OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gornuk
## Overview

Gornuk is a goblin who travels with a group of Muggle-borns. He is on the run with this little group, presumably hiding from Lord Voldemort and his followers.

## Role in the Books
### Deathly Hallows

Gornuk is heard travelling alongside wizards Ted Tonks, Dirk Cresswell and Dean, and fellow goblin Griphook. Listening to their conversation via Extendable Ears, the Trio learn some information from the goblins: they believe the Sword of Gryffindor in Snape's office to be a fake.
On an episode of Potterwatch, Gornuk is later mentioned as having been murdered alongside Ted and Dirk.

## Strengths

We do not know too much about Gornuk, but from our knowledge of goblins, we can assume that he is clever, knowledgeable and capable of magic without a wand.

## Weaknesses

Gornuk has been put into a difficult situation during this time, as he would not be safe anywhere. He has clearly decided to take a chance out in the wilds, leading ultimately to his death.

## Relationships with Other Characters

Gornuk is an associate of, if not even a friend to, Griphook. They are heard sharing laughs during their conversation.
Unusually for a goblin, he is open to working alongside wizards, or at the very least travelling with them. This may have been a temporary alliance, but he does not seem dismissive or hostile towards Ted, Dean or Dirk.

## Analysis

Gornuk is an incidental character, although a good reminder that not only humans have been affected by Voldemort's rise. Although, by his own admission, he considers the situation to be "a wizards' war", he still feels it prudent to go into hiding for his own safety, although we never really find out why this is.
Interestingly, had he stayed with his own kind, he would have been in even greater danger, as Voldemort kills most of the Gringotts goblins later in the book.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* Do you think Gornuk would have been a Gringotts employee or not?
* Why has he chosen to flee from something he considers "a wizards' war"?
* Would Gornuk have been safer anywhere else?

## Greater Picture

The seventh book gives us more of an impression of goblins, having been introduced early in the first but never really thrown into the spotlight. Gornuk is one of a few named goblins who get a moment in the series, alongside Griphook and Bogrod.
His attempt to avoid a war which doesn't really concern him can help to highlight the impact Voldemort's régime is having on the country at large. If goblins are affected, then perhaps all magical beings could also be.
# PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL (or Postgres for short) is an open-source relational database management systems (RDBMS). The purpose of the wikibook on hand is an introduction to PostgreSQL's capabilities, architecture, installing procedure, maintenance, and optimization tasks. Such aspects differ greatly from RDBMS to RDBMS. Thus the book is primarily aimed at database administrators - especially for students, occasional users, and novice DBAs who start to work with PostgreSQL. It only conveys basic knowledge and first steps. Many - even important - DBA topics are omitted. For a complete treatment, we recommend
* accomplish a professional training course offered by a consulting company
* use the excellent and complete PostgreSQL documentation regularly
* consult PostgreSQL wiki which summarizes some special topics.
In addition to graphical interfaces, the main access method to an RDBMS is SQL, the standardized language for accessing relational databases. Because SQL does not differ that much from system to system, it's out of scope of this Wikibook: it's a topic of itself. If you are interested in the SQL syntax, you may want to refer to the Wikibook SQL, which describes this standard independently from any RDBMS. PostgreSQL's implementation of SQL is very close to the standard.
Historical note: PostgreSQL is a follow-up (but independent) project of Ingres starting at 1986. The roots of both systems go back to the University of California at Berkeley.

## Content
### Introduction

* Major Features
* Supported Platforms

### First Steps

* Download, Installation
* Managing the Instance
* DBA Tools: psql, pgAdmin, phpAdmin, ...
* Configuration
* Backup & Recovery

### Concepts

* Architecture: Collaboration of Processes, RAM, and Files
   * The logical Perspective: Cluster, Database, Schema
   * The physical Perspective: Directories and Files
* Transactions
    The ACID Paradigm
    Visibility of Rows: Isolation Levels
* Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC): Implementation of the ACID Paradigm
   * Vacuum
   * Wraparound and Freeze
* Visibility Map and Free Space Map
* Write-Ahead-Log (WAL)

