OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HydroGeoSphere/Dual Continuum
## Default dual-continua transport values

By default, all dual continua zones (and elements) in the domain will be assigned default transport properties which are listed in Table 5.23:
Table 5.23: Default Values for Dual-continua Transport Properties :
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
| Longitudinal dispersivity ${\alpha }_{ld}$ | 1.0 | m |
| Horizontal component of transverse dispersivity ${\alpha }_{td}$ | 0.1 | m |
| Vertical component of transverse dispersivity ${\alpha }_{td}$ | 0.1 | m |
| Bulk density ${\rho }_{bd}$ | 2650.0 | kg m$^{−3}$ |
| Tortuosity ${\tau }_{d}$ | 0.1 | - |
| First-order mass transfer coefficient ${\alpha }_{s}$ | 0.0 | s$^{−1}$ |
The following instructions can be applied to dual continua, as discussed in Section 5.8.1, to modify the default transport parameters. For each instruction we will indicate its scope (i.e. .grok, .dprops). Recall that if an instruction is used in the prefix.grok file, it will affect the current set of chosen zones, while in a properties (e.g. .dprops) file, it will only affect the named material of which it is a part.

## Longitudinal dispersivity

Scope: .grok .dprops
* val Longitudinal dispersivity [L], ${\alpha }_{ld}$ in Equation 2.105.

## Transverse dispersivity

Scope: .grok .dprops
* val Horizontal component of the transverse dispersivity [L], ${\alpha }_{td}$ in Equation 2.105.

## Vertical transverse dispersivity

Scope: .grok .dprops
* val Vertical component of the transverse dispersivity [L], ${\alpha }_{td}$ in Equation 2.105.

## Tortuosity

Scope: .grok .dprops
* val Tortuosity , ${\tau }_{d}$ in Equation 2.105.

## Anisotropic tortuosity ratio

Scope: .grok .mprops
* y_tortratio Tortuosity ratio in the y-direction. Default value is 1.
* z_tortratio Tortuosity ratio in the z-direction. Default value is 1.
By default, tortuosity is isotropic, since the ratio values are set to 1 in both the y- and z-directions. You may make tortuosity anisotropic by entering a value greater than 0 and less than 1. These values will be used to multiple the tortuosity , ${\tau }_{d}$ in the y- and z-directions respectively, to obtain the directional values.

## Bulk density

Scope: .grok .dprops
* val Bulk density [M L$^{−3}$], ${\rho }_{bd}$ in Equation 2.104.

## First-order mass exchange

Scope: .dprops
* val First-order mass transfer coefficient [L$^{−1}$], ${\alpha }_{s}$ in Equations 2.138 and 2.139.
# HydroGeoSphere/Dual Continuum (Variably-Saturated)

Dual continua zones (and elements) in the domain will use a constitutive relationship based on the pseudo-soil relation, as developed by Huyakorn et al. [1994]. Essentially, in the pseudo-soil relationship, the medium is assigned a nodal saturation of 1 above the water table and 0 (zero) below it. Relative permeability is applied to horizontal flow only and water travels vertically under saturated hydraulic conductivity conditions.

## Default functional relationships

If you wish to use Van Genuchten or Brooks-Corey functions to describe the constitutive relationships you can do so using the instructions given in Section 5.8.3.4. Unless you modify them, the default values given in Table 5.16 will be used to define the functional relationships:
Table 5.16: Default Values for Functions Defining the Dual Continua Constitutive Relationships, for the Van Genuchten and Brooks-Corey models :
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
| Residual water saturation, $S_{wr}$ | 0.053 | - |
| Power index (alpha), ${\alpha }$ | 3.5237 | m$^{−1}$ |
| Power index (beta), ${\beta }$ | 3.1768 | - |
| Power index (gamma, computed), ${\gamma }$ | 1 - 1/${\beta }$ | - |
| Pore-connectivity, $l_{p}$ | 0.5 | - |
| Brooks-Corey exponent | 2/${\beta }$ + $l_{p}$ + 2 | - |

