OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Basic Computer Security

Map of Computer Security
| | 🍎 Targets | 🚪 Weaknesses | 🛡️ Defenses | 🐛 Threats |
| general | Software system | Vulnerability | Operating system security Secure by design IDS | Malware Viruses Cyberattack |
| Authentication | Identity | Leaked, stolen, weak passwords Security through obscurity Default Credential vulnerability | Login Password MFA Digital signature | Password cracking Keystroke logging Phishing |
| Authorization | Privilege | Debugging and administration tools Default permissions Backdoor | Principle of least privilege ACL | Privilege escalation |
| Network | Availability Message authentication Session | Broadband access | Firewalls DDoS mitigation Message authentication code TLS, HSTS, WPA3 | Web exploits Cross-site scripting Denial-of-service attacks MITM Session hijacking |
| Data | Privacy Data integrity Confidentiality Sensitive information | Data access | Data security Encryption Data erasure Chain of trust Canary trap NBDE | Data breach Cryptographic attacks Tampering Ransomware |
| Application | Code | Arbitrary code execution Security bug Buffer overflow | Security testing Defensive programming Secure coding Buffer overflow protection NX bit ASLR | Code injection Exploits |
| Social networks | Private account CC Ad credit | Weak passwords Password recovery | Security awareness | Phishing Social engineering |
| Artificial intelligence | Machine learning | DL Cyber threat, Deepfake | AI safety, ML defenses, CLEVER score | Adversarial machine learning |

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* General Security and Passwords
* Malware
** Viruses
** Trojans
** Spyware
** Adware
** Removing & Preventing Malware
** Why some computers still get sick
* Web
** Choose a Better Browser
** HTTP, HTTPS and SSL
** Email Security
** Enhancing Web Services Security
* Online Security Good Practices
* Data Encryption
* Personal Information and Privacy
* Ethical Hacking
* Further reading
Working - A workbench area for contributors.
# Basic Computer Security/Malware/Adware
## Adware

When people started inserting ads into their web pages and earning money, someone got the wonderful idea of spreading a trojan program that would load random ads every time the internet was accessed.
Someone else got the idea of tracing people's accesses to their sites from the users' perspective, and thus allowing them to count the number of repeat calls the same user made.
Essentially just marketing schemes, these programs were easily modified by hackers, and created a class of malware called adware that constantly dunned the user with random adds some of which where totally inappropriate, or just set there quietly logging each access to internet sites. A clear breach in security. Usually this was combined with a cookie authorization scheme and the computer did not realize that the cookie was changing between samples.
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Animals

* Domestic Animals
* Wild Animals
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Boots and Shoes
## Blacking, Recipe for

Three gills of vinegar, 4 oz. of ivory black, l oz. of oil of vitriol, l oz. of sperm oil, two table-spoonfuls of treacle, two table-spoonfuls of sugar. Put the oil, ivory black, treacle, and sugar into a bowl together, stir them up well, then add the vinegar. Let it remain two or three days before adding the vitriol; then bottle it, taking care to have the corks well resined. It is best to keep it six months, but it may be used directly.
The country house, a collection of useful information and recipes, ed. by I ... By Country house

## Water Soaked Boots or Shoes, Drying

When the boots or shoes become water-soaked, it is a splendid plan to fill them full of oats or barley, if at hand. The grain rapidly absorbs the moisture and, in expanding, prevents the boot or shoe from shrinking.
Mountain scouting: a handbook for officers and soldiers on the frontiers ... By Edward Samuel Farrow
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man
## Contents

* Acetic Acid
* Acids
* Agriculture
* Animals
* Boots and Shoes
* Bow and Arrows
* Camping and Hiking
* Carpentry and Woodworking
* Cattle
* Chemistry
* Citric Acid
* Cooking
* Dairy
* Farm Work by Month
* Gunpowder
* Hunting
* Indian Lore
* Lime
* Masonry
* Measurements
* Medical Emergencies
* Metal Alloys
* Primitive Technology
* Seeds
* Soil, Improving
* Survival
* Traps and Snares
* Travel, Primitive
* Vinegar
* Water, Purification and Filtration
* Water Supply
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Animals/Wild Animals
## Blue-Bird

The backwoods of Canada: being letters from the wife of an emigrant officer ... By Catherine Parr Traill

## California Ground Squirrel (Citellus beecheyi)

The National geographic magazine, Volume 33 By National Geographic Society (U.S.)
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Carpentry and Woodworking

* Carving and Whittling
* Rustic Woodworking
* Sloyd System of Woodworking Training
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Acetic Acid
## See also

Acids; Vinegar
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Acids
## See also

Chemistry, also names of acids
List of subject headings for use in dictionary catalogs By Mary Josephine Briggs, American Library Association
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Circe/483
## Annotations

Contact with a goldring, they say It is still a common superstition that contact with a gold ring will cure a stye. This, apparently, is based on the myth that styes (and acne) occur in young women at the onset of menstruation due to sexual repression or masturbation. The cure is marriage (i.e. contact with a gold wedding ring).
Argumentum ad feminam (Latin) Argument to the woman. Argumentum ad hominem (argument to the person) is the name of a fallacious form of reasoning in which one attempts to refute a statement by discrediting the person who asserts that statement. Argumentum ad feminam generally denotes a fallacy in which the lynchpin of the argument reflects poorly on female nature. Virag seems to be alluding to the myth (see the previous annotation) that styes in young women are caused by sexual repression or masturbation, the cure being marriage to a man.

