OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Irony - Language Implementation Kit/Grammar/Non Terminals
### Rules

Rules tell the parser how to group the tokens fed to it by the scanner into expressions and statements.
The "+" and "|" have been overloaded so you can string terminals and non terminals together to define these rules.
From the ExpressionEvaluatorGrammar example found in the Irony project:

### Kleene Operators

In traditional BNF notation, the "?", "+", and "*" characters are used to indicate "0 or 1 time", "1 or more times" and "0 or more times", respectively. In Irony, it's done slightly differently. You use the MakePlusRule and MakeStarRule methods from the base Grammar class for "+" and "*" or you can use the Q, Plus, and Star methods directly on the term within the rule.
A lot of languages will start with a non terminal called "program" which consists of one or more "statement" non terminals. The following is how you would indicate that:
Important note: when using MakePlusRule or MakeStarRule, you cannot have anything else in the rule.

### Hints

PreferShiftHere ReduceHere ResolveInCode ImplyPrecedenceHere

### Transients

Transients are those non terminals that are used by the parser to break down statements into finer and finer expressions, but otherwise are not needed. For example, if you have a non terminal called "expression" that can break down into something more granular like "binaryExpression", then usually all you care about is that it was finally identified as a "binaryExpression". Putting "expression" into the parse tree just creates an extra node that doesn't really need to be there.
You can indicate which non terminals are transient using the MarkTransient method from the base Grammar class:
You cannot mark transient any non terminal whose AST node is of type StatementListNode. Therefore, non terminals like "program" cannot be marked transient as its definition is a list of statements.
# Irony - Language Implementation Kit/DLR Integration

The DLR project is hosted on CodePlex. To get started, reference the IronLua project which uses Irony for parsing and the DLR for runtime services.
# Indonesian/Tongue Twister

Like many other languages, Indonesian has its own tongue twister.

## Sentences

* Ular melingkar-lingkar di atas pagar. The snake circles top of the fences.
* Lalu, loe lindur sana sini. Later, you walking mindlessly here and there.
* Aku tak mau tahu, mak! I don't want to know, mom!
# Indonesian/Question Words

^ Indonesian ^

## Kata Tanya (Question Words)

The following is a list of Indonesian question words with their use.

### Apa - What

* Apa yang kamu mau? - What do you want?

### Siapa - Who

* Siapa orang itu? - Who is that person?

### Mengapa / Kenapa - Why

* Mengapa kamu bingung? - Why are you confused?

### Berapa - How much/How many

* Berapa mainan yang kamu punya? - How many toys do you have?

### Kapan / Bilamana - When

* Kapan kamu akan datang ke rumahku? - When will you come to my home?

### Bagaimana - How

* Bagaimana cara memasak sup? - How do you cook soup?

### Di mana - Where

* Di mana kamu tinggal? - Where do you live?

### Ke mana - To where

* Ke mana kamu pergi? - To where are you going?

### Dari mana - From where

* Dari mana dia datang? - Where has he/she come from?

### Yang mana - Which [one]

* Yang mana yang kamu mau? - Which one do you want?
^ Indonesian ^
# Indonesian/Texts

Texts
* (discussion)
* National Songs :
* Berkibarlah Benderaku •
* Indonesia Raya •
* Rayuan Pulau Kelapa
* Miscellaneous :
* Pancasila
# Indonesian/Texts/Pancasila

Pancasila is the official philosophical foundation of the Indonesia. Pancasila consists of two Old Javanese words (originally from Sanskrit), "pañca" meaning five, and "sīla" meaning principles. It comprises five principles held to be inseparable and interrelated:

## Texts

* Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa
* Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan Beradab
* Persatuan Indonesia
* Kerakyatan Yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan, Dalam Permusyawaratan dan Perwakilan
* Keadilan Sosial bagi seluruh Rakyat Indonesia

## Translations

* Belief in the divinity of God
* Just and civilized humanity
* The unity of Indonesia
* Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives
* Social justice for all of the people of Indonesia
Texts
* (discussion)
* National Songs :
* Berkibarlah Benderaku •
* Indonesia Raya •
* Rayuan Pulau Kelapa
* Miscellaneous :
* Pancasila
# Indonesian/prefix ber

A form of Indonesian Conjugation

## Awalan ber- (Prefix ber-)

Prefix ber- is used to form verbs or adjectives from nouns or other base verbs. The resulting word typically means having or being the property or attribute that the prefix is applied to. As such, the English translation of ber- prefixed words may be classified as verbs or adjectives, depending on the context. Typically the verbs created with the ber- prefix are intransitive verbs.