## Default tabular relationships

If you wish to use tables to describe the constitutive relationships you can do so using the instructions given in Section 5.8.3.5. Unless you modify them, the default values of water saturation versus pressure head and saturation versus relative permeability listed in Table 5.17 will be used to define the tabular relationships:
Table 5.17: Default Pressure-saturation and Saturation-relative permeability Tables for Variably-saturated Dual Continua :
| Pressure(m) ${\psi }$ | Saturation $S_{w}$ |
| -10.0 | 0.053 |
| 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Saturation $S_{w}$ | Relative permeability $k_{rw}$ |
| 0.053 | 0.053 |
| 1.0 | 1.0 |

## Relative permeability xy

Scope: .grok .dprops
When using functions or tables to define the constitutive relationships, this instruction causes HydroGeoSphere to apply the relative permeability to horizontal flow only so that water travels vertically under saturated hydraulic conductivity conditions, similar to the behaviour of the pseudo-soil relation. This instruction should be applied to dual continua, as discussed in Section 5.8.1.

## Defining the interface between continua

When simulating a system with porous and dual continua, the constitutive relationships of the interface between the two continua must also be defined. The following instructions allow you to do this:
       Interface unsaturated tables
       Interface unsaturated van genuchten functions
       Interface unsaturated brooks-corey functions
       Interface relative permeability xy
Input is identical to the generic forms of the commands discussed in the following sections, except that the scope is restricted to .dprops.
We will now discuss instructions of a general nature which can be used to modify the default constitutive relationships for the various media, beginning with the functional relationships.
# HydroGeoSphere/Elevation Instructions

These instructions are used to define 3-D mesh base elevations and new layer top elevations.

## Elevation constant

* elev Elevation value [L].

## Elevation from gms file

* basefile Name of the data file containing the elevation values for each node in the 2-D grid. This is a string variable. The file should be formatted as outlined in Section F.2.

## Elevation from gb file

* basefile Name of the data file containing the base elevation values for each node in the 2-D grid. This is a string variable. The file should be formatted as outlined in Section G.2.

## Elevation from raster file

* rasterfile Name of the raster file containing the base elevation values. This is a string variable. The file should be formatted as outlined in Section H.

## Elevation from bilinear function in xy

* xfrom, xto, yfrom, yto x- and y-ranges.
* a1,a2,a3,a4,a5 Constants for bilinear function.
For nodes falling within the given x- and y-range, the z-coordinate is computed according to the following function:
    $z=a1+a2(x-\mathbf {xfrom} )+a3(x-\mathbf {xfrom} )^{2}+a4(y-\mathbf {yfrom} )+a5(y-\mathbf {yfrom} )^{2}$

## Elevation from sine function in xy

* xfrom, xto, yfrom, yto x and y ranges.
* zz0 Elevation at xfrom, yfrom.
* num_sw_x,amplitude_x,slope_x Number of sine wave cycles, sine wave amplitude and surface slope in the x−direction.
* num_sw_y,amplitude_y,slope_y As above but in the y−direction.
For nodes falling within the given x- and y-range, the z-coordinate is computed according to the following function:
    $z=\mathbf {zz0} +\mathbf {amplitude\_x} (1+\sin(f(x)))+\mathbf {slope\_x} (x-\mathbf {xfrom} )+\mathbf {amplitude\_y} (1+\sin(f(y)))+\mathbf {slope\_y} (y-\mathbf {yfrom} )$
where:
    $f(x)=(x-\mathbf {xfrom} )/(\mathbf {xto} -\mathbf {xfrom} )\ast 2{\pi }\ast \mathbf {num\_sw\_x}$
    $f(y)=(y-\mathbf {yfrom} )/(\mathbf {yto} -\mathbf {yfrom} )\ast 2{\pi }\ast \mathbf {num\_sw\_y}$
The number of cycles of the sine wave can be a fraction and the sine function rises from a value of $\mathbf {zz0}$ at $(\mathbf {xfrom} ,\mathbf {yfrom} )$ as x- and y-values increase. Where the peaks coincide, the maximum elevation is the sum of $\mathbf {zz0} +\mathbf {amplitude\_x} +\mathbf {amplitude\_y}$.

