OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guide to Unix/Commands

| Wikibooks Guide to Unix Computing | Edit template |
   General: Introduction | Explanations | Why Unix-like Platforms: Linux | BSD Quick Reference: Commands | Environment Variables | Files | License
   Commands: Getting Help | File System Utilities | Finding Files | Devices | File Viewing | File Editing | Text Processing | File Compression | File Analysing | Multiuser Commands | Self Information | System Information | Process Management | Kernel Commands | Miscellaneous | SW Development |
The Unix command line is often considered difficult to learn. This book aims to help beginners by introducing various commands in lucid and simple language. Unlike most command references, this book is designed to be a self-study guide.

## Contents

| Section | Contents |
| Summary | |
| Getting Help | man info apropos whatis makewhatis |
| File System Utilities | ls mkdir cd pwd chroot cp mv rm touch df link ln unlink chown chmod mount |
| Finding Files | find whereis which locate xargs |
| File Viewing | cat more less od head tail |
| File Editing | pico nano zile vi joe emacs |
| Text Processing | awk ∙ comm ∙ csplit ∙ cut ∙ expand ∙ fmt ∙ fold ∙ iconv ∙ join ∙ nl ∙ paste ∙ pr ∙ sed ∙ sort ∙ spell ∙ tr ∙ unexpand ∙ uniq |
| File Compression | gzip ∙ gunzip ∙ zcat ∙ gzcat ∙ tar ∙ pax ∙ bzip2 ∙ zip ∙ unzip ∙ compress ∙ uncompress ∙ unar |
| File Analysing | file wc cksum ∙ sum ∙ stat ∙ grep ∙ diff ∙ diff3 ∙ cmp ∙ strings |
| Multiuser Commands | who finger su |
| Self Information | whoami groups id tty |
| System Information | uptime uname dmesg free vmstat top df hostname |
| Networking | ifconfig ∙ ifdown ∙ ifup |
| Process Management | nohup ps kill pgrep pidof killall |
| Devices | fuser lsof fstat |
| Kernel Commands | lsmod modprobe ∙ sysctl |
| Miscellaneous | sync echo printf ∙ cal date time from mail clear seq ∙ tee ∙ sleep ∙ yes ∙ true ∙ false |
| SW Development | adb ∙ ar ∙ as ∙ cc ∙ cflow ∙ ctags ∙ cxref ∙ f77 ∙ ld ∙ lex ∙ lint ∙ make ∙ nm ∙ objdump ∙ prof ∙ strip ∙ yacc |

### External links

* W:List of Unix programs
# Guide to Unix/Commands/Convmv

convmv converts file names from one character coding to another. Seems not covered by POSIX.
More encoding commands:
* recode – convert file contents from one encoding to another
* utrac – convert file contents from one encoding to another
* cstocs – convert file contents from one encoding to another
* convmv – convert a filename from one encoding to another
* enca – analyzes encodings for given text files
Links:
* upstream convmv man page, j3e.de
* convmv man page, freebsd.org
* Wikipedia:Character encoding
# Guide to Unix/BSD/OpenBSD

| $_ | Wikibooks Guide to Unix Computing | Edit template |
   General: Introduction | Explanations | Why Unix-like Platforms: Linux | BSD Quick Reference: Commands | Environment Variables | Files | License
   General: Introduction | External Links Distributions: FreeBSD | Mac OS X | NetBSD | OpenBSD | Historical
This module contains information that is specific to OpenBSD.

## Background

OpenBSD calls itself the "multi-platform, ultra-secure operating system". The OpenBSD team believes in strong security and code correctness. The OpenBSD team has between six and twelve developers working on finding bugs and security holes in the system. OpenBSD also strives to be secure by default, meaning that the user does not have to be a security expert to secure the system. The OpenBSD project normally makes a new version every six months.
OpenBSD is known for having strict rules regarding bugs, such as an application not having a manual is considered a bug and therefore the application will not be included in the port (or package) tree. These rules are also included in the operating system. Should an application pose a security risk, OpenBSD will kill the process on the spot. If there is a bug, and it is announced on the mailing list, then the OpenBSD team will come out with a patch in a matter of days. OpenBSD has only had two remotely exploitable bugs (both were in SSH and patched soon thereafter), after a default install (with no additional services turned on) in over 10 years.

