OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Devonshire Manuscript/This rotyd greff will not but growe

* ←What helpythe hope of happy hape || width="200" align="right" | Hartte aprest with dessperott thoughtes→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 47v
f. [47v] u 1 This rotyd greff will not but growe 2 to wether away ys not ys kynde{d,} 3 my teris of sorowe fulwell I know 4 which will I leve will not from mynde{d,} T. H.$^1$

## Notes & Glosses

1. Presumably, these initials refer to Lord Thomas Howard.

## Commentary

Written in TH1's hand, this poem is attributed in the text to Thomas Howard, indicated by the initials “T.H.” The speaker describes his continual sorrow that will not leave the mind. This short poem might be a comment on the preceding poem “What helpythe hope of happy hape” (46v-47r). The grafted and rotten bough is a common image in courtly love poetry. For other examples of this image in the manuscript, see “Yff reason govern fantasye” "Yff reason govern fantasye" (45v), “Nowe fare well love and theye lawes forever” (75r), and “Tanglid I was yn loves snare” (79v-80r).
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Title Page
## A Social Edition of the Devonshire Manuscript (BL MS Add 17,492)
#### Co-Edited by
### Raymond Siemens
#### Karin Armstrong & Constance Crompton

and

#### The Devonshire MS Editorial Group

Barbara Bond, Terra Dickson, Johanne Paquette, Jonathan Podracky, Ingrid Weber, Cara Leitch, Melanie Chernyk, Brett D. Hirsch, Daniel Powell, Alyssa Anne McLeod, Alyssa Arbuckle, Jonathan Gibson, Chris Gaudet, Eric Haswell, Arianna Ciula, Daniel Starza-Smith, James Cummings with Martin Holmes, Greg Newton, Paul Remley, Erik Kwakkel, and Aimie Shirkie.
in conjunction with

#### Partners

Iter
Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
Adam Matthew Digital

#### Collaborators

Implementing New Knowledge Environments
Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory

#### Advisory Group

William R. Bowen (Chair) (Director, Iter; University of Toronto Scarborough)
Robert E. Bjork (Director, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies; Arizona State University)
Michael Ullyot (University of Calgary)
Diane Jakacki (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Jessica Murphy (University of Texas at Dallas)
Jason Boyd (Ryerson University)
Elizabeth Heale (University of Reading)
Steven W. May (Georgetown College)
Arthur F. Marotti (Wayne State University)
Jennifer Summit (Stanford University)
Jonathan Gibson (Queen Mary, University of London)
John Lavagnino (King's College London)
Katherine Rowe (Bryn Mawr College)
# The Devonshire Manuscript/The pleasaunt beayt of swet Delyte Dothe blynd

* ←Myght I as well within my songe || width="200" align="right" | am el mem→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 66r
f. [66r] fortufortunee mignam pœrpetuo est bone$^1$ 1 The pleasannt beayt of swet Delyte Dothe blynd 2 oure eyes weth charmynge lewsardes{es} glystring ^$^{sho}$ 3 & present Ioy so ranyshekes{es} oure mynd 4 that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] oft we Dow Imbrace oure lurkynge foo 5 but whereas Wysdome the soft Iudge doth Raign 6 there wyt avoyedes{es} all DaDouteunger breding pain mentire non est meum$^2$ Deceyt Deserueth Death

## Notes & Glosses

1. The line reads: "fortuna mea nam perpetuo est bona," or, in English, "my luck is continuously good indeed."  2. In English, the line reads: "I do not lie," literally "to lie is not mine" (to lie is not in my nature).

## Commentary

Entered by H13, this poem remains unattributed. H13 also annotates the poem with two lines in Latin and one in English. The line above, “fortunee mignam poerpetuo est bone,” translates to “my fortune is continuously good indeed” and the one below, “mentire non est meum,” translates to “to lie is not in my nature.” The three annotations seem to be a personal comment on the rule of Wisdom in the speaker. The poem describes how delight blinds and makes one embrace a foe, but Wisdom makes the will avoid Danger that ultimately breeds pain (i.e. the lady’s show of reluctance and disdain). The annotations seem to indicate that the annotator aligns him/herself with the rule of Wisdom since practicing no deceit brings good fortune. Interestingly, Margaret Douglas changes the word “Daunger” for the word “Doute” in the last line. The ability of “doubt” to breed pain makes sense when a couple has confessed a reciprocal feeling. Reluctance and disdain, or “Daunger,” was frequently shown by the lady to preserve her virtue in the early stages of courtship (and was often a source of pain for the courting lover). If readers interpret this modification by Margaret Douglas in view of her relationship with Thomas Howard, then doubting one another’s feelings would be a more effective cause of pain for them than “Daunger.”
# The Devonshire Manuscript/To dere is bowght the doblenes

