# Dutch/Lesson 9

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* Intermediate level: cycle 3
Lesson 9 ~ Lesson 9
Toekomst en continuïteit ~ Future and continuity
* • Annemiek has her passport extended
* • Grammar:Future tense
* • Grammar: Modal verbs: Kunnen, mogen, moeten, hoeven and laten
* • Grammar: Stative verbs: Staan, zitten, liggen, lopen

## Intermediate level

Welcome to the first cycle of the intermediate level! This level will concentrate on building more complicated sentences using modal and auxiliary verbs, separable verbs and dependent clauses. That means that there is more grammar to cover but also that syntax -word order- will start to play a more important role, because you will learn to form more complicated sentences.

## Gesprek 9

Vocabulary :
| verlopen | | to expire |
| het gemeentehuis | | town hall |
| de ambtenaar | | civil servant |
| de inlichting | | information |
| de lift | | lift |
| de verdieping | | floor |
| het loket | | counter, window |
| alleen | | only, just |
| de lunchtijd | | lunch time |
| terecht kunnen | File:Nl-terecht kunnen.ogg | to be helped |
| duren | | to last |
| de minuut | | minute |
| de verlenging | | extension |
| vergen | | ro require |
| precies | | exactly |
| durven | | to dare |
Annemiek wil op reis naar Zuid-Afrika. Daarvoor heeft zij een paspoort nodig, maar haar paspoort is verlopen. Zij gaat daarom naar het gemeentehuis en vraagt een ambtenaar om inlichtingen
    Annemiek wants to travel to South Africa. She needs a passport for that, but her passport has expired. Therefore she goes to town hall and asks a civil servant for information:
Dag meneer, zou u mij kunnen zeggen waar ik mijn paspoort zou kunnen laten verlengen?
    Hello Sir, would you be able to tell me where I could get my passport renewed?
Goedemiddag, mevrouw. Zeker, u kunt het beste de lift naar de derde verdieping nemen. Daar zult U een loket vinden. Het zal alleen nog niet open zijn. Het is nog lunchtijd.
    Good afternoon, Ma'am. Certainly, you best take the elevator to the fourth floor and there you will find a counter. Except that it will not be open yet. It is lunch time.
Wanneer zal ik er dan terecht kunnen?
    When can I be helped?
Dat zal maar een paar minuten duren. Dan is het half twee.
    It will only take a few minutes. Then it will be half past one.
Weet u misschien hoe lang een verlenging gaat vergen?
    Would you know perhaps how long the extension process will take?
Dat zou ik niet precies durven zeggen, maar het zal een weekje of twee duren.
    I dare not say precisely, but a week or two most likely.
Is dit waar of niet?
* De afdeling waar paspoorten verlengd worden is op de zesde verdieping
* Annemiek kan er nog niet terecht. Het loket is nog gesloten
* De ambtenaar is zeker dat de verlenging maar twee dagen gaat duren
* Het loket gaat om 2:30 open.
{{{3}}}

## Grammatica 9.1 ~ Zullen, kunnen, mogen, moeten, hoeven and laten
### Future

The official future tense is formed using the auxiliary zullen + the infinitive
In Dutch this tense is called: de onvoltooid tegenwoordige toekomstige tijd (ottt), the imperfect present future tense. We shall revisit this nomenclature later.
    ik vind - I find.
    ik zal vinden - I'll find.
But you can also express the future by using a present, if futurity is declared in the sentence by an adverb (like 'tomorrow').
    ik vind het wel - I find it.
    ik zal het vinden - I'll find it.
    ik vind het morgen wel - I'll find it tomorrow
Occasionally, Dutch resorts to the use of gaan:
    dat gaat twee weken kosten - that is going to take two weeks.
In both cases the infinitive ends up at the end of the sentence.:
    je zult het op de derde verdieping vinden - you will find it on the fourth floor.
* Notice that the way floors are counted is different from American usage. The ground floor is called:
* de begane grond
* and it does not count as verdieping (=what is built on top)
Zullen is an irregular verb (It is the cognate of shall):
| person | present tense |
| ik | zal |
| jij, u | zult, zal |
| hij | zal |
| wij | zullen |
| jullie | zullen |
| zij | zullen |

### Conditional or Future-in-past

Its past tense forms what it known as the onvoltooid verleden toekomstige tijd (ovtt), "the imperfect past future tense" that roughly corresponds to the conditional tense in English.
    ik zeg - I say
    ik zou zeggen - I would say
| person | past tense |
| ik | zou |
| jij | zou |
| u | zoudt, zou |
| hij | zou |
| wij | zouden |
| jullie | zouden |
| zij | zouden |
This tense is also used to express a future tense within the framework of a past narrative:
    Hij zal komen
    Hij zegt dat hij zal komen
    Hij zei gisteren dat hij zou komen - He said yesterday: "I will come"

### Infinitives instead of participles. Modal verbs

The verb zullen does not have a past participle, instead its infinitive is used in phrases like:
    Ja, ik heb dat zullen doen, maar ik had geen tijd meer.
          Yes I had intended to do so, but I ran out of time

#### Kunnen

There is a number of verbs that show this phenomenon, particularly the modal verbs. A good example is kunnen (can) although this verb does have a past participle and it can be used in separation:
    ik kan dat niet - I cannot do that
    ik heb dat nooit gekund - I have never been able to.
    ik heb dat nooit kunnen doen - I have never been able to do that.
Sometimes this leads to lengthy strings of infinitives:
    waar ik het zou hebben kunnen laten verlengen.
       where I would have been able to have it extended.
Kunnen is an irregular verb as we have seen before. Its past tense is:
    ik, jij, hij kon
    wij, jullie, zij konden (could)
    hij kon niet meer - he was exhausted (lit. he could no more)
| noicon kunnen | noicon kon | noicon konden | noicon gekund |