## Elevation from cosine function in xy

As above but uses the cosine function instead of the sine function.

## Elevation from xz pairs

* xval, zval xz-pair 1.
* xval, zval xz-pair 2.
* ...etc...
* xval, zval xz-pair n.
* end Signals end of list.
Listed xz-coordinate pairs are read until an End instruction is encountered. They should be given in order from smallest to largest x. For each node in the 2-D grid, the x-coordinate of the node is used to determine its position in the list, and a z-coordinate is then interpolated from the neighbouring xz-pairs.
# HydroGeoSphere/Ending Grid Generation
## End

Signals the end of the user-controlled portion of the grid definition section of the input data file. At this stage, the preprocessor will automatically perform grid modifications if appropriate. For example, if you read in 2-D slice data but did not specify layer information using for example, the generate layers interactive instruction, the preprocessor would generate a default 3-D system by duplicating the 2-D slice to form a single layer of unit-thickness elements.
# HydroGeoSphere/File Process Control Options

The following instructions control how the preprocessor treats instructions in the prefix.grok file and can be inserted at any point in the file and as often as required, except of course when input for a specific instruction is expected.

## Echo off

By default, as instructions are read by grok they are echoed to the screen. This command turns off this feature.

## Echo on

This commands turns on the echoing of instructions to the screen.

## Skip on

With skip mode turned on, grok will read but not act on any subsequent instructions.

## Skip off

Turns skip mode off, so grok will resume acting on instructions.

## Skip rest

grok exits the loop for reading instructions from the prefix.grok file and proceeds to generate the HydroGeoSphere data files.

## Pause

This instruction causes grok to pause at the current location in the prefix.grok file until the user presses a key.
In the following sections, we will now describe in detail the various actions of the preprocessor, giving instructions for setting up the prefix.grok file where necessary.
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 23

Today in 2009 was the first release of TAILS.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 24

Today in 2002 On2 announced the release of the VP3 video compression technology as Free Software. In October Xiph.org released the first codec for the free video format Theora based on VP3.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 20

Today in 2012 the Open Source Hardware Association incorporated.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 25

Today in 1945 Herman Goldstine privately began circulating John von Neumann’s initial paper on what is now known as the von Neumann architecture.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 26

Today in 2011 the first known published crack of the cracking group 3DM was released.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 21

Today is Edward Snowden’s birthday.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 28

Today in 2001 the first version of the BitTorrent reference implementation was released to facilitate the sharing of bootleg records, starting as an open source application. BitTorrent is optimized for efficient distribution of large files. It became the predominant file sharing system and iconic for its use as the platform of choice for copyright piracy.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 29

Today in 2007 version 3 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) was published.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 22

Today in 2015 the scientific paper on the Domain Fronting technique for censorship circumvention was published.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/June 27

Today in 1997 ECMAScript was standardized. It brought a unifying standard after Borland and Microsoft had already forked off their own dialects of the Web scripting language JavaScript, which Netscape had introduced in 1995. It became the most widely used programming language and the Web the most common computing platform. After overcoming another divide, namely Microsoft’s JScript, the rise of Ajax web applications gave a big boost in popularity starting in 2005, and finally the immensely popular Node.js runtime brought substantial usage outside of web browsers.
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# Italian/Vocabulary/Street