## Ber- + Kata Benda (Ber- + Noun)

When combined with a noun, the prefix ber- converts the noun to a verb, meaning to have or perform the ability or property of that noun.
Examples that may translate as verbs:
* Bisakah kamu berbahasa Indonesia? (= Do you speak Indonesian?) — from bahasa (= language)
* Aku beragama(= I have a religion) — from agama (= religion)
* Dia sudah berpacar (= He/She already has a boy/girl friend) — from pacar (= boy/girl-friend)
* Anjingnya berjalan ke kandang itu (= His dog is walking to that kennel) — from jalan (= way/path/road)
Examples that may translate as adjectives (from nouns that are properties/conditions):
* Dia berbahaya (= He/She is dangerous) — from bahaya (= danger/hazard)
* Rambutan ini berair (= This Rambutan is succulent/juicy) — from air (= water)
* Gunung itu berbatu sekali (= That mountain is very rocky) — from batu (= rock)

## Ber- + Kata Kerja (Ber- + Verb)

When combined with a verb, the ber- prefix generates an intransitive verb (where the me- prefix or other affixes would typically create the transitive verb).
Examples:
From ajar (= to teach)
* Intransitive: belajar (= to study)
* Transitive: mengajarkan (= to teach)
From kendara (= to ride/drive)
* Intransitive: Saya berkendara (= I'm driving)
* Transitive: Saya mengendarai mobilku (= I'm driving my car)
# Indonesian/Quantification Words

^ Indonesian ^

## Kata Pembilang - Quantification Words

Indonesian language has no distinction between uncountable and countable nouns. If you want to say that there are more than one of a thing, as a rule of thumb you can repeat the noun using a dash (-) to make it plural. Alternatively you can also put the total number of the thing in front of the noun.
There is no rule in Indonesian language regarding which nouns should/can be repeated, which nouns should not/cannot, but if we already put some quantification words, we can't do the repetition noun. For example: It is wrong to say banyak buku-buku - lots of books, instead use either the phrase banyak buku or buku-buku
These words are essential to specify indefinite plurals:
* Banyak = many / a lot
* Beberapa = some / several
* Sedikit = a little / a few
* Para = some (for a specific group of people)
* Aku punya banyak bunga
* I have many flowers
* Aku punya beberapa buku
* I have some books
* Aku punya 5 buku
* I have 5 books

## Kata Penunjuk Jumlah - Measure Words

An example of a measure words is the word "pieces" in "two pieces of paper". You have seen the word buah in lesson 5 to indicate the total of a quantity. The word buah can be considered as the "universal" measure word because it can fit in so many situations. However, you may want to fine tune it to convey a more precise meaning. For example: in the English language it's more proper to say "two rolls of bread" or "two slices of bread" rather than "two pieces of bread". This is because the measure word "roll" is more fitting than the word "piece" in this situation. The same thing applies to the Indonesian language.
Below are other common measure words, followed by the noun it measures.
* Buah → non-living thing
* Kuntum → flowers
* Tangkai → flowers, leaves
* Carik → papers
* Lembar → papers
* Jilid → books
* Potong → cakes, loaves
* Pucuk → guns
* Ekor → animals
* Orang → people
* Helai → long, thin and usually flat things
* Biji → small round things
* Batang → long, stick-like things
* Bongkah → chunk, lump, clod
* Keping → coin
* Utas → rope, cord
* Bidang → field, area, sector
(To be added more later)
^ Indonesian ^
# Indonesian/Texts/National songs

Indonesian's national anthem is called Indonesia Raya, written by Wage Rudolf Supratman in the Youth Congress of 1928 in Bandung, Indonesia.
It originally consists of three verses, the first one being the most widely known because it is sung every Monday in every public school in Indonesia by the students. Later, the law exclude the second and third verses from the official song.

## First Verse

| Original Song | Unauthorized English translation | Literal (naive) translation / notes |
| Indonesia , tanah airku , tanah tumpah darahku disanalah aku berdiri , jadi pandu ibuku Indonesia , kebangsaanku , bangsa dan tanah airku marilah kita berseru Indonesia bersatu Hiduplah tanahku, hiduplah negriku bangsaku, rakyatku, semuanya bangunlah jiwanya, bangunlah badannya untuk Indonesia Raya Indonesia Raya, merdeka merdeka tanahku, negriku, yang kucinta Indonesia Raya, merdeka merdeka hiduplah Indonesia Raya | Indonesia , my native land , my place of birth where I stand guard , over my motherland Indonesia , my nationality , my people and my country let us all call for united Indonesia Long live my land, long live my country my nation and all my people arouse their spirit, arouse their bodies for the Great Indonesia great Indonesia, free and independent the land, the country, that I love great Indonesia, free and independent long live Great Indonesia | Indonesia, in songs usually pronounced as Endonesia, tanah air-ku = my land and water, tumpah darah = pour blood pandu = to guide, ibu = mother, referring to motherland bangsa __ Long live my land, long live my country my nation and all my people arouse their spirit, arouse their bodies for the Great Indonesia great Indonesia, free and independent the land, the country, that I love great Indonesia, free and independent long live Great Indonesia |

