OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Surgical Procedures/Adenoidectomy

Adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are folds of lymphatic tissue covered by ciliated epithelium. They are found in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx at the back of the throat behind the uvula.
Adenoids are part of the immune system as they trap inhaled viruses and produce antibodies, particularly in children. This function decreases with age as the adenoids shrink. Because of this, the problems caused by enlarged adenoids rarely occur in adults.
The condition where hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils occurs is also referred to as adenoids. Enlarged adenoids can obstruct breathing through the nose, and it is common when this happens for them to be surgically removed in a procedure called adenoidectomy. This procedure is carried out through the mouth under a general anaesthetic and involves the adenoids being curetted or cauterised. Sleep apnoea, recurrent infection of the adenoids or distorted speech are also reasons for adenoidectomy. The procedure is often carried out at the same time as a tonsillectomy. Adenoidectomy is also carried in patients who have chronic ear infections caused by the adenoids blocking the eustachian tube.
# Surgical Procedures/Abdominal Surgery/Cholecystectomy/Lap

one of the commonest surgery performed this days removal of gallbladder with aid of laparoscope by making whole so called ports in abdomen. most surgeon prefer 4 port technique and some surgeons prefer 3 port technique
# Surgical Procedures/Amputation

Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. Amputation is a blind and final method in surgery to save the patient's life.

## Types

Types of amputation include:
* leg
* amputation of digits(Ray)
* partial foot amputation (transmetatarsal)
* ankle disarticulation (Syme)
* below-knee amputation (transtibial)
* knee-bearing amputation
* above knee amputation (transfemoral)
* hip disarticulation
* arm
* amputation of digits(Ray)
* metacarpal amputation
* wrist disarticulation
* forearm amputation (transradial)
* elbow disarticulation
* above-elbow amputation (transhumeral)
* shoulder disarticulation and forequarter amputation
Hemicorporectomy is the most radical amputation. Genital modification and mutilation often involves amputating tissue, although it is usually not a result of injury or disease.
As a rule, amputations through the bone diaphysis are preferred to preserve joint function, but in oncological surgery, disarticulation is favored. (Edited by Dr. Avadh Sahi)

## Epidemiology

110,000 a year in the USA ; of those 100,000 are lower limb amputations for peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

## Method

A tourniquet is used in orthopaedics to limit bleeding but not in vascular surgery (where the limb is already under perfused because of arterial disease). The muscles are transected, any bleeding vessel is ligated and finally the bone is sawed through . Skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, except in amputations for gangrene when the stump is left open and allowed to heal by secondary intention.

## Complications

Some amputees experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs; they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, and feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence.

## Autoamputation

In some rare cases when a person has become trapped (on account of getting a limb stuck) in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated his own limb: In 2003, 27-year old Aron Ralston amputated his forearm using his pocketknife and breaking and tearing the two bones, after the arm got stuck under a boulder when hiking in Utah. A month later, an Australian coal miner amputated his own arm with a Stanley knife after it became trapped when the front-end loader he was driving overturned three kilometers underground.
# Surgical Procedures/Abdominal Surgery/Choledocholithiasis

Choledocholithiasis: (Stones in the common bile duct)
# Research Methods
## Table of Contents

* Introduction to Research
* Research Questions and Hypothesis
* Types of Research
* Research Methodology
* Variables in Research
* Validity in Research
* Sampling
* Central Limit Theorem
* Measurement, Reliability, Validity
* Probability and Significance Test
* Correlations
* Comparing Two Levels of Independent Variables (IV): t-Test
* Comparing Multiple Levels of IV: F-Test
* Between-subjects Factorial Design: 2-Way ANOVA
* Correlated-groups Design
* Mixed-model Design
* Categorical Data
# Representation Theory

* Abstract representations
* Set representations
* Group representations
* Module representations
# Representation Theory/Abstract representations

Definition (representation):
Let $G$ be a group and let ${\mathcal {C}}$ be a category. A representation of $G$ on an object $A\in \operatorname {Obj} ({\mathcal {C}})$ is a group homomorphism $\pi :G\to \operatorname {Aut} ({\mathcal {C}})$.
# Representation Theory/Set representations

