OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vala Programming/Intro/History

Vala Programming

## Language Features

The syntax of Vala is similar to C#, modified to better fit the GObject type system. Vala supports modern language features as the following:
* Interfaces
* Properties
* Signals
* Foreach
* Lambda expressions
* Type inference for local variables
* Generics
* Non-null types
* Assisted memory management
* Exception handling
* Type modules (Plugins)
Vala is designed to allow access to existing C libraries, especially GObject-based libraries, without the need for runtime bindings. All that is needed to use a library with Vala is an API file, containing the class and method declarations in Vala syntax. Vala currently comes with experimental bindings for GLib and GTK+. It's planned to provide generated bindings for the full GNOME Platform at a later stage.
Using classes and methods written in Vala from an application written in C is not difficult. The Vala library only has to install the generated header files and C applications may then access the GObject-based API of the Vala library as usual. It should also be easily possible to write a bindings generator for access to Vala libraries from applications written in e.g. C# as the Vala parser is written as a library, so that all compile-time information is available when generating a binding.

## Why Vala?

Many developers want to write GNOME applications and libraries in high-level programming languages but can't or don't want to use C# or Java or Python or Ruby or Perl or Lua or Haskell or Erlang or C++.... for various reasons, so they are stuck with C without syntax support for the GObject type system. The Vala compiler allows developers to write complex object-oriented code rapidly while maintaining a standard C API and ABI and keeping the memory requirements low.
C# and Java libraries can't be used the same way as native GObject libraries from C and other languages and can't be accepted as part of the GNOME Platform. Managed applications also suffer from usually higher memory requirements which is not acceptable in some situations.
The Vala compiler (valac) produces C source and header files from Vala source files as if you had written your library or application directly in C. Using a Vala library from a C application won't look different than using any other GObject-based library. There won't be a vala runtime library and applications can distribute the generated C code with their tarballs, so there are no additional run- or build-time dependencies for users.
# Transportation Deployment Casebook/2021
## States

* Alabama
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* Florida Streetcar
* Idaho Streetcar
* Illinois Streetcar
* Indiana Streetcar
* Kentucky Streetcar
* Michigan
* Mississippi Streetcar
* Missouri
* Nebraska Streetcar
* Nevada Streetcar
* New Jersey Streetcar
* New York
* Oregon Streetcar
* Pennsylvania Streetcar
* Tennessee
* Texas Streetcar
* Utah
* Vermont Streetcar
* Virginia Streetcar
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin Streetcar
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/Introduction to vowels

The English language has 5 basic vowels: a e i o u. Telugu, on the other hand, appears to have a bigger number of them at first glance, but in fact they are simply a combination of those 5 basics sounds we have in the European languages, and notably here, in English. As with other Indian languages in the Sanskritic tradition (or Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages), the ordering of the alphabet is virtually the same same except for a few changes and additions in letters. And as with the other major Dravidian languages, the Telugu vowel set adds short /e/ and /o/ in addition to the long /eː/ and /oː/ of the Indo-Aryan languages.
Telugu has often been called the Italian of the East due to the fact that all words end in a vowel, similar to the Italian language. This brings us to the next piece of information: Telugu is an abugida, meaning that sequences of consonants and vowels are written as a unit. More than often, we will be writing the vowels in their half-forms, ie. combined with consonants.
అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ౠ ఌ ౡ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ అం అః
Telugu has 18 vowels of which 3 are virtually phased out and hence do not have transliterations. The rhotics ఋ and ౠ (originally /r/ and /rː/), like the liquids ఌ and ౡ (originally /l/ and /lː/) have now turned into the syllables /ru/, /ruː/, /lu/, /luː/ respectively. They are fast going out of currency and are no longer included in the standard Telugu school textbooks issued by the government of Andhra Pradesh, which now prefers the actual consonants with a /u/ appended (e.g. /ruʃɪ/ (monk) used to be written ఋషి but nowadays, రుషి is preferred). for a quick glance, you could check the following page: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Telugu/Alphabet
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/ఋ ౠ - ఌ ౡ

ఋ, ౠ, ఌ, ౡ
The letters above are called ru, ruu, lu, luu. They are slowly being outdated.
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/క, ఖ, గ, ఘ, ఙ/Link to Answers

