OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Grammar Index
## Commonly used personal pronouns

* 第一人稱單數 我
* 第二人稱單數 你(妳)
** 古代只有“你”，通用於男女兩性。
** “妳”是近代新造字，用於第二人稱女性，相對地，“你”詞義縮小，用於男性。但中國大陸現時不用“妳”，只用“你”，通用於兩性。
* 第三人稱單數 他(她、它、牠、祂)
** 古代只有“他”，通用於一切第三人稱。
** “她、它、牠、祂”為近代新造字，“她”用於女性，相對地，“他”詞義縮小，專指男性。“它”用於無生命物，“牠”用於動物，“祂”用於神明。
** 現時中國大陸不用“牠、祂”，除男性“他”、女性“她”外統用“它”。

### Commonly used plural pronouns

在相應人稱代詞後面加 們。
注意，汉语的复数与欧洲语言中的复数用法不同，如：“学生们”是复数，但“学生”既可是单数也是复数；前面有数量词修饰时不加“们”，例如，没有说“两个学生们”。
“名詞和代詞的複數”這種說法主要是為了歐洲人便於理解而采用的，實際上，漢語語法界多不認為漢語詞彙有複數且很少使用“複數”一詞。

## Grammar

中文的各類詞通常沒有性、數、格和時態的變化，而名詞一般無單複數之分（“們”僅用于人稱代詞和與人相關的名詞），基本上，若在名詞的前面加上數量單位，代表物體的數量。中文也沒有時態的變化，只須加時間副詞(如:昨天、明天)。
中文一般陳述句完整格式為：
狀語+定語+主語+狀語+謂語+補語+定語+賓語
例：「工人鎖螺絲」中，「工人」為主語，「鎖」為動詞，「螺絲」為賓語。

## Grammar Modules

* Comparisons
* Use of 边...边...
# Chinese (Mandarin)/How To Use This Textbook

| Lessons: | Pron. - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 | Search inside this book using Google |
| Subpages: | Examples - Exercises - Stroke Order | Search inside this book using Google |

## Expectations

This textbook will assume that you have no prior knowledge of Chinese, but are willing to take Chinese as a serious subject of study. Each lesson contains a combination of new vocabulary and new grammar in a gradual progression, building on previous lessons.
Each lesson should be appropriate for a week's worth of daily classes, so don't feel overwhelmed by the amount of material per lesson. Learning to write new characters will probably be your limiting factor, so split up the memorization of a lesson's characters over two or three days and use class time mostly for work on grammar and speaking skills.

## Lesson Sections

Each lesson consists of five parts:
* Dialogue. Here you will see a dialogue carried out by two or more people. All texts are given in 4 versions: Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Hanyu Pinyin, and an English translation.
* Grammar. This section breaks down all of the new sentence structures introduced in the dialogue and shows example sentences to reinforce them.
* Vocabulary. New vocabulary for the lesson, with translation and pronunciation. Every newly introduced character will be linked to an image or animation showing its stroke order.
* Examples. A page of sentences and phrases giving more examples based on the lesson material.
* Exercises. Questions and activities to test comprehension of the material. May be used as homework or as review material for lesson exams.

## Wikibook Navigation

All the lessons and appendices of this Wikibook are arranged as subpages of the Chinese main page (the Table of Contents). Navigating between lessons is done by clicking the appropriate link in the green mini-Table of Contents box found at the top and bottom of every page. To navigate to less-commonly-accessed pages from a subpage, you must first return to the Chinese main page by clicking on "< Chinese" which appears in the top left corner of all subpages.
Additionally, lesson subpages have subpages branching off of them which contain supporting material for the lesson such as examples, exercises, and animations demonstrating the stroke orders of new characters. You'll also find "Traditional" listed as a subpage, which is a toggle button for accessing the traditional version of the page. Click on it, and "Simplified" replaces it, meaning you can easily switch back and forth between the simplified and traditional character versions of this text.
| Lessons: | Pron. - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 | Search inside this book using Google |
| Subpages: | Examples - Exercises - Stroke Order | Search inside this book using Google |
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Geology

| 简体字 (Simplified character) | 繁体字 (Traditional character) | 拼音 (Chinese pinyin) | 英语（English) |
| 冰山 | | bīngshān | iceberg |
# Chinese (Mandarin)/How To Study Chinese/Stroke Order

