OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of the National Hockey League/1942–1967/Dynasties/Detroit Red Wings
### Detroit Red Wings

Beginning in 1948–49, the Red Wings won seven consecutive regular season titles, a feat that no other team has accomplished. During that time, the Wings won four Stanley Cups. It was during the 1952 Stanley Cup Finals that the Legend of the Octopus was created. Brothers Pete and Jerry Cusimano brought a dead octopus to the Detroit Olympia for the fourth game of the finals. They reasoned that the eight tentacles of an octopus represented the eight wins required to win the Stanley Cup at the time. The Wings had already won seven consecutive playoff games, and they hoped that the octopus would inspire Detroit to an eighth victory. Detroit went on to defeat Montreal 3–0 and the tradition was born.
The Wings were led by Gordie Howe. In 1943, Howe was invited to the Rangers player camp in Winnipeg at the age of 15 but quickly became homesick and failed to make an impression on the Rangers coaches. The Red Wings invited him to their camp the next season where coach Jack Adams called him "the best prospect I've seen in 20 years." Two years later, Howe made his NHL debut for Detroit at the age of 18. On March 28, 1950, he was nearly killed during a playoff game against the Leafs. Howe mistimed an attempted check on Toronto's Ted Kennedy, causing him to slam into the boards head first. Howe was rushed to a hospital where doctors drilled a hole into his skull to relieve pressure on his brain. Despite fears that he would never play again, "Mr. Hockey" not only recovered to start the following season, he won his first of four consecutive scoring titles in 1950–51 and was 52 years old when he retired from professional hockey.
# History of the National Hockey League/1942–1967/Dynasties/Montreal Canadiens
### Montreal Canadiens

The Red Wings faced the Canadiens in the Stanley Cup Finals in three consecutive seasons between 1954 and 1956. Detroit won the first two match-ups, however Montreal captured the 1956 Stanley Cup, ending one dynasty and starting another. The Canadiens won five consecutive championships between 1956 and 1960, a feat no other team has duplicated.
The Canadiens signed Jean Beliveau, a prospect whose arrival in the NHL had been anticipated for years, in 1953. Beliveau had repeatedly refused to turn professional with Montreal, as his Quebec Senior Hockey League team, the Quebec Aces, matched any contract offer the Canadiens made. Montreal ultimately bought the entire league outright, along with the rights to all players, and turned it professional. Beliveau finally signed with Montreal for $105,000 over five years and a $20,000 bonus, an unprecedented contract for a rookie. Beliveau ultimately won ten Stanley Cups in Montreal.
Led by Richard and Beliveau, the 1950s Canadiens had so much offensive ability the NHL was forced to amend its rules to slow their offence down. The 1955–56 Canadiens frequently scored multiple goals during the same two-minute powerplay. In one game against Boston, Beliveau scored three goals in 44 seconds on the same Bruins penalty. The league instituted a rule for the following season that permitted a player serving a minor penalty to return to the ice early if one goal was scored against his team.
# History of the National Hockey League/1942–1967/Dynasties/Toronto Maple Leafs
### Toronto Maple Leafs

In the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals, the Maple Leafs defeated the Canadiens four games to one in the only final in NHL history when all games were decided in overtime. The Cup-winning goal was scored by Leafs' defenceman Bill Barilko after he dashed in from his defensive position, despite an earlier warning from Smythe not to take unnecessary chances, and hammered the puck past Montreal goaltender Gerry McNeil. The goal completed Toronto's fourth Stanley Cup championship in five seasons and made Barilko a national hero. Four months later, Barilko and a friend disappeared in Northern Ontario, where they had flown out on a fishing trip. Barilko's disappearance became front page news across Canada, and a massive search failed to locate the missing plane. Barilko's remains were not found until 1962, the first year the Maple Leafs won the Cup since Barilko's overtime winner eleven years previous. Barilko's disappearance was immortalized 40 years later by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip in their 1992 song "Fifty Mission Cap".
By 1962, the disappearance of Bill Barilko and the Maple Leafs' subsequent failure to win the Stanley Cup had led fans in Toronto to believe a curse had been placed on the team. The Leafs won the 1962 championship shortly before Barilko's remains were discovered. They repeated as champions in 1963. In 1964, the Leafs again played for the Stanley Cup against the Red Wings. Trailing the series 3–2, Maple Leafs' defenceman Bobby Baun suffered a broken ankle from a Gordie Howe slap shot in the third period of game six. Despite the injury, Baun returned with his ankle taped up and scored the winning goal in overtime. Baun also played the seventh game as the Maple Leafs defeated the Red Wings to win their third consecutive title.
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942/Toronto Maple Leafs/Conn Smythe