* l'autobus = bus
* il camion = lorry, truck
* il camionista lorry driver, truck driver
* la carreggiata = roadway
* il centro della città = town centre
* la coda del traffico = tailback
* andare dritto = go straight ahead
* l'edificio = building
* fare un'inversione = do a U-turn
* la fermata d'autobus = bus-stop
* il furgone = van
* l'incrocio = crossroads
* girare a destra/sinistra = turn right/left
* il guidatore = driver
* incrociare la strada = cross the road
* l'indicazioni = directions
* l'ingorgo = traffic jam
* l'isola pedonale = traffic island
* il lampione = lamp-post
* la macchina = car, automobile
* il marciapiede = pavement, sidewalk
* il parcheggio = car-park, parking lot
* il parchimetro = parking meter
* il passaggio pedonale = pedestrian crossing
* il pedone = pedestrian
* il posteggio = car-park, parking lot
* la rotonda = roundabout
* la segnalazione stradale = sign post
* i semaforo = traffic lights
* il sottopassaggio = underpass
* la stazione degli autobus = bus station
* la stazione di servizio = petrol station, gas station
* la strada = street
* la strada a due carreggiate = dual-carriageway
* la strada a senso unico = one-way street
* la strada laterale = turn-off, turning
* la strada principale = main road
* il tram = tram, streetcar
* il traffico = traffic
* la zona pedonale = pedestrian precinct (pedestrian area)
# Italian/Vocabulary/Time

* Che ore sono? = What time is it?
* Sono le dodici in punto. = It's twelve o'clock.
* E' l'una in punto. = It's one o'clock.
* Sono le due e cinque. = It's five past two.
* Sono le sette e mezzo. = It's half past seven.
* Sono le sette e trentacinque = It's twenty five to eight.
* Sono le nove meno venti. = It is twenty to nine.
* Sono le dieci meno un quarto. = It's quarter to ten.
* mezzogiorno = midday
* mezzanotte = midnight
* la mattina = the morning
* il pomeriggio = the afternoon
* la notte = the night
* oggi = today
* ieri = yesterday
* l'altro ieri = the day before yesterday
* la notte scorsa = last night
* domani = tomorrow
* dopodomani = the day after tomorrow
# Ithkuil/Basic Morphology

Ithkuil words can be divided in three parts of speech: Formatives, Adjuncts, and Referentials.

### Formatives

Formatives function as both nouns and verbs depending on context, derive from the same root and are expanded with various affixes adding different grammatical information, such as case, number etc. The morphological structure of formatives can be described by a simple formula $(C_{C}+V_{V})+C_{R}+V_{R}+(C_{S}V_{X}...)+C_{A}+(V_{X}C_{S}+V_{N}C_{N})+V_{C}/V_{K}+[stress]$ Where CR is the root of the word and and all other morphemes are affixes composed either of a vowel form (shown as V), a consonant form (shown as C) or a combination of both. Some affixes that are shown by parentheses are optional, so the smallest formative will consist of just 5 morphemes: CR + VR + CA + VC/VK + stress. Each particular morpheme will be discussed in Formatives chapter, but for now let's look at an example word: láţa, meaning "a group of different people (adults)".
The root (CR) of the word is "-l-", meaning "a human being". Before the root, a null affix in VV slot is used to show the default first stem of the word, "an adult human". VR shows us the formative's Function, Specification and Context which have values of Static, Basic and Existential respectively (we'll go over all of those in the next chapter). The CA slot can be responsible for numerous things, but in this case it only shows us the number of the formative: multiplex, dissimilar, separate. If you look at the tables you will see that such configuration gives us affix "-ţ-", and finally, the "-a" ending in VC slot gives us Thematic Case

### Adjuncts

Adjuncts are words that operate in conjunction with adjacent formatives to provide more grammatical information about them, similar to auxiliary verbs and noun determiners. They are formed from one or more consonantal and/or vocalic(vowel) affixes, combined agglutinatively(Joined into one word). They serve as an alternative to adding V$_X$C$_S$ affixes into a formative.
# J2ME Programming

Welcome to the J2ME Programming book at wikibooks. This book not only covers the MIDP device programming; but, also the full J2ME Platform.

