social Construction of Technology
      * Economic Determinism
      * Class Determinism
      * Historical Materialism
      * Hegelian Idealism
   * Authors
   * Glossary

## Links

   * Winston, Brian: Adventures in Cybersound: How are Media Born? (Cultural Determinist)
   * Avery, John: Space-Age Science and Stone-Age Politics (Technological Determinist)
This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.
# Haskell/Libraries/Maybe

* Maybe (Solutions)
* Libraries Reference
* Introduction
* Maybe IO Random
* Data structures primer
* Arrays Maps
The Maybe data is used with functions that might be unsuccessful. The full description is in Maybe monad chapter.

## Definition

The Standard Prelude defines the Maybe type as follows:
Recall that the type a is polymorphic and can contain complex types or even other monads (such as IO types).

## Library functions

The module Data.Maybe, in the standard hierarchical libraries, contains a wealth of functions for working with Maybe values.

### Querying

Two obvious functions give you information about a Maybe value:

### isJust

isJust returns True if when given an argument in the form Just _.

### isNothing

isNothing returns True if its argument is Nothing.

### Getting out

There are a handful of functions for converting Maybe values to non-Maybe values.

#### maybe

maybe applies a given function to the internal value passed by a Just but otherwise returns a default value when given Nothing.

#### fromMaybe

We might want to use maybe without applying any function to the Just. We can do that by calling maybe with the function id. Data.Maybe already has this as fromMaybe:
Note the use of point-free style. maybe z id evaluates to a function that is ready to take a Maybe value.

### Lists and Maybe

The many similarities between lists and Maybe are discussed in the List monad chapter. Given the connections, there are a couple of functions for converting between one and the other:

#### listToMaybe

Failed computations return for lists and Nothing for Maybe. listToMaybe converts from the list to the Maybe monad. As Maybe can only hold one value, listToMaybe only takes the first solution from a list.

#### maybeToList

The reverse listToMaybe is, of course, maybeToList:

### Lists manipulation

There are a couple of functions which are analogues of the normal Prelude list manipulation functions but are specialized to Maybe values.

#### Continue on some failures

We might want an OR function that won't make a whole computation fail just because one part failed.

##### catMaybes

Given a list of Maybe values, catMaybes extracts all the values in the form Just _, and strips off the Just constructors. List comprehension does the job here (as we showed in the pattern matching chapter):

##### mapMaybe

mapMaybe applies a function to a list and collects the successes. It can be understood as a composition of functions you already know:
However, the actual definition in Data.Maybe traverses the list is potentially more efficient:

#### Stop on failure

Rather than OR, we might want to collect values if and only if all succeed.

##### sequence

* Maybe
* Solutions to exercises
* Libraries Reference
* Introduction
* >> Maybe >> IO >> Random
* >> Data structures primer
* >> Arrays >> Maps
* Haskell
* Haskell Basics
* >> Elementary Haskell
* >> Intermediate Haskell
* >> Monads
* Advanced Haskell
* >> Fun with Types
* >> Wider Theory
* >> Haskell Performance
* Libraries Reference
* >> General Practices
* >> Specialised Tasks
# Haskell/Monadic parser combinators

* Monadic parser combinators (Solutions)
* Monads
* Prologue: IO, an applicative functor
* Understanding monads
* Maybe List
* do notation
* IO State
* Alternative and MonadPlus
* Monad transformers
Monads provide a clean means of embedding a domain specific parsing language directly into Haskell without the need for external tools or code generators.
* Monadic parser combinators
* Solutions to exercises
* Monads
* Prologue: IO, an applicative functor
* >> Understanding monads
* >> Maybe >> List
* >> do notation
* >> IO >> State
* >> Alternative and MonadPlus
* >> Monad transformers
* Haskell
* Haskell Basics
* >> Elementary Haskell
* >> Intermediate Haskell
* >> Monads
* Advanced Haskell
* >> Fun with Types
* >> Wider Theory
* >> Haskell Performance
* Libraries Reference
* >> General Practices
* >> Specialised Tasks
# Haskell/Libraries/Solutions/IO

