OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Voynich Manuscript/F5v

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f5v to be added here...

## Description:

One branching plant that takes up the lower 3/4 of the page.
    Root: two dark-painted potato-shaped tubers next to the stem, with a few medium-length "mousetail" roots shooting from them.
    Stem: straight and vertical, light under(?)color, with a fantastic loop at the top. The stem's base is wrapped with a short uncolored sheath.
    Branches: several, diagonal, mostly straight.
    Leaves: four lobes with serrated edges, naturalistically curved. Each lobe has a central vein.
    Stalks: medium-short, thin, look like branches. Light coulored, many of them with crudely overpainted dark splotches.
    Flowers: several, medium-small, mostly upright, some drooping.
    Stalk: short, sometimes bent by weight.
    Chalyx: rounded, light colored, like a rose's but on the fat side.
    Sepals: short and pointed, light colored.
    Petals: half a dozen, small, tongue-shaped, spread out; dark overpaint almost but not quite fills their outline.
One paragraph (5.5 lines) above the plant, left- and right-justified.

## Comments:

The plant looks fairly normal, except for the fantastic loop in the stalk. Leaves and flowers are very naturalistic, but some are spoiled by the crude dark overpaint.
# The Voynich Manuscript/F49v

This folio has the numbers 1-5 corresponding to alphabet characters along the left side. If these are indeed values for the characters, it would explain why numbers have not been found with any certainty.
These values have been applied to words in the Astronomical Section in an attempt to find dates. This has met with some success, although the results are not accepted by many.
# The Voynich Manuscript/F4r

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f4r to be added here... :-)

## Description:

One plant, mostly in the right half of the page.
Two paragraphs (with 3.8 and 8.6 lines), both above mid-page. The first is left- and right-justified, and interrupted once by the flowers; the second is left-justified and follows the plant's outline on the right.

## Comments:

Plant appearance: very normal, exceptionally well-drawn. The layout of leaves and flowers is very naturalistic. The "dark painter" apparently spared it.
# The Voynich Manuscript/F5r

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f5r to be added here... :-)

## Description:

One plant, horizontally centered, reaching only 3/4 up the page.
    Root: five unbranched roots, mostly horizontal. Each root looks like an earthworm, light-colored with a few dark dots, with a short and fat swelling about 4/5 of the way to the tip.
    Stalk: straight, vertical, slightly tapered, uncolored(?).
    Leaves: a single ring of large, lance shaped leaves, closely spaced, attached mid-stem with no stalks. The leaves curl down in a semicircle, like an umbrella, until they almost touch the stem again; their thin tips curl further into hooks. Dark overpaint.
    Flowers: one, at tip of stem, pointing up.
    Stalk: medium, thin, uncolored(?); extension of stem.
    Chalix: thimble-shaped, partial dark overpaint.
    Petals: long, hair like, drooping.
    Core: hemispherical, like a bubble.
Two paragraphs (with 3.6 and 2.5 lines), both above the plant, left- and right-justified.

## Comments:

The plant looks very strange but not impossible. The oddest details are the position of the tubers, the shape and disposition of the leaves, their curled tips, the "shaggy dog" flower.
# The Voynich Manuscript/F1v

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f1v to be added here...

## Description:

One plant centered on page.
    Root: a knobby, warped, pancake-like tuber with short roots attached like claws or fangs all around the rim. Light color.
    Stem: thick, well drawn. Light color.
    Branches: one straight up, two oblique with drooping tips.
    Leaves: broad lance-shape, with two short tails.
    Stalk: short.
    Flowers: one, growing at the tip of the center branch.
    Stalk: very short.
    Chalyx: conical, continuous with petals. Petals: short rounded, light-colored. Core: hemispherical, dark-colored (could be a berry; see below).
Two paragraphs (with 3.8 and 5.8 lines), just below mid-page, left- and right-justified, interrupted by the plant's main stem.

