OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# EverQuest II/Crafting Reference/MOB Drops

This is a catalog of known drops that can be used as raw items in crafting. Any time a named mob is known for dropping the loot, their name will be in parenthesis. Otherwise assume that it is unknown. Please note listed zones and mobs are NOT the only place these items may be found - many appear to be chest drops in multiple zones - it is only there to give you a feel for the zone and equivalent zones you may search in. Much of this information came from a EQ2Traders forum post which colloborated information from multiple people.

## Liquid Drops

Many mobs will drop saliva or blood, which can be used as a liquid in crafting. Merchants may pay more for these "liquids" than it costs to buy a generic liquid from them. Unless for roleplaying purposes, such as making coffee with fairy blood, it is better to just sell these type of drops. The one exception to this is on the Isle of Refuge where liquid costs 21c compared to 6c it will cost you in the cities.

## Tier 1 Rare Drops

No known Rare Drops

## Tier 2 Rare Drops

Sisal Root
* Frayed Roughspun Afghan (named gnoll in Blackburrow)
Blackened Iron Cluster
* Broken Blackened Iron Bracelet (Queen Blightfang in Blackburrow)
* Tarnished Blackened Iron Anklet
* Nicked Blackened Iron Cup (Chest Drop - Dervish in Commonlands)
Severed Bone
* Smashed Bone Shield (unknown mob in Peat Bog)
* Small Bone Carving (Union Worker in Thieves Den)
* Cracked Halfling Skull (Quest Reward for Cracked Halfling Skull Quest)
Average Quality Pelt
* Ragged Cured Binding
Rough Coral
* Cracked Coral (Lady Darkblade and Marius Darkblade in Thieves Den)

## Tier 3 Rare Drops

Severed Fir
* Fir Bookends (named giant in Nekultos Forest)
* Waterlogged Rare Fir Chest (Lord Gydak in Stormhold)
Dandelion Fiber
* Ruined Rukas Blanket
* Ripped Rukas Blanket (named mob in Stormhold)
Steel Cluster
* Time Worn Steel Jar
Medium Quality Pelt
* Severed Cuirboulli Apron

## Tier 4 Rare Drops

Feysteel Cluster
* Nicked Feysteel Chalice (Chest Drop in Ruins of Varsoon)
* Dented Feysteel Goblet
* Dull Feysteel Anklet
Rough Opal
* Dehydrated Opal (Chest Drop in Ruins of Varsoon)
* Opal Geode (in Nekultos Castle)
High Quality Pelt
* Crushed Engraved Binding (Mibble Toad in Ruins of Varsoon)
* Cracked Engraved Binding (in Nekultos Castle)
* Cracked Engraved Medicine Bag (named mob in Nekultos Castle)
Severed Oak
* Oak Table Leg (Grover Burrower in Enchanted Lands)
* Crushed Oak Walking Stick (in Nektropos Castle)
Oak Root
* Singed Cloth Gloves (Chest Drop in Nektropos Castle)
* Bolt of Cloth (in Runnyeye)

## Tier 5 Rare Drops

Rough Ruby
* Clouded Ruby
* Fissured Ruby
Figwart Root
* Ruined Linen Coat
* Linen Afghan
Ebon Cluster
* Shaped Ebon Coin
* Bent Ebon Coin
* Bent Ebon Disk
Severed Cedar
* Intact Cedar Book Cover
# EverQuest II/Crafting Reference/Raw Materials/allspice

This raw material is used in the following recipes:
* Allspice Compound
* Allspice Emulsion
* Allspice Mixture
* Allspice Solvent
* Allspice Wash
* Liquified Allspice
# French/Grammar/Tenses/Imperfect

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
Imparfait in French

## Usage of the Imperfect

The imperfect is used in French under several different circumstances. The imperfect is used:
* To refer to previously ongoing and repeated events that are now completely finished.
* To express an action that happened often in the past, such as a habit that one has grown out of. For example, "I used to eat a kiwi while watching the news." is in French, "Je mangeais un kiwi en regardant les informations."
* In describing the past, including things such as: time, location, weather, age, physical appearance, physical and emotional conditions or states, attitudes and desires and other mental experiences.
* Actions that occurred while something else was happening.
* To compare and contrast events in the present with events in the past.
* To talk about the emotions or abstract qualities of a person/thing in the past or to discuss an irritating quality or subject.
* To suggest or ask certain "forceful" questions such as, "Si on faisait une promenade?"
* When phrases like I used to do... and I would do... are used in English.

