OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Lecanium corni

European Fruit Lecanium Scale :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Parthenolecaniun corni |
| Metamorphosis: | Simple |
European Fruit Lecanium Scale (Parthenolecanium corni, but often referred to as Lecanium corni), is a common pest affecting several genera of woody plants, including both food crops and ornamentals. Other common names include: brown apricot scale, brown elm scale, brown fruit scale, brown scale, European fruit scale, New York plum scale, peach scale, and yew scale.

## Description

The scales are small, and dark brown, generally in large colonies.

## Symptoms and Signs

Heavy infestations lead to weakening of the plant and dieback

## Host plants

* Acer (Maple)
* Cornus (Dogwood)
* Crataegus (Hawthorn)
* Fagus (Beech)
* Fraxinus (Ash)
* Magnolia
* Malus (Apple)
* Morus (Mulberry)
* Prunus (Stone Fruits)
* Quercus (Oak)
* Rosa (Rose)
* Salix (Willow)
* Sassafras
* Thuja (Arborvitae)
* Tilia (Linden, Basswood)
* Ulmus (Elm)
* Vaccinium (Blueberry)
* Vitis (Grape)

## Control

* Organic pesticides: Horticultural Oil (in winter to smother scales, spring and summer for crawlers). Neem Oil
* Predators and parasites: Lady Beetles, Lacewings

## References

* ↑ Cabicompendium.org
# How to Write an Essay/Authors

Original Author: Pingveno
Modified by sjoplin
# How to Write an Essay/Basics
## Length

    "An essay should be like a mini-skirt - long enough to cover the subject, short enough to make it interesting." – Author unknown
When writing an essay, one must take into consideration its audience and its purpose.There are many Blackspots (things not to do). Never under any circumstances put:
* The purpose of this essay is.... (this just aggravates the examiner)
* I am going to show.... (DUH maybe the examiner thought you were going to dance!!)
* or use "I" in a CE. Use this only for personal pieces.
One must be reasonable when considering the length of the essay, so as to appeal to the audience yet maintain the essay’s informative quality. It would seem unreasonable to write an essay 5000 words long about studying for secondary school students.
# How to Write an Essay
## Contents

* Basics
** Research and Preparation
** Parts of an Essay
** Five Point Essay
** Types of Essay
* How to write a Free Response
* Authors
* AP essays
* Document Based Questions (DBQ)

## Contributing

This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential.
# How to Write an Essay/DBQ

A DBQ is a document-based question. It typically provides anywhere from 4 to 10 primary source documents and is primarily found on the European History, World History, and US History Advanced Placement classes.

## Analyze the Question

1. Rask Words? - Analyze, compare, contrast, criticize, interpret, trace, etc.?
2. What are the key subjects and terms? - People, places and events?
3. What are the boundaries or limits? - Dates and periods
4. What is the source? (Hint: In the source, look for anything that could have possibly influenced the author or documents' point of view)

## Prewrite

1. Brainstorm a list of ideas to write about (i.e. P.O.V., frame of reference, credibility, bias, etc.)
2. Group your documents by category, which arouse you most?.
3. Practice writing a thesis sentence on scratch paper making sure to answer all parts of the question.

## Write

1. The intro paragraph should include an introduction sentence, possibly including the historical setting, significance and/or history of the subject, and the thesis statement.
2. Each of the body paragraphs (2-3) SHOULD tie back to the categories in the thesis sentence.
3. Each of the body paragraphs (2-3) SHOULD explain the P.O.V. of at least 1 document, and what might have influenced this P.O.V. (i.e. frame of reference).
4. In each of the body paragraphs, explain what additional document P.O.V. would have helped you better answer the question and why.
5. Good essays have conclusions. Good writers will pick up one essay point in their conclusion. (Hint: D.B.Q. conclusions could easily be used to discuss missing documents or “voices”) see #4.
# How to Write a Research Paper in History/Thinking on your own

