OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chatbots For Social Change/Prototypes

These pages are relatively unmaintained, and are the responsibility of the individual researchers. It offers a way to prepare content without formally requesting it to be added to the wikiBook, but also a reference for future participants in the class when they dream up their own project.
At the moment there is only one class, mine (Alec).
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 5

Today in 2010 WikiLeaks published the Baghdad airstrike video that they had obtained from Chelsea Manning. Smear campaigns and ongoing criminalization attempts against the publisher, Julian Assange, ensued.
For many, this was the first unvarnished look at modern warfare, shattering the propaganda myth of clean war and standing in stark contrast to the righteous public image, even though the patterns of how challenged power reacts and the dirty psychological dynamics inherent in war are the same everywhere.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 8

Today in 2011 Safecast launched the crowdfunding campaign for the mass production of its open hardware Geiger counter.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 9

Today in 1980 the Lisp machine manufacturer Symbolics was founded. It hired off most of the hackers from the artificial intelligence laboratory at MIT and broke with their culture of communal code sharing. This experience led Richard Stallman to build today’s Free Software community with its explicit philosophy, after several years of single-handedly competing with all of Symbolics’ programmers.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 1

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Today in 1996 the Internet Engineering Task Force standardized the eMail encryption scheme of the Pretty Good Privacy software. The publication of PGP had put strong cryptography into the hands of ordinary people for the first time. Since publication on the Internet was criminalized under U.S. export restrictions for weapons, it had to be exported in book form for the international market (with no viable OCR software yet..). There was a decade of policy debate for free access to strong cryptography for everyone, known as the (first) Crypto Wars. Although the system is clearly showing its age and difficult to use securely by today’s standards, no one has yet managed to establish a better system for eMail encryption.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 7

Today in 2006 the Software Freedom Conservancy was founded. It hosts dozens of free software projects and provides other helpful resources for Free Software development.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 11

[Open Source] is long-term credible ... FUD tactics can not be used to combat it. Today in 1998 Vinod Valloppillil of Microsoft sent an internal memorandum that got leaked as the first of the so-called Halloween documents. They certainly provided proof and dirty detail on how Microsoft ruthlessly fought for its monopoly and dealt with competition, but also revealed their actual understanding of the reality they were trying to deceive the world about. This one is about their analysis that “OSS poses a ... threat to Microsoft”. It acknowledges the viability of the open source software development model, even competitive disadvantage for their traditional model. In contrast to Gates’ rhetorical questions in his Open Letter to Hobbyists of →January 31, 1976, this was the surreptitious admission twenty years later that he was wrong.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/April 6

Today in 2004 was the first release of the X.Org Server.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 10

Today in 2001 Slyck.com was launched, a news site focused on copyright issues that sprang from the DIY activism of the copyright piracy scene.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 12

Today in 1996 the first MP3 warez release group Compress ’Da Audio was founded. It released compressed Audio-CDs including WinPlay3.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/August 13

Today in 1858 the first test message exchange was completed on the first transatlantic submarine cable. Though enthusiastically celebrated, poor reception limited its capacity to around 6 words per hour, and rapid failure after just three weeks undermined confidence and delayed efforts to restore a connection.
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# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write field
## WRITE FIELD
### Description

Use this statement to write the contents of the relocatable block specified by handle& to the open file or serial port specified by deviceID, in a format suitable for input by the READ FIELD statement.
WRITE FIELD starts writing at the current "file mark" position. If first writes a 4-byte long-integer which indicates the size of the block; following this, it writes the contents of the block itself.

### Notes

If you want to write only the block's contents to the file (without the 4-byte length indicator), use the WRITE FILE statement instead:
WRITE FILE# deviceID,[handle&],FN GETHANDLESIZE(handle&)

### See Also

READ FIELD; GET FIELD; WRITE FILE; OPEN
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xor
## XOR
### Description

Expression exprA and expression exprB are each interpreted as 32-bit integer quantities. The XOR operator performs a "bitwise comparison" of each bit in exprA with the bit in the corresponding position in exprB. The result is another 32-bit quantity; each bit in the result is determined as follows:
<image was here>
A common use for XOR is to toggle the state of individual bits in a bit pattern. For example:
pattern& = pattern& XOR BIT(7)
This flips bit 7 in pattern& from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0, and leaves all of pattern&'s other bits alone.

### Example

The example below shows how bits are manipulated with XOR:

### See Also

AND; OR; NOT
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xrefat
## XREF@
### Description

XREF@ is identical to the XREF statement, except that the link variable is interpreted as a handle, rather than as a pointer. You should use XREF@ when you want the contents of a relocatable block to be treated as an array.

### Example

The following declares an array called inclination!, allocates a new block with enough room for numElts& elements, and associates the inclination! array with the contents of the block.