### Notable Security Features

* strlcpy and strlcat
* Memory protection purify
   * W^X
   * .rodata segment
   * Guard pages
   * Randomized malloc
   * Randomized mmap
   * atexit and stdio protection
* Privilege separation
* Privilege revocation
* Chroot jailing
* New uids
* ProPolice

## Installation

OpenBSD has an easy, although non-graphical, installer.

### Customization

You can change the default configuration files and install additional packages, by creating your own custom ISO file.

## As a firewall

OpenBSD uses pf ("packet filter") as a firewall. Although the authors originally contributed pf to OpenBSD because it is free, other operating systems are including pf as well.

## As a webserver

As of OpenBSD 5.6, OpenBSD ships with its own webserver, httpd(8). A hardened fork of Apache 1.3 (was in base prior to 5.6), upstream Apache 2.2, nginx (in base prior to upcoming 5.7) and other webservers are available from ports.

## As a desktop

Despite its reputation for being only for servers OpenBSD can also serve as a great workstation/desktop. OpenBSD uses pkg_add as their binary package management system. The pkg_add automatically resolves dependencies. If you get the packages from ftp, pkg_add is able to resolve all of the dependencies for you. Some of the desktop related packages in the binary package system include: KDE (3.5), Xfce, Gnome, fluxbox, blackbox, and e16. Many other packages are available through the port system which also resolves and compiles the dependencies for you.

## References

* "OpenBSD Security." 31 Oct. 2008. OpenBSD. 31 Oct. 2008 <http://www.openbsd.org/security.html>.
# Guide to Unix/BSD/OpenBSD/As a Webserver

OpenBSD ships its own webserver, httpd(8). (Despite the similarity of the name, this is not Apache.)

## Getting Started

To setup your webserver, you'll first need to configure it. It's a good idea to work from the example configuration provided.
You'll probably want to start with a minimal configuration first, and add features as you need them. A sample basic configuration is below:
If you want to see what features are available, view the man(1) page:
Check that your configuration is correct:
Finally, to make your computer serve pages, you'll need to begin the daemon:
Now, place your html files in /var/www/htdocs, and you will be able to access them with a browser.

## Non-html files

If you wish to use files such as images on your webpages, you will have to define by file extension each file's w:Mime type in the httpd.conf. For example, if you wanted to serve Javascript, text, HTML and SVG files, you might add a section like this to your httpd.conf:
Other extensions mentioned as useful in the users manual. (RUN: man httpd.conf [92%])
Wikipedia's article on mime types has a long list of them. If not listed above, look for whatever file type you want to serve on there.

## CGI

For server-side scripting (using languages such as Perl or PHP), you'll need to add some lines to your httpd.conf. A sample configuration is below:
This alone is not enough, however. OpenBSD puts its webserver in a chroot(8) - that is, in the eyes of the webserver, the root directory is /var/www. The webserver is unable to see any other files on your computer. This is for security reasons - a cracker would have fewer resources should they gain access to your system. On the other hand, it means that the languages that you would use for server-side scripting are not present. To maintain this level of security, you should only copy over files that you need.
Also, note that fastcgi may not be enough for what you need. If things aren't working, you'll need to run slowcgi(8):
To run (with the above configuration), you will need to place your cgi scripts in /var/www/cgi-bin.

### Perl

Copy the main perl binary and required libraries:
Test your script chrooted in /var/www and as the www user to check for any missing modules or other errors.

## Authors

If you made a contribution to this article please feel free to add your username.
* Orthogonal1- Started page.
# Guide to Unix/Commands/Devices

| Wikibooks Guide to Unix Computing | Edit template |
   General: Introduction | Explanations | Why Unix-like Platforms: Linux | BSD Quick Reference: Commands | Environment Variables | Files | License
   Commands: Getting Help | File System Utilities | Finding Files | Devices | File Viewing | File Editing | Text Processing | File Compression | File Analysing | Multiuser Commands | Self Information | System Information | Process Management | Kernel Commands | Miscellaneous | SW Development |

### fuser

fuser tells you what process is using an indicated filesystem object (ordinary file, device, etc.)
Links:
* fuser, opengroup.org
* fuser, freebsd.org
* fuser, manpages.ubuntu.com