* ←Wyly no dought ye be a wry || width="200" align="right" | for thylke grownde that bearyth the wedes wycke→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 59v
f. [59v] 1 To dere is bowght the doblenes 2 that perith owte in trowthe sted 3 for faut of faith newfangilnes 4 is cheff ruler in womanhed 5 for trusty love they vse hatred 6 and change is all ther stedfastnes 7 wherfor ho trustith to womans faith 8 folunn eine non desluet$^1$ finis

## Commentary

Entered by H7, this poem remains unattributed. The poem concerns the fickleness of women and ends with a Latin quote, “folium eius non defluet,” which comes from Psalm 1:3 (“his leaf shall not fall off”). The first three verses of this psalm reads, in the Douay-Rheims translation from the Latin Vulgate, “Blessed is the man who hath not walked in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stood in the way of sinners, nor sat in the chair of pestilence. But his will is in the law of the Lord, and on his law he shall meditate day and night. And he shall be like a tree which is planted near the running waters, which shall bring forth its fruit, in due season. And his leaf shall not fall off: and all whosoever he shall do shall prosper.” If the Latin quote is read alongside the preceding line, then the motto ironically reveals that trusting in women's faith shall reap few valuable fruits (due to women's fickle nature).

#### Works Cited

* ↑ Swift Edgar, Angela M. Kinney, and Dumbarton Oaks, eds. The Vulgate Bible : Douay-Rheims Translation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 2010. Ps. 1.1-3.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/To make an ende of all this strif

* ←whan that I call vnto my mynde || width="200" align="right" | Wyll ye se / What Wonderous love hathe wrought→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 83r
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 83v
f. [83r] 1 To make an ende of all this strif 2 no lenger{g'} tyme for to sustaine 3 but now withe dethe to chaung the lif 4 of him that lyves alwaies in payne / 5 dispaire suche powre hathe yn his hande 6 that helpith most I kno certeyne / 7 may not with{w+t+}stonde / f. [83v] 8 maye not with{w+t+}stande that is electe 9 bye fortunis most extremytie 10 but all in wo$^r$the to be excepte 11 with{w+t+}outen lawe or libretye 12 what vaylithe then vnto my thought 13 yf right can have no remedie 14 there vaylith nought 15 there vaylithe nought but all in vaine 16 the fawte thereof maye none amende 17 but onlie dethe for to constraine 18 this spightfull happ. to have an ende / 19 so grete disdaine dothe me pro{p3}voke 20 that drede of dethe cannot deffende 21 this dedelye stroke 22 this dedelie stroke wherebye shall seace 23 the harbo$^r$id sighis with{w+t+}in my herte 24 and for the gifte of this relese 25 my hand in haste shall playe his parte 26 to doo this cure againste his kinde 27 [[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{s}8}]]{_o} {_o} forom ch for chaunge of lif from long deserte 28 . to place assignid 29 To place assignid forever more 30 nowe bye constrainte I do agre / 31 to loose the bonde of my restore 32 wherein is bounde my librte 33 dethe and dispaire doth vndre take 34 from{_o} all mishap full now hardilye 35 this ende to make fs

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H8. The speaker feels dispirited and sees only death as a remedy to his or her spiteful fortune. The speaker’s despair possibly stems from difficulties in love and in preferment.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 246-47.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/To Rayle or geste ye kno I vse yt not

* ←ffor to love her for her lokes lovelye || width="200" align="right" | My herte I gave the not to do yt paine→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 75r
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 75v
f. [75r] 1 To Rayle or geste ye kno I vse yt not 2 though that such cause some tyme in folkes{es} I finde 3 and tho to chaung ye list to sett yo$^r$ minde 4 love yt who liste in faithe I like yt not 5 and if ye ware to me as ye are not 6 I wolde be lothe to se you so unkinde / 7 but sins yo$^r$ faithe muste nedes{es} be so be kinde f. [75v] 8 tho I hate yt I praye you leve yt not 9 {u'}{es} thinges of grete waight I neuer thought to crave 10 this is but small of right denye yt not 11 yo$^r$ fayning wayis as yet forget them not 12 but like rewarde let other lovers have 13 that is to saye for ser[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{s}8}]]uis true and faste 14 to long delaies / & changing at the laste / fs.