## Second Verse

    Indonesia tanah yang mulia, tanah kita yang kaya
    Di sanalah aku berada, untuk s'lama lamanya
    Indonesia tanah pusaka, p'saka kita semuanya
    Marilah kita mendo'a, Indonesia bahagia
    Suburlah tanahnya, suburlah jiwanya
    Bangsanya, Rakyatnya semuanya
    Sadarlah hatinya, sadarlah budinya
    Untuk Indonesia Raya
    Indonesia Raya, merdeka merdeka
    tanahku, negriku, yang kucinta
    Indonesia Raya, merdeka merdeka
    hiduplah Indonesia Raya

## Third Verse

    Indonesia tanah yang suci, tanah kita yang sakti
    Di sanalah aku berdiri, 'jaga ibu sejati
    Indonesia tanah berseri, tanah yang aku sayangi
    Marilah kita berjanji, Indonesia abadi
    S'lamatlah rakyatnya, s'lamatlah putranya
    Pulaunya, lautnya semuanya
    Majulah negrinya, majulah pandunya
    Untuk Indonesia Raya
    Indonesia Raya, merdeka merdeka
    tanahku, negriku, yang kucinta
    Indonesia Raya, merdeka merdeka
    hiduplah Indonesia Raya
Texts
* (discussion)
* National Songs :
* Berkibarlah Benderaku •
* Indonesia Raya •
* Rayuan Pulau Kelapa
* Miscellaneous :
* Pancasila
# Indonesian/Texts/National songs/Indonesia Raya
## Introduction

"Indonesia Raya" is the national anthem of the Republic of Indonesia since 1950 often Indonesia Expelled from the Netherlands upon the United Indonesian States Dissolved. The song was introduced by its composer, Wage Rudolf Supratman, on 28 October 1928 during the Second Indonesian Youth Congress in Batavia.

## Texts and Translations

Texts
* (discussion)
* National Songs :
* Berkibarlah Benderaku •
* Indonesia Raya •
* Rayuan Pulau Kelapa
* Miscellaneous :
* Pancasila
# Horticulture/Pine Straw

Pine straw is a term used in the southern United States to refer to pine needles. A pine tree will produce pine needles that can be anywhere from 5 to 18 inches in length, the most desirable type of pine straw is referred to as Longleaf pine straw. These needles will fall to the ground and are then harvested for use as a mulch.
Pine straw has been used mainly in the southern US in the past, but has more recently become available in other parts of North America as well. Like regular straw, pine straw is lightweight and porous, so it can be laid thickly as a weed barrier. It is also much slower to biodegrade, and has a better nutrient value.
Its major liabilities include expense (in areas far from where it is harvested), and the strong acidity of the needles as they break down (though this is actually an asset when growing ericaceous plants and other acid-lovers). Pine straw can also make cleanup difficult, as fallen leaves and other debris tend to get stuck in a pine straw mulch, making it difficult to either rake or blow off debris without removing the mulch itself in the process.
# Horticulture/Planting Seasons for Vegetables

Vegetables can be planted at various times of year, depending on the type of plant and the intended methods of harvest and storage.

## Mid-summer

* Mustard Greens
* Asian Brassicas
* Carrots
* Malabar spinach
* Beets (roots and greens)
* Endive
* Lettuce
* Scallions
* Oriental Bunch Onion
* Kohlrabi
* Summer Squash

## Late Summer

* Turnip

## Fall

* Kale
* Early Cabbage
* Peas
* Fava Beans

## Sources

* Christopher Brickell et. al. The American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening, DK Publishing, inc., 1993. ISBN 1-56458-291-4 pages 302-354
# Horticulture/Pilea pumila

Clearweed :
| Binomial: | Pilea pumila |
| Type: | Annual |
| Conditions: | Sun to medium shade |
| Seed Dispersal: | Dropping |
| Seed Banking: | Long term |
| Vegetative Spread: | None |
Pilea pumila, known as Clearweed, Canadian clearweed, Coolwort, or Richweed is an annual plant native to most of North America east of the Rockies. The plants are generally erect, 10 to 70 cm tall, often occurring in large colonies, and are quite common throughout their range both as a woodland plant and a weed of gardens.

