OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Linux Guide
## Getting started

* Introduction
* Distributions (more detail)
* Getting Linux

## Installing Linux

* Basic
* Dual-booting
* Advanced

## Using Linux

* How Linux Works
* Logging into Linux
* Using the shell (console)
* More Linux commands
* Desktop environments
* Getting Help
* Getting out of Freezes
* Installing software

## Managing Linux

* Tools
* Runlevels
* Operating modes
* System administration
* Network administration
* Modules
* Security
* Monitoring
* Reset a forgotten root password

## Programming on Linux

* Programming tools
* Book about X Window Programming

## Applications of Linux

* Use Audacity to make MP3s
* Burn a CD or DVD
* LDAP authentication in Linux
* Installing SugarCRM On Linux
* Using SSH
* PlayStation 3
* Linux and Bluetooth
* Run an Android emulator

## Business

* Enterprise Linux

## See also

* Guide to Unix/Linux

## Specific tips/fun stuff

* Virtual Network Computing (VNC) can be used to access your computer from anywhere if it's connected to the Internet and you know its IP address (use ifconfig). vnc-java can automatically create a webpage with a Java applet that eliminates the need for a VNC client. Try using x11-vnc
* for remote X you can also use simply X with xhost as X is a network protocol, or you can do X forwarding with ssh.
* WINE will often run your old Windows programs very well. It's hit and miss, but often more complex, graphics-heavy applications will work better than specifically integrated Windows apps.
* There are a number of unique, nicely-made open source games that run under Linux:
** Battle for Wesnoth (turn-based strategy game with elements from RPGs) http://www.wesnoth.org
** Blob Wars (platform shoot-em-up)
** Celestia (not really a game, but a very detailed astronomical program that can take you anywhere in the solar system and beyond) https://celestiaproject.space
** Enigma (marble-rolling puzzle game) http://www.nongnu.org/enigma
** GnuGo (one of the better Go AIs available, use ccGo or JaGo or cGoban for a user interface) http://www.gnu.org/software/gnugo/gnugo.html
** Frozen Bubble (similar to Bust-a-Move) http://www.frozen-bubble.org/
** Kobo Deluxe (4-way scrolling shoot-em-up) http://olofson.net/kobodl/links.html
** Orbit (simple 3D space combat simulator) http://www.head-crash.com/orbit/
** Rocks'n'Diamonds (Boulderdash clone plus a couple other games, too) http://www.artsoft.org/rocksndiamonds/
** Tux: A Quest For Herring http://tuxaqfh.sourceforge.net/
** Extreme Tux Racer (sliding down the mountains and catching herring at over 100 km/h) http://www.extremetuxracer.com/
** Nexuiz (A Unreal Tournament like first person shooter) http://www.nexuiz.com
** Warsow (A competitive quake3 like first person shooter) http://www.warsow.net
* Yakuake, a drop-down console, a la Quake's in-game console.
# Linux Guide/Audacity to MP3
## Setting Up Audacity

Before we can use Audacity, we need to install it.

### MP3s and Audacity

To make MP3s, Audacity needs the LAME library installed. First we need to create LAME, then tell Audacity where it is. You can list all compatible files in /usr with the command
or your whole computer with
If you find a libmp3lame.so file (using Debian Sarge 3.1r1), just tell Audacity were it is (below).
Otherwise, you will need to make LAME first:

