# Lombard/How to convert Milanese dialect, written in the Milanese orthography, into the New Lombard Orthography
## 1. Modify the words as described in the table below

| grammar-based changes | changes based on pronunciation in Milanese dialect | accents in the middle of the word to be removed | changes based on pronunciation in the other dialects |
| Letter in Milanese orthgraphy | Pronunciation IPA | Conversion in New Lombard Orthography | Ezamples | |
| A a | [a] | it’s the same | gatt → gat | [gat] |
| aa | [ɒ:] [a:] (past participles and some words similar to a past participle) | aa → ad | cantaa → cantad | [kã:'tɒ:] |
| aa | [a] | aa → à | unitaa → unità | [yni'ta] |
| B b | [b] [p] at the end of the word | it’s the same | bèll → bell piomb → piomb | [bɛl] [pjũ:p] |
| bb | [b] [p] at the end of the word | bb → b | goeubb → goeub | [gøp] |
| C c | [tʃ] before “i” or “e” [k] before the other letters | it’s the same | cèss →cess cavagn → cavagn | [tʃɛs] [ka'vaɲ] |
| C c | ∅ before “q” | c → (remove it) | acqua → aqua | [akwa] |
| cc | [tʃ] before “i” or “e” [k] before the other letters (also before "h" when placed at the end of the word) | cc → c | caccia → cacia vacca → vaca gnucch →gnuch | ['katʃa] ['vaka] [ɲyk] |
| cc | [tʃ] in the middle of the word (in derived words) | rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons | laccera → laccera (word derived form "lacc") | [la'tʃe:ra] |
| cc | [tʃ] at the end of the word | it’s the same | mucc → mucc | [mutʃ] |
| D d | [d] [t] at the end of the word | it’s the same | daner → daner | [dan'e:] |
| dd | [d] | dd → d | reddit → redit | ['redit] |
| E e | [e] | it’s the same | reddit → redit | ['redit] |
| E è | [ɛ] | è → e | cèss → cess | [tʃɛs] |
| E è | [ɛ] (at the end of the word) | it’s the same | perchè → perchè | [pər'kɛ] |
| ee | [e:] | it’s the same | adree → adree | [a'dre:] |
| ee | [e:] (feminine nouns ending in [era] or other words ending in “r” in Eastern lombard) | e → er | prestinee → prestiner mestee → mester | [prestine:] [meste:] |
| F f | [f] | it’s the same | facil → facil | ['fatʃil] |
| ff | [f] | ff → f | difficil → dificil | [di'fitʃil] |
| G g | [g] davanti a "a", "o", "u", "oeu" [g] before any consonant except "l" or "n" (see below) | it’s the same | gatt → gat | [gat] |
| G g | [ʤ] davanti a "i", "e" | -it’s the same, when there are no dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ] -after s ► see below | giustizia → giustizzia | [ʤy'stisja] |
| G g | [ʤ] davanti a "i", "e" | g → sg (when there are dialects in which it is pronounced [z] or [ʒ] - Often it happens before "io" or "iu", "ia", "ieou" con la "i" not accented) | giornada→ sgiornada | [ʤur'nɒda]] |
| G g | [:ʒ] when alone at the end of the word | g → sg | leg → lesg | |
| gg | [ʤ] in the middle of the word (see below for exceptions) | gg → g | reggia → regia | ['reʤa] |
| gg | [ʤ] at the end of the word | it’s the same | vègg → vegg | [vɛʤ] |
| gg | [ʤ] at the end of the word | gg → sg just when there are dialects in wich it is pronounced [ʒ] | legg → lesg | [leʤ] |
| gg | [ʤ] in the middle of the word (in derived words) | rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons | vèggia → veggia (words derived form vegg) | ['vɛʤa] |
| gn | [ɲ] | it’s the same | campagna → campagna | [/kam'paɲa/] |
| gl | [ʎ] | gl → j | famiglia → famija | [fa'miʎa] |
| H h | ∅ | it’s the same | politegh → politegh | |
| i | [i] not accented before a vowel [ĩ]: before "m" or "n" | it’s the same | via → via poresin → poresin | ['via] [pure'sĩ:] |
| i | [j] intervocalic | i → j | moià → mojà | [mu'ja] |
| i | [j] o [i] between consonant e vowel | it’s the same | pioeuva → pioeuva | ['pjøva] |
| ï | [i] | ï → ih | scïa → scihà | [ʃi'a] |
| ii | [i:] (past participle) | ii → id | dormii → dormid | [dur'mi:] |
| ii | [i:] | it’s the same | avii → avii | [a'vi:] |
| J j | [j] | it’s the same | tajà → tajà | [ta'ja] |
| J j | [i] | j → j/i | | |
| k | [k] | it’s the same | | |
| L l | [l] except after [g] (see above) | it’s the same | lavell → lavell | [la'vɛl] |
| ll | [l] | ll → l | allegher → alegher | [a'legər] |
| ll | [ll] [l] (at the end of the word when a short vowel accented is placed before) | it’s the same | balla → balla basell → basell | ['balla] [ba'zɛl] |
| L l | [l] exceopt after [g] (see above) | it’s the same | albumm → album | [al'bym] |
| M m | [m] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the word | it’s the same | brumista → brumista | [bry'mista] |
| mm | [m] | mm → m | albumm → album | [al'bym] |
| N n | [n] nasal before a bounded vowel or at the end of the word | it’s the same | campanin → campanin | [kã:paˈnĩ:] |
| nn | [n] | nn → n | | |
| nn | [n] in the middle of the word (in derived words) | rarely in the middle of the word it remains double and however just for derivation reasons | anniversari → anniversari (word derived form "ann") | [aniver'sa:ri] |
| nn | [nn], [n] (vocale prima corta at the end of the word) | it’s the same | ann → ann | [an] |
| O o | [u] [ũ] before “m” or “n” | it’s the same | dotor → dotor | [du'tu:r] |
| Ò ò | [ɔ] | ò → o | còtt → cot | [kɔt] |
| Ò ò | [ɔ] (at the end of the word) | it’s the same | cadò → cadò | [ka'dɔ] |
| Oeu oeu | [ø] [ø] | it’s the same | incoeu → incoeu | [ĩ:kø] |
| Oo oo | [u:] | it’s the same | saroo → saroo | |
| Ô ô | [u] | ô → or / ol depending on the pronunciation in the other dialects | resgiô → resgior | [re'ʒu] |
| P p | [p] | it’s the same | paja → paja | ['paja] |
| pp | [p] | p → pp | tropp → trop | [trɔp] |
| Qu qu | [kw] | it’s the same | quèll →quell | [kwɛl] |
| R r | [r] | it’s the same | resta → resta | [res'ta] |
| R r | [r] | r → l (at the last syllable, when in some dialect, especially oriental it is "l") | vorè → volé | [vu'rɛ] |
| rr | [:r] | it’s the same | guerra → guerra | ['gwɛ:ra] |
| rr | [r] | it’s the same | carr → carr | [kar] |
| s | [s] (except defore "ci" or "gi" ► see below) | it’s the same | sol → sol | [su:l] |
| s | [z] in the middle of the word o at the end of the word if it is not doubled (except before "ci" or "gi" ► see below) | it’s the same | auturizà → autorizà | [awturi'za]; |
| ss | [s] | it’s the same | assee → assee | [a'se:] |
| Sc sc | [ʃ] before "i" or "e" or at the end of the word [sk] in the other cases | it’s the same | rosc → rosc | [rɔʃ] |
| S'c s'c | [stʃ] | it’s the same | s'ciopp → s'ciop | [stʃɔp] |
| Sg sg | [ʒ] | it’s the same | resgiô → resgió | [re'ʒu] |
| s'g | [sdʒ] | it’s the same | s'giafada → s'giafada | [sdʒa'fɒ:da] |
| T t | [t] | it’s the same | terra → terra | ['tɛ:ra] |
| tt | [t] | tt → t | gatt → gat | [gat] |
| U u | [y] [ỹ] before “m” or “n” [w] in diphthongs | it’s the same | cuna cuna cunt → cunt autorizzazion → autorizazzion | ['kyna] [kỹ:t] [awturi'za'sjũ:] |
| uu | [y:] (past participle) | uu → ud | veduu → vedud | [ve'dy:] |
| uu | [y:] | it’s the same | cuu → cul (about this word see also the rule "I" below) | [ky:] |
| V v | [v] [f] at the end of the words ∅ tra "o" e "a" o tra "a" e "o" o tra "u" e "i" | it’s the same | vin → vin lavorà → lavorà | [vĩ:] [lau'ra] |
| w | [w] | it’s the same | wikizzionari → wikizzionari | |
| w | [v] | it’s the same | wikizzionari → wikizzionari | |
| x | [ks] | it’s the same | boxoeur → boxoeur | [bɔk'sø:r] |
| y | [i] [j] | it’s the same | | |
| Z z | [s] | z → zz | autorizzazion → autorizazzion | [awturi'za'sjũ:] |
| zz | [s] | it’s the same | vizzi → vizzi | ['visi] |
| zz | [z] | zz → z | autorizzazion → autorizazzion | [awturi'za'sjũ:] |
* ↑ for example praa → prad
* ↑ The “j” used at the end of nouns in the plural has normally has to be changed into an "i" in the New Lombard Orthography although there is not yet a single decision about this so there is still someone that uses the "j" also in the New Lombard Orthography