## References

* ↑ Gifford (1988) 494.
* ↑ Inman, W. S. (1946). "Styes, Barley and Wedding Rings". The British Journal of Medical Psychology. John Wiley & Sons. 20 (4): 331–338.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 494. Thornton (1968) 396.
# Basic Geology/Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the solid shell of a rocky planet called earth. That means the crust and the upper part of the mantle which is joined to the crust (see picture on the right).
Under the lithosphere, there is the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle.
The lithosphere is the surface layer of the fluid parts of the Earth's convection system, therefore it thickens over time. It is broken up into pieces called plates (shown in the picture on the left), which move independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric plates is described as plate tectonics.
The division of Earth's outer layers into the lithosphere and asthenosphere should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of the outer Earth into mantle, and crust. All crust is in the lithosphere, but the lithosphere generally contains more mantle than the crust.
There are two types of lithosphere:
* Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with Oceanic crust
* Continental lithosphere, which is associated with Continental crust
Oceanic lithosphere is typically about 50-100 km thick (but beneath the mid-ocean ridges is no thicker than the crust). The continental lithosphere is thicker (about 150 km). It consists of about 50 km of crust and 100 km or more of the uppermost mantle.
The oceanic lithosphere consists mainly of mafic crust and ultramafic mantle and is denser than the continental lithosphere, for which the mantle is associated with a crust made of felsic rocks. The crust is distinguished from the upper mantle by the change in chemical composition that takes place at the Moho discontinuity. The oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge. This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into the lithospheric mantle, and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly dense with age. Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than the asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years, but after this becomes increasingly denser than the asthenosphere. The gravitational instability of the mature oceanic lithosphere has the effect that at subduction zones the oceanic lithosphere invariably sinks underneath the overriding lithosphere, which can be oceanic or continental. The new oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones. As a result, the oceanic lithosphere is much younger than the continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 170 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.
Another distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive plate tectonic motions, the lithosphere responds essentially as a rigid shell and thus deforms primarily through brittle failure, whereas the asthenosphere (the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere) is heat-softened and accommodates strain through plastic deformation.
# Basic Geology/Volcanism

There are three types of lavas formed by volcanoes — Mafic, Intermediate, and Felsic. But it is believed that the magma present at the magma chamber, means at the asthenosphere is of basic composition. When it moves towards the surface of the earth, the broken fragments of country rocks digested within the magma and its composition gradually changes from basic to acidic.

## Mafic (Basaltic)

* %SiO2: < 50%
* %FeMg: 4%
* Temp: up to 1500C
* Viscosity: Low
* Eruptive Behavior: gentle
* Distribution: divergent plate boundaries, hot spots, convergent plate boundaries

## Intermediate (Andesitic)

* %SiO2: ~60%
* %FeMg: ~3%
* Temp: ~1000C
* Viscosity: Intermediate
* Eruptive Behavior: explosive
* Distribution: convergent plate boundaries

## Felsic (Rhyolitic)

* %SiO2: >70%
* %FeMg: 2%
* Temp: 700C
* Viscosity: High
* Eruptive Behavior: explosive
* Distribution: hot spots in continental crusts (Yellowstone National Park), convergent plate boundaries
# Basic Geology/Introduction

Geology is the study of the things that make up Earth. Geologists have used geology to find out many things about Earth, such as that it is about 4.6 billion years old.
The goal of this book is to give you a basic understanding of the topic of geology. The hope is that once you learn about the basics you will be encouraged to spread out your knowledge into whatever aspects you find most interesting. There are many different subtopics within Geology as within Earth Sciences in general. Familiarizing yourself with the main fields of interest is a good way to get started.
There are various resources within other Wikimedia sister projects that will be linked within the material. It is highly recommend to utilize these, particularly reference material from WikiSource and related imagery from the Wikimedia commons galleries.
# Basic Geology/Mantle

Earth's mantle is the 2,900 km thick rocky shell making up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is mostly solid and lies over the Earth's iron-rich core, which takes up about 15% of Earth's volume. Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.
On March 5, 2007, a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went on a voyage to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering. The anomaly is located midway between the Cape Verdes Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean. It lies about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.
# Basic Geology/Oceanic Crust