## Formation of the Imperfect
### Imperfect Stem

* For all verbs except for être, the imperfect stem is determined by removing the -ons from the nous form of the present indicative of the verb.
* Certain verbs (-cer and -ger verbs) are stem-changing in the nous form of the present indicative; these are stem-changing the imperfect also. The stem change that applies in the present indicative is retained when conjugating the je, tu, il, and ils forms of the imperfect. That stem change is reversed when conjugating the nous and vous forms of the imperfect.
* For être, the imperfect stem is ét-.

### Imperfect Ending

* To conjugate in the imperfect, add the appropriate ending to the imperfect stem.
| Subject | Ending |
| je | -ais |
| tu | -ais |
| il | -ait |
| nous | -ions |
| vous | -iez |
| ils | -aient |

### Examples

Aller
| Subject | Ending |
| j' | allais |
| tu | allais |
| il | allait |
| nous | allions |
| vous | alliez |
| ils | allaient |
Être
| Subject | Ending |
| j' | étais |
| tu | étais |
| il | était |
| nous | étions |
| vous | étiez |
| ils | étaient |

### Exceptions

Manger
| Subject | Ending |
| je | mangeais |
| tu | mangeais |
| il | mangeait |
| nous | mangions |
| vous | mangiez |
| ils | mangeaient |
Commencer
| Subject | Ending |
| je | commençais |
| tu | commençais |
| il | commençait |
| nous | commencions |
| vous | commenciez |
| ils | commençaient |

## Exercises

Translate the following sentences into English: -Je jouais au foot quand j'avais douze ans, mais maintenant je nage parfois. Quand j'avais douze ans j'étais en forme. Une fois, le douze décembre, je me suis cassé la jambe, et je ne jouais plus au foot. Quelle tristesse! -Quand j'avais dix ans, je mangeais beaucoup de frites.
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Grammar/Tenses/Composed

* Adjectives
* Adverbs
* Articles
* Nouns
* Prepositions
* Pronouns
* Sentences
* Verbs
** Tenses and moods
** Conjugations
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
* The perfect tenses are also called the compound or composed tenses.
* The perfect tenses are all composed of a conjugated auxiliary verb and a fixed past participle.

## Auxiliary Verb Formation

* The auxiliary verb is always either avoir or être.
* The tense of the verb depends upon the tense that avoir or être is conjugated in.
** When the auxiliary verb is conjugated in the passé composé, for example, the auxiliary verb is conjugated in the present indicative.
*** J'ai fini. - I have finished.

## Past Participle Formation

* -er verbs - replace -er with é
* -ir verbs - replace -ir with i
* -re verbs - replace -re with u
* irregular verbs - must be memorized

## Past Participle Agreement

Audio: French native speaker
* The past pasticiple must agree with the direct object of a clause in gender and plurality if the direct object goes before the verb.
** the direct object is masculine singular - no change
*** J'ai fini le jeu. - I have finished the game.
*** Je l'ai fini. - I have finished it.
** the direct object is feminine singular - add an e to the past participle
*** J'ai fini la tâche. - I have finished the task.
*** Je l'ai finie. - I have finished it.
** the direct object is masculine plural - add an s to the past participle.
*** J'ai fini les jeux. - I have finished the games.
*** Je les ai finis. - I have finished them.
** the direct object is feminine plural - add an es to the past participle.
*** J'ai fini les tâches. - I have finished the tasks.
*** Je les ai finies. - I have finished them.