#### Install LAME

* Make sure that GNU make and gcc are installed. To do this, you can type make -v and gcc -v and make sure you don't get a "command not found" error. The -v option just prints the version.
* The LAME library is available from . Download the latest version from the file releases.
* The download is a .tar.gz, you can use w:ark to extract the files into a folder.
* Go to the console
** In the Linspire menu this is L > Programs > Utilities > Console
** In Konquer press F4
* In the Console, type
replacing <directory> with the directoy LAME was extracted to; and press enter. e.g.: cd "/home/user/lame"
* Now type
to go into a directory called something like "lame-3.96.1". You can use cd "lame-3.96.1" instead. You may need to go deeper into the DIR,...so once again;
such that you may end up here (or similar); /LAME/lame-3.96.1/lame-3.96.1
Once you are able to type in;
and get back an output of useful info, instead of a bash/shell error you know then you are in the correct DIR.
* LAME configures itself automatically - type dot slash configure and press enter:
* However; Please read either the INSTALL file, the README file, or review the ./configure --help output (if more advanced) to determine your build options. I chose to include these --enable-mp3x and --enable-debug=norm. Notice many options are defaulted to yes.
* When it returns to the command prompt you would type
and press enter.
* LAME is now made in that directory, we'd like it installed into the system. This installation requires you to be root (super-user). If you are root (the prompt will be root@something# ) then type:
and press enter. If you aren't root, type:
and press enter. Type the root password when asked (it will be invisible) and press enter.

#### Install to Audacity

When LAME is installed, we need to tell Audacity about it. The first time you go to export to an MP3 Audacity will ask you where libmp3lame.so is located. You can simply point it to the libmp3lame.so file, normally in the /usr/local/lib folder, and click OK and you should be all set.
# Linux Guide/Common software
## Various applications

Many people are reluctant to use Linux for fear of not having access to programs they use within Windows or Mac OS. Indeed, Windows and Mac-based program will NOT run on Linux. However, there is almost always a free, open source alternative to popular proprietary software. For example, the programs in the LibreOffice suite (a freely available Microsoft Office equivalent) are quite adept at editing Word, Excel, and PowerPoint files. LibreOffice usually comes installed with most Linux distributions. There is also a free Windows emulator called WINE that can usually run Windows software.

### Browser

* Mozilla Firefox - A cross-platform web browser replacing Internet Explorer that provides tabbed browsing, increased security and customization (extensions).
* Mozilla Internet Suite - the GNU licensed web suite including a web browser, email client, calendar, web debugger, plugins, an IRC chat client and an FTP client.

### Games

* FreeCiv - Turn based strategy game that is "just like" Civilization II.
* TuxRacer - Race down a snowy hill on Tux's belly and catch fish.
* SuperTux - A game similar to the Super Mario Bros. series.
* SuperTuxKart - A game similar to Super Mario Kart.

### Office/Productivity

* LibreOffice - Free Office suite comparable to and compatible with Microsoft Office.
* Calligra Office - Free office suite comparable to and compatible with Microsoft Office.
* Scribus - Desktop publishing comparable to Microsoft Publisher.
* Freeplane - Diagrams, mind mapping and knowledge management comparable to Microsoft Visio.
* Calibre - eBook management.
* mtPaint - Basic painting.
* GIMP - a graphics editing program for Linux comparable to Adobe Photoshop.
* Zotero - reference management.

### Network/Internet

* Pidgin IM - IM client that can handle multiple protocols (AIM and ICQ (Oscar protocol), MSN Messenger, Yahoo!, IRC, Jabber, Gadu-Gadu, SILC, GroupWise Messenger, and Zephyr networks).
* aMSN - a Linux alternative to MSN Messenger
* Mozilla Thunderbird - A cross-platform email client replacing Microsoft Outlook.

### Multi-Media/Audio/Video

* VLC - a cross-platform audio/video player which will play just about any format and codec. Replaces QuickTime, Windows Media Player and DVD Player software. VLC also has extensive video/audio streaming and transcoding facilities.
* MPlayer - similar to VLC but without the streaming options.
* xine - another free multimedia player
# Linux Basics/User management (System administrator)
## The system administrator (superuser) and its functions

