# Dutch/Lesson 8

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* Beginner level: cycle 2
Lesson 8 ~ Lesson 8
Er en de bijwoordelijke voornaamwoorden ~ Er and the adverbial pronouns
* • Koffie zetten
* • Grammar: Pronominal replacement
* • Grammar: Use of the locative er

## Gesprek 8

Vocabulary :
| de kast | cupboard |
| de broodtrommel | bread box |
| vlak | plane, level; right |
| het pak | pack, package; suit |
Marjo?
    Marjo?
Ja, wat is er?
    Yes, what is up?
Is er al koffie?
    Is there coffee yet?
Nee ik heb er nog geen gezet.
    No, I did not make any yet.
Nou, dan doe ik dat wel even. Zijn er zakjes?
    OK, then I'll make some. Are there any bags?
Ja, in de kast. Zie je de broodtrommel? Ze liggen er vlak onder.
    Yes, in the cupboard. You see the breadbox? They are right underneath.
Heb je er ook nog een pak koekjes bij?
    Do you have cookies to go with it?
Ja, er zijn er zelfs twee.
    Yes, there are even two packs.

## Grammatica 8 ~ Er and the adverbial pronouns
### Locative adverbs

The word er is one of the most ubiquitous words in the Dutch language and often rather hard to translate, because it does not have an exact counterpart in most other languages, French being an exception with the words y and en. Compare:
| | Dutch | Dutch | English | English |
| Type | Pronoun | Locative adverb | Pronoun | Locative adverb |
| Personal | noicon het | noicon er | it | ?? |
| Demonstrative (close) | noicon dit | noicon hier | this | here |
| Demonstrative (far) | noicon dat | noicon daar | that | there |
| Rel./Interrogative | noicon wat | noicon waar | what | where |
| Indefinite | noicon iets | noicon ergens | something | somewhere |
| Negative indefinite | noicon niets | noicon nergens | nothing | nowhere |
| Universal | noicon alles | noicon overal | everything | everywhere |
Er relates to more specific indications of place like here, there, where, or somewhere in a similar way as the word it does to the more specific this, that or what. The word is a kind of locative wildcard.
    In computer terms you could say that er is *ere, with * being a wildcard for h-,th- or wh-.
    Another way of putting it is that er is a clitic (weak) form of hier or daar. Indeed it never carries emphasis. Historically, however, the word only partly originated as a weakening of hier or daar. In part it also reflects an old genitive of the pronoun "het". The two sources have coalesced so strongly that they cannot be distinguished anymore.
In many cases where Dutch uses er, English will resort to a more specific there:
    Is er koffie – Is there coffee?
    Ken je Londen? Ja, ik ben er geweest. - Do you know London? Yes, I have been there
This is also true in the relatively few cases that English uses words like like thereof, therefore, thereafter etc. Dutch will distinguish a more general (clitic) ervan, ervoor, erna from a more specific (accentuated) daarvan, daarvoor and daarna. In most grammars they are called "pronominal adverbs", because they have a dual nature: they share characteristics of adverbs as well as pronouns. The name is somewhat unfortunate however. Pronouns play a major role in a language's grammar and syntaxis; they are the main course of it. Adverbs are more likes spices added to the course. Added to a sentence they play a minor grammatical role at best. Words like "ervan" etc. however do play a major role in Dutch grammar. It is therefore better to invert the name "pronominal adverbs" and call them "adverbial pronouns" instead.

### Adverbial pronouns

In English adverbial pronouns like therein or hereby are a remnant from the past. They are quite old and occur in most Germanic languages, both of the Western and the Northern (Scandinavian) group. However, adverbial pronouns are much more prominent in Dutch than in English or the other Germanic languages. Their formation is still an active mechanism: they are productive. If anything their use is actually increasing (probably due to the gender problem). They form an important part of the grammar and have to be mastered to speak the language properly.
Adverbial pronouns are commonly used in Dutch to replace the combination of preposition + pronoun, particularly if the latter is an inanimate it or them:
    of it → thereof = ervan
    for it → therefore = ervoor
Notice how the elements swap place: the prepositional part moves to the end. This is true in both languages.
While rare in English, in Dutch this replacement/swap is not just common, in many cases it is mandatory .

