OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cello Handbook/The Bow

The tip of a wood bow is fragile, so it is advised not to place it under undue stress (from tapping, dropping, etc.).
A typical cello bow is tightened by a cylindrical screw located at the frog end of the bow. While it is important to maintain tension during playing, leaving the bow tightened when not in use for extended periods of time may warp the shape of the wood and reduce its ease of use and quality of sound. Some players recommend leaving the hair loose but not entirely slack, so as to keep the hair straight.
The hair can be cleaned of excess oil or grease using shampoo or alcohol, although alcohol may damage the bow stick so care must be taken if using this method. If using shampoo, it is also important to ensure that the bow hair is entirely rinsed clean before playing or it may affect the sound quality. Repairs to bows typically require a great deal of skill, and as a result it is recommended to take yours to a luthier or professional if necessary. For students and others who use inexpensive bows, often the cost of replacing the bow is less than that of repairing it.
The cello bow is similar to the Violin Bow.
# Cello Handbook/The Bridge

The Bridge is the part of the cello which holds the end part of the strings. Without the bridge, you wouldn't be able to play the cello. If the bridge breaks/falls, here are some points to consider when fixing it:
If the bridge falls of, check the top of the Cello if there are any cracks. If there are cracks, send it immediately to a trusted repair shop. If there aren't any, you can attempt to setting it back yourself. If the bridge is snapped in half or if they are any cracks on the bridge, send it to a trust repair shop.
How do I manually set it up myself since my bridge fell but they aren't any cracks on the top of the violin? Loosen the strings a bit, be very careful when doing this. Next, CAREFULLY AND SLOWLY, with two hands, hold the bridge up, with the bridge aligned with the f holes,. As you tune the strings to good pitch, take care that the top of the bridge is not being pulled forward by the scrolls. Then gently, with two hands, center the bridge there.
# Cello Handbook/Vibrato

Vibrato is a technique in which one or all of the fingers on the left hand shakes, or vibrates, to produce a higher quality of sound. To perform this technique correctly requires practice, as most things to when learning to play an instrument. Physically, what is done when vibrato is used is a simple process; however, to understand its mechanics and to perform it effectively are two different things.
Vibrato is performed by, when playing a note, pressing against the neck with the involved finger and the thumb, and then pushing the hand upwards and downwards about the neck.
The thumb and finger should remain pressed firmly against the fingerboard and back of the neck while this is performed. Essentially, as you wobble your finger back and forth, slightly moving it up and down along the string, the sound will als "wobble", becoming slightly higher and lower as your finger moves accordingly. The sound will have a slightly oscillating quality, and resonates better than a flat pitch.
When practicing vibrato, a student should generally try to keep oscillations as even as possible. One way to do this is to try to relax the arm as much as possible, loosening the arm to prevent tightened muscles from "overdoing" any one forward or backward pulse.
The majority of cellists, and string instrumentalists, use this technique. Vibrato can be used on any note, although cellists are constantly disputing over how many notes to use vibrato on. Some think that all notes should have vibrato, while some argue that vibrato should only be used for emphasis on a few notes.
However, regardless of their ideas of how much vibrato to use, almost all cello teachers teach students how to do vibrato, in addition to guidelines on how to use it. Vibrato is, once again, a technique that requires much practice to perfect, and even more to know how to use it appropriately. This guide should be used as a physical reference: your own personalized vibrato technique may vary slightly, as each player's style is different.
# Cello Handbook/Scales and Arpeggios

A scale is a group of musical notes arranged by volume or pitch. There are many scales, such as G Major Scale, E Major Scale, etc.
An arpeggio is very similar to a scale, but it is shorter. A famous arpeggio is the opening of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
# Cello Handbook/Shifting

Shifting is the act of moving your left, or fingering hand up and down the neck of the cello. Your left hand remains in the same position as it would at the base location, but the location is just shifted up and down the neck. This is done for convenience as well as making it easier to play higher notes on the a string.
# Cellular Automata

