# Flora of New York/Fagales

| ← Cucurbitales | Flora of New York — Fagales | Flora of New York — Fagales | Flora of New York — Fagales | Flora of New York — Fagales | → Geraniales |
| ← Cucurbitales | Table of contents | Genus index | Protected species index | Invasive species index | → Geraniales |
The order Fagales is part of the nitrogen-fixing clade:
| nitrogen‑fixing clade | Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales  Fagales  Fagaceae (beech family: oak, chestnut, and beech) Myricaceae (bayberry family: sweet-fern and bayberry) Juglandaceae (walnut family: walnut and hickory) Betulaceae (birch family: alder, birch, hornbeam, and hazelnut) |
* However, the vast majority of species able to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules are in the Fabaceae (legume family). In the Fagales, only the Myricaceae (bayberry family) and Alnus (alder) species are able to fix nitrogen.
* Fagales species primarily take the form of trees. They have also been placed in the Juglandales.
| Clades | Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | Common names | # |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Querceae | Quercus | oak | white oak | 15 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Querceae | Quercus | oak | red oak | 16 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Quercoideae | Castaneeae | Castanea | chestnut | chestnut | 4 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Fagaceae | Fagoideae | — | Fagus | beech | beech | 2 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Myricaceae | — | — | Comptonia | sweetfern | sweetfern | 1 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Myricaceae | — | — | Myrica | sweetgale | sweetgale | 1 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Myricaceae | — | — | Morella | bayberry | bayberry | 2 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Juglandaceae | Juglandoideae | Juglandeae | Juglans | walnut, butternut | walnut, butternut | 3 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Juglandaceae | Juglandoideae | Caryeae | Carya | hickory | hickory | 8 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Betuloideae | — | Alnus | alder | alder | 5 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Betuloideae | — | Betula | birch | birch | 15 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Coryloideae | Carpineae | Carpinus | hornbeam | hornbeam | 3 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Coryloideae | Carpineae | Ostrya | hop hornbean | hop hornbean | 1 |
| angiosperms:   eudicots:     rosids:      fabids | Fagales | Betulaceae | Coryloideae | Coryleae | Corylus | hazelnut | hazelnut | 3 |

## Family Fagaceae

* The Fagaceae (beech family) contains the oaks (Quercus), chestnuts (Castanea), and beeches (Fagus).
* ↑ Fagaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Paul S. Manos, Zhe-Kun Zhou, and Charles H. Cannon (2001). "Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenic Test of Reproductive Trait Evolution" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 162(6): 1361–1379.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

### Subfamily Quercoideae

The Quercoideae, as organized here, includes the oaks and the chestnuts.

#### Tribe Querceae

* Querceae currently comprises only genus Quercus. In previous schemes, the tribe also included upgraded Quercus subgenera, including Macrobalanus (large-fruited white oaks) and Erythrobalanus (red and black oaks).
* ↑ Thomas Denk et al. (2017) "An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns"
* ↑ Hui-Lin Li & Ju-Ying Hsiao (1973) "A Preliminary Study of the Chemosystematics of American Oaks: Phenolic Characters of Leaves." Bartonia 42:5-13, 1973. www.jstor.org/stable/41610363.

##### Quercus

* The genus Quercus contains the oaks, which comprise about 30 taxa of trees and shrubs in New York. Two sections of oaks in the subgenus Quercus are found in the state: sect. Quercus (white oaks) and sect. Lobate (red oaks). They commonly hybridized only within their own section.
* ↑ Steven D. Glenn (2013). Quercus. New York Metropolitan Flora Project.

