OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB English/Introduction

The guide helps students who are taking the IB Diploma, and who have chosen to study English as their primary Language -(English A). IB English is an extensive course with a choice of completing in Standard Level (SL) or Higher Level (HL).
The guide will assist students to do their best in their Year 12 Assessment, which includes World Literature Assignments, Taped Oral Presentation, Exam Commentary Oral and Exam Essays.
# How to Learn a Language/Reading and writing

* Do not underestimate reading. Read in the language as much as you can. Try children's stories first, moving on to newspapers and magazines as your vocabulary builds. Reading will dramatically improve your vocabulary, your spelling, your grammar and your knowledge of the language culture. It is almost a prerequisite for good writing.
* Get yourself bilingual books. Or get a book in the new language and the same book in one you already know. Read them together, matching words in the two languages. It helps if the languages are quite close. For instance, learning Spanish is easier starting from French than from English, because it's easier to see the more general structures.
* Relating to the above, one could watch a favorite film with audio in one language and subtitles of another. Anime fans will be pretty familiar with this method.
* A very good "first read" is the book "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. Originally in French, it is easily available in a lot of different languages. In many languages, it is even online (legally), and can be read for free. The book is short, interesting (even philosophical) and contains simple grammar and vocabulary. Another good book, for similar reasons, is "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum.
* Speed reading doesn't help when beginning to learn a language. Lip read so that you can hear yourself speaking. Speed reading discourages vocalization which is important when starting to learn a language. Speed reading of course has its place, but while beginning a language, a lot of 'hard' reading is required. Fundamental words and sentences need to be mastered. When one feels confident enough or is at an intermediate level, speed reading may help or could even be recommended.
* Get a digital dictionary. The much speedier word look-up will greatly ease your first readings. Plus, the clear separation of word meanings (which most paper dictionaries can't afford) will make it easier to grasp new words. Freedict offers a collection of freely available (and modifiable) dictionaries.
* Once you get a sufficient level of writing you can try to write on Wikimedia projects. You could try to add (or start) a Wikibook for learning a language, or translate a Wikipedia article of your interest, knowing that others, more advanced or native speakers, will correct you!
... Next: Polishing >>
# How to Learn a Language/Polishing

When you have reached the point where you feel more or less confident reading, try reading a grammar book in and about the language you are learning. It is not as painful as it sounds and will help you with difficult points. It will be both a review of the basic rules and an introduction to the more subtle aspects of every language. The hindsight will make the basic rules sound more clear and natural and you will be presented with a plethora of model sentences to further reinforce them. You will learn (or just review) the most basic and useful linguistic stuff, e.g.: what is a direct object, an adverb, a nasal consonant, an infinitive, a case, etc. Overall, you will end up with a much clearer and organized picture of the language as a whole.
... Next: Notes for teachers >>
# How to Learn a Language/See also

* Autonomous Technology-Assisted Language Learning
* A listing of language pages on Wikibooks
* How to study a language on the Internet and in your head (part of the Latin course)

### Wikipedia articles

* Language learning, Language acquisition, Language education
* Flashcards and spaced repetition
* Russian Accelerator Method
* Pimsleur language learning system
* Computer-assisted language learning
* Second language, English as an additional language
* Bilingual, Natural language
* List of languages, Language families and languages, List of linguistic topics, List of official languages, List of languages by total speakers
* Philosophy of language, Transculturation
* Evolutionary linguistics
* intonation, accent, pronunciation, Sound change, Phonics
* Sign language
* Language exchange
* Multilingual
* Polyglots-Significant people and geniuses who know many languages.

## External links

Reading
WordChamp Reading Aid, provides mouse-over dictionary definitions in target language
Quick TransLation (QTL) In-browser pop-up translator for firefox. Can, among other functions, Google translate any text you highlight. Often able to produce the intended meaning from literal wording that's not transparent to you from your native language.
Writing
* Collaborative Language Learning Post and get corrections from natives, correct other people's post, makes friends.
Speaking
* Skill Silo 1-on-1 language exchange site for students and teachers.
* The Mixxer Language exchange site for teachers and learners. Primarily for speaking practice, though provides wiki for written feedback as well.
* italki Language exchange site for students and teachers. Students can find free language partners and paid tutors.
Listening
* Streaming International TV
* Streaming International Radio
Vocabulary
Babbel Flash cards with audio based on themes.
Lessons
* MIT Open Courseware Course materials from Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Free ESL Lesson Planes, Worksheets, Handouts and Games
Pedagogy
* Commentary: You're not studying, you're just... | video by Ravi Purushotma.
* How to Learn a Language - Theory and online resources for learning a language.
# How to Frame a Picture/Tips for pastel drawings
## Tips for pastel drawings