* The most important user in Linux is: root
* UID: 0, GID: 0
* Root can access everything in the system!
* The „su” command:
** Changing user and executing command:
** For example, we can become user mary:
*** su mary
** If we use dash, then we get the whole environment of mary:
*** su - mary
** We can add a group with the sg command. For example, we can add info:
*** sg info
* Sudo command
** With sudo command we can execute superuser commands. It asks the user's password, this is important because we don't want anybody to modify our system.
** Ubuntu-based systems get root permissions only by sudo, root user doesn't get password.
** We don't edit sudo's settings from directly the file. We use the following command instead: # visudo
** Settings → in /etc/sudoers file
** Syntax: <username> ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL Example: joska ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL
** Without NOPASSWD it asks the given user's password.
** Setting superuser permission: ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
# Linux From Scratch/Packages

This is a detailed listing of packages used for creating a Linux from scratch system.
* Autoconf (2.59) - 903 kilobytes (KB)
* Automake (1.9.1) - 681 KB
* Bash (3.0) - 1,910 KB
* Binutils (2.15.91.0.2) - 10,666 KB
* Bison (1.875a) - 796 KB
* Bzip2 (1.0.2) - 650 KB
* (5.2.1) - 3,860 KB
* DejaGNU (1.4.4) - 1,055 KB
* Diffutils (2.8.1) - 762 KB
* E2fsprogs (1.35) - 3,003 KB
* Expect (5.42.1) - 510 KB
* File (4.10) - 356 KB
* Findutils (4.1.20) - 760 KB
* Flex (2.5.31) - 372 KB
* Gawk (3.1.4) - 1,692 KB
* GCC (3.4.1) - 27,000 KB
* Gettext (0.14.1) - 6,397 KB
* Glibc (2.3.5) - 13,101 KB
* Grep (2.5.1) - 545 KB
* Groff (1.19.1) - 2,360 KB
* Grub (0.95) - 902 KB
* Gzip (1.3.5) - 324 KB
* Iana-Etc (1.01) - 161 KB
* Inetutils (1.4.2) - 1,019 KB
* IPRoute2 (2.6.8-040823) - 264 KB
* Kbd (1.12) - 617 KB
* Less (382) - 259 KB
* (2.2.2) - 16 KB
* Libtool (1.5.8) - 2,602 KB
* Linux (2.6.8.1) - 34,793 KB
* Linux-Libc-Headers (2.6.8.1) - 2,602 KB
* M4 (1.4.2) - 337 KB
* Make (3.80) - 899 KB
* Man (1.5o) - 223 KB
* Man-pages (1.67) - 1,586 KB
* Mktemp (1.5) - 69 KB
* Module-Init-Tools (3.0) - 118 KB
* Ncurses (5.4) - 2,019 KB
* Patch (2.5.4) - 182 KB
* Perl (5.8.5) - 9,373 KB
* Procps (3.2.3) - 265 KB
* Psmisc (21.5) - 375 KB
* Readline (5.0) - 940 KB
* (4.1.2) - 749 KB
* Shadow (4.0.4.1) - 795 KB
* Sysklogd (1.4.1) - 80 KB
* Sysvinit (2.85) - 91 KB
* Tar (1.14) - 1,025 KB
* Tcl (8.4.7) - 3,363 KB
* Texinfo (4.7) - 1,385 KB
* Udev (030) - 374 KB
* Udev Permissions Configuration - 2 KB
* Udev Rules Configuration - 1 KB
* Util-linux (2.12b) - 1,921 KB
* Vim (6.3) - 3,612 KB
* Vim (6.3) language files (optional) - 1,033 KB
* Zlib (1.2.1) - 277 KB
Total size of these packages: 135 MB