When Smythe bought the Leafs, he promised that the team would win the Stanley Cup within five years. To that end, Smythe wanted to bring in a star player to help his team. In 1930, with the Senators struggling financially due to the Great Depression, they put King Clancy up for sale. Smythe's partners could only offer $25,000 for Ottawa's defensive star, one-half of Ottawa's asking price. In an attempt to raise money, Smythe entered a thoroughbred racing horse he owned, Rare Jewel, in the Coronation Futurity Stakes at odds of 106–1. Rare Jewel won the race, earning Smythe over $15,000. Smythe then acquired Clancy for $35,000 and two players worth $15,000, which was an unprecedented price to pay for one player. It was also the only race Rare Jewel ever won.
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942/Toronto Maple Leafs/Maple Leaf Gardens

Smythe also envisioned building a new shrine for his team. He described it as "a place where people can go in evening clothes, if they want to come there for a party or dinner ... a place that people can be proud to bring their wives or girlfriends to". Smythe purchased a piece of land at the corner of Church and Carlton Streets from the Eaton's department store chain for $350,000. Skeptics argued that Smythe would never get the arena built, nor fill it, as the Depression was in full swing. They referred to the arena plan as "Smythe's Folly". To help fund the arena, the Leafs convinced construction workers to accept 20% of their wages in shares in the arena. Just 4½ months after breaking ground, Maple Leaf Gardens opened on November 12, 1931. Many in the sold-out crowd of over 13,000 wore evening clothes in response to Smythe's stated goal in building the arena. In 1932, five years after Smythe's promise, the Leafs won the Stanley Cup in three games over the Rangers.
Maple Leaf Gardens also featured the famous "gondola", a broadcast booth specially constructed for Foster Hewitt. Hewitt began broadcasting hockey games in 1923 on CFCA, a radio station owned by his father, W.A. Hewitt. It was an assignment he initially did not want. Smythe supported the broadcast of Leafs games in contrast of other team owners, who feared that airing games on the radio would cut into gate receipts. By 1931, Hewitt had established himself as the voice of hockey in Canada with his famous catch-phrase: "he shoots, he scores!" On January 1, 1933, Leafs' broadcasts were first heard across Canada on 20 stations of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (today the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Hewitt's broadcasts quickly attracted audiences of over one million listeners. The broadcasts became the precursor to Hockey Night in Canada, a Saturday night tradition that continues today.
# History of the National Hockey League/1917–1942/Toronto Maple Leafs/Ace Bailey
### Ace Bailey benefit game

On December 13, 1933, Bruins defenceman Eddie Shore, in a daze following what he thought was a check by Toronto's Ace Bailey, charged the latter player from behind, flipping Bailey into the air and causing him to suffer a severe skull fracture after he landed on his head. The check was so vicious that Bailey was given the last rites before being transported to the hospital in Boston. Neurosurgeons operated throughout the night to save his life; however, Bailey's prognosis was so grim that morning papers printed his death notice. Bailey survived, but he never played professionally again. Shore ultimately served a 16-game suspension for the hit, and avoided being charged with manslaughter had Bailey died.
To raise money for Bailey's recovery, Maple Leaf Gardens hosted the Ace Bailey All-Star Benefit Game on February 14, 1934. The Maple Leafs defeated an all-star team of players from the rest of the league 7–3 while raising over $20,000. Prior to the game, the Leafs announced that no Toronto player would ever wear Bailey's #6 again, marking the first time in NHL history that a team retired a player's jersey number. Before the game, each player came out and shook Bailey's hand as they received their all-star jersey. The last player to do so was Eddie Shore. The crowd, which had fallen silent as Shore approached, erupted into loud cheering as Bailey extended his hand towards his attacker. Elmer Ferguson described the moment as "the most completely dramatic event I ever saw in hockey".
# History of the National Hockey League/1942–1967

* World War II and after
* Maurice Richard
* Television
* Dynasties
** Detroit Red Wings
** Toronto Maple Leafs
*** 1967 Stanley Cup Finals
** Montreal Canadiens
* Breaking the colour barrier
* Norris Hockey League
* Expansion
* Rules and innovations
** Goaltending
* Unionization
** Alan Eagleson
# Human Sexuality and Gender/Gender Inequality

Gender inequality refers to the obvious or hidden disparity between individuals due to gender. Gender inequality is something that has been going on for a long time. For so long we have been trying to get women on the same level as men, but somehow the fight has yet to be over. Women who do the same job as men are still put under the radar and receive less wages. The belief is that women are just as capable as men and should be rewarded for their contributions to the company by being the same amount that men do.
Gender equality is very prominent throughout the world. For example, within the House of Representatives there are only 14 seats out of 100 that hold women. The disparity of wages between men and women is slowly improving, but there is still a gap.
# Human brain
## Table of contents