Definition (set representation):
A set representation is a representation of a group in the category of sets.
Alternatively, set representations are also called group actions, and we say that $G$ acts on a set $S$. Whenever $g\in G$, we will denote the corresponding element of $\operatorname {Aut} (S)$ (which are just the permutations of $S$) by $g$ as well, so that $g$ becomes a bijective function on $S$. In particular, for $x\in S$, we can make sense of expressions such as $gx$ (which shall be a shorthand for $g(x)$).
Definition (orbit):
Let $G$ be a group acting on a set $S$, and let $x\in S$. The orbit of the element $x$ is defined to be the set
    $Gx:=\{gx|g\in G\}$.
Proposition (group action partitions set into orbits):
Let $G$ be a group acting on a set $S$. Then $S$ is partitioned into orbits of $G$.
Proof: We prove the claim by proving that being in the same orbit is an equivalence relation.
* $x\sim x$, since $ex=x$ as the representation is a group homomorphism, so that $e$ represents the identity
* $x\sim y\Rightarrow y\sim x$ since $gx=y\Rightarrow x=g^{-1}y$ as the representation is a group morphism, so that $g^{-1}gx=x$
* $x\sim y\wedge y\sim z\Rightarrow x\sim z$ since $y=gx$ and $z=hy$ imply $z=(hg)x$ since $(hg)x=h(gx)$ as the representation is a group homomorphism $\Box$
Definition (transitive action):
Suppose that $G$ is a group acting on $S$. This action is called transitive if and only if all elements are in the same orbit, ie. there is only one orbit, and it is all of $S$.
Equivalently, we could have required that for all $x,y\in S$, there exists $g\in G$ such that $gx=y$.
# Sphinx Search/Why Use Sphinx?

You might be asking yourself, why bother use Sphinx? It seems to be more trouble than it's worth.
* Speed: The key reason is SPEED. Your regular MySQL searches take a SIGNIFICANTLY longer time to execute than a Sphinx search. You will start noticing the difference once your database has millions of records. If you have a small database (ex: forum of 100 users), will it be of any help? Not really...It's still fun to experiment with though! Plus there are cool features like word morphology (if I am searching for cats it will match cat, if I'm searching for running it will match run, runs, runable (I think...), etc.)
* Search Features: Another reason is search features. Ever wonder when you search for 2 words in Google, it will look for them in the same paragraph or 2 paragraphs (or sentence) but not all the way across the page? Sphinx allows you to do similar things :)
* Scalability: If you have big big databases on many many servers Sphinx will take care of it. And it will make it seem to the application that it's looking at one server. Sphinx can take a lot of stress off the PHP servers in terms of handling and searching information.
# Spirituality in India - A Cultural Perspective/Roots of Indian spirituality

The roots of Indian spirituality and religion stretch back into the stone age. As early as the Paleolithic, we find traces of it in forms that still resonate on the Indian subcontinent today. During the Upper Paleolithic, from 10,000 to 20,000 years before present (BP), there was fire worship and mother goddess worhsip. At Baghor, in Madhya Pradesh, the feminine was worship 11,000 years BP using a triangle as a representation. A triangular stone was found incised with triangles, marked in red ochre, at an altar for a goddess. This practice continues even today in villages of the area, where similar stones, smeared in red and incised with triangles are offered to village deities. Across the rest of India too, the triangular shape is the basis for creating yantras, which are used for the worship of various deities. Archaeologists who excavated the site state that when the area's villagers saw the excavation, they told the archaeologists, “That’s one of our shrines. You must look after it properly.” After the archaeologists left, the villagers began worshipping at the shrine again.
At the Harappan civilization (also sometimes called the Indus Valley civilization), more defined modes of worship turn up. Worship of the mother goddess is present alongside phallic worship and worship of a male god. One particular seal, termed the Pashupati seal by archaeologists is of interest. It depicts a horned figure, seated in what seems to be a yogic posture or asana, surrounded by an elephant, a buffalo, a tiger and a rhino. It is accepted by some scholar but disputed by others that this horned figure represents a "proto-Shiva", an early representation of Shiva, the Hindu God. Even today, in yogic lore, Shiva is considered the lord of yoga, and the first yogi and guru. Shaktism is also found in Harappa, as is the symbol of the swastika, another predominant presence in Hinduism today.