## Needed patches

This list is from LFS Chapter 3.3. Needed Patches
* Bash Display Wrap Patch - 1 KB
* Coreutils Suppress Uptime, Kill, Su Patch - 16 KB
* Coreutils Uname Patch - 1 KB
* Expect Spawn Patch - 6 KB
* Flex Brokenness Patch - 8 KB
* GCC Linkonce Patch - 12 KB
* GCC No-Fixincludes Patch - 1 KB
* GCC Specs Patch - 11 KB
* Inetutils Kernel Headers Patch - 1 KB
* Inetutils No-Server-Man-Pages Patch - 4 KB
* IPRoute2 Disable DB Patch - 1 KB
* Man 80-Columns Patch - 1 KB
* Mktemp Tempfile Patch - 3 KB
* Perl Libc Patch - 1 KB
* Readline Display Wrap Patch - 1 KB
* Sysklogd Kernel Headers Patch - 3 KB
* Sysklogd Signal Handling Patch - 1 KB
* Sysvinit /proc Title Length Patch - 1 KB
* Texinfo Segfault Patch - 1 KB
* Sfdisk Patch - 1 KB
* Zlib Security Patch - 1KB
# Linux Guide/CD Burning
## Burning CDs and DVDs with K3B

K3B (k3b.org) is a CD and DVD burner for Linux. Technically, it is a front-end for some of the commands given in the "using the console" section below.
K3B requires KDE (see also KDE how-to) to run.

## Burning CDs and DVDs with Brasero

Brasero (gnome.org) is a popular GTK+ CD burning software. It is part of the GNOME project.

## Burning CDs and DVDs using xcdroast

xcdroast is an alternative front end to cdrtools, which does not require KDE. Similarly to K3B and other such programs, it acts as a front end to automate commands which would normally be entered from the console.

## Burning CDs and DVDs using the Console
### 1. Make an ISO Image

An ISO Image is a file which contains all the data required on the CD or DVD - that is, all the files plus the directory structure. An ISO file is about the same size as all the files it is created from.
There are several ISO formats available,
To make the ISO in Linux, use 'mkisofs. mkisofs has many options to control how to handle CD and DVD creation - these include how linux-style filenames are converted to work for Windows and Apple Mac, and options for creation of a boot-cd. However, the standard command is:

#### mkisofs -r -o <file> <dir>

The easiest way to make an CD/DVD image is to copy all the files required in a new directory, such as "myproject". Then just run the command
to create the image. The image size should not be larger than the size of the CD (~ 700MB) or DVD (~ 4.4GB).
Note also that the FAT32 file system can only manage files of less than 4GB (which is less than the maximum DVD size)

### 2. Identify a CD drive

To burn the CD or DVD, we'll use cdrecord. The following command lists all the CD-R and DVD-R drives. and provides an address (a SCSI-style address)

### 3. Burn the CD

Burn the CD or DVD with:
Use blank=fast to clear all data from a CD-RW. cd_image is the ISO file created in step 1.
Example:

## Creation of Video DVDs

For DVDs to work in a DVD player, the movies and file structure must be very specific. A guide to creating a DVD video is given at VideoLan Wiki - see Making a DVD Video with VLC.
# Horticulture/Carex

Sedges :
| Genus: | Carex |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Type: | herbaceous monocots |
Carex is a genus of plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (although other, related species are also called sedges, those of genus Carex may be called "true" sedges). It is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology, a word reportedly created by Robert Kral, retired botanist at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee.
The genus was established by Carolus Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753. Estimates of the number of species vary from about 1100 to almost 2000 . They are distributed all over the world, but predominantly found in temperate regions.
Most (but not all) sedges are found in marshes, where they can be the dominant vegetation.

## Description

Carex species are grasslike, though the inflorescences are markedly different from true grasses.

## References

* ↑ Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi (2003-05-05). "Systematics of the genus Carex". {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
# Horticulture/Cerastium vulgatum

Mousear Chickweed :
| Binomial: | Cerastium vulgatum |
| Type: | Winter annual |
Cerastium vulgatum, one of several closely related species referred mouse-ear chickweed, is a low-growing winter annual native to Europe, but invasive in North America.

## Description

Low and spreading (but decumbent when in flower), hairy winter annual with white flowers.

## Ecology

Invasive in North America, and a troublesome weed of gardens and sparse lawns.