## 2. Something else to add

►A. Add "e" to the end of the feminine plural of nouns and adjectives that end in "a" in the singular
       Example:
          In Milanese orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagn"
          In New Lombard Orthography: Singolare: "cagna" → plural: "cagne" (see also regular plural of nouns)
►B. Add er to the verbs of the third conjugation in the infinitive mood
       Example:
          In Milanese orthography: "mètt"
          In New Lombard Orthography: "meter"
►C. Add "h" ahead of all the voices of the verb ‘’havé’’ (avè in Milanese orthography – to have)
►D. Do not put '"h" ahead of the voicese of the verb ‘’vesser‘’(vèss in Milanese orthography – to be)
►E. Insert an intravocalic "v" between "o" and "a" or between "a" e "o" or between "u" and "i", when it is present in the same word in any of the other Lombard dialects (many times just look if the same word contains a ‘’’v’’’ in Italian)
       Example:
          in Milanese orthography: Gioann
          In New Lombard Orthography: Giovann (Italian: Giovanni)
►F. Add "l" at the end of singular nouns ending in "oeu"
       Example:
          In Milanese orthography: "fieou"
          In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeul"
►G. Add "i" at the end of plural nouns ending in "oeu"
       Example:
          In Milanese orthography: "fieou"
          In New Lombard Orthography: "fioeui"
►H. leave the accent written in the infinitive verbs in reflexive form
       Example:
          In Milanese orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardass"
          In New Lombard Orthography: "vardà" → reflexive form "vardàss"
►I. for some words ending in a long vowel, for etymological reasons a final consonant must be added which is different from the cases indicated in the table, there is no precise rule, however these are very rare cases.
       Example:
          In Milanese orthography: "boeu", "cuu"
          In New Lombard Orthography: "boeuv", "cul"
►L. As for the articulated prepositions with "in": if you use the older Milanese spelling you must transform "ind el", "ind i" into "in del" "in di".