Parts
* Cerebrum
* Cerebellum
* Brainstem
Sensory organs
* Eye
* Ear
* Nose
* Epidermis
* Dermis
* Hypodermis
* Mouth
Nerves
* Spinal cord
* Nerve

## External links

* Brain Facts
* Neuroanatomy
# Group Theory/Simple groups and Sylow's theorem

Definition (Sylow p-subgroup):
Let $G$ be a group and let $p\in \mathbb {N}$ be a prime number such that $p||G|$. Then a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $G$ is a subgroup $P\leq G$ such that $|P|=p^{k}$, where $k$ is maximal such that $p^{k}||G|$.
Theorem (Cauchy's theorem):
Let $G$ be a group whose order $|G|$ is divisible by a prime number $p\in \mathbb {N}$. Then $G$ contains an element of order $p$.
Proof: $G$ acts on itself via conjugation. Let $x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}\in G$ be a system of representatives of cojugacy classes. The class equation yields
    $|G|=\sum _{k=1}^{n}[G:G_{x_{k}}]$.
Either, there exists $k\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}$ such that $[G:G_{x_{k}}]$ is both not $1$ and not divisible by $p$, in which case we may conclude by induction on the group order, noting that $p$ divides $|G_{x_{k}}|$ and $|G_{x_{k}}|<|G|$, or for all $k\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}$ the number $[G:G_{x_{k}}]$ is either $1$ or divisible by $p$; but in this case, by taking the class equation $\mod p$, we obtain that $Z(G)$ is nontrivial and moreover that its order is divisible by $p$. Hence, it suffices to consider the case where $G$ is an abelian group. Take then any element $h\in G$. If $h$ has order divisible by $p$, raising $h$ to a sufficiently high power will produce an element of order $p$. Otherwise, the order of $G/\langle h\rangle$ is divisible by $p$, and by induction we find an element $g+\langle h\rangle \in G/\langle h\rangle$ whose order is divisible by $p$. Then the order of $g$ will also be divisible by $p$, because otherwise, passing to the quotient, $(g+\langle h\rangle )^{k}=e+\langle h\rangle$ for some $k$ not divisible by $p$. $\Box$
Theorem (Sylow's theorem):
Let $G$ be a finite group, such that $|G|=p^{k}m$ with $p\nmid m$. Then the following hold:
* $G$ has a Sylow subgroup
* The action of $G$ by conjugation on the Sylow subgroups is transitive
* If $n_{p}$ is the number of Sylow $p$-subgroups, then $n_{p}|m$ and $n_{p}\equiv 1\mod p$
* Every $p$-group of $G$ is contained within some Sylow $p$-group of $G$
Definition (simple group):
A group $G$ is a simple group if $G$ and $\{e\}$ are the only normal subgroups of $G$ (where $e\in G$ denotes the identity).
# Group Theory/Topological groups

Definition (topological group):
A topological group $G$ is a group whose underlying set is endowed with a topology such that
* the group law is a continuous function $G\times G\to G$ and
* inversion is a continuous function $G\to G$.
Thus, a topological group is a group with structure in the category of topological spaces.
Proposition (every topological group is a uniform space):
Let $G$ be a topological group, and let $(U_{\alpha })_$ be a neighbourhood system of its identity. Then the sets
form an entourage system whose induced topology is identical to the topology of $G$.
Proof: $\Box$
Theorem (Birkhoff‒Kakutani theorem):
Proposition (the connected component of the identity of a topological group is one of its normal subgroups):
Let $G$ be a topological group, and let $K\subseteq G$ be the connected component of its identity. Then $K\trianglelefteq G$.
Proof: $\Box$
Proposition (each locally compact topological group is the disjoint union of translates of one of its σ-compact open subgroups):
Let $G$ be a locally compact topological group. Then there exists a σ-compact open subgroup $H\leq G$, from which we may of course deduce that
    $G=\bigsqcup _{g\in S}gH$,
where $S$ is a set that contains one element of each left coset of $H$ (the squared union symbol indicating that the union is disjoint). Moreover, each left coset $gH$ of $H$ is σ-compact and open.
Proof: We shall denote the identity of $G$ by $e$. Let $K$ be a compact neighbourhood of $e$. We set $L:=K\cup K^{-1}$. Since the image of a compact set via a continuous map is compact and the union of two compact sets is compact, $L$ is a compact neighbourhood of $e$. Moreover, induction, the fact that the product of two compact sets is compact and the fact that the image of a compact set via a continuous map is compact (applied to the continuous group law map) yield that all the sets $L^{2},L^{3},\ldots$ are compact. Yet, the group
    $H:=\langle L\rangle \leq G$,
ie. the group generated by the elements of $L$, is the union of these sets, hence σ-compact.
It remains to show that $H$ is open. To this end, we may use that since $L$ is a neighbourhood of $e$, there exists an open set $V\subseteq L$ such that $e\in L$. Since multiplication by a group element is an isomorphism, the set $hV$ are open in $H$ whenever $h\in H$. Hence,
    $H=\bigcup _{h\in H}hV$
is open.
Finally, $gH$ is open and σ-compact because multiplication by $g$ is an automorphism of $G$ in the category of topological spaces, whence it preserves openness and compactness. $\Box$
# Growing Edible Sprouts/Bibliography