General Rules
* Top before bottom
* Left before right
In case of order conflict
* left before top horizontal
* bottom horizontal last
* center stroke before wings
* horizontal before intersecting vertical stroke
* left falling before right falling (ex. Pie before Ti)
* Minor strokes last
Some online Chinese dictionaries have stroke order animations for all the Chinese characters - a good one is Arch Chinese
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 1/Exercises
## Matching Sentences

Match the situations (1-8) to the appropriate lines of dialog (a-h):
* 1) Tony introduces himself. He says:
* 2) Amy asks Ginny what her name is. She asks:
* 3) Ginny asks Amy which country she is from. She asks:
* 4) Tony sees Ginny walking by and asks Owen who she is. He asks:
* 5) Amy thinks Tony is British, so he answers that he is not. He says:
* 6) Owen meets his friends Ginny and Tony and greets them. He says:
* 7) Amy tells Owen that the three people over there are Chinese. She says:
* 8) Ginny meets another French student and tells him that she is also French. She says:
Lines of dialog:
* a) Nǐmen hǎo.
* b) Tā shì shuí?
* c) Wǒ jiào Dōngní.
* d) Nǐ shì nǎ guó rén?
* e) Wǒ yě shì Fǎguórén.
* f) Wǒ bú shì Yīngguórén.
* g) Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?
* h) Tāmen shì Zhōngguórén.
# Chinese (Mandarin)/Grammar/Comparisons
## Simple comparisons

The primary word used for a comparison of two things (bigger, older, etc.) is 比 (bǐ). A simple comparison is constructed as X 比 Y SV.
    他比小明高。
    Ta bi Xiao Ming gao.
    He is taller than Xiao Ming.
Taken literally, this means that he, when compared with Xiao Ming, is tall.

## Negative comparisons

A simple comparison can be negated by prepending 不 to 比:
    他不比小明高。
    Ta bu bi Xiao Ming gao.
    He is not taller than Xiao Ming.
# FCC Technician Class Exam Study Guide - 2014-2018/Subelement T8 Group A

Modulation modes: bandwidth of various signals; choice of emission type

## The Question Pool
### Question 1
#### Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?

    A. Spread-spectrum
    B. Packet radio
    C. Single sideband
    D. Phase shift keying
The correct answer is C.

### Question 2
#### What type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF packet radio transmissions?

    A. FM
    B. SSB
    C. AM
    D. Spread Spectrum
The correct answer is A.

### Question 3
#### Which type of voice mode is most often used for long-distance (weak signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?

    A. FM
    B. DRM
    C. SSB
    D. PM
The correct answer is C.

### Question 4
#### Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF and UHF voice repeaters?

    A. AM
    B. SSB
    C. PSK
    D. FM
The correct answer is D.

### Question 5
#### Which of the following types of emission has the narrowest bandwidth?

    A. FM voice
    B. SSB voice
    C. CW
    D. Slow-scan TV
The correct answer is C.

### Question 6
#### Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF and UHF single-sideband communications?

    A. Upper sideband
    B. Lower sideband
    C. Suppressed sideband
    D. Inverted sideband
The correct answer is A.

### Question 7
#### What is the primary advantage of single sideband over FM for voice transmissions?

    A. SSB signals are easier to tune
    B. SSB signals are less susceptible to interference
    C. SSB signals have narrower bandwidth
    D. All of these choices are correct
The correct answer is C.

### Question 8
#### What is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband voice signal?

    A. 1 kHz
    B. 3 kHz
    C. 6 kHz
    D. 15 kHz
The correct answer is B.

### Question 9
#### What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FM phone signal?

    A. Less than 500 Hz
    B. About 150 kHz
    C. Between 10 and 15 kHz
    D. Between 50 and 125 kHz
The correct answer is C.

### Question 10
#### What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-scan TV transmissions on the 70 cm band?

    A. More than 10 MHz
    B. About 6 MHz
    C. About 3 MHz
    D. About 1 MHz
The correct answer is B.

### Question 11
#### What is the approximate maximum bandwidth required to transmit a CW signal?

    A. 2.4 kHz
    B. 150 Hz
    C. 1000 Hz
    D. 15 kHz
The correct answer is B.
# Ideal gases
## Equation of state

An ideal gas has the following equation of state:
$pV=\nu RT$
Where p is pressure, V is volume, $\nu =m/\mu$ is number of moles observed, $R=N_{A}k_{B}=6.022$ J/(mol·K) is a universal gas constant.
The gas constant has a value of 8.314 J/(mol.K) or 0.0821 (L*atm)/(mol*K)