### Notes

Note that, because the value of maxSub1 is ignored in the XREF@ statement, we can arbitrarily set it to 1. However, when we actually reference the elements of the inclination! array, we can specify any subscript value in the range 0 through numElts&-1.

### See Also

DIM; XREF
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write file
## WRITE FILE
### Description

This statement writes numBytes& of data to the open file or serial port specified by deviceID, starting at the current Òfile markÓ position. The data is copied from the memory which starts at address&. This is generally the fastest way to write a large amount of data to a file.

### Example

This program fragment saves the binary image of an array into an open file. You can later use the Read File statement to quickly load the array using the data in the file (see the example accompanying the Read File statement).

### See Also

Write#; Write Field; Read File;
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write pound
## WRITE#
### Description

This statement writes the contents of the specified variables to the open file or serial port specified by deviceID, starting at the current "file mark" position. The variables in the list can be of any type (including record types). If you specify a string variable, it must be followed by a len parameter, which indicates the number of bytes to copy from the string. len can be any positive numeric expression whose value doesn't exceed the length of the string.

### Notes

Unlike the PRINT# statement, the WRITE# statement does not apply any formatting to the data before writing it. Instead, it simply writes an exact copy of the variables' internal bit patterns to the device. This makes the written data suitable for input by the READ# statement. In general, the data written by WRITE# is not suitable for files which are to be interpreted as text.

### See Also

PRINT#; READ#; INPUT#; OPEN
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/write dynamic
## WRITE DYNAMIC
### Revised

May, 2001 (Release 5)

### Description

Use WRITE DYNAMIC to send the contents of a dynamic array to a disk file. Data written to a file in this manner can be read back into memory using READ DYNAMIC. Before dynamic arrays are written to the disk, they are automatically compressed.

### See Also

COMPRESS DYNAMIC; DYNAMIC; READ DYNAMIC; WRITE DYNAMIC
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/xref
## XREF
### Description

The XREF statement declares an array, and associates the array with the memory pointed to by a particular long-integer variable, called the "link variable." You can use XREF to cause any arbitrary block of memory to be treated as an array. This is especially useful when you need to dynamically create an array whose size can't be determined until runtime, or when you want to impose an array structure on data that was created outside of your FB program.
The link variable must be a simple (non-array, non-field) long-integer variable which has the same name as the array (ignoring any type-identifier suffix). For example, if you specify the following:
XREF diameter#(3,7)
The compiler creates a long-integer variable called diameter&. When you run the program, you should set diameter& equal to some appropriate memory address (you do this after the XREF statement); FB then assumes that the diameter# array begins at that address. When you examine elements in the array, they are retrieved from the memory pointed to by diameter&. When you alter elements in the array, the memory pointed to by diameter& is altered.
The first subscript is arbitrary The maxSub1, maxSub2 etc. values must be positive static integer expressions. However, since XREF does not actually allocate any memory, the declared subscripts are used somewhat differently than in a DIM statement. The second and subsequent subscripts (if any) determine the internal structure of the array, and they should exactly match the internal layout of the elements pointed to by the link variable. But the value of the first subscript (maxSub1) is basically ignored, and may be arbitrarily set to any value greater than zero. When you actually reference the array elements, you can use subscript values that are larger than maxSub1, as long as they reference valid elements within the block of memory pointed to by the link variable.

### Notes

XREF is a non-executable statement, so you can't change its effect by putting it inside a conditional-execution structure such as LONG IF...END IF. However, you can conditionally include it or exclude it from the program by putting it inside a COMPILE LONG IF...COMPILE END IF block. The XREF statement should appear somewhere above the first line where the array is referenced.
XREFs will not behave properly when used with handles.
XREF myHandleList(100) AS HANDLE : REM will not work!

### See Also

DIM; XREF
# Futurebasic/Language/cfurlref
## CFURLRef Structures

Accessing files and resources via URLs.