#### Pronominal replacement

In the written language it is considered incorrect, even somewhat disrespectful to apply pronominal replacement to people (animate nouns), but in the spoken language it is already quite common:
    after her = na haar (instead of erna)
    for them = voor hen (instead of ervoor)
In all other cases pronominal replacement is frequent or even mandatory. It is a major way of avoiding m/f gender references for inanimate nouns, because er is genderless. This means that replacement can also be applied to common gender words that do not really have a personal pronoun to refer them by.
The most common pronominal replacements (from the table above) are:
| type | noun | pronoun | pron. adv. |
| pers. | van het huis | → (van het)* | noicon→ ervan |
| dem. prox. | van dit huis | → van dit, van deze | noicon→ hiervan |
| dem. dist. | van dat huis | → van dat, van die | noicon→ daarvan |
| interrog. | van welk huis | → (van wat)*, van welk(e) | noicon → waarvan |
| relat. | van het huis dat.. | → (van hetwelk(e))* | noicon → waarvan |
| indef. | van een ding | →van iets | → ergens van |
| negat. | van geen ding | →van niets | → nergens van |
| univers. | van alle dingen | →van alles | → overal van |
    (...)*: In this case the replacement is so common that not using the replacement is simply bad Dutch.
Notice that if the replaced pronoun is personal (het), demonstrative (dit, dat) or interrogative/relative (wat) the resulting adverbial pronoun is written as one word (ervan, hiervan, daarvaan, waarvan). In other cases an adverbial expression with two separate adverbs results.

#### Drill 8-1. Pronominal replacement

Replacement drill. Replace the following expressions by the correct proniminal adverb. Run the audio to hear the results.
E.g.: "in welk huis?" would be replaced by "waarin?"
    in het huis – in the house
    op het dak – on the roof
    tussen de planten – between the plants
    naast een boom – beside a tree
    tussen huizen – between houses
    onder de deken – under the blanket
    in een boom – in a tree
    op dat dak – on that roof
    in dit huis – in this house
    naast deze boom – next to this tree
    onder deze daken – under these roofs
    voor deze planten – before these plants
    achter de boom – behind the tree
    achter deze huizen – behind these houses
    op die boom – on that tree
    naast deze garage – next to that garage
    onder dat dak – under that roof
    achter een huis – behind a house
    achter die boom – behind that tree
    in die boeken – in those books
    tussen die dekens – between the blankets
    in welk huis? - in which house?
    naast welke boom? - beside which tree?
    voor welke planten – for which plants?
    in die garage – in that garage
    onder welke dekens? - under which blankets?
    naast dat huis – next to that house
    op welk dak? - on which roof?
    onder een boom – under a tree
You can do this exercise a number of different ways. This is one:
* First work out on paper which adverbial pronoun to expect
* Then run the audio to check your results
* Make sure you repeat in the pauses
* Repeat the drill without looking at the text
Some people may prefer to run the audio without the visual text first. Remember: learning by ear is superior to the visual way. The exercise also introduces/ reinforces some vocabulary. Make a list of the nouns used with their proper definite articles te ensure you memorize their gender.

#### Translating its by replacement

In English it is common to use the possessive pronoun its to refer to a noun that indicates a thing. In Dutch, an adverbial pronouns like ervan is used instead, again representing a convenient way to avoid the gender issue:
    This tale is nice. Its beginning is spectacular.
       Deze vertelling is leuk. Het begin ervan is spectaculair. (Yes, please..)
       Deze vertelling is leuk. Haar begin is spectaculair. (No, please..)
Yes, in principle the latter is correct. A word in -ing is feminine, but who remembers? Occasionally a writer will try to dazzle the reader with this kind of superior knowledge, often only to get it wrong... Please use the adverbial ervan, especially if the noun is inanimate. This is true for neuter nouns as well
    Dit verhaal is leuk. Het begin ervan is spectaculair (Yes, please..)
    Dit verhaal is leuk. Zijn begin is spectaculair. (No, please..)
The latter is strictly speaking correct Dutch, but a neuter (inanimate) possessive zijn is so uncommon that it is better avoided. Possessives like zijn and haar are more and more reserved for animate masculine and animate feminine nouns (person, pets) and indicate natural rather than grammatical gender, just like the personal pronouns hij and zij.