## Getting Started

Here you will find tutorials, tool listings, and etc.
* Statements
* Device Databases
** MIDP(Mobile Information Device Profile)
*** MIDP Device Databases

## API(Profile) Summaries

Generally, the APIs of a family of devices is an API(Profile) or APIs(Profiles) on top of the language definition(configuration profile). The Profiles(APIs):
* MIDP1.0
* MIDP2.0

## JVM Features

In J2ME small devices performance of the JVM also contributes to how the language definition is implemented. For a clear picture view this article:
* Java Virtual Machines in MIDP Devices

## Consumer Platform Technologies

Often, in order to understand what optional APIs are used with specific devices we need to understand the underlying consumer platform in which our J2ME technology is in fact implemented. For example, if you know the SymbianOS version of a SymbianOS powered device than you have a clear idea what optional J2ME APis are included on that device.
As Mobile Operating Systems and CPUs merge than it becomes important to also know what CPU is in the device or even what cellular network or network infrastructure the device is connected or interfaces with in its operation. thus, this section covers operating systems, CPUs, and network infrastructure as it relates to J2ME programming and J2ME application development.
* Operating Systems
** The J2ME Platform on SymbianOS
** The J2ME Platform on Qualcomm Brew
** The J2ME Platform on PalmOS
** The J2ME Platform on MS Windows Mobile
* JVMs by OEM
** IBM's J9 WEME
** Esmertec's Jbed
** Tao Group's Intent
** Aplix's JBlend
** Access JV-Lite2
** Aromasoft's mTea AROMA-WIPI
** Beijing ZRRT Communications Technology UniJa-VM
** Philips J-Ware
** Motorola JVMs
* Hardware
* Cellular Network Technology

## Appendices

* The J2ME Platform
* JVMs in MIDP
* MIDlet Preverify
* Connected Limited Device Configuration

## See Also

* Java Programming

## Authors and Contributors

This wikibook has been written by:
* Fred Grott (Contributions)
* DJ Clayworth (Definition reworking/editing when this was a Wikipedia set of articles)
To contribute read Contributing
# J2ME Programming/Access JV-Lite2
## Introduction

Acceee JV-Lite2 can be found on x86, ARM, Strong ARM, SH, and Power PC CPUs and on Qualcomm Rex/BREW, Symbian/S60, Linux, VxWorks, Nucleus, µITRON, and PocketPC OSes.
* JV-Lite2 Wireless Edition
** CLDC 1.0/CLDC 1.1
** MIDP 2.0
** JTWI WMA 1.1
** MMAPI 1.1

## Deployed Devices

* Samsung X859
** MIDP 2.0
** CLDC 1.0
** JTWI 1.0
** China Unicom
* NEC N341i
** MIDP 2.0
** CLDC 1.0
** JTWI 1.0
** Europe i-mode

## See Also

* Wikibooks
** Java Programming

## References

* "JV W". J2ME CLDC Compliant Java Platform for Next-Generation Mobile Phones.
* "040715". ACCESS, Samsung, and ZRRT Team to Deliver First JTWI Mobile Handset in China.
* "030630". ACCESS' Micro-Browser and Java-Enabling Module To be Integrated in NEC's Latest Handsets for Spanish i-mode Services.

## Trademark Notices

J2ME, Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.
# Ithkuil/Phonology

| | | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palatal | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| | | Labial | Dental | central | lateral | Palatal | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | | | | ŋ | | |
| Stop / Affricate | voiced | b | d̪ | ʣ | | | | | ɡ | | |
| Stop / Affricate | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʦ | | | | | k | | Ɂ |
| Fricative | voiced | v | ð | z | | | ʒ | | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ɬ | | ʃ | ç | x | ʁ | h |
| Flap | Flap | | | ɾ | | | | | | | |
| Trill | Trill | | | r | | | | | | ʀ | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | | | l̪ | j | | y | (w) | ' | |
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i ɪ | ʉ y | ʊ u |
| Close-mid | e ø | ə | ə o |
| Open-mid | ɛ œ | | ɔ ʌ |
| Open | a æ | | a |
# Punctuation

