OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1910s
## 1910s

* George Washington 1¢, 1912
* George Washington 2¢, 1914
* George Washington 3¢, 1917 perf-10 line (2)
* George Washington 4¢, 1908
* George Washington 5¢, 1912
* George Washington 7¢, 1916
* Benjamin Franklin 12¢, 1917

## 1918

* Benjamin_Franklin, "The Big Bens" $2 & $5

## 1913 Parcel Post Issue

* Post Office Clerk 1¢, 1913 Parcel Post
* Aeroplane Carrying Mail 20¢, 1913 Parcel Post

## 1918 Airmail Issues

* Curtiss JN4 24¢, 1918 "Inverted Jenny"
* Curtiss Jenny 24¢, 1918
* Curtiss Jenny 24¢, 1918 "Fast Plane"
* Comparison of normal and "Fast Plane" varieties
| Date Issued | Denom. | Paper. | Color | Perf. | Type Die/Wmk | Subject | Cat. No. Mi/Sc/Gi | Design | No. Issued | Designer/ Engraver | notes |
| May 13, 1918 | 24¢ | | Rose & Blue | 11 | invert | Inverted Curtis Jenny Biplane | C3a | | 100 | Claire Aubrey Huston Engravers: J. Eissler and Edward M. Hall | see also |
| May 13, 1918 | 24¢ | | Rose & Blue | 11 | | Curtis Jenny Biplane | C3 | | 3,095,955 | Claire Aubrey Huston Engravers: J. Eissler and Edward M. Hall | |
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1920s
## 1920s

* The Mayflower, 1¢
* 15¢, 1928 Special Handling
* James Garfield 6¢, 1929 overprinted "Kans."

## 1925

* Washington at Cambridge, 1¢
* Lexington and Concord, 2¢
* Lexington and Concord, 5¢
* Norwegian Sloop, 2¢
* Viking Ship, 5¢
* Norse-American 5¢, detail
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1960s
## 1960s

* Camp Fire Girls, 4¢, 1960
* Project Mercury, 4¢, 1962
* Dag Hammarskjold, 4¢, 1962, inverted yellow
* Fort Sumter Centenial, 1961, 4c
* Battle of Shiloh, 1962, 4c
* Gettysburg Centenial, 1963, 5c
* Appomattox Centenial, 1965, 5c
* The Wilderness Centenial, 1964, 5c
* Robert H. Goddard, 1964
* Mary Cassatt, 5¢, 1966 (Mr. Zip in margin)
* Washington, 5¢, 1966
* Washington, 5¢, 1967 (updated drawing)
* National Grange, 5¢, 1967
* Oliver Wendell Holmes, 15¢, 1968
* First Man on the Moon, 10¢, 1969, Air Mail

## 1962

| Date Issued | Denom. | Paper. | Type Die/Wmk | Subject | Cat. No. Mi/Sc/Gi | No. Issued | Designer/ Engraver |
| Nov 16, 1962 | 4¢ | brn, blk & yel | I | Dag Hammarskjöld | 1204 | 32,216,000 | des: Eng: |
| | | | II | | | 4,027,000 | |
| | | | III | | | 4,027,000 | |
| Feb 20, 1962 | 4¢ | | | Project Mercury | | | des: Eng: |
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1904
## 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commemoratives

* Robert Livingston, 1¢
* Thomas Jefferson, 2¢
* James Monroe, 3¢
* William McKinley, 5¢
* Map of Louisiana Purchase, 10¢
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1908
## 1908-09 Issue

| Benjamin Franklin 1¢ | George Washington 2¢ | George Washington 3¢ | George Washington 15¢ |

## 1908-10 Coil Stamps

* George Washington 1¢, 1908 series coil stamp
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1950s
## 1950s

* Newspaper Boys, 3¢, 1952 (4 stamps)
* Thomas Jefferson, 2¢, coil (2 stamps)
* Liberty, 3¢ , 1954
* 15¢, 1955, Certified Mail
* US Flag, 4¢, 1957
# World Stamp Catalogue/United States/1907
## 1907 Jamestown Commemoratives

| Captain John Smith, 1¢ | Pocahontas detail | Captain John Smith, 1¢ | Powhatan detail | Founding of Jamestown, 2¢ |
# WebObjects/Project WONDER/Installing

There are two ways to install Project WOnder -- binary distribution or building from source.