## References

* ↑ Ali, Javid (2008). World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora. p. 18. ISBN 9780875864846. Retrieved 2 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* ↑ Insoll, Timothy (2002). Archaeology and World Religion. Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 9780203463673. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* ↑ "Navaratri Celebrations 2013 – Flowering of the Feminine". Isha Blog. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
* ↑ Clark, Desmond (2002). An Archaeologist at Work in African Prehistory and Early Human Studies: Teamwork and Insight. University of California Press. p. 248. Retrieved 2 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* ↑ Hinnells (2008). A Handbook of Ancient Religions. Cambridge University Press. p. 436-457. ISBN 9781139461986. Retrieved 2 April 2014. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
* ↑ "Who Is Shiva: Man, Myth or Divine?". Isha Blog. 6 February 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
# Spirituality in India - A Cultural Perspective

Spirituality in India is not just an esoteric philosophy or practice, it has found its place in the most commonplace routines and daily lives of India's people. Looking at how spirituality fits in this context can give us a better perspective of the roots and future of Indian culture. Besides, it also helps us understand the unique nature of spiritual pursuit in India, which is found in various forms: as ascetic practices, the study of scriptures, devotion or bhakti, pilgrimages and temples. This book focuses on indigenously developed spiritual traditions, which include Hinduism and its offshoots, Christianity of the Malabar Coast and Indian branches of the Sufi tradition.

## Contents

* Roots of Indian spirituality
* Durability of spiritual traditions

## External links

* Various Hindu Scriptures
# Speed Reading/Subvocalization

Subvocalization, or silent speech, is defined as the internal speech made when reading a word, thus allowing the reader to imagine the sound of the word as it is read (Carver 1990). This is a natural process when reading and helps to reduce cognitive load, and helps the mind to access meanings to enable it to comprehend and remember what is read.
There is no evidence that normal non-observable subvocalizing will negatively effect any reading process (Carver 1990)(McWhorter 2002). At the more powerful rates (Memorizing, learning, and reading for comprehension) subvocalizing is very detectable by the reader. At the less powerful faster rates (skimming and scanning), subvocalization is less detectable. For normal competent readers, subvocalizing to some extent even at scanning rates is normal. However, speed reading advocates generally teach lengthy prescriptive practices to eliminate subvocalising when reading as they claim it "places extra burden on the cognitive resources, thus, slowing the reading down." Normal reading instructors may simply apply remedial teaching to a reader who subvocalizes to the degree that they make visible movements on the lips, jaw, or throat (McWhorter 2002).
It may be impossible to totally eliminate subvocalizing because people learn to read by associating the sight of words with their spoken sounds. Sound associations for words are indelibly imprinted on the nervous systems, even of deaf people, as they will have associated the word with the mechanism for causing the sound. Subvocalizing is an inherent part of reading and understanding a word, and micro-muscle tests suggest that subvocalizing is impossible to eliminate. Attempting to stop subvocalizing is potentially harmful to comprehension, learning and memory. At the more powerful reading rates (100-300wpm), subvocalizing can be used to improve comprehension.

## References

* Carver, R.P-Prof (1990) Reading Rate: A Comprehensive Review of Research and Theory. (1990)
* McWhorter, K. (2002) Efficient and Flexible Reading. Longman

## Links

* A technique for eliminating subvocalization (part of a speed reading tutorial)
* NASA researching on subvocalization as a new way to interact with computers.
Other ways to improve Reading Better and Bypassing the Subvocalization problem
# Sphinx Search

If you are somebody that doesn't know much about indexes, APIs, and configuration files it's a pretty good indication that you should read this book. Unlike the official documentation, this book explains certain things that the documentation thinks you should know already. Note that I will focus mostly on the PHP API throughout this book, since I'm best at that language, but you can use Sphinx with pretty much any language imaginable.

## Table of Contents

* Why Use Sphinx?
* What Is Different About Sphinx?
# Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island/Bosses/Hookbill the Koopa

Hookbill the Koopa is a magically empowered Koopa Troopa, and the final boss of World 4 in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. His name stems from his large hookbill jaw, hence the name.