## Comments:

Part of this drawing (root and leaves only) is repeated on Pharma page f102r1[3,2].
The plant looks basically normal, except for the very peculiar root.
Petersen identifies the plant as "Solanum Solatrium, Belladonna" specifically the "flower". He says: "see L.Fuchs p.398". There is no "Solanum solatrium"; rather, "solatrium" is an ancient (Dioscoridean) name for some or all of these species:
Atropa Belladona (deadly nightshade)
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/kohler/1763_010.jpg
http://130.60.70.1/GIFTDB/pict_02.htm
Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/kohler/1763_011.jpg
http://www.runeberg.org/nordflor/110.html
Solanum nigrum (black nightshade)
http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS/black_nightshade.html
Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet)
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/ppstsleurop.htm
http://www.runeberg.org/nordflor/109.html
and perhaps other somewhat less likely species such as Withania somnifera and Physalis alkekengi.
The leaves of f1v seem most compatible those of Atropa belladonna (shape) and Hyoscyamus niger (attachment to stem), and the "flower" at the top of f1v does resemble the sheathed, shiny black fruits of these two species.
However, A.beladonna's root has been described as a roundish rhizome with a long (up to 1m) tapering root, which does not seem to match the highly distinctive "pancake with claws" of f1v. I have found no image or description of the other plants' roots.
A very similar root, with quite different leaves, can be seen on another Italian herbal:
University of Vermont Library MS 2, fol. 39 (ca. 1500)
http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/immi/vm9437.htm
The medieval text calls that plant "Gran[i]a maggiore". The modern commentary tentatively identifies it with
Ecballium elaterium (Squirting Cucumber)
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/mi10/mi10043.jpg
However the leaves do not match, and the flower barely so. I have found no image or description of E.elaterium's roots.
All four plants are poisonous in varying degrees. The active principles can be absorbed by smoking or through the skin as well as by ingestion. They were used as potent psychoactive drugs, causing paralysis of involuntary muscles, dizziness, sleep, hallucinations, violent behavior, etc., and have been often associated with witchcraft.
# The Voynich Manuscript/F3v

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f3v to be added here... :-)

## Description:

One plant, flush against the bottom and right margins of the page.
    Root: single long root, consisting of six "telescoping" conical segments, dark painted, with flat light-painted top. Tip of root is bent into a hook and ends with a small round knob.
    Stem: long, straight, vertical, with a dark "shadow" stripe crudely painted along its length.
    Branches: none.
    Leaves: paired, disk shaped with two "tails", two "arms", and a swallowtail-shaped "head", with long outward-curved tips.
    Stalks: medium length, thin.
    Flowers: two, very unequal size, growing out of the tip of the stem.
    Stalks: short, thin, like leaf stalks.
    Calyx: heavy, swollen, shaped like a sweet potato cut in half, dark painted.
    Petals: single row, light, semicircular, very small.
    Core: flat, light-colored, filled with dots; looks like a pepper shaker.
Two paragraphs (with 6.0 and 7.5 lines), both in the top half of the page. The text is left-justified and follows the plant outline on the right.

## Comments:

The plant looks quite strange. The telescoping root is hard to explain. The leaf shape is unusual but not impossible. The bloated flower chalices are very strange; they may have been drawn from pressed and dried specimens.
# The Voynich Manuscript/F4v

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f4v to be added here...

## Description:

One plant, mostly in the right half of the page.
Two paragraphs, both above mid-page. The first is left- and right-justified; the second is left-justified, and follows the plant's profile on the right.

