OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Future Media/Media Convergence

In the early 21'st century, a new arena began emerging in technology. The integration of multiple functions that have in the past been confined to individual devices, into a single device. Simply put, one gadget that can perform the job of multiple devices. Until recently, the only machine capble of handling such tasks was the personal computer and computing technology. However, as more and more advances in the technological field were pioneered, items like CD/MP3/DVD players, PDA's and even camera phones began to emerge. Today, such devices are commonplace and not so much a marvel as before. Almost all cellular phones made today have some multi-tasking component integrated into their functionality, with more and more being added each year. Perfect examples of these advanced phones would be the p990, from (Sony Ericsson), which along with the Motorolas Blackberry Phone, was one of the very first PDA/Camera/MP3/Internet devices on the commercial market in the US. Of course, advancements such as these were already made in countries like Japan and Europe, thus are not so much of a surprise to their cultures. However, in the US, technology such as this is still relatively new and extremely costly as well, which is one of the few disadvantages to such devices.
Is the iPhone a music player, video viewer, web browser, GPS, telephone or PDA? The Apple company would answer "yes".
Where will the convergence of media and media management devices (and perhaps everything in society) end? What else can be "converged" after the iPhone? Why are things converging? What, in our society, has not converged and probably never should?
# Future Media/Other Topics

List and address your own topics on this page.
# Future Media/Social Networking - An On-Line Phenomenon

On-line social networking is a web phenomenon almost beyond compare. At least ten million people have dated on-line as of the beginning of 2008 and the average Myspace site is getting forty hits per day.
If a large part of success is "all about who you know", is on-line social networking the most effective way to build a sphere of friends? Are Facebook and Myspace trends that have reshaped the course of social interaction, or just a total waste of time?
# Future Media/User Generated Media

In the Bible, the book of Genesis says that God made man so he would have someone to fellowship and interact with. It also says that people are made in God's image. Perhaps this helps explain why people are so much more compulsive about interactive media than conventional, traditional, less interactive media (for about five years now, blockbuster video games have made more money than all of the major films combined).
Perhaps the ultimate interactive media is that which an audience creates themselves. Will user generated content replace the media produced by "professionals"? Why does Youtube overwhelm network television shows in viewership? Isn't quality and professional experience important any more? Why do people watch grainy, stupid videos on Youtube? Will they continue to do so, or is this just a brief interlude of bad taste?
# Future Media/Using Wikibooks.org and Facebook.com As Communication Tools For This Class

This Future Media Class students will write their own text as a WIKIbook. Informal discussions about this course in Facebook can be used in this WIKI where thoughts are formalized in an on-line text book outlined by teachers.
Guidelines and suggestions for the use of Facebook as a social networking tool and WIKIbooks as an information sharing tool are as follows:
1. Every student should communicate in Facebook at least four times per week and more often when class activities require it.
2. Students are encouraged to use the discussion board in Facebook for ongoing topics. New "Topics" can be at any time and a history of all interactions in Facebook will be used to partially determine a course grade.
3. New chapters can be added to the WIKI, but students are requested to let professors in the relevant discipline (art, music, multimedia, business) know when a section of the book is added . The editing and contribution of text, photos, URL links, etc. is expected.
4. In order to stay current with the class, students are responsible to read Facebook messages Monday through Friday and on weekends when possible.
5. Students are encouraged to address Facebook comments to specific students and teachers when appropriate. Occasionally it will be appropriate to message every class member from Facebook.
_________________

## What is Facebook?

Facebook is the second largest social network on the web, and continues to grow.
http://mashable.com/2006/08/25/facebook-profile/
# Future Media/Media Fads Vs Paradigm Shifts

