OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Blender 3D Reference Guide/Windows Reference/File Browser

The Blender File Browser is, of course, used to open Blender-native (".blend") files. It provides simple GUI widgets to navigate your computer's file system, and easy selection of files. The same basic UI element is used for the File menu "Append or Link" item, as well as, "Save As...", "Save Image...", and "Save Runtime..." menu items.
When "Open..." is selected in the "File" menu, the window that the cursor is over becomes a File Browser window. There are two text fields at the top for the currently selected directory, and the currently selected file. To the left, a button, labeled "P" will navigate to the parent of the currently selected directory. Also, there is a menu pop-up button which will offer directories from which files have recently been opened, allowing quick return to directories being used in the current project. To the right, there are buttons to open the selected file, and a "Cancel" button which aborts the File Browser completely, returning the window to its previous state. (Note that the "ESC" key can be used to abort as well.)
In the file list, which appears below these widgets, files that Blender recognizes are tagged with a small colored square icon to indicate that they may be opened. Depending on how many files are listed, there may be scroll bars for vertical and/or horizontal scrolling of the file list. The File Browser recognizes files with the ".blend" extension as compatible Blender files. It also recognizes ".blend.gz" as compressed Blender files (at least OSX version), and will open them, performing the decompression on-the-fly.
Like every Blender "window", there is a window "header", in this case, across the bottom of the window. The widget/icons here provide, in left-to-right order, the following additional function to the File Browser window:
# Blender 3D Reference Guide/Windows Reference/Outliner
## Outliner

The Outliner is a hierarchical diagram displaying a list of data in Blender and its dependencies. The SHIFT+F4 'databrowse' doesn't really show it, and 'Oops Schematic' is too chaotic still. And most of all, the former two don't offer much functionality.
# Blender Beginner to Expert/Introduction

Python is a open source, general purpose multi platform computer language.
It is available for a variety of platforms including Windows, OS/X, and a variety of Unix variants including Linux.
It is preinstalled on Macs and often preinstalled on Linux. It is not preinstalled with Windows but can be easily installed by downloading any version freely available at the Python.org website.
One of the characteristics of Python is that it can be embedded in another application for executing macros. Blender, Maya, ArcGIS are among applications that use an embedded version of Python.
Python was conceived as a cross between a shell scripting language and a full blown general purpose computer language. Like most shell scripting languages, it's interpreted. However, unlike shell scripting languages such as BASH, it has many features and extensions that give it nearly as much power as C and Java.
Syntactically, Python is similar to C. One of the unique and most beloved characteristics of Python is that code blocks are grouped by indentation rather than by surrounding the block with markers such as curly braces.
Python was created by Dutch progammer Guido Van Rossum in . It has been steadily enhanced and improved over the years. Due to its open source nature, enhancements have been provided by numerous contributors.
The two major revisions in common use today are the 2.X series and the 3.X series.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/World Settings

