OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Kurzweil & Future of Human Evolution

Theorist and scientist, Ray Kurzweil proposes that technology will progress at an exponential rate in the upcoming future. He sees the creation of technology as a process similar to evolution. Kurzweil’s core belief is that society is moving toward an age where humans and machine will be merged into a new evolved existence. Examples of his beliefs include the possibility of humans being able to live forever through the merging of machine and man. In addition, he predicts that nanotechnology will have the ability to augment human bodies and cure diseases such as cancer.
Kurzweil continues to explain his theory by saying that humans are far more intelligent than evolution suggests. He bases his predictions on the many creations human beings have created over the past few thousand years with significant attention paid to the evolution of the most recent years. According to Kurzweil, the law of accelerating returns predicts this will happen within decades. Many of Kurzweils predictions have come true in recent years, such as the example of a computer tablet and will become commonplace amongst society. In 20 years from now, Kurzweil predicts that society will be able to connect to the cloud via our brains without the use of devices, thus growing exponentially.
Kurzweil predicts that human beings will expand their neo cortex of their brain similar to how human beings did thousands of years ago and we as a species will make an evolutionary leap into the future.
# Models and Theories in Human-Computer Interaction/Kurzweil’s Law of Accelerating Returns – The future will be here faster than we know it

As opposed to a continuous (and linear) rate of progress, Ray Kurzweil proposes that the rate of technological progress is actually exponential. Kurzweil views technological progress as an evolutionary process. He considers the process to have three parts which impact the exponential growth in the Law of Accelerating Returns. The first is that the creations of one stage of progress are used to create the next stage, resulting in exponential growth. This can be seen in the changes in speed, capacity, size and weight of technology. For instance, current LCD televisions barely resemble their Cathode Ray Tube predecessors. The second aspect is that the effectiveness of the process also improves at an exponential rate. This effectiveness is often reflected in increased cost-effectiveness. It often translates into second or third generations of a type of technology usually costing less than the first generation or prototype version. The third part is that the methods and approaches to problem solving (paradigms) are used until nothing more can be gained with them. The resulting change to approach, a paradigm shift, continues the exponential growth.
Kurzweil’s core belief is that we are headed towards technological singularity (the rise of superior artificial intelligence and the potential merge of human and machine) and that the future is not quite as far away as the current rate of progress would lead us to believe. Kurzweil presents his Law of Accelerating Returns to support his argument that this event will occur in the near future. While there have been many technological breakthroughs in a short period of time over the past decade (especially when considering the longer timespan between the radio and the television, for example), Kurzweil’s hybrid-humans-by-2030 may still be pushing it.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mandrake
## Overview

The Mandrake is an unremarkable-looking tufty sort of plant that is purple and green in color. When dug up, its root has the shape of a human being.

## Extended Description

Mandrake or Mandragora is a powerful restorative and is a vital component in restorative potions; as a result, it is necessary in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, where it is used to brew a potion that is used to restore those who have been attacked by the monster of the Chamber. The cry of the uprooted Mandrake will kill; Harry's class is repotting them on his first day back in year 2, but these are very young, almost infant mandrakes (their roots look like wrinkled and ugly babies), and their cry will only knock you out for a couple of hours.

## Analysis

In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, a potion based on mandrakes is used to restore those attacked by the Monster of the Chamber. As in many other places in the series, it becomes apparent that the preparation of potions takes time. In this case, before the victims can be restored, so that they can identify the monster, we must wait for the mandrakes to become mature; conveniently, they do so immediately after Harry has vanquished the monster. In this case, the delay in their maturing is used to force Harry and Ron to come up with the solution to the puzzle of the nature and location of monster and the Chamber, with only extremely limited help from Hermione.
Mandrakes appear again in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, where we see Neville and Professor Sprout carrying the potted plants up to the battlements during the preparations for the Battle at Hogwarts. Apparently, they will be cast down upon the attackers, and the cry of the exposed mandrake roots will incapacitate the attacking Death Eaters.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Mandrakes are seen to take the entire school year to reach maturity. They were, however, needed early in the year as a potion ingredient. Granted that there is an educational reason for growing them on the grounds, why would it not have been possible to buy mature mandrake roots from a supplier, say in Diagon Alley?

## Greater Picture

In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, the author devised humorous descriptions of the maturation steps of the mandrake plants. The phases of plant maturity were analogous to the development of human children. First the plants were described as becoming "moody and secretive" confirming they had reached adolescence. Next the mandrakes started throwing loud parties indicating their teenage phase. Finally the mandrakes were known to be fully matured when they started moving into each others' pots.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Metamorphmagus
## Overview

A Metamorphmagus is a witch or wizard who has the ability to change their appearance at will, without the need for a wand, spell, or potion.