* Ensure that the drawing is well bonded to the backing with ?sealant?
* Leave a gap at the bottom of the frame, between the paper and the matt, to allow for dust to settle inside the matt.
# How to Learn a Language

Your best starting point is to have either a pressing need, or a powerful desire to master the language. This may seem obvious, but interest combined with passion brings the best results. If you're not really enthusiastic about learning the language, then you will end up stalling or quitting. Your sustained interest is decisive - which is why courses with a teacher often work better than teaching yourself, as the structured setting and company can carry you over the inevitable slumps. If the choice of language isn't made for you, pick a language that you can use or practice often in your daily routine, or create such opportunities for yourself. Join a speaking club where the enthusiasm is infectious, or spend some time with cultural things that motivate you. Rod Ellis in "The Study of Second Language Acquisition" (1994) states "SLA research ...views motivation as a key factor in L2 learning." If possible, find materials like books, magazines, websites, radio, TV or movies in the target language as a supplement to other education. Like-minded buddies (in real life or on chat-sites, for instance) are even better. The more exposure you have to the language in actual use - whether passive (listening/viewing) or active (conversation, reading) - the better.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Vocabulary
* Speaking and understanding
* Pronunciation
* Reading and writing
* Polishing
* Notes for teachers
* See also
# How to Learn a Language/Notes for teachers
## Notes for teachers

    See also: How to Teach a Language.
Tips for teaching vocabulary:
* Use motion, not just memorizing.
* Sometimes it helps to know the etymology of a vocabulary word. This is particularly useful for learning languages in the same family as your native language. For example, an Anglophone learning German might find it useful to associate the word "fahren" (to drive) with the English cognate "fare." Likewise, "sauber" (clean) has the English cognate "sober." Wiktionary is typically a good tool for looking up etymology.

### Discussions

Discuss a controversial topic to get people talking. Take appropriate caution when dealing with sensitive topics, of course, though don't be afraid to ask if they want to talk about a topic.
Suggestions:
* My country: right or wrong?
* Is colonialism still going on today?

### Writing and translating

Exercise for intermediate to advanced students:
Contribute to Wikipedia (or other Wikimedia project) in the target language. You can use the Wikipedia article of your own language as a source for information.
* Write a stub article on a topic you know about.
* Expand an article (perhaps by just a sentence or paragraph, depending.)
* Find appropriate links in the target language, as alternatives to them, links in the source language.
* Many lesson plans can be found here: Lesson Plans - Teaching in China
Alternatively, the student may wish to write about the language, by adding to the Wikibook on that language.

## Footnotes

* ↑ For example, discussing Tibet and Taiwan when teaching English in China. Some English teachers report that they discuss such issues with no problems. - see also the discussions TOP 10 TABOO CLASSROOM DISCUSSION TOPICS FOR NEWCOMERS at Dave's ESL Cafe) and What is the correct role of an EFL teacher in China ......... Of course, use your own discretion. It will partly depend on the sensitivity you show and your willingness to hear their opinions, as well as the particular setting and particular students.
... Next: See also >>
# How to Learn a Language/Pronunciation

Improving your pronunciation will obviously help you to communicate, as people will understand what you are saying. Less obvious is that improving your pronunciation can help you to understand when someone else speaks the language (as you better understand what the sounds represent). You don't have to be perfect, but if you improve your pronunciation a bit, you might improve your communication a lot. Fluency is more important than the precise enunciation of each separate sound. Practice the rhythms and intonations of whole phrases and sentences rather than individual words. Do as much work as you can in the form of questions and answers, and chain these together. (For example, in English: "Do you speak Spanish?" "Yes, I do" "Does your friend speak Spanish?" "Yes, she does", or: "Do you speak Hungarian?" "No, I don't" "Does your boyfriend speak Hungarian?" "No, he doesn't". The important thing is to sound natural and unforced - then people will feel at ease talking to you and won't get tired or irritated trying to make out what you're trying to say. A good example of natural speech in a foreign language (despite an accent) would be Marlon Brando speaking French in Last Tango in Paris.
* Try not to simply pronounce the words as if they were written in your native language. Listen to how the locals pronounce it.
* Especially if you like doing things systematically, learn the pronunciation rules of the language.
* Work out what is different about the way native speakers speak, compared to your own native language and accent. The "neutral state" of the mouth is different in different languages, and if you learn what it is and imitate it, your pronunciation will automatically improve.
** Do they keep their tongues further forward in the mouth? (e.g. Indonesian).
** Do they often curl their tongues back (like the English "r")? (e.g. Mandarin)
** Do they speak from the back of the throat?
* Sit down with a native speaker and go through the alphabet. Ask them to help you pronounce the letters like a native speaker. Sometimes it helps to ask where they put their tongue when pronouncing a certain letter.
... Next: Reading and Writing >>
# HydroGeoSphere/Discrete Fractures
## Default discrete fracture transport values