| previous module: "Quickie Render" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Understanding the Camera" |
In the properties panel, the World settings control the background or sky settings for your scene. A scene doesn’t have to have a World, in which case, the background will simply be black. If you save your images with a transparent Sky setting, the background doesn’t matter. But in other situations, you will want to control what appears here.
Here is what the top two panels in the World Context look like in a new default document. (Settings further down for Ambient Occlusion, Environment Lighting and Indirect Lighting will be discussed later, when we discuss lighting.)
“Ambient Color” is a sourceless, shadowless light, coming from all directions, applied to all objects. Trouble is, its effect is very “flat”, i.e. it washes out detail. It's probably better to use the Environment Lighting or Ambient Occlusion options (in panels further down) to soften murky shadows.
With none of the boxes checked, “Zenith Color” has no effect, only “Horizon Color” does. The sky will simply be a flat expanse of this colour. Selecting “Paper Sky” and “Real Sky” on their own has no effect, they work only in conjunction with “Blend Sky”.
Check “Blend Sky” on its own. Now the sky takes on a gradient from “Zenith Color” at the zenith (straight up) to “Horizon Color”, not at the horizon, but at the nadir (straight down).
Check both “Blend Sky” and “Real Sky”. Now you get “Horizon Color” at the horizon, with a gradient to “Zenith Color” at both zenith and nadir.
The effect of “Blend Sky” with “Paper Sky” is a bit more subtle. It means the horizon is always in the middle of the image, regardless of the orientation of the camera. The effect is more noticeable if you check “Real Sky” as well, otherwise it looks little different from “Blend Sky” on its own.
Here is an example with contrasting horizon and zenith colours. I also set the camera field of view to 90°.
With only “Blend Sky” checked, a render looks like this.
With “Blend Sky” and “Real Sky” checked, this is how the render comes out. Note how the cube is noticeably off-centre relative to the horizon band, because the camera view is at an angle to the horizontal.
With all three of “Blend Sky”, “Real Sky” and “Paper Sky” checked, the result is this. The cube now looks like it is on the horizon, even though the camera angle is the same as the previous image.
You can also add a texture to your sky. That will be discussed later.
| previous module: "Quickie Render" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Understanding the Camera" |
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Your first test

Next page: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Form: Accuracy And Precision Previous page: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/The Game Engine -- Back to Index
We will teach you to make a realistic ball rolling down the hill using Blender's game engine.
First, make a plane. Subdivide it a few times and scale it up a lot. Now, make a sphere. It can be any kind except meta. With the sphere selected, go to the game engine settings. (It is the little purple Pacman-icon.) You will see something that says Actor. Press it. Now press Dynamic. You will see a bunch of settings available now. Change Size to 1.4. Also enable Rigid body. This will let the ball roll. Edit the plane, pulling vertices up or down. For this example, make it look like a canyon. Put the ball at the start point and press the P-Key. You will see the ball fall in, and roll. If it doesn't go the way you wanted, Pull some vertices of the canyon downwards. Incline your plane to let the ball roll. If you just see white, don't worry. Press escape to exit the game mode. Press Z key. Go back into game mode and it will look like wireframe. the ball will roll through the canyon. Well done! You should give it finishing touches, like effects, color, etc. And that's it.
Next page: Basic Animation Previous page: Intermediate Textures and Materials -- Back to Index
# Ancient History/Egypt/Introduction

Egypt has a history almost older than any other civilization on Earth, a history that stretches back many thousands of years. Evidence of human existence around the Nile dates back to at least the Paleolithic era, over 12,000 years ago. Civilization there started to develop when small tribes of hunter-gatherers and fisherman settled there, and a culture began to form. From there, the population living by the Nile thrived, as the yearly flooding of the Nile brought incredibly rich soil for farming, and by 6000 BC, advanced agricultural practices had developed, as did large-scale building construction. Three thousand years later, Egypt was united from many petty rulers and established as a kingdom. Traditionally this feat is attributed to King Menes, also known as Narmer, though the process was apparently long drawn out. Menes is said to have been the first king in a lineage of dynasties that would rule Egypt for the following three thousand years. During this time of unification under a sovereign ruler, Egypt's thriving increased exponentially, and a deeper culture formed; Egyptian religion, art practices, language, customs, and quality of living became richer and more advanced. They developed hieroglyphics, a more complex pantheon of gods, and extensive class system of living, with peasants, merchants, priests, and nobles, among other groups.By the time of the eighteenth dynasty, around 1500 BC, Egypt had risen to become an international power, solidifying its power on a regional scale, and conquering many enemy neighboring countries.
# Ancient History/Egypt/Middle Kingdom

The Middle Kingdom period of Egyptian history is characterized by a powerful noble class and similarly powerful priesthoods of several prominent gods jockeying for power. The Middle Kingdom collapsed when a group of outside invaders called the Hyksos invaded Egypt using chariots, horses and iron. The Hyksos established their own monarchy and controlled Lower Egypt for approximately 200 years.
# Ancient History/China/Qin Dynasty
## Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty ruled from 221 BC to 206 BC after Qin Shi Huang, the first true Emperor of China, led the "Wars of Unification" during the Warring States Period.
# Ancient History/Egypt/Egyptology