This stage involves a certain free-range of thoughts, ideas, and innovations. Use your previously acquired knowledge to examine the circumstances involving a particular practice or phenomena. While certain things may seem obvious, you can get a good grade on a paper on a special topic examined differently than most academic sources. Consult journals, see opinions, and try to refute them. Be prepared to change up your thesis if you discover a piece of reliable information that skews your original train of thought.
# How to Write an Essay/AP/Introduction
## Content needed

* Explanation of the AP program
AP (Advanced Placement) courses allow high school students to take and get credit for college-level classes. To get credit for a course, a student must pass the AP test. Unfortunately, not all colleges and universities in the US accept AP tests, and some may have their own independent exams. The AP is prepared by Collegeboard and their buddies at ETS (I think), also the writers of such tests as the SAT and PSAT. Courses cover a wide range of subjects, including Spanish, Calculus, English, Chemistry, and History.
* Types of essays
1. Agree or Disagree 2. Author's attitude, tone, or point of view 3. Analyze effect 4. Author's purpose 5. General statement about society or human nature 6. Comparison/Contrast

## Sources to use

* AP Central
# General Relativity
## Index

| Introduction Introduction to Tensors What is a tensor? Contravariant and Covariant Indices Einstein Summation Notation Rigorous Definition of Tensors Coordinate systems and the comma derivative Tensors and geometry Metric tensor Raising and Lowering Indices Geodesics Curvature Riemann tensor Covariant Differentiation Christoffel symbols The Covariant Derivative Tensors and matter-energy The stress-energy tensor from the action Einstein's equation Physics in curved space Applications Celestial mechanics Approximations Precession of Mercury Global positioning system Cosmology Friedman-Robertson-Walker cosmology Gravitational waves Black holes Birkhoff's theorem Schwarzschild metric Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates Kruskal extension Kerr-Neuman black hole Reissner-Nordström black hole What is a singularity? BKL singularity Singularity theorems | More on Tensors The Tensor Product Contraction Tensor Symmetries How Tensors Transform The Metric Tensor The Wedge Product Differential geometry Differentiable manifolds Vector bundles Tangent and cotangent bundles Diffeomorphisms Tensor bundles and jet bundles Connections over vector bundles Lie derivatives Differential forms Exterior derivatives and de Rham cohomology Chain homology Stoke's theorem Pseudo Riemannian manifolds Metric tensor Torsion Levi-Civita connection Conformal rescalings and the Weyl tensor Coordinates and component notation Einstein-Hilbert action Causal structure Penrose diagrams Moving frames Principal bundles Frame bundle External bundle Frame bundle connection Palatini action The equivalence between the Palatini and the Einstein-Hilbert action Spinor reps of the Lorentz group Spinor bundles Dirac and Majorana spinors in curved spacetime |

## References

* D'Inverno, Ray (1992). Introducing Einstein's Relativity. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-859686-3.
* Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity. University of Chicago. ISBN 0-226-87033-2.
* Dirac, P. A. M. (1996). General Theory of Relativity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01146-X.
* Misner, Thorne, Wheeler (1973). Gravitation. W H Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0.
# General Relativity/Authors

Brad Lathem (Lathem)
Roadrunner (Roadrunner)
# General Mechanics/Rigid Bodies

If the set of particles in the previous chapter form a rigid body, rotating with angular velocity ω about its centre of mass, then the results concerning the moment of inertia from the penultimate chapter can be extended.
We get
    $I_{ij}=\sum _{n}m_{n}(r_{n}^{2}\delta _{ij}-{r_{n}}_{i}{r_{n}}_{j})$
where (r$_{n1}$, r$_{n2}$, r$_{n3}$) is the position of the nth mass.
In the limit of a continuous body this becomes
    $I_{ij}=\int _{V}\rho (\mathbf {r} )(r^{2}\delta _{ij}-r_{i}r_{j})\,dV$
where ρ is the density.
Either way we get, splitting L into orbital and internal angular momentum,
    $L_{i}=M\epsilon _{ijk}R_{j}V_{k}+I_{ij}\omega _{j}$
and, splitting T into rotational and translational kinetic energy,
    $T={\frac {1}{2}}MV_{i}V_{i}+{\frac {1}{2}}\omega _{i}I_{ij}\omega _{j}$
It is always possible to make I a diagonal matrix, by a suitable choice of axis.

