OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Investing/Real estate

Investing in Residential Real Estate is one of the primary means of wealth accumulation in America today. For most Americans, investing in their own home is the largest investment they ever make. Extending that investment to other properties can be a means of building net worth.
There are five key characteristics that make real estate investing different from a passive investments such as the stock market:
INCOME: the property produces income in the form of rent, and that income can be used to pay for the investment itself. Because everyone has to have a place to live, the rental income tends to be more stable than the income from other investments. In addition, the income tends to rise over the course of time, as rent reflects the cost of ownership at the time of the rental. This benefits the owner, whose monthly cost is largely fixed at the time of acquisition.
DEPRECIATION: and other tax benefits are simply too good to be true. Many smart investors aim for a "break even" cash flow, but still get solid cash tax benefits from the tax shelter generated from depreciation. Investments can be exchanged without tax consequence, allowing the investor remarkable flexibility without any tax bill. And even if you sell, long term gains are not considered earned income, and therefore are not taxed by Social Security. The long term capital gains tax is currently at only 15%.
EQUITY BUILD UP: Equity in the property grows from the gradual pay off of the loan balance through amortization. Many investors choose a 30 year fixed rate loan program to keep their debt service costs to a minimum. Even so, as time passes, a larger and larger portion of the payment goes toward principal reduction. Eventually, the owner will own the property free and clear of any debt.
APPRECIATION: This increase in value can come from two sources, both from the economy (overall increase in value of real property) and from the improvements made by the owner (paint, carpet, adding a deck, mowing the lawn, etc.). Appreciation is the secret benefit of residential real estate, because the real money in owning real property is in holding it long term.
LEVERAGE: It only takes a small amount of cash to control a relatively large investment in residential real estate. Borrowing 80% to 95% of the purchase price is common, and locking in at a long term fixed interest rate is also common. In fact, if an investor has a good credit record, financing for up to 100% of the purchase price is often available. This type of leverage is typical in real estate because lenders believe the collateral (the real estate) is very stable in value. This leverage allows the investor to accumulate substantial dollar amount of investments relatively quickly. Also, owner financing is common, so investors with poor credit can get started as well.
# Introduction to Physical Science/Isotopes

Isotope is noted in an atomic name by the number following the Element which is always equal to the number of neutrons in a single atom of that isotope. Neutrons are the only particles that can be added or removed within an atom without changing the elemental properties. However, changing the isotope of a substance can alter more minor features. Changing the isotope of Uranium cannot make it a gas, but it can, for example make the Uranium more radioactive. When a particle is given more neutrons than the nuclear force can hold within the atom they begin to be released. Depending on the element, this process can take any amount of time from a few miliseconds to millions of years. This time of loss of neutrons is called a half-life and the process of losing particles is called decay. Isotopes that have this decay are known as Unstable Isotopes Unstable Isotopes usually decay until they reach a point where they become stable again. However, some elements have no stable isotopes, and therefore will continue to decay, losing protons and electrons in the process creating a lighter, more stable element altogether.
# Introduction to Physical Science/Light

Light is the kind of electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 390nm to 780nm which can usually be sensed by naked eyes of human.
# Introduction to Physical Science/Plasma

Plasma is gas like particles but with opposite charge but neutral as a whole. It is another state of matter besides solids, liquid and gas. Usually they exit at very high temperature.
# Introduction to Physical Science/Radiation

Energy emits in the form of electromagnetic waves which you can see or cannot.
# Introduction to Physical Science/Types of Energy
## Types of Forms of Energy

By 9th grade (U.S. system) some students can identify potential energy (energy stored in objects due to their position - snow on a steep slope) and kinetic energy (displayed by snow when it breaks loose and an avalanche falls down the steep slope.) Some students recognize the heat is a form of energy as well. In fact, depending on the context of the discussion, students may identify many forms of energy, such as: Potential, Kinetic, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Magnetic, Sound, Nuclear and so on.
# Introduction to Physical Science/Introduction
## Welcome To Physical Science
### This Book