###### Quercus sect. Quercus

* Quercus montana chestnut oakThe Quercus section Quercus contains the white-oak group, most members of which have leaves with rounded lobes. White oaks produce acorns that mature in a single season and are relatively sweet.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus :
| Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Quercus alba L.1753. Quercus alba  L. 1803. Quercus alba  var. pinnatifida  Michx. 1803. Quercus alba  var. repanda  Michx. 1838. Quercus repanda  (Michx.) Raf. (nom. illeg.) 1838. Quercus nigrescens  Raf. 1838. Quercus retusa  Raf. 1841. Quercus candida  Steud. 1891. Quercus ramosa  Dippel 1918. Quercus alba  var. latiloba  Sarg. 1924. Quercus alba  var. longigemma  Trel. 1924. Quercus alba  var. ryderi  Trel. 1960. Quercus alba  var. subcaerulea  Pickens & M.Pickens 1960. Quercus alba  var. subflavea  Pickens & M.Pickens | White oak, Eastern white oak, Stave oakChêne blanc | Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus bicolor Willd.1783. Quercus prinus  var. platanoides  Lam. 1785. Quercus alba  var. palustris  Marshall 1790. Quercus alba  var. palustris  Castigl. (nom. illeg.) 1801. Quercus bicolor  Willd. 1818. Quercus bicolor  var. mollis  Nutt. 1842. Quercus prinus  var. bicolor  Spach 1864. Quercus velutina  L'Hér. ex A.DC. (nom. illeg.) 1864. Quercus filiformis  Muhl. ex A.DC (pro syn.) 1864. Quercus bicolor  var. platanoides  A.DC. 1886. Quercus discolor  var. bicolor  Hampton 1891. Quercus bicolor  var. angustifolia  Dippel 1891. Quercus bicolor  var. cuneiformis  Dippel 1892. Quercus platanoides  (Lam.) Sudw. | Swamp white oakChêne bicolore, Chêne bleu | Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5 OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree, Part shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus montana Willd.1789. Quercus prinus  var. lata  Aiton 1789. Quercus prinus  var. oblongata  Aiton 1789. Quercus rubra  var. montana  Aiton (nom. illeg.) 1801. Quercus prinus  var. monticola  Michx. 1801. Quercus prinus  var. palustris  Michx. 1803. Quercus pumila  Michx. (nom. illeg.) 1805. Quercus montana  Willd. 1838. Quercus carpinifolia  Raf. 1838. Quercus granulata  Raf. 1838. Quercus longifolia  Raf. 1838. Quercus versicolor  Raf. 1864. Quercus monticola  G.Kirchn. 1891. Quercus carolineana  Dippel | Chestnut oak ⓘ Mountain chestnut oak ⓘ Rock chestnut oak ⓘ | Native, CoC: 8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 GBIF | USDA-N0 COL POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus prinoides Willd.1785. Quercus prinus  var. humilis  Marshall 1801. Quercus prinus  var. pumila  Michx. 1801. Quercus prinoides  Willd. 1811. Quercus prinus  var. chincapin  F.Michx. 1814. Quercus chinquapin  Pursh 1838. Quercus prinoides  Raf. (nom. illeg.) 1838. Quercus chincapin  (F.Michx.) Raf. 1877. Quercus castanea  var. prinoides  (Willd.) Muhl. ex Engelm. 1886. Quercus muehlenbergii  var. humilis  (Marshall) Britton 1907. Quercus prinoides  var. rufescens  Rehder 1918. Quercus rufescens  (Rehder) E.P.Bicknell | Dwarf chinquapin oak, Scrub chestnut oak | Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree-shrub | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNAFNA Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx.1801. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 1812. Quercus olivaeformis F.Michx. 1838. Cerris macrocarpa (Michx.) Raf. 1838. Cerris oliviformis (F.Michx.) Raf. 1856. Quercus macrocarpa  var. oliviformis  (F.Michx.) A.Gray 1876. Quercus macrocarpa  var. depressa  (Nutt.) Engelm. 1924. Quercus macrocarpa  f. oliviformis  (F.Michx.) Trel 1931. Quercus mandanensis Rydb. 1935. Quercus macrocarpa  ssp. oliviformis  (F.Michx.) A.Camus | Bur oak, Burr oak, Mossy-cup oak, Blue oakChêne à gros fruits | Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree-shrub | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.1803. Quercus prinus  var. acuminata  Michx. 1877. Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 1884. Quercus rubra  var. muehlenbergii  (Engelm.) Wenz. 1895. Quercus acuminata Sarg. (i) 1901. Quercus brayi Small | Chinkapin oak, Chinquapin oak, Yellow chestnut oakChêne jaune, Chêne de Mühlenberg | Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus stellata Wangenh.1787. Quercus stellata Wangenh. 1803. Quercus obtusiloba Michx. 1918. Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg. 1918. Quercus stellata  var. attenuata   1918. Quercus stellata  var. parviloba | Post oakChêne étoilé, Chêne à étoilé | Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus robur L.1753. Quercus robur L. 1790. Quercus pedunculata Ehrh. | English oak, Pedunculate oak, European oakChêne pédonculé | Introduced from  Eurasia, Cultivated, Rarely naturalizes Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Quercus sect. Quercus (excluded taxa) | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Quercus michauxii Nutt.1818. Quercus michauxii Nutt. | Swamp chestnut oak, Basket oak, Cow oak | N. America native  southeastern U.S., N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus margarettae (Ashe) Small1894. Quercus minor  var. margarettae  Ashe 1903. Quercus margaretta (Ashe) Small 1913. Quercus stellata  var. margarettae  (Ashe) Sarg. 1983. Quercus stellata  ssp. margarettae  (Ashe) A.E.Murray | Sand post oak, Runner oak, Dwarf post oak | N. America native  southeastern U.S., N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |

###### Quercus sect. Quercus hybrids

* These are the naturally-occurring white oak hybrids found in New York State.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus :
| Genus Quercus sect. Quercus | White oak group | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Quercus × saulii C.K.Schneid.  Quercus alba ×   Quercus montana | Saul's oak, Hybrid of  white oak &  chestnut oak | Native, Vulnerable | NYFA: 3? | USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × jackiana Schneid.  Quercus alba ×   Quercus bicolor | Jack's oak, Hybrid of  white oak &  swamp-white oakChêne de Jack | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 1? | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × faxonii Trel.  Quercus alba ×   Quercus prinoides | Faxon's oak, Hybrid of  white oak &  dwarf chinkapin oak | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 1? | USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × fernowii Trel.  Quercus alba ×   Quercus stellata | Fernow's oak, Hybrid of  white oak &  post oak | Native, Endangered, Impersistent | NYFA: 1? | USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × schuettei Trel.  Quercus bicolor ×   Quercus macrocarpaQuercus × hillii Trel. | Schuette's oak, Hybrid of  swamp white oak &  burr oakChêne de Schuette | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × bebbiana C.K.Schneid.  Quercus alba ×   Quercus macrocarpa | Bebb's oak, Hybrid of  white oak &  burr oakChêne de Bebb | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × deamii Trel.  Quercus macrocarpa ×   Quercus muehlenbergii1917. Quercus × deamii Trel.1948. Quercus × fallax E.J.Palmer | Deam's oak, Hybrid of  burr oak &  chinkapin oakChêne de Deam | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ Trelease (1924) considered Q.× deamii to be Q.alba × Q.muehlenbergii. Bartlett (1951) showed that Q.macrocarpa × Q.muehlenbergii were more likely to have been the real parents of Q.× deamii. Meanwhile E.J.Palmer (1948) published the name Q.× fallax for oaks with that parentage. So now Q.× fallax is considered to be a synonym of Q.× deamii. ||||||