* ka - gha - ka
* ga - na - ka
* kha - na - ga - gha - ka
* i - ka - ga - ay - ga - oo - ay - aa - kha - gha - ka
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/Introduction to consonants

క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ
చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ
ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ
త థ ద ధ న
ప ఫ బ భ మ
య ర ల వ
శ ష స హ
ళ క్ష ఱ
The consonants correspond almost one-to-one to the set in Sanskrit, with two exceptions. One is the historical form of /r/ఱ which is now again being phased out by the current form ర. (e.g. /gurːam/ (horse) was written గుఱ్ఱం but is now written గుర్రం). The other is the retroflex lateral ళ /ɭ/.
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/అ ఆ - ఇ ఈ - ఉ ఊ

అ, ఆ, ఇ, ఈ, ఉ, ఊ
The letters written above are called a, aa, i, ee, u, oo.
* 'a' (అ) makes the short /a/ sound, as in the word approval, similar to the Spanish vowel 'A'.
* 'aa' (ఆ) makes the long /ɑː/ sound, as in armor or water, similar to the Spanish vowel 'Á' (with the diacritic).
* 'i' (ఇ) makes the short /ɪ/ sound, as in India or tin, similar to the Spanish vowel 'I'.
* 'ee' (ఈ) makes the long /iː/ sound, as in eat or sleep, similar to the Spanish vowel 'Í'.
* 'u' (ఉ) makes the short /u/ sound, as in bull or book, similar to the Spanish vowel 'U'.
* 'oo' (ఊ) makes the long /uː/ sound, as in tool or fool, similar to the Spanish vowel 'Ú'.

## Exercises

Read out the following combinations of the letters as practice.
* ఇఅఈ
* ఆఉ
* ఆఈఅఆ
Link to Answers
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/అ ఆ - ఇ ఈ - ఉ ఊ/Link to Answers

* i - a - ee (/ɪ/ - /a/ - /iː/)
* aa - u (/ɑː/ - /u/)
* aa - ee - a - aa (/ɑː/ - /iː/ - /a/ - /ɑː/)
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation

The first step of learning any language is learning to read and write its script, and Telugu is no exception. Pronunciation is not too hard as the language makes use of largely fundamental sounds. It is very similar to Spanish in both fundamental pronunciations (minus regional accents) and the fact that you pronounce the words the way they are read. As with anything, practice makes perfect, and the best way to keep practicing to read Telugu is by exploring online content in Telugu, Wikipedia Telugu pages, Telugu books, etc. and trying to read out the words and sentences even if they do not seem to make sense initially.

## Vowels అచ్చులు

* Introduction to vowels
* అ ఆ - ఇ ఈ - ఉ ఊ
* ఋ ౠ - ఌ ౡ
* ఎ ఏ ఐ - ఒ ఓ ఔ
* అం అః

## Consonants హల్లులు

* Introduction to consonants
* క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ
* చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ
* ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ
* త థ ద ధ న
* ప ఫ బ భ మ
* య ర ల వ
* శ ష స హ
* ళ క్ష ఱ
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/ఎ ఏ ఐ - ఒ ఓ ఔ

ఎ, ఏ, ఐ, ఒ, ఓ, ఔ
The letters above are called e, ay, ai, o, oo au.
* 'e' (ఎ) makes the short /e/ sound, as in everest or may, similar to the Spanish vowel 'E'.
* 'ay' (ఏ) makes the long /eː/ sound, as in ancient or angel, similar to the Spanish vowel 'É' (with the diacritic).
* 'ai' (ఐ) makes the /ai/ sound, as in bright or might.
* 'o' (ఒ) makes the short /o/ sound, similar to the Spanish vowel 'O'.
* 'oo' (ఓ) makes the long /oː/ sound, as in moat and hole, similar to the Spanish vowel 'Ó' (with the diacritic).
* 'au' (ఔ) makes the /au/ sound, as in vouch or bowl.

