OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Introduction
## Aim of the Book

This wiki book aims to give a general overview of taxation in the United Kingdom.

## Different types of taxes

Taxation in the United Kingdom is levied in a number of ways:

### Direct Taxes

These are levied directly upon the taxpayer and are generally taken from the taxpayer's income.
* Income tax
* Capital gains tax
* Corporation tax
* National insurance
* Stamp taxes
* Council tax
* Inheritance tax
* Business rates

### Indirect Taxes

These are collected through an intermediary such as a reseller and are generally a tax upon consumption.
* Value added tax
* Levies on specific goods (alcohol, hydrocarbons, tobacco, etc)
* Insurance premium tax
* Petroleum revenue tax
* Aggregates levy
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Income tax

In the personal income taxation computations, one counts all the income of individuals from different sources, and then subtracts the allowable deduction from that (those which are allowed by the H.M.R.C.) In the United Kingdom, the income sources are classified into three: Non-Savings Income, Savings Income & U.K. Dividend. For all three there are three bands suggested to divide/classify the levels of income, on which tax is liable to U.K. Government (of course we must take into account that taxation is one of the major sources of income for any government). These bands are Starting Band, Basic Band and Higher Band.
Income Tax and Capital Gains Tax rates
# Transport/Infrastructure

* Maps
* Lighthouse
* Viaduct
* Parking lot
* Overhead cables

## Cost

* Cost-benefit analysis
* Passengers
* Subsidy - Roads are the most subsidised infrastructure especially controlled access highways (freeways, motorways).
* Space
* Traffic flow
* Demand (induced)
The longest tram line in the world at 42 miles is Coast Tram (Belgium).

## References

* ↑ https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2017/02/dont-demonize-driving-just-stop-subsidizing-it/517044/
# Transport/Society
## Usage

Usage is measured in number of passengers and also use measured by distance travelled.

## Safety

Safety of transport is measured in accident numbers. Sometimes comparisons per distance travelled.

### Student

Particularly Student transport has safety as important. Student transport is travel to and from school and for students during the school term.

## Size
### Capacity

* Symphony of the Seas can carry 6680 passengers.

## Speed

* The fastest wheeled train is the TGV POS V150.

## Power

The most powerful car is the Koenigsegg Regera with 1479 horse power.

## Accessibility

* Low-floor bus
* Kneeling bus
* Invalid carriage
* Invacar
For the disabled or visually impaired, walking may require tactile pavement at junctions and audible crossing alerts. Buses and trains may require low floors with platforms requiring high for step-free boarding. Station platforms may require a Harrington hump. Recumbent cycling provision may be required.

## Sustainability

* Fuel cell bus exhaust in London
* Carbon Emissions Per Passenger
* A green transport hierarchy
Sustainability is measured in construction, pollution (which includes fuel efficiency) and disposal. Sometimes it is divided by number of passengers.

## Model

The largest Model Railway in the World is Minatur Wunderland in Hamburg. G scale (Garden, 1∶24 scale) is most popular for backyard modelling.

## Questions

What is a measure of the sustainability? What is the best measure? What measures the largest transport in size? What measures the most popular transport used?

## References

* ↑ https://www.businessinsider.com/royal-caribbean-debuts-worlds-largest-cruise-ship-photos-2018-4?r=US&IR=T
* ↑ https://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature-top-ten-fastest-trains-in-the-world/
* ↑ https://www.topgear.com/car-news/mavericks/nine-of-the-most-powerful-production-cars-on-sale-today
# Transport/Outline
## Driving

Driving is the control of the transport usually termed a vehicle. It involves steering to choose the direction and controlling the speed. In transport, driving is moving the driver rather than any passengers necessarily. It also involves stopping and manoeuvring in traffic on roads. On mechanised vehicles such as bicycles or cars, it also involves controlling lights and gears.

### Riding

For use of animals it is called riding, principally in reference to horses. Originally driving referred to the occupation of driving working animals.