Egypt was a popular tourist destination from the 1st century AD onward. The mysterious monuments, long considered the oldest in the world, were considered romantic and stunning by writers as various as the 2nd century AD novelist Apuleius and the English 17th century AD poet John Keats. Napoleon toured the ruins in 1802 AD and used the vista of the pyramids to inspire his troops. In 1821, Jean-Louis Champollion cracked the hieroglyphic code using the Rosetta Stone, a black basalt monument with texts in hieroglyphic and hieratic Egyptian, and Greek. In 1922, Howard Carter discovered and recorded the contents of the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The study of ancient Egypt remains popular among amateurs and professionals today.
# Ancient History/Egypt/Decline

Lack of several critical material resources, particularly iron and straight timber, caused Egypt to import these items using wealth from its natural resources of gold, and control of the Africa-Asia trade routes. Regular conflicts with the Hittite Empire and the Assyrians for control of the Levant (modern-day Syria, Lebannon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan) sapped Egypt's military resources. Over time, Egypt became weakened both within and without. It succumbed to invasion by the Kushites in the 7th century BCE, and then fell to the Second Babylonian Empire in the 6th century BCE. The Persians added Egypt to their empire in the 5th century BCE, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in the 3rd century BCE, and then Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus Caesar annexed Egypt for the Roman Empire in the 1st century BCE. It would not achieve independence from outside forces until the 7th century CE.
# Queen's Pawn Opening
### 2. c4

White keeps the game in the realm of Queen pawn openings with this move. Most responses (like 2...Nf6 or 2...f5) transpose to other openings. A unique opening order is 2...Bb4+, the Keres Defense. This is usually also a transpositional tool, usually transposing into the Bogo-Indian Defense after 3.Bd2. However, even 3. Nc3 (then transposing into the Nimzo-Indian Defense) or 3. Nd2 (a unique order, but can transpose into the Bogo-Indian Defense) are both playable.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. d4 e6 2. c4
| | 2 |
| | ... d5 | Nc3 Nf6 | = to 1...d5 2. c4 e6 |
| | ... Nf6 | Nf3 d5 | = to 1...Nf6 2. c4 e6 |
| Keres Defence | ... Bb4+ | = |
| English Defence | ... b6 | = |
| Dutch Defence | ... f5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# English Defence

The system of having b6 and e6 was developed by English player P.N. Wallis, and was taken up by several leading English players including Tony Miles and Jon Speelman.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. d4 e6 2. c4 b6
| 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| e4 Bb7 | Qc2 Qh4 | Nd2 Bb4 | Bd3 f5 | += |
| Nc3 Bb4 | e3 Bb7 | a3 Bxc3 | bxc3 f5 | = |
| d5 Qh4 | Nc3 Bb4 | Bd2 Nf6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Queen's Pawn Game
### 2...f5
## Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.d4 e6 2.Nf3 f5
| | 3 | 4 |
| Queen's Pawn Game | g3 Nf6 | |
| Dutch | c4 Nf6 | to 2.c4 f5 3.Nf3 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Dutch Defence with 2.Bg5
### 2. ... h6

Black drives back the white bishop. White can now play either Bf4 or Bh4, the latter maintaining the pin on the pawn. Because 2... h6 weakens black's kingside squares, some players prefer to avoid it, although there is no obvious refutation for white.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 f5 2.Bg5 h6
| 3 |
| Bf4 ... | = |
| Bh4 ... | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. Bg5/2...h6/3. Bh4

This retreat appears to lose the bishop, but it doesn't! If 3...g5 4.Bg3 f4?!, 5.e3! h5 6.Bd3! gives a crushing attack.