* Exercises
* Write a variation of our program so that it first asks whether the user wants to read from a
* file, write to a file, or quit. If the user responds with "quit", the program
* should exit. If they respond with "read", the program should ask them for a
* file name and then print that file to the screen (if the file doesn't
* exist, the program may crash). If they respond with "write", it should ask
* them for a file name and then ask them for text to write to the file,
* with "." signaling completion. All but the "." should be written
* to the file.
* For example, running this program might produce:
* Do you want to [read] a file, [write] a file, or [quit]?
* read
* Enter a file name to read:
* foo
* ...contents of foo...
* Do you want to [read] a file, [write] a file, or [quit]?
* write
* Enter a file name to write:
* foo
* Enter text (dot on a line by itself to end):
* this is some
* text for
* foo
* Do you want to [read] a file, [write] a file, or [quit]?
* read
* Enter a file name to read:
* foo
* this is some
* text for
* foo
* Do you want to [read] a file, [write] a file, or [quit]?
* blech
* I don't understand the command blech.
* Do you want to [read] a file, [write] a file, or [quit]?
* quit
* Goodbye!
# Healthy eating habits/Healthy Eating for Older Australians

Older adults should eat a variety of nutritious foods and keep physically active to maintain their overall health and wellbeing. As you get older your nutrient and energy needs differ from the rest of the population, as you need less energy as you used to and you need greater amounts of some nutrients. This page will provide information on the differing nutrition needs of Australians over 65 years of age and how to meet these nutrition needs.

## Why do my nutrition needs change as I get older?

As you age, your body needs less energy to perform everyday tasks. This is due to decreases in the amount of muscle and bone mass within the body and increases in the amount of fat within the body. Older adults also have a decreased appetite, which also contributes to a reduced energy intake. While your energy needs decrease as you age, the need for some nutrients increases. This is due to the muscle, bone and fat tissue changes within the body, and because the body is less able to absorb some nutrients from the gut.

### Muscles: Use them or lose them!

Physical activity is particularly important after age 65 as it enables you to maintain muscle mass critical for supporting the skeleton, maintaining immune function and ensuring you are able to perform everyday tasks easily. Aerobic activities such as brisk walking, running or swimming are beneficial for maintaining fitness and overall wellbeing. Yoga, aerobics, weight or strength training promotes bone and muscle strength as well as balance and flexibility. Older adults should aim to do some form of physical activity every day to keep healthy. The Australian Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Australians (65 years and older) state older people should accumulate at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on most days (reference).
# History of video games/Platforms/Elecrow Crowbits
## History
### Development

Elecrow Industries is a company based in Shenzhen, China. The Crowbits were designed by Richard Lee.
The Elecrow Crowbits are a series of educational learning kits for learning electronics. One such kit, the master kit, included instructions for a game console. Marketing for the console showed gameplay of a game very similar to the NES version of Super Mario Bros..
On June 1st, 2021 an Indigogo crowdfunding campaign for the product was successfully completed. A Kickstarter campaign was also held.
The Crowbits won a 2021 Red Dot design award.

### Launch

The cost of the Master Kit was between $149.90 and $139.90.

## Technology

The master kit game console makes use of a Crowbit module containing an ESP32 and a TFT display.
The Crowbits were also unofficially compatible with Lego bricks.

## Gallery

* ESP32 module, similar to that used on the Elecrow Crowbits.
* ESP32 block diagram.
* Schematic of Lego bricks, unofficially compatible with Elecrow Crowbits.

## References

* ↑ "Crowbits - STEM coding toy for kids of all ages". Indiegogo. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* 1 2 "Red Dot Design Award: Crowbits". www.red-dot.org. https://www.red-dot.org/project/crowbits-51536.
* 1 2 Bryant, Anj (March 01, 2021). "Elecrow’s Crowbits Uses Programmable Blocks to Promote STEM Learning" (in en). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/elecrow-crowbit-kickstarter.
* 1 2 3 "Crowbits-Master Kit". www.elecrow.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* ↑ "Make your own game console". Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* ↑ "Elecrow IndieGogo Campaign Achieves its Goal, Moves to New Phase for Crowbits Development" (in en). www.elecrow.com. https://www.elecrow.com/blog/elecrow-launches-creative-crowbits-stem-toys-on-indiegogo.html.
* ↑ "Crowbits – STEM toy for kids of all ages". Kickstarter. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
* ↑ Athow, Desire (14 May 2021). "Elecrow Crowbits STEM learning kit review" (in en). TechRadar. https://www.techradar.com/reviews/elecrow-crowbits-stem-learning-kit.
* ↑ "Elecrow Crowbits: The Ultimate LEGO-Compatible STEM Learning System That Grows With Your Child". MUO. 19 March 2021. https://www.makeuseof.com/elecrow-crowbits-review/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Elektor TV Games Computer
## History
### Development

Phillips and Elektor jointly developed the system.