## Control

* Cultivation: Effective before flowers are produced in late spring.
* Mulching (for prevention): Effective
* Flame: Effective
# Horticulture/Cardamine hirsuta

Hairy bittercress :
| Binomial: | Cardamine hirsuta |
| Type: | Winter annual |
| Conditions: | Adaptable |
| Seed Dispersal: | Explosive capsules, small seeds easily moved on clothing |
| Germination Time: | Mid-autumn |
| Vegetative Spread: | None |
Hairy bittercress, Cardamine hirsuta, is a winter annual plant native to Europe and Asia, but also present in North America as an invasive weed. The plant is a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), and is edible as a bitter herb. Other common or country names include bittercress, land-cress and lamb's cress.

## Description

Hairy bittercress germinates in autumn, and is present through the winter as a basal rosette of pinnately compound leaves. It flowers sporadically in autumn, and then from late winter through spring. The small white flowers are borne in a corymb on wiry green stems, soon followed by the seeds and often continuing to flower as the first seeds ripen. The seed are borne in siliquae which, as with many Brassica species, will burst explosively, often when touched, sending the seeds flying far from the parent plant. Seeds germinate in the Autumn, and the plants are green throughout the winter months.

## Ecology

Hairy bittercress can be very invasive and often arises when seeds are introduced unintentionally in the soil of plants that have been brought home from a nursery or garden center. This plant grows best in consistently damp, recently disturbed soil. These are conditions that are prevalent in nursery-grown plants, and hairy bittercress may "hitch a ride" in the containers.

## Uses

Can be eaten as a bitter herb.
During the winter months, this plant can be left in place as a cover crop on bare soil, though it should generally be flamed or tilled in before it sets seed unless one intends to use it as a winter cover the next year.

## Control

* Mowing: Not effective, as the plant grows quite low, and can flower and set seed within a few days
* Cultivation: Effective on young plants that have not yet flowered
* Mulching (for prevention): Mulching in late summer will prevent germination
* Pulling: Pulled plants should be placed directly into a container, as the seeds will continue to ripen even after the plant is pulled up.
* Flame: Flameweeding is effective.
* Disposal: Hot composting only if seeds are present.
# Horticulture/Cardamine impatiens

Narrow-leaved Bittercress :
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
Cardamine impatiens is a mustard native to Europe, but also established as an invasive in other parts of the world.

## Description

The plant is a biennial or winter annual, producing basal whorls of pinnately divided leaves during its vegetative stage, and then a stalk with alternate leaves as it bolts.

## Growing Conditions

Prefers good garden soils, tolerant of both full sun and farly dense shade.
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2012 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2012

## Torts

Question 1

### Outline

P v. C
Respondeat Superior
Negligence
    Duty
    Breach
    Causation
    Damage
Negligence per se
P v. F
    Negligence
    Breach
    Causation
    Damage
    Defenses
Battery
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2009 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2009

## Torts
### Fact Summary

Q4. Loud Music Case
* Private nuisance
* Negligence
* Assault
* Battery
* Vicarious liability

## Criminal Law
### Outline

State v. D1
* SOLICITATION OF D2
* SOLICITATION OF D3
* CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT LARCENY/BURGLARY
* ATTEMPTED COMMON LAW BURGLARY
* MODERN LAW BURGLARY
* LARCENY
* ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY
State v. D2
* CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT LARCENY
* COMMON LAW BURGLARY
* MODERN LAW BURGLARY
* LARCENY
* HOMICIDE
* Defenses-mistake of fact
State v. D3
* CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT LARCENY
* COMMON LAW BURGLARY
* MODERN LAW BURGLARY
* MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
* ATTEMPTED LARCENY
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2007 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2007]

## Torts
### Fact Summary
### Outline

P v. D Negligence Duty Breach Causation Damages contributory negligence comparative negligence