## Extended Description

Metamorphmagy is a very rare ability, and one that a witch or wizard must be born with. There is no way for one to train in order to become a Metamorphmagus.
Nymphadora Tonks, who is first seen in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, is a Metamorphmagus. Tonks tells Harry that her natural metamorphic abilities helped her greatly during the Concealment and Disguise portion of her Auror training, to the point that she didn't even have to study. Throughout the fifth book, Tonks changes her hair color and style quite often, with her preferred style being short, spiky, and bright pink in color. She has also been shown to be capable of changing a number of her facial features at will.

## Analysis

Throughout much of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Tonks was shown to not be using her Metamorphmagus ability in any capacity. Harry believed that this was because she was mourning someone and her sorrow either prevented her from changing her appearance, or simply left her uninspired to do so.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Sirius Black is related to Tonks – she is his distant niece. Could he also have some Metamorphmagus ability? Could that have helped him when he went through the spells necessary for him to become an Animagus?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Lumos
## Overview

The Lumos spell creates light at the end of the caster's wand, and is therefore used for illuminating dark areas.

## Extended Description

A relatively basic spell, Harry is able to use this by the end of his second year – in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry uses it to illuminate his surroundings when visiting Aragog in the Forbidden Forest; but in his first year, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, he has to use a lantern, and Hermione must conjure a fire when she needs light in that book.

## Analysis

The spell must be controlled by the caster's intent as well as by the word and any gestures, as it appears that not only the amount of light but the type can be controlled by the caster without any apparent difference in the casting of the spell. The light cast by the wand is described variously as a glimmer or a light, and in some cases appears as a beam, as one would get from a flashlight (UK: torch).
It is unknown how long the end of the wand remains lit; on only one occasion do we see wands consciously extinguished, by means of the Nox spell, on all other occasions they seem to conveniently go out on their own when no longer needed.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mermish
## Overview

Mermish is the language used by Merpeople.

## Extended Description

Heard in air, Mermish is thin and screechy, because Merpeople's vocal equipment is geared to the more viscous aquatic environment. In the thin stuff that is our air, the vibrating bits move far too fast, making the tone of their voices hurtful to human ears.
After the Second Task of the Triwizard Tournament, Professor Dumbledore speaks with the mer-Chieftainess to determine what had happened with Harry and the other Champions under the lake. It is mentioned at that time that Dumbledore knows possibly a thousand languages, including mermish.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, how does Harry understand the mermish message within the golden egg?
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mimbulus Mimbletonia
## Overview

Mimbulus Mimbletonia is a spineless, cactus-like plant with a unique defence mechanism.

## Extended Description

Our introduction to this plant occurs when Neville displays it on the Hogwarts Express in Harry's fifth year. Demonstrating its special features, Neville deliberately triggers its defence mechanism, completely covering Harry, Ginny, Luna, and himself in stinksap, mere moments before Cho Chang looks in to say "hello" to Harry.

## Analysis

We are told that this plant is quite rare and valuable, and can gather from this that it is very hard to care for. At the end of the book, as we return to the Hogwarts Express for the return home, we see that it has thrived and grown while at the school. We will learn, at the beginning of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, that Neville did quite well on his Herbology OWL, gaining an Outstanding grade; the fact that this plant has done so well reinforces the feeling we have that Neville, for all his shortcomings and self-doubts, is quite skilled at taking care of magical plants.
The purpose of this plant seems to be to increase Neville's self-esteem while damaging Harry's. Neville's obvious liking for this plant and his ability to care for what we are told is a rare and difficult species are rewarded both by the plant's thriving and by Professor Sprout's comments. Neville is greatly heartened by the recognition that he is good at something – his career at Hogwarts seems, in his own eyes, to have been largely devoid of successes. Harry, meanwhile, is in the earliest stages of a relationship with Cho Chang, and feels that he must make a good impression; he feels, correctly, that his image in her eyes is somewhat dimmed, at least temporarily, by the fresh coat of stinksap he has received at Neville's bidding.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Mackled Malaclaw
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Manticore
## Overview

The Manticore is one of the Wizarding World's most dangerous creatures. It is a sentient beast, capable of intelligent speech, but has not been classified as a being due to its violent tendencies.

## Extended Description

A manticore has a human-like head, a lion's body, and a scorpion's tail with a ball at the end covered in venomous darts. When the Manticore flings its tail the darts detach. Manticore venom is instantly fatal. It uses this as a way to kill its prey, which it then devours while crooning softly. A Manticore's skin repels all known charms.
While Harry, Ron, and Hermione are researching legal precedents for Buckbeak's defence in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, they find a case where a manticore savaged someone in 1296, and was let off... but quickly find that it was because nobody dared to approach it.
In a scurrilous article, Rita Skeeter suggests that the Blast-Ended Skrewts that Hagrid has provided for his Care of Magical Creatures course in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire may be the result of a cross breeding of Manticores and Fire Crabs.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Merpeople
## Overview

The Merpeople are a race of aquatic people, at least one group of whom live in the lake on the grounds of Hogwarts.