### Special Topics

* Client-Server Communication: The Client Side
* Client-Server Communication: The Server Side
* Security within the Database: Roles, Users, Privileges
* Replication
* Partitioning
* Tablespace
* Upgrade
* Glossary / Prominent Terms

### Extensions

* The Extension Mechanism
* PostGIS - Spatial Data
* Foreign Data Wrappers
* BDR: Bidirectional Replication

### Implementation Details

* Directories and Files (see above)
* Page Layout for Data and Index Files
* Indices
   * B-tree
   * GIN
   * BRIN
   * Hash

## See also

* Wikibook: SQL
* Wikipedia: PostgreSQL
* Wikibook: Converting MySQL to PostgreSQL
* PostgeSQL Wiki: Converting to PostgreSQL (DB2, Oracle, MySQL, ...)

## External links

* PostgreSQL Homepage
* PostgreSQL Documentation (HTML, current version)
* PostgreSQL Documentation (PDF, different versions)
* PostgreSQL Wiki
* Internal details offered by an experienced DBA
# PostgreSQL/ACID

The ACID paradigm is a cornerstone of database management systems. With respect to data modifications, the paradigm demands that transactions must fulfill certain requirements and have to guarantee that they are satisfied not only during regular operations but also in all cases of minor and major problems like mutual-locking, connection-loss, server-down, disk-full, disk-crash, ... .
Please note especially that the requirements are defined at the transaction level. They are named:
   * Atomicity
   * Consistency
   * Isolation
   * Durability
As shown in the previous chapter every single write operation or a collection of write operations is embedded in a transaction. Read operations may also be part of a transaction.

### Atomicity

All writing operations within a transaction create a single, undividable unity. Either all of them succeed or none. Writing operations to different tables are an example of such a situation. Another example is the decrease of one person's bank account and the associated increase of another bank account during a money transfer.

### Consistency

At the end of a transaction, the database is in a consistent state. All defined integrity rules like uniqueness, check constraints, foreign-key and primary-key definitions are fulfilled. Furthermore, all involved triggers have been successfully executed. It's possible that during the lifetime of a transaction those rules may be broken, e.g. the foreign key relationship of two nodes in a doubly-linked list.
In essence, a transaction transfers the database from one consistent state to another consistent state.

### Isolation

In many cases, transactions run in parallel. But the database system gives them the illusion that they act one after the other. Depending on the chosen isolation level, the exact behavior of competing read and write operations may differ. Nevertheless, PostgreSQL guarantees in all cases, that read operations never block write operations and write operations never block read operations.

### Durability

Durability guarantees that after a successful termination (COMMIT) of a transaction, the carried-out changes keep in the database, even if a significant problem like a disk crash occurs. PostgreSQL implements this by saving the data changes not only in the data files but - redundant - also in Write-Ahead-Log (WAL) files. Therefore it is recommended that data and WAL files shall be stored on different disks.
# PostgreSQL/Architecture Directories

PostgreSQL organizes durable (persistent) data as well as volatile state information about transactions or replication actions in the file system. Every cluster has its root directory somewhere in the file system. In many cases, the environment variable PGDATA points to this directory. The following graphic uses data, which is the default, as the name of the cluster's root directory.
The cluster's root directory contains many subdirectories and some files, all of which are necessary to store durable as well as temporary information. The root's name can be selected as desired, but the names of its subdirectories and files are constant respectively determined by PostgreSQL. The following paragraphs describe the most important subdirectories and files.
base contains one subdirectory per database. The names of those subdirectories consist of numbers. These are the internal Object Identifiers (OID), which are numbers to identify their definition in the System Catalog.
Within the database-specific subdirectories of base, there are many files: one or more for every heap and index. Again, the filenames consist of numbers. Those files are accompanied by files for the Free Space Maps (suffixed _fsm) and Visibility Maps (suffixed _vm), which contain optimization information. An example for filenames is: 3083, 3083_fsm, 3083_vm.
Another subdirectory is global. It contains files with information about SQL Objects which are not restricted to a certain schema, but known and relevant at the schema level.
In pg_tblspc, there are symbolic links that point to directories that are outside of the root directory tree, e.g. at a different disk. Heap and index files of non-default tablespaces reside there. Those defined within the default tablespace reside in the database-specific subdirectories.
The subdirectory pg_wal contains the WAL files. They arise and grow in parallel with data changes in the cluster and remain as long as they are required for recovery, archiving, or replication.
The subdirectory pg_xact contains information about the status of each transaction: in_progress, committed, aborted, or sub_committed.
In the root directory, there are some files. In many cases, the configuration files of the cluster are stored here. Also, if the instance is up and running, the file postmaster.pid exists here (by default, but other locations are possible). It contains the process ID (pid) of the Postmaster process which has started the instance and controls it.
# PostgreSQL/ClientServerComm Client