### Description

CFURL provides facilities for creating, parsing, and dereferencing URL strings. CFURL is useful to applications that need to use URLs to access resources, including local files, hence its inclusion here.
Apple engineers have made CFURL “toll-free bridged” with its Cocoa Foundation counterpart, NSURL. For FB and FBtoC programmers this is good news because of the many code snippets available online in Cocoa that are transplantable into our Carbon code.
A CFURL object is composed of two components:
1.) A base URL, which can be empty, 0 or NULL in C, and
2.) A string that is resolved relative to the base URL.
A CFURL object whose string is fully resolved without a base URL is considered absolute; all others are considered relative.
As an example, assuming that your FutureBASIC application is stored in your OS X Applications folder in a folder labeled "FutureBASIC 4.1.1," an absolute CFURL path to its executable would be:
This object is fully resolved since it is a complete path to the root level of the volume on which it is located.
On the other hand, a relative path not fully resolved would be:
This relative path defines the location of the FutueBASIC executable within the FutureBASIC.app bundle, but does not indicate where the FutureBASIC application resides.
A CFURL object is defined by a CFURLRef. Like other Core Foundation object references, CFURLRefs are opaque types. Their internal composition is not documented by Apple and they are accessed and manipulated through Toolbox functions.
Among areas where CFURLs and their associated CRURLRefs shine is locating resources inside an OS X bundle.
This example, posted on the FutureBASIC mailing list—the list is an invaluable resource for FB and FBtoC users—demonstrates a technique for obtaining a CFURLRef to a ReadMe text file located inside bundle, and passing the CFURL to the OS X system Launch Services which proceeds to open the file for the user to read in the system's default text application.
Here's another function that uses a CFURLRef to create an image reference to any one of several kinds of image files recognized by QuickTime—JPEG, PNG, TIFF, etc.-- again located in the Resource folder of a bundled application:
(More discussion to follow)
0100 1101 0110 1001 0110 0100 0110 1110 0110 1001 0110 0111 0110 1000 0111 0100
0043 6f64 6572
# Futurebasic/Language/conversion

Both FB and FBtoC are capable of utilizing several different ways to locate files and folders including: FSSpecs, FSRefs, CFURLRefs and POSIX paths.
At times a programmer has a need to convert between the formats. The Carbon Toolbox—understood by both FB and FBtoC—offers several functions to expedite such conversions. They include:
FSpMakeFSRef: Convert an FSSpec to an FSRef (Deprecated since OS X 10.5)
FSGetCatalogInfo: Convert an FSRef to an FSSpec (For legacy code) FSPathMakeRef: Convert a POSIX file path to an FSRef
FSRefMakePath: Convert an FSRef to an POSIX file path
CFURLGetFSRef: Convert a CFURLRef to an FSRef
CFURLCreateFromFSRef : Convert an FSRef to a CFURLRef
CFURLCopyFileSystemPath : Convert a CFURLRef to POSIX Path
CFURLCreateWithFileSystemPath : Convert a POSIX path to CFURLRef
(Source code examples and more discussion to follow)
4d69 646e 6967 6874
0100 0011 0110 1111 0110 0100 0110 0101 0111 0010 0010 0000 0010 0000 0010 0000
# GStreamer/Introduction/Obtaining GStreamer

GStreamer's homepage is at http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org. GStreamer can be downloaded from http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/download/.
# GRE/Verbal

GRE
The verbal section is divided up into questions on sentence completion and analogies. In the antonym questions, a word is provided, and you must select the answer that is mostly the opposite of the given word. This is a very difficult concept for some people, so it is important to become familiar with it before taking the test.
Some people have said that it is "impossible to study vocabulary", especially since the list of possible words that can appear on the test is gigantic. It does however help if you can study word roots, so that even if you don't know precisely what a word means, you can infer a general meaning from the way it is spelled. Remember, you should always answer every question, even if you have to guess. If you can make an informed guess based on the way the word is spelled, or the way it looks (good/bad, happy/angry, etc.), then you are giving yourself at least a small edge.
For GRE General Test happening after August 1st, 2011, ETS had implemented major change over in the exam's structure. Now in the verbal section of the revised GRE test, Antonyms and Analogies have been replaced by Reading comprehension. ETS believes that reading comprehension is superior to antonyms and other single-word questions as an assessment of verbal competence. More than half the revised GRE verbal section consists in paragraphs to read and questions based on those paragraphs.
# GRE/What should be GRE goals

GRE
You need to have concise goals in terms of attending a particular school. Many people assume admissions to be a lottery - a game of chance, where you apply to 6 or 8 schools and wish to gain the admission (the lottery).
Once you obtain the admission, you have to deal with the problem of : why go to this school, is this school good, is it worth the expense and so on...
I am not saying this to offend you. Remember, application is a process of setting the path to achieve the goals in the next stage of your life. Doing things blindly, without objective thought will affect you gravely later, at a date, when you introspect and retrospect.
Please assume the following questions:
1. Why exactly did I join UG? Mostly because of your parents or peer pressure, but at least then, you would have formed a goal for yourself.
2. Why exactly do I want to go for graduate studies? Sometimes, the answer is as simple as "My girl friend is there". There is absolutely nothing wrong. But be honest. Have an answer. It doesn't have to be ideal. It almost never is!
3. What kind of program do I want to be in?
4. What do I wish to do after I complete the program?
5. What type of schools do I aspire to study in?
6. What will I do if I had to go for low - ball schools? Nothing wrong here. But since a lot of people ask this of themselves after admission, it is worth asking, before application.
7. What will I do if I get a 100% rejection rate? Life is real. Life is hard. Deal with it.
8. Why am I here? -- Okay, I made that up, but ask all the important questions you would ask, as early as possible. Sometimes you may find a MS in a branch of engineering or science itself was not for you!
Credits: Srihari
# GStreamer

Gstreamer is a powerful program and library for media processing. Its power lies in the fact that media data streams between elements performing many functions. Elements can be added by means of plugins. Here is an example of a command to convert a FLAC format song to MP3 format:
Some of its most popular uses include:
* Playing music and video (from command line or a program using the library)
* Format conversion
* Recording directly to a certain format.
This book will provide an introduction and in-depth tutorial to GStreamer.