## Comments:

Plant appearance: somewhat bizarre, and badly drawn. It seems to have two types of leaves. The lower ones are too small, badly spaced and badly proportioned, and in unnatural positions. The upper ones look like pompons. The root has a strange, ungainly shape (but that may be the work of the Dark Painter). The stems have uneven and unnatural thickness.
This drawing is almost certainly an expanded version of plant f101r1[1,5]. Stolfi suggested that the person who drew this page thought that the star-shaped things in f101r1[1,5] were flowers, so he supplied fantasy leaves; and he only noticed the mistake halfway through the plant.
# The Voynich Manuscript/F2v

Transcription, comments, theories, links to do with VMs page f2v to be added here... :-)

## Description:

One plant centered on page.
    Root: long straight rhizome, covered with scales or round stalk scars.
    Stem: single, vertical, slightly bent, shooting out from middle of rhizome; dark painted.
    Branches: there is the stub of a lost branch at mid-stalk.
    Leaves: a single large leaf, horizontal, shaped like a very fat C, with smooth rim. Painted solid dark.
    Stalk: short.
    Flowers: one white flower, pointing almost straight up.
    Stalk: long, light colored, with a darker vein; part of it obscured by leaf which should be behind it.
    Chalyx: well-drawn, with thick tongue-shaped sepals, light colored.
    Petals: well-drawn, flaring, lily shaped, serrated edges, white underpaint.
    Core: not visible.
    Stamen: long, with a few short hairs.
Two paragraphs (with lines, respectively), left- and right-justified: one at the top, interrupted by the single flower, and one just below mid-page, interrupted by the main stem.

## Comments:

The plant looks quite natural and well-drawn.
Presumably, the flower stem was in front of the leaf in the original drawing; but the dark overpaint covered it. The original outline of the leaf may have been obscured, too.
The leaf shape suggests it is a water plant. With that assumption, the choices are quite few. Rene suggested
Nymphaea candida (a.k.a. Nymphaea alba; water lily, seerose)
http://runeberg.org/nordflor/pics/181.jpg
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Authors

The list of people below are the people who have contributed to this wikibook. Others may also have contributed but have not added their name to this list. If you find a contributor who hasn't added their name to this list please feel free to add their name for them.
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Biology 1

Biology 1 is the first section of the WJEC GCSE Biology course. If you are doing a WJEC GCSE in Biology then no matter what type you are doing (single award, double award, etc.) you will have to do an exam on this part of the course. So everyone needs to learn this section!
Listed below are the subjects that you will have to learn for this exam. They are further split up into lessons.
* Adaptation and Competition
* Variation
* Evolution
* Inheritance
* Gene Technology
* Homeostasis
* Nervous System
* Health
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Biology 1/Adaptation and Competition/Lesson 1:Classification

So, your first lesson, and you'll be pleased to know, it's a fairly basic and straightforward one to start us off. This lesson is all about the classification of species. By the end of this lesson, you will understand why species are categorised, and how they are categorised.

## Introduction

The classification of species basically means how scientists sort the species into groups. For example, consider films. They are classified into different types (genres) e.g. Action, Horror, Comedy etc. This helps viewers find and choose a film that they think they would like. Classification helps scientists in the same ways, they can find a species which has the particular features that they are looking for.

## Why have classification?

Classification is useful for several reasons. As I mentioned above, it makes it easier to find a species of animal that has the features you are looking for if animals are sorted into groups. Another role of the classification system is to create scientific names for creatures. I will demonstrate how this works further down the page. The reason why scientific names for creatures are useful is because they are universal to all languages. No matter what country you may be in, the scientific name for a human is always 'Homo Sapien'. This makes it easier for scientists to communicate.
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Biology 2/Respiration

There are two categories in which respiration can be classified into. 1. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION 2. INTERNAL RESPIRATION or CELLULAR RESPIRATION
External Respiration It involves the inhaling and exhaling of air coupled with the human respiratory system. All the contraction and extension of the inter-coastal muscles can fit into this class of respiration. The composition of the air inhaled and the air exhaled must also be taken into action in this area of respiration.
Internal or Cellular respiration It is defined as the breakdown of glucose in to release carbon dioxide and energy. This definition is quite shallow as there are two types of cellular respiration which are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration respectively
Aerobic Respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen releasing energy, carbon dioxide and water as by-products. Anaerobic Respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen releasing energy, carbon dioxide and alcohol in plants but in mammals it is lactic acid which is responsible for the sores which you feel when you sprint suddenly in your calf muscles.
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Introduction

This wikibook is tailored specifically for the WJEC GCSE Biology course. I decided to create this book because of the lack of good WJEC resources on the web. This annoyed me when I was doing my GCSE course and I wanted to create something which solved this for all future students.