This book aims to become a graduate to postgraduate level schoolbook on cellular automata. For those looking for a short informal introduction, see the Wikipedia page Cellular automaton.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction  (August 8, 2005)
* Glossary  (August 16, 2005)
* Formalization  (August 21, 2005)
* Mathematical Model  (August 16, 2005)
* Neighborhood  (August 16, 2005)
* Rule  (October 20, 2005)
* Equivalence Classes  (October 20, 2005)
* Pattern
* Forward processing
* Stephen Wolfram Classification
* Reverse processing
* Counting Preimages  (August 16, 2005)
* Listing Preimages  (August 30, 2005)
* Preimages Decision Problems  (August 16, 2005)
* Boundary Conditions  (November 21, 2005)
* Global Dynamics  (August 8, 2005)
* Statistical Analysis
* Information content
* Information Dynamics  (September 7, 2005)
* Information and Reversibility  (September 7, 2005)
* Self Replication and Evolution
* Applications of Cellular Automata
* Artificial Life
* Partial Differential Equations
* Fluid Dynamics (Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata)
* Excitable media (reaction-diffusion PDE)
* Image Processing (morphological operators)
* Examples
* Examples on rule 110  (August 17, 2005)
* Examples of Plankton and Fish Dynamics
* References  (August 25, 2005)
* Index  (August 25, 2005)
* Table of Figures

## Notes for contributors

* There is a sandbox for experimenting.
* Not yet matured content may be placed in talk pages or in the sandbox.
* OpenOffice.org sources for figures are stored in the table of figures
# Cello Handbook/Rosin

Rosin is any various resins applied to the hair of the bow to get the strings to vibrate. Rosin usually comes in a cake or a bar. There are special rosins out there for allergies, and various claims of special quality from their use. Rosin needs to be reapplied sparingly usually after prolonged use.
A good way to check if you need more rosin is to rub the bow across your arm. Be sure not to rub it across your fingers because the oil on your fingers causes the bow hair to go bad. If the test leave white dust behind, than rosin does not need to be applied. If there is little or no rosin left on your arm after you rub it, than it is safe to assume you need rosin on your bow.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/MassWiz

MassWiz is an open source software for protein identification from mass spectrometry data. Developed at Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, it is currently in its beta release. It has been developed to better the existing methods by finding semi and non-enzymatic peptides to enhance the confidence in protein identifications.. The Software aims at easy usability by automating the downstream analysis after identification of peptides by incorporating significance estimation of peptide hits by integrating FDR analysis.

## Commandline version

MassWiz has a Windows 32 command line version ( Sourceforge link ) for high throughput data analyses. The FDR analysis is directly plugged into the algorithm and the users can choose the type of target-decoy strategy they want to follow (i.e. either concatenated or separate target-decoy search).

## Webserver Algorithms and Tools

* Probability and intensity based PMF search
* Intensity and ion abundance based MS/MS search identifying semi+non-enzymatic peptides
* Candidate peptide validation
* Mass and pI calculator
* mzXML file converter
* Custom Database for targeted studies
* Customized local BLAST in the custom database
* Graphical representation of the matches found.

## References

* ↑ http://masswiz.igib.res.in
* ↑ http://www.indiancst.in/
* ↑ Project Page at Sourceforge
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Magic angle spinning