## Avoir ou Être?

* In most circumstances, the auxiliary verb is avoir.
* However, under certain situations, the auxiliary verb is être.
* This occurs when:
** The verb is one of 16 special verbs that take être.
*** Arrivé, Allé, Venu, Devenu, Revenu, Entré, Rentré, Descendu, Retourné, Resté, Monté, Parti, Sorti, Tombé, Né, Mort.
*** Note that when a direct object is used with these verbs, the auxiliary verb becomes avoir.
** The verb is reflexive.
*** That is, the subject of the verb is also its object.

## List of Tenses

There are seven perfect tenses in French. These are:
* Le passé composé (The Present Perfect)
* Le plus-que-parfait de l'indicatif (The Pluperfect of the Indicative)
* Le plus-que-parfait du subjonctif (The Pluperfect Subjunctive)
* Le passé antérieur (The Past Anterior)
* Le futur antérieur (The Future Anterior)
* Le conditionnel passé (The Past Conditional)
* Le passé du subjonctif (The Past Subjunctive)
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Grammar/Tenses/Imperative

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Usage of the Imperative

This tense is used to give commands, express requests or make suggestions.

## Formation of the Imperative

The imperative is used in tu, nous and vous forms; the nous and vous forms are the same as the indicative in both regular and irregular verbs (except the 3 irregulars shown below). The tu form is also the same unless it comes from an infinitive that ends in -er, in which case the tu form would drop the 's' (e.g.: parles -> parle).
You could also drop the 's' when an -ir verb has the same endings as an er verb.
The infinitive can also be used as the imperative, but only for impersonal commands, e.g.: mettre la ceinture.

### Regular Conjugations

* danser, perdre & finir are regular verbs that can be used in the imperative.
Danser
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | danse |
| (Nous) | dansons |
| (Vous) | dansez |
Perdre
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | perds |
| (Nous) | perdons |
| (Vous) | perdez |
finir
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | finis |
| (Nous) | finissons |
| (Vous) | finissez |

### Irregular Verbs in their Imperative Conjugations

* faire, aller, venir, sortir, and partir
Faire
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | fais |
| (Nous) | faisons |
| (Vous) | faites |
Aller
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | va |
| (Nous) | allons |
| (Vous) | allez |
Venir
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | viens |
| (Nous) | venons |
| (Vous) | venez |
Sortir
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | sors |
| (Nous) | sortons |
| (Vous) | sortez |

### Irregular Conjugations

* Être, Avoir, Savoir, & Vouloir are the only verbs that are irregular in the imperative.
Être
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | sois |
| (nous) | soyons |
| (vous) | soyez |
Avoir
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | aie |
| (nous) | ayons |
| (vous) | ayez |
Savoir
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | sache |
| (nous) | sachons |
| (vous) | sachez |
Vouloir
| Subject | Ending |
| (Tu) | veuille |
| (nous) | veuillons |
| (vous) | veuillez |
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Grammar/Tenses/Future anterior

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Usage

This is used in a sentence when there is something in a future tense, but this action is also in the future, but before the other future. This is called the "futur anterieur" in French.

## Formation

* The future anterior is a compound tense—it consists of two verbs, the auxiliary verb and the past participle one seeks to use in this tense.
* The auxiliary verb is conjugated as if it were being used in the future indicative.
* The past participle is added immediately after the auxiliary verb.
* A negative structure such as ne ... pas is always placed around the auxiliary verb, not the past participle.
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Grammar/Tenses/Future

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Usage of the Future

One uses the future tense when referring to an action, certain to occur, in the future. In a time ahead of now.
One may also use aller in the present tense in conjunction with aller or another verb in infinitive form, to refer to the future. However it is not the future tense.
For example, Il va aller à l'école or Je vais dormir
Holds generally the same meaning as:
Il ira à l'école or Je dormirai
However, the former is not in the future tense. (It is in the Near Future tense.) Also, the usage of "aller" generally signifies an action to occur in the very near future, where as future tense refers to any time in the future.