How can you tell the difference between a media fad and new paradigm shift that might have eternal consequences? What determines whether we should invest our time and effort or not?
Post the best of your seven "New Paradigm Shifts" in this space. Follow my example below by indicating your name and information source:
Eland: http://www.red.com/cameras
Digital video cameras are one of the hottest and most competitive products in the market. Over the years, billions have been spent in research and development by companies like Sony, Panasonic, JVC, Canon and a dozen more. How on earth did the CEO of Oakley sunglasses come up with a device that seems to have trumped them all?
The Red One camera shoots a better picture at less cost and seems to have opened the door to thousands of wanna-be's with talent that might be equal to Stephen Speilberg's. Affordable, phenomenal quality video means that every paradigm in the film industry related to finance, distribution and profits has been turned on its head. Orders are so backlogged for the Red One right now that it will probably take years to understand what the real consequences of it are within the movie industry.
# Future Media/Multi-sensory Media Is About To Explode

For several years, media researchers have demonstrated movies that you can taste, smell, and feel. Multimedia developement indicates that people crave any experience that more closely resembles their real-world (TV instead of radio, color TV instead of black and white, high def. TV over standard definition TV, etc.).
Is multisensory multimedia inevitable? Will it replace or supplement books and other conventional media? When will it become available for general consumption at an affordable price? If completely immersive multisensory multimedia becomes common place, what are the implications for you and the rest of society?
# Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Educator as a Professional

    Why do teachers teach?
    Why do teachers leave the profession?
    Is teaching a profession?
    How do the ideals of teacher training differ from reality?
    What do I need to do to become a teacher?
    Are the best teachers highly qualified?
    What are some non-traditional educational careers?
# Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Effective Schools

    What makes a school effective?
    How can mentoring support new teachers?
    Is pre-kindergarten the solution to early intervention?
    What are the benefits of school and community partnerships?
    How can we create positive learning environments?
# Horticulture/Sooty Mold

Sooty Molds :
| Type: | Fungi |
| Conditions: | Grows on the excretions of hemipteran pests |
| Hosts: | Non-specific |
| Parasitism type: | Non-parasitic |
Sooty mold is a fungus which grows from the sugary honeydew secreted by aphids, scales, the whitefly, and other insects which suck sap from their host plants.

## Symptoms and Signs

The name itself is descriptive, as sooty mold is a black, powdery coating on the leaves. Look for sooty mold on new growth and leaves, since these insects prefer soft tissue. The fungus itself does little harm to the plant; it merely blocks sunlight and very rarely may stunt a plant's growth and yellow its foliage. Thus, sooty mold is essentially a cosmetic problem, as it is unsightly and can take over a plant in a matter of days or weeks.

## Host Range

Sooty mold affects ornamentals such as azaleas, gardenias, camellias, crepe myrtles, and laurels. Plants located under pecan or hickory trees are more susceptible to sooty mold because honeydew-secreting insects often inhabit these trees, and the honeydew can drip down to the plants below.

## Controls

* Exclusion: Control hemipteran pests to avoid the creation of honeydew
* Cultural Controls: Overhead irrigation
* Chemical Controls (organic): Soaps
* Disposal: Safe in all compost systems

## Treatment

There are several means of treating sooty mold. In essence, they all boil down to controlling the pest(s) secreting the honeydew on the plant. Without honeydew there is no sooty mold.
Some options include:
* Using systemic insecticides such as orthene, malathion, or diazinon. Always follow all instructions on such fungicides, and never use these on plants which produce fruit or vegetables.
* Using insecticidal soap, dish soap, or detergent dissolved in water and sprayed on the plant. Allow to sit and then use a hose to wash off the sooty mold. Most recommend one tablespoon per gallon of water. (Note: this only removes the sooty mold, and some of the insects. It does not solve the long-term insect problem.)
The above treatments do not permanently stop sooty mold or the insects which secrete honeydew. It is best, if you grow plants prone to the fungus, to use these treatments preventively.
# Horticulture/Square Foot Gardening

Square Foot Gardening is a type of intensive gardening popularized by author and horticulturist Mel Bartholemew. It is based on the idea that the wide rows in conventional home gardening are a waste of time, work, water and space, and that more quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less effort.
In this method, the garden space is divided into beds (a 4' x 4', 16 sq ft or 120cm x 120cm, 1.4m² garden being recommended) and separated by paths. These beds are further divided into squares of approximately one square foot, and planted with your vegetables. Common spacing is one plant/square for larger plants such as Broccoli, Basil, etc.. four/square for medium large plants like Lettuce, nine/square for medium-small plants like Spinach, and sixteen/square for small plants such as Onions and Carrots. The beds are weeded and watered from the pathways, so the garden soil is not compacted.