By default, all fracture zones (and elements) in the domain will be assigned default transport properties which are listed in Table 5.22:
Table 5.22: Default Values for Discrete Fracture Transport Properties :
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
| Longitudinal dispersivity ${\alpha }_{l}$ | 1.0 | m |
| Transverse dispersivity ${\alpha }_{t}$ | 0.1 | m |
The following instructions can be applied to discrete fractures, as discussed in Section 5.8.1, to modify the default transport parameters. For each instruction we will indicate its scope (i.e. .grok, .fprops). Recall that if an instruction is used in the prefix.grok file, it will affect the current set of chosen zones, while in a properties (e.g. .fprops) file, it will only affect the named material of which it is a part.

## Longitudinal dispersivity

Scope: .grok .fprops
* val
Longitudinal dispersivity [L], similar to ${\alpha }_{l}$ in Equation 2.97.

## Transverse dispersivity

Scope: .grok .fprops
* val Transverse dispersivity [L], similar to ${\alpha }_{t}$ in Equation 2.97.

## Coupling dispersivity

Scope: .grok .oprops
* val Dispersivity value [L] to be applied during exchange between the overland flow and subsurface domains.
Default value is 0.0.
# HydroGeoSphere/Drain Flux

NOTE: not tested or fully implemented, but will be something like this.
Assigns a drain flux boundary condition, as described in Section 3.7.1 to nodes in the specified set. These nodes are normally located on the surface of the domain. The fundamental difference between river and drain flux nodes is that drain nodes only allow water to flow out of the system, depending on the difference in head between the drain node and the specified drain head value.
The following instructions can be used as input to the Type instruction inside the Boundary condition...End instruction group to assign a drain flux boundary condition:

## Simple drain

Sets the input type to be a drain flux drainage boundary condition.
For example:
This example shows the use of a time value table instruction to define the drain conductance (1.e-5) and drain head (25.) values. This would not be very useful in most cases, since conductance and head would vary from drain node to drain node. In such cases, the inputs would be defined by a time file table, with unique values given for each node:
Here, the drain flux boundary condition would become inactive after time 1000 and the nodes would become unconstrained. In this case, the file my_drain.lst would contain two values per line, the drain conductance and head value, and one line for each node in the set.
# HydroGeoSphere/Defining a New Zone

In order to define a new zone, elements of the proper type must first be chosen using the instructions given in Section 5.4. For example, 3-D block elements must first be selected before a new porous media or dual zone can be defined, 2-D rectangular faces are selected for fracture or surface zones and 1-D segments are selected for channel zones.
In a problem where there are to be dual, fracture, surface or channel zone types, a new zone must be defined since the default situation after grid generation is that there are no elements of these types. This is not the case for porous media zones, where by default all 3-D elements are in porous media zone 1.
Once elements of the appropriate type have been chosen, the following command groups them into a single zone.

## New zone

* num_zone Zone number.
Chosen elements are assigned a new zone number.
If num_zone is greater than the total number of zones of the current media type, the total number of zones will be incremented and default properties for that media type will be assigned.
The following set of instructions, inserted in the prefix.grok file would create a new fracture zone:

## Assign zone zero

Assign all elements to zone number zero.
This instruction was added for the case where we are using multiple surfaces to choose elements and assign them unique zone numbers. If we first assign all elements to zone zero, we can then find elements that were not chosen by any surface and are still assigned to zone zero.
# HydroGeoSphere/Density-Dependent Flow and Transport Solution

This option should only be used for fully-saturated flow conditions.
# HydroGeoSphere/Discrete Fracture Flow

By default, HydroGeoSphere does not simulate discrete fracture flow unless a discrete fracture flow zone is created using the methods and instructions outlined in Section 5.8.2.
Also by default, HydroGeoSphere uses the common node approach to define the discrete fracture flow domain. If the dual-node approach is required, you must issue the following instruction:
       Dual nodes for fracture flow
# HydroGeoSphere/Defining New Zones Using GridBuilder .GEN Files

The following command can be used to assign porous media element zone numbers using .gen files created by GridBuilder.