## Theory table

g5 f4?!
4.Bg3 5.e3
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e6
### 1...e6

The key move of the Horwitz Defense. The main purpose of this move is to transpose to mainline openings without immediately showing your opponent your cards.
At this point, it is more likely to transpose into a myriad of 1. d4 openings. What is unique about this move is that it is somewhat of an invitation for white to enter the French.
White can play almost anything at this point, but 2. c4, 2. Nf3 and 2. e4 are the more common replies.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
'1. d4 e6'
| 2 | 3 |
| c4 ... | = |
| Nf3 ... | = |
| e4 ... | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
Horowitz, IA and Reinfeld, Fred. 1951 Simon & Schuster, How to Think Ahead in Chess SBN 671-21138-2
# Keres Defence

The Keres Defence is a chess opening that begins with the moves 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Bb4+. It is also known as the Kangaroo Defence or Franco-Indian Defence. The opening is named after Estonian grandmaster Paul Keres.
After the opening moves, White has several options to respond, including 3. Bd2, 3. Nd2, and 3. Nc3. If white plays 3. Nc3, the game might transpose into a Nimzo-Indian Defence or a Bogo-Indian Defence.
The standard reply today is 3. Bd2. Black can continue with 3...Bxd2+ into a line of the Bogo-Indian, and 3...a5 will also usually transpose to a Bogo-Indian when White plays Nf3. Alternatively, Black can allow White to play e4: 3...Qe7 4.e4 d5.
1. d4 e6 2. c4 Bb4+
# Dutch Defence: Hopton Attack
### 2. Bg5

White develops the Bishop so as to hinder Black's normal Dutch kingside formation by pinning the e-pawn. Black now has to choose to either drive the Bishop away or attempt to develop normally, without the help of ...e6. The usual ...Nf6 in Dutch formations can now be replied by Bxf6, foiling the usual setup. If black plays h6, he weakens his kingside.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 f5 2.Bg5
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Bg5 g6 | Nc3 d5 | h4 Bg7 | e3 c6 | e4 O-O | Nf3 Be6 | = |
| ... h6 | Bf4 Nf6 | Nc3 d5 | e3 e6 | Nb5 Na6 | c4 Bb4+ | +/= |
| ... Nf6 | Nf3 e6 | Nbd2 Be7 | Bxf6 Bxf6 | e4 O-O | Bd3 Bd6 | = |
| ... c5 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
# Angry Birds/Enemies

In Angry Birds, green pigs are the enemies.
Green pigs come in different sizes.
# C Programming/POSIX Reference/sys/mman.h
## Functions

* mprotect
# C Programming/POSIX Reference/netdb.h/getaddrinfo

The getaddrinfo and getnameinfo functions are part of the POSIX standard application programming interface (API) for converting domain name system (DNS) hostnames and IP addresses between their human-readable text representations and structured binary formats for the operating system's networking API.
getaddrinfo and getnameinfo are inverse functions of each other.
This set of functions is fully network protocol agnostic and supports both IPv4 and IPv6. It is the recommended interface for name resolution in building protocol independent applications and for transitioning legacy IPv4 code to the IPv6 Internet.

## struct addrinfo

The C data structure used to represent addresses and hostnames within the networking API is the following:
In recent operating systems the type of ai_addrlen has been changed from size_t to socklen_t. Most socket functions, such as accept and getpeername, require a socklen_t* parameter and programmers often pass the address to the ai_addrlen element of the addrinfo structure. If the types are incompatible, e.g., on a big-endian 64-bit Solaris 9 system where size_t is 8 bytes and socklen_t is 4 bytes, then run-time errors may result.

## getaddrinfo

getaddrinfo converts human-readable text strings representing hostnames or IP addresses into a dynamically allocated linked list of struct addrinfo structures. An application can deallocate these linked lists with the freeaddrinfo function. The function prototypes for these functions are specified as follows:

## getnameinfo

getnameinfo converts the internal binary representation of an IP address in the form of a struct sockaddr pointer into text strings consisting of the hostname or, if the address cannot be resolved into a name, a textual IP address representation, as well as the service port name or number. The function prototype is specified as follows:

## Example

The following example uses getaddrinfo to resolve the domain name www.example.com into its list of addresses and then calls getnameinfo on each result to return the canonical name for the address. In general, this will produce the original hostname, unless the particular address has multiple names, in which case the canonical name is returned. In this example, the domain name will be printed three times, once for each of the three results obtained.