Welcome to the wikibooks free text "introductory physical science"! This free text is built as a year-long course in 7th-9th grade basic physical science. This book is a resource and a basis for the course, which is meant to be taught in a laboratory setting. This text centers on student hands-on work as well as answering questions using critical thinking. This book encourages students to write their own methods for each piece of work before they are simply given the proper procedure. Making mistakes is part of all learning, and in the context of science, it is no less important. Therefore, this book will place more emphasis on the procedure, process, and the quality of performance rather that the actual answer.

### Resources

Student resources for this book are located within the next several pages, and teacher resources are in the back. Student resources include websites, common methods, a basic glossary, and conversion tables. Teacher resources include materials lists, procedures, detailed charts of results found upon completion of experiments, and much more.

### Use and Copyright

This textbook is free and available for every person to use. The book can be used in any method described under the GNU free documentation licence. Distribution is unlimited, and is very much encouraged.
# Introduction to Physical Science/Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Energy is the energy of a body in motion K = (1/2)mv$^2$ . where K is kinetic energy, m is mass of body and v is the velocity of body; so if a body having some velocity (speed is a direction) there is kinetic energy in the body apart from other forms of energy (like potential energy).
# Introduction to Physical Science/Thermal Energy
## Thermal Energy

The Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, in his 1871 classic Theory of Heat, built on the accepted idea that heat was something to do with matter in motion. This was the same idea put forward several years earlier by Sir Benjamin Thompson in 1798, who said he was only following on from the work of many others. Maxwell outlined four stipulations for the definition of heat. Heat:
* ... is something which may be transferred from one body to another, according to the second law of thermodynamics,
* ... a measurable quantity, and thus treated mathematically.
* ... cannot be treated as a substance, because it may be transformed into something that is not a substance, e.g., mechanical work.
* ... is one of the forms of energy.
Heat transfer can occur in a variety of ways: by conduction, radiation, convection, mass transfer or by friction.
The SI unit of heat is the joule.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Howler
## Overview

Howlers are messages that are carried by Owl Post, like letters. They are distinctively red-colored, and are used to carry urgent and angry messages.

## Extended Description

Howlers appear several times in the series. The first one we see is sent to Ron by his mother in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. The next is sent to Neville by his grandmother in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Several appear in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire as hate mail sent to Hermione, due to Rita Skeeter's article about her. Finally, one is sent to Harry's Aunt Petunia in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
A Howler is not used for just any message, as true to their name, they are extremely loud – according to the text, a hundred times as loud as one's natural voice, though that could be simply the apparent effect. Additionally, if not opened promptly, they tend to explode: though we do not see that happening, Nevile Longbottom advises Ron that it is better to open one immediately and take the amplified scolding, rather than leaving it unopened and letting it explode; and Percy comments in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire that exploding Howlers have been scorching his desk.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* What is the meaning of the howler received by Aunt Petunia?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Imp
## Analysis

The Imp is a magical creature found only in Britain and Ireland. The height of the Imp is considered comparable to that of the pixie, between six to eight inches, but that is where the physical similarities end. The Imp cannot fly like the Pixie, nor is it as brightly coloured.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Impedimenta
## Overview

Impedimenta is a jinx that causes the victim to trip, get blasted backwards, etc. The power of the jinx is affected by how much you concentrate when saying the incantation.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Horklump
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Imperturbable Charm
## Overview

An Imperturbable Charm, cast on a door or window, prevents approach to the door by anything.