Oceanic crust is the part of Earth's lithosphere that surfaces in the ocean basins. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima. It is thinner than continental crust, or sial, generally less than 10 kilometers thick, however it is denser, having a mean density of about 3.3 grams per cubic centimeter.
# Basic Geology/Outer Core

The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,261 km thick composed of iron and nickel which lies above the Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies approximately 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km beneath the Earth's surface.
The temperature of the outer core ranges to 4400 °C (7952 °F) and to 6100 °C (11012 °F)near the inner core. Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field. The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition similar to that of the inner core. Sulfur and oxygen could also be present in the outer core.
Without the outer core, life on Earth would be very different. Scientists believe that the convection of liquid metals in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetic field extends outward from the Earth for several thousand kilometers, and creates a protective bubble around the Earth that deflects the Sun's solar wind. Without this field, the solar wind would have blasted away our atmosphere, and Earth would be lifeless like Mars.
# Basic Geology/Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics is a theory that almost all of the world's scientists believe is true. It involves tectonic plates: puzzle-like formations under the Earth's crust that are floating on a layer of magma called the mantle. The mantle is a layer of the earth. The crust is another, it is what we live on. Tectonic plates are part of a layer called the lithosphere. The lithosphere floats on a section of the upper mantle called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is a place where hot magma swirls in a convection current. This current causes the movement of the tectonic plates.
Tectonic plates are constantly moving around, colliding, and drifting apart. The edges where two plates meet is called a "plate boundary". Sometimes plates move apart from one another; this is called divergence. Sometimes plates move toward one another; this is called convergence. Convergence can cause one plate to slide underneath the other; this is called subduction. A transform plate boundary is when the edges of two plates don't converge or diverge, but slide alongside each other.
When plates converge, diverge or slide past each other, it can cause earthquakes and tsunamis. Additionally, most volcanoes are formed at or near plate boundaries. Some volcanoes are formed at divergent plate boundaries. This is because when two plates part, it allows the mantle beneath them to melt into magma, which then rises between the plates to form volcanoes. The island of Iceland was formed in this manner. Other volcanoes are found at or near subduction zones, where an oceanic plate is forced underneath either a continental plate or another oceanic plate. The top of the subducting plate contains a significant amount of surface water, as well as water contained in hydrated minerals within the seafloor basalt. As the subducting plate descends to greater and greater depths, it encounters higher temperatures and greater pressures which cause the plate to release the water into the mantle wedge above it. This water has the effect of lowering the melting temperature of the mantle, thus causing it to melt. The melted mantle, called magma, then rises upward to produce a series of volcanoes. The Cascade volcanoes in North America, and the volcanoes of the Lesser Antilles, are two examples of this. However, a few volcanoes are formed far from plate boundaries. These volcanoes are formed above hot spots in the mantle, and are called "hot spot volcanoes". The Hawaiian islands, for example, were formed in this way.
# Basic Geology/Mesosphere

The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. The mesosphere is located from about 50 km to 80-90 km altitude above Earth's surface.
# Basic Geology/Structure and Composition of the Earth

The crust is the outer-most layer of the earth, the layer we live on. There are two kinds of crust: the continental and the oceanic. The continental crust lies beneath land and it varies from 35-70km thick. The oceanic crust lies under seas and oceans (not just any body of water) and ranges from 5-10km thick. Under the crust is a layer called the lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of giant, puzzle-like pieces of rock called tectonic plates. Continents have their own plates with oceanic plates and minor plates filling in the gaps. The lithosphere floats on a layer of hot magma called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere has a convection current, made by magma swirling around in a circular motion, from top to bottom. The convection current is what makes the plates move.
The asthenosphere is part of a gigantic layer that takes up a full 2/3 of the Earth's radius: the mantle. The asthenosphere is part of the upper mantle, closest to the crust. The upper mantle is made of magma and hot silicon, iron, magnesium, and oxygen. Its texture is a thick, plasticky, fluid: not unlike half-dried glue. The lower mantle is made of the same materials as the upper mantle, but it is solid rock. It extends to 2,900km below the surface of the earth.
The Earth's core is divided into two parts: inner and outer. The outer core is Earth's only entirely liquid layer. It is made up of molten iron and nickel and is 2,200km thick. The inner core can be found 5,100km below the surface. It is a hard ball of extremely hot iron. The inner core was created by the pressure of all the outer layers pushing in on it. The inner core is suspended, floating, in the outer core. It spins at a different rate from the rest of the earth and scientists believe that this, along with the convection current in the asthenosphere, creates the magnetic field that surrounds the earth.
# Basic Geology/Inner Core
## What is the inner core and who discovered it?