## Benefits of Square Foot Gardening

* Much less work. Conventional gardening requires heavy tools to loosen the soil, whereas in this method, the soil is never compacted and it remains loose and loamy. Weeding takes much less time due to the compact nature of the garden.
* Water Savings. Due to the nature of the soil and its water-holding capacities, this type of garden needs water less frequently than other methods. Also, water is placed very near the plant roots, wasting very little in the process. It also increases your harvest due to the rich soil mixture.
* Very little weeding. One benefit of this close planting is that the vegetables form a living mulch, and shade out many weed seeds before they have a chance to germinate.
* Pesticide / Herbicide Free. Natural insect repellent methods like companion planting (i.e. planting marigolds or other naturally pest-repelling plants) become very efficient in a close space and thus, pesticides are not necessary. The large variety of crops in a small space also prevents plant diseases from spreading easily.
* Accessibility. A plywood bottom can be attached to the bottom of a box, which can then be placed on a raised platform for elderly or disabled persons to use.

## Summary of Methods

* Layout. Don't think in rows, think in squares. Start with a 4 foot by 4 foot box.
* Boxes. Create boxes to hold new soil above the ground.
* Aisles. Leave at least 3 feet between boxes for walking aisles.
* Soil. Use 1/3 good, diverse compost, 1/3 peat moss, 1/3 coarse vermiculite. (Coarse vermiculite may be hard to obtain, especially in UK).
* Grid. Make a grid for the top of each box in 1 foot by 1 foot squares.
* Care. Never walk on or compress the soil.
* Select. Plant a different crop, herb, or flower in each square foot. Depending on the spacing indicated on the seed packet, plant 1, 4, 9 or 16 per grid square.
* Plant. Don't waste seeds. Plant only 1-3 seeds per hole.
* Water. Don't waste water - water by hand directly to the base of the plant.
* Harvest. Add a trowel full of a good, diverse compost after each harvest.

## See also

Square foot gardening is especially compatible with:
* Raised Bed Gardening
* Companion Planting
* Organic Gardening
# Horticulture/Stellaria media

Common Chickweed :
| Binomial: | Stellaria media |
| Type: | Winter annual |
| Seed Dispersal: | Spread primarily by foot traffic, tools, etc. |
| Germination Time: | Autumn |
| Vegetative Spread: | Forms mats |
The common chickweed (Stellaria media) is a cool-season annual plant native to Europe. The plant germinates in fall or late winter, then forms large mats of foliage. Flowers are small and white, followed quickly by the seed pods. This plant flowers and sets seed at the same time, and the seed pods explode when mature to disperse the seeds.

## Description

Common chickweed is a low, mat-forming plant, present throughout the cool seasons and winter, but dying during hot weather. The roots are very fine, and the crown easily breaks away if pulled from very dry or frozen soils, allowing the plant to regrow.

## Ecology

In both Europe and North America this plant is an invasive weed of gardens, fields, and disturbed grounds. Control is difficult due to the heavy seed sets.

## Uses

The plant has uses in folk medicine; 17th century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. It can also be tolerated as a winter soil cover.

## Control

* Mowing: Not effective (a lawn weed)
* Cultivation: Cultivation is effective for seedlings, but even very young plants produce copious seed.
* Mulching (for prevention): Mulches provide good control
* Pulling: Pulling can be difficult, because the roots break off easily.
* Flame: Effective where appropriate, if using as a winter cover, flaming can help prevent or reduce reseeding the following autumn
* Pre-emergents (organic): Corn Gluten Meal, applied starting in late summer.
* Disposal: Hot piles only if seeds are present
# Horticulture/Spiraea thunbergii

Thunberg's Meadowsweet :
| Binomial: | Spiraea thunbergii |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Type: | shrub |
| Light requirements: | full sun |
Spiraea thunbergii (Thunberg's meadowsweet, Baby's Breath Spiraea, or Thunberg's Spiraea) is a plant in the rose family, native to Japan and China, and a popular landscape shrub in southeastern U.S.