## Shipping

Shipping is use to refer to movement of goods and cargo, or sometimes termed freight. Originally shipping meant by water or sea as this was the predominant form of transport until the 18th Century. Since the advent of railway transport in the 19th Century and road transport in the 20th Century, the term shipping has expanded to include those too. In the postwar period due to advances in aviation, shipping can also include movement by air.

## Travel

The term travel (in contrast to driving and shipping) means transport of passengers who are not necessarily themselves driving and are not goods or freight. Transport by foot, is one mode that is overwhelmingly generally going to be termed travel rather than driving or shipping (unless using a handcart to move goods).
# Transport/Vehicles

Wheeled. Rapid transit.

## Wheels

Wheels can be rubber which particulates generate air pollution or metal. Wheelsets can be bogies. Tracks can be trails, roads or guided (rails).

## Multiple units

Platoon. Road train. Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU). Electric Multiple Unit (EMU).

## Motive power

* Animal
* Human
* Diesel
* Hydrogen
* Wind

## Passenger
### Personal transport

* Bicycle is a two wheeled form of transport
* Sled
* Pedestrianism
* Horse

### Public transport

* Tram
* Trolleybus
* Train
* Cruise ship
* Airplane
* Zeppelin

### Rapid

* Light rail

## Freight transport

* Tractor
* Road train

## Questions

* Is a horse a vehicle?
* Is a walking bus a vehicle?
* Is a bike bus a vehicle?
* Is an airplane public transport?
* What is a car transporter?
* What is a tram-train?
* What type is a rubber-tyred metro?
* What is a trackless train?
# Transport

This book is a non-technical non-academic broad look at many forms of transport across many different modes for many purposes, especially passenger travel. The histories of all transport modes are discussed comparatively including in relation to transport today. It also looks at wider issues for society in relation to transport including sustainability. It also acts as a guide to transport infrastructure and vehicles.

## Table of Contents

* History - The evolution of walking. The invention of the wheel and axle. Transport before mechanized transport.
* Outline - Terminology and driving, shipping, piloting and traveling purposes of transport.
* Modes of transport - Air (aviation), water and land transport (road, rail etc.).
* Vehicles - A comprehensive and comparative look at all vehicles, including mechanised and motorised vehicles.
* Infrastructure - Bridges, viaducts, tunnels, parking lots, termini for buses and trains.
* Society - Other issues including capacity, safety and sustainability.
* About
* Authors
* Contributing
# Transport/About

Transport book is suitable for beginner readers. The book is a focus on as diverse forms of transport as possible and not focused on cars. The book focuses on passenger transport rather than freight or military transport although these can be mentioned in passing. The book illustrates the wide variety of passenger transport especially in history. The book is not a technical manual or based on any qualification (this used to be a redirect to Fundamentals of Transportation). Illustrations will show transport in use not images of transport static and unused for transport or in a museum where possible.
# Transport/Contributing

Cars should be mentioned on an equal basis to other vehicles and transport and comparatively. Illustrate with images of transport in use rather than static. Do not use academic language.
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yang Zhen Dan

The formula Yang Zhen Dan, designed enrich blood, promote the growth of hair, expel wind, regulate the flow of qi, activate the meridians and collaterals, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese |
| 1 | Qiang Huo | 羌活 |
| 2 | Mu Gua | 木瓜 |
| 3 | Tian Ma | 天麻 |
| 4 | Dang Gui | 当归 |
| 5 | Bai Shao Yao | 白芍药 |
| 6 | Tu Si Zi | 菟丝子 |
| 7 | Shu Di Huang | 熟地黄 |
| 8 | Chuan Xiong | 川芎 |
back to :
* Formula Design
* Glossaries
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yi Yi Fu Zi Bai Jiang San

