OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Italian/Vocabulary/Weather

Il meteo = the weather
Il clima = the climate
Il tempo = the time/weather
La temperatura = the temperature
La previsione = the forecast
La neve = the snow
La pioggia = the rain
Il sole = the sun
Il vento = the wind
La nuvola = the cloud
L'umidità = the humidity
La tempesta = the storm
Il temporale = the thunderstorm
Il cielo = the sky
Il caldo = the heat
Il freddo = the cold
Il gelo = the frost
La nebbia = the fog
Il sole splende = the sun is shining
C'è il sole = it's sunny
È nuvoloso = it's cloudy
C'è vento = it's windy
Piove = it's raining
Nevica = it's snowing
Fa caldo = it's hot
Fa freddo = it's cold
È umido = it's humid
È nebbioso / C'è la nebbia = it's foggy
C'è la tempesta = there is a storm
C'è il temporale = there is a thunderstorm
Il tempo è bello = the weather is nice
Il tempo è brutto = the weather is bad
Mi piace il sole = I like the sun
Non mi piace il freddo = I don't like the cold
Lasciamo che il tempo decida = let's leave it up to the weather
Quando piove, uso l'ombrello = when it rains, I use an umbrella
Mi serve una giacca per il freddo = I need a jacket for the cold
Mi piace il clima mediterraneo = I like the Mediterranean climate
Durante l'estate fa caldo in Italia = During the summer, it's hot in Italy
Sono allergico al polline, quindi la primavera non è il migliore periodo per me = I am allergic to pollen, so spring is not the best time for me
# Horticulture/Color Gardens

A color garden is a garden specifically planted in a certain order to display a certain design. Flower gardens are typically seen in someone's yard who is trying to decorate. Flower gardens are seen in public areas like parks, downtown, stadiums, city halls, libraries, and much more. Many flowers come in different colors, it is up to the designer to order the colors in a way that appeal to the viewer.

## References

* http://web.extension.illinois.edu/gardendesign/style_color.cfm
# Horticulture/Common Names of Vegetables

* Cucumber - Cucumis sativus
* Garlic - Allium sativum
# Horticulture/Community Gardens

Community gardens are used to enhance the sense of community in a certain area. Community gardens are for anyone in the community to plant and maintain. With community gardens residents of that community are welcomed to help with the garden, walk through the garden, and to hang out at the garden. The goal of a community garden is the bring the community closer together and allow member of the community to learn together.

## References

* https://communitygarden.org/mission/
# Horticulture/Container and Flowerpot Composting

<Horticulture/Soils and Composts

## Flowerpot composter

* From the hole you can receive excess moisture that can be used as fertiliser.
* At the bottom put a layer of:
** coconut husk
** cork
** or sawdust and broken branches.
* Cover with a layer of soil about 5cm thick.
* Put the waste over it and cover again with a soil layer.
* Repeat the process of covering with soil for every layer of waste.
* Cover the pot with a metal lid.
* Stir the contents once or twice a week.
* After approximately 6-8 weeks the composting has finished.
# Horticulture/Cold Composting

<Horticulture/Soils and Composts

## Cold or Slow Composting

Cold or slow composting can be accomplished with nothing more than a pile grass clippings and dry leaves on the ground or in a bin. This method requires no maintenance, but it will take several months to a year or more for the pile to decompose. Cold composting works well for gardeners who lack the time to tend the compost pile at least every other day, have little yard waste, and are not in a hurry to use the compost.
Keep weeds and diseased plants out of the mix since the temperatures reached with cold composting may not be high enough to kill the weed seeds or disease-causing organisms. Add yard waste as it accumulates. Shredding or chopping speeds up the process. To easily shred material, run your lawn mower over small piles of weeds and trimmings. Cold composting has been shown to be better at suppressing soil-borne diseases than hot composting. Cold composting also leaves more undecomposed bits of material, which can be screened out if desired.
Adapted from the USDA Backyard Conservation Tip Sheet, a public-domain work of the US Government.
# Horticulture/Contact Herbicides

Contact herbicides are chemicals that kill plant tissues on contact. These are not the same as systemic herbicides, which kill the entire plant.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Container Gardening

Container gardening can be ideal for people living in apartments or rented homes without the space to plant gardens outside. Containers gardens allow for easy access to plants that enhance a space and can be moved easily to accommodate the sun exposure as the plant grows and seasons change.

