# Japanese/Kana

    See also: Japanese/Pronunciation.
There are two aspects to learning the Japanese characters. Recognising the shapes and learning to write them. These are further separated by the fact that the strokes that comprise a specific character have a certain order.
In addition to the base characters, there are special symbols to denote nuanced pronunciation, such as voiced and double consonants.

## Stroke order

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In the pages linked to from the tables below, you will find stroke order diagrams for each of the hiragana and katakana characters. The voiced and plosive variants of the same row/group are listed on the same page.

### Hiragana

| Clear | Clear | Clear | Clear | Clear | Clear | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive |
| | a | i | u | e | o | | a | i | u | e | o | | a | i | u | e | o |
| | あ | い | う | え | お | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| k | か | き | く | け | こ | g | が | ぎ | ぐ | げ | ご | | | | | | |
| s | さ | し | す | せ | そ | z | ざ | じ | ず | ぜ | ぞ | | | | | | |
| t | た | ち | つ | て | と | d | だ | ぢ | づ | で | ど | | | | | | |
| n | な | に | ぬ | ね | の | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| h | は | ひ | ふ | へ | ほ | b | ば | び | ぶ | べ | ぼ | p | ぱ | ぴ | ぷ | ぺ | ぽ |
| m | ま | み | む | め | も | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| y | や | | ゆ | | よ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| r | ら | り | る | れ | ろ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| w | わ | | | | を | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ん | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
* ゐゑ (ancient Hiragana in disuse)

### Katakana

| Clear | Clear | Clear | Clear | Clear | Clear | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive | Plosive |
| | a | i | u | e | o | | a | i | u | e | o | | a | i | u | e | o |
| | ア | イ | ウ | エ | オ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| k | カ | キ | ク | ケ | コ | g | ガ | ギ | グ | ゲ | ゴ | | | | | | |
| s | サ | シ | ス | セ | ソ | z | ザ | ジ | ズ | ゼ | ゾ | | | | | | |
| t | タ | チ | ツ | テ | ト | d | ダ | ヂ | ヅ | デ | ド | | | | | | |
| n | ナ | ニ | ヌ | ネ | ノ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| h | ハ | ヒ | フ | へ | ホ | b | バ | ビ | ブ | ベ | ボ | p | パ | ピ | プ | ペ | ポ |
| m | マ | ミ | ム | メ | モ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| y | ヤ | | ユ | | ヨ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| r | ラ | リ | ル | レ | ロ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| w | ワ | | | | ヲ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ン | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
* ヰヱ (ancient Katakana in disuse)

## Long vowels

A long vowel is written in hiragana with an extra "あ", "い" or "う" depending on the vowel. In most cases あ follows あ; い follows い or え and う follows う or お.
There are rare exceptions where an え vowel is extended by adding え. Much less rare is an お vowel extended by お. Some examples of this include:
* "おねえさん", "おおい", and "おおきい".
In katakana, it's written with a chōonpu: "ー".
* "データ" (e. data) Ja-deeta-data.ogg (help·info)

## Voiced and plosive sounds

The turbid sound symbol, dakuten (濁点(だくてん)) which looks like two slash marks from the left to right ( ゛) just at the top-right-hand corner of a character indicate that the preceding consonant is voiced. This symbol is also known as tenten 点々(てんてん), meaning "two marks."
The half turbid sound symbol, handakuten (半濁点(はんだくてん)) which looks like a circle ( ゜) located to the top-right-hand corner of a syllabary indicates the preceding consonant is plosive.