* . punto
* , virgola
* : due punti
* ; punto e virgola
* ! punto esclamativo
* ? punto interrogativo, punto di domanda
* " virgolette / doppi apici
* ’ apice / singolo apice, usato per elementi letterali (used for literal elements, i.e.: '?')
* - trattino (to separate a subphrase, i.e.: this topic - as far as I know - has not been fully explained)
* ( parentesi tonda aperta
* ) parentesi tonda chiusa
* ( ) parentesi tonde, mettere una o più parole fra parentesi tonde (to put one or more words in round brackets)
* … 3 puntini (horizontal ellipsis / three dots symbol)
* ... 3 puntini (alternative representation using three single dots)

# Diacritics

* ` accento grave
* ´ accento acuto
* ^ accento circonflesso
* ~ tilde
* ¨ dieresi (umlaut)

# Misc Symbols

* % percento
* ‰ permille / per mille
* & "e" commerciale (ampersand)
* @ chiocciola (at sign)
* * asterisco
* # cancelletto

# Mathematics

* + più
* - meno
* × per
* * per (alternative symbol, used in formulas, computer expressions, etc.)
* ÷ diviso, 10 ÷ 5 = 2
* : diviso (alternative symbol), 10 : 5 = 2
* / diviso (alternative symbol), 10 / 5 = 2
* = uguale
* < minore
* <= minore uguale / minore o uguale
* > maggiore
* >= maggiore uguale / maggiore o uguale
* ( parentesi tonda aperta
* ) parentesi tonda chiusa
* ( ) parentesi / mettere un'espressione fra parentesi, (3 + 2) (to put an expression in round brackets)
* [ parentesi quadra aperta
* ] parentesi quadra chiusa
* [ ] parentesi quadre
* { parentesi graffa aperta
* } parentesi graffa chiusa
* { } parentesi graffe
* π PI greco
* √ radice (root)
* √$^2$ radice quadrata (square root): √$^2$ 25 = 5
* √$^3$ radice cubica (cubic root): √$^3$ 125 = 5
* n$^2$ numero, valore elevato al quadrato / alla seconda (potenza): 5$^2$ = 25
* n$^3$ numero, valore elevato al cubo / alla terza (potenza): 5$^3$ = 125
* n$^4$ numero, valore elevato alla quarta (potenza): 5$^4$ = 625
# Italian/Vocabulary/Travel

* il viaggio = travel
* la vacanza = holiday
* il turismo = tourism
* il passaporto = passport
* la valigia = suitcase

## Transportation Related Vocabulary:

* l'aeroporto = airport
* la stazione = train station
* l'autobus = bus
* il treno = train
* l'aereo = airplane
* il taxi = taxi
* il biglietto = ticket
* il volo = flight
* il traghetto = ferry
* la metropolitana = subway
* l'auto = car
* l'autobus = bus
* la bicicletta = bicycle
* il motorino = scooter
* il tragitto = route
* il parcheggio = parking
* la fermata dell'autobus = bus stop

## Accommodation Related Vocabulary:

* l'hotel = hotel
* l'albergo = inn
* il B&B = bed and breakfast
* l'affittacamere = guesthouse
* il campeggio = campground
* la camera = room
* il letto = bed
* il bagno = bathroom
* la reception = reception
* la prenotazione = reservation

## Directions Related Vocabulary:

* sinistra = left
* destra = right
* avanti = ahead
* indietro = back
* diritto = straight
* attraversare = to cross
* girare = to turn
* la strada = street
* la piazza = square
* il ponte = bridge

## Common Phrases for Getting Around:

* "Mi scusi, dov'è la stazione?" = Excuse me, where is the train station?
* "Come posso arrivare all'aeroporto?" = How can I get to the airport?
* "Quanto costa un biglietto per l'autobus?" = How much does a bus ticket cost?
* "Posso prendere un taxi qui?" = Can I get a taxi here?
* "Mi potrebbe consigliare un buon ristorante?" = Could you recommend a good restaurant?
* "Mi può chiamare un taxi, per favore?" = Can you call a taxi for me, please?
* "Mi può indicare la strada per la spiaggia?" = Can you tell me the way to the beach?
* "Scusi, dov'è il bagno?" = Excuse me, where is the bathroom?