## Description

The foliage is opposite, simple with dentate margins, wrinkly (with depressed veins), ovate, and with long petioles. Both the leaves and stems are translucent and bright green, turning bright yellow in autumn. The flowers are small, borne in axillary cymes, unisexual with both genders occurring on the same plant, greenish yellow, and pollinated by wind. Flowers bloom from midsummer through early autumn. Fruits (achenes) are green with purple markings. Roots are fibrous, shallow, and adventitious off the stem in moist areas or when in contact with the soil.

## Ecology

This plant is most often found in rich, moist soils in both sunny and shaded locations.

## Uses

It is sometimes grown as a ground cover for its attractive foliage, but this should be done with caution as the plant easily gets out of control, and can develops long-lasting seed banks if allowed to go to seed. They do form a heavy canopy, and so will keep other weeds down quite effectively.
It can also be grown as forage for deer and goats.

## Control

* Pulling: Should be done as early as possible before the plants develop seeds. The plants pull quite easily, but if they are well established, new plants will germinate within 2-3 weeks, depending on rainfall.
* Contact herbicides (synthetic): Can sometimes be problematic because of the glabrous foliage.
* Disposal: These plants will continue to grow in the compost pile if not completely covered. If flowers are present, they should not be added to cold piles.

## References

* P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964. ISBN 0-89092-010-9, pg. 318.
* Ann Fouler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8122-3535-5, pg. 694.
* Hortus Third, pg. 873.
* Illinoiswildflowers.info
# Horticulture/Pine Sawflies

Pine Sawfly :
| Type: | Insect |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Complete |
| Damaging stages: | Larvae |
| Season: | Summer |
| Generations per year: | 1-2 |
| Vulnerable stages: | Young larvae |
The Pine Sawflies are a group of insects that eat the needles of various species of pine. They feed as larvae in large colonies. They are often mistaken for caterpillars, but like all sawflies they are actually closer relatives to wasps and bees rather than moths and butterflies.
Because of their colonial habit, they can cause severe damage to individual pine branches, completely stripping the foliage and leaving only unattractive branches. They tend not to eat the buds, however, so the branch tips usually leaf out afterwards.

## Description

The larvae are generally greenish, found in large colonies. They "rear up" when a branch they are feeding on is disturbed, which is a defense mechanism that can scare off birds.

## Ecology

Found on pines throughout the landscape, with some species being preferred over others. The adults are good fliers.

## Host plants

* Pines

## Control

* Physical removal: Pruning out infested limbs is often the best strategy, as the limbs will be unattractive after feeding in any case.
    If caught early before much damage is done, some gardeners simply squash them on small pines. Gloves are a must, as both the squashed larvae and the damaged leaves are quite sticky.
* Repellents: Neem Oil
* Pesticides: Neem Oil, Carbaryl
* Organic pesticides: Neem Oil
* Predators and parasites: Rodents will eat the overwintering pupae
# Horticulture/Planning a Garden

Starting a new garden is a rewarding endeavor, but entails a lot of hard work and careful planning.
* First Steps in Planning a Garden
* Elements of a Garden Location
* Laying Out a Garden Bed
* Putting a Garden Plan into Action
* Installing a New Garden
# Horticulture/Plant Pests and Diseases

Pest and disease management is one of the more difficult parts of gardening. The important thing is to know the pests, and how to control them.
* Monitoring Plant Health
* Pests vs. Diseases
* Physical Controls
* Chemical Controls
* Vertebrate Pests
* Arthropod Pests
* Slugs and Snails
* Nematode Pests
* Fungal Diseases
* Bacterial Diseases
* Viral Diseases
* Protozoa and Phytoplasma Diseases
# Horticulture/Plantago major

Broadleaf plantain :
| Binomial: | Plantago major |
| Type: | Perennial |
| Conditions: | Compacted soils |
| Seed Dispersal: | On feet, clothing, tools, mowers, etc. |
The Broadleaf Plantain or Greater Plantago (Plantago major) is a member of the plantago family, Plantaginaceae. In North America, this plant is primarily a weed, though it is edible and is used in herbal medicine. The plant is native to Europe, and is believed to be one of the first plants to naturalize in the American colonies.

