OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A-level Mathematics/MEI

This chapter is designed to aid students studying AS/A2 Level Mathematics for the New MEI GCE (Maintained under OCR). It ought to comply with the applicable specification for the GCE, available here (PDF) from OCR's website. This books aims at the very least to teach the bare minimum information specified in the official specification, but the reader should note that relying on this textbook alone is ill-advised. All readers are strongly encouraged to make bold additions to these pages, where doing so will improve the book for all/most users. If at any stage you feel that an extra/replacement example would be helpful, please do not hesitate to make the necessary change!

## Contents
### Pure Modules
#### Core Modules

* Core Mathematics 1
* Core Mathematics 2
* Core Mathematics 3
* Core Mathematics 4

#### Further Pure Modules

* Further Pure 1
* Further Pure 2
* Additional Further Pure 3

#### Numerical Modules

* Numerical Methods
* Numerical Computation

### Applied Modules
#### Differential Equations

* Differential Equations

#### Mechanics Modules

* Mechanics 1
* Mechanics 2
* Mechanics 3
* Mechanics 4

#### Statistics Modules

* Statistics 1
* Statistics 2
* Statistics 3
* Statistics 4

#### Decision Modules

* Decision 1
* Decision 2
* Decision Computation
# Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Derailleurs

Chapters: 01. Introduction 02. What Style of Riding is for Me 03. Equipment and Accessories
04. Riding tips and safety tips 05. Guide to safety 06. Maintenance and repair 07. Modifications External Links

## Overview

Bicycle derailleurs are used to change gear. They work by shifting the chain. On some bikes there is a derailleur on the front chain-rings and one on the rear-sprockets, but most bikes just have a gear-shifter on the rear wheel.
Whether the derailleur is on the front or the back it works by deflecting the chain onto an adjacent chain-ring or sprocket. Rear derailleurs are easier to shift because they are installed on the return path of the chain, where there is the minimum of tension. The front derailleur, on the other hand is most usually installed on top where the chain carries all of the rider's effort.
Adjustment of derailleurs is comparatively simple, though it is most often done by a bike shop. This is mainly because owners are intimidated by the adjustments, and partly because the adjustments need to be done on a storage rack or in a repair stand. For those who can overcome these barriers or improvise with an extra pair of hands, follow the links to the adjustment pages.

## Derailleur Pages

* Front-derailleur adjustment
* Rear-derailleur adjustment

## See Also

* Cables and Housings
# Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Frames

Chapters: 01. Introduction 02. What Style of Riding is for Me 03. Equipment and Accessories
04. Riding tips and safety tips 05. Guide to safety 06. Maintenance and repair 07. Modifications External Links
The frame is the solid part of the bicycle that interconnects the various components. Frames come in various materials, including steel, aluminum, titanium, and carbon fiber. The most popular types of frame are the double diamond and step through frames.
Frames can become cracked or bent and require repair or replacement.
Steel frames can be readily straightened, other materials can't generally be straightened. Tools exist for the straightening of frames, or many can be improvised.
Steel frames can be welded, other materials can't generally be welded.
The paint on a frame can become chipped, etc. and need to be repaired.
Sometimes components can become seized in the frame and require removal.
# Bicycles/Maintenance and Repair/Chains/Removing a Bicycle Chain

Chapters: 01. Introduction 02. What Style of Riding is for Me 03. Equipment and Accessories
04. Riding tips and safety tips 05. Guide to safety 06. Maintenance and repair 07. Modifications External Links

## Introduction

The removing or shortening of a bike chain usually requires a chain tool, a tool that can drive a pin out of the chain. Some individuals choose to disassemble and reassemble a derailleur's jockey wheels rather than to cut a chain, for example, when changing a derailleur. Many older bikes, without a derailleur, have a master link that can be opened with a flat-head screwdriver, whereas chains in modern derailleur bicycles more often use a master link like the ones shown in the images below. Sometimes a master link is supplied as a part of a new chain.

## With a Master Link

The SRAM master link and links that resemble it can be opened by pushing the outer plates of the master link together and inward at the same time. This can be done with your hands, or if it's too tight it may require a special tool (see image). Ordinary pliers have been known to work for some, but the process can be painful and uncertain without the proper item. In an emergency, and provided that you do not mind destroying the master link in the process, a chain tool can be used to drive out its pins. These links are compatible with Shimano chains, as long as they are for the same number of gears on the cassette. i.e. 7, 8 or 9 cogs.
Manufacturers rarely state clearly that their products are intended for repeated re-use, and seem to avoid the issue in their advertising. Some riders and suppliers are more forthcoming however, and say from experience that SRAM PowerLink products can be re-used, but that their PowerLock (10 speed) products cannot. The SRAM site itself makes no such claim and as always, riders need to use caution in such matters.