#### Formation: prepositional adverbs

An adverbial pronoun is formed from the locative adverb that corresponds to the replaced pronoun + the preposition in adverbial form in reverse order.
       preposition+pronoun → [locative adverb+prepositional adverb] = Adverbial pronoun.
Usually the adverbial form of the preposition or prepositional adverb is identical to the preposition itself:
    (van het)* → ervan
    (tussen het)* → ertussen
But this is not always the case:
    (met het)* → ermee (arch. ermede)
    (tot het)* → ertoe
Adverbial pronouns can be formed from most prepositions. Words like ertussenin (lit. thereinbetween) or ergens achter (lit. somewhere behind: behind something) or nergens onderuit (lit. nowhere from under out) or nergens anders mee (lit. nowhere else with: with nothing else) do not raise any eyebrows in Dutch.
A few prepositional adverbs do not have a corresponding prepositions:
    eraf (off of it)
    erheen (expresses a direction: to)
Conversely, some prepositions (like via, behalve, sinds etc.) do not have a corresponding prepositional adverb. This makes it difficult to use them in relative clauses or in combination with it. Compare:
    Dit is de weg waarlangs ik naar huis fiets.
    Dit is de weg via dewelke ik naar huis fiets.
       This is the road along which I ride my bike on the way home.
Because via does not have a prepositional adverb one is forced to use a relative pronoun like dewelke that is more and more experienced as awkward and archaic, because in most constructions it is replaced (langs dewelke → waarlangs).
Prepositional adverbs also play a major role in the formation of separable verbs as we shall see in lesson 10.
Replace—if possible—the following combinations of preposition + pronoun by the corresponding adverbial pronouns. In some cases the stated combination is not acceptable and its replacement is mandatory
* van dit
* met dat
* in wat?
* om alles
* tot niets
* via dit
* buiten het*
* langs die
* over dewelke
* boven het uit*
* achter in hetwelk
* met niets anders
* onder deze
* tussen iets
* binnen dit
* het binnen* (movement)
* zonder het*
* van dit
    hiervan
* met dat
    daarmee
* in wat?
    waarin?
* om alles
    overal om
* tot niets
    nergens toe
* via dit
    (not replaced, usually avoided)
* buiten het*
    erbuiten
* langs die
    daarlangs
* over dewelke
    waarover
* boven het uit*
    erbovenuit
* achter in hetwelk
    waarachterin
* met niets anders
    nergens anders mee
* onder deze
    hieronder
* tussen iets
    ergens tussen
* binnen dit
    hierbinnen
* het binnen* (movement)
    ernaarbinnen
* zonder het
    erzonder
The latter is quite common in the South, still avoided in the North but gaining acceptance: adverbial pronoun are productive in Dutch.

#### Separation

To further confuse the enemy, adverbial pronouns are usually split apart in the sentence. Compare:
          He has a remedy for it.
* Hij heeft een remedie *(voor het).
* Hij heeft een remedie ervoor.
* Hij heeft er een remedie voor.
The first translation is unacceptable. The second one is awkward, the third one is what most people would say.
In the case of the preposition van (of), the van-part may be omitted, giving the word er a partitive flavor:
          He has seven of them.
* Hij heeft zeven *(van ze).
* Hij heeft zeven ervan.
* Hij heeft er zeven van.
* Hij heeft er zeven.
The four translations are unacceptable, awkward, reasonable and most common respectively.
The partitive flavor extends to the negative:
    Is er koffie – Is there coffee?
    Ik heb er nog geen (van) gezet – I have there(of) yet none made – I haven't made any yet.
Sometimes the two parts of the adverbial pronoun can end up quite far apart. Notice what happens to "by it" (door *het) => "erdoor":
    Lance Armstrong heeft kanker gehad.
       Lance Armstrong had cancer.
    Hij heeft zich er echter, blijkens zijn zeven opeenvolgende overwinningen in de Tour de France, op geen enkele manier in zijn loopbaan als 's werelds sterkste wielrenner door laten weerhouden.
       However, given his seven consecutive victories in the Tour de France, he did not in any way allow himself to be thwarted by it in his career as the world's strongest cyclist.
Getting used to understanding such sentences, let alone producing them in speech, takes a lot of practice.
As an exercise: write down both the Dutch and the English sentence and draw arrows to identify all the parts of this sentence to see how different the word order is. (Don't worry: we will deal with word order bit by bit).