## Exercises

Read out the following combinations of the letters as practice.
* ఇఏఆఓ
* ఓఔఎఆ
* ఊఐఈ
* ఒఔఓఎఏ
* ఇఈఅఓఐఏ
Link to Answers
# Telugu/Alphabet and Pronunciation/ఎ ఏ ఐ - ఒ ఓ ఔ/Link to Answers

* i - ay - aa - oo (/ɪ/ - /eː/ - /aː/ - /oː/) -> the long 'o' not long 'u'
* oo - au - e - aa (/oː/ - /au/ - /e/ - /aː/) -> the long 'o' not long 'u'
* oo - ai - ee (/uː/ - /ai/ - /iː/)
* o - au - oo - e - ay (/o/ - /au/ - /oː/ - /e/ - /eː/) -> the long 'o' not long 'u'
* i - ee - a - oo - ai - ay (/i/ - /iː/ - /a/ - /oː/ - /ai/ - /eː/) -> the long 'o' not long 'u'
# Windows XP/Changing Fonts to Display Other Languages

If you have an English version of Windows XP and are having problems working with non western fonts this article is for you.
Problem: You want to read and write for example in an Eastern European language but the non-western letters are displaying on the screen incorrectly.
Why this happens is because Windows picks a default language page code for non-unicode programs. Your default is probably some version of English.
The program you're using is a little dumb, it wasn't written to be used in environments outside of its locale, it's not checking to see if it's using the right font version. So you need to change the default page code for non-unicode applications.
* Go to control panel and select regional settings.
* Select the advanced tab.
It has a drop down box which probably says English, this needs to change to your desired language. In my case this was Polish.
If it's not an option, you might need to change the input method to Polish too; on a Polish keyboard you can change this back to default to an English layout. Once this has been changed, applied and okayed you probably need to restart Windows.
Try your program and hopefully this time your desired languages letters should be shown instead of the random symbols found in the western version of the font.
For writing in the desired language use the language bar to swap between keyboard layouts. Substitute your desired language for Polish in this article.
# Windows XP/Changing The Logon Screen

Changing the XP Logon Screen
See http://www.updatexp.com/tip12.html.
# Windows XP/End of Support
### End of Support

As of April 8th, 2014 Microsoft announced that they will no longer provide support for technical issues or create new security updates for Windows XP.

#### What does this mean?

If new security vulnerabilities are found and exploited by malicious people or software, Microsoft will not develop a security update (often called a "patch") to fix the vulnerability for the operating system. This puts Windows XP at risk because it means that any new issues or problems that are found with it will not be corrected by Microsoft. Other security providers may still provide applications and support for Windows XP beyond this date.

#### Migration

Microsoft recommends that people still using Windows XP should migrate to a newer operating system as soon as possible. This means copying files and settings from Windows XP to a supported operating system which will still receive technical support and security updates from Microsoft. Also, some may prefer to not transfer files from Windows XP and start with a new operating system with no files on it.

### References

* ↑ https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsforbusiness/end-of-xp-support
# Windows XP/Installation Problems
### Installing to a Third-Party RAID Array

One problem that comes up from time to time when installing Windows, particularly for performance enthusiasts, is the need to install Windows on a machine that implements a RAID array-- typically either RAID 0, RAID 1, or RAID 0+1. Often, the RAID controller is simply a chip on the motherboard; it may even be embedded in the chipset. If you need to do this, you should follow these steps:
* Hunt for discussions on the web, and in newsgroups, for other people trying to do this with your exact configuration, particularly your exact RAID controller and your firmware version. See what their results have been. Pay close attention to whether or not firmware updates, if available, have been praised or cursed.
* Download the latest firmware for your RAID controller, even if you don't plan to upgrade to it.
* Download the latest XP driver for your RAID controller, unless the discussions you found recommended another version and you agree. If a separate driver is available for use during installation of Windows XP, you want both, on separate floppy disks. Often there is only one.
* If it sounds like you need to, install the firmware update for your controller. Procedures for this vary; you will probably need to be able to boot into DOS. Since you can't easily do this anymore under Windows XP, you may need to make a FreeDOS' boot disk; see FreeDOS.
* Shut off the machine and physically attach the drives to the controller, if you haven't already. For RAID-0 or RAID-1, put the drives on master and run only one drive per IDE port-- using slave drives will significantly degrade your performance.
* Power-on the system and initialize the RAID controller's settings to match what you want (see your controller's documentation).
* Reboot with the Windows XP installation CD in the drive, and the BIOS set to boot from the CD-ROM drive.
* Watch the process carefully; when prompted, press F8 to install a third-party RAID or SCSI driver.
* Put in the driver disk you made above.
* Proceed normally through the rest of installation.
* Run burn-in tests on the array.
* Run benchmarks on the array and write down the results for possible future use (such as to compare firmware versions).