Growing Edible Sprouts - Bibliography

## General

* Braunstein, Mark M. (1999) Sprout Garden - Revised Edition Book Publishing Co. Tennessee ISBN 1-57067-073-0
* Meyerowitz, Steve (1999) Sprouts the miracle food: the complete guide to sprouting - Sixth Edition Sproutman Publications Mass. ISBN 1-878736-04-3
* Wigmore, Ann (1986) The sprouting book Avery ISBN 0-89529-246-7

## Nutrition

* United States Department of Agriculture USDA National Nutrient Database

## Regulations

* Food and Drug Administration (May 2005) Public Meeting: 2005 Sprout Safety. Transcript of Proceedings. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/sprotran.html

## Commercial Sprouting

* Caudill Seed in Louisville, Kentucky. Leafy sprout equipment. Bean sprout equipment.
* International Sprout Growers Association
* Sunsprout in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
# Group Theory/Representations

Definition (representation):
Let $G$ be a group, ${\mathcal {C}}$ a category, $A$ an object of ${\mathcal {C}}$. Then a representation (also called action) of $G$ on $A$ by automorphisms of ${\mathcal {C}}$ is a group homomorphism
    $G\to \operatorname {Aut} (A)$.
Example (symmetric group acting on a product set):
Let $S$ be a set and let $S^{n}$ be the product of $n$ copies of $S$. The symmetric group acts on $S^{n}$ via
    $\sigma (x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}):=(x_{\sigma (1)},\ldots ,x_{\sigma (n)})$.
Note that in this notation, we identified the element of $G$ with the automorphism of $A$ to which the element is sent via the homomorphism of the representation. This convention is followed throughout group theory and will be understood by every mathematician.
Definition (equivalence of representations):
Let $G$ be a group, ${\mathcal {C}}$ a category, $A,B$ objects of ${\mathcal {C}}$ and $\rho :G\to A$, $\psi :G\to B$ two representations of $G$ on $A$ resp. $B$. Then an equivalence of representations is an isomorphism $f:A\to B$ such that
    $\forall g\in G:g\circ f=f\circ g$.
Proposition (inverse of equivalence of representations is equivalence of representations):
Let $G$ be a group, ${\mathcal {C}}$ a category, $A,B$ objects of ${\mathcal {C}}$ and $\rho :G\to A$, $\psi :G\to B$ two representations of $G$ on $A$ resp. $B$. Let $f:A\to B$ be an equivalence of representations. Then $f^{-1}:B\to A$ is also an equivalence of representations.
Proof: We have
    $g\circ f^{-1}=f^{-1}\circ g\Leftrightarrow f\circ g\circ f^{-1}=g\Leftrightarrow g=g$,
since $f$ is an equivalence of representations. $\Box$
# Group Theory/The action by conjugation and p-groups