## Exercise 8.1

Replace the object by a adverbial pronoun:
e.g. Het boek ligt in de kast → Het boek ligt erin.
* Deze wielrenner behaalt een overwinning in de Giro d'Italia
* Het is niet eenvoudig in deze wedstrijd een overwinning te behalen
* Van welke wedstrijd is hij ook kampioen?
* Zij doet in de keuken koffie in het zakje.
* Koekjes zijn onder kinderen altijd een groot succes.
* Het verschil tussen Amerikaanse en Nederlandse koekjes is niet groot.
* Achter geen enkel werkwoord moet je een uitgang -ing schrijven.
* Je schrijft altijd een punt boven een i.
* Hij ging met de trein naar London.
* Deze wielrenner behaalt een overwinning in de Giro d'Italia
       Deze wielrenner behaalt er een overwinning in.
* Het is niet eenvoudig in deze wedstrijd een overwinning te behalen.
    Het is niet eenvoudig hier een overwinning in te behalen.
* Van welke wedstrijd is hij ook kampioen?
       Waar is hij ook kampioen van?
* Zij doet in de keuken koffie in het zakje.
    Zij doet er in de keuken koffie in.
* Koekjes zijn onder kinderen altijd een groot succes.
    Koekjes zijn er altijd een groot succes onder.
* Het verschil tussen Amerikaanse en Nederlandse koekjes is niet groot.
    Het verschil ertussen is niet groot.
    Het verschil is niet groot ertussen.
    Het verschil is er niet groot tussen.
    Er is niet veel verschil tussen.
* Achter geen enkel werkwoord moet je een uitgang -ing schrijven.
    Nergens moet je een uitgang -ing achter schrijven.
* Je schrijft altijd een punt boven een i.
    Je schrijft er altijd een punt boven.
* Hij ging met de trein naar London.
    Hij ging ermee naar London.
    Hij ging er naar London mee.
    Remark: Please do not worry too much about the word order at this point. As you can see it is quite irregular and sometimes there are various possibilities. It is one of the hardest aspects of West-Germanic languages (other than English). Unfortunately, for English speakers they lost that after 1066 or so. The preponderance of separable adverbial pronouns in Dutch only acerbates the situation. It is perhaps a consolation that even our German neighbors are baffled by this particular aspect of Dutch grammar-and-syntax.
If you must know: In general the locative part er tends to follow the persoonsvorm -the conjugated part of the verb- whereas the prepositional part (like mee) moves to the end of the sentence. This is true for 1,4,5,8,9. The prepositional part may have to compete with other parts of the verbal expression for a spot as in 2 or 7. In questions or emphatic expressions the locative may precede the persoonsvorm (see 3,7). In 6 the position can be influenced by the verbal noun verschil as ertussen refers to ..difference between..

## Exercise 8.2

Translate the above sentences into English in both forms.