## Description

Spiraea thunbergii is a small, long-lived shrub with thin, flexible stems. The flowers are white, borne in early spring (late March to early April) and late fall. It reaches a height of 1.5-1.8 meters (4-6 ft) and is about as wide. The alternate, simple, almost linear leaves are semideciduous.

## Growing Conditions

Grows and flowers best in full sun.

## Varieties

This species forms an interspecific hybrid with Spiraea japonica L. fil.
In the horticultural trade one can obtain several varieties of Spiraea thunbergii, such as 'Mt Fuji' (white flowers), 'Ogon' (bright yellow flowers), 'Mellow yellow' and 'Fugino pink'

## Uses

This plant produces phytotoxic cis-cinnamoyl glucosides and cis-cinnamic acid The plant-growth inhibition characteristics can be used against diverse species as lettuce (Lactuca saliva), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), red clover (Trifolium pratense), timothy (Phleum pratense), and bok choy (Brassica rapa var chinensis). The characteristics of these natural chemicals indicate a potential role of cis-cinnamic acid and its glucosides as allelochemicals (chemicals, released from plants, that cause an interaction between plants and other living organisms) for use as plant growth regulators and weed suppression in agricultural fields and in natural ecosystems.

## Maintenance

Prune in spring just after flowers. Can be grown as a cutback shrub, or trimmed as a hedge.

## Propagation

Propagated by stem or root cuttings.

## References

* ↑ Horticultural Research (Japan)(2006): Floral Characteristics of Interspecific Hybrids between Spiraea thunbergii Sieb. ex Blume. and S. japonica L. fil.
* ↑ Phytochemistry. 2004 Mar., v. 65, no. 6 p. 731-739
* ↑ Journal of chemical ecology 2005, vol. 31, no3, pp. 591-601
* Spiraea thunbergii
# Horticulture/Spring Cleanup

Spring cleanup is among the busiest times in the garden, involving both cleaning up anything that wasn't taken care of in the fall cleanup, as well as getting the garden ready for the new season.
Step one - checkup:
* Lawn
** Check for broadleaf weeds, unwelcome grasses, bare spots
* Garden Beds
** Check for early weeds, perennials in need of cutback, bare spots needing filling, low spots, etc.
* Trees and Shrubs
** Broken/dead limbs
* Soil and drainage issues
** gullies, puddles, etc.
Step two - cleanup:
* Lawn
* Garden Beds
* Trees and Shrubs
* Soil and drainage
# Introduction to Psychology/Intelligence
## Intelligence

The concept of intelligence is, in many ways, culturally bound. Not all languages or cultural groups have a word equivalent to "intelligence;" to cultures in which academic work and achievement are unimportant, the idea of "intelligence" is moot.

## IQ

In 1904, the French Ministry of Education asked Alfred Binet to come up with a way to identify children who would need remedial help with schoolwork. They wanted to identify these children as early as possible. In 1912, William Stern developed a formula often misattributed to Binet or Lewis Terman to capture the essence of Binet's work: Intelligence Quotient = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100. This is typically written: IQ = MA/CA X 100. In other words, if a child of 6 years (CA) is achieving at the same level as his 6-year-old peers (MA), his IQ = 6/6 x 100, or 100. For this reason, the score of 100 became the "average" IQ, and remains so today.

## Theories of Intelligence

Since Binet, psychologists have gone back and forth between believing intelligence is one thing and believing it consists of many talents or intelligences. Many of the most reliable modern intelligence tests are based on the idea of intelligence as one thing (in keeping with Binet's original mission, typically something that is highly correlated with academic achievement), but proponents of multiple intelligences argue that