## Extended Description

We first hear of this charm when Fred and George are talking about trying to use their Extendable Ears to listen in on meetings of the adult members of the Order. Ginny tells them not to bother, there is an Imperturbable Charm on the door, and that she found this out by tossing Dungbombs at it: none of them had reached the door.
When the family goes to visit Arthur in the hospital for the first time after his injury, the adults there present, Arthur, Molly Weasley, Mad-Eye Moody, and Tonks, send the youngsters out of the ward so they can have a quick discussion. Fred and George again produce Extendable Ears, saying that they hope nobody has thought to put an Imperturbable Charm on the door. It turns out nobody has.
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, when Harry, Ron, and Hermione have followed Draco Malfoy to Borgin and Burkes, Ron produces Extendable Ears to allow them to listen in on what Draco is saying, and says that he hopes the store is not protected by an Imperturbable Charm.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Impervius
## Overview

Impervius (spelled that way in the books) is a spell that is used to waterproof items. It seems to work by actually repelling water, rather than preventing penetration.

## Analysis

This spell is first used by Hermione to waterproof Harry's glasses in the Quidditch match against Hufflepuff in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban; this match is played in a pounding downpour, with lightning and gale-force winds. Harry is unable to see the Snitch because the rain is streaking his glasses and distorting his vision, and this spell clears his glasses so he can see.
A relatively minor spell, it is used in several other Quidditch matches, but is not used elsewhere.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Being waterproof seems such a useful thing; why would this spell not be in much more general use?
# Futurology/Free Will

There is less predestination than we expect. We can change our destinies in many ways - big and small. Starting with flipping a coin and ending with choosing a wife. Having or not having a kid or kids could start a lot of causual chains.
Important part - not to go crazy. And not to become too ridgid. Predestination could be fixed patern of reactions in given circumstances.
# Futurology/Axioms
## American Declaration of Independence

"We hold these truths to be Self-evident that all men are created equal."

## Latin proverb

"Homo homini lupus."
# Flow Control
## Boolean Expressions
## Loops

There are 3 kinds of While/Wend Loops:
1. Questioning The User 2. Trailer Data 3. Counter
# Futurebasic/language/string expressions
## String Expressions

Revised for FBtoC 15 February 2008

### Description

A string expression is anything that can be evaluated as a string of 0 to 255 characters. (Note that FutureBASIC also provides "Containers" with 2GB text capacity that operate very similarly to a standard string). A string can be expressed in any of the following ways:

### Simple Expressions

* A string literal, or a string variable. See Appendix C: Data types and Data Representation, for more information. Examples: surname$(23) "Friday"
* A reference to any user-defined function that returns a string value. Example: fn MyStringFunc$( "something" )
* A value returned by any built-in FB function whose name ends with $ Examples: chr$( 7 ) hex$( z& )
* A value returned by the using function, or by the str# function. Examples: using "##.#"; pi str#( 130, 5 )

### Compound Expressions

A compound string expression is a list of simple string expressions separated by the concatenation operator "+". The syntax of a compound string expression is:
simpleExpr1 + simpleExpr2 [+ simpleExpr3 ...]
The "+" operator builds a longer string by concatenating the operands. For example:
"Ex" + "tra" + mid$( "fiction", 3 )
This expression has the value "Extraction".

### Notes

If a string expression is assigned to a string variable too small to hold it, the expression is silently truncated to fit.
When two string expressions are separated by a data-comparison operator (==, !=, <, >) the result is a numeric expression. See Appendix D: Numeric Expressions.
# Futurebasic/programming/drawing
## Getting an Image on the Screen (Depreciated)

To get an image on the screen (using an older depreciated method), you have to include the image file in your project directory, and include the Core Graphics toolbox headers in your project. there is also a function the create a CG imageRef from a jpg or png file.
include resources "pBoard.png" include "Tlbx CoreGraphics.incl"
// Create a CGImageRef from a jpg or png image [KenS] local fn createCGImageRef( fileName as CFStringRef ) as CGImageRef
url = fn CFBundleCopyResourceURL( fn CFBundleGetMainBundle, filename, 0, 0 ) long if ( url )
select
end select fn CGDataProviderRelease( dataProvider ) end if CFRelease( url ) end if
end fn = imageRef
Once you have the above function and includes in your project, you can add an image to a window — and it takes the form of a button, whose contents we set with the image pointed to by the CG imageRef, like so:
// DISPLAY BACKGROUND IMAGE dim as rect r dim as ControlButtonContentInfo content SetRect( @r, 20, 20, 532, 532 ) appearance button 99, , , "", @r , _kControlImageWellProc content.contentType = _kControlContentCGImageRef content.u.imageRef = fn createCGImageRef( @"pBoard.png" ) fn SetButtonData( 99, _kControlImageWellPart, _kControlImageWellContentTag, SizeOf( content ), content )
# Kicad/Installing on Mac OS