###### Quercus sect. Lobatae

* Red oak
* The Quercus section Lobatae (similar to sect. Erythrobalanus) contains the red oak group, most members of which have leaves with pointed or spiny lobes. Red oaks produce acorns that require two seasons (18 months) to mature and are relatively bitter.
* Note that Quercus lobata (a California native) is a member of sect. Querca, not sect. Lobatae, as might be inferred from its name.
* The oaks of this group are especially susceptible to the oak wilt fungus (Bretziella fagacearum. formerly Ceratocystis fagacearum).
* ↑ Oak Wilt in the Northeastern and Midwestern States. A Story Map by the USDA Forest Service Eastern Region
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae :
| Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae | Red oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Quercus rubra L.1753. Quercus rubra L. 1817. Quercus borealis Michx. 1916. Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe 1916. Quercus borealis  var. maxima  (Marshall) Ashe (i) 1916. Quercus borealis  var. maxima  (Marshall) Sarg. | Red oak, Northern red oakChêne rouge | Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - part shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus velutina Lam.1785. Quercus velutina Lam.1908. Quercus velutinavar. missouriensis1917. Quercus missouriensis Ashe | Black oak, Eastern black oak | Native, CoC: 7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh.1785. Quercus rubravar. nana Marshall1787. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh.1895. Quercus nana (Marshall) Sarg. (i) | Scrub oak, Bear oakChêne à feuilles de houx, Chêne de Banister | Native, CoC: 7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, shrub | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus coccinea Münchh.1770. Quercus coccinea Münchh.1789. Quercus rubravar. coccinea1918. Quercus coccineavar. tuberculata | Scarlet oak | Native, CoC: 8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, Sun | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus palustris Münchh.1770. Quercus palustris Münchh. | Pin oak | Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure FACW Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ FEIS Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus marilandica Münchh.var. marilandica1753. Quercus nigravar. marilandica1770. Quercus marilandica Münchh. | Blackjack oak | Native, CoC: 7, Rare UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus phellos L.1753. Quercus phellos L. | Willow oak | Native, CoC: 8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus shumardii Buckley1860. Quercus shumardii Buckley | Shumard('s) oak, Shumard red oak, Southern red oak, Swamp red oak | Native, CoC: 8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub | | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus imbricaria Michx.1801. Quercus imbricaria Michx.1842. Quercus phellosvar. imbricaria1936. Erythrobalanus imbricaria(Michx.) O.Schwarz | Shingle oak, Laurel oak | Introduced from  midwestern US, Midwest native, Not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: X | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Quercus sect. Lobatae (excluded taxa) | Red oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Quercus falcata Michx.1801. Quercus falcata Michx. | Southern red oak, Spanish oak | N. America native  southern U.S., N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 FNA Tropicos BBG Images Wikispecies Note: |
| Quercus pagoda Raf.1824. Quercus falcata  var. pagodifolia  Elliott 1838. Quercus pagoda Raf. 1896. Quercus pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe 1917. Quercus rubra  var. leucophylla  Ashe 1918. Quercus rubra  var. pagodifolia  (Elliott) Ashe ex Sarg. 1935. Quercus falcata  var. leucophylla  (Ashe) Palmer & Steyerm. | Cherrybark oak, Cherry-bark oak | N. America native  southern U.S., N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Metropolitan Flora Project (BBG) shows Quercus falcata in northeastern New Jersey, within then New York City metropolitan area. ||||||

###### Quercus sect. Lobatae hybrids

* These are the naturally-occurring red oak hybrids found in New York State.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae :
| Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae | Red oak hybrids | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Quercus × bushii Sarg.  Quercus marilandica ×   Quercus velutina | Bush's oak, Hybrid of  blackjack oak &  black oak | Native, Threatened, Impersistent | NYFA: 2 | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × brittonii W.T. Davis (pro sp.)  Quercus ilicifolia ×   Quercus marilandica | Britton's oak, Hybrid of  scrub oak &  blackjack oak | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 1? | Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × rehderi Trel.  Quercus ilicifolia ×   Quercus velutina | Rehder's oak, Hybrid of  scrub oak &  black oak | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 1? | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × hawkinsiae Sudw.  Quercus rubra ×   Quercus velutina    Quercus × hawkinsi Sudw.    Quercus × hawkinsii Sudw.    Quercus × porteri Trelease illeg. | Hawkins' oak, Hybrid of  red oak &  black oakChêne de Hawkins | Native, Endangered | NYFA: 1? | USDA-NN VASCAN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × rudkinii Britton (pro sp.)  Quercus marilandica ×   Quercus phellosQuercus × dubia Ashe | Rudkin's oak, Hybrid of  blackjack oak &  willow oak | Native, Endangered | | ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × filialis Little  Quercus phellos ×   Quercus velutina | Varileaf oak, Hybrid of  willow oak &  black oak | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus × heterophylla Michx.f.  Quercus phellos ×   Quercus rubraQuercus × hollickii Schneid. | Variable-leaved oak, Hybrid of  willow oak &  red oak | Native, Unranked | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies |

###### Quercus sect. Cerris

* Quercus acutissimaThe potentially invasive Asian sawtooth oak has not been listed as naturalized in New York, but it has been until recently distributed as a "conservation" tree in the state, and has been listed as naturalized in Pennsylvania. It is reported as invasive in Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Cerris :
| Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Cerris | Turkish oak group | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Quercus cerris L.    Quercus cerris L. | European turkey oak ⓘ Turkey oak ⓘ | Introduced, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: ,  GRIIS-US: Present, SNA | | NYFA: Xm NYFA: New York (2013) GBIF 5 SE counties | ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Quercus acutissima Carruth. | Sawtooth oak ⓘ Sawhorn oak ⓘ | Introduced from  Asia, Potentially invasive,  iMapInvasives,  Invasive.org: ,  GRIIS-US: Invasive, Cultivated, Not naturalized, NPS | | NYFA: 0 NYFA: Not listed iNat 11 counties | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies |

#### Tribe Castaneeae
##### Castanea

* Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American chestnutNative American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata) were a major component of many New York forests until the introduction of the exotic chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) in the late 19th century. Mature American chestnuts are now rare, but stump sprouts are keeping the chestnut genome alive.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Castanoideae — Castanea :
| Genus Castanea | Chestnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.1785. Fagus dentata Marshall (i)1800. C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh.1803. C. vescavar. americana1817. C. americana (Michx.) Raf. | American chestnut, ChestnutChâtaignier d'Amérique | Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure UPL Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: |
| Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.1768. Fagus pumila L.1768. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.1818. Castanea alnifolia Nutt | Chinquapin Chinkapin Dwarf chestnut ⓘ Allegheny chinquapin | N. America native, Unranked UPL | | NYFA: X | USDA-N0 Go Botany FNA BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. | Japanese chestnut ⓘ Korean chestnut ⓘ | Introduced, Unk. naturalization | | NYFA: Xu | USDA-X0 BBG Images Wikispecies |
| Castanea sativa Mill.    Castanea vesca    Castanea vulgaris | European chestnut | Introduced from  Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized | | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Castanea (excluded taxa) | Chestnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Castanea mollissima Blume | Chinese chestnut ⓘ | Introduced, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-X0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ Castanea dentata status is misleading because although the species is not rare and will likely persist, chestnut blight prevents the trees from maturing. Most grow from root suckers. ||||||

### Subfamily Fagoideae
#### Fagus

* American beech (Fagus grandifolia) The American beech, Fagus grandifolia, is a widespread hardwood tree in New York, and historically associated with Acer saccharum (sugar maple) in beech-maple climax forests. The American beech, however, is susceptible to beech bark disease, which is now common in New York. The disease is made possible by the non-native beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which pierces the bark to feed on the sap. The resulting holes allow Nectria fungus spores to enter. Eventually the exotic fungus kills portions of inner bark and induces cankers that often girdle and kill the tree. Given these facts, the "secure" status for American beech may be counter-intuitive, but the loss of larger infected trees increases the number of root suckers and stump sprouts, causing dense beech thickets, which have little benefit for wildlife or timber harvesters. So, as with other disease-prone trees such as American elm and American chestnut, the threat of extirpation is low, even though the health of the existing population remains poor. In fact, foresters in New York often consider the American beech to be a native invasive or interfering species and treat beech tree stumps with glyphosate immediately after cutting to prevent such resprouts.
* ↑ David R. Houston & James T. O'Brien (1985), "Beech Bark Disease", USDA Forest Service Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 75.
* ↑ "Woodland Guidelines for the Control and Management of American Beech", Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Department of Natural Resources, Ithaca, NY (www.ForestConnect.info)
Fagales — Fagaceae — Fagoideae — Fagus :
| Fagus | Beech | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.1788. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 1789. Fagus ferruginea Aiton 1826. Fagus americana Sweet 1907. Fagus grandifolia  var. caroliniana  (Loudon) Fernald & Rehder 1940. Fagus grandifolia  ssp. heterophylla  Camp | American beechHêtre américain | Native, Secure | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Fagus sylvatica L.1753. Fagus sylvatica L. | European beech | Introduced from  Eurasia | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

## Family Myricaceae

* The Myricaceae Blume 1829 (bayberry family) contains the bayberry, sweetgale, and sweet-fern species.
* Robert L. Wilbur (1994) recommended splitting Myrica (bayberry and sweetgale), moving most of the bayberry species to Morella and leaving sweetgale in Myrica. He also expressed doubt about whether the two eastern North American bayberry species, M. pensylvanica and M. caroliniensis, were distinct enough to be considered separate species. In 2002, Wilbur made the recommendation that the two eastern North American bayberry species should be treated as a single species, Morella caroliniensis.
* ↑ Myricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
* ↑ Robert L. Wilbur (1994). "The Myricaceae of the United States and Canada: genera, subgenera, and series." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 16(1):93-107.
* ↑ R.L. Wilbur (2002). "The identity and history of Myrica caroliniensis (Myricaceae)." Rhodora 104:39.

