# Beekeeping/Honey Bee Races

There are several races of the honeybee. Each of these races has different advantages and disadvantages linked to their original regional background. Each region likely has a differing climate, topography, resources and predators. Because of difference in background, each race of honey bees have evolved slightly in a different manner than their cousins allowing them to better take advantage of their specific situation. Today the Italian Honey Bee is the most commonly kept honey bee in the United States, conversely the Africanized Honey Bee is the most feared and illegal to keep in many regions. Fitting somewhere between these two extremes include many of the other races and the Feral Honey Bee, though technically not a race in its own, it may be acclimated to the area in which it has been found. The following is a partial listing of the races of honeybee that may be available to a prospective beekeeper, along side is a brief amount of information regarding each race and some common advantages and disadvantages with each.

## Africanized Honey Bee

Apis mellifera scutellata The Africanized honey bee, also known as the killer bee. Because of the media attention received, Africanized bees have been given a bad name. This is not to say that they can’t be more dangerous than standard honeybees, their representation has simply been blown out of proportion. There have been several more recent breeding programs that have produced a more gentle form of this race. This gentler form of bee has even become one of the more sought after honeybee races in regions of Brazil.
Pros and Cons of the Africanized honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Excellent honey producer Strongly protects hives against predators Resistance to Varroa mites Well suited to tropical climates | Overly defensive, occasionally dangerous Readily swarms or absconds Difficult to keep near to human habitations and livestock Overwinters poorly in temperate climates |
* Wikipedia has related information at Africanized bee

## Buckfast Honey Bee

Apis mellifera: hybrid The Buckfast hybrid was produced by Brother Adam of the Buckfast Abbey. Brother Adam crossed a great many races of bees with the British bee in hopes of creating a superior breed. The results are what is now known as the Buckfast Bee.
Pros and Cons of the Buckfast honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Highly Tracheal Mite Tolerant Extremely gentle, with low sting instinct Resistant to Chalkbrood Low swarm instinct Overwinters exceptionally well Well suited to cool, wet climates Good honey producer Prolific queens (lay many eggs) Frugal - Low amount of brood during fall (uses less honey stores during winter) Packs brood nest with honey for good wintering Curtails egg laying during dearths Brood rearing ceases during late fall Low incidence of chalkbrood and wax moths due to good housecleaning techniques Very hygienic Build-up rapidly once started Produces little propolis/brace comb Does well in cold/wet spring | Not widely available Slow spring build-up Poor early spring pollinators Low amount of brood during fall Less honey or pollen due to erratic spring weather conditions |
* Wikipedia has related information at Buckfast bee

## Carniolan Honey Bee

Apis mellifera carnica
Pros and Cons of the Carniolan honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Earlier morning forager Forages on colder and wetter days than most other bees Overwinters well on small stores, as queen stops laying in the fall Explosive build up in early spring Exceptionally gentle and easy to work May interrupt brood rearing during times of drought Does not typically propolize heavily Creates less brace and burr comb Crosses well with other varieties | Likely to swarm unless carefully managed If pollen is scarce brood rearing greatly diminishes |

## Caucasian Honey Bee

Apis mellifera caucasica
Pros and Cons of the Caucasian honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Low swarming instinct Large and Strong population Calm when on comb Overwinters well by stopping brood production in the fall Forages earlier and on cooler days Has a longer tongue than most races and can thereby take advantage of more nectar sources than most. | Purebreds not widely available in U.S. Slow spring startup Produces an abundance of propolis, which may be beneficial to propolis collectors, but makes the overall hive more difficult to work. Makes wet capped comb, which is poor for honey comb sale Once brought to a level of alarm they are difficult to calm and easily stings. Susceptible to nosema Prone to rob |

## Cordovan Honey Bee

Apis mellifera ? A genetic trait, usually found in the Italian race, cordovans are used mainly for tracking the genetic makeup due to the wide variance in color.
Pros and Cons of the Cordovan honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Usually found in strains of Italian honeybees Attractive coloration make queen location less difficult Superb comb builders Very gentle Coloration trait is useful in open mating based breeding programs The cordevan trait may be bred into any race of honeybee Cordovans ARE currently sold in the US | Consume large amounts of food in winter Italian cordevans may perform poorly under under cold wet conditions The cordevan trait is recessive |

## Feral Honey Bee

Apis mellifera ... Feral honey bees consist of escaped swarms and unmanaged colonies.
Pros and Cons of the feral honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Genetically diverse Often acclimated to the area they are present in May be captured for free | Not commercially available (must be captured, or obtained through interbreeding with local drones) Unknown parentage, may be Africanized Not selected by humans Feral nesting cavities may contain American Foulbrood |

## Western European Honey Bee

Apis mellifera mellifera The Western European Honey Bee, also known as the dark or black bee, was the first honeybee imported to the Americas. This distinctly marked bee is brown and black in color and overwinter well.
Pros and Cons of the Western European honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Overwinter exceptionally well Decent yield also in poor years Good spare time beekeeping Needs very moderate food supplies | Slow Spring build up Not currently sold in the US |
* Wikipedia has related information at European dark bee

## Italian Honey Bee

Apis mellifera ligustica Italian bees are the most common stock bee, and likely are the race to be found in packages or as unspecified breeds and queens for sale.
Pros and Cons of the Italian honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Good beginner bee Readily builds comb Unparalleled comb builders Only moderate tendency to swarm Relatively easy and calm to work with Lower range propolis producer | Continuous brood rearing continues after honey flow ceases More likely to starve during long winters Poor flight orientation, highly prone to drifting Aggressive foragers, causing tendency to rob |
* Wikipedia has related information at Italian bee

## Midnite Honey Bee

Apis mellifera: Hybrid The Midnite hybrid is a combination of both the Caucasian and Carniolan races.
Pros and Cons of the Midnite honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Very gentle | Daughter queens will not resemble their mother |

## Russian Honey Bee

Apis mellifera: hybrid (A. mellifera caucasica with some Italian and Carniolan.)
Pros and Cons of the Russian honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Resistant to Varroa Mites Resistant to Tracheal Mite | Brood rearing is highly dependent on forage availability Increased tendency to swarm Tend to propolize Expensive Susceptible to Colony Collapse Disorder Susceptible to infection by Nosema fungus more availability Aggressive |

## Starline Honey Bee

Apis mellifera: hybrid The Starline is an Italian hybrid known for its vigor and strong honey production.
Pros and Cons of the Starline honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Good brood producers Creates large honey crop under correct conditions Minimal propolis buildup Fast spring build up Well suited to clover honey production | Poor at overwintering due to large population Offspring queen often do not have same traits as mother, requires annual requeening |

## Yugo Honey Bee

Apis mellifera ?
Pros and Cons of the Yugo honey bee :
| Pros | Cons |
| Low swarm instinct Overwinters well Crosses usually produce heterosis (hybrid vigor) Tracheal mite resistant | Not widely available in World Honey bee difficult to locate |

## References

* ↑ http://www.mainebee.com/articles/race_strain.php
* ↑ http://www.russianbee.com/russians.htm Foley's Russian Bees: The Primorsky Russian Honeybee Retrieval Date: December, 2015