In nuclear magnetic resonance, magic angle spinning (MAS) is a technique often used to perform experiments in solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
By spinning the sample (usually at a frequency of 1 to 70 kHz) at the magic angle θ$_m$ (ca. 54.74°, where cos$^2$θ$_m$=1/3) with respect to the direction of the magnetic field, the normally broad lines become narrower, increasing the resolution for better identification and analysis of the spectrum.
In any condensed phase, a nuclear spin experiences a great number of interactions. The main three interactions (dipolar, chemical shift anisotropy, quadrupolar) often lead to very broad and featureless lines. However, these three interactions in solids are time-dependent and can be averaged by MAS. The nuclear dipole-dipole interaction, between magnetic moments of nuclei averages to zero only at the magic angle, θ$_m$ . The chemical shift anisotropy, a nuclear-electron interaction, averages to a non-zero value. The quadrupolar interaction is only partially averaged by MAS leaving a residual secondary quadrupolar interaction. In liquids, e.g. a solution of an organic compound, most of these interactions will average out because of the rapid time-averaged molecular motion that occurs. This orientation averaging in solution is mimicked by MAS of a solid. This causes the signal to become much narrower, giving rise to the isotropic value (which is of interest for structural determination of solid materials and compounds) and spinning sidebands which occur at multiples of the spinning speed and can be used to determine the chemical shift anisotropy of the nuclei.
The physical spinning of the sample is achieved via an air turbine mechanism. These turbines (or rotors) come in a variety of diameters (outside diameter), from 2.0-15.0 mm, and are usually spun on air or nitrogen gas. The rotors are made from a number of different materials such as ceramics e.g. zirconia, silicon nitride or polymers such as poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA), polyoxymethylene (POM). The cylindrical rotors are axially symmetric about the axis of rotation. Samples are packed into the rotors and these are then sealed with a single or double end cap. These caps are made from number of different materials e.g. Kel-F, Vespel, zirconia or boron nitride depending on the application required.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction

Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, also called dipolar coupling, refers to the direct interaction between two magnetic dipoles. The energy of the interaction is as follows:
       $\mathbf {H} =-{\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi r_{jk}^{3}}}\left(3(\mathbf {m} _{j}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{jk})(\mathbf {m} _{k}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{jk})-\mathbf {m} _{j}\cdot \mathbf {m} _{k}\right)$
where e$_{jk}$ is a unit vector parallel to the line joining the centers of the two dipoles. r$_{jk}$ is the distance between two dipoles, m$_k$ and m$_j$.
For two interacting nuclear spins:
       $\mathbf {H} =-{\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}{\frac {\gamma _{j}\gamma _{k}}{r_{jk}^{3}}}\left(3(\mathbf {I} _{j}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{jk})(\mathbf {I} _{k}\cdot \mathbf {e} _{jk})-\mathbf {I} _{j}\cdot \mathbf {I} _{k}\right)$
$\gamma _{j}$, $\gamma _{k}$ and r$_{jk}$ are gyromagnetic ratios of two spins and spin-spin distance respectively.

## Dipolar coupling and NMR spectroscopy

The direct dipole-dipole coupling is very useful for molecular structural studies, since it depends only on known physical constants and the inverse cube of internuclear distance. Estimation of this coupling provides a direct spectroscopic route to the distance between nuclei and hence the geometrical form of the molecule. Although internuclear magnetic dipole couplings contain a great deal of structural information, in isotropic solution, they average to zero as a result of rotational diffusion. However, their effect on nuclear spin relaxation results in measurable nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs).
The residual dipolar coupling (RDC) occur if the molecules in solution exhibit a partial alignment leading to an incomplete averaging of spatially anisotropic magnetic interactions i.e. dipolar couplings. RDC measurement provides information on the global folding of the protein-long distance structural information. It also provides information about "slow" dynamics in molecules.

## References

* Malcolm H. Levitt , Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. ISBN 0-471-48922-0.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry

Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry (MIKES) is a mass spectrometry technique by which mass spectra are obtained from a sector instrument that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (the beam first enters the magnetic sector). The accelerating voltage V, and the magnetic field B, are set to select the precursor ions of a particular m/z. The precursor ions then to dissociate or react in an electric field-free region between the two sectors. The ratio of the kinetic energy to charge of the product ions are analyzed by scanning the electric sector field E. The width of the product ion spectrum peaks is related to the kinetic energy release distribution for the dissociation process.

