# Esperanto/Appendix/Table of affixes
## Suffixes

| -aĉ- | Negative affect or a poor opinion of the object or action; makes the word derogatory | skribaĉi (to scrawl, from 'write'); veteraĉo (foul weather); domaĉo (a hovel, from 'house'); rigardaĉi (to gape at, from 'look at'); aĉa (rotten, awful); aĉaĵo (a piece of junk, from -aĵo); aĉigi (to spoil, ruin, with -igi) |
| -ad- | frequent, repeated, or continual action; as a noun, an action or process | kuradi (to keep on running); parolado (a speech, from 'talk, speak'); naĝado (swimming, from 'swim'); sangado (bleeding, from 'blood') |
| -aĵ- | a concrete manifestation; (with a noun root) a product | manĝaĵo (food, from 'eat'); novaĵo (news, a novelty, from 'new'); glaciaĵo (an ice[cream], from 'ice'); bovaĵo (beef, from 'bovine'); konstruaĵo (a building, from 'to build'); aĵo (a thing); |
| -ano | a member, follower, participant, inhabitant | kristano (a Christian); vilaĝano (a villager); usonano (a US American) [cf. amerikano (a continental American)]; ŝipano (a crew member); samkursano (a classmate, from 'same' and 'course'); samideano (a kindred spirit, from 'same' and 'idea'); ano (a member) |
| -ar- | a collective group without specific number | arbaro (a forest, from 'tree'); vortaro (a dictionary, from 'word' [a set expression]); homaro (humanity, from 'human' [a set expression; 'crowd, mob' is homamaso]); ŝafaro (a flock of sheep); kamparo (countryside, from 'field'); ŝiparo (a fleet of ships); anaro (a society [group of members], from -ano); aro (a herd, group, set) |
| -ĉjo | masculine affectionate form; the root is truncated | Joĉjo (Jack); Miĉjo (Mike); paĉjo (daddy); fraĉjo (bro); amiĉjo (dear friend) |
| -ebl- | possible, "-able" | kredebla (believable); videbla (visible); eble (possibly) |
| -ec- | an abstract quality, "-ness" | amikeco (friendship); boneco (goodness); italeca (Italianesque); infaneca (childish, from 'infano') |
| -eg- | augmentative; biggens or intensifies the word | domego (a mansion, from 'house'); virego (a giant, from 'man'); librego (a tome, from 'book'); varmega (boiling hot); grandega (huge); ridegi (to guffaw, from 'laugh'); ega (great, humongous) |
| -ejo | a place characterized by the root word | lernejo (a school, from 'to learn'), vendejo (a store, from 'to sell'), juĝejo (a court, from 'to judge'), kuirejo (a kitchen, from 'to cook'), hundejo (a kennel, from 'dog'), naĝejo (swimming pool, from 'to swim'); ejo (a place) |
| -ema | having a propensity or tendency towards an action | ludema (playful), parolema (talkative), kredema (credulous, from 'believe'); brulema (flammable, from 'burn'); timema (timid); emo (inclination); malema (unwilling, with mal-); eriĝema (friable) |
| -end- | mandatory | pagenda (payable); lavenda (must be washed); legendaĵo (required reading) |
| -ero | the smallest part | ĉenero (a link, from 'chain'); fajrero (a spark, from 'fire'); neĝero (a snowflake, from 'snow'); kudrero (a stitch, from 'sew'), lignero (a splinter, from 'wood'); panero (a crumb, from 'bread'); monero (a coin, from 'money') |
| -estr- | a leader, boss | lernejestro (a school principal [see -ejo]); urbestro (a mayor, from 'city'); ŝipestro (captain of a ship); estraro (board of directors, with -aro) |
| -et- | diminutive | dometo (a hut, from 'house'); libreto (a booklet); varmeta (lukewarm); rideti (to smile, from 'laugh'); rompeti (to crack, fracture, from 'break'); boleti (to simmer, from 'boil'); eta (small, little) |
| -iĉo | male (unofficial, neologism) | amikiĉo (a male friend); knabiĉo (a boy) |
| -ido | an offspring, young (of an animal) | katido (a kitten); reĝido (a prince, from 'king'); arbido (a sapling, from 'tree'); izraelido (an Israelite); ido (a kit, pup, kid, etc.) |
| -igi | to make, to cause (transitivizer/causative) | mortigi (to kill, from 'die'); purigi (to clean); konstruigi (to have built); igi (to cause) |
| -iĝ- | to become (intransitivizer/inchoative/middle voice) | amuziĝi (to enjoy oneself); naskiĝi (to be born); ruĝiĝi (to blush, from 'red'); aniĝi (to join, from -ano); iĝi (to become) |
| -ilo | an instrument | ludilo (a toy, from 'play'); tranĉilo (a knife, from 'cut'); helpilo (a remedy, from 'help'); skribilo (a pen, from 'to write'); ilo (a tool); ilaro (equipment, set of tools, with -aro) |
| -in- | female | bovino (a cow); patrino (a mother); amikino (a female friend); knabino (a girl); ino (a female); ina (female, feminine) |
| -inda | worthy of | memorinda (memorable); kredinda (credible, from 'believe'); fidinda (dependable, trustworthy, from 'trust'); plorindaĵo (something to cry about, from 'weep, cry' and -aĵo); inda (worthy) |
| -ing- | a holder, sheath | glavingo (a scabbard, from 'sword'); kandelingo (a candle-holder, candlestick); ovingo (an egg cup); ŝraŭbingo (a nut, from 'bolt'), piedingo (stirrup, from 'foot'); ingo (a socket etc.) |
| -ist- | someone who professionally, continually or preferably occupies themselves with an activity, or an adept or supporter of an idea. | instruisto (teacher); dentisto (dentist); abelisto (a beekeeper); komunisto (a communist); registaro (a government, from 'rule, govern' and -aro) |
| -it- | passive past participle; the past tense of the root word. | nomita (named); amita (loved); konstruita (built) |
| -njo | feminine affectionate form; the root is shortened | Jonjo (Joanie); Anjo (Annie); panjo (mommy); avinjo (granny); onjo (aunty) |
| -obl- | multiplication by the root number | duobla (double); trioble (triply); multobla (manifold); oble (multiplied by) |
| -on- | fraction | duono (a half); kvarono (a quarter); centono (one hundredth); ono (a fraction) |
| -op- | in a collective group of specific number | duope (two together; by twos: = po du); triopo (a threesome); triope (in threes, three by three); unuopa (isolated, individual) |
| -ujo | a container, country, a tree of a certain fruit | monujo (a purse, from 'money'); sukerujo (a sugarbowl, from 'sugar'); lavujo (a washbasin, from 'wash'); abelujo (a beehive, from 'bee'); Anglujo (England); Kurdujo (Kurdistan, the Kurdish lands); pomujo (appletree); ujo (a container) |
| -ul- | one characterized by the root | junulo (a youth); sanktulo (a saint, from 'holy'); mamulo (a mammal, from 'breast'); bonulo (a good person); longharulino (a woman with long hair, from longa 'long' and haroj 'hair'); aĉulo (a wretch, from the suffix aĉ); etulino (a wisp of a girl); ulo (a fellow) |
| -um- | undefined ad hoc suffix when no other suffix is appropriate (used sparingly: see list) | kolumo (a collar, from 'neck'); kalkanumo (shoe-heel, from 'heel of foot'); krucumi (to crucify, from 'cross'); malvarmumo (a cold, from 'cold'); plenumi (to fulfill, from 'full'); brakumi (to hug, from 'arm'); amindumi (to woo, from 'lovable' [see -ind]); mondumo (high society, from 'world'); komunumo (a community, from 'common'); proksimume (approximately, from 'near') |