## Description

Plantain grows from a short, tough rootstock or rhizome, which has a large number of long, straight, yellowish roots, is a basal, rosette of large, broadly oval, dark green, leaves. The 4 to 10 inch long smooth, thick, strong and fibrous leaves have 3 to 7 or more ribbed veins, abruptly contracting into a long, petiole (leaf stalk) which is reddish at the base. The leaf margin is of Plantain is entire, or unevenly toothed. The flower stalks, are erect, long, slender, densely-flowered spikes. Each tiny flower is brownish and bell-shaped with four stamens and purple anthers. Flowers bloom most of the summer. The fruit is a two-celled capsule and containing four to sixteen seeds. Harvest fresh young edible leaves in spring. Gather Plantain after flower spike forms, dry for later herb use.

## Ecology

This plant does best in compacted soils, and hence is sometimes called "roadweed". It propagates primarily by seeds, which are held on the long, narrow spikes which rise well above the foliage.
The Plant is commonly found on field boundaries as it is tolerant to pesticides and herbicides. It is wind-pollenated, and a cause of summer allergies when in flower.

## Uses

Some cultivars of this plant are used in gardens.
Crushed leaves can be applied directly to the skin to stop bleeding, bee stings and insect bites. Psyllium seeds are a bulk laxative.
The leaves are completely edible, but can be somewhat tough. The taste is that of very bitter salad greens with a lingering aftertaste like spinach. Young leaves are recommended as they are more tender. The leaves when dried make a good tea. The sinews from the broadleaf plantain are very pliable and tough when fresh and/or wettened, and can be used to make small cords or braiding. When dry the sinews harden but also become more brittle.

## Control

* Mowing: Not effective, this is a lawn weed
* Cultivation: Often difficult due the compacted soils it grows in
* Pulling: Can be difficult to get the entire crown out
* Flame: Quite effective, especially in lawns
* Barriers: Fully effective
* Solarization: Effective
* Grazing: Goats and rabbits provide good grazing
* Nutritional controls: Lightening the soil can help
* Disposal: Hot piles only if seeds are present
# Linux Basics/Distributions for beginners
## Which distributions are recommended for beginners

Because Linux isn't developed by companies but volunteers who distribute the code under GPL v2, so there are many distributions (Operating Systems) based upon Linux kernel (so not only Ubuntu exists :) ) This chapter aims to help the beginners which distribution to choose. I shorten distribution as distro this time.
* Ubuntu Linux Ubuntu Linux is one of the most supported desktop Linux distributions. Its UI may be confusing for users coming from Windows, because by default the buttons in the titlebar are Mac-like. It comes with GNOME by default, but you can download it with XFCE, KDE Plasma, LXQt, MATE, Budge (and there is also Ubuntu Studio for professionals and Ubuntu Kylin for the Chinese). More info: Ubuntu flavours It comes with Debian's package manager (apt) but it's incompatible with Debian backwards.
* Linux Mint It's an Ubuntu fork, its aim is to grant an easy to use environment for those who come from Windows. The developers of Linux Mint develop the Cinnamon Desktop Environment and the programs associated with it. You can download Linux Mint with MATE and Xfce too. It relies only on Ubuntu LTS versions, so the software it uses remains on relatively stable versions.
* Manjaro It's based on Arch. If you want to get to know how does Linux work, and it's not a problem if the system breaks, and you need to fix it, then you should try it out hence you learn new things when you fix an update. Don't forget, you can ask help from the community anytime which is recommended, because you learn a lot from it. It uses pacman package manager, so problems can occur with the updates, so you may need manual intervention for installing the update, but you can learn by that too. The Arch User Repository (AUR) is a container where anyone can put packages, but you have to compile it from source. AUR packages have often problems but you can learn also by fixing them. It's a rolling release, which means it's enough to install it once and it updates to the latest version of every programs, so you don't have to reinstall at distro version update. The community is friendly and helpful.
* MX Linux MX Linux is on the first place of Distrowatch probably since 2018. The reason is that it's very easy to use, and there are so many programs in MX Tools which helps you a lot (like USB writer, desktop arrangement, MX Package installer which is very easy to use). It comes with Xfce only. It's compatible backwards with Debian, because it's a Debian stable fork.
* Solus It has a rolling release model (so it gets the updates continuously like Manjaro), but it's very stable. It has its own driver manager. Its drawback is the community, because it's not the friendliest, so you should ask for help in distro-independent communities if not Solus-specific is the problem.

## Gallery

* Ubuntu 21.10 Impish Indri
* Cinnamon 4.4.8 on Linux Mint 19.3
* Manjaro KDE 20.0
* MX Linux 19.4
* Solus 4.1 with Budgie desktop

## References

* ↑ https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html