## Strategy

To defeat Hookbill, one must pelt him with eggs until he falls over, and then pound under his belly.
This must be done three times to win the battle. Hookbill has several different attacks. First, he will crawl to you on all fours, causing you to drop Baby Mario if he touches you. When you pound his stomach, he withdraws into his shell and start bouncing around before proceeding to his next attack. After being wounded once, he gets up on two legs and starts running, again causing you to lose control of Baby Mario if he comes in contact with you. For his final attack, he will jump and attempt to body slam you. Once Hookbill is defeated, he falls off of the edge.
# Super Monkey Ball/About
## History of this Wikibook

This Wikibook was started on February 13, 2006. This Wikibook was deleted just a few months later on April 28, 2006.
This Wikibook was restored on July 1st, 2021.
# Super Monkey Ball/Characters
## Playable Characters

The game features four playable characters named Aiai, Meemee, Baby and Gongon.
# Super Mario World/Yoshi's Island/Yoshi's Island 4

Yoshi's Island 4 :
| Level type | Elevated |
| Entrance | Yoshi's Island 3 |
| Exit | Iggy's Castle |
| Secret Exit | None |
| Time at start | 300 |
| Difficulty | Medium |
Yoshi's Island 4 is the fourth level of Yoshi's Island. This level consists of platforms above water. At the platform which Mario starts from, three fishes are swimming underneath, they will jump after a few seconds. The first pipe in the level leads to an above ground screen, Pokeys are there and only coins can be collected.
# Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island

Super Mario World 2: Yoshi Island (スーパーマリオ　ヨッシーアイランド, , Suupaa Mario Yosshii Airando), often called Yoshi's Island for short, is a platformer title starring the Mario character Yoshi. It was originally released for the Super Nintendo in 1995. Despite its name, Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island is not of the Super Mario series, nor is it a sequel to Super Mario World, but is rather the first title of the Yoshi's Island series of the greater Yoshi franchise. In 2002, the game received a remake for the Game Boy Advance, titled Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3.

## Bosses

* Naval Piranha
* Hookbill the Koopa
# Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island/Bosses/Naval Piranha

Naval Piranha is a fictional magically empowered Piranha Plant who first appeared in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. He has many spiky vines growing from him.

## Attacks and Appearances

Naval Piranha has three attacks, the first of which is a ramming attack. In the second attack, Naval shoots Nipper spores out of his mouth which become Nippers if they touch the ground to make Yoshi's fight more difficult. For Naval's last attack, he sends his vines to attack Yoshi.
A very easy way to beat him is to have an egg, carefully aim at the piranha plant (which becomes Naval Pirahna), and destroy it. Kamek will appear, scream "OH MY!!!!!!!!!!!" and fly away disappointed. You then get the key.
# Super Monkey Ball

Super Monkey Ball is an arcade-style platform game developed by Amusement Vision and distributed by Sega.

## Contents
### Gameplay

* Characters
* Stages
* Party games
* Mini games

### Meta

* History
* Similar games
* About
# Super Monkey Ball/History
## Origins

The game debuted in Japan in 2001 as an upright arcade cabinet and later that year was released as one of the three original Nintendo GameCube games.

## Sequels

The popularity of the simple game in Japan, the United States and Europe has led to several sequels and ports: Super Monkey Ball 2 for the GameCube; Super Monkey Ball Deluxe for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, which included levels from both GameCube releases plus original levels, as well as updating the party games; Super Monkey Ball Jr., a release for Nintendo Game Boy Advance based on the original title; a release under the original title for the Nokia N-Gage gaming system; and an release for the Nintendo DS entitled Super Monkey Ball Touch & Roll. It is also featured in the Sega SuperStars Eye Toy game for the PlayStation 2.

## Product Placements

The bananas in the game feature advertising for the Dole Food Company, and interesting example of Product Placement games at the time.
# Super Monkey Ball/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Super_Monkey_Ball

# Characters
## Playable Characters

The game features four playable characters named Aiai, Meemee, Baby and Gongon.

### Gongon
## Other characters
### Narrator
# Stages
## Beginner

10 floors plus 3 extra.

### Floor 2

* Time: 60 sec.
A green exit is available on this floor which will take you to floor 5. When you start the stage turn around and go up the ramp behind you. You need to fall and hit the platform below.

### Floor 5

    Bonus Floor
* Time: 60 sec.
You need to collect all the bananas in the time given.

## Advanced

30 floors plus 5 extra.

### Floor 18

* Time: 60 sec.
* Red goal: Floor 25
This floor has 3 goals. The goals race away from you and you must try to catch-up with them. At the start if you turn right and fall off the track you should land further down. Now the goals will be traveling toward you making it easier to get the red goal.