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H8. The speaker wishes the lady to continue her unfaithful activity so she may serve others as she has served him. The speaker equates her behaviour with something unnatural (“unkinde”).
H8 enters the second part of the poem (from line 8) on the verso of the leaf.

### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 89.
# Roman Culture/Slavery

Slavery in Rome, unlike more modern forms of slavery, was not based on race. Slaves in Rome were usually prisoners of war, but in desperate situations, fathers could sell their children into slavery. It was also common practice for orphaned children to be picked up and used as slaves. Slaves were considered the property of their masters, and brutal treatment was the norm. There was also no law against killing slaves. However, some Romans, such as the philosopher and poet, Seneca, argued for the fair treatment of slaves. Seneca said, “The result is that slaves who cannot talk before his [master's] face talk about him behind his back. It is this sort of treatment which makes people say, 'You’ve as many enemies as you’ve slaves.' They are not our enemies when we get them; we make them so.”
Slaves worked everywhere in Rome. Although it is unknown how many slaves there were in Rome, it is estimated that 25% of all Roman people were slaves. A rich Roman man could own as many as 500 slaves, and an emperor like Augustus or Tiberius could own as many as 20,000. Slaves were responsible for just about any job imaginable. In private households, slaves were expected to help dress their owners, cook and clean, and do other household tasks. They helped their owners bathe and even carried them around. Basically, a slave was expected to wait on his master hand and foot. Slaves also worked in mines, factories, on farms, and for city governments. They built aqueducts, roads, and buildings. Most slaves looked exactly like a typical Roman citizen, making it sometimes difficult for people to distinguish between the two. The Senate once considered making all slaves wear special clothing but eventually decided against it so that the slaves were not tempted to join forces and rebel.
A slave was usually a slave for life. The only exceptions were if their owners freed them or if they bought their own freedom. The price of freedom usually equaled the price their owner had paid for them, with young males usually being worth the most. A slave who was a good cook was also highly valuable. Slaves who were freed formally by a magistrate had all the same rights as a Roman citizen, with the exception that they could not hold office. Informally, freed slaves were not citizens, and their property and money reverted to their former masters after death. Once slaves were freed, they were able to work the same jobs as Roman plebeians, such as craftsmen, midwives, or traders.

## References

* 1 2 3 Slaves & Freemen
* 1 2 3 4 Roman Slaves

## Editor's Note

Edited by Dominick DiMercurio II for a few minor grammatical errors. Checked with http://plagiarisma.net/; status: unique, 86% originality. Note: references are given.
# Roman Culture/aqueducts

Aqueducts were a waterway system that could transport water over long distances right into the city, providing running water, indoor plumbing, and a sewer system. Aqueducts were built as a system of arches for stability and to take advantage of gravity for continuous flow of water. Aqueduct arches were only built in areas where digging or surface grades were problematic, like valleys.
Aqueducts were built from a combination of stone, brick, and a volcanic cement called pozzuolana. The arches we associate with aqueducts actually only make up about 30 miles of the 260 miles of the entire system. The rest of the waterway system is made of channels bored through rock or beneath the surface of the earth to carry water for maximum convenience. From the channels, it flowed into massive cisterns called castella that held the water and were connected to a large system of lead pipes that carried the water throughout the city.