Yi Yi Fu Zi Bai Jiang San is composed of
* Yi Yi Ren (Semen Coicis) : 30g
* Bai Jiang Cao (Herba cum Radice Patriniae) : 15g
* Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) : 6g
Note:
back to:
* Formulations That Treat Abscesses And Sores
* Classification Of Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang

The formula Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang, designed to nourish yin, clear the lung, and remove toxic materials, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Sheng Di Huang | 生地黄 | 9 |
| 2 | Xuan Shen | 玄参 | 6 |
| 3 | Mai Men Dong | 麦门冬 | 6 |
| 4 | Bai Shao Yao | 白芍药 | 6 |
| 5 | Mu Dan Pi | 牡丹皮 | 6 |
| 6 | Zhe Bei Mu | 浙贝母 | 6 |
| 7 | Bo He | 薄荷 | 3 |
| 8 | Sheng Gan Cao | 生甘草 | 3 |
back to :
* Moistening The Lung By Removing Dryness
* Formula Design
* Glossaries
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yi Yi Ren Tang

Yi Yi Ren Tang is composed of:
* Yi Yi Ren (Semen Coicis) : 9g
* Gua Lou Zi (Semen Trichosanthis) : 9g
* Mu Dan Pi (Cortex Moutan) : 6g
* Tao Ren (Semen Persicae) : 6g
Note:
back to:
* Formulations That Treat Abscesses And Sores
* Classification Of Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yi Zi Tang

Yi Zi Tang consists of the following:
* Chai Hu (Radix Bupleuri) 5g
* Sheng Ma (Rhizoma Cimicifugae.) 1g
* Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) 6g
* Gan Cao (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) 3g
* Huang Qin (Radix Scutellariae) 3g
* Da Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) 1g
In TCM, Yi Zi Tang is primarily used to treat hemorrhoids and constipation caused by accumulation of dampness, heat, and toxins in the lower jiao.
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Ying Zhong San

The formula Ying Zhong San, designed to expel wind, remove heat, activate blood and clear toxic materials, to treat various diseases of the head and face due to the upward invasion of blood-heat stagnation of noxious heat consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Sheng Da Huang (fried with wine) | 生大黄 | 6 |
| 2 | Chuan Xiong | 川芎 | 6 |
back to :
* Formula Design
* Glossaries
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yang Xue Sheng Fa Tang

The formula Yang Xue Sheng Fa Tang, designed to address headache, alopecia and vertigo, to enrich blood, to nourish and grow hair, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese |
| 1 | Sheng Di Huang | 生地黄 |
| 2 | Bai Shao Yao | 白芍药 |
| 3 | Suan Zao Ren | 酸枣仁 |
| 4 | Chuan Xiong | 川芎 |
| 5 | Sang Ye | 桑实 |
| 6 | Gou Qi Zi | 枸杞子 |
| 7 | Hei Zhi Ma | 黑芝麻 |
| 8 | Wu Wei Zi | 五味子(北五味子) |
| 9 | Bai Zi Ren | 柏子仁 |
| 10 | Ju Hua | 菊花 |
| 11 | Dang Gui | 当归 |
| 12 | Da Zao | 大枣 |
back to :
* Formula Design
* Glossaries
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yi Guan Jian

The formula Yi Guan Jian, designed to nourish yin and soothe the liver, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Bei Sha Shen | 北沙参 | 9 |
| 2 | Mai Men Dong | 麦门冬 | 9 |
| 3 | Sheng Di Huang | 生地黄 | 15 |
| 4 | Gou Qi Zi | 枸杞子 | 9 |
| 5 | Dang Gui | 当归 | 9 |
| 6 | Chuan Lian Zi | 川楝子 | 6 |
back to:
* Regulating The Liver By Enriching The Blood
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yi Qi Cong Ming Tang