## About the WJEC course

Well what you have to understand if you're doing WJEC (Welsh Joint Education Committee) Biology is that there are 3 possible things you can be doing. You may be doing a Single Award Science, sometimes known as Core Science. You may be doing a Double Award Science, sometimes known as Additional Science. Or you may be doing Separate Sciences in which case you will be getting a GCSE in Biology. It is important to know which of these you are doing to use this book.
| GCSE Type | Sections to study |
| Core Science | Just Biology 1 |
| Additional Science | Biology 1 and 2 |
| Separate Science | Biology 1, 2 and 3 |

## About this book

This book covers the entire syllabus of the WJEC GCSE Biology course. It is to be used specifically for the WJEC course. It may be useful in some aspects for other examining boards but you should not trust that it will be, because it is not intended to be. It is meant to be a very in depth study of the WJEC course, at a suitable depth that an A* could be obtained from reading it.

## How this book works

The textbook part of the book is split into 3 sections. Biology 1, 2, and 3. Use the table above to find out which ones apply to you. In every lesson, the section will be clearly displayed in the page name so you will know whether you should be reading that lesson or not just by reading that.

## Tone

This book is intended to be written in a fairly informal manner as from experience, the average 14-16 year olds do not enjoy reading the formal tone of textbooks. It's meant to come across as friendly, interesting, and fun.

## You can contribute!

I have made this book on wikibooks under the GFDL for a reason. So that other people may help and contribute. Whether it's a simple typo, or help with an entire category of the wikibook, your contribution is greatly appreciated. If you contribute in anyway to this wikibook, you are entitled to add yourself to the list of authors of this book here. In fact, please do, so we have an easy to keep record of everyone who has made the effort to help.
# WJEC GCSE Biology

This book will assist you in getting the grade you want at GCSE Biology. It is very specifically aimed at the WJEC course, as there aren't enough resources on the internet to help with that course.

## Chapters

* Introduction
* Biology 1
   * Adaptation and Competition
   * Variation
   * Evolution
   * Inheritance
   * Gene Technology
   * Homeostasis
   * Nervous System
   * Health
* Biology 2
   * Cells
   * Respiration
   * Substances enter and leave cells through the cell membrane
   * Animal Nutrition
   * Plant Nutrition
   * Energy and Nutrient Transfer
   * The impact of human activity on the environment
* Biology 3
   * How plants take up water and transpire
   * Blood and Circulation
   * Waste products of body functions are removed by the kidneys
   * Nature of Microbes
   * Microbes and Disease
   * Microbes can make useful products
* Authors
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Biology 1/Adaptation and Competition

The first section of the GCSE Biology course, Adaptation and Competition, is also one of the easiest sections. Learn a few definitions, a couple of facts, and then simply use your common sense. However, make sure that you learn this section well, because the examiners love to put questions forward on it. The questions on adaptation do though, as I said, involve a fair amount of common sense.