## Pressure of a gas

let us consider n mole of an ideal gas is placed inside the cubical vessel of side l let the mass of each molecule is m and let it moves with velocity c1
# Important Equations and Quantities

Table 11.1: Units used in Heat transfer equations :
| Units ||||||
| Quantity | Symbol | Unit | S.I. Units | S.I. Units | Direction |
# Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Why does the Earth stay in orbit around the Sun? Shouldn't it fly off tangentially into outer space?
These questions intrigued Newton and inspired his study of gravitation.
Newton realized that a force must be constantly pulling on the Earth, redirecting its motion and preventing it from being flung off. Newton reasoned that this force, which he termed 'gravity', acted between all bodies with mass and varied inversely to the square of the distance between the two bodies.
    ${\vec {F}}=G\!\cdot \!{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}$
where $G$ is a universal gravitational constant, $m_{1},m_{2}$ are the 2 masses, and $r$ is the distance between the centers of mass.
Newton also realized that this same force which redirects the path of the Earth around the Sun, was also responsible for an apple falling to the ground. In this case, the two masses, the Earth, and the apple, are attracted each other and this exerts a force which pulls the apple towards the center of the Earth. While we can use the Universal Law of Gravitation formula to solve this problem it is often more convenient to realize two facts:
* The Earths mass, $M_{E}$ is constant
* The distance between the apple (or other object) can usually be approximated with just $R_{E}$ , the radius of the Earth, because this is the dominating term.
Thus we can rewrite the equations such that
    ${\vec {F}}=m{\vec {g}}$
where
    $g=G\!\cdot \!{\frac {M_{E}}{R_{E}^{2}}}$
g is the acceleration on Earth and is
    $g=-9.8{\frac {m}{s^{2}}}$
# `TO DO' LIST

* introduce concept of a system for use in momentum- in NIII for instance, also concept of isolated system and external forces
* add incline plane examples
* generally `bulk-up' the Newton's Laws sections
# Summary of Important Quantities, Equations and Concepts

Table 4.1: Summary of the symbols and units of the quantities used in Force :
| Units ||||||
| Quantity | Symbol | S.I. Unit | Fundamental Units | Fundamental Units | Direction |
| Mass | m | kg | kg | kg | no |
| Acceleration | ${\overrightarrow {a}}$ | m·s$^{−2}$ | m·s$^{−2}$ | m·s$^{−2}$ | yes |
| Force | ${\overrightarrow {F}}$ | N | kg·m·s$^{−2}$ | kg·m·s$^{−2}$ | yes |
Equilibrium: Objects at rest or moving with constant velocity are in equilibrium and have a zero resultant force.
Equilibrant: The equilibrant of any number of forces is the single force required to produce equilibrium.
Triangle Law for Forces in Equilibrium: Three forces in equilibrium can be represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle taken in order.
Newton's First Law: Every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless it is made to change its state by the action of an external force.
Newton's Second Law: The resultant force acting on a body results in an acceleration which is in the same direction as the resultant force and is directly proportional to the magnitude of this force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton's Third Law: For every force or action there is an equal but opposite force or reaction.
# Eiffel Programming/Versions
## The ECMA Standard

The second edition of the ECMA Eiffel Standard came out in June, 2006. Three compiler projects are supporting this standard. EiffelSoftware's EiffelStudio, the Gobo Eiffel Compiler and "The Eiffel Compiler" tecomp.

## EiffelStudio

Available under a dual license for Open Source and commercial projects, EiffelStudio is the granddaddy of Eiffel compilers. Produced by EiffelSoftware (formerly ISE), EiffelStudio emphasizes backward compatibility combined with incremental language enhancements. It is probably the most widely used Eiffel compiler.

## Liberty Eiffel

2013 a new Compiler based on SmartEiffel is in development. It is the new GNU Eiffel Compiler.
www.gnu.org/software/liberty-eiffel

## The Gobo Eiffel Compiler

An offshoot of the Gobo project, the Gobo Eiffel Compiler, or GEC, is currently under development and as of this writing does not support a full implementation of the language. It does contain a complete parser that supports several versions of the language, including compatibility with EiffelStudio and large portions of the ECMA standard.
These two compilers actually have a close relationship. EiffelSoftware has made extensive use of the Gobo libraries to implement their own compiler. Eric Bezault, the founder of the Gobo project, is working with EiffelSoftware on an open source ELKS library to be shared by both compilers.