## References

* ↑ Soltero-Rigau E, Kruger TL, Cooks RG (1977). "Identification of barbiturates by chemical ionization and mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry". Anal. Chem. 49 (3): 435–42. doi:10.1021/ac50011a027. PMID 842853.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Easton C, Johnson DW, Poulos A (1988). "Determination of phospholipid base structure by CA MIKES mass spectrometry". J. Lipid Res. 29 (1): 109–12. PMID 3356947.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Cooks RG, Kondrat RW, Youssefi M, McLaughlin JL (1981). "Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrometry and the direct analysis of coca". J Ethnopharmacol. 3 (2–3): 299–312. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90060-X. PMID 7242113.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Yeh, Chul (1992). "Analysis of a mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy profile. II. Systematic determination of the kinetic energy release distribution" (PDF). Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 6 (4): 293–297. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290060414. Retrieved 2008-03-30. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

## Bibliography

* Jacques Momigny; Eugen Illenberger (1999). Gaseous Molecular Ions: An Introduction To Elementary Processes Induced By Ionization (Topics in Physical Chemistry). Darmstadt: Steinkopff. ISBN 3-7985-0870-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Civ/Civilization IV/Modding/Tutorials/Minimum City Range

The default minimum city range, or minimum city distance, is 2 squares between cities. Some mods change this to 3 squares to lessen overlap between cities. This distance can be changed by editing the file GlobalDefines.xml in the directory Sid Meier's Civilization 4\Assets\XML. (Search for " MIN_CITY_RANGE ".) To make this change in a mod rather than your main files (which should always be backed up), edit GlobalDefinesAlt.xml in the directory Mods/[Mod name]/Assets/XML/.
# Civ/Civilization IV/Modding/Tutorials/Python Console
## Overview

A really helpful feature of Civilization IV is the in-game Python console. This is similar to the interactive mode when you start python without specifying a .py file to run.
From the console you can interactively inspect, modify and debug all the python internals while the game is running. This will be invaluable for python programmers and modders.

## Enabling the console

Warning: This section contains a cheat code.
* Edit the main CivilizationIV.ini file.
** Change the "CheatCode = 0" line to "CheatCode = chipotle"
* Start Civilization IV as per normal.
* Start a new game, or load an existing game.
* While in the main view of the game, press Shift-~ to enable the Python console (that is "shift + ö" on German keyboards).
** You will be presented with a short version string and a prompt like this:

## Useful commands

The Python console is very similar to the standard interactive Python mode. One notable exception is that you need to explicitly print out statements to see their return value.
You can use the arrow keys to go to the next/previous command you typed and to move the cursor left and right along the current line. Pressing return on the end of a logical Python statement executes that statement. Statements that define a block (such as the if statement) will expect more lines to be entered before the command is executed. Indentation is required in Python code blocks.
Here are some useful commands to try out:
Prints out the standard 'Hello World' bit.
Prints out an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it. In other words, this will list all the classes, modules and variables that are in use at the moment in the current Civilization IV game.
Handy.
gc is the current game context and contains almost all the information about the current game, such as player info, city info, how many units are in the game, etc. This will list all the attributes of the game context.
# Civ/Civilization IV/Modding/Tutorials
## Python

* Getting Started
* Python Console
* Tips and Tricks
* TGA's Python Tutorial
* Python in Civ 4
* Civ 4 Python Class Reference (by Locutus)

## World Builder

* Dale's "Modding Guide for Civilization IV Volume 1" covers designing scenarios, using the world builder and editing world builder saves in text format is no longer available. A replacement would be nice …
* Actually, it's still available: at CivFanatics. This thread contains both the World Builder manual and manually editing a WBS file that I wrote. -- Dale

## Graphics

There are no graphics tutorials at present

## Scenarios

There are no scenario creation tutorials at present

## Mods

* Adding a Civilization
* Minimum City Range
# Civ/Civilization IV/Modding

* Utilities
* Tutorials
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Distress Tolerance Skills/Willfulness

Willfulness does not accept reality as it is in the moment. Willfulness hopes that by denying reality reality will somehow change or that someone else will take the action to change reality in the desired direction. Willfulness refuses to tolerate unpleasant emotions and insists that whatever causes the unpleasant emotions shouldn't exist.
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Distress Tolerance Skills/Radical Acceptance