## Formation of the Future
### Future Stems

* For (regular and irregular) -er or -ir verbs, the infinitive is the future stem.
* For (regular and irregular) -re verbs, the infinitive minus the final e is the future stem.
* Exception: Verbs that are stem-changing in the present are stem-changing in the future also.
* Exception: Certain irregular verbs have irregular future stems. (Not all irregular verbs have irregular future stems).
Stem Changes (Infinitif)
| Verb | Change From | Change To |
| -ler verbs | ler | ller |
| -ter verbs | ter | tter |
| -yer verbs | yer | ier |
| verbs with an e in the penultimate syllable | e in penultimate syllable | è |
| verbs with é in the penultimate syllable | é in penultimate syllable | è |

## Exceptions to the Rule (Irrégulier)

| verb | future stem |
| aller | ir- |
| avoir | aur- |
| devoir | devr- |
| envoyer | enverr- |
| être | ser- |
| faire | fer- |
| pleuvoir | pleuvr- |
| pouvoir | pourr- |
| savoir | saur- |
| venir | viendr- |
| voir | verr- |
| vouloir | voudr- |

### Future Endings

To conjugate a verb in the futur simple, one takes the infinitive and appends the following, as according to the table: Here, danser is used.
| Subject | Ending | Conjugated verb |
| je | -ai | danserai |
| tu | -as | danseras |
| il/elle | -a | dansera |
| nous | -ons | danserons |
| vous | -ez | danserez |
| ils | -ont | danseront |
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# Commutative Algebra/Intersection and prime chains or Krull theory

Definition 17.1:
Let $R$ be a ring. The (Krull) dimension of $R$ is defined to be
    $\dim R:=\sup\{n\in \mathbb {N} |\exists p_{0},\ldots ,p_{n}\leq R{\text{ prime }}:p_{0}\subsetneq p_{1}\subsetneq \cdots \subsetneq p_{n}\}$.
Theorem 18.1 (prime avoidance):
Let $J,I_{1},\ldots ,I_{n}$ be ideals within a ring $R$ such that at most two of the ideals $I_{1},\ldots ,I_{n}$ are not prime ideals. If $J\subseteq \bigcup \limits _{k=1}^{n}I_{k}$, then there exists an $m\in \mathbb {N}$ such that $J\subseteq I_{m}$.
Proof 1:
We prove the theorem directly. First consider the case $n=2$. Let $a\in J\setminus I_{1}$ and $b\in J\setminus I_{2}$. Then $a\in I_{2}$, $b\in I_{1}$ and $a+b\in J$. In case $a+b\in I_{1}$, we have $a\in I_{1}$ and in case $a+b\in I_{2}$ we have $b\in I_{2}$. Both are contradictions.
Now consider the case $n>2$. Without loss of generality, we may assume $I_{1},I_{2}$ are not prime and all the other ideals are prime. If $J\subseteq I_{1}\cup I_{2}$, the claim follows by what we already proved. Otherwise, there exists an element $b\in J\cap (I_{3}\cup \cdots \cup I_{n}\setminus (I_{1}\cup I_{2}))$. Without loss of generality, we may assume $b\in J\cap (I_{3}\setminus (I_{1}\cup I_{2}))$. We claim that $J\subseteq I_{3}$. First assume
Assume otherwise. If there exists $a\in I_{1}$ (or $I_{2}$), then $$.
INCOMPLETE
Proof 2:
We prove the theorem by induction on $n$. The case $n=2$ we take from the preceding proof. Let $n>2$. By induction, we have that $J$ is not contained within any of $I_{1}\cup \cdots \cup {\hat {I_{k}}}\cup \cdots \cup I_{n}$, where the hat symbol means that the $k$-th ideal is not counted in the union, for each $k\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}$. Hence, we may choose for each $k\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}$ $a_{k}\in J\setminus I