The formula Yi Qi Cong Ming Tang, designed to replenish qi and lift yang, improve hearing and acuity of sight, manifested as beginning of cataract, dim view, blurring vision, deafness and tinnitus, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Zhi Huang Qi | 炙黄芪 | 15 |
| 2 | Ren Shen | 人参 | 15 |
| 3 | Bai Shao Yao | 白芍药 | 3 |
| 4 | Huang Bai | 黄柏(黄檗) | 3 |
| 5 | Sheng Ma | 升麻 | 6 |
| 6 | Ge Gen | 葛根 | 6 |
| 7 | Man Jing Zi | 蔓荆子 | 6 |
| 8 | Sheng Gan Cao | 生甘草 | 15 |
back to :
* Formula Design
* Glossaries
* Prescriptions
# Traditional Chinese Medicine/Yin Qiao San

The formula Yin Qiao San, designed to relieve the exterior with pungent and cool herbs, consists of the following:
| No. | Pinyin | Simplified Chinese | Grams |
| 1 | Jin Yin Hua | 金银花(忍冬) | 9.0 |
| 2 | Lian Qiao | 连翘 | 9.0 |
| 3 | Ku Jie Geng | 苦桔梗 | 6.0 |
| 4 | Zhu Ye | 竹叶 | 3.0 |
| 5 | Bo He | 薄荷 | 6.0 |
| 6 | Sheng Gan Cao | 生甘草 | 6.0 |
| 7 | Jing Jie Sui | 荆芥穗 | 6.0 |
| 8 | Dan Dou Chi | 淡豆豉 | 6.0 |
| 9 | Niu Bang Zi | 牛蒡子 | 9.0 |
| 10 | Lu Gen | 芦根 | 9.0 |
back to :
* Relieving The Exterior With Pungent And Cool Herbs
* Formula Design
* Prescriptions
# WebObjects/EOF/Using EOF/Logging
### Overview

You can turn SQL logging on when launching by using -DEOAdaptorDebugEnabled=true or EOAdaptorDebugEnabled YES. However, this can slam out a ton of SQL. While this is useful for some debugging it is way too much to sift through when trying to analyze a particular problem.
You can use this method to selectively enable and disable SQL logging:
This can be useful for such things as determining what fetches are performed when a page is rendered:
# WebObjects/EOF/Using EOF/EO Editing Context
### localInstanceOfObject
#### Pierce T. Wetter III

I thought I'd expand on that last sentence because localInstanceOfObject seems to confuse multiple people.
localInstanceOfObject actually returns a _fault_ from the new editing context for the passed in object.
If you have 2 peer contexts:
and you call localInstanceOfObject, and the object is in the database, you'll get a copy of the databaseContext snapshot of the object when the fault resolves from ec2. That is, the editing context goes up one level to the database context and returns whatever the database context has, not whatever ec1 has (because they're peers). If its an uncommitted object, then the object only exists in ec1, so the fault can't resolve into ec2. Similarly, any uncommitted changes in general from ec1 won't show up in ec2, because they're peers.
What Mark just said was that if you have an uncommitted object, and you have:
(i.e. ec2 and ec3 are child editing contexts of ec1, but peers of each other)
Then when the fault fires in ec3, it goes up one level, pulls the objects and changes from ec1 (committed or not) and returns it to you in ec3. But that only works because ec1 is common to both ec2 and ec3. In other word, localInstanceOfObject returns an object from "one level above" the source editing context which is not necessarily a copy of the object you want, it depends on how the destination context lies with respect to the source context.
# WebObjects/EOF/Using EOF/Primary Keys
## Accessing Primary Keys