#### Mogen

Mogen usually translates into may or to be allowed to, to be permitted. It too is irregular. Its primitive tenses are irregular:
    mogen - mocht - gemogen, gemocht or gemoogd
In addition the present tense is:
    ik mag
    jij mag, u mag , gij moogt
    hij mag
    wij, jullie, zij mogen
    Mag ik een kopje thee - May I have a cup of tea?
    Je mag niet jokken! - You're not allowed to fib!
The perfect participle is only used when no other verb follows:
    Hij heeft dat nooit gemogen - He has never been permitted that
Otherwise it is replaced by its infinitive:
    Hij heeft dat nooit mogen doen. - He has never been permitted to do that.
| noicon mogen | noicon mocht | noicon gemogen | noicon gemocht |

#### Moeten

The English defective verb must is originally the past tense of a verb mote and Dutch both cognates (moet and moest) are still in use. The primitives are irregular:
    moeten - moest -gemoeten
but otherwise the verb is regular. It means must or to have to
    Ik moet vanavond werken - I have to work tonight.
    Ik moet weg! - I got to go!
Its participle also often is replaced:
    Hij heeft moeten werken - He has had to work.
| noicon moeten | noicon moest | noicon gemoeten |

#### Hoeven

This came from a similar word as the English behove
The primitives are mixed: hoeven - hoefde - gehoeven
This verb means need to, must but it is only used either in the negative:
    Wij hoeven ons paspoort niet te verlengen -- We do not need to have our passport extenden
Or, with a limitation like only
    Wij hoefden alleen maar een brief te sturen -- We only needed to send a letter.
Notice that it is followed by the extended infinitive' with the preposition te
Again the participle can be replaced by an infinitive:
    Je had dat niet hoeven doen -- You did not need to do that.
In that case the extension te is dropped.
| noicon hoeven | noicon hoefde | noicon gehoeven |

#### Laten

The verb laten corresponds to the English verb to let but is used somewhat differently. It is a regular strong verb:
| noicon laten | noicon liet | noicon gelaten |
    Laat mij maar rijden - just let me drive
    Dat zul je laten! - no, you won't!
    Ik heb het zo gelaten - I left it the way it was
    Hij liet zich niet kisten - He fought back. (lit. he did not let himself be put in a coffin.)
    Iets laten maken - Have something fixed.
    Laat maar! - Don't bother!
    Hij kan het roken niet laten - He can't stop smoking.

### Stative verbs: staan, zitten, liggen, lopen

All of these are strong verbs:
| noicon staan | noicon stond | noicon gestaan | to stand |
| noicon zitten | noicon zat noicon zaten | noicon gezeten | to sit |
| noicon liggen | noicon lag noicon lagen | noicon gelegen | to lie |
| noicon lopen | noicon liep | noicon gelopen | to walk |
Scholars do not agree whether to consider these verbs as auxiliaries or not. Some do consider them aspect auxiliaries, because they often serve to express continuity in combination with the infinitive of other verbs extended with the preposition te:
    Ik zit te lezen - I am reading (while on my chair)
    Ik loop te denken - I am thinking (while going somewhere)
These verbs also frequently replace to be in impersonal expressions with er:
    Er liggen drie boeken op tafel - there are three books (lying) on the table
    Er zitten nog drie koekjes in de doos - there are still three cookies (sitting) in the box
    Er loopt een goeie film - there is a good movie on.
The perfect of these expressions drop the "te" and use an infinitive to replace the past participle:
    Ik heb zitten denken - I have been thinking (on my chair)
    We hebben staan bellen - We have been on the phone (while on our feet)

### Other verbs taking the extended infinitive

There are other verbs that are followed by the extended infinitive but drop the extension te in the perfect or future tenses.
Recall: "Dat zou ik niet durven zeggen" - I would not dare to say that.
In the present tense durven - to dare does take the extension:
    Ik durf te zeggen dat.. - I dare say that..
Other such groepsvormende werkwoorden - verb that form groups are:
    beginnen - to begin
    (be)horen, dienen - ought, to be expected
    the modal verbs /copulas blijken, lijken, schijnen, heten, dunken

### Doen: to do

As in English this verb is irregular.
| noicon doen | noicon deed | noicon gedaan |
Vocabulary :
| kosten | to cost, to take |
| de begane grond | ground floor |
| hoeven | to need |
| laten | to let |
| jokken | to fib |
| vanavond | this evening |
| de kist | chest, coffin |
| roken | to smoke |
| stollen | to solifidy |
| het vet | fat, grease |
Its role is more restricted than in English, but at times it can be used as an auxiliary that turns an ergative into an active construction:
    Het vet stolt - the grease solidifies
    De koude doet het vet stollen - the cold makes the grease solidify
Again the perfect has an infinitive:
    De koude heeft het vet doen stollen. - the cold has made the grease solidify

## Quizlet

The vocabulary of this lesson can be practiced at Quizlet (26 terms)

## Progress made

Cumulative term count
    Beginner level 1053
    Les 9 27

### Total number of terms 1080
## Appendix

* ↑ Annemiek is using very formal language here. Vergen is a rather high register, somewhat antiquated verb. Kosten or duren are the more colloquial terms