### Downgrading a Compaq 620 laptop from Windows 7 to XP

The machine will BSoD when you run the XP install disc, if you don't change the hard drive type in BIOS to IDE.
# Windows XP/Changing the Look
### The Properties Dialog

You can change the basic colors of the title bars and windows. Right-click an empty area of the desktop and choose 'Properties'. A dialog will appear with several tabs. Choose the 'Appearance' tab. You will see a preview of your current theme. Clicking on areas of the preview will let you change the colors, fonts and sizes.

### Changing the Title Bar

Click an active Title Bar on the preview (Light/Dark blue by default). You will be presented with controls that let you change the colors, change the font and font color, whether the font is bold of italic and the overall size. Customize these settings until you have a theme you like, and click 'Apply'. Clicking other areas of the preview change other settings - just experiment!
# Windows XP/Optimizing
### Decrease Visual Effects

Turn off some of the "visual effects" to get a faster computer
* Click Start on your taskbar
* Select Control Panel
* Click to Open "System"
An alternate method is to right click
My Computer on your desktop and select Properties. (A third way is to hold down the Windows key and press the pause/break button.)
The System Properties dialog box will appear.
* Select the Advanced tab
* Under Performance section click the Settings button
The Performance Options dialog box will appear
Remove the check beside the following options:
* Fade or slide menus into view
* Fade or slide ToolTips into view
* Fade out menu items after clicking
* Show Shadows after menus
* Slide open combo boxes
* Slide taskbar buttons
* Use a background image for each folder type
* Use common tasks in folders

### Increase Virtual Memory

* Right Click on My Computer -> Properties -> Advanced Tab
* Under Performance Click Settings -> Advanced
* Virtual Memory -> Change
* Select Custom Size set your minimum and maximum as high as possible according to your Hard Drive's Free space, (Like 1024-2048)

### Temporary Files

Note: This is for advanced users only.
* Go to your Windows XP directory. (e.g: C:\WINDOWS)
* Go to the C:\WINDOWS\prefetch\ folder and delete everything there. Restart Windows and your computer will be faster.
* Go to C:\Documents and Settings\CurrentUsername\Local Settings\temp\ and delete everything there, where CurrentUsername is your username. (Hidden files must be viewable.)
* Go to C:\WINDOWS\temp and delete everything there.
* Search for *.tmp and *.chk and delete those.
# Windows XP/Changing The Wallpaper

Commonly referred to as a background image, changing the desktop wallpaper on your personal computer is one of the first and easiest ways to personalize your PC. You may choose one of the attractive images that are bundled with Windows, you may download an image from the Web, or you may select a digital image from a camera. Almost any image on your computer or the internet may be tiled, centered, or stretched to fit your desktop, so possibilities are endless!
To choose one of the background images (wallpapers) that come with Windows:
* Right-click on the desktop.
* Click on Properties.
* On the new window that appears, select the Desktop tab.
* In the scrolling list labeled Background:, select any image.
* Click OK.
To choose another image that you have saved onto your computer:
* Right-click on the desktop.
* Click on Properties.
* On the new window that appears, select the Desktop tab.
* To the right of the scrolling list labeled Background:, click on Browse....
* In the new window that appears, go to the image you want as your background, and click Open.
* Click OK.
To choose an image from the Internet without saving it first:
* Right-click on the image you want as your wallpaper.
* Click on Set as Wallpaper.
* Click Set Wallpaper.
Note: The drop-down menu labeled Position: will change the image from Tiled, Centered, or Stretched across the screen. The menu labeled Color: will change the color behind the background image.
To automatically cycle your wallpaper:
If you change your wallpaper frequently, you may want to consider downloading an extra free program. There are many free automatic wallpaper changers available on the Internet; try searching Wallpaper Changer.
Here are a few wallpaper changers that are currently available for free.
* http://www.wallpaperchanger.de/ loaded with features and options.
* http://www.tropicalwares.com/wallmast.html the free version of WallMaster Pro.
* http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=ce1d596b-6851-4948-ab76-b5ff22d37d69&DisplayLang=en the genuine Windows version
# Windows XP/Main page