## Zone by gb gen file

* fname Name of the GridBuilder .gen file.
All elements in the grid will be assigned zone numbers from the GridBuilder .gen file. Since these files are 2-dimensional, elements with the same x- and y- centroid coordinates will be assigned the same zone number, regardless of their z-coordinate.
If elements are found which are outside the region defined in the GridBuilder file, the zone number 0 (zero) will be assigned and a warning will be issued.
In the case of grok grids which have been flipped using the Y vertical instruction, the x- and z- centroid coordinates are used instead to determine the zone number.
# Indian Civil Services Examination Handbook/Aptitude
## Previous years' questions
### 2013

What do you understand by the following terms in the context of public service? (250 words)
(i) Integrity
(ii) Perseverance
(iii) Spirit of service
(iv) Commitment
(v) Courage of conviction
Indicate two more attributes which you consider important for public service. Justify your answer. (100 words)
# Indian Civil Services Examination Handbook/Effects of globalization
### Previous years questions

Critically examine the effect of globalization on the aged population in India. (200 words) [2013]
# Indian Civil Services Examination Handbook/Ethics in Public Administration
## Previous years' questions
### 2013

What do you understand by ‘values’ and ‘ethics’? In what way is it important to be ethical along with being professionally competent? (150 words)
What do you understand by the term ‘voice of conscience’? How do you prepare yourself to heed to the voice of conscience? (150 words)
What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience’? Narrate one incident in your life when you were faced with such a crisis and how you resolved the same. (150 words)
# Indian Civil Services Examination Handbook/Geographical features
## Geographical features and their location
### Previous years questions

Why are the world’s fold mountain systems located along the margins of continents? Bring out the association between the global distribution of fold mountains and the earthquakes and volcanoes. (150 words) [2014]

## Changes in critical geographical features
### Previous years questions

Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. (100 words) [2013]
Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the El Niño effect. Do you agree? (150 words) [2014]
Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. (150 words) [2014]
# Indian Civil Services Examination Handbook/Geophysical phenomena
### Previous years questions
###### Earthquakes
###### Cyclone

The recent cyclone on east coast of India was called 'Phailin'. How are the tropical cyclones named across the world? Elaborate. (100 words) [2013]
Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Why? (150 words) [2014]

###### Others

Bring out the causes for more frequent occurrence of landslides in the Himalayas than in the Western Ghats. (100 words) [2013]
# Indian Civil Services Examination Handbook/Emotional Intelligence
## Previous years' questions
### 2013

What is ‘emotional intelligence’ and how can it be developed in people? How does it help an individual in taking ethical decisions? (150 words)
# Indian Civil Services Examination Handbook/Attitude
## Previous years' questions
### 2013

It is often said that ‘politics’ and ‘ethics’ do not go together. What is your opinion in this regard? Justify your answer with illustrations. (150 words)
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Iormûngr

Iormúngr was a dragon. He was bound to a Rider, but fathered Saphira with a wild dragon named Vervada. Saphira describes him as one of the best dragons, and is delighted to have him as a father. Iormúngr was killed in the User:Artix Kreiger/Inheritance Cycle/Events/Fall of the Riders, along with Vervada. Strangely, very little is known about Iormúngr, not even the color of his scales or the name of the Rider he was bonded to.

## Physical Appearance

When asked what color Iormúngr and Vervada were in a Q&A session, Christopher Paolini said, "I've yet to decide that, actually, but with a name like Vervada, I wouldn't be surprised if Saphira's mother was crimson."
As Vervada, Saphira's mother, was mostly likely "crimson", Iormúngr may have been a blue color, like his daughter, Saphira II.

## References

* ↑ Q&As with Christopher
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Lenora (Dragon)

Lenora was the name of a female dragon that was in the list of names Brom gave to Eragon as a guideline for a name for Saphira.
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Opheila

Opheila was a female dragon. This name was mentioned in the list of names that Brm gave Eragon in the chapter Tea for Two as suggestions for names for Saphira. Eragon considered naming Saphira that, but Saphira discarded the name.
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Jura

Jura was a female Dragon Rider who fought in the Dragon War. This name was mentioned in the list of names that Brom gave Eragon as suggestions for names for Saphira.
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Ohen the Strong

Ohen the Strong was a Dragon Rider before the Fall. He was mentioned by User:Artix Kreiger/Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Brom at his house in Carvahall, when Eragon was looking for a name for his dragon.
From the French (Ohen le Puissant) and German (Ohen der Starke) translations, Ohen is said to be male but in the original English version, his gender was unspecified.

## Sources

* Eragon
* Eragon's Guide to Alagaësia
* The Inheritance Almanac, page 211
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Roslarb

Roslarb was a Dragon Rider who lived during the time of the Dragon War. This name was mentioned while Brom was giving Eragon a list of names for Saphira.
# Inheritance Cycle/Characters/Miremel

Miremel was a brown female dragon. Her name was one of those that Brom told Eraon at his house in Carvahall, when Eragon was looking for a name for Saphira.