### Comptonia

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Comptonia :
| Genus Comptonia L’Hér. 1789 | Sweet-fern | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult.1753. Liquidambar peregrina L.1753. Myrica aspleniifolia L.1763. Liquidambar aspleniifolia (L.) L.1789. Comptonia aspleniifolia (L.) L’Hér.1891. Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze1894. Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. | Sweet fern, Fern galeComptonie voyageuse, Comptonie à   feuilles d'asplénie | Native, CoC: 6, Secure Perennial, Shrub, subshrub | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |

### Myrica

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Myrica :
| Genus Myrica L. 1754 | Sweetgale | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Myrica gale L.1753. Myrica gale L.1889. Gale palustris Chev. | Sweet bayberry, Bog-myrtle, Sweet gale, Meadow-fernMyrique baumier, Bois-sent-bon | Native, Secure, Circumoreal OBL Perennial, Shrub | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |

### Morella

* Some sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, treat northern and southern bayberry as a single species. Other sources treat them separately. If treated as two distinct species, only northern bayberry (Morella pensylvanica) is thought to be native or naturalized in New York. But, if treated as as single species, Morella caroliniensis would have priority as the species name.
Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Morella :
| Genus Morella Lour. 1790 | Bayberry | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz1804. Myrica pensylvanica Mirb. 1919. Myrica macfarlanei Youngken 1937. Cerothamnus pensylvanicus Moldenke 1999. Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz | Northern bayberry, Candleberry, Waxberry, Tallow bayberry, Tallowshrub, Swamp candleberry, CandlewoodCirier de Pennsylvanie, Myrique de Pennsylvanie | Native, CoC: 7, Likely secure, S4, G5 FAC Perennial, Shrub | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ MBG Images Wikispecies |
| Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small1768. Myrica caroliniensis Mill.1838. Myrica heterophylla Raf.1903. Morella caroliniensis Small1910. Cerothamnus caroliniensis Tidestr. | Southern bayberry, Evergreen bayberry, Wax-myrtle, Small bayberry | N. America native | NYFA: 4 | USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP MBG Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ NYFA lists Morella pensylvanica as Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small, with Myrica pensylvanica as a synonym. However, the other sources listed here (except for Flora Novae Angliae @Go Botany) do not treat northern and southern bayberry as the same species. Flora of North America lists southern bayberry as Myrica heterophylla, and after discussing the minor differences between northern and southern bayberry, states "Whether these differences are sufficient to warrant the recognition of distinct species is yet to be satisfactorily resolved." ||||||

## Family Juglandaceae

* The New York members of the Juglandaceae (walnut family) include about ten reported native walnut and hickory species, and a single non-native walnut species. These trees are valuable both for their timber and nut production.
* ↑ Juglandaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

### Subfamily Juglandoideae

* Both of the New York Juglandaceae tribes are placed in the Juglandoideae. Their fruits are similar in that they are composed of a nut surrounded by a fleshy outer covering so that they somewhat resemble a drupe
* such as a peach or plum.

#### Tribe Juglandeae

* The Juglandeae in New York consist of the relatively common native black walnut and butternut (or white walnut) trees.

##### Juglans

* Black walnut (Juglans nigra) may not be native to all parts of New York. It was once a dominant tree in the midwest and southeast, and was probably cultivated by Native Americans in parts of the state where it didn't occur naturally.
* Most butternut (Juglans cinerea) trees in the state appear to have been infected by the butternut canker (the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) . Some naturalized "English" and possibly "Japanese" walnut trees have also been found in the southeastern part of the state.
Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Juglandeae — Juglans :
| Genus Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon | Black walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Juglans nigra L.1753. Juglans nigra L.1861. Wallia nigra (L.) Alef. | Black walnut, American walnutNoyer noir, Noyer noir d'Amérique | Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Juglans sect. Trachycaryon | White walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Juglans cinerea L.1759. Juglans cinerea L.1861. Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef. | Butternut, White walnutNoyer cendré, Arbre à noix longues, Noix tendre | Native, Likely secure FACU | | NYFA: 4 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon | Asian walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Juglans ailantifolia Carrière1872. Juglans sieboldiana Maxim.1878. Juglans ailantifolia Carrière | Japanese walnut, Siebold walnut, Onigurumi, HeartnutNoyer du Japon | Introduced from  temperate Asia, Naturalized | | NYFA: X0 NYFA: Suffolk (2012) cultivated only | USDA-X Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Juglans | Hybrid walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Juglans × bixbyi Rehder  Juglans ailantifolia ×   Juglans cinerea1921. Juglans × bixbyi Rehder | Bixby's walnut, Buart, Buartnut, Hybrid of  butternut &  Japanese walnut | Introduced, No specimens | | NYFA: X0 | USDA-X0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Juglans sect. Juglans (excluded taxa) | Eurasian walnuts | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Juglans regia L.1753. Juglans regia L.1906. Juglans duclouxiana Dode1906. Juglans falax Dode1906. Juglans sinensis (C.DC.) Dode1906. Juglans kamaonica (C.DC.) Dode1906. Juglans orientis Dode | English walnut, Persian walnut, Common walnut, Black sea walnut, Madeira-nutNoyer commun | Introduced from  Eurasia, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |

#### Tribe Caryeae
##### Carya

* Carya cordiformisNorth American hickories (Carya) are often divided into two groups: the true hickories (sect. Carya) and the pecan hickories (sect. Apocarya). Section Apocarya contains the pecan hickories, including pecan (Carya illinoinensis), water hickory (C. aquatica), and nutmeg hickory (C. myristiciformis). The wood of the trees in this section is generally considered to be a bit less dense and softer than that of the true hickories. The only member of sect. Apocarya found in New York is bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). Section Carya contains the true hickories.
* Recent molecular data does not strictly support using those two groups.
* ↑ Eric Meier (2008-2015). "True Hickory and Pecan Hickory." The Wood Database
* ↑ J.B.Zhang, R.Q.Li, X.G.Xiang, S.R.Manchester, L.Lin, W.Wang, J.Wen, Z.D.Chen (2013). "Integrated fossil and molecular data reveal the biogeographic diversification of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct hickory genus (Carya Nutt.)." PLoS One. 2013-Jul-16, 8(7): e70449. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070449.
Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Caryeae — Apocarya :
| Genus Carya sect. Apocarya | Pecan hickories | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (1869)1787. Juglans cordiformis1869. Carya cordiformis    Hicoria cordiformis    Hicoria minima | Bitternut hickory, Swamp hickoryCaryer cordiforme, Caryer amer | Native, Secure FAC-FACU | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Carya sect. Carya | True hickories | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch var. ovata1768. Juglans ovata Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.°6 1869. Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch in Dendrologie 1:598 1888. Hicorius ovata (Mill.) Britton in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15:283 | Shagbark hickory, Shellbark hickory, Upland hickoryCaryer ovale | Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5 FACU-FACU Perennial, Tree, Heliophily: 5 Sun - shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet1768. Juglans glabra Mill. 1787. Juglans ovalis Wangenh. 1813. Juglans pyriformis Muhl., nom. nud. 1826. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 1913. Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. 1969. Carya glabra  var. odorata  (Marshall) Little | Pignut hickory Sweet pignut Red hickory False shagbark Small pignut | Native, Secure FACU-FACU | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt.1753. Juglans alba L. p.p.1798. Juglans tomentosa Poir. in Lam.1818. Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt.1818. Carya alba (L.) Nutt1838. Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf.1869. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch1888. Hicorius alba Britton | Mockernut hickory, Big-bud hickory, White-heart hickory, White hickory, Square-nut hickory | Native, Secure | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: |
| Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. DonHicoria laciniosa | Shellbark hickory, Kingnut, Big shellbark hickory, Shagbark hickory | Native, Threatened FACW-FAC | | NYFA: 2 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Carya × dunbarii Sarg.  Carya laciniosa ×   Carya ovata1922. Carya × dunbarii Sarg. | Dunbar's hickory, Hybrid of  Shellbark hickory &  Shagbark hickory | Native, Unranked Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: U | USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Carya × laneyi Sarg.  Carya cordiformis ×   Carya ovata1913. Carya × Laneyi Sarg. | Laney's hickory, Hybrid of  Bitternut hickory &  Shagbark hickory | Native, Unranked | | NYFA: U | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies |
| Carya cordiformis × laciniosa  Carya cordiformis ×   Carya laciniosa | Hybrid of  Bitternut hickory &  Shellbark hickory | N. America native, No reports | | | Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ NYFA and NRCS list Carya tomentosa as Carya alba. ARS, ITIS, and FNA all list the accepted species name as Carya tomentosa. ||||||

## Family Betulaceae

* The Betulaceae (birch family) contains the alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), hornbeam (Carpinus), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya), and hazel (Corylus) trees and shrubs.
* ↑ Betulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

### Subfamily Betuloideae

* The Betuloideae contains the alders and birches.

#### Alnus

* Alnus incana speckled alderThe genus Alnus contains trees generally referred to as alders.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Alnus :
| Genus Alnus | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moenchssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T.Clausen1771. Betula alnusvar. rugosa Du Roi1784. Betula rugosa (Du Roi) Ehrh.1826. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.1861. Alnus incanavar. americana1945. Alnus rugosavar. americana1949. Alnus incanassp. rugosa1955. Alnus americana (Regel) Czerep. | Speckled alder, Tag alder, Swamp alderAulne blanchâtre | Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACW-FACU Perennial, Shrub-tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd.1789. Betula serrulata Aiton1805. Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd.1904. Alnus noveboracensis Britton1945. Alnus serrulatavar. subelliptica1967. Alnus incanavar. serrulata auct. Alnus rubra non (DuRoi) Spreng | Smooth alder, Hazel alder, Brookside alder, Brook-side alderAulne tendre, Aulne blanc, Aulne serrulé | Native, CoC: 6, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub-tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Kochssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus1789. Betula crispa Aiton 1813. Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh 1904. Alnus alnobetula  var. crispa  H.J.P.Winkl. 1962. Alnus viridis  ssp. crispa  (Aiton) Turrill 1964. Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar 2011. Alnus alnobetula  ssp. crispa  (Aiton) Raus | Green alder, Mountain alder, American green alderAulne vert crispé, Aulne crispé, Aulne tardif | Native, CoC: 9, Vulnerable FAC Perennial, Shrub-tree | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Alnus × fallacina Callier  Alnus incana ssp. rungosa ×   Alnus serrulata1911. Alnus × fallacina Callier | Deceptive alder, Hybrid of  speckled alder &  smooth alder | Native, Endangered | | NYFA: 1? | USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.1753. Betula alnus L.1753. Betula alnusvar. glutinosa L.1757. Alnus vulgaris Hill1790. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.1913. Alnus alnus (L.) Britton nom. illeg. | European alder, Black alder, European black alderAulne glutineux, Aulne noir | Introduced from  Eurasia, n. Africa, Moderately invasive,  NYIS: 64%, CP-3 | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Alnus (potential hybrids) | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Alnus glutinosa × serrulata | Hybrid of  European alder &  smooth alder | Introduced, No specimens | | | Go Botany Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Alnus (excluded taxa) | Alder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moenchssp. incana     1794. Alnus incana (L.) Moench p.p. | Gray alder | Introduced from  Eurasia, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-EXCLD ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Alnus glutinosa: Moderate (64). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ||||||

#### Betula

* Betula papyriferaBetula (ˈbech-ə-lə) in New York consists of about nine native species of birch trees, at least two native hybrids, and a single naturalized non-native species (though others have likely been planted). Here they are segregated into four subgenera:
* Subg. Betulenta: B. alleghaniensis & B. lenta
* Subg. Betula: B. populifolia, B. papyrifera, B. cordifolia, & B. pendula
* Subg. Neurobetula: B. nigra
* Subg. Chamaebetula: B. pumila, B. glandulosa, & B. minor