## "The Eiffel Compiler" tecomp

The development of "The Eiffel Compiler" tecomp started in 2008. It is a compiler and an interpreter at the same time. It compiles the Eiffel source code into its internal representation and either stores it for later execution or executes it in its virtual machine. Optimized native code can be generated via compilation to C.

## ELKS

ELKS was originally formed to develop standards for Eiffel libraries usable by all Eiffel compilers. It laid out some very solid groundwork for libraries earlier this decade.
(TBD: Provide relevant links for more information on all of the standardization efforts and products.)
# Eiffel Programming

Welcome to 'Eiffel for Everyone at Wikibooks.

## About Eiffel

First developed by Bertrand Meyer, Eiffel has a clean and very readable syntax. Many of the design principles of the language emphasize the readability and maintainability of the code.
Because of its excellent implementation of language features like multiple inheritance and generics (especially constrained generics) it takes less code to express complex ideas in Eiffel than it does in other programming languages. A strong type system with exhaustive static type checking allows programs to scale easily in size, and to evolve in ways that are difficult to achieve with other languages.
Eiffel has been criticized for being a verbose language, and it's easy to get hung up on the verbosity of some of its constructs (like its loop statement). Yet I've found that other languages that are often hyped for their terseness, especially the C family with Java and C++, can be very verbose in declaration and use of complex types.

### Guiding Design Principles

* Everything is an Object
* Design by Contract
* Single Entry, Single Exit
* The Open/Closed Principle
* Command/Query Separation
# Eiffel Programming/Play A Game
## Would you Like to Play a Game?

Many books introduce a new computer language by presenting a small program that prints out a greeting, like "Hello, world!". The text then wanders off into other, unconnected examples. We're not going to do that. Instead, we will start with a program that is as simple as a "Hello world" example, and will build on this until we have a fully functional implementation of the game of Blackjack. Along the way, we will learn about the way Eiffel programs work, the ins and outs of Eiffel's syntax, and some useful notions about programming and software design.
Here we go:
Compile and run this program with your favorite Eiffel compiler, and it will write out:
Now we've written the worlds' most boring computer game. We'll change it to make it interesting pretty soon. First we will break down this program to see how it works.
To begin, computer programs are made of data and instructions for working on that data. In Eiffel, the data and instructions are called features. In a well-designed Eiffel program, related features are gathered together in classes.
In this version of the BLACKJACK program, we have only one feature, the collection of instructions called make. This feature is defined in lines four through seven, and makes up the guts of the program.
# Eiffel Programming/Unfeatures
## Eiffel Unfeatures — What you Won't See in the Language
### Goto, break or the equivalent

Ever since the advent of structure programming the goto has been considered evil, yet many programming languages support it. Eiffel does not. The language is designed to uphold the principle of Single Entry/Single Exit.
Some people consider this a gross inefficiency and will labor endlessly to demonstrate arcane algorithms that are allegedly faster with a well-placed goto, or it requires fewer variables, or fewer lines of code. Others consider is a serious crimp to their writing style.
Yet there are two serious advantages to the principle of Single Entry/Single Exit. First, it encourages the programmer to think clearly about the implementation. In other languages, if you find yourself in getting into trouble deep inside a multiply nested loop, you bail out with a goto. In Eiffel, you have to rethink the structure of the code, often to the benefit of the final program.
Second, source code is read much more often than it is written. The absence of a goto statement makes it easier to grasp the implementation. There are no subtle tricks buried in the inner loop that can skip to some arbitrary location.

### CamelCase

Underscore_notation_is_preferred_for_better_readability Vs. CamelCaseNotationWhichCanBeSeemsSmart

### Overloaded Names

Overloaded names, also known as operator overloading, introduces ambiguity for the human programmer and reader of source code, and in some cases, for the compiler as well. Eiffel avoids this source of errors by not implementing it.
# Electric Motors And Generators/Magnetic Field Concepts
## Magnetic Field Concepts

An electromagnetic field is a region of space in which electrical charges experience forces. The classical definition of the electromagnetic field is given by the following equation
             $\mathbf {F} =q\mathbf {E} +q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B}$
What this equation states, is that an electrical charge of size q experiences a force when in the presence of an electric field denoted by E. Furthermore if the charge is moving, with velocity v, it will experience a further force if in the presence of a magnetic field denoted by B. Therefore the force on a electric charge defines what the electric and magnetic fields are in a given region of space. Without the presence of a charged particle it could never be known what their magnitudes or directions were.