### lsof

lsof lists all open files,is more detailed than fuser.
Example:
Tips:
Using -i 4 option will report all programs currently using IPv4 network, it is useful for watching the programs accessing the network and Internet resources.
Links:
* lsof, freebsd.org
* lsof, manpages.ubuntu.com

### fstat

fstat lists all open files.
The previous two commands (fuser and lsof) do not exist on all systems. The 4.3BSD-Tahoe system introduced the "fstat" command that is found on many *BSD systems. Unlike the previous two commands, it seems not to know the exact path of each file, but only what filesystem it is on?
Some options are:
Examples: Lists every open file by every user, including root! Pipe it into a pager.
Get the process ID of the running Bourne shell and then list the files it opened.
The init process always has ID of 1. List its open files. In this example it only opened one file somewhere on the / filesystem.
Links:
* fstat, freebsd.org
# Fundamentals of Human Nutrition/Early epidemiological
## Early Epidemiological

Please use this HELP:EDITING link for information about contributing and editing the book.

### 6.1 Early epidemiological findings
#### 6.1.1 Disease theories

Some disease theories:
1. The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) held that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia or the Black Death were caused by a miasma (Μίασμα, ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air". The theory held that the origin of epidemics was due to a miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter.
The miasma theory was accepted from ancient times in Europe, India and China. The theory was eventually displaced in the 19th century by the discovery of germs and the germ theory of disease. 2. Germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the presence and actions of specific micro-organisms within the body. The theory was developed and gained gradual acceptance in Europe and the United States from the middle 1800s. It eventually superseded existing miasma and contagion theories of disease and in so doing radically changed the practice of medicine. It remains a guiding theory that underlies contemporary biomedicinehttp://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/germtheory.aspx.
# Fundamentals of Human Nutrition/Energy and Body Composition
## Energy and Body Composition

Chapter 10 covers the basics of energy balance including the calculation of energy requirements and methods for measuring body composition including calculating BMI. Students learn about the physiological control of hunger and the three forms of energy output. This chapter completes previous information on nutrition and disease looking at the impact of weight status on chronic disease and strategies for healthy weight management.
Please use this HELP:EDITING link for information about contributing and editing the book.
# Game of Games/Game Mechanics/Cards

Card mechanics have a certain element of randomness, but there are elements of strategy by holding on to certain cards. There are no equal results as each card is unique unlike dice results.

## Tarot Cards
### Major Arcana

| Number | Name | Role | Effect/Power |
| None (0 or 22) | The Fool | Protagonist | |
| 1 | The Magician | | |
| 2 | The High Priestess | | |
| 3 | The Empress | | |
| 4 | The Emperor | | Grant or Revoke Social Status |
| 5 | The Hierophant | | |
| 6 | The Lovers | | Set emotional attachments to Characters |
| 7 | The Chariot | | |
| 8 | Strength | | |
| 9 | The Hermit | | |
| 10 | Wheel of Fortune | Fate/Destiny | |
| 11 | Justice | Arbiter/Judge | |
| 12 | The Hanged Man | | |
| 13 | Death | | |
| 14 | Temperance | | |
| 15 | The Devil | Antagonist | |
| 16 | The Tower | | |
| 17 | The Star | | |
| 18 | The Moon | | |
| 19 | The Sun | | |
| 20 | Judgement | | |
| 21 | The World | Demiurge | Create World Elements |

### Minor Arcana
##### Cups / Hearts / Water
## Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Arcana
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Arcana
# Game of Games/Game Mechanics/Challenges & Conflicts

There are different aspects of success as well as failure, as well as stakes on scope.
The first thing that has to be agreed upon is the scope of the contest and what's at stake
Define how many segments are part of the contest, if it's predefined, or what time/exchange each segment represents, and what skills or abilities are tested,

#### Scope:

Time frame

### Stakes

* Injury
* Detection
* Capture / Escape

### Success/Failure Aspects
#### Primary

* Quality
* Power
* Speed
* Style

#### Secondary

* Resource Usage (Energy, Fuel, Tires, ...)
* Equipment Usage (Durability, Edge, ...)
* Positioning / Follow-up
# Game of Games/Inspiration
### Role-Playing Games
#### Classic