## Extended Description

Merpeople do not much resemble the Muggle idea of mermaids and mermen. They are very thin, with very long arms and a fish's tail; some are armed with spears. They have high-pitched voices, and seem to be able to speak, or at least parrot, some English words; however, among themselves they generally speak their own language, Mermish. Above water their singing or speech sounds like a screech, yet underwater it is eerie and hypnotic.
In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, to solve the puzzle of the second challenge, Harry makes use of the Prefect's bathroom. There is a painting of a mermaid on the wall there; however, as Harry discovers when the Challenge actually happens, the painting is very different from the reality. The clue is actually a merpeople song, that has to be listened to under water to be understood.
The second Challenge actually is to rescue four people, one for each Champion, from under the lake. They are guarded by Merpeople, and the way the Challenge is worded, it would appear that they had kidnapped the people; in fact, however, the four "detainees" (for want of a better word) were Stunned by Professor McGonagall and handed over to the merpeople.
Before points are awarded for completion of the challenge, Professor Dumbledore consults with the mer-chieftainess to determine what actually happened; the fact that Harry had waited and then rescued detainees other than the one that was his main concern, as confirmed by the mer-chieftainess, counted in his favour in the competition.
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the Merpeople come near the surface of the lake and sing a haunting song at Dumbledore's funeral.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Hens and Eggs/Solution

Where k is some solvable constant:
$Hens*Days=k*Eggs$
$1{\frac {1}{2}}*1{\frac {1}{2}}=k*1{\frac {1}{2}}$
$k=1{\frac {1}{2}}$
$1*1=1{\frac {1}{2}}Eggs$
$Eggs={1 \over {1{\frac {1}{2}}}}={1 \over {3 \over 2}}={2 \over 3}$
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Hotel Refund

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Hotel refund
Three men stop at a hotel. There's only one room left, so they agree to share. The desk clerk charges them thirty dollars, and they each give him ten dollars.
Later, the clerk realizes he's over-charged them by five dollars. He gives the bell-boy five one-dollar bills, and tells him to return the money to the three men. The bell-boy keeps two dollars for himself, and gives one dollar to each of the three men.
So, the men paid nine dollars each for the room, for a total of twenty-seven dollars. The bell-hop has two dollars, and that makes twenty-nine. What happened to the other dollar?
And another thing. Two men stop at the same hotel. There's only one room left, so they agree to share. The desk clerk charges them thirty dollars, and they each give him fifteen dollars.
Later, the clerk realizes that once again he has over-charged by five dollars. He gives the bell-boy five one-dollar bills, and tells him to return the money to the two men. The bell-boy, feeling slightly more daring, keeps three dollars for himself, and gives one dollar to each of the two men.
So, the men paid fourteen dollars each for the room, for a total of twenty-eight dollars. The bell-boy has three dollars, and that makes thirty-one. Where did the other dollar come from? And, no, you better not answer that it came from the first puzzle.
solution
(Source: CarTalk is the only place I've heard the second one MikeBorkowski)
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Luxury Cars

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Luxury Cars
A major luxury car company has three outlets on the east coast (in New York, Boston, and Miami) and two outlets on the west coast (in Los Angeles and San Francisco). The sales in Los Angeles were one quarter of the total sales plus one car. The sales in New York were one quarter of the rest (not counting the cars sold in L.A.) plus one car. The sales in San Francisco were one quarter of the rest (not counting L.A., N.Y.) plus one car. And the sales in Boston were one quarter of the rest (not counting L.A., N.Y., S.F.) plus one car. The balance so far showed that L.A. and San Francisco sold 100 cars more than N.Y. and Boston. However, with the remaining cars sold in Miami it is likely that the total sales of the east coast will be greater than the total sales of the west coast.
How many cars were sold in each city?
solution
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Hotel Refund/Solution

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Hotel refund | Solution
The men paid $27 dollars. The desk clerk has $25 dollars and the bell-hop pocketed $2.
The mistake is expecting that what the men paid and what the bell-boy kept to add up to what the men initially gave the desk clerk. In fact, it is the amount that the room effectively cost them, plus the amount they received back, that should add to $30.
The second puzzle is very similar: $25 is sitting with the clerk, $2 with the men, and $3 with the bellhop. That adds to the required $30.
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Logarithms Puzzle/Logarithms Puzzle 2 Solution

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Logarithms Puzzle | Logarithms Puzzle 2 Solution
${11 \over 32}:{\operatorname {log} _{\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sin 1}}}}}}\sin 1}$
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Logarithms Puzzle/Logarithms Puzzle 3 Solution

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Logarithms Puzzle | Logarithms Puzzle 1 Solution
${111 \over 10001}:1+{\sqrt[{\operatorname {lg} {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sin 1}}}}]{\sin 1}}$
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Logarithms Puzzle

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Logarithms Puzzle
Task is using any arithmetical operators, and school functions, such as logarithms, trigonometrical functions, square roots, and set of digits, get a specific digit.