## References

* http://www.unrv.com/culture/roman-aqueducts.php
# Pinyin/Mianchi

Search
    See also: Pinyin/Douchi
Mianchi is a type of fermented and salted yellow soybean sauce.
miahnchii shih 1-zhoong fajiaoh her yarnzih d huarngdouh-jiahng.
# Pinyin/Metal

Search
A metal is a type of solid mineral substance that is usually hard and shiny and that heat and electricity can travel through, for example tin, iron, and gold.
jinshuu shih 1-leih guhtii kuahngwuhzhih, tongcharng shih jianyihng her guangliahng bihng chuarnreh her daaodiahn, rur xi, tiee, her jin.
# Pinyin/Meteor

A meteor is a large piece of rock from space that passes into the Earth’s atmosphere and appears as a bright light in the sky.
liurxing shih corng taihkong zhuihluoh Dihqiur dahqihcerng d juhshir bihng zaih tiankong fachu qiarngguang.
# Pinyin/Microbiology

Microbiology is a subject that study microbes. Microbes include viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes. At present, the most important jobs in microbiology is completed using biochemistry and genetics. Because of many etiology (like the four big pathogens: viruses, fungi, parasites and bacteria that cause plant diseases) can also be counted as microbiology in its broader sense. Microbiology are closely linked with pathology, immunology and epidemiology. Microbiologists make a fundamental contribution to biology and medicine, especially in the field of biochemistry, genetics and cell biology.
Wēishēngwùxué shì yánjiū wēishēngwù de 1-mén xuékē. Wēishēngwù bāokuò bìngdú, yuánhéshēngwù hé jiǎndān de zhēnhéshēngwù. Mùqián, wēishēngwùxué de zuì zhǔyào gōngzuò shì yòng shēngwùhuàxué hé yíchuánxué fāngfǎ wánchéng de. Yóuyú hěnduō bìngyuán (xiàng shì zàochéng zhíwù bìnghài de sì dà bìngyuán: bìngdú, zhēnjūn, xiànchóng, xìjūn) dōu kěyǐ suànshì guǎngyì de wēishēngwù, wēishēngwùxué yě hé bìnglǐxué, miǎnyìxué hé liúxíngbìngxué mìqiè xiāngguān. Wēishēngwùxuéjiā duì shēngwùxué hé yīxué zuòchūguò jīchǔxìng gòngxiàn, yóuqí zài shēngwùhuàxué, yíchuánxué hé xìbāo shēngwùxué lǐngyù.
# Pinyin/Micromineral

See also
# Pinyin/Method

A method is a particular way of doing something.
fangfaa shih chuulii shihqirng d tehdihng cuohshi.
# Pinyin/Meter

A meter is a unit for measuring length, equals 100cm.
meter shih charngduh danweih, deengyur 100cm.
# Pinyin/Tea

Search Pinyin tea
Tea is a drink popular in the world. It is made by tea leaves. Other ingredients such as herbs, spices, or fruit can be added to tea.
Chá shì shìjiè liúxíng d yǐnpǐn. Yóu cháyè zhìchéng. Kě tiānjiā qítā chéngfèn rú xiāngcǎo, xiāngliào, huò shuǐguǒ.
Sometimes, tea can also be made without using tea leaves, but with flowers, fruit, or herbs.
Yǒushí, chá yě kě bùyòng cháyè zhìchéng, ér yòng huā, shuǐguǒ, huò cǎoyào.
# Pinyin/Tea Tree

Search Pinyin tea
# Pinyin/Taste

Taste is one of the 5 senses. It is the sensation that a human or animal experiences on the tongue when eating. Usually, there are the tastes of sweet, sour, bitter, spicy, and salty.
Wèijué shì 5 zhǒng gǎnjué zhīyī, shì rénlèi huò dòngwù de shétou pǐncháng shíwù de gǎnjué. Tōngcháng yǒu tián, suān, kǔ, là, xián de wèidào.
# Pinyin/Tamil
## Proper noun

* Tamil: the language of the Tamils￼
** Tamil-yuu: Tamil-rern d yuuyarn
* Tamil: a Tamil person
** Tamil-rern
# Pinyin/Task