### Nightly Build Server

The easiest way is to install the binary distribution. m Dimension Technology runs a nightly build server for Project WOnder that preserves historical builds at http://webobjects.mdimension.com/wonder . Simply grab the Wonder-VERSIONNUMBER-Frameworks.tar.gz archive and uncompress it into your /Library/Frameworks folder, and you have successfully installed Project WOnder.

### Build from Source

The second, slightly more annoying, way to install WOnder is to build it yourself from the SourceForge CVS tree.
* cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@wonder.cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/wonder login
* There is no password
* cvs -z3 -d:pserver:anonymous@wonder.cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/wonder co -P Wonder
* cd Wonder
* You will need to make sure you have a wobuild.properties file in ~/Library/. The contents should be similar to this:
Lastly, run "ant dist", "ant frameworks", or "ant examples".
This will build all the frameworks and applications into ~/Roots.
# WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/WOOgnl
### WebObjects WikiBooks pages considered deprecated

Go to http://wiki.objectstyle.org/confluence/display/WO/Project+WONDER-Frameworks-WOOgnl instead.

### Overview

OGNL stands for "Object Graph Navigation Language", and it defines an entire family of key-value coding-like abilities. As Jonathan Rentzsch put it in his CAWUG presentation on Project WOnder, "Think: Key-Value Coding on Steroids". You can get more information on the specifics on OGNL at the official OGNL website.
WOOgnl provides a framework that integrates the OGNL syntax into WO's standard binding resolution. By simply including the WOOgnl framework on your build path and preceding your binding value with a "~", it will be interpreted by WOOgnl.
Provided your html markup is well-formed, you can also put ognl expressions in standard html tags if you set the following property:
ognl.parseStandardTags=true
Here are some examples that demonstrate just a tiny bit of the really cool things you can do:
* value="~\"Hello Mr.\" + session.user.firstName";
* value="~name.length.(#this>100?2*#this:20+#this)";
* value="~#A=new NSMutableArray,#A.addObject(name),#A";
Here are some examples provided by Max Muller, WOOgnl's original author:
# WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/ExcelGeneration
### ExcelGeneration
#### Anjo Krank

You need to override appendToResponse on your page and make it look similar to:
# WebObjects/Project WONDER/History

A brief history of Project WONDER. (Original source: [Introduction to Project WONDER]).

### History

* A dotcom is born: eResource
* Its focus: commercial real estate on the web
** Big user & advocate of DirectToWeb — more on that later
* Later on eResource was renamed NetStruxr
** But name lives on...
** Classes were already prefixed with ER
** Switching to NS would cause namespace conflicts
** Even today, WONDER's classes begin with ER
* Folks from NetStruxr, now working on WONDER:
** Patrice Gautier — one of DirectToWeb's original authors!
** Max Muller
** Travis Cripps
** Jim Roepcke
* NetStruxr open-sourced a great deal of its code
* Lots of innovative, high-quality code
* But there were a couple of issues:
** No efficient method to contribute back to NetStruxr
*** No CVS repository, no mailing lists, etc.
** Was coded in Java for WebObjects 4.5
*** Needed some rewriting for version 5
* Unfortunately, NetStruxr closed for business
* Fortunately, the rewritten code was placed into a public SourceForge project: WONDER

### ERJavaMail

* Revision of Camille Troillard's famous OdaikoJavaMail
* Integration of Jonathan Rentzsch's not-so-famous JRMailDelivery
** Drop-in replacement for WOMailDelivery
** Renamed to ERWOMailDelivery

### WOPayPal

* Easy WebObjects PayPal integration
* Donated by Travis Cripps

### Validity

* Gammastream's formally commercial offering now part of WONDER!
# WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/PostgresqlPlugin

There are three pieces required to use PostgreSQL with WO:

## JDBC Driver

The JDBC driver is required for WO just like for any Java application that talks to a database. You can download the JDBC driver for PostgreSQL from http://jdbc.postgresql.org/download.html . Make sure to download the driver that matches the version of PostgreSQL that you have installed.
The easiest route for installation is to drop the JDBC jar file into your /Library/Java/Extensions. Be aware that putting jars in /Library/Java/Extensions has all the usual caveates with respect to classpath references and versioning (it is loaded by the system classloader and is a global version for all of your Java applications).