## Criminal Law
### Outline

Battery Involuntary Manslaughter
2. Bill’s commission of a crime relating to death of Vic Homicide
Degrees of murder Conspiracy to murder Al Chuck’s withdrawal from the conspiracy Dave’s liability for murder of Al Murder (defined supra) Degrees of murder ? (defined supra) the murder of Al.
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2010 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2010
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2013 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2013

## Contracts
### Fact Summary

   A (event hall) emailed O an order for 1,000 white stems to O without specifying price or type. A expected roses but O instead sent orchids which are the only available “white stems” then and A accepted them without inquiry about substitutes. O billed A twice that of roses and A refused to pay.
* O v. J
* O v. A

### Outline
#### O v. J
##### Governing Law

* Goods-Rose
* Merchant-florist and wedding chapel
* UCC applies

##### Formation

* Mutual Assent
* Consideration (requirement contract)
* Statute of Frauds (written)

##### Breach

* Anticipatory repudiation

##### Defenses

* Impracticability

##### Remedies

* Expecatation
* Mitigation
* Lost volume seller

#### O v. A
##### Governing Law

* Goods-Rose
* Merchant-florist and event hall
* UCC applies

##### Formation

* Offer (indefiniteness, reasonable standard)
* Acceptance (nonconforming goods; perfect tender rule)
* Consideration
* Statute of Frauds (substantial performance exception)

##### Breach

* Refusal to Pay

##### Defenses

* Mistake (unilateral)
* Ambiguity

##### Remedies
## Criminal Law
### Fact Summary

   A and B went and opened the drawer when E came. Surprised, A chased Bob onto a balcony and pushed him and Bob fell over the balcony railing and landed on D which killed D.
* State v. A
* State v. B
* State v. E

### Outline
#### State v. A

* Alma's Solicitation of Burglary, or In the Alternative Larceny, and Extortion, Merges with the Target Crimes.
* Alma May be Guilty of Burglary.
* Alma May be Guilty of Attempted Extortion.
* Defenses
    Alma's Defense Against the Agreement of Conspiracy Likely Fails.
    Alma's Lack of Specific Intent Defense to Burglary, Larceny, and Extortion Fails.
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2008 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2008

## Torts
### Fact Summary

Banana peel

### Outline
## Criminal Law
### Outline

Banana peel State v. D1
* Common Law Burglary
* Modern Statutory Burglary
    Inner Door Doctrine
* Larceny
    custody
* Embezzlement
    possession
* Conspiracy
    Pinkerton Rule
    Wharton Rule
* Defenses
    Consent
    Duress
State v. D2
* Larceny
* Conspiracy
* Accomplice liability
# How to Ace FYLSE/October 2011 Exam
## Introduction

* October 2011
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/What is Cybernetics?
### Cybernetics and its area of study

Cybernetics derived from a Greek word, which means to steer. Technological system has a property to steer through different directions therefore self-correct to reach a goal (Paul Pangaro, 2010). Cybernetics is the most powerful language, describes a system that has goals. It is also an exceptional way of describing how the world works and help developing effective organization, of control and communication in animals and machines. This system also helps us filter out what is irrelevant to a situation and consider only which are relevant. An example of Cybernetics would be opening an email account with Google. Here the goal is to successfully open an account, which may involve several self-correcting steps such as selecting a gender, using a correct area code for mobile phone number, making sure to pick a user name not previously taken by someone else, selecting proper format of password acceptable by system and more. The system will give feedback to the user whenever there is a wrong submission of a required/important field such as mobile number or country selection etc. Finally it will steer the user to successfully open a new email account and reach their goal.
Cybernetics is comprehensive in nature therefore includes physical, technological, biological and social system into account. Many individuals hand tried to define Cybernetics in different ways therefore it could legally have multiple definitions without contradicting itself.
Reference: 1. Cross, J. (2010, September 21). What is Cybernetics? Part 1 of 2 Interview with Paul Pangaro. Retrieved June 21, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cvorr7587dE