# Mass Moments Of Inertia Of Common Geometric Shapes

The moments of inertia of simple shapes of uniform density are well known.

### Spherical shell

mass M, radius a
    $I_{xx}=I_{yy}=I_{zz}={\frac {2}{3}}Ma^{2}$

### Solid ball

mass M, radius a
    $I_{xx}=I_{yy}=I_{zz}={\frac {2}{5}}Ma^{2}$

### Thin rod

mass M, length a, orientated along z-axis
    $I_{xx}=I_{yy}={\frac {1}{12}}Ma^{2}\quad I_{zz}=0$

### Disc

mass M, radius a, in x-y plane
    $I_{xx}=I_{yy}={\frac {1}{4}}Ma^{2}\quad I_{zz}={\frac {1}{2}}Ma^{2}$

### Cylinder

mass M, radius a, length h orientated along z-axis
    $I_{xx}=I_{yy}=M\left({\frac {a^{2}}{4}}+{\frac {h^{2}}{12}}\right)\quad I_{zz}={\frac {1}{2}}Ma^{2}$

### Thin rectangular plate

mass M, side length a parallel to x-axis, side length b parallel to y-axis
    $I_{xx}=M{\frac {b^{2}}{12}}\quad I_{yy}=M{\frac {a^{2}}{12}}\quad I_{zz}=M\left({\frac {a^{2}}{12}}+{\frac {b^{2}}{12}}\right)$

## further reading

* Statics/Moment of Inertia (contents)
* Statics/Geometric Properties of Solids
# General Mechanics/Statics

If a rigid body is initially at rest, it will remain at rest if and only if the sum of all the forces and the sum of all the torques acting on the body are zero. As an example, a mass balance with arms of differing length is shown in figure above.
The balance beam is subject to three forces pointing upward or downward, the tension T in the string from which the beam is suspended and the weights M$_1$g and M$_2$g exerted on the beam by the two suspended masses. The parameter g is the local gravitational field and the balance beam itself is assumed to have negligible mass. Taking upward as positive, the force condition for static equilibrium is
    $T-M_{1}g-M_{2}g=0\quad {\mbox{Zero net force}}$
Defining a counterclockwise torque to be positive, the torque balance computed about the pivot point in figure 10.7 is
    $\tau =M_{1}gd_{1}-M_{2}gd_{2}=0\quad {\mbox{Zero torque}}$
where d$_1$ and d$_2$ are the lengths of the beam arms.
The first of the above equations shows that the tension in the string must be
    $T=\left(M_{1}+M_{2}\right)g$
while the second shows that
    ${\frac {M_{1}}{M_{2}}}={\frac {d_{2}}{d_{1}}}$
Thus, the tension in the string is just equal to the weight of the masses attached to the balance beam, while the ratio of the two masses equals the inverse ratio of the associated beam arm lengths.
# Geography of Race in the United States
## Introduction

This Wikibook explores the spatial distribution of racial groups in the United States, their historical and contemporary causes, and the consequences for racial inequality. Location is important for accessing many goods and services: decent housing, employment opportunities, voting power, education, low-cost public services, a clean environment, connections to influential people. Managing the spatial distribution of racial groups has been a key tool for controlling who gets access to these goods and services. This website focuses on the role of government and law in determining the spacial distribution of racial groups, although some attention is also paid to private sector actions. The interactive maps and other information contained in this book reveal several dimensions of this process.