## Prefixes

| bo- | relation by marriage, -in-law | bopatro (a father-in-law); bofratino (sister-in-law) |
| dis- | separation, scattering | disĵeti (to throw about, from 'throw'); dissendi (to broadcast, from 'send'); disdoni (to distribute, from 'give') |
| ek- | beginning, sudden, or momentary action (often perfective) | ekbruli (to catch fire, from 'burn'); ekdormi (to fall asleep); ekami (to fall in love); ekkrii (to cry out); ekvidi (to catch sight of); ekde (since); ek al la batalo! (off to war!); ek! (hop to!) |
| eks- | former, ex- | eksedzo (an ex-husband); eksprezidanto (ex-president); eksa (former); eksiĝi (resign, leave office); eksigi (to sack, to fire) |
| fi- | shameful, nasty, disgusting, filthy | fihomo (a wicked person); fimensa (foul-minded); fivorto (a profane word); fibesto (vermin, from 'animal, beast'); fiherbo (a weed, from 'grass'); fia (vile); fi! (For shame!); Fi al vi! (Shame on you!) |
| ge- | both sexes together | gepatroj (parents); gesinjoroj (ladies and gentlemen); la geZamenhofoj (the Zamenhofs); geonkloj (uncles and aunts) |
| mal- | exact opposite of the root word | malgranda (small, from 'large'); malriĉa (poor, from 'rich'); malplena (empty, from 'full'); maldekstre (on the left, from dekstra 'right'); malami (to hate); malaperi (to disappear); malo (the opposite) |
| mis- | incorrectly, awry | miskompreni (to misunderstand); misakuzi (to wrongly accuse); misfamigi (to defame, slander, from famo 'fame' and the causative suffix -ig); mise (incorrectly) |
| pra- | great-(grand-), primordial, primitive, proto- | praavo (a great-grandfather); prapatro (a forefather); prabesto (a prehistoric beast); prahistoria (prehistoric); prahindeŭropa (Proto-Indoeuropean) |
| re- | over again, back again | resendi (to send back); rekonstrui (to rebuild); resalti (to rebound, from 'jump'); rediri (to repeat); reaboni (to renew a subscription, from 'subscribe'); rebrilo (reflection, glare, from 'shine'); reira bileto (a return ticket, from iri 'to go'); refoje (once again, from '[x] times'); ĝis (la) revido (au revoir, from ĝis 'until' and vido 'sight') |