## Soil

Container gardens have very specific soil needs.
# High School Chemistry/The Kinetic-Molecular Theory

* The Three States of Matter
* Gases
* Gases and Pressure
* Gas Laws
* Universal Gas Law
* Molar Volume
* Stoichiometry Involving Gases
← Energy Calculations · The Three States of Matter →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/The Liquid State

* The Properties of Liquids
* Forces of Attraction
* Vapor Pressure
* Boiling Point
* Heat of Vaporization
← Stoichiometry Involving Gases · The Properties of Liquids →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/The Bohr Model of the Atom

* The Wave Form of Light
* The Dual Nature of Light
* Light and the Atomic Spectra
* The Bohr Model
← Atomic Terminology · The Wave Form of Light →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/The Mathematics of Compounds

* Determining Formula and Molar Masses
* The Mole
* Percent Composition
* Empirical and Molecular Formulas
← Molecular Polarity · Determining Formula and Molar Masses →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# High School Chemistry/The Science of Chemistry

* The Scientific Method
* Chemistry in History
* Chemistry is a Science of Materials
* Matter
* Energy
The Scientific Method →
This material was adapted from the original CK-12 book that can be found here. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Traffic Flow/Solution

Four vehicles are traveling at constant speeds between sections X and Y (280 meters apart) with their positions and speeds observed at an instant in time. An observer at point X observes the four vehicles passing point X during a period of 15 seconds. The speeds of the vehicles are measured as 88, 80, 90, and 72 km/hr respectively. Calculate the flow, density, time mean speed, and space mean speed of the vehicles.
Flow
$q=N\left({\frac {3600}{t_{measured}}}\right)=4\left({\frac {3600}{15}}\right)=960veh/hr\,\!$
Density
$k={\frac {N}{L}}={\frac {4*1000}{280}}=14.2veh/km\,\!$
Time Mean Speed
${\overline {v_{t}}}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum \limits _{n=1}^{N}{v_{n}}={\frac {1}{4}}\left({72+90+80+88}\right)=82.5km/hr\,\!$
Space Mean Speed
${\begin{array}{l}{\overline {v_{s}}}={\frac {N}{\sum \limits _{n=1}^{N}{\frac {1}{v_{i}}}}}={\frac {4}{{\frac {1}{72}}+{\frac {1}{90}}+{\frac {1}{80}}+{\frac {1}{88}}}}=81.86\\t_{i}=L/v_{i}\\t_{A}=L/v_{A}=0.28/88=0.00318hr\\t_{B}=L/v_{B}=0.28/80=0.00350hr\\t_{C}=L/v_{C}=0.28/90=0.00311hr\\t_{D}=L/v_{D}=0.28/72=0.00389hr\\{\overline {v_{s}}}={\frac {NL}{\sum \limits _{n=1}^{N}{t_{n}}}}={\frac {4*0.28}{\left({0.00318+0.00350+0.00311+0.00389}\right)}}=81.87km/hr\\\end{array}}\,\!$
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Traffic Signals/Solution

An approach at a pretimed signalized intersection has an arrival rate of 500 veh/hr and a saturation flow rate of 3000 veh/hr. 30 seconds of effective green are given in a 100-second cycle. Analyze the intersection assuming D/D/1 queueing by describing the proportion of the cycle with a queue, the maximum number of vehicles in the queue, the total and average delay, and the maximum delay.
With the statements in the problem, we know:
* Green Time = 30 seconds
* Red Time = 70 seconds
* Cycle Length = 100 seconds
* Arrival Rate = 500 veh/hr (0.138 veh/sec)
* Departure Rate = 3000 veh/hr (0.833 veh/sec)
Traffic intensity, $\rho$, is the first value to calculate.
$\rho ={\frac {\lambda }{\mu }}={\frac {500}{3000}}=0.167\,\!$
Time to queue clearance after the start of effective green:
$t_{c}{\rm}={\rm}{\frac {\rho r}{1-\rho }}={\frac {0.167(70)}{1-0.167}}=14.03\ s\,\!$
Proportion of the cycle with a queue:
$P_{q}{\rm}={\rm}{\frac {r{\rm}+{\rm}t_{c}}{C}}{\rm}={\rm}{\frac {70{\rm}+{\rm}14.03}{100}}{\rm}=0.84\,\!$
Proportion of vehicles stopped:
$P_{s}={\frac {\lambda \left({r+t_{C}}\right)}{\lambda \left({r+g}\right)}}={\frac {0.138\left({70+14.03}\right)}{0.138\left({70+30}\right)}}=0.84\,\!$
Maximum number of vehicles in the queue:
$Q_{\max }{\rm}={\rm}\lambda r={\rm}0.138(70)=9.66\,\!$
Total vehicle delay per cycle:
$D_{t}{\rm}={\rm}{\frac {\lambda r^{2}}{2\left({1-\rho }\right)}}{\rm}={\rm}{\frac {0.138(70^{2})}{2\left({1-0.167}\right)}}{\rm}=406\ veh-s\,\!$
Average delay per vehicle:
$d_{avg}{\rm}={\frac {r^{2}}{2C\left({1-\rho }\right)}}={\frac {(70)^{2}}{2(100)\left({1-0.167}\right)}}=29.41\ s\,\!$
Maximum delay of any vehicle:
$d_{\max }{\rm}={\rm}r={\rm}70\ s\,\!$
Thus, the solution can be determined:
* Proportion of the cycle with a queue = 0.84
* Maximum number of vehicles in the queue = 9.66
* Total Delay = 406 veh-sec
* Average Delay = 29.41 sec
* Maximum Delay = 70 sec
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Traffic Flow/Problem