### Launch

The kit was released in April of 1979 with that month's edition of Elektor magazine. The price ranged between 200 and 300 British pounds.
By November 1979, Elektor reported that the system was well received by its readers.

### Legacy

The system is emulated by the WinArcadia and AmiArcadia emulator software.
The system was still referenced in Elektor magazine in September 1982, indicating interest in the platform.

## Technology

The system used a Signetics 2650A as a CPU. A Signetics 2636 Programmable Video Interface is used to generate video output as a PAL format video signal.
Long loading times of several minutes were a source of frustration for owners of this system.

## Notes

There is a Wikibook on Signetics 2650 & 2636 programming.
This system is abbreviated as the TVGC.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 "Elektor TV Games Computer (1979)" (in en). Elektor. https://www.elektormagazine.com/magazine/elektor-200810/18930.
* 1 2 Tišnovský, Pavel (September 17, 2020). "Mikropočítače založené na čipu RCA 1802" (in cs). Root.cz. https://www.root.cz/clanky/mikropocitace-zalozene-na-cipu-rca-1802/.
* ↑ "I played TV games (2)" (in en). Elektor. November 1979. https://www.elektormagazine.com/magazine/elektor-197911/58506.
* ↑ A third party source would be nice.
* ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
* 1 2 "Rapid loading games - for the TV games computer" (in en). Elektor. September 1982. https://www.elektormagazine.com/magazine/elektor-198209/44943.
* ↑ "Elektor TV Games Computer Gaming Guide". amigan.yatho.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
# History of video games/Platforms/Entex Adventure Vision
## History

The Entex Adventure Vision was released in 1982 at a cost of $79.99.
A minimum of 10,000 units were produced, though some sources give sales figures of as high as 50,000 consoles sold. The system was discontinued about a year after launch. The system is incredibly fragile and prone to failure, which coupled with a small production run make still functioning units rare.
Despite its obscurity, the Adventure Vision stands out in an era flooded with copycats and clones for its unique, if flawed, design choices.

## Technology
### Compute

The Entex Adventure Vision uses an Intel 8048 CPU clocked at 733 kilohertz.
A National Semiconductor COP411L microcontroller clocked at 52.6 kilohertz handles audio for the Adventure Vision.
The Adventure Vision has one kilobyte of RAM with an additional 64 bytes in the Intel 8048. A BIOS is stored in one kilobyte of ROM.

### Display

The display consisted of 40 red LEDs and an oscillating mirror that reflected those lights to a glass panel fifteen times a second. This mechanism makes the console rather fragile. Some have noted the similarity of the display to the mechanism used in the later Virtual Boy, the primary difference being that this display in the Entex Adventure Vision is not stereoscopic.
The resolution of the red monochrome display is 150 by 40 pixels.

### Hardware

Similar to the Vectrex, the Adventure Vision is a table top unit, self contained with its own display built in, but too unwieldy and large to be used as a proper handheld. The system is designed for ambidextrous use, an excellent accessibility feature.

## Game library

Only four game cartridges were made for the Entex Adventure Vision. All games for the Adventure Vision were ports of existing arcade games.
* Defender - Shooter. This game was included with the Adventure Vision.
* Super Cobra - Shooter
* Space Force - Similar to Asteroids.
* Turtles - Similar to Pac Man.

## References

* 1 2 "2 Rare Video Game Consoles You've Probably Never Heard Of". Fanbyte. 12 January 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Entex Adventure Vision". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 "Entex Adventure Vision". www.handheldmuseum.com. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
* 1 2 "Extremely rare Adventure Vision system up on eBay". Engadget. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 Dunn, Jeff. "Chasing Phantoms - The history of failed consoles". gamesradar. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
* 1 2 3 "Dan B's Atari Adventurevision Tech Page". www.atarihq.com. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
* ↑ "Entex Adventure Vision". thegamesdb.net. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/ESPboy
## History

The ESPboy page was launched in 2019. In 2019 the base components required to build an ESPboy cost $12, a notably low cost for a console at the time.