Before a client program like createdb, psql, pg_dump, vacuumdb, ... can perform any action on a database, it must establish a connection to that database. To do so, it must provide concrete values for the essential boundary conditions.
   * The IP address or DNS name of the server, where the instance is running.
   * The port on this server, to whom the instance is listening. (The combination of IP address and port identifies the instance. Multiple instances at the same IP address are possible as long as the port is different.)
   * The name of the database within the instance (respective within the cluster).
   * The name of the user (= role) with which the client program wants to work.
   * The password of this user.
You can specify these values in three different ways:
   * As explicit parameters of the client program.
   * As environment variables.
   * As a fixed line of text in the special file pgpass.

## Parameters

You can specify the parameters in the usual short (-) or long (--) format of createdb, psql, pg_dump, vacuumdb, and other standard PostgreSQL command-line tools.
The parameter names and their meanings are:
| Short Form | Long Form | Meaning |
| -h | --host | IP or DNS |
| -p | --port | port number (default: 5432) |
| -d | --dbname | database within the cluster |
| -U | --username | name of the user |
If necessary, the client program will prompt for the password.

## Environment Variables

As an alternative to the parameter passing, you can define environment variables within your shell.
| Environment Variable | Meaning |
| PGHOST | IP or DNS |
| PGPORT | port number (default: 5432) |
| PGDATABASE | database within the cluster |
| PGUSER | name of the user |
| PGPASSWORD | password of this user (not recommended) |
| PGPASSFILE | name of a file where those values are stored as plain text, see below (default: .pgpass) |

## File 'pgpass'

Instead of using parameters or environment variables as shown above you can store those values in a file. Use one line per definition in the form:
The default filename on UNIX systems is ~/.pgpass and on Windows: C:\Users\MyUser\AppData\Roaming\postgresql\pgpass.conf. On UNIX systems the file protections must disallow any access of world or group: chmod 0600 ~/.pgpass.
You can create the file with any text editor. This is not necessary if you use pgAdmin. pgAdmin creates the file automatically after a successful connection and stores the actual connection values.
# Programming Fundamentals/Function Examples CSharp
## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Function Examples Java
## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Floating-Point Data Type
## Overview

A floating-point data type uses a common representation of real numbers as an approximation, which is essentially a trade-off between range and precision. For this reason, floating-point computation is often found in systems that include very small and very large real numbers, which require fast processing times. A number is, in general, represented approximately to a fixed number of significant digits and scaled using an exponent in some fixed base such as 10.

## Discussion

The floating-point data type is a family of data types that act alike and differ only in the size of their domains (the allowable values). The floating-point family of data types represents number values with fractional parts. They are technically stored as two integer values: a mantissa and an exponent. The floating-point family has the same attributes and acts or behaves similarly in all programming languages. They can always store negative or positive values thus they always are signed; unlike the integer data type that could be unsigned. The domain for floating-point data types varies because they could represent very large numbers or very small numbers. Rather than talk about the actual values, we mention the precision. The more bytes of storage the larger the mantissa and exponent, thus more precision.
| Language | Reserved Word | Size | Precision | Range |
| C++ | float | 32 bits / 4 bytes | 7 decimal digits | ±3.40282347E+38 |
| C++ | double | 64 bits / 8 bytes | 15 decimal digits | ±1.79769313486231570E+308 |
| C# | float | 32 bits / 4 bytes | 7 decimal digits | ±3.40282347E+38 |
| C# | double | 64 bits / 8 bytes | 15 decimal digits | ±1.79769313486231570E+308 |
| Java | float | 32 bits / 4 bytes | 7 decimal digits | ±3.40282347E+38 |
| Java | double | 64 bits / 8 bytes | 15 decimal digits | ±1.79769313486231570E+308 |
| JavaScript | Number | 64 bits / 8 bytes | 15 decimal digits | ±1.79769313486231570E+308 |
| Python | float | 64 bits / 8 bytes | 15 decimal digits | ±1.79769313486231570E+308 |
| Swift | Float | 32 bits / 4 bytes | 7 decimal digits | ±3.40282347E+38 |
| Swift | Double | 64 bits / 8 bytes | 15 decimal digits | ±1.79769313486231570E+308 |
When converting operations with floating-point values, there may be more decimal places than you want. We can use the round function to limit the number of decimal places displayed. For example, round(1.12356,2) gives 1.12.