Radical Acceptance
Freedom from suffering requires ACCEPTANCE from deep within of what is. Let yourself go completely with what is. Let go of fighting reality.
ACCEPTANCE is the only way out of hell.
Pain creates suffering only when you refuse to ACCEPT the pain.
Deciding to tolerate the moment is ACCEPTANCE.
ACCEPTANCE is acknowledging what is.
To ACCEPT something is not the same as judging it good.
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Distress Tolerance Skills/Self-soothing

SELF-SOOTHE
A way to remember these skills is to think of soothing each of your
FIVE SENSES
Vision Notice what you see, find soothing things to look at.
Notice the play of light on a clean wall. Enjoy the richness of colors in the floor tile. Look out the window and watch the grass gently blow in the breeze, the sun dancing on leaves, the graceful movement of the birds, or the smooth movement of passing cars. Close your eyes and notice the textures and light colors behind your eyelids.
Hearing Pay attention to what you can hear around you.
Listen to beautiful or soothing music, or to invigorating and exciting music. Pay at¬tention to sounds of nature (waves, birds, rainfall, leaves rustling). Sing to your favorite songs. Hum a soothing tune. Learn to play an instrument. Be mindful of any sounds that come your way, letting them go in one ear and out the other. Notice how sounds on the unit feel different at various times of day. Quietly notice the sounds of your own breath. See if you can hear the sound of your own circulation.
Smell Be aware of the memories that smell can bring.
Notice the scent of your soap and shampoo while showering. Try to find brands of deodorant, lotion, and other things that have a soothing smell to you. Sit quietly for a few minutes and try to identify all of the smells that you notice. Enjoy the smell of your meals while you are in the dining room. See if you can smell each type of food individually. Savor the smell of popcorn and remember other times in your life when you have enjoyed popcorn.
Taste Carefully savor flavors that the day brings you.
Have a good meal; enjoy your dessert; have a favorite soothing drink such as herbal tea or hot choco¬late. Treat yourself to a favorite snack from the canteen. Suck on a piece of peppermint candy. Chew your favorite gum. Really taste the food you eat; eat one thing mindfully.
Touch Find comfort in touch.
Take a bubble bath. Savor the feeling of crisp, clean sheets on the bed. Soak your feet. Soften your skin with lotion. Put a cold compress on your forehead. Brush your hair for a long time. Place your hand on a smooth, cool surface. Enjoy the feeling of a favorite piece of clothing, or clean clothes. Notice the comforting warmth of clothing that is fresh from the dryer. Experience whatever you are touching; notice touch that is soothing.
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Distress Tolerance Skills

Most approaches to mental health treatment focus on changing distressing events and circumstances. They have paid little attention to accepting, finding meaning for, and tolerating distress. This task has generally been tackled by religious and spiritual communities and leaders. Dialectical behavior therapy emphasizes learning to bear pain skillfully.
Distress tolerance skills constitute a natural development from mindfulness skills. They have to do with the ability to accept, in a non-evaluative and nonjudgmental fashion, both oneself and the current situation. Although the stance advocated here is a nonjudgmental one, this does not mean that it is one of approval: acceptance of reality is not approval of reality.
Distress tolerance behaviors are concerned with tolerating and surviving crises and with accepting life as it is in the moment.
Four sets of crisis survival strategies are taught:
* Distracting
* Self-soothing
* Improving the moment
* Thinking of pros and cons.
Acceptance skills include:
* Radical Acceptance
* Turning the mind toward acceptance
* Willingness versus Willfulness.
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Distress Tolerance Skills/Acceptance

Acceptance does not equal approval. Acceptance is the first step toward making a change for the better.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Distress Tolerance Skills/Radical Acceptance
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Distress Tolerance Skills/Thinking of pros and cons

Pros & cons is the skill thinking of advantages and disadvantages of a particular course of action (or doing certain things). Think about the advantages of doing things and the disadvantages of doing them. Then, think about the advantages of not doing things and the disadvantages of not doing things.