### One Thing or Many?
#### General (g), Crystallized (gc), and Fluid Intelligence (gf)
## Assessment of Intelligence
### The Bell Curve

the testing of iq
# Introduction to Psychology/Introspection

Introspection, in psychology, means to examine experience for its constituents, or elements. It was utilized by the first psychologist (Wilhelm Wundt) as a method of discovering the elements of conscious experience. Basically, Wundt showed visual stimuli to well-trained subjects and asked them what elements they were experiencing. The method proved to be unreliable as other researchers, using other subjects, discovered other elements than Wundt. Wundt's first student in America, Bradford Titchner, had just such a long-running disagreement with Wundt.
The common use of "introspection" today is to look inward in an effort toward self-understanding. While both the present-day and the historical uses of the term utilize observations of unknown veracity, it is important to note that psychology, historically, used the method to examine sensory phenomena to deduce elements of mental experience, not explanations for individual behavior.
# Introduction to Psychology/Learning

* Learning
* Law of Effect
* Conditioning
* Classical Conditioning
   * Stimulus
      * Pavlov's Experiment
         * Watson and Rayner's experiment with Classical Conditioning
         * Summarized version of Watson and Rayner's experiment.
    Behavior Modification
* Observational Learning
* Experiential Learning
Kolb's learning theory hypothesizes that there are 4 major learning styles: activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist. Each style means that individuals have a preferred way of learning.
An activist prefers to learn by doing - getting involved in activities in a hands-on way. A reflector learns best by thinking about actions and considering questions that have been posed. A theorist is a person who prefers to learn by considering ideas, concepts, models and theories. A pragmatist learns best by considering how an idea, concept, or experience would work best when applied in a new or different situation.
# Introduction to Psychology/Memory

Introduction: Memory at Wikipedia
* Long-term memory and short-term memory.
* Working memory
* Storing Knowledge
* Retrival
* Amnesia
* Repression
* Memory in Childhood
* Eyewitness Testimony
* Flashbulb Memories
# Introduction to Psychology/Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Industrial and organizational psychology (I/O) is among the newest fields in psychology. Industrial Psychology focuses on improving, evaluating, and predicting job performance while Organizational Psychology focuses on how organizations impact and interact with individuals. In 1910, through the works and experiments of Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott, Industrial Psychology became recognized as a legitimate part of the social science [3]. Organizational Psychology was not officially added until the 1970s and since then, the field has flourished. The Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology has approximately 3400 professional members and 1900 student members. These two numbers combine to make up only about four percent of the members in the American Psychology Association but the number has been rising since 1939 when there were only one hundred professional I/O psychologists [3].
I/O psychologists are employed by academic institutions, consulting firms, internal human resources in industries, and governmental institutions. Various universities across the United States are beginning to strengthen their I/O Psychology programs due to the increase of interest and job demand in the field [3].
Industrial organizational psychologists look at questions regarding things such as who to hire, how to define and measure successful job performance, how to prepare people to be more successful in their jobs, how to create and change jobs so that they are safer and make people happier, and how to structure the organization to allow people to achieve their potential.[3]
Human factors psychology is the study of how cognitive and psychological processes affect our interaction with tools and objects in the environment. The goal of research in human factors psychology is to better design objects by taking into account the limitations and biases of human mental processes and behavior.
# Introduction to Psychology/Judgment and Decision Making

The psychology of judgment and decision making deals with numerous psychological factors and events, including moral intuitions and performance, intuitive and heuristic modes of evaluating and choosing, conscious reasoning modeled after Western logic, and the factors and biases that affect one's choice of choosing method and the performance of the method itself. As with all mental events, underlying this general topic are the neuroscientific and biological factors that modulate the uses of the various sub-mechanisms.
Fight or Flight Response.
# Indian Mythology/Concepts

* Loka
* Elements
# Indian Mythology/Legends

Myths and legends (in no particular order):
# Indian Mythology

Indian mythology is among the richest and oldest in the world, as it is closely associated with the oldest religion of the world - Hinduism. This book a humble effort to introduce most common and interesting features of the Hindu Mythology. Clearly, this book has nothing to do with Hinduism, promoting Hinduism or making any claims about Hinduism. The purpose of this book is to serve as a collection of information which will be helpful to a student of faculties like Hinduism, Indology or Hindu culture.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Scriptures
** Epics
** Veda
* Concepts
** Loka
** Elements
* Deities
** Gods
* Scholars
** Rishis
* Legends