## PostgresqlPlugin Framework

The easiest way to get the PostgresPlugin.framework is to download one of the nightly builds of Project WOnder from the mDimension nightly build server at http://webobjects.mdimension.com/wonder . Uncompress the tar of the version you need into your /Library/Frameworks folder to install them. You must add the PostgresPlugin.framework to your WOApplication so that it is able to find the plugin.

## PostgreSQL EOModeler Bundle

Currently the Wonder build server does not autobuild the piece (coming soon). This is only needed for generating SQL out of EOModeler, so if you're just deploying, this isn't necessary. To use the EOModeler Bundle, checkout Project Wonder from its SourceForge repository (you can just checkout Wonder/PlugIns if you don't want everything). Go into the PostgresPlugInBundle folder and run xcodebuild, or load the project into Xcode and build it from the GUI. This will produce a build/Default/PostgresqlPlugIn.EOMplugin folder that you can copy into your /Developer/EOMBundles folder. Note that you CANNOT put it into your ~/Devloper/EOMBundles folder because EOModeler decides it doesn't want to look in that folder.

## Using PostgreSQL in EOModeler

Once you have set everything up, using PostgreSQL in EOModeler is actually very straight-forward. Remember to add the PostgresPlugin.framework to your project, open your model, and Set Adapter Info to:
URL: jdbc:postgresql://yourhost/yourdatabase Username: whatever Password: whatever Driver: org.postgresql.Driver Plugin: PostgresqlPlugIn
# WebObjects/Project WONDER/Frameworks/Validity
### Validity

Validity was donated by [GammaStream Technologies].
From their site: Validity is a framework (Validity) and a WebObjects application (Validity Modeler) which combine to provide a powerful data validation engine and validation rule modeler. Using an EOModel as a reference point, one may assign rules to the various attributes of the entities. One may choose from any of Validity's predefined rules, or write his/her own rules in Java. The rules are stored in the Validity model file (Validity.model) inside the corresponding '.eomodeld' wrapper.
Validity has two parts: a framework and a tool (ValidityModeler).
Use tool to add validation rules to your .eomodeld.
The framework hooks into your EOs' validateFor[Insert|Save|Update|Delete] methods.
Framework engine applies rules at runtime and throws an exception if a rule is broken.
Using Validity results in less validation code in your own enterprise objects.

#### Sources

* [Introduction to Project WONDER]
* [StepWise.com Project Wonder WebObjects Frameworks makes first Public Release]
# Solutions To Mathematics Textbooks/Algebra (9780817636777)/Exercises 26-50
## Exercise 42
### a

If a and b had a nontrivial common factor k >= 2, then a = k*a' and b = k*b', so (ad - bc) = k(a'd - b'c) = ±1.
Alternatively, you must essentially show that a and b are coprime; that is the numerator and denominator share no common factor. Another way of saying this is to say that $gcd(a,b)=1$.
Let $g=gcd(a,b)$. We can write $ad-bc=\pm 1$ as $\left({\frac {a}{g}}\cdot gd-{\frac {b}{g}}\cdot gc\right)=g\left({\frac {a}{g}}d-{\frac {b}{g}}c\right)=\pm 1$. Thus $g$ must be either -1 or 1, and thus a and b are coprime.
# Solutions to Basic Mathematics by Lang, S.

Note: Subsection pages for each chapter have not been added yet, but should be considered when the pages grow.

## Contents

Chapter 1 - Numbers
Chapter 2 - Linear Equations
Chapter 3 - Real Numbers
Chapter 4 - Quadratic Equations
Chapter 5 - Distance and Angles
Chapter 6 - Isometries
Chapter 7 - Area and Applications
Chapter 8 - Coordinates and Geometry
Chapter 9 - Operations on Points
Chapter 10 - Segements, Rays, and Lines
Chapter 11 - Trigonometry
Chapter 12 - Some Analytic Geometry
Chapter 13 - Functions
Chapter 14 - Mappings
Chapter 15 - Complex Numbers
Chapter 16 - Induction and Summations
Chapter 17 - Determinants
# Chapter 13
## Section 1
### 1