Four vehicles are traveling at constant speeds between sections X and Y (280 meters apart) with their positions and speeds observed at an instant in time. An observer at point X observes the four vehicles passing point X during a period of 15 seconds. The speeds of the vehicles are measured as 88, 80, 90, and 72 km/hr respectively. Calculate the flow, density, time mean speed, and space mean speed of the vehicles.
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Traffic Signals/Homework
## Homework

1. Define the following terms
A. Signal phase Answers: A signal phase is the signal combinations in a signal controller that controls a group of traffic movement off and on. B. Signal cycle Answers: The loop time for a specific traffic phase. The time length between the starting of the phase to it appears again. C. Max-out Answers: the maximum flow of the approach D. Gap-out Answers: the flow of approach accounting for the time of green light period E. Lost time Answers: sources of "lost time" at a signalized intersection are: Start-up lost time, clearance lost time and the yield the pedestrians.
2. A pretimed signal controls a four-way intersection with no turning permitted and zero lost time. The EB and WB traffic volumes are 900 and 800veh/h, and the two movements share the same effective green and effective red portions of cycles. The NB and SB directions also share cycle times, with volumes of 300 and 250 veh/h, respectively. If the saturation flow of all approaches is 1800veh/h, the cycle length is 75 seconds, and D/D/1 queuing applies, determine the effective red and green times that must be allocated to each directions combination (N-S, E-W) to minimize the total vehicle delay and compute the total delay per cycle.
3 AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) data on a single intersection between an arterial street (East-West) and a minor street (North-South) has been collected for the current year. Approximate saturation flow rates and collected traffic volumes are given in the table below.
| Approach | Volume (veh/hr) | Saturation Flow (veh/hr) |
| North Bound (NB) | 380 | 1200 |
| South Bound (SB) | 295 | 1200 |
| East Bound Left Turn (EBLT) | 260 | 1800 |
| East Bound (EB) | 1160 | 3000 |
| West Bound Left Turn (WBLT) | 250 | 1800 |
| West Bound (WB) | 1050 | 3000 |
Based on the traffic demand forecast, it is expected demand for the EB and WB directions (including left turn traffic) will increase by 10% each in the next year, and that for the NB and SB directions by 5% each, while the saturated flow rates remain unchanged. The traffic demand has changed so significantly that, as a city traffic engineer, you are asked to develop a new signal design at this intersection for the NEXT YEAR.
A. The design is required by the city to be a three-phase cycle with leading left turn and no overlap. Draw a sketch of the intersection with arrows indicating the directions of traffic to illustrate your design.
B. The signal at this intersection is traffic-actuated, but you are going to work out a pre-timed signal design in your proposal. Describe the differences between a pre-time signal and a traffic-actuated signal. Under which circumstance a pre-timed signal design can be used for a traffic-actuated signal?
C. You are also asked to develop an alternative design for this intersection because the city received complaints of too much travel delay at this intersection. Based on the calculated cycle length, how are you going to develop this plan?
# Fundamentals of Transportation/Traffic Signals/Problem

An approach at a pretimed signalized intersection has an arrival rate of 500 veh/hr and a saturation flow rate of 3000 veh/hr. 30 seconds of effective green are given in a 100-second cycle. Analyze the intersection assuming D/D/1 queueing by describing the proportion of the cycle with a queue, the maximum number of vehicles in the queue, the total and average delay, and the maximum delay.
# Historical Geology/Cross-cutting relationships

Besides the principles already explained, we can determine the relative ages of various geological features by studying the way they intersect with one another: their cross-cutting relationships. In this article I shall explain how this can be done.