When your primary key is not visible as a class property, the documented way to obtain the primary key values is with EOUtilities.primaryKeyForObject. This works, but in the case where you have a single non-compound primary key, you need a few more lines of code to pull out this pk value. More troubling, the EOUtilities method, when called with a fault, will cause the fault to be resolved. The fault does not really need to be resolved to get the primary key, as the pk value is present even in the fault.
Here's a method that works for EOs which have a single Integer primary key, to pull out that pk value, and without resolving a fault (possibly causing a trip to the db) when called on a fault value:
You can also use the EOUtilities method but please note that, at least as of WO5, there are two somewhat undesirable aspects of this EOUtilities code:
* If the EO is a fault, calling the EOUtilities method will cause the fault to be resolved, possibly requiring a trip to the db, even though pk info is already present in the fault and the trip to the db is really unnecessary at this point.
* If the EO has just been inserted and not yet committed, it does not have a pk yet, and the EOUtilities code will throw an exception. And it's not a logical exception corresponding to "no pk yet", but rather some uncaught exception thrown by some surprised Apple code.

## Assigning Primary Keys

Usually EOF doesn't get around to generating/inserting primary keys until you actually saveChanges on an EOEditingContext containing newly created about-to-be saved EOEnterpriseObjects.
But sometimes you want to assign a permanent pk as soon as you create the EOEnterpriseObject, not wait until it's actually committed to the db. Here's some code to do that, which, in a given situation, will generate the pk in the same way that EOF would have generated it later, but do it right away. [Thanks to Pierre Barnard]
There are 2 insertObjectWithGlobalID methods in EOEditingContext. One has a name prefixed by an underscore. The regular one seems to call that one. For most uses overriding the regular one should be sufficient. With JavaClient however, the regular one is not called. On the server side only the one with the underscore is called. You'll have to override the method with the underscore in the server side context as the above will work only on the server.
If you use nested ECs in a standard WO application you might have to override the same semi-private method should you want the parent EC to handle PK creation.
BTW, I believe EOF does some optimization by retrieving PKs in batches rather than one by one. You lose that when using the above code.
# WebObjects/EOF/Using EOF/Multiple Stacks or Instances
### Overview
#### Anjo Krank

This is what the ERXObjectStoreCoordinatorPool does. You need to create each EC via the ERXEC factory to use it. Basically it assigns each session an OSC from a pool (more info is in the docs and the code). This does not help you when you have long-running statements going on, as there still sessions blocked - albeit not so many.
If you have long-running stuff, then you should create an OSC especially for them and use a long-running page.

### Synchronizing Multiple EOF Stacks

The problem is synchronizing multiple EOF stacks is essentially the same as synchronizing multiple instances of your WebObjects application. Typically the same tricks apply to both.

#### WireHose

* Wirehose Change Notification
* ERChangeNotificationJMS
* ERXObjectStoreCoordinatorSynchronizer

#### Christian Pekeler

I prefer architectures where the database is the private store of one application (or a set of related applications built using the same technology - WO/EOF in our case). So if you need a different kind of application to change data, let it go trough the application that own the DB instead of giving it direct access to the DB.
Just recently I was involved in a project that heavily relied on DB triggers. We created a new WO application called CheckInProcessor. It listened on a port for new data (using a proprietary protocol). The external app that used to write new data directly to the DB was changed to send the data to the CheckInProcessor. The CheckInProcessor writes that new data to the DB, performs tasks equivalent to the old triggers, and notified the other WO apps of any changes (using WONDER's EOUpdateNotification framework).
# WebObjects/EOF/Using EOF/Fetch Limits
### Overview

By default, when you use an EOFetchSpecification, it will fetch all of the EOs that match its EOQualifier. However, often the user interface you will be using is paginated, and there are large performance wins by instead loading your results in pages.

### Core WO

EOFetchSpecification provides a setFetchLimit(int) method, but it does not directly support pagination, rather it will simply stop returning results after the number specified. This is useful for a cut-and-run approach to querying, but if you need to provide multiple pages of results, you will likely need to look elsewhere.