* Advanced Dungeons & Dragons
* Ars Magica
* Champions
* Chivalry & Sorcery
* Dying Earth
* Earthdawn
* GeneSys
* GURPS, Steve Jackson Games
* HarnMaster
* HARP, Iron Crown Enterprise
* HERO System
* Freedom Fighters
* Legend of the Five Rings
* Lord of the Rings
* Palladium
* Pendragon
* Phoenix Command
* Prince Valiant
* Riddle of Steel
* RoleMaster, Iron Crown Enterprises
** Middle Earth Role-Playing (MERP)
** Bladestorm
* RuneQuest / Basic Role-Playing Game
* SpaceMaster
** Star Strike
** Armored Assault
* The Dark Eye
* Traveller
* TriStat
* Warhammer Fantasy Role-Playing Game
* World of Darknes
** Changeling: The Dreaming
** Mage: The Ascension
** Vampire: The Masquerade
** Werewolf:

#### Indie

* "Apocalypse World" by Vincent Baker
* Becoming Heroes
* Burning Wheel / Mouse Guard
* "Dogs in the Vinyard" by Vincent Baker
* FATE
* Fiasco by Jason Morning Star
* FUDGE
** The Deryni Adventure Game
* Microscope
* Nobilis
* Polaris
* Savage World
* Sorcerer
* Torchbearer
* Universalis, Ramshead Publishing

### Video Games
#### Role-Playing

* Darklands
* Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
* Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
* Kingdom Come Deliverance
* Mount & Blade

#### Strategy

* Fugger
* Hanse
* Kaiser
* Pirates!
* The Guild

### Books

* The Nerdist Way
* Trekonomics
* Freakonomics

### The Great Courses
#### Philosophy

* "Argumentation: The Study of Effective Reasoning" by David Zarefsky
* "Big Questions of Philosophy" by David K. Johnson
* "Sci-Phi: Science Fiction as Philosophy" by David K. Johnson

#### Literature

* How to Publish a Book
* "The Art of Storytelling: From Parents to Professionals" by Hannah B. Harvey
* How Great Science Fiction Works
* Great Works of Fantastic Fiction
* "Life Lessons from the Great Books" by J. Rufus Fears

#### History

* Late Middle Ages
* "The Art of War" by Andrew R. Wilson
* "The Era of the Crusades" by Kenneth W. Harl
* Terror of History
* Rome and the Barbarians

#### Science

* Joy of Science

#### Business

* "The Art of Conflict Management: Achieving Solutions for Life, Work, and Beyond" by Michael Dues

### PodCasts

* Masterplan
* Theory from the Closet
* Have Games will Travel

### Software

* TableSmith
* TheBrain
* Prezi
# Game of Games/Game Mechanics

Certain rules are more suitable to a specific style of game play. Utilizing miniatures for example makes a game less abstract but may also focus more on tactics then story telling. Which set of rules and it's variations and in which circumstances should be defined in the Game Setup (see Game Sheet).

## Rules

* Dice Mechanics
* Card Mechanics
* Board & Miniature Mechanics
* Challenges & Conflicts

## Token Mechanics
### Color

* Yellow / Air
* Red / Fire
* Black / Earth
* Blue / Water
# Game of Games/Futurology
### Mythological Age
#### Third Age

| Year | Event |
| 3018 | The War of the Ring |

#### Fourth Age
### Future Timeline

| Year | Event | Location | Category |
| 2030 | Moon Base Established | Moon | Space Exploration |
| 2040 | Manned Mars Mission | Mars | Space Exploration |
| | Mars SpacePort on Phobos | Mars | Space Exploration |
| 2050 | Space Elevator | Earth | |
| | Orbital Space Settlements | Orbit | Space Exploration |
| 2075 | Permanent Settlement Established on Mars | Mars | Space Exploration |
| 2080 | Mining the clouds of Venus | Venus | |
| 2080 | Artificial Intelligence Becomes Self-Aware | | |
| 2090 | Deport people without Nano Implants to Mars | Earth Mars | |
# Game of Games/Game Mechanics/Miniatures

Determine Position on the Board, relative to others and the environment. Depending on the type of miniatures used equipment, such as armor, weapons, ... can be added/removed from the figure.