## The principle of cross-cutting relationships

The principle of cross-cutting relationships may be stated as follows: when one geological feature cuts through another, the former is the younger and the latter is the older of the two features.
For example, consider the diagram to the right.
The brown sedimentary rocks (A) must be older than the dike (B) that cuts through the strata; the dike must be older than the erosional surface which truncates it (C) which is older (by the principle of superposition) than the gray sedimentary rocks (D) which overlie it; this rock must be older than the dike (E) cutting through the gray strata; and then this dike must be older than the fault which cuts through it (F).
One exception might occur to you: what if we have an outcrop of rock which is then covered over by sediment? The outcrop will cut through the resulting sedimentary strata, but be the older of the two. Whether or not this is really an exception to the principle depends on how you look at it; but if we consider it to be an exception, it is a recognizable exception, for the outcrop would be weathered and eroded where it formerly projected above the surface, and from this erosional surface we would therefore be able to see that it was the older component of an unconformity.

## How do we know?

The reasoning behind these conclusions is actualism of the most straightforward sort. Is it really necessary to argue that an erosional surface is younger than the eroded rock, or that a fault is younger than the faulted rock? This is a matter as much of logic as of physics, for it is simply to assert that the surface of a thing cannot precede the thing.
Why must a dike or similar intrusion be younger than the rock into which it intrudes? Because a sheet of molten rock would not stand up by itself: where the magma forming a dike pierced through to the surface, then it would not go on up into the air building a dike, but rather it would ooze along the ground creating a lava flow.
Hence we can indeed use these cross-cutting relations to establish the relative ages of geological features.
← Walther's principle · Igneous rocks and stratigraphy →
# History of video games/Platforms/Tomy Tutor
## History
### Launch

The Tommy Tutor was launched in Japan in 1983.
An attempt was made to market the system in the USA, with Sarah Purcell acting as a spokeswoman in some marketing materials. These materials emphasized the ease of use of the system.

### Legacy

The computer is remembered for being fairly sturdy, and good for both education and games.
Noted game developer Masahiro Sakurai recounted using some publicly available Tommy Tutors in Maicon stores as a youth when he was out of allowance money.
This game console was mentioned in episode 11 of the 2020 anime Tonikawa: Over the Moon for You.

## Technology

While the specifications of the Tutor are often compared to some Texas Instruments computers, design differences make them quite differences in practice.

## Gallery
### Consumer View

* Tomy Tutor with controllers.
* Tomy Tutor from the front.
* Tomy Tutor from the front.
* Tomy Tutor from the rear.
* Tomy Tutor from the rear.
* Tomy Tutor from the user view.
* Tomy Tutor from the top down.
* The Tomy Tutor controllers.

### Part View

* Tomy Tutor casing.
* Tomy Tutor casing.
* Tomy Tutor casing.
* Tomy Tutor casing.
* Tomy Tutor open.
* Tomy Tutor open.
* Tomy Tutor open.
* Tomy Tutor open.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard and power supply.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard top.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard top.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard top.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard top.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard top.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard bottom.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard bottom.
* Tomy Tutor motherboard bottom.
* Tomy Tutor keyboard from top.
* Tomy Tutor keyboard from bottom.
* Tomy Tutor Power Supply.
* Tomy Tutor Power Supply.
* Tomy Tutor Power Supply.

## References

* ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
* ↑ "Tomy Tutor computer". oldcomputers.net. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
* ↑ "The Little Orphan Tomy Tutor: The Myth, The Marketing, The Muddle (The Purcell Pamphlet and the Tomy Tutor Demonstration Cartridge)". www.floodgap.com. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
* ↑ "11 Celebs Who Tried to Sell You PCs in the 1980s" (in en). PCMAG. https://www.pcmag.com/news/11-celebs-who-tried-to-sell-you-pcs-in-the-1980s.
* ↑ Loguidice, Bill (2 January 2018). "A look back at the weird, terrible keyboards of '70s and '80s PCs" (in en). PC Gamer. https://www.pcgamer.com/a-look-back-at-the-weird-terrible-keyboards-of-70s-and-80s-pcs/.
* ↑ "Latest Sakurai column discusses childhood and games that shaped him". GoNintendo. https://gonintendo.com/stories/361467-latest-sakurai-column-discusses-childhood-and-games-that-shaped-h.
* ↑ Martin, Theron (December 14, 2020). "TONIKAWA: Over The Moon For You ‒ Episode 11" (in en). Anime News Network. https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/tonikawa-over-the-moon-for-you/episode-11/.167388.
* ↑ "The Little Orphan Tomy Tutor: Texas Instruments vs. the Tomy Tutor". www.floodgap.com. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/TurboDuo

* PC Engine Duo with controller.
* TurboDuo with controller.