## Table of Contents

* Racial segregation in the US
* Causes of housing segregation
* Economic consequences of segregation
* Race, voting rights and segregation
* Racial segregation in education

## Acknowledgements

The main authors of this book are Elizabeth Anderson and Jeffrey Jones. The Wikibook is based on their original work of 2002 and is reproduced here under its CC-BY-SA 4.0 licence. Modifications by the Wikibooks community are not necessarily endorsed by the original authors.
Anyone is welcome to edit.
# Geography of Race in the United States/Causes of housing segregation

[Image to come]
The systematic racial segregation observable on the maps in this site is the product of the interaction of federal, state/local government, and private sector causes. The chart to the left offers an overview of some of these interactions. Roll your mouse over individual items to get a more detailed view of some of them.
These causes of racial segregation form a vicious circle, via the ways segregation in turn causes concentrated urban poverty among African-Americans and Hispanics, which reinforces racial prejudice, further fueling white flight from neighborhoods inhabited by or proximate to blacks and Hispanics.
# Geography of Race in the United States/Race, voting rights and segregation

* Rise and fall of the black voter, 1868-1922
* Racial realignment of parties, 1948-1980
* Direct disenfranchisement
# Geography of France/Introduction

If you intend to help write or edit this Wikibook, please read the following sections before you begin. If you intend only to read it, briefly read About this Wikibook and then continue on to An Overview of French Geography.

## Outline
#### Introduction (this page)

This page is intended to give an introduction to readers, writers, and editors of this book. About this Wikibook should be intended for readers, Outline for readers and writers, and Manual of Style for writers and editors.

#### France in the World|
## Manual of Style

This is the local manual of style for this book, describing how this book should be laid out. Since this is a Wikibooks, anyone can edit it, but please follow the stylistic instructions given below.

### Splash screens

Splash screens are pages that appear when a web page or computer game is loading, or to introduce it. In the context of Wikibooks a splash screen refers to a page that covers a large part of the screen and is colorful (maybe a full-page picture) and offers little informative content.
In this WIkibook splash screens are used in this way:
* Use the template {{Geography of France/Splash screen}} to create hidden splash screens that will expand upon a click:
France
This should be used mainly on pages about areas in France, for example see Geography of France/The Pacific#French Polynesia.
A similar thing can be done along side these splash screens, for example at the head of the French Polynesia section of the Pacific chapter of this book you will find:
French Polynesia
To do this you will have to use the template {{hidden}}. All instances of this template in this Wikibook must have the paramater "noprint" filled in. This will prevent the contents and the template from showing up in the printed version, as having a huge image on a printed page is annoying. Please do not over use this, as it can become annoying and clog up the page.

### Navigation

There is currently one template for navigation in this Wikibook: {{Geography of France/Nav simple}}. This needs to parameters: the first unnamed parameter is the previous page and the second the next. So this:
would, if it were on Geography of France/The Caribbean, render like this:
This template should be placed on the top of the page.

### France vs. Metropolitan France

This book emphasis that France is more than just Metropolitan France (the part located in Europe). So please don't caption pictures of European France as "map of France" or "location of France in the EU". If the picture is of only Metropolitan France, say so.
# Geography of France/Northeastern France

Currently, Northeastern France is made up of two regions: Grand Est and parts of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, both created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions. This page is divided by the historical regions of Northeastern France: Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, Lorraine, and Franche-Comté.

## Alsace

Alsace is located in the very east of France, on the border with Germany. In fact, the easternmost commune in France, Lauterbourg, is located in Alsace. Also, Alsace's largest city, Strasbourg, borders Germany.
Alsace has a unique culture that blends German and French elements, as Alsace has been exchanged between the two countries many times. More traditional aspects of Alsatian culture is dominated by German culture, while more modern aspects of culture are dominated by French culture.
The people of Alsace, Alsatians, speak an Alemmanic dialect of German called Alsatian. However, after World War II, it has become more common for Alsatians to speak French.
From 1982 to 2016, Alsace was the smallest administrative region in metropolitan France, consisting of the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments. However, territorial reform in 2014 put Alsace along with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine to form the new region of Grand Est.
# Geography of France/The Pacific
## French Polynesia