## Without a Master Link

If you do not use a master link, it is possible to break a chain with a chain tool (see image). Unfortunately, chain tools are no use at re-inserting straight pins, (unlike Shimano tapered pins), so the important thing here is to avoid removing them all the way; they must stay in the outer plates, even when the rollers are free. Place the chain in the tool and carefully line up the tool's pin with a rivet of the chain; tighten the screw until the pin pushes out far enough so that it still remains generously within the outer plate. If the rivet is pushed all the way out, it is very difficult to reinsert it, and it is likely that a master link will be needed to make the connection. Withdraw the chain tool's screw to break the chain, and if necessary it can be advanced a little more until it can be separated.

## Shimano Riveted Chains

Shimano chains use special tapered rivets that can be guided into the holes in the outer plates. These use a pin driver (chain tool) to both drive out the pins and to push the pins into place. Any pin excess is then snapped off, at a grooved weak point in the pin.

## See Also

* Master Links : The Wikipedia article on master links
# A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology/Bibliography
## Bibliography & References

* Aiton, William (1811). General View of the Agriculture of the County of Ayr. Pub. Glasgow. P.61.
* Anderson, William & Hicks, Clive (1990). Green Man. The Archetype of our Oneness with the Earth. Compass Books. ISBN 0-9517038-1-1.
* Buxbaum, Tim (1987). Scottish Doocots. Pub. Shire No.190. ISBN 0-85263-848-5
* Evans, Tony & Green, Candida Lycett Green (1982). English Cottages. Pub. London.
* Ferguson, Robert (2005). A Miller's Tale. The Life and Times of Dalgarven Mill. ISBN 0-9550935-0-3
* Foster, A.M. (1988). Bee Boles and Bee Hives. Shire Publications. ISBN 0-85263-903-1
* Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700 - 1900. Pub. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-067-7
* Gillespie, James H. (1939). Dundonald. A Contribution to Parochial History. Glasgow : John Wylie & Co.
* McKean, Charles (2001). The Scottish Chateau. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2323-7
* More, Daphne (1976). The Bee Book. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7268-8
* Peters, J.E.C. (2003). Discovering Traditional Farm Buildings. Shire Books. ISBN 0-85263-556-7
* Quiney, Anthony. (1995). The Traditional Buildings of England. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27661-7
* Rodger, Donald, Stokes, John & Ogilve, James (2006). Heritage Trees of Scotland. The Tree Council. ISBN 0-904853-03-9
* Service, John (Editor) (1887). The Life & Recollections of Doctor Duguid of Kilwinning. Pub. Young J. Pentland.
# A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology/Further reading
## Further reading
### Books

* Dymond, David. Researching and Writing History: a practical guide for local historians (British Association for Local History, 1999)
* Fowler, Simon. Starting out in local history (Countryside Books, 2001)
* Friar, Stephen. The Local History Companion (Thrupp: Sutton, 2001)
* Hey, David. Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992)
* Sinclair, Cecil. Tracing Scottish Local History. Scottish Record Office.(HMSO, Edinburgh 1996)
* Tiller, Kate. English Local History: an introduction (Thrupp: Alan Sutton 1992)
* Trubshaw, Bob. How to write and publish local history (Heart of Albion Press, 1999)
* Winterbotham, Diana and Crosby, Alan. The Local Studies Library: a handbook for local historians (British Association for Local History, 1998)

### Magazines

* Economic History Review
* Agricultural History Review
* Urban History
* Past and Present
* Midland History
* Northern History
* Southern History
* Journal of Regional and Local Studies
* Local Population Studies
* Local Historian

### Websites
#### Wikimedia

* Wikipedia Main page
** Wikipedia article on Petrosomatoglyphs

#### External

* Scottish Archive Network
* Old Ordnance Survey Maps
* Google Scholar
* Agricultural History Review
* Economic History Review
* Victoria County History
* The RCAHMS Canmore site
* The Maps section of the National Library of Scotland
* Official website of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
* British Association for Local History
* The 1901 census for England and Wales
* Local History on Line - including many links
* Dictionary of the Scots Language
* Facebook group for researching the Life & Times of Robert Burns
# A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology/Introduction

This is a Resource Book of Local History techniques and terminology aimed at helping local history researchers who are studying historical documents which contain many archaic terms, local names for plants and animals, dialect words (Scots, English, Welsh, Cornish, American, etc.), unusual first names, specialist farming terms, legal terms, obscure or rarely used (archaic) words, etc. which are often absent from standard factual sources or are only defined briefly, in outline and often not in context.
The abecedary is designed to be used as a resource for all local history linked researches and as a steadily accumulating bank of information on each topic. Editors are invited to add new words, but to do more than just give definitions, e.g. cite examples, sites for, historical links, trivia, etc.
# A Roller Coaster Ride through Relativity/Appendix B
## Length Contraction