## History
### Launch

The PC Engine Duo saw a Japanese launch in September of 1991 for 59,800 yen.
The TurboDuo was launched in the United States in October of 1992 for $299. To advertise the system the mascot Johnny Turbo was created, who battled FEKA, a thinly veiled copy of SEGA.

### Legacy

The TurboDuo was discontinued in 1995.
Johnny Turbo was brought back as a character in the 2019 game Crystal Crisis.

## Technology

The TurboDuo is powered by twin 8-bit HuC6280A processors clocked at 7.16 Megahertz.
The TurboDuo has 256 kilobytes (2 Megabits) of RAM and 64 kilobytes of Video RAM.
The TurboDuo has 192 kilobytes of internal storage for saving games.

## Games

The TurboDuo runs PC Engine games, being a PC Engine with the CD and RAM expansions built in.

## Gallery
### Console Hardware

* The TurboDuo
* The TurboDuo
* The TurboDuo Rear
* The Rear of the PC Engine Duo

### Controllers and Accessories

* The TurboDuo Controller.
* The TurboDuo Controller.
* The TurboDuo Controller.
* The TurboDuo Controller Adapter.

### Internals

* TurboDuo motherboard from the front left.
* TurboDuo motherboard from the front right.
* TurboDuo motherboard from the back left.
* TurboDuo motherboard from the top.
* TurboDuo motherboard from the bottom.

## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "TurboDuo". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Johnny Turbo Story". sardoose.rustedlogic.net. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* ↑ "Review: Crystal Crisis". Destructoid. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "Crystal Crisis Is The Sequel Puzzle Fighter Fans Deserve". Kotaku. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "TurboDuo is Released!". www.gamezero.com. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/TurboExpress
## History
### Launch

Launched in 1990, the TurboExpress cost $250.
In 1992 the price of the Turbo Express was dropped to $199 and players were given four free games with a purchase of the system.

### Legacy

In 1994 TurboGrafx products were discontinued in North America.
1.5 million TurboExpress consoles were sold.

## Technology

The TurboExpress was essentially a portable TurboGrafx-16.

### Compute

The TurboExpress uses a customized NEC 6820 clocked at 7.6 megahertz.
The TurboExpress has eight kilobytes of RAM.

### Hardware

The resolution of the TurboExpress color LCD Active Matrix screen is 400 by 270 pixels.
The system is either powered by six AA batteries or an optional AC adapter.

## Notable games

The TurboExpress ran existing TurboGrafx-16 games released on Hu-Card.

## Gallery
### Console

* The back of the TurboExpress, showing its 6 AA battery bay.
* The back of the TurboExpres, with its ergonomic battery cover installed.

### TurboVision

* The Turbovision side, showing option buttons.

### Cables

* Link Cable

### Internals
## References

* ↑ "The 25 Best Gaming Handhelds, Ranked" (in en-us). The Bests. https://thebests.kotaku.com/the-25-best-gaming-handhelds-ranked-1840929205. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 "TurboGrafx-16 TurboExpress - Overview - allgame". web.archive.org. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
* ↑ "The TurboExpress Has Won the War - Defunct Games". www.defunctgames.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
* ↑ "The 10 Worst-Selling Handhelds of All Time Feature on GamePro.com". web.archive.org. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
* 1 2 "Turbo Express System Info". www.vgmuseum.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
* ↑ "PC Engine GT (TurboExpress)". Retrieved 25 November 2020.
* ↑ Swift, James. "The World Of Retro Handheld Consoles – Through The Generations". Pure Gaming. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "Turbo Express Handheld System - Player's Choice". www.playerschoicevideogames.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Tuttuki Bako
## Technology

The system used sensors to allow a finger to be used as the primary interaction of the system.

## References

* ↑ Melanson, Donald (2008-Nov-20). "Tuttuki Bako "poking box" lets you torment low-res creatures". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2008-11-20-tuttuki-bako-poking-box-lets-you-torment-low-res-creatures.html?guccounter=1.