#### Further Reading on Magnetism

* See Magnetic field and Magnetic phenomena and Physics Study Guide/Magnetism and Permanent magnets and Current's magnetic effects and Electromagnetism and Magnetism's units.
* Wikipedia: Magnet and Wikipedia: Magnetic forces and Wikipedia: Magnetism and Wikipedia: Magnetism's origin

#### Further Reading on Electric Current

* See Current and Kirchoff's Current Law (KCL) and Current (Physics) and Relationships: voltage, current and resistance.
* Wikipedia: Current and Wikipedia: DC and Wikipedia: AC.
# Eiffel Programming/Design by Contract
## Design by Contract

One of the central tenets in the design of the Eiffel language, Design by Contract is the notion that every class can explicitly place constraints on its inputs (its requirements), state what it will provide (what it ensures) and its invariants (statements that are always true for the class).
In addition, Eiffel supports a rich set of assertion statements, ranging from validation of a loop construct, to a flexible debug mechanism, to inline checks on code validity.
See also the Wikipedia article on Design by Contract
# Electric Motors And Generators

Electrical motors and generators are machines which either convert electrical energy inputs into forces or applied kinetic energy inputs into electrical energy. In principle, any electrical generator can also be operated as a motor and vice-versa. In practice they will often be optimized for one application or the other.
All electrical machines operate due to the same principles derived from the study of electro-magnetics. Therefore, it is appropriate to first discuss these underlying electromagnetic concepts as this is crucial for understanding their operation. However, before discussing these concepts it will also be useful to revise the concepts of vector algebra and vector calculus which are used extensively in this subject.

## Table of Contents

* Vectors and Fields
* Magnetic Field Concepts
* AC Motors and Generators

## Resources
### Wikibooks

* Electronics

### Wikipedia

* Magnetism
* Electricity
* Electric Motor
* Generator
* History of motors and engines
* Motor-controller
* Motor-generators

### External

* Naval Motors And Generators
# FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Human Influence/Land

Creation of derelict land.
This is land damaged by industrial or other development so that the land is incapable of beneficial use without treatment. Mining is the main cause of derelict land. Industrial processes such as smelting also cause derelict land. Derelict land may contribute to dust, soil erosion and the subsequent siltation of rivers. Treatment of derelict land is typically expensive.
Organic wastes.
Many organic wastes may result in the exposure to the environment to a certain element that is usually a limiting substance that is biologically important to certain species. For example, sewage which causes outbreaks of cholera, typhoid and dysentery. Treatment of sewage water should ideally kill the agents of the mentioned ailments. The level of sewage contamination is usually indicated by the concentration of Eshcherichia coli, which is a harmless bacteria but a good indication of sewage contamination.
Detergents
More phosphorus is added from ‘hard’ synthetic detergents whose foaming reduces photosynthesis and inhibits the oxygenation of water.
Agricultural wastes.
Fertilisers are applied in large amounts to crops in modern times, releasing large concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus into the environment. Causing the eutrophication of fresh waters. Nitrates entering the ground water may also metabolic disorders in domestic animals and children if used for drinking. Domestic livestock produce a lot of waste including sewage waste, much more in fact then their human owners.
Lead.
The industrial production of lead increased in the 1940’s when lead was first used as an additive in petrol. Most lead produced is now used in this way (modern times?). Lead released into the atmosphere has a residue time of about a month before falling out. The concentration of lead is highest near highways and smelters, but the atmospheric form ensured a wide distribution. It has been shown that there is an accumulation of lead in the Greenland ice cap. Lead poisening has been implicated in causing mental imparement in humans.
Mercury
Mercury is used in the production of chloride and caustic soda, and as a fungicide. There are two pathways in which mercury and contaminate the environment. The first is the contamination of food, mostly grain, which can cause the death of animals and man. The contamination of water with mercury causes the uptake of mercury in fish.
Cadmium
Waste heat- relecvance to chapter 2 section 3: commonly by power generating plants – e.g. waste heat in Lake Antario (Canada) – hot water can cause changes in biota. A body of water at 30 degrees is essentially a biological desert and many game fish require temperatures of < 10 degrees for successful reproduction. A temperature rise of 10 degrees will double the rate of many chemical reactions and so the decay of organic matter, and the solution rate of salts are all elevated by heating. The metabolic rate of animals is increased and so they require more oxygen which, however, is lower in concentration and the require higher temperatures.
# FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Human Influence
## Chapter 2: Human Influence

* Air
** Ozone, global warming and the greenhouse effect
** Acid rain
* Land
* Water
* Industrialisation
* Effect of pollutants on humans