French Polynesia
French Polynesia is an overseas collectivity and France's only overseas country. It encompasses 118 islands and atolls stretching over more than 2,000 kilometers in the South Pacific. French Polynesia is divided into five groups of islands: the Society Islands archipelago, comprising the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands; the Tuamotu Archipelago; the Gambier Islands; the Marquesas Islands; and the Austral Islands. 67 of French Polynesia's 118 islands are inhabited, with the most populous one being Tahiti, in the Windward Islands. Tahiti makes up nearly 69% of French Polynesia's total population. Papeete is the capital city but Faaa is the most populous, and both are located on Tahiti.

### Transportation

Due to the large number of islands, French Polynesia has 49 airports, 13 of which are not paved. Air Tahiti is the main airline which flies between the islands and it has 47 destinations in the Cook Islands and French Polynesia. Air Tahiti Nui is the flag carrier of French Polynesia, and it operates long haul flights to destinations around the world. Both Air Tahiti and Air Tahiti Nui's home base are at Faa'a International Airport, the only international airport in French Polynesia.
# Geography of Race in the United States/Economic consequences of segregation

If you surveyed the maps in Racial Segregation in the U.S., two facts would be evident:
* Moderate to high levels of black/white racial segregation, and somewhat lower but still substantial Hispanic/white segregation, are the norm for major U.S. metropolitan regions.
* Moderately to highly segregated black and Hispanic neighborhoods are almost always markedly poor, and poorer than most of the overwhelmingly white neighborhoods in their metro region.
This raises a question: are segregated black and Hispanic neighborhoods poorer simply because their inhabitants happen to be poor, or does racial segregation cause the poverty of their inhabitants? The model below shows that, while hardly the only factor, racial segregation is a major cause of systematic economic disadvantage for blacks. By parallel reasoning, it is probably also a significant cause of disadvantage for Hispanics, although empirical evidence on this point is not as extensive as in the case of blacks. Note that many of the factors below affect middle-class, not just poor, residents of segregated neighborhoods. Middle-class status, as measured by family income, occupation, or education, therefore does not confer the same economic advantages on segregated blacks as on whites.
(Image to come)
This model is drawn from the arguments of Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton in American Apartheid (Harvard UP, 1993). Roll your mouse over the items to view explanations of their causal influence. The blue arrows designate the influence of antiblack racial antipathy. Racism is a major cause of segregation. But segregation propagates its own effects mainly through "color-blind" mechanisms. Thus, it is an error to ascribe the proximate cause of much black disadvantage to direct discrimination.
Massey and Denton's model subsumes two other major models of systematic black disadvantage. William Wilson's "spatial mismatch hypothesis" (The Truly Disadvantaged, University of Chicago, 1987), postulating that inner city black poverty is caused by the flight of jobs to suburbs, where blacks can't reach them, is depicted through the red arrows. The "culture of poverty" theory, postulating that blacks are poor because they reject middle-class cultural values, is depicted through the green arrows. Some vicious circles--causal paths that return on themsleves--are observable in this model. White antipathy causes segregation, which causes concentrated poverty and oppositional culture, which reinforces white antipathy. Low housing values create worse public finances, causing poor public services, reducing housing values even further.
# Kannada/Birds