## External link

* RFC 3493, Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6
# C Programming/POSIX Reference/unistd.h

In the C programming language , unistd.h is the name of the header file that provides access to the POSIX operating system API. It is defined by the POSIX.1 standard, the base of the Single Unix Specification, and should therefore be available in any conforming (or quasi-conforming) operating system/compiler (all official versions of Unix, including Mac OS X, Linux, etc.).
On Unix-like systems, the interface defined by unistd.h is typically made up largely of system call wrapper functions such as fork, pipe and I/O primitives (read, write, close, etc.).
Unix compatibility layers as Cygwin and MinGW also provide their own versions of unistd.h. In fact, those systems provide it along with the translation libraries that implement its functions in terms of Win32 functions. For example, in Cygwin, a header file can be found in /usr/include that sub-includes a file of the same name in /usr/include/sys. Not everything is defined in there but some definitions are done by references to the GNU C standard library headers (like stddef.h) which provide the type size_t and many more. Thus, unistd.h is only a generically defined adaptive layer that might be based upon already existing system and compiler specific definitions. This has the general advantage of not having a possibly concurrent set of header file defined, but one that is built upon the same root which, for this reason, will raise much fewer concerns in combined usage cases.

## Functions

* close
* exec
* fork
* open
* read
* select
* sleep
* swab
* write
# C Programming/POSIX Reference/sys/mman.h/mprotect

In Unix-like operating systems, mprotect is a POSIX system call for controlling memory protections. It sets protection for memory mapping. The function mprotect changes the access protection specified by the prot . In the word 'mprotect', 'm' stands for memory and 'protect' for protection so, mprotect basically stands for memory protection. mprotect is a protecting kind of a function. It's working is based on prot. Prot is just a parameter. The proction to access is provided by mprotect as specified by prot.Prot is the one which decide what kind of access is permitted. The access can be of just read, write, execute or even some combinations. However, the argurment to the parameter prot set compulsarily to PROT_READ or one or more of PROT_READ, PROT_EXEC. and PROT_WRITE. Access to the one's not specified by prot is also permitted; But the thing is different in case of PROT_WRITE and PROT_NONE.It is not permitted for write to succeed where PROT_WRITE isn't set.Also access is not permitted where PROT_NONE is alone set without any other.
Following values of prot can be implemented:- PROT_NONE, PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE, and the inclusive OR of PROT_READ and PROT_WRITE
If mprotect fails and the error is not EINVAL then it indicates change in protection in the range(addr, addr + len).

## Header file

To use the mprotect function one need to include 'sys/mman.h' header file.

## Parameter

addr : the starting address of memory range for which protection will begin. len : the length of the protected address range in bytes. prot : protection flag which may be PROT_NONE or a bitwise-or combination of PROT_READ, PROT_WRITE, and PROT_EXEC.
Each protection flag has a special meaning:
* PROT_NONE : the memory can not be accessed in any way.
* PROT_READ : the data of memory can be read.
* PROT_WRITE : data can be modified by writing to it.
* PROT_EXEC : the data of memory can be executed.

## Errors

Following are the common errors due to which mprotect function will fail if:-
* EACCES
* EAGAIN
* EINVAL
* ENOMEM
* ENOMEM
* ENOTSUP

## Return values

Upon successful completion, mprotect returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1 and sets errno to indicate the error.

## External links

* http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xsh/mprotect.html
* mprotect — set protection of memory mapping (The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, IEEE Std 1003.1)
* FreeBSD 7.1 mprotect man page
* HP-UX 11i reference description
* Solaris 10 reference description