##### Betula subg. Betulenta

* Palustrine forest of hemlocks, sweet birches (Betula lenta), and yellow birches (Betula alleghaniensis) along Fall Creek, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.Subgenus Betulenta contains the wintergreen-oil birches, which in New York consist of yellow and black birch. These contain a noticeable amount of methyl salicylate in their twig bark, giving the twigs a minty odor when broken.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta :
| Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betulenta | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Betula alleghaniensis Britton1811. Betula lutea F.Michx. nom. illeg.1904. Betula alleghaniensis Britton1922. B. luteavar. macrolepis1949. B. luteavar. alleghaniensis1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. fallax1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. macrolepis | Yellow birchBouleau jaune, Bouleau des Alléghanys, Merisier | Native, CoC: 7, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Betula lenta L.1753. Betula lenta L. | Black birch, Sweet birch, Cherry birchBouleau flexible, Merisier rouge | Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN LBJ Images Wikispecies |

##### Betula subg. Betula

* Betula populifolia gray birchSubgenus Betula contains the typical birches, which do not have methyl salicylate in their bark.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta :
| Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Betula populifolia Marshall1785. Betula populifolia Marshall | Gray birch, White birch, Fire birchBouleau à   feuilles de peuplier, Bouleau gris | Native, CoC: 4, Secure Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Betula papyrifera Marshall1785. Betula papyrifera Marshall 1789. B. papyracea Aiton 1841. B. albavar. papyrifera 1919. B. papyriferavar. elobata 1945. B. papyriferavar. commutata 1945. B. papyriferavar. pensilis | Paper birch, Canoe birch, White birch | Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies |
| Betula cordifolia Regel1861. Betula cordifolia Regel 1901. B. papyriferavar. cordifolia 1902. B. albavar. cordifolia 1982. B. papyriferassp. cordifolia | Mountain paper birch, Mountain white birch, Heart-leaved birch, Heart-leaved paper birch | Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Betula × caerulea Blanch. (pro sp.)  Betula cordifolia ×   Betula populifolia1904. Betula caerulea-grandisBlanch.1904. Betula caerulea Blanch. | Blue birch, Hybrid of  Mountain paper birch &  Gray birchBouleau bleu | Native, Endangered | | NYFA: 1? | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies Note: |
| Betula pendula Roth1788. Betula pendula Roth1789. Betula albavar. pendula1790. Betula verrucosa Ehrh. | Weeping birch, Silver birch, European white birch, European weeping birchBouleau verruqueux, Bouleau pendant, Bouleau pleureur, Bouleau blanc d'Europe | Introduced from  Eurasia,  northern Africa,  Canada & Alaska??, Naturalized FACU Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: X | USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Betula subg. Betula (excluded taxa) | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Betula nana L.1753. Betula nana L. | Alpine birch, Dwarf birch, Arctic dwarf birch | N. America native  Canada & Alaska, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Betula pubescens Ehrh.ssp. pubescensBetula alba | Downy birch | Introduced, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-XX Images Wikispecies |
| Betula platyphylla SukaczevBetula latifolia | Asian white birch | Introduced, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-X Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ Betula cordifolia is often treated as a variety of Betula papyrifera. According to Flora of North America, "…perhaps it should be considered an ecological race of that species." ↑ Betula × caerulea (blue birch) is listed by NRCS as a cross between papyrifera & populifolia, but FNA agrees with NYFA in stating that it as more likey [cordifolia × populifolia] ||||||

##### Betula subg. Neurobetula

* Betula nigraAlthough somewhat rare in New York and native to bottomlands, especially in the Hudson Valley, river birch is also planted as a popular landscape tree in other parts of the state.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Neurobetula :
| Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Neurobetula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Betula nigra L.1753. Betula nigra L.1812. Betula rubra F.Michx. | River birch, Red birch, Black birch | Native, CoC: 8, Rare, S4, G5 FACW Perennial, Tree | | NYFA: 3 | USDA-N0 Go Botany FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |

##### Betula subg. Chamaebetula

* Betula pumila bog birchSubgenus Chamaebetula contains the dwarf birches.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Chamaebetula :
| Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Chamaebetula | Birch | N.Y. Status | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Betula pumila L.1767. Betula pumila L.1902. B. hallii Howell1909. B. glandulifera(Regel) E. J. Butler | Bog birch, Dwarf birch, Low birch, Swamp birch | Native, CoC: 9, Threatened, NYNHP: 2 OBL Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 2 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Betula glandulosa Michx.1803. Betula glandulosa Michx.1911. B. exilis Sukaczev | Alpine birch, Tundra dwarf birch, Dwarf birch, Resin birchBouleau glanduleux | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 OBL Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies |
| Betula minor (Tuck.) Fernald1843. Betula papyraceavar. minor1890. B. papyriferavar. minor1902. B. albavar. minor1945. B. minor Fernald1966. B. pubescensssp. minor1976. B. saxophila Lepage | Dwarf white birch, Dwarf birchBouleau mineur | Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1 Perennial, Tree | NYFA: 1 | USDA-NN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula pumila. Threatened, S2/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula glandulosa. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula minor. Endangered, S1/G4Q. ||||||