| English | Transliteration | Kannada |
| Birds | hakki/pakshi | ಹಕ್ಕಿ/ಪಕ್ಷಿ |
| Cock | hunja | ಹುಂಜ |
| Crow | kaage | ಕಾಗೆ |
| Duck | baatukoli | ಬಾತುಕೋಳಿ |
| Eagle | haddu | ಹದ್ದು |
| Hen | koli | ಕೋಳಿ |
| Owl | goobe | ಗೂಬೆ |
| Parrot | gili | ಗಿಳಿ |
| Peacock | navilu | ನವಿಲು |
| Pigeon | paarivaala | ಪಾರಿವಾಳ |
| Sparrow | gubbacchhi | ಗುಬ್ಬಚ್ಚಿ |
| Stork | kokkare | ಕೊಕ್ಕರೆ |
| Coucal | kembhuta | ಕೆಂಭೂತ |
| Red wattled lapwing | tittiba | ಟಿಟ್ಟಿಬ |
| Falcon | Lagada | ಲಗಡ |
| Vulture | Ranahaddu | ರಣಹದ್ದು |
| Woodpecker | Marakutaka | ಮರಕುಟಕ ಹಕ್ಕಿ |
| Red-whiskered bulbul | Juttina hakki | ಜುಟ್ಟಿನ ಹಕ್ಕಿ |
| Baya weaver bird | Geejaga hakki | ಗೀಜಗ ಹಕ್ಕಿ |
| Swallows | Thale thirugina hakki | ತಲೆತಿರುಗಿನ ಹಕ್ಕಿ |
| Jungle bush quail | Purule hakki | ಪುರುಲೆ ಹಕ್ಕಿ |
| Ostrich | | ಉಷ್ಟ್ರಪಕ್ಷಿ |
# Kannada/Body

| English . . . | Transliteration | Kannada |
| Back | Benu | ಬೆನ್ನು |
| Bone | moole/elubu | ಮೂಳೆ/ಎಲುಬು |
| Cheek | kenne/ galla | ಕೆನ್ನೆ/ಗಲ್ಲಾ |
| Chest | edhe | ಎದೆ |
| Chin | gaddha | ಗದ್ದಾ |
| Ear | kivi | ಕಿವಿ |
| Eye | kannu | ಕಣ್ಣು |
| Eyebrow | hubbu | ಹುಬ್ಬು |
| Eyelash | kannu reppe | ಕಣ್ಣು ರೆಪ್ಪೆ |
| Face | mukha | ಮುಖ |
| Finger | beralu | ಬೆರಳು |
| Foot | paada | ಪಾದ |
| Fore Finger | toruberalu | ತೋರುಬೆರಳು |
| Forehead | hane | ಹಣೆ |
| Hair | koodalu | ಕೂದಲು |
| Hand | kai | ಕೈ |
| Head | tale | ತಲೆ |
| Heel | himmadi, keelu | ಹಿಮ್ಮಡಿ, ಕೀಲು |
| Knee | mandi | ಮಂಡಿ |
| Leg | kaalu | ಕಾಲು |
| Lips | thuti | ತುಟಿ |
| Little Finger | kiruberaLu | ಕಿರುಬೆರಳು |
| Middle Finger | madhyada beraLu | ಮಧ್ಯದ ಬೆರಳು |
| Mouth | baayi | ಬಾಯಿ |
| Neck | kattu | ಕತ್ತು |
| Shoulder | Bhuja | ಭುಜ |
| Nerve | nara | ನರ |
| Nose | moogu | ಮೂಗು |
| Palm | angai | ಅಂಗೈ |
| Ring Finger | anaamika | ಅನಾಮಿಕ |
| Skin | charma | ಚರ್ಮ |
| Stomach | hotte | ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ |
| Teeth | hallu | ಹಲ್ಲು |
| Thigh | tode | ತೊಡೆ |
| Throat | gantalu | ಗಂಟಲು |
| Thumb Finger | hebbettu | ಹೆಬ್ಬೆಟ್ಟು |
| Tongue | naalige | ನಾಲಿಗೆ |
# Kannada/Family relations

Family relation names in Kannada are very specific to the speaker. For example there are different names for your uncles such as your father's brother and your mother's brother. Since these vary a bit from place to place, the following are some standard examples. The listed words are the naFamily relations[edit]
Father --Tande,Appa Mother -- Taayi,Amma,Avva lover---- preetisuvavanu/lu Paternal Grandfather -- Appana Tande, Ajja Paternal Grandmother -- Apppana Taayi, Ajji Maternal Grandfather -- Taayia Appa, Ajja Maternal Grandmother -- Taayaia taayi, Ajji Brother -- Tamma, Anna Sister -- Tangi,Akka