See also
# Pinyin/Technique

See also
# Usability for Nerds/Web design/Avoid Frames

Frames is an HTML technology that divides the screen window into two or more sub-windows which can be changed or scrolled independently. Web designers love frames because they can put a menu in one frame and the selected page in another frame.
Unfortunately, frames have a lot of usability problems:
* It is not always obvious to the user whether a page is divided into frames or not.
* Does not work well on small screens.
* Does not work in all browsers and devices.
* It is difficult for the user to navigate because the address bar of the browser shows the URL of the frameset, not the selected page.
* The user cannot set a bookmark to an individual page in a frame system.
* Others cannot make a link to a particular page in a frame system.
* If you want to inform a friend about a particular page in a frame system then you cannot just give them the URL. You have to give a detailed explanation of which menu items to click on.
* The browser doesn't show which frame has the focus. When you issue a print command you may print the wrong frame.
* The user may want to open a link in a new window. This may not work correctly with frames.
* Users who, for whatever reason, use the keyboard rather than the mouse don't know which key to use for changing the focus from one frame to another.
* A user may - deliberately or by accident - open a subpage separately rather than as part of the intended frameset. Thereby they lose the context and the navigation menu.
* Search engines are generally not able to handle frame systems adequately.
* Web designers often make errors in frame systems. A very common error is that when you click a link to an external web page it is shown inside the same frame system.
The conclusion is clear: Never use frames!
If you want the same menu on many pages then use server-side includes or server-side programming. If you prefer to use client-side programming then be sure to test it in different browsers and provide an alternative for browsers that don't support your script or applet.
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# Usability for Nerds/Web design/Cookies

A cookie is a tiny piece of information that a web site can store on the user's computer and later retrieve when the user visits the same site again. The advantage of this is that the website can recognize the user so that they don't have to enter information that they have already entered previously.
However, cookies are sometimes used in a way that is not transparent to the user and may not be in the interest of the user. An organized exchange of information on users between website owners is taking place in order to keep track of user habits. This enables the web operators to target advertisements to the individual user profile.
Users may reject cookies for any of these reasons:
* The user is unhappy of being spied upon by companies they don't trust.
* The use of cookies is not transparent to the user, and they don't know what they are used for.
* The user fears that the cookie mechanism can be abused by hackers for manipulating their computer.
* The cookies fill up disk space with cryptic information that the user doesn't understand.
* The user may not be using their own computer, hence there is no point in storing personal information.
* When using somebody else's computer, the user may not care to ask the computer owner for permission to store cookies on the computer.
* The user may fear that their family or colleagues can tell from the cookies on their computer which sites they have visited.
These are all good reasons that website operators should accept. Hence, the website should be designed so that operation without cookies is possible. Some websites keep trying to persuade the user to accept cookies, even after they have rejected them several times. This is very impolite!
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# Usability for Nerds/What is usability?

The discipline of usability or man/machine interface design is the study of communication between machines and humans. A machine can be anything from a wristwatch to a big factory. The communication can be the human pushing of a button or the machine flashing a lamp.
You have probably often been frustrated when trying to use some apparatus, whether it is a simple thing like a vending machine or a complicated thing like a new computer program: Which button should I press now? Why does it beep now? Why does it do something else than I want it to? The study of usability is very useful for knowing how to design things so that they are easy to use.
Some examples of usability problems:
* How to design a TV so that the user can easily find the desired channel.
* How to design a car so that the driver can use all the instruments without taking their eyes away from the traffic.
* How to design a toilet so that users can choose between small flush and big flush even if they cannot read instructions in the local language.
* How to design a piece of software so that novice users can find out how to use it without reading a big manual, and so that experienced users don't get delayed by having to click their way through a lot of menus.
* How to design an information system at a train station so that passengers can easily find the right train.
* How to design the control room of a big factory plant so that the operator can overview all the processes and also get detailed information about a particular process.
* How to design a medical apparatus so that the doctor doesn't harm the patient by accidentally pushing a wrong button.
* How to design an apparatus so that children, old people, and people with various handicaps can use it.
* How to design an alarm system so that surveillance staff don't get too annoyed by false alarms and don't get lazy or fall asleep when there are no alarms.
* How to design a computer mouse so that users don't get strain injury when using it all day.
Every serious company developing machines, user hardware, software, household appliances, or any other technical product used by humans should include usability considerations in their design process. Unfortunately, even the biggest and most renowned companies sometimes sell products with quite a poor and confusing user interface.
The study of usability will teach you what kind of usability problems to be aware of in the design process, how to test the quality of a particular user interface, and how to improve it.
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