# History
## Origins

The game debuted in Japan in 2001 as an upright arcade cabinet and later that year was released as one of the three original Nintendo GameCube games.

## Sequels

The popularity of the simple game in Japan, the United States and Europe has led to several sequels and ports: Super Monkey Ball 2 for the GameCube; Super Monkey Ball Deluxe for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, which included levels from both GameCube releases plus original levels, as well as updating the party games; Super Monkey Ball Jr., a release for Nintendo Game Boy Advance based on the original title; a release under the original title for the Nokia N-Gage gaming system; and an release for the Nintendo DS entitled Super Monkey Ball Touch & Roll. It is also featured in the Sega SuperStars Eye Toy game for the PlayStation 2.

## Product Placements

The bananas in the game feature advertising for the Dole Food Company, and interesting example of Product Placement games at the time.

# Similar games

A number of games feature gameplay similar to Super Monkey Ball.
* Neverball - Open source rolling ball game.
* Paperball - Cat themed rolling ball game.

# About
## History of this Wikibook

This Wikibook was started on February 13, 2006. This Wikibook was deleted just a few months later on April 28, 2006.
This Wikibook was restored on July 1st, 2021.
# Exercise 3.2.1

3, namely $a,b$ and $\{a,b\}$

# Exercise 3.2.2

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. True

# Exercise 3.2.3
## 1

The set of even integers

## 2

The set of composite numbers

## 3

The set of all rational numbers.

# Exercise 3.2.4
## 1

The set of all fathers

## 2

The set of all grandparents

## 3

The set of all people that are married to a woman

## 4

The set of all siblings

## 5

The set of all people that are younger than someone

## 6

The set of all people that are older than their father

# Exercise 3.2.5
## 1

$\{x\in R|x>0\}$

## 2

$\{x\in Z|$ there exist $y\in Z$ such that $x=2*y+1\$

## 3

$\{x\in R|$ there exist $y\in N$ such that $5*y*x=1\$

## 4

{n^3|n is an integer and -5<n<5}

## 5

$\{x\in N|$ there exist $y\in N$ such that $x=4*y+1\$

# Exercise 3.2.9

A = {1,2}, B = {1,2,{1,2}}

# Exercise 3.2.10

Using the definition of a subset: For any x ∈ A, then x ∈ B, and because x ∈ B, x ∈ C. The same goes for any y ∈ B or any z ∈ C.

# Exercise 3.2.12

False. Counterexample. Let A be a set of even integers and B a set of odd integers.Then A and B are not equal, and A is not a subset of B, and B is not a subset of A. A and B are disjoint.

# Exercise 3.2.13

${\mathcal {P}}(A)=\{\emptyset ,x,y,z,w,\{x,y\},\{x,z\},\{x,w\},\{y,z\},\{y,w\},\{z,w\},\{x,y,z\},\{x,y,w\},\{x,z,w\},\{y,z,w\},\{x,y,z,w\}\}$

# Exercise 3.2.15
## 1

${\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {P}}(\emptyset ))=\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\}$

## 2

${\mathcal {P}}({\mathcal {P}}(\{\emptyset \}))=\{\{\emptyset ,\{\emptyset \}\},\{\emptyset \},\{\{\emptyset \}\},\emptyset \}$

# Exercise 3.2.16

(1) false (2) true (3) true (4) true (5) false (6) true (7) false (8) false (9) true
# Contents

Chapter 1 - Algebra
Chapter 2 - Co-ordinate geometry
Chapter 3 - Sequences and series
Chapter 4 - Functions
Chapter 5 - Differentiation
Chapter 6 - Integration
Chapter 7 - Trigonometry
Chapter 8 - Vectors
# Solutions to Topics in Algebra by I.N. Herstein(2nd Edition)
## Contents

1. Preliminary Notions
2. Group Theory
3. Ring Theory
4. Vector Spaces and Modules
5. Fields
6. Linear Transformations
7. Selected Topics
# Exercise 4.1.1

(1), (3) and (6) are functions.

# Exercise 4.1.2

The first one and the fourth one are functions (here I've assumed that "mother" and "father" were meant biologically, and that not everyone has precisely one person they'd call a "best friend").

# Exercise 4.1.3

(i) and (iv) represent functions.

# Exercise 4.1.4

(2) and (3) properly describe functions.