## Key Terms
### double

    The most often used floating-point family data type used.

### mantissa exponent

    The two integer parts of a floating-point value.

### precision

    The effect on the domain of floating-point values given a larger or smaller storage area in bytes.

## References

* cnx.org: Programming Fundamentals – A Modular Structured Approach using C++
* ↑ Wikipedia: Floating-point arithmetic
* ↑ Python.org: Built-in Functions
# Programming Fundamentals/Function Examples
## Overview

The following pseudocode and flowchart examples take the Temperature program from the previous chapter and separate the functionality into independent functions for input, processing, and output, as GetFahrenheit, CalculateCelsius, and DisplayResult, respectively.

## Discussion

As independent functions, each function acts as a miniature program, with its own input, processing, and output. As you review the following code, note which functions have parameters (input) and which functions have return values (output). Parameters and return values will be discussed in the next few pages.
| Function | Purpose | Parameters (input) | Return Value (output) |
| Main | main program | none | none |
| GetFahrenheit | input | none | fahrenheit |
| CalculateCelsius | processing | fahrenheit | celsius |
| DisplayResult | output | fahrenheit, celsius | none |

### Flowchart
## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
* Flowgorithm – Flowchart Programming Language
# Programming Fundamentals/Function Examples JavaScript
## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Function Examples C++
## References

* Wikiversity: Computer Programming
# Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESFJ

* Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introduction | Four polar dimensions: E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P | Four basic temperaments: SJ, SP, NT, NF | The sixteen types QuickTyping | At work | Criticisms | Further reading

## Fictional ESFJs

* Lena Foster (Fosters)
* Eunice Wentworth Howell (Gilligan's Island)
* Monica Geller (Friends)
* Regina George (Mean Girls)
* Arthur Pendragon (Merlin)
* Joe West (The Flash)
* Allie Calhoun (The Notebook)
* Andy Bernard (The Office)
* Aurora (Once Upon A Time)
* David Nolan (Once Upon A Time)
* Zelana Mills (Once Upon A Time)
* Sam (Perks of Being a Wallflower)
* Chris Traeger (Parks and Recreation)
* Quinn Morgendorffer (Daria)
* Dominic Toretto (Fast and Furious)
* Giselle (Enchanted)
* Cora Crawley (Downton Abbey)
* Isobel Crawley (Downton Abbey)
* Dorothy (The Wizard of Oz)
* Riley Finn (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
* Willow Rosenburg (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
* Emily Gilmore (Gilmore Girls)
* Riley Matthews (Girl Meets World)
* Shoshanna Shapiro (Girls)
* Rachel Berry (Glee)
* Blair Waldorf (Gossip Girl)
* Alana Bloom (Hannibal)
* Gretel (Hansel & Gretel)
* Matt Parkman (Heroes)
* Bilbo Baggins (The Hobbit)
* Kate McCallister (Home Alone)
* Allison Cameron (House)
* Lily Aldrin (How I Met Your Mother)
* Isabelle (Hugo)
* James Wilson (House)
* Sonny (I, Robot)
* Ellie (Ice Age)
* Joy (Inside Out)
* Red Riding Hood (Into The Woods)
* Mary Bailey (It's A Wonderful Life)
* Elizabeth Lyon (The King's Speech)
* Dorcas Lane (Lark Rise to Candleford)
* Robert Timmins (Lark Rise to Candleford)
* Boromir (The Lord of the Rings)
* Fred (Big Hero 6)
* Honey Lemmon (Big Hero 6)
* Carly Shay (iCarly)
* Clark Kent (Batman vs. Superman)
* Barbie Roberts (Barbie)
* John Blake (Batman)
* Alfred Pennyworth (Batman)
* Troy Bolton (High School Musical)
* Jenna Rink (13 Going On 30)
* Effie Trinket (The Hunger Games)
* Wendy Darling (Peter Pan)
* Candace Flynn (Phineas and Ferb)
* Demelza Poldark (Poldark)
* Mr. Bingley (Pride and Prejudice)
* Mia Thermopolis (Princess Diaries)
* Donkey (Shrek)
* Carmen Lowell (Sisterhood of the Travelling Pants)
* Kara Danvers (Supergirl)
* Frigga (Thor)
* Jaqueline Vorhees (The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt)
* Russell (Up)
* Tori Vega (Victorious)
* Dale Horvath (The Walking Dead)
* Glinda (Wicked)
* Ralph (Wreck It Ralph)
* Bobby Drake (X-Men)
* Nightcrawler (X-Men)
* Dean Winchester (Supernatural)
* Donald Duck (Cartoon Character)
* Nala (The Lion King)
* Jasmine (Aladdin)
* Diana (Anne of Green Gables)
* Mabel Pines (Gravity Falls)
* Superman (Dc comics)
# Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/Conceptualizer

* Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introduction | Four polar dimensions: E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P | Four basic temperaments: SJ, SP, NT, NF | The sixteen types QuickTyping | At work | Criticisms | Further reading
The Rational is another name for the Intuitive Thinking. This includes four personality types: the ENTJ, ENTP, INTJ, and INTP. About 15% of the population are Rationals. Some of the most famous Rationals were Marie Curie, Albert Einstein, and Dwight D. Eisenhower.

## Personality

The Rational is more comfortable thinking in the abstract, doing so in an analytical, objective way. As an iNtuitive, the NT is not particularly given to sports.

## Profession

This temperament is the quintessential professor, living in academia and in his or her own deep thoughts about something or other.

## Communication

The Rational tends to be roundabout in explanations and may not be very aware of how others feel.

## Appearance

This temperament often ignores rules of fashion, having more important things to concern themselves with, preferring function over all else. It is not uncommon for a Perceiving NT to neglect personal hygiene. Many Perceivers will not hesitate to walk around naked. If a Judger, the NT will take more care of his or her appearance. A number of Judgers tend to have an asexual look.

## Hobbies

Studying self-improvement, learning about new things or languages....
# Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/ESTJ

* Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introduction | Four polar dimensions: E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P | Four basic temperaments: SJ, SP, NT, NF | The sixteen types QuickTyping | At work | Criticisms | Further reading

## ESTJs at work

very driven

## Fictional ESTJs

* Alex (Madagascar)
* Anger ( Inside Out )
* Anakin Skywalker ( Star Wars )
* Applejack (My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic)
* Bowser (Mario)
* Chief Bogo ( Zootopia )
* Dolores Umbridge (Harry Potter)
* England ( Hetalia )
* Everett Young ( Stargate Universe )
* Harold Cooper (The Blacklist)
* Izumi Curtis ( Fullmetal Alchemist & Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood )
* Jack Crawford ( Hannibal TV series )
* Joe Swanson (Family Guy)
* Leia Organa (Star Wars)
* Martin Hart ( True Detective )
* Minerva McGonagall ( Harry Potter series )
* Momo Yaoyirozu ( My Hero Academia )
* Mr. Krabs (Spongebob Squarepants)
* Odafin Fin Tutuola ( Law & Order: SVU )
* Peter Pevensie (Chronicles of Narnia)
* Rachel Dawes (The Dark Knight Trilogy)
* Sarada Uchiha ( ' ' Boruto: Naruto: Next Generations )
* Stan Smith (American Dad)
* Tiana ( The Princess and the Frog )
* Woody (Toy Story)
* Zazu (The Lion King)