## Double consonants

The double consonant is written by adding a small "tsu" ("っ" or "ッ") in front of the doubled consonant syllable. This is called the sokuon (促音(そくおん)).
The sokuon cannot be at the beginning of a word. In hiragana, the sokuon can only appear before the "か", "さ", "た" and "ば" groups/rows.
Examples:
* "どっち" (e. which) Ja-docchi-which.ogg (help·info)
* "ポッキー" (e. Pocky snacks) Ja-Pocky.oga (help·info)

## Yōon

In addition to those represented by the syllables in the kana, Japanese has sounds with a palatal or labio-velar semivowel between the consonant and the vowel. The sound is somewhat like that of the "j" between the "f" and the "o" in "fjord". This is written by appending smaller versions of "ya", "yu" and "yo" to the syllables from the "i" columns ("ki", "shi", "chi", "ni", "hi", "mi", "ri" and their variations). In this case, the two kana are not pronounced individually, but rather as one sound. These are called yōon (拗音(ようおん)).
| Clear compounds | Clear compounds | Clear compounds | Voiced compounds | Voiced compounds | Voiced compounds | Plosive compounds | Plosive compounds | Plosive compounds |
| (ゃ ya ャ) | (ゅ yu ュ) | (ょ yo ョ) | (ゃ ya ャ) | (ゅ yu ュ) | (ょ yo ョ) | (ゃ ya ャ) | (ゅ yu ュ) | (ょ yo ョ) |
| きゃ kya キャ | きゅ kyu キュ | きょ kyo キョ | ぎゃ gya ギャ | ぎゅ gyu ギュ | ぎょ gyo ギョ | | | |
| しゃ sha シャ | しゅ shu シュ | しょ sho ショ | じゃ ja ジャ | じゅ ju ジュ | じょ jo ジョ | | | |
| ちゃ cha チャ | ちゅ chu チュ | ちょ cho チョ | ぢゃ ja ヂャ | ぢゅ ju ヂュ | ぢょ jo ヂョ | | | |
| にゃ nya ニャ | にゅ nyu ニュ | にょ nyo ニョ | | | | | | |
| ひゃ hya ヒャ | ひゅ hyu ヒュ | ひょ hyo ヒョ | びゃ bya ビャ | びゅ byu ビュ | びょ byo ビョ | ぴゃ pya ピャ | ぴゅ pyu ピュ | ぴょ pyo ピョ |
| みゃ mya ミャ | みゅ myu ミュ | みょ myo ミョ | | | | | | |
| りゃ rya リャ | りゅ ryu リュ | りょ ryo リョ | | | | | | |
    Note: The grayed compound characters are rarely used.
Compounds with "yu" and "yo" are often followed by an "u", making it a long vowel.

### Special yōon for transliteration

There are certain kinds of special yōon which primarily represent pronunciations imported from foreign languages. They commonly appear as parts of names of foreign people or foreign places. Although they were originally considered to be unauthorized, they are nowadays widely accepted even by conservative media such as newspapers. See the table below for commonly used ones among such compounds.
Compounds used for transliteration :
| (ぁ a ァ) | (ぃ i ィ) | (ぅ u ゥ) | (ぇ e ェ) | (ぉ o ォ) |
| | うぃ wi ウィ | | うぇ we ウェ | うぉ wo ウォ |
| ゔぁ va ヴァ | ゔぃ vi ヴィ | ゔ vu ヴ | ゔぇ ve ヴェ | ゔぉ vo ヴォ |
| | てぃ ti ティ | とぅ tu トゥ | | |
| | でぃ di ディ | でゅ du デュ | | |
| ふぁ fa ファ | ふぃ fi フィ | | ふぇ fe フェ | ふぉ fo フォ |

## Practice

Learning the kana takes some work and is best done by memorisation and drilling. Practice by writing up the table, speaking out the characters and drill yourself on the readings.
There are several online resources that can help you with these:
* Henrik Theiling's Script Teacher
— A site that drills on many different scripts, including hiragana and katakana.
* Hiragana Quiz at languageguide.org — A Kana Quiz that tests you with one small group of kana at a time.
* Kanji Game
— An online multiple choice kana and kanji game.
* Real Kana — A highly customisable page which drills the user on kana readings.
* Kana Copybook (PDF) — Memorize the Kana through handwriting.
GNU/Linux users may also download the Kanatest software, and Anki.