Kicad Navigation
Introduction KiCad eeschema Introduction to eeschema eeschema commands eeschema hierarchical sheets File Formats FAQ Autorouter Installing on Mac OS
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## Installing the Mac version of KiCad on Mac OS
### Nightly builds

Since February 2015, nightly builds of KiCad for Mac OS are available, making the installation process much easier. These nightly builds are available on the KiCad website . As nightly builds, they are the most up-to-date (and may also contain bugs).

### "Traditional" install

First, download the Apple Mac OS version of KiCad from the download page. Also (is this really necessary?) download any Linux version of KiCad (to get documentation, templates, part libraries, etc.)
In the finder window, drag the Mac OS version of KiCad to the "Applications" on the left sidebar.
Unzip the Linux version of KiCad (creating a folder named "Kicad").
From a command prompt (is there a better way?) uncompress the Linux version
* tar -xvf kicad_0.2linux.tar.gz
Move the documentation, templates, part libraries, etc. to the appropriate place with (this never worked; what am I really supposed to do?)
To make this work on my mac I created a kicad directory under my /Users/myname directory and moved all the various kicad directories under there. Apparently kicad doesn't run properly with spaces in the directory names (/Library/Application Support/...) You must edit the file locations under 'Preferences' - 'Configure Paths...'
* cd ~/Library/Application Support/
* mkdir kicad
* cd kicad
* mv ~/Downloads/kicad/kicad/demos .
* mv ~/Downloads/kicad/kicad-doc/internat .
* mv ~/Downloads/kicad/kicad-library/library .
* mv ~/Downloads/kicad/kicad-library/modules .
Then start KiCad.
* /Library/Application Support/kicad (for shared libraries among all users), or
* $HOME/Library/Application Support/kicad (To get your own libraries)

## Further reading

* "Installing KiCAD on Mac OS X" is a tutorial similar to this one. via adafruit
* "How to install KiCad on OSX" is a tutorial similar to this one.
* "Lean Mean Ubuntu Virtual Machine" is a very, very different tutorial: it's a step-by-step tutorial for creating a Linux virtual machine that runs under Mac OS, and then getting KiCad to run inside that virtual machine.
* "KiCad on OSX" mentions another way to install KiCad on OSX
* KiCad: INSTALL.txt has a section on "Mac OS X KiCad tree"
* "KiCad on the Mac OS X"
* "Building KiCad on Mac OS X"
* "Compiling KiCad on Apple Mac OS X"
* "KiCad OSX Builder on GitHub" is a tool for building a Mac OS version of KiCad from source with the latest cutting-edge nightly updates and whatever special tweaks you want to add. (This tool is really outdated and should only be used on source form mid 2013 and before.)
# Kicad/eeschema

Kicad Navigation
Introduction KiCad eeschema Introduction to eeschema eeschema commands eeschema hierarchical sheets File Formats FAQ Autorouter Installing on Mac OS
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Eeschema Navigation
Introduction General Commands Hierarchical Sheets
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Eeschema is the schematic editor bundled with the Kicad EDA.
# Kicad/eeschema/Hierarchical Sheets

Kicad Navigation
Introduction KiCad eeschema Introduction to eeschema eeschema commands eeschema hierarchical sheets File Formats FAQ Autorouter Installing on Mac OS
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# Using hierarchical sheets