Windows XP is a free content online book published on English Wikibooks.
# Windows XP/Optimizing/Advanced Optimization
### Footprint Reduction
#### Removing Redundant Files
##### Internet Explorer Components

The following dynamic link library files belong to Internet Explorer and can be removed:
* C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\WEBCHECK.DLL
Note that to permanently remove these files, it is necessary to also remove the shadow copy versions in C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\DLLCACHE\
# Water Resources Directory/Education/Planning/Ecology

Model Curriculum, Core Course #4:
Ecology for Water Resources Planning

### Subject Areas

* organization of the natural world
* ecol. of organisms-temp & water
* energy & nutrient relations
* population distribution & abundance
* population dynamics
* population growth models
* interactions - competition, niches, disease
* interactions - mutualism, predation
* community ecology
* food webs, nutrient cycling
* ecosystems
* large-scale ecological phenomena
* ecosystem management
* adaptive management
* sustainability, economics, social/legal/political framework

### Related Courses
#### University Courses

List of similar courses offered at universities, with link to course syllabus.

#### Professional Training Courses
### References

* Acknowledgment: The concept for this course and the original text for learning objectives here were taken from the model MS degree in water resources planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
# Water Resources Directory/Education/Planning/Curriculum
### Model MS degree in water resources planning

The US Army Corps of Engineers-IWR and the Universities Council on Water Resources developed a model curriculum for a masters degree in water resources planning for the Corps' new hires. The curriculum (30 semester hours) consists of 10 courses: eight cornerstone courses, an independent study course, and a capstone course with advanced planning practicum. Six universities now (2005) offer an MS degree consistent with this model curriculum.
   * Philosophy of Planning
   * Institutional Considerations in Water Resources Planning
   * Social Decision-Making
   * Ecology for Water Resources Planning
   * Engineering for Water Resources Planning
   * Economics for Water Resources Planning
   * Hydrology/Hydraulics/Climatology
   * Quantitative Methods for Water Resources Planning
   * Independent Study (*)
   * Capstone Course – Advanced Planning Practicum

## References

* "Development of a Curriculum for a Masters Degree Program in Water Resources Planning" A Discussion Paper Prepared for the AWRA/UCOWR 2001 Conference, Snowbird, UT, June 28, 2001, Prepared by a UCOWR Academic Advisory Committee established by the Army Corps of Engineers: Duane Baumann, Geography, SIU; Darrell Fontane, Engineering/Planning, CSU; Steve Gloss, Ecology/Biology, Univ. of Wyoming; Ray Huffaker, Law/Economics, WSU; Ari Michelsen, Economics, TAM; Leonard Shabman, Economics, VTU; And representatives from the Corps of Engineers: Larry Donovan, Mark Dunning, Russ Rangos. June 14, 2001 (Modified March 2002)
# Water Resources Directory/Education/Planning/Decision-Making

Model Curriculum, Core Course #3:

## Social Decision-Making
### Learning Objectives:

* To gain an understanding of the major ways that public policy decisions about water resources are made, together with an appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. More specifically,
* To be able to describe the current water resources decision-making environment in terms of factors such as presence of multiple interest groups with competing values and priorities, multiple sources of power, etc. and the challenges that this environment presents for decision-making.
* To describe major public decision-making models, and their strengths and weaknesses in the water resources decision-making environment.

### Subject Areas

* current WR decision-making (environ. decision-making)
* market mechanisms
* regulation
* litigation
* collaborative methods - public participation
* collaborative methods - alternative dispute resolution
* collaborative methods - shared visioning

### References

* Acknowledgment: The concept for this course and the original text for learning objectives here were taken from the model MS degree in water resources planning for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.