The inner core is the very center of the planet and is the hottest part of a planet. The inner core was discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1929. Inge Lehmann was studying a large New Zealand earthquake. An earthquake makes vibrations which move across the inside of the Earth. The vibrations that Inge Lehmann was studying seemed to be moving across something solid in the center of the planet. She wrote about this inner core for many years but it was not proved to exist until 1970, when studies were much more exact.

## Where is it, how big is it, and what is it made of?

The inner core is between 300 and 400 kilometers wide and more than 12,000 kilometers below our feet. It is believed to be made of molten (melted) iron and nickel but the Earth is so heavy that the inner core does not move like a liquid. Scientists believe that the inner core may be hotter than the surface (edge) of the Sun at near 6,000 °C.

## What other ideas are there about the inner core?

The inner core was thought to be a type of huge diamond because diamonds are made by huge weight but studying the way the Earth vibrates shows that the inner core is not as solid as a diamond. There may be smaller diamonds but it is not possible to know because of the huge heat and weight of the world.
# Adventist Adventurer Awards and Answers/First Aid Helper

* First Aid Helper
* Builder

## Demonstrate how to treat an abrasion or a cut, and describe the dangers of a dirty dressing.

One of the simplest and most essential first aid for kids that they need very often is how to tie a bandage. Kids keep on falling and getting themselves hurt. So teach them how to tie a bandage to the wounded area. Firstly it is important to clean the area with water. Then, using a cotton swab, antiseptic should be applied. Applying an antiseptic is very important as bacteria and other germs gain access to the body through the wound. So it is good to clean the wound first. In case you don't have an antiseptic, use an anti-bacterial soap. If the wound is small, a band-aid will do, but if it is a big wound, you will need a gauze.

## Describe how to care for a nosebleed.

Nosebleeds are common occurrence with children. In case of a nosebleed, make sure that you lean forward and pinch the bottom part of your nose. Do not lean backwards as the blood might enter your wind pipe through your nose, causing complications. Lean forward and pinch the nose till the bleeding stops. Typically, the bleeding will stop within 10 minutes as the blood will clot. Pinching the nose will stop the loss of blood.

## Identify and make a display of different types of bandages.

* Adhesive Bandage
* Elastic Bandage
* Knee Bandage

## Make a simple first-aid kit and learn uses of included items.

Even a simple kit needs the following items:
* Adhesive compress
* Bandage compress,
* 2" by 2" plain gauze pads,
* Gauze roller bandage,
* Triangular bandages,
* Needle,
* Scissors,
* Tweezers,
* Thermometer,
* Disinfectant,
* Calamine lotion,
* Insect repellant
* Ace bandage.

## Describe and draw the First Aid symbol.

* First Aid Symbol
The true internationally accepted symbol for first aid is a white cross on a green background.
Despite what pop culture, and millions of first aid kits sold worldwide (to the chagrin of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) would have you believe, the red cross on white background is not an “accepted” symbol designating First Aid.

## Name a time when Jesus gave first aid to someone who was bleeding badly.

* Matthew 26:51 (NIV)
* With that, one of Jesus' companions reached for his sword, drew it out and struck the soldier of the high priest, cutting off his ear.

## External Resources

Bible Gateway New International Version
Buzzle.com First Aid for Children by By Arjun Kulkarni
KFW Adventurers Adventurer Manual
vteAdventist Adventurer Awards :
# Adventist Adventurer Awards and Answers/Friend of Jesus

* Friend of Jesus
* Sunbeam

## Attend a baptism and discuss what it means.

Downloadable book Baptism for kids.pdf Answering the Question - Why do people get baptized?

## Explain what it means to be a friend of Jesus and name five of Jesus’ friends listed in your Bible.

* Being friends with Jesus means allowing yourself to be defined by Him. (Mt 16:13-23)
* Being Jesus' friend means hearing Him say, "Don't be afraid." (Mt 17:7)
* When Jesus is your friend you are certain there is Someone in your life who understands your fragileness, struggles and hurts. (Heb 2:18)
* When Jesus is your friend you know you will never be excluded by your failures or shortcomings. (Rom 8:38)
The Apostles
Peter
Andrew
James the Greater
James the Lesser
John
Philip
Bartholomew
Matthew
Thomas
Jude the Apostle,
Simon
Judas Iscariot

## Be able to say a prayer at mealtime and one at bedtime.

Samples of Prayers:
* Mealtime
    Children's Mealtime Blessing
    God is great!
    God is good!
    Let us thank Him
    For our food.
    Amen.
    -- Traditional
* Bedtime
    Father, We Thank Thee
    Father, we thank thee for the night,
    And for the pleasant morning light;
    For rest and food and loving care,
    And all that makes the day so fair.
    Help us to do the things we should,
    To be to others kind and good;
    In all we do, in work or play,
    To grow more loving every day.
    -- Rebecca Weston - 1890

## External Resources

Baptism to Kids- Special Connection Home School
vteAdventist Adventurer Awards :