## Technology

The ESPboy was based on an existing development board - the WeMos D1 Mini ESP8266.

## Games

* Anarch
* microTD

## Gallery

* An ESPboy running Anarch.
* An ESPboy running microTD.

## References

* ↑ "ESPboy - RetroGaming&Software development MuliTool" (in en). hackaday.io. https://hackaday.io/project/164830-espboy-retrogamingsoftware-development-mulitool.
* 1 2 "ESPboy Is a $12 Open Source and Hacker-Friendly Retro Game Console" (in en). Hackster.io. https://www.hackster.io/news/espboy-is-a-12-open-source-and-hacker-friendly-retro-game-console-36a934b29d81.
# History of video games/Platforms/Electro Tic-Tac-Toe
## History

The Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe was released in 1972. The Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe is perhaps among the first electric handheld systems and a possible influence to many other designs that would follow, though it's reliance on players for logic and scoring makes this status disputed. Unfortunately, little more is known about the history of the Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe.

## Technology

Button illumination came from lamps, with filters used to add color. The system was simple, and gameplay only supported two players. The Electro Tic-Tac-Toe is powered by two D size batteries.
* A small incandescent bulb used for Christmas tree lighting. In the early 1970's small bulbs like this served the role more efficient LED's would later serve, including in the Electro Tic-Tac-Toe.
* Two D cell batteries, similar to those used in the Electro Tic-Tac-Toe. These large alkaline batteries were standardized and could commonly be found in stores. These batteries were not typically integral in devices, and could be changed on the fly, but this was because these batteries were one use only and not meant to be rechargeable. A match stick is included for scale.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 "Waco Electro Tic-Tac-Toe - First Electronic Game Ever?". Retro Thing. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
* ↑ "Games". www.decodesystems.com. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
* ↑ "Evolution of handheld gaming devices. timeline". Timetoast. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
* ↑ "Waco Tic-Tac-Toe". www.handheldmuseum.com. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Ending-Man Terminator
## History

The system was an unauthorized clone of the Famicom that was popular in certain regions in Eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.
The system was made in China.

## Gallery

* Ending-Man Terminator 2.
* Console
* Interior of an Ending-Man Terminator.

## References

* 1 2 "Today I learned about a console called Terminator 2" (in en-gb). Eurogamer.net. 24 May 2020. https://www.eurogamer.net/today-i-learned-about-a-console-called-terminator-2.
* ↑ "Ending Man Terminator 2 - Game Console - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
# Human Physiology/Page List

This is an automatic page listing of all pages associated with this book.
# High School Mathematics Extensions/Matrices/Problem Set

* HSME
* Content
* Matrices
* Recurrence Relations
* Problems & Projects
* Problem Set
* Project
* Soultions
* Exercises Solutions
* Problem Set Solutions
* Misc.
* Definition Sheet
* Full Version

## Problem Set

1. Zhuo decided to write a message to Jenny using matrix encryption. He substituted each letter in the English alphabet with a number:
    A to 0
    B to 1
    C to 2
    Z to 25,
he then wrote his message in a 2 by 4 matrix as follows
    $X={\begin{pmatrix}?&?&?&?\\?&?&?&?\end{pmatrix}}$,
now he pre-multiplies his secret message X with a matrix to get the result
    ${\begin{pmatrix}2&3\\3&5\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}?&?&?&?\\?&?&?&?\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}28&94&70&102\\44&153&112&163\end{pmatrix}}$.
What was Zhuo's message to Jenny?
2. A 2 by 2 matrix A has the following property
    $A{\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}$
and $A{\begin{pmatrix}3\\4\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}$.
What is the inverse of A?
3. Let
    $J={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}$,
and let K = I + J. Show that K$^n$ = nK.
4. Suppose
    $A^{k}=0$
and
    $B^{l}=0$
prove or disprove that you can always find a positive integer m such that
    $(A+B)^{m}=0$
5. Let p and q be two real numbers such that p + q = 1. Show that there is a 2 × 2 matrix, A ≠ I (i.e. not equal to the identity) such that
    $A{\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}p\\q\end{pmatrix}}$
6. Find A such that: $A^{3}={\begin{pmatrix}-10&18\\-9&17\end{pmatrix}}$
...more to come. Please contribute good problems