## Contents

    Introduction
    Obtaining GStreamer
    Quick Examples
    Programs Using GStreamer
# GRE/Taking GRE the Second time

GRE
You have been the victim of empty rumors. You can take the GRE as many times as you want. ETS will report your 3 latest scores and it is up to the school to decide which GRE score to take.
Many schools in the US will have their own algorithms and methods. The only way to find out is by asking graduate admissions of specific schools directly. They may or may not tell you of their policies.
If they do not tell you about their policy - which is what they should do - you have no way of knowing which score is taken.
Why?
In the US, people like to take the tests one - two times or more. For example, kids routinely take the SATs multiple times.
In any case, if you are able to tell us the names of the forums where you heard this shocking nonsense about second attempts, it would be very helpful to warn future aspirants of such forums.
Coming back to you in specific, if you feel the GRE score you received does not reflect your expectations based on your innate intelligence and test-taking skills (watch the careful wording there, its not your fault, its the test's! - that's how you believe in yourself and sell yourself), you are welcome to take it again and we would like to help you as much as we can.
# GRE/Some questions about Credit Card

GRE
1. Can anyone please tell me what is a "security code " of a credit card ?
Flip your card to the back side, the side that contains the magnetic strip. You will see a bunch of numbers therein. The last three numbers are usually your security code.
In case your service regards a different set of numbers as the security code, they will say so on the website. Watch out clearly for instructions. Usually, there will be a small hyperlink underlined by blue next to the question on security code that says "What's this?" Click on it to find out what exactly the particular website assumes to be the security code.
If in confusion, contact the webmaster, or us, or someone else who knows and uses credit cards regularly.
# GRE/Subject Tests

GRE
There are subject tests available in the following subjects:
* Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology
* Biology
* Chemistry
* Computer Science (Discontinued following April 2013)
* Literature in English
* Mathematics
* Physics
* Psychology
GRE Subject Tests are graded on a scale from 200 to 990, although the available score range for each test is usually smaller. Subject tests are graded independently, and therefore a score of 600 on the Mathematics test is not equivalent to a 600 on the Physics test. Subscores provided for certain subject tests are scored in the range of 20-99.
Subject scores are calculated by taking the number of correct answers, minus 1 fourth the number of incorrect answers. It is therefore a good idea not to guess on the subject tests if you don't know the correct answer!
The subject tests slowly change over time to stay relevant. For this reason, subject test scores are comparable between years. For instance, a Physics test score of 600 in 2005 is equivalent to a Physics test score of 600 from 1999. The exception to this is the Mathematics test that was rescaled in October 2001. Therefore, Mathematics scores before and after October 2001 are not comparable directly.
# GRE/Resources

GRE

## Further Reading

* GRE General Test Details Page
* GRE Subject Test Details Page

## Online Test Preparation

To prepare for the GRE, there are several free, no-hassle websites and apps available which offer excellent content and practice materials.
* MyGRETutor: A website solely for the preparation for the GRE. Similar in scope to Number2.com and the PowerPrep software, except there are more questions and additional full-length practice tests.
* Magoosh GRE Blog: A blog with free GRE practice questions and advice.
* Greenlight Test Prep - Greenlight Test Prep combines hundreds of high-quality GRE prep videos with a step-by-step study guide to make your GRE preparation as effortless as possible.
* GRE4YOU.com This is a free online portal that provides web based training for the GRE test.
* number2.com
# GStreamer/Introduction/Programs Using GStreamer

This is a short list of programs that use GStreamer, with a description of each program.

## Rhythmbox

Rythmbox is a music player and organizer. By using GStreamer, it can play any format of music that you have a GStreamer plugin for. It uses Sound-Juicer (below) to rip CDs, and also imports files and folders, reading song information from tags.

## Sound-Juicer

Sound-Juicer is a program that uses GStreamer to rip CDs to FLAC, OGG, MP3, WAV, and other formats.

## Whaawmp

Whaawmp is a Gtk+ media player, similar to totem, written in python.

## Clementine

Clementine is a Qt4-based audio player similar to Amarok 1.4.
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 19

Today in 1969 the charge-coupled device was invented.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 2

Today in 2005 the Open Content Alliance was announced. It is one of the largest retro-digitisation initiatives.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/October 21

Today in 2010 the first official release of OpenStack was made. This large infrastructure project is being developed by several companies to meet a common need.
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