Using the context of the river race, if we see Albert and Beatrice arrive back at exactly the same instant and knowing that Beatrice cannot row faster than Albert, we must conclude that Beatrice has a shorter distance to row.
How much shorter? Suppose that Albert rows a distance l$_A$ and Beatrice rows l$_B$.
* ${\text{Time for Albert to finish}}={2l_{A} \over {\sqrt {c^{2}-v^{2}}}}$
* ${\text{Time for Beatrice to finish}}={l_{B} \over c-v}+{l_{B} \over c+v}={2l_{B}c \over c^{2}-v^{2}}$
Now these must be equal so:
* ${2l_{A} \over {\sqrt {c^{2}-v^{2}}}}={2l_{B}c \over c^{2}-v^{2}}$
from which we get:
* $l_{B}={\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}\,l_{A}$
What this means is that from the point of view of a stationary observer, a rod of proper length l$_0$ (ie whose length is l$_0$ when at rest) will have a length l given by
* $l={\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}\,l_{0}=l_{0}/\gamma$
when it moves with a velocity v in a direction parallel to its length. (It will always appear to have the same length l$_0$ perpendicular to the direction of motion.)
Back to the introduction ...
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# A Roller Coaster Ride through Relativity/Appendix C
## Time on a distant star

How would you synchronise two clocks which are at rest but in different places?
One way to do it would be this:
* measure the distance d between the clocks
* set clock A to zero (but do not start it)
* set clock B to read time d/c (but again do not start it)
* start clock A and simultaneously send a pulse of light towards clock B
* when the pulse of light reaches B, start clock B
The two clocks will now be synchronised, at least to an observer at rest with respect to the two clocks. But what if I were to watch you synchronising a pair of clocks like this while you sailed by me (in the direction B to A) at a speed v? I would disagree about your calculation in two ways. Firstly the distance between the clocks would be contracted by a factor of γ. Secondly, while the light beam was travelling from A to B at what is to me a constant speed c, B would be racing towards the light beam at a speed v. To me, the light beam would be gaining on the clock at a relative speed of c + v so the time taken for the beam to get from A to B would be:
* $T={{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}~d \over c+v}$
This can be rearranged and simplified as follows:
* $T={l \over c}{{\sqrt {c^{2}-v^{2}}} \over c+v}$
* $T={l \over c}{\sqrt {(c+v)(c-v) \over (c+v)(c+v)}}$
* $T={l \over c}{\sqrt {c-v \over c+v}}$
What this means is that while you set clock B to read l/c, I think you should have set it to the smaller time above. To put this another way, it seems to me that all your supposedly synchronised clocks ahead of you are running behind the true time and all those behind you are running ahead of the true time.
Now the difference in the two times is equal to:
* $\Delta T={l \over c}-{l \over c}{\sqrt {c-v \over c+v}}$
We can simplify this formula considerably if we assume that v is a lot smaller than c. First we rewrite the formula as follows:
* $\Delta T={l \over c}(1-(1-v/c)^{1/2}(1+v/c)^{1/2})$
hence using the Binomial Theorem we get:
* $\Delta T={lv \over c^{2}}$
Back to the introduction ...
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# Business Intelligence/Consolidate project documentation

* Purpose: To complete and consolidate project documentation
* Input: All Documentation
* Activities: Consolidate Documentation from development
* Outputs: Project documentation
* Documentation: Project documentation
# Business English/Topics/Sports
## American English

To deal with American business persons it is a good idea to understand something about American sports. Many businessmen were athletes in high school and college and have had their way of thinking formed by team sports. It is important to know a little about the most popular sports: football (not soccer), basketball, baseball, golf, and even hockey in some areas.
Sports metaphors and jargon permeate even polite speech. This is because these phrases have become so common in speech that they come to mind outside of sports contexts for many native speakers, to the point where some native speakers may not even consciously realize their use of sports terminology in polite conversation. Below are some common expressions:
* "Run with it" or "Take the ball and run with it"
* "Homerun", "That's a homerun", or "Hit a homerun"
* "Punt", "It's time to punt", "I think we'll have to punt", or "We punted"
* "Hole in one" or "You hit a hole in one"
* "Hail Mary" or "Throw a Hail Mary"
* "Slam dunk" or "It was a slam dunk"
It is expected that conversational partners will understand these. Only those speakers who reflect on the cultural derivation of these expressions will modify their speech for those who do not share similar cultural backgrounds. However, the savvy listener can usually comprehend the meaning of these expressions when heard in context of a discussion.