Definition (global stabilizer):
Let $G$ be a group that acts on $A$, where $A$ belongs to some algebraic variety ${\mathcal {A}}$. Let $S\subseteq A$ be a subset. Then the global stabilizer of $S$ is the set
    $G(S):=\{g\in G|gS\subseteq S\}$,
where the notation $gS$ stands for the set $\{gs|s\in S\}$.
Definition (p-group):
Let $p\in \mathbb {N}$ be a prime number. Then a $p$-group is a group of order $p^{k}$ for some $k\in \mathbb {N}$.
Proposition (cardinality of fixed point set of a p-group equals cardinality of set mod p):
Let $G$ be a $p$-group that acts on a set $X$. Then
    $|\operatorname {Fix} (G)|\equiv |X|\mod p$.
Proof: By the class equation,
    $|X|=\sum _{k=1}^{n}[G:G_{x_{k}}]$,
where for each orbit of the action of $G$ on $X$ we pick one representative $x_{k}$ of that orbit. Since $G$ is a $p$-group, whenever $[G:G_{x_{k}}]$ is not $1$, it is divisible by $p$ by Lagrange's theorem. Hence, by taking the above equation $\mod p$, we get
    $|X|\equiv \sum _{j=1}^{l}1\equiv l\mod p$,
where $l$ is the number of those $x_{k}$ for which $[G:G_{x_{k}}]=1$. But $[G:G_{x_{k}}]=1$ means precisely that the orbit of $x_{k}$ is trivial, that is, that $x_{k}$ is fixed by all of $G$. $\Box$
Proposition (p-groups have nontrivial center):
Let $G$ be a $p$-group. Then $Z(G)\neq \{e\}$, where $e\in G$ denotes the identity.
Proof: $G$ acts on itself via conjugation. Furthermore,
    $h\in Z(G)\Leftrightarrow \forall g\in G:g^{-1}hg=h$,
so that $Z(G)$ is precisely the fixed point set of $G$ under that action. But since the cardinality of the fixed point set of a p-group equals the cardinality of the whole set mod p, we get that
    $0\equiv |G|\equiv |\operatorname {Fix} (G)|\equiv |Z(G)|\mod p$,
which would be impossible if $|Z(G)|=1$. $\Box$
# Group Theory/Subnormal subgroups and series

{{definition|subnormal subgroup|Let $G$ be a group. A subgroup $H\in G$ is called subnormal subgroup if and only if there exists
Definition (subnormal series):
Let $G$ be a group. Then a subnormal series is a finite family of subgroups $H_{0},H_{1},\ldots ,H_{n}\leq G$ such that
    $\{e\}=H_{0}\triangleleft H_{1}\triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft H_{n}=G$,
where $e\in G$ is the identity.
Definition (composition series):
Let $G$ be a group. A composition series of $G$ is a subnormal series
    $\{e\}=H_{0}\triangleleft H_{1}\triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft H_{n}=G$
of $G$ such that for all $k\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}$ the quotient group $H_{k}/H_{k-1}$ is simple.
Theorem (Schreier refinement theorem):
Let $G$ be a group, and let
    $\{e\}=H_{0}\triangleleft H_{1}\triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft H_{n}=G$
be a subnormal series of $G$.
# Growing Edible Sprouts
## The Basics of Growing Edible Sprouts

* Introduction - A Clean and Healthy Crop
* Seeds
* Water and Air
* Removing Hulls and Hard Seed
* Storage

## Growing Sprouts

* Growing Sprouts in Jars
* Growing Sprouts in Trays
* Growing Sprouts in Buckets
* Growing Large Batches of Commercial Sprouts

## Regulations and Research

* Seed Testing
* FDA Guidelines
* Recent Scientific Research

## Appendices

* Seed Yield and Growing Time
* Nutritional Information
* Recipes
* Bibliography
# Handbook of Management Scales/Value orientation
## Value orientation (composite reliability = 0.82)
### Description

The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct comprised of five combinative service competency bundles: service climate; market focus; process management; human resource policy; and metrics and standards.
One of these five second-order dimensions, service climate, consists of three first-order dimensions: leadership, service culture, and value orientation.

### Definition

The extent to which a company’s management team gives attention to the productivity level of the company, the value delivered to the customer, and the cost charged for the services provided.

### Items

* Providing high high-value services is a major focus of managerial attention in our company. (0.83)
* We have programs in place to tackle all activities that do not add value to the customer. (0.62)
* Exceptional value is created in our company through a combination of quality, service design and cost management. (0.76)

### Source

* Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.

### Comments

The second item was dropped due to low regression weight (or lower than remaining items).

### Related Scales

* Leadership
* Service culture
# Handbook of Management Scales/Willingness to transact
## Willingness to transact (alpha = 0.83)
### Description

Two surveys were conducted (online retailing company Amazon and online banking division [OBD]), to ensure adequate levels of reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity for a trust scale. Familiarity and willingness to transact were used to test nomological validity of the trust model.

### Items

* I intend on using Amazon [OBD] for some of my future purchases [banking transactions].
* I am inclined to purchase Amazon's [OBD's] goods and services.
* 1 am likely to utilize the services provided by Amazon [OBD].

### Source

* Bhattacherjee (2002): Individual Trust in Online Firms: Scale Development and Initial Test. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 211–241. Previously used by: Jarvenpaa et al. (2000).
# Handbook of epistemology/Complements

transferred in Handbook of epistemology/Applications