$f(x)={\frac {1}{x}}\,$
$f\left({\frac {3}{4}}\right)=\,$ ${\frac {1}{\frac {3}{4}}}=\,$ $1*\left({\frac {3}{4}}\right)^{-1}={\frac {4}{3}}\,$
$f\left(-{\frac {2}{3}}\right)=\,$ ${\frac {1}{-{\frac {2}{3}}}}=\,$ $1*\left({\frac {-2}{3}}\right)^{-1}=\,$ ${\frac {3}{-2}}\,$

### 2

$f(x)={\frac {1}{x^{2}-2}}\,$ $(x\neq \pm {\sqrt {2}})\,$
$f(5)={\frac {1}{5^{2}-2}}={\frac {1}{25-2}}={\frac {1}{23}}\,$

### 3

$f(x)={\sqrt[{3}]{x}}\,$ is defined for all real numbers.
$f(27)={\sqrt[{3}]{27}}=3\,$ because $3^{3}=27.\,$

### 4

$a)f(1)=1\,$
$b)f(-3)=3\,$
$c)f\left(-{\frac {4}{3}}\right)={\frac {4}{3}}\,$

### 5

$a)f\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)=1/2+|1/2|=1\,$
$b)f(2)=2+|2|=4\,$
$c)f(-4)=-4+|-4|=-4+4=0\,$
$d)f(-5)=-5+|-5|=-5+5=0\,$

### 6

$f(x)=2x+x^{2}-5\,$
$a)f(1)=2(1)+(1)^{2}-5=-2\,$
$b)f(-1)=2(-1)+(-1)^{2}-5=-6\,$

### 7

$f(x)={\sqrt[{4}]{x}}\,$
$x\geq 0\,$
$f(16)=2,\,$ because $2^{4}=16\,$

### 8

$f(x)=-f(x)\,$ is said to be an even function for all numbers x.
$f(x)=-f(-x)\,$ is said to be an odd function for all x.
$a)f(x)=x\,$ is odd.
$b)f(x)=x^{2}\,$ is even.
$c)f(x)=x^{3}\,$ is odd.
$d)f(x)={\frac {1}{x}}\,$ if $x\neq 0\,$ and $f(0)=0\,$ is odd.

### 9

Let $f_{e}(x)={\frac {f(x)+f(-x)}{2}}\,$ and $f_{o}(x)={\frac {f(x)-f(-x)}{2}}\,$ be the even and odd functions respectively.
Then $f_{e}(x)+f_{o}(x)={\frac {f(x)+f(-x)+f(x)-f(-x)}{2}}=f_{e}(x)\,$

### 10

a) Odd
b) Even
c) Odd
d) Odd
e) Even
f) Even
g) Even

### 11

$a)\,$ $f_{a}(x)={\frac {f(x)-f(-x)}{2}}\,$ $f_{b}(x)={\frac {f(x)-f(-x)}{2}}\,$
$f_{a}(x)+f_{b}(x)={\frac {f(x)-f(-x)+f(x)-f(-x)}{2}}\,$
It follows that $f_{a}(x)+f_{b}(x)=f(x)-f(-x)\,$ (The odd function)
$b)\,$ $f_{a}(x)={\frac {f(x)+f(-x)}{2}}\,$ $f_{b}(x)={\frac {f(x)+f(-x)}{2}}\,$
$f_{a}(x)+f_{b}(x)={\frac {f(x)+f(-x)+f(x)+f(-x)}{2}}\,$
It follows that $f_{a}(x)+f_{b}(x)=f(x)+f(-x)\,$ (The even function)
# Chapter 8
## Section 3

Complete the square of the equations in this part to render them in a form of the equation of a circle.

### 13

$x^{2}+2x+y^{2}=5\,$
$x^{2}+2x=5-y^{2}\,$
$x^{2}+2x+1=6-y^{2}\,$
We add one to both sides so we can write the right hand side as a single power.
$(x+1)^{2}=6-y^{2}\,$
$(x+1)^{2}+y^{2}=6\,$

### 15

$x^{2}+4x+y^{2}-4y=20\,$
$x^{2}+4x=-(y^{2}-4y)+20\,$
$x^{2}+4x+4=-(y^{2}-4y)+20\,$
$(x+2)^{2}=-(y^{2}-4y)+24\,$
$y^{2}-4y=-(x+2)^{2}+24\,$
$y^{2}-4y+4=-(x+2)^{2}+28\,$
$(y-2)^{2}+(x+2)^{2}=28\,$