## Example

${1111111 \over 10000}$
That means using "1" seven times write 10000, and the solution is:
$\,10000={(111-11)}^{1+1}$

## Logarithms Puzzle 1

${777 \over 121}$
Logarithms Puzzle 1 Solution

## Logarithms Puzzle 2

${11 \over 32}$
Logarithms Puzzle 2 Solution

## Logarithms Puzzle 3

${111 \over 10001}$
Since it may be difficult to solve, try solving these first:
${11111 \over 10001}$
${1111 \over 10001}$
Logarithms Puzzle 3 Solution
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Logarithms Puzzle/Logarithms Puzzle 1 Solution

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Logarithms Puzzle | Logarithms Puzzle 1 Solution
${777 \over 121}:{\operatorname {log} _{\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {\sqrt {7}}}}}}}}7}-7$
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Luxury Cars/Solution

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Luxury Cars | Solution
Los Angeles - 256 New York - 192 San Francisco - 144 Boston - 108 Miami - 320

## Reasoning

Let L, N, S, B, M be the numbers of cars sold at Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Boston and Miami respectively.
The statement of the puzzle gives these equations:
The first four equations can be simplified:
From equation (a) we have
Combining this equation with equations (b) and (c) gives
From this result and equations (b) to (e), the remaining values easily fall into place:
# Puzzles/Arithmetical puzzles/Three Daughters

Puzzles | Arithmetical puzzles | Three Daughters
A salesman is at the door of a family house and tries to convince the mother to buy some of his products. She says: "Well, I don't really need the products, but if you can guess how old my three daughters are I will do you a favor and buy one of them." The salesman asks the woman for a little help and she tells him: "The product of their ages is 36." As the salesman is not able to figure out the ages, she gives him another clue: "The sum of their ages is same as the number of my house." The salesman calculates for a little while but then says: "I'm sorry, Miss, but I still can't figure out their ages." The mother agrees to give him a final hint: "My eldest daughter plays piano." After that hint the salesman was able to tell the mother her daughters ages and sell one of his items.
How did he figure that out?
solution
# Programmed Math/Division

Division can thought of a reverse multiplication of sorts, where you find how many numbers go into another number.
Division is usually in the format:
${\frac {2}{4}}$ (two divided by four) OR $2/4=x$
For an example:
We want to find out what 100 divides by. We start with 1. We know that $1*100=100$ So 100 is divisible by 1.
And we find that $2*50=100$ So 100 is divisible by 2.
But $3*33.33=99.99$ So 3 isn't. We can't divide 100 by 3 to get a straight answer.
So we go onto 4. $4*25=100$ So 100 is divisible by 4.
And so on for each number. But this format takes too long, so we go:
$100/4=25$
# Programmed Math/Fractions

A fraction is most easily thought of as representing some portion of a unit.
The simplest fractions to think about are numbers like "one half" or "one tenth." For example, one third is the number you get when you divide one into three equal parts and take one of them.
We write one third as ${\frac {1}{3}}$.
Every fraction looks like that, having an integer on top, which we call the numerator, and an integer on the bottom, which we call the denominator. This fractional notation represents the number that we get when we divide the numerator by the denominator. In our simple examples we had a numerator of 1.
So, what do we mean by the expression ${\frac {2}{3}}$?
When we read this in English, we say "two thirds." That sounds like we have "two" of something, namely two "thirds" or two of: ${\frac {1}{3}}$, which we naturally think of as $2*{\frac {1}{3}}$ or ${\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{3}}$. But in our more technical definition of a fraction we said it was a number we get by dividing a pair of integers, so that ${\frac {2}{3}}$ is defined as $2\div 3$.
Well fortunately for our intuitions, it will turn out that ${\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{3}}={\frac {2}{3}}$.
Thinking about a fraction as some portion of a unit works nicely so long as the numerator is less than the denominator. But what do we mean by ${\frac {4}{3}}$? Well, intuitively, we think of having four of ${\frac {1}{3}}$, which, thinking about huge slices of cake, must surely be equal to $1+{\frac {1}{3}}$. And, sure enough, if you do the division of 4 by 3 you'll end up with 1.33333..., which is 1 + 0.3333... or $1+{\frac {1}{3}}$.
Fractions can represent whole numbers, too. Nothing but our boring desire for simplicity and clarity keeps us from writing 12 as ${\frac {120}{10}}$ whenever we like.
Further topics in fractions:
* Reducing Fractions
* finding least common denominators
* adding and subtracting fractions
* multiplying and dividing fractions