## Drill 8.2

Replace the prepositional expression by a adverbial pronoun. Then make the sentence negative:
    E.g.: Ik snij met het mes – ik snij ermee – ik snij er niet mee
(Notice that the adverb separates!)
* Ik kijk naar de eenden.
* Hij liep achter de wagen.
* Hij betaalde met euros.
* De kat ligt onder dat bed.
* Op welk bed ligt de hond?
* Je kunt het aan die lichten zien.
* Hij hield de paraplu boven zijn hoofd
* De mensen staan op deze brug
* De kinderen werken aan dat huiswerk
* Hij luistert naar deze opname
* I look at the ducks
* He walked behind the wagon
* He paid in euros
* The cat is under that bed
* On which bed is the dog?
* You can see it from those lights
* He kept the umbrella over his head
* The people are standing on this bridge
* The children are working on that homework
* He listens to this recording

## Other uses of "er"
### Impersonal passives and indefinite nouns

Vocabulary :
| noicon worden | noicon werd | noicon geworden | aux. passive; to become |
| noicon bakken | noicon bakte | noicon gebakken | to bake |
| noicon lachen | noicon lachte | noicon gelachen | to laugh |
Many Dutch verbs can be used in the passive voice, which we'll discuss in lesson 12 in greater detail. In fact in Dutch the passive voice is more recognizable and more common than in English. It uses the verb worden.
    Ik bak het brood – I bake the bread
    Het brood wordt door mij gebakken – The bread is baked by me.
Here "het brood" is a definite noun and the passive centers around it as the object.
In more indefinite cases Dutch often uses an impersonal passive initiated with the adverb er.
    Er wordt hier brood gebakken – (There is bread baking going on here)
    Er worden pannenkoeken gebakken – (Pancakes are baked here)
    Er werd een eend gezien – (A duck was seen)
Notice, the indefinite "brood" "pannenkoeken" and "een eend" instead of the definite "het brood, de pannenkoeken, de eend". In an impersonal "er" construction the definite articles "de, het" cannot be used. For nouns of a collective nature like bread, grain, water etc. or for plurals there is no article at all. (If definite and indefinite nouns present a problem because they are not part of your mother tongue, you could review: Dutch/Lesson 4/Use of articles).
The active forms of these sentences are not very common in Dutch. They involve the indefinite pronoun men (people, they, one) that is seldom used anymore.
    Men bakt hier brood – (People bake bread here)
    Men bakt pannenkoeken – (People are baking pancakes)
    Men heeft een eend gezien – (People saw a duck)
English will opt for the active form more readily in this case, but in Dutch the passive sounds much more natural. In fact the active sentences involving the pancakes or the duck sounds very artificial, like badly translated French: on a vu un canard. Colloquially people would rather use a clitic third person plural ze:
    Ze bakken hier brood – (They are baking bread here)
    Ze bakken pannenkoeken – (They are baking pancakes)
    Ze hebben een eend gezien – (They saw a duck)
In the negative the negative indefinite article geen is used.
    Er wordt hier geen brood gebakken
    Er worden geen pannenkoeken gebakken
    Er werd geen eend gezien
Impersonal passives can even be formed from many verbs that do not have an object:
    Er werd gelachen – (Laughter erupted, people laughed)
Notice that in this sentence there is no subject if we continue to call er an adverb. Some grammars will therefore call it a dummy subject, but most do not.
English does not really have a direct equivalent of this type of sentence. It necessitates either an active translation or some other creative rendition. This adds to the fact that the use of the word "er" is a considerable difficulty for people learning Dutch, because such sentences are quite common in it.
In the negative niet is used in this case
    Er werd niet gelachen – (Nobody laughed)
* Het museum wordt gesloten
* Het zilver wordt gewogen
* Het zilver wordt niet gewogen
* De trombone wordt gespeeld
* Men studeert
* Men studeert niet
* De spiegel wordt gecontroleerd
* De spiegel wordt niet gecontroleerd
* De tulpen worden niet gestuurd
* Het verhaal wordt verteld
* Er wordt een museum gesloten
* Er wordt zilver gewogen
* Er wordt geen zilver gewogen
* Er wordt (een) trombone gespeeld
* Er wordt gestudeerd
* Er wordt niet gestudeerd
* Er wordt een spiegel gecontroleerd
* Er wordt geen spiegel gecontroleerd
* Er worden geen tulpen gestuurd
* Er wordt een verhaal verteld
Notice that trombone can be treated either as collective or not, but the meaning is a bit different. In case you hear one trombone, in the other you hear trombone music.