## Section 4
### 2

Multiply both sides of the inequality by both numerator and denominator of both sides to get:
$(1+t^{2})(1-s^{2})>(1-t^{2})(1+s^{2})\,$
Then, expand and simplify:
$1-s^{2}+t^{2}-(ts)^{2}>1+s^{2}-t^{2}-(ts)^{2}\,$
$-s^{2}+t^{2}>s^{2}-t^{2}\,$
$-2s^{2}+t^{2}>-t^{2}\,$
$-2s^{2}>-2t^{2}\,$
$s^{2}<t^{2}\,$
$s<t\,$
# Question 6
## a)

Find $f_{i}(x)n-1$ degree polynomial where: $f_{i}(x_{i})=1$ and $f_{i}(x_{j})=0$
Noting that: $f_{i}(x)=x^{n-1}+...$
is the same as $f_{i}(x)=\prod _{j=1}^{n}x_{j}+...$
Then:
$f_{i}(x)=\prod _{j=1}^{n}{\frac {(x-x_{j})}{(x_{i}-x_{j})}}$ where $j!=i$

## b)

Now find a polynomial function $f$ of degree $n-1$ such that $f(x_{i})=a_{i}$
$f(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}f_{i}(x)$ where $j!=i$
so: $f(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\prod _{j=1}^{n}{\frac {(x-x_{j})}{(x_{i}-x_{j})}}$ where $j!=i$
(Note that in this equation will always resulting in 0 unless x = x_i)
# Chapter 2
## Section 1
### 11

$ax+by=u\,$
$cx+dy=v\,$
$acx+bcy=uc\,$
$acx+ady=va\,$
$(acx+bcy)-(acx+ady)=uc-va\,$
$bcy-ady=uc-va\,$
$y(bc-ad)=uc-va\,$
$y={\frac {uc-va}{bc-ad}}$
# Chapter 12
## Section 1
### 3
#### a)

Note: The answer printed in the book is given as $({\frac {7}{8}},{\frac {11}{8}})$. This is incorrect!
If the two lines $y_{1}=-2x+5,\,$ and $y_{2}=5x-3\,$ intersect, then $y_{1}=y_{2}\,$. Therefore:
$y_{1}-y_{2}=(-2x+5)-(5x-3)=0\,$
$-7x+8=0\,$
$-7x=-8\,$
$x={\frac {8}{7}}$
Thus, we can now plug in the value for x into any one of our two equations to find the point of interception:
$y_{2}=5\cdot {\frac {8}{7}}-3={\frac {40}{7}}-3={\frac {19}{7}}$
Thus, the point of interception is $\left({\frac {8}{7}},{\frac {19}{7}}\right)$.
# Solutions to Calculus (3rd Edition) by Spivak, M.
## Contents

Chapter 1 - Basic Properties Of Numbers
Chapter 2 - Numbers Of Various Sorts
Chapter 3 - Functions
Chapter 4 - Graphs
Chapter 5 - Limits
Chapter 6 - Continuous Functions
Chapter 7 - Three Hard Theorems
Chapter 8 - Least Upper Bounds
Chapter 9 - Derivatives
Chapter 10 - Differentiation
Chapter 11 - Significance of the Derivative
Chapter 12 - Inverse Functions
Chapter 13 - Integrals
Chapter 14 - The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Chapter 15 - The Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 16 - $\pi$ is Irrational
Chapter 17 - Planetary Motion
Chapter 18 - The Logarithm and Exponential Functions
Chapter 19 - Integration in Elementary Terms
Chapter 20 - Approximation by Polynomial Functions
Chapter 21 - e is Transcendental
Chapter 22 - Infinite Sequences
Chapter 23 - Infinite Series
Chapter 24 - Uniform Convergence and Power Series
Chapter 25 - Complex Numbers
Chapter 26 - Complex Functions
Chapter 27 - Complex Power Series
Chapter 28 - Fields
Chapter 29 - Construction of the Real Numbers
Chapter 30 - Uniqueness of the Real Numbers
# US Internet Law/DMCA