## Lessons

Lesson 1:Classification
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Biology 1/Homeostasis

What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is defined as a process in which concentrations of material within and outside of cells of organisms are regulated.
Organs of homeostasis Kidney Liver Skin
Kidney is a reddish brown organ that has bean shape; it is located at the dorsal part in the abdominal region of the body.it performed the following functions 1 regulation of water content in the blood. 2__maintaining the acid_base balance 3_excretion of waste nitrogenous substances.
Liver
This is the largest gland in the body it surrounded by the following associate organ hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery ,bile duct and gall bladder.
Functions of liver. .1_..control of blood sugar 2_Detoxification 3_Production of bile. 4_Production of heat. 5_Delamination. 6_Storage of glucose in form of glycogen. Etc
SKIN This is the outermost part of the body which is mostly come in contact with environmental challenge and it protect the innermost tissue
Functions of skin. 1_Protection of internal organs.against germ ,Deity and injury. 2_regulations of body temperature through process of vast construction and vaso dilations.
# Voter's Guide/United States/Virginia
## Voting Guide for Virginia
### Primaries

Virginia has an open primary system, meaning that one can vote in both the Democratic and Republican primaries, without having to be a member of either party.
# WJEC GCSE Biology/Biology 3/Blood and Circulation

Our heart has 2 circulatary systems: one for the lungs, one for the rest of the body.
The path taken by the blood: Vena clava (vein) --> Left atrium --> Left ventricle (here you should talk about the valves' function: to prevent backflow of blood) --> Pulmonary artery --> Lungs --> Pulmonary vein --> Right atrium --> Right ventricle (valves) --> Aorta --> Rest of the body
Parts of blood: Red Blood Cells - carry oxygen around body, large surface area due to their biconcave shape and no nucleus. Platelets - Clotting of the blood. Plasma - for transportation of carbon dioxide, urea, hormones and distribution of blood. White blood cells - (phagocytes)
Vena clava - the biggest vein Aorta - the biggest artery in the body
# SwisTrack/Working with the Display

One of the powerful features of SwisTrack is its real-time display, which allows you to watch the output of every component. Some components even allow you to check out input images or intermediate processing steps.

## Configuring the Display

When you click on a component, the display in the main window automatically switches to the output of the selected component. However, you can at any time switch to another display by clicking on the yellow title. Most components provide one display (the output), but some even provide several different displays. (Very few components actually don't provide any display. This is the case for cameras that just receive a stream of data which first has to be translated into a real image, for example.)
If your image is too big to be displayed on the screen, you can drag it with the mouse to inspect the hidden parts. You can also zoom out by clicking with the right mouse button on the image and selecting the appropriate zoom level.

## Working with Multiple Displays

Sometimes, it is handy to see several processing steps at the same time. To do that, choose New Display from the View menu. The window that appears has the same functionality as the main display, but doesn't change the display when you click on a component.

## Saving Displayed Images

A right-click on a display provides you two possibilities for storing the image:
* Save displayed image as ... stores the image as it is displayed on the screen, i.e. with the chosen zoom level. The image is stored as a color image, no matter what type the original image was. All drawings (particles, tracks, text, ...) are retained.
* Save original image as ... stores the image as it was provided by the component, in the format provided by the component. Note that tracks and particles will not appear on that image.

## Status Information

The black bar below the display indicates status information, such as the frame number of the size, about the displayed image.
As a side note, the displayed image is not always the last processed image. The status information shown here belong to the displayed image.

## Display Speed Considerations

Displaying an image on the screen requires some processing and therefore steals some CPU time. If you want to get the maximum performance out of your system, and don't need any display, then choose No display (maximum speed) from the list.
Displaying an image on the screen is done in two steps:
* The component makes a copy of the image it wants to show. This time adds to the processing time (step duration) of the component.
* Once the frame is completely processed, this copy is scaled, converted into a screen image and finally rendered on the screen. This usually takes up much more time than simply copying the image, but does not add to the processing time of the component.
Giving exact numbers is impossible here, as this heavily depends on your hardware and scales almost linearly with the number of pixels of the image. In a simple scenario with not a lot of image processing, however, displaying the image accounts for a significant amount of the whole processing time.
# Switches, Routers, Bridges and LANs
## Contents

* Introduction
* Bridges
* Routers
* Network Architecture
* Switching Technology
* Advanced Topics