While creating a PCB with increased complexity it is often desirable to use hierarchical sheets, for many reasons including but not limited to readability, and division of asset creation between many developers.
<place image here - hierarchical menu items with descriptions>

## Placing an existing schematic drawing into a hierarchical sheet

After making a schematic drawing, placement within a root schematic is achieved using the following technique.
* Click "Place Hierarchical Sheet" and drag the bounding box to the desired size as shown.
* Edit the Sheet Info menu changing the file name to the existing schematic drawings name, this drawing should be in the same directory as the root schematic. The sheet name is an arbitrary value which can be any name of your choosing.
* After placement of the Hierarchical Sheet one can click within the sheet border to access the schematic drawing.
* If Hierarchical Labels have not been made on the sheet now is the time to make these connections. A Hierarchical Label works like a regular schematic Label with one difference: they connect two schematic sheets.
* Returning to the root schematic you must now import (figure 2) and add (figure 3) the labels.
** To Import pin labels you must click import pin labels until all pins have been imported. This can be achieved by right clicking (Ctrl+Click On Mac OS X) the schematic frame, and selecting import pins.
** Once all pins are imported into the schematic frame in the root schematic it will be easier to add labels to your root schematic. You must ensure that the labels are connected either by nets or labels to the parts on the root schematic diagrams.
The hierarchical sheets are now connected

# Navigating the hierarchy

You can navigate into hierarchical sheets by right-clicking and choosing "Enter Sheet". To navigate back up, right-click in the sheet and choose "Leave Sheet".
To navigate elsewhere in the hierarchy, you can select "Hierarchy" from the View menu (there is also a button for this function on the upper toolbar.)

# Copying/Moving blocks between sheets

To copy a block of components from one sheet to another, select the block (left-drag) then right-click and choose "Save Block" (or type the Ctrl-C shortcut.)
If you're moving instead of copying then you can then right-click again and choose "Delete Block" to delete the block from the source sheet.
Then navigate to the sheet you want the block to appear on and click the Paste icon (Pasteboard) on the upper toolbar.
# Kicad/eeschema/Introduction

Kicad Navigation
Introduction KiCad eeschema Introduction to eeschema eeschema commands eeschema hierarchical sheets File Formats FAQ Autorouter Installing on Mac OS
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# Introduction
## Description

Eeschema is powerful schematic capture software, available under the following operating systems :
* Linux
* Windows
Whatever the system used, the generated files are completely compatible from one system to another.
Eeschema is “integrated” software because all of the functions of drawing, control, layout, library management and access to the PCB design software are carried out from within Eeschema.
It also allows hierarchical drawings, using multi-sheet diagrams .
It is intended to work with printed circuit software such as PCBNEW, to which it will provide the Netlist file, which describes the electrical connections of the PCB to design.
Eeschema also integrates a component editor which allows the creation, editing, and visualization of components, as well as the handling of the symbol libraries (Import, export, addition and deletion of library components).
Eeschema also provides the following additional but essential functions needed for modern schematic capture software :
* Design rules check (D.R.C.) for the automatic control of incorrect connections, the inputs of components left unconnected…
* Export of the layout files to POSTSCRIPT or HPGL format
* Printing the layout files on a local printer.
* Bill of Materials generation.
* Netlist generation for PCB layout or simulation software.

## Technical overview

This software is limited only by the memory size available.
There is thus no real limitation to the component count, number of component pins, connections, sheets…
Eeschema allows simple or multi sheet diagrams.
In the case of multi sheet diagrams, the representation is hierarchical, and the access to each sheet is then immediate.
Eeschema use cases for multi sheet diagrams:
Simple hierarchies ( each diagram is used only once)
Complex hierarchies ( some diagram is used more than once (multiple instances) )
Flat hierarchies ( some diagrams not explicitly connected in a master diagram)
The maximum size of the drawings is always adjustable from A4 format to A0 and from A to E format.