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (“DMCA”) (17 U.S.C. §§ 117, 512, 1201 et. seq.). Enacted in 1998, and codified as amendments to the Copyright Act, the DMCA addressed a number of computer-related issues:
Implements two 1996 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaties: The WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
Notice and Take-Down Provisions (17 U.S.C. § 512): Provides a “safe harbor” to Internet service providers (“ISPs,” a broadly defined term that includes most website operators). ISPs are protected from claims of copyright infringement arising from the posting of copyrighted materials on websites if they reasonably implement and inform users of the ISP’s policy that provides for the identification and termination of infringing material.
(Note: The ISP must act to remove the infringing works or it may be liable for any resulting damages.)
Anti-hacking provisions (17 U.S.C. § 1201, et. seq.): Prohibits circumvention of technological measures that effectively control access to a copyrighted work as well as prohibits the manufacture, production, trafficking in or offering of any technology, product, service or device that is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a copyrighted work.
Maintenance and repair provision (17 U.S.C. § 117): Expands Section 117 of the Copyright Act to authorize an owner of a copy of a computer program to make a copy of the program so long as the copy is made as an essential step in the utilization of the program or for purposes of maintenance or repair.
# US Internet Law/Introduction

This book deals with the subject of the law as it relates to the Internet in general and to various topics in particular. Most of the material will be oriented toward United States law as that is where most of the legal issues become raised, but where material is from other countries it will be identified.
Note that the protections granted by the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States are either unavailable or much weaker in other countries.
Internet Law: Table of Contents · Preface · Introduction · Defamation · Defamation - General · Section 230 · Copyright · Copyright - General · Secondary Liability · Fair Use · DMCA · DMCA Safe Harbor · DMCA Anti-Circumvention · Trademark · Domain Names · Content Regulation · Online Anonymity · Communications Decency Act · Online Contracts · The Hold Harmless Clause in User Agreements · Clickwrap Agreements · UCITA · Privacy · ECPA · SCA ·
# US Internet Law/DMCA Safe Harbor

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, signed into law on October 28, 1998, amended the copyright law to provide limitations for service provider liability relating to material online. New subsection 512(c) of the copyright law provides limitations on service provider liability with respect to information residing, at direction of a user, on a system or network that the service provider controls or operates, if the service provider has designated an agent for notification of claimed infringement by providing contact information to the Copyright Office and through the service provider’s publicly accessible website.
For purposes of section 512(c), a "service provider" is defined as a provider of online services or network access, or the operator of facilities therefor, including an entity offering the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for digital online communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user's choosing, without modification to the content of the material as sent or received.
Internet Law: Table of Contents · Preface · Introduction · Defamation · Defamation - General · Section 230 · Copyright · Copyright - General · Secondary Liability · Fair Use · DMCA · DMCA Safe Harbor · DMCA Anti-Circumvention · Trademark · Domain Names · Content Regulation · Online Anonymity · Communications Decency Act · Online Contracts · The Hold Harmless Clause in User Agreements · Clickwrap Agreements · UCITA · Privacy · ECPA · SCA ·
# US Internet Law/ECPA

The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) sets out the provisions for access, use, disclosure, interception and privacy protections of electronic communications. The law was enacted in 1986 and covers various forms of wire and electronic communications. The Stored Communications Act is part of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, and is discussed separately.
Two federal statutes govern real-time electronic surveillance in federal criminal investigations. The first and most important is the wiretap statute, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2522, first passed as Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (and generally known as "Title III"). The second statute is the Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices chapter of Title 18 ("the Pen/Trap statute"), 18 U.S.C. §§ 3121-3127, which governs pen registers and trap and trace devices.
Title III and the Pen/Trap statute coexist because they regulate access to different types of information. Title III permits the government to obtain the contents of wire and electronic communications in transmission. In contrast, the Pen/Trap statute concerns the real-time collection of addressing and other non-content information relating to those communications. See 18 U.S.C. § 2511(h)(i) (stating that it is not a violation of Title III to use a pen register or trap and trace device); United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC, 227 F.3d 450, 454 (D.C. Cir. 2000); Brown v. Waddell, 50 F.3d 285, 289-94 (4th Cir. 1995) (distinguishing pen registers from Title III intercept devices).
Internet Law: Table of Contents · Preface · Introduction · Defamation · Defamation - General · Section 230 · Copyright · Copyright - General · Secondary Liability · Fair Use · DMCA · DMCA Safe Harbor · DMCA Anti-Circumvention · Trademark · Domain Names · Content Regulation · Online Anonymity · Communications Decency Act · Online Contracts · The Hold Harmless Clause in User Agreements · Clickwrap Agreements · UCITA · Privacy · ECPA · SCA ·