## Woordenschat 8: prepositions and their adverbs

These are some of the most common prepositions and their adverbial forms. Have a close look at the examples to get a gist of how they are used. Unfortunately the use of prepositions is usually hard to compare from one language to the other. Which preposition to use when is often pretty idiomatic and best learned by looking at larger utterances. We will expand on this topic in Les 17
| preposition | prep. adverb | translation | example |
| ― | noicon af | off | van het dak af – off of the roof |
| ― | noicon heen | (indicates direction) | waar gaat dat heen? - where (whither) is that going? |
| noicon met | noicon mee, mede | with | met melk – with milk |
| noicon tot | noicon toe | to, till, until | tot maandag – till Monday |
| noicon van | noicon van | of, from | twee van hen – two of them |
| noicon door | noicon door | by, through | door hem gemaakt – made by him door het raam – through the window |
| noicon voor | noicon voor | for, before | voor het concért – for the concert vóór het concert – before the concert |
| noicon achter | noicon achter | behind | achter zijn rug – behind his back |
| noicon tussen | noicon tussen | between | tussen twee bedrijven – between two act |
| noicon onder | noicon onder | under, beneath | onder de dekens – under the blankets |
| noicon over | noicon over | over | over het hek – over the fence |
| noicon op | noicon op | on, upon | op de tafel – on the table |
| noicon boven | noicon boven | above | boven het water – above the water |
| noicon na | noicon na | after | na het skiën – after skiing |
| noicon naar | noicon naar | to | naar Amerika – to America |
| noicon zonder | north: ― south: zonder | without | zonder suiker – without sugar |
| noicon sinds | ― | since | sinds de oorlog – since WW II |
| noicon vanwege | ― | because of | vanwege ziekte – because of illness |
| noicon via | ― | via | via Amsterdam – via Amsterdam |
| noicon behalve | ― | except | behalve in dat geval – except in that case |
Dutch prepositions are clearly a mixed bag. The older prepositions like "op", "van" etc. may very well have developed from their corresponding adverbs, in some cases getting altered in the process (mede -> met). A few like "af" and "heen" never underwent this process. The newer prepositions were either borrowed as such, like "via" from Latin or formed from a noun like "vanwege" = "van" + "weg" with a dative ending -e. They never underwent the reverse process to form an adverb and cannot undergo pronominal replacement. "Zonder" is an interesting exception. In Flanders adverbial pronouns like "waarzonder" are quite acceptable, but in the North they are not (yet?).
There also exist compound prepositional adverbs, their adverbial pronouns can at times split in up to three parts. They will be covered in lesson 23.

## Woordenschat 8-2

| de overwinning | victory |
| de loopbaan | career |
| het koekje | cookie (loanword of New York/Dutch origin) |
| de wielrenner | cyclist |
| het wiel | wheel |
| de zak | bag |
| het zakje | baggie |
| de koffie | coffee |
| de wereld | world |
| zetten | to put |
| koffie zetten | to make coffee |
| weerhouden | to keep from, to thwart |
| schrijven | to write |
| behalen | to score, to obtain |
| echter | though, however |
| even | quickly, with no effort, even |
| al | already |
| nog niet | not yet |
| geen | no |
| geen enkel | not a single |
| eenvoudig | simple |
See also nl:wikt:Categorie:Voornaamwoordelijk bijwoord in het Nederlands

## Quizlet

The vocabulary of the lesson can be trained at Quizlet (47 terms)

## Progress made

If you have studied this lesson well you should
* to able to understand and use Dutch adverbial pronouns
* know a number of basic prepositions and prepositional adverbs
Cumulative term count
    Cycle 1 : 579 terms
    Lesson 5 : 87
    Lesson 6 : 124
    Lesson 7 : 163
    Lesson 8 : 47

### Total number 1000 terms

Congratulations! You have reached the mark of one thousand vocabulary terms!

## Appendix

* ↑ In case you like baking here is a recipe
* ↑ Actually in Flanders people remember quite well whether a word is masculine or feminine and there haar could very well be used.