## Playmobil
##### Armor[edit]

* Helmet
* Greaves
* Gloves
* Breastplate
* Shoulder Pads
* Shield

##### Weapons[edit]
###### Melee[edit]

* Sword
* Scimitar
* Halberd
* Axe
* Dagger
* Spear

###### Ranged[edit]

* Bow
* Crossbow
* Pistol
* Musket

##### References:[edit]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmobil

## Lego
##### References:[edit]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_minifigure
# Game of Games/Design

Flexibility of System: Fudge, Flexible Attributes, Skills, Descriptors.
Character Arc: Becoming Heroes / Microscope
Magic System: Ars Magica
Escalations: Dogs in the Vinyard
Meta Game: Universalis
Story Arc: Fiasco
Transcribe Players into Characters
Attributes/Personality
* The more detail/granularity is added, the higher the max value/result can be
* Some have negative impact on others (Strength, fine motor skills, ... Passion v. Patience, etc ...)
* Some have only positive impact, some have positive and negative impact, depending on how far from the average/mean.
* going beyond high levels causes even higher negative impact.
* Link personality to soul attributes
Maybe replace Attributes with
* Capabilities
** (capacity/passive and ability/Active)
* Aptitude, Knowledge, Skill
* Disposition
Setting Sheet
Character Generation
Generate Distribution Charts
Section for Metadata (agency/Ownership)
Mental Attributes:
* Mental clarity - to make better decisions while under pressure.
* Concentration - to focus on the mission until victory is assured.
* Awareness - to be more sensitive to your internal and external radar.
* Leadership authenticity - to be a heart-centered leader and service-oriented teammate.
* Intuition - to learn to trust your gut and use mental imagery to your advantage.
* Offensive "sheepdog" mindset - to avoid danger and stay one step ahead of the competition or enemy.
* Warrior spirit - to deepen your willpower, intention, and connection with your spiritual self.
Personality DIMENSIONS
Impusivity
Adaptability
Durability
Empathy/Sympathy
# Game of Games/Equipment

“We are not rich by what we possess but by what we can do without.” $_{ImmanuelKant}$
# Electronics/Op-Amps/Non Linear Configurations

* Oscillator
* Inductor Gyrator
* Negative Impedance Converter
# Electronics/Multiplexers
## Overview

A multiplexer is a device that brings the concept of a rotary switch in analog electronics to the digital side. It is a device which, based on some input, will change the connection of its other inputs to its outputs. Conceptually a digital multiplexers functionality is the same as an analog one, only it handles everything digitally. Because of the mathematical concept of combinatorix they can be used to replace chain logic circuits. However, this is not done frequently because multiplexer based logic has a comparably high propagation delay.

## Configuration

The circuit above has 2 Control Lines A1Ao which can be used as 2 Selectors . Depend on the value of the Selectors only one of the Output Lines can be high . The circuit above has the capability to select the output line
The operation of the circuit above can be summarized in the Truth Table below
    A$_1$A$_0$D$_3$D$_2$D$_1$2$_0$ 000001 010010 100100 111000
In general
    2 Selectors can select 2$^2$ = 4 output lines
    3 Selectors can select 2$^3$ = 8 output lines
    n Selectors can select 2$^n$ output lines
Of course, the above discussion is about what is known as a Demultiplexer, where 1 line is switched to N lines. The article is misleading because while it shows that one of the outputs goes high, it does not pass a signal through, so it really isn't even about a Demultiplexer, but rather a 2 to 4 line decoder. A Multiplexor takes N lines and selects one to be the output. See Multiplexer on multiple sites, including Wikepedia. It can be confusing when dealing with an Analog Switch, which is a CMOS based device that is inherently bidirectional, and there are Analog Multiplexers/Demultiplexers. -- Steve KD4TTC
# Electronics/Ohm's Law

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |
Ohm's law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
Voltage and current are related such that voltage is equal to current times resistance:
$V=I\cdot R$
Common units used in electronics calculations are:
V = mA × kΩ
In this example, the voltage across the resistor, V, will be equal to the supplied current, I, times the resistance R.
SUMMARY:
    V=I times R
    I=V divided by R
    R=V divided by I
# Electronics/Mutual Inductance

Mutual inductance is just like inductance except that there is a hose at the other end to collect the magnetic flow. So current through a ring generates a magnetic field which is collected by the other ring and is turned into current that moves the opposite direction. Mutual inductance relies on AC as DC does not disturb the magnetic field enough. Nominally the inductance can flow through air, but the inductance is more effective when it flows through a magnetic core such as iron.