### Project Wonder

Project Wonder provides several facilities for addressing this problem:
* ERXEOControlUtilities.objectsInRange(ec, fs, start, end) for Postgres, MySQL, and Frontbase
* ERXBatchingDisplayGroup
* ERXRecursiveBatchFetching
WODisplayGroup
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1857-61
## 1857-61 Issue

Perforated 15. Printed by Toppan, Carpenter & Co.
* George Washington 3¢
* George Washington 3¢
* George Washington 3¢, 1861
* Thomas Jefferson 5¢, 1857
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1873
## 1873 Issue

Perforated 12. Printed by the Continental Bank Note Co.
* George Washington, 3¢
* George Washington, 3¢ detail showing secret marks
* George Washington 3¢, 1873
* Washington, 3¢ detail showing secret marks
* Edwin M. Stanton, 7¢
* Edwin M. Stanton, 7¢ detail showing secret marks
* George Washington, 3¢ U.S. War Dept. stamp
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1879
## 1879 Issue

Perforated 12. Printed by the American Bank Note Company on soft porous paper.
* Oliver Hazard Perry, 90¢
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1867
## 1867 Issue

Perforated 12 and grilled. Printed by the National Bank Note Co.
* George Washington, 3¢
* George Washington, 3¢ with "F-grill"
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1869
## 1869 Issue

Perforated 12 and grilled. Printed by the National Bank Note Co.
* Post Horse & Rider, 2¢
* Locomotive, 3¢
* 3¢ with "G-grill"
* Landing of Columbus, 15¢
* Signing of Declaration, 24¢
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1870-71
## 1870-71 Issue

Perforated 12. Printed by the National Bank Note Co.
* Benjamin Franklin, 1¢
* Andrew Jackson, 2¢ (brown)
* Andrew Jackson, 2¢ (red)
* George Washington, 3¢
* George Washington, 3¢
* Washington, 3¢ detail
* Edwin M. Stanton, 7¢
* Stanton, 7¢ (detail)
* Thomas Jefferson, 10¢
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1881-82
## 1881-82 Issue

Perforated 12. Printed by the American Bank Note Company.
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1851-57
## USA-1851 (1851-57 Issue)

Imperforate. Printed by Toppan, Carpenter, Chasilear & Co.
* Benjamin Franklin 1¢USA-1851-0101- -0111 : Blue (Type 1)-0112 : Blue (Type 1a) -0113 : Blue (Type 1b) -0114 : Blue (Type 1c)Benjamin Franklin 1¢ USA-1851-0101- -0111 : Blue (Type 1) -0112 : Blue (Type 1a) -0113 : Blue (Type 1b) -0114 : Blue (Type 1c)
* Benjamin Franklin 1¢ USA-1851-0101- -0121 : Blue (Type 2) (The top and bottom lines are complete, but the top ornaments may be cut away, and bottom of lower scrolls and plumes are missing.)
* Benjamin Franklin 1¢USA-1851-0101- -0131 : Blue (Type 3)-0132 : Blue (Type 3a)Benjamin Franklin 1¢ USA-1851-0101- -0131 : Blue (Type 3) -0132 : Blue (Type 3a)
* Benjamin Franklin 1¢ USA-1851-0101- -0141 : Blue (Type 4)
* Benjamin Franklin 1¢ 1 Type II, 2 Type IVs, 1851
* Benjamin Franklin 1¢
* George Washington 3¢, 1851, possibly from a cracked plate
* George Washington 3¢, 1851, detail of previous
* George Washington 3¢, 1851
* Thomas Jefferson 5¢, 1856
* George Washington 10¢, Type III, 1855
* George Washington 12¢, 1851
* Thomas Jefferson 5¢, 1857
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1861-66
## 1861-66 Issue

Perforated 12. Printed by the National Bank Note Co.
* Benjamin Franklin 1¢, 1861
* Andrew Jackson 2¢, 1863, the "Black Jack"
* Thomas Jefferson 5¢, 1861
* Abraham Lincoln 15¢, 1866
* George Washington 3¢, 1862 revenue stamp
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1883
## 1883 Issue

Perforated 12. Printed by the American Bank Note Company.
* George Washington, 2¢