### Examples

* Getting a literal home run in baseball is a huge success. A figurative home run is also a huge success.
* A slam dunk in basketball. It's impossible to miss with a slam dunk, so it makes success a certainty.
* A Hail Mary is a desperate and risky maneuver made in American football when there are no other choices. Though the risk is great, so too is the reward. Though unlikely, a successful Hail Mary will often lead to victory from a position others saw as otherwise certain failure.
* In golf, a hole in one is achieved with a single swing of the club, leading to completion of a hole with the best score possible. This is a feat that not only involves a great deal of skill in execution, but also luck.
* When holding the ball, it's on the player to take it and run with it under their own power, making decisions as the situation develops. In a business context, taking the ball and running with it refers instead to working on a task independently.
# Business Intelligence/Create Dashboard prototype

* Purpose: this step produces a dashboard for the frame. The dashboard serves as the central report for the frame. In this sense the reporting system works like a hub and spoke system. The hub is the dashboard. Each spoke emanates from a KPI in order to provide detailed information.
* Input: KPI's, dimensions and budgets
* Activities: Create dashboard prototype
* Outputs: Dashboard prototype
* Documentation: Dashboard prototype documentation
Why Dashboard?
It is worth repeating that the purpose of businesses is to generate superior profitability over time (Porter 2000). Companies remain profitable by engaging in activities designed at strategic positioning, meaning performing different activities from rivals' or performing similar activities in a different way. These activities provide goods or services with greater value or at a lower cost (Porter 2000).
Decision makers must therefore focus on the activities designed to generate profits. However, overseeing activities is not possible. Instead, the decision maker focuses on measures of the effectiveness of activities. Specifically, are the activities meeting the strategic or core objectives. The metrics identified by the Chatterjee and Strategy Maps measure how effectively operational activities are meeting the strategic/core objectives.
Finally, remember that we are assuming that the theories behind the strategy were verified by testing the links in the causal link map. We are therefore assuming that achieving measures is an indication of effective execution that will sustain profitability. Since we assume that X-->Y then we want to monitor X. Note that we monitor X by identifying KPI's and developing measures.
This stage assumes that KPI's are a measure of how effectively companies are executing on important activities. Key Performance Indicators KPI ’s are financial and non-financial measures or metrics used to help an organization define and evaluate how successful it is, typically in terms of making progress towards its long-term organizational goals (see F. John Reh). We focus on leading indicators since we want quick feedback regarding operational performance and profitability. Decision makers should therefore focus their attention on KPI's in order to guide the business.
The best tool for focusing on KPI's is the dashboard. Dashboards “A dashboard is a visual display of the most important information needed to achieve one or more objectives; consolidated and arranged on a single screen so the information can be monitored at a glance.” This section assumes that dashboards are the most important report for decision makers to monitoring the business. This is due to the alignment between dashboard measures, KPI's and strategic execution. However, the most effective BI system allows the decision maker to dig deeper by look at other reports.
Example Dashboards
    Dashboard Media
There are seven items that constitute a dashboard (See Few ):
* Graphs
* Images
* Icons
* Drawing objects
* Text
* Organizers
* Command tools (buttons, sliders, etc.)
# Business English/Topics/Work

Working is good for your life. You might say, "I knew that".
# Business Intelligence/Align project with Information Technology Policies and Regulations

* Purpose: To align the frame with IT production specifications
* Input: Project charter and documentation
* Activities: Align project to IS policies and regulations
* Outputs: Project and policy alignment
* Documentation: Production specification: project alignment with policies and regulations
# Bookbinding/Introduction

   If books had been invented after the computer, they would have been considered a big breakthrough. Books have several hundred simultaneous paper-thin, flexible displays. They boot instantly. They run on very low power at a very low cost. -- Prof. Joseph M. Jacobson, MIT Media Lab
Books tend to be bound in factories these days, but the craft of binding books by hand has been practiced without interruption since the second century AD. There are many good reasons to learn these techniques, from preserving information to creating works of art in bound form. Whether the content is centuries old or yet to be created, whether the pages were mass-produced or written longhand, and whether the printing was done with a laser printer, movable type, or not at all, books have the same benefits: they turn a collection of loose, vulnerable pages into a compact, accessible package that's well-protected and easy to store.

## References

* ↑ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (April 8, 1998). "Creating 'the Last Book' to Hold All the Others" (in English). New York Times (New York). http://partners.nytimes.com/library/arts/040898book.html. Retrieved June 03, 2011.
# Bookbinding/Paper knife

The correct term for this instrument is a 'bone folder'. It is traditionally fashioned from dense wood or cow-bone. Commonly it is a double-sided dull knife with one dull pointed pyramid-apex at one end.