##### Betula inter-subgeneric hybrids

* Betula × sandbergiiThe only known hybrid of birches from separate subgenera collected in New York is Sandberg's birch (Betula × sandbergii, of parents B. papyrifera × B. pumila).
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula :
| Genus Betula L. 1753 | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Betula × sandbergii Britton (pro sp.)  Betula papyrifera ×   Betula pumila1904. Betula sandbergii Britton1957. Betula × neoborealis Lepage | Sandberg's birch, Northern birch, Hybrid of  Paper birch &  Bog birchBouleau de Sandberg | Native, Unranked | | NYFA: U | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Betula L. 1753 (excluded taxa) | Birch | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Betula × purpusii C.K.Schneid.  Betula alleghaniensis ×   Betula pumila1904. Betula purpusii C.K.Schneid.1904. Betula purpusiivar. typica nom. inval. | Purpus' birch, Hybrid of  Yellow birch &  Bog birchBouleau de Purpus | Native, Unranked | | NYFA: U | USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Betula × dutillyi Lepage  Betula glandulosa ×   Betula minor1952. Betula × dutillyi Lepage | Dutilly's birch, Hybrid of  Tundra dwarf birch &  Dwarf white birchBouleau de Dutilly | Native, Unranked | | NYFA: D | USDA-0N VASCAN Images Wikispecies |
| Betula × raymundii Lepage  Betula populifolia ×   Betula pumila1957. Betula × raymundii Lepage | Raymund's birch, Hybrid of  Gray birch &  Bog birchBouleau de Raymund | Native, Unranked | | NYFA: D | USDA-0N VASCAN Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |
| Betula alleghaniensis × papyrifera  Betula alleghaniensis ×   Betula papyrifera | Un-named, Hybrid of  Yellow brirch &  Paper birch | Native, Unranked | | NYFA: D | Images Wikispecies |

### Subfamily Coryloideae

* The Coryloideae subfamily of the birch family generally includes the hornbeam (Carpineae) and hazel (Coryleae) tribes.

#### Tribe Carpineae

* The Carpineae comprise the hornbeams (Carpinus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya). A single species of each is native to New York.

##### Ostrya

* Ostrya virginiana American hophornbeamThe genus Ostyra is generally known as hop-hornbeam, or ironwood. Of the approximately nine Ostyra species worldwide, only the Eastern hop-hornbeam species is known to grow outside of cultivation in New York. Because of its small size, shade tolerance, low timber value, and high reproductive rate, hop-hornbeam is often considered to be an undesirable understory species in forests being used for commercial timber production.
* ↑ Peter Smallidge & Kristi Sullivan (2014). "Evaluating Forest Regeneration Methods for the Northeastern United States." eXtension 1-Nov-2014
* ↑ S. E. Ritz (2012). "Plant guide for hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)." USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Appalachian Plant Materials Center. Alderson, WV
Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Ostrya :
| Genus Ostrya | Hop-hornbean | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch1768. Carpinus virginiana Mill.1873. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch | Eastern hop-hornbeam, American hophornbeam, IronwoodOstryer de Virginie, Bois de fer | Native, Secure | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |

##### Carpinus

* Carpinus caroliniana American HornbeamThe only species of hornbeam native in New York goes by the name American hornbeam, blue beech, or muscle-wood. It also goes by the name ironwood, but as that name is also commonly used for the related hop-hornbeam tree, perhaps it should be used for neither.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Carpinus :
| Genus Carpinus | Hornbeam | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow1785. Carpinus betulus var virginiana Marshall in Arbust. Amer.: 25 1893. Carpinus virginiana Sudw., non Miller (1768) 1935. Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana (Marshall) Fernald in Rhodora 37: 425 1987. Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow in Syst. Bot. 12:429 | American hornbeam, Musclewood, Blue beech, Muscle tree, IronwoodCharme de Virginie, Bois de fer | Native, CoC: 6, Secure, S5, G5-T5 FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub, Heliophily: 3 | | NYFA: 48 counties | USDA-NN POWO Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Carpinus betulus L.1753. C. betulus L. 1940. C. caucasica Grossh. | European hornbeam | Introduced from  Eurasia, Unk. naturalization | | NYFA: X | USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Carpinus (excluded taxa) | Hornbeam | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Carpinus caroliniana Walterssp. caroliniana1788. C. caroliniana Walter 1803. C. americana Michx. | American hornbeam, Blue beech, Musclewood, IronwoodCharme de Caroline | N. America native  southern US, N.Y. excluded | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-N0 FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies |

#### Tribe Coryleae
##### Corylus

* Corylus contains the hazelnut shrubs and trees, which are not closely related to witchhazel.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Coryleae — Corylus :
| Genus Corylus | Hazelnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Corylus cornuta Marshall ssp. cornuta1785. Corylus cornuta Marshall1789. Corylus rostrata Aiton1940. C. cornutavar. megaphylla | Beaked hazelnut, Beaked hazel, Beaked filbertNoisetier à long bec, Coudrier à long bec | Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA IPN LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Corylus americana Walter1788. Corylus americana Walter1864. C. americanavar. missouriensis1916. C. americanavar. altior1935. C. americanavar. indehiscens | American hazelnut, American hazel, American filbertNoisetier d'Amérique | Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade | | NYFA: 5 | USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies |
| Genus Corylus (excluded taxa) | Hazelnut | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
| Corylus avellana L.1753. Corylus avellana L. | European hazelnut, European hazel, Common filbertNoisetier commun, Coudrier, Avelline | Introduced from  Eurasia, N.Y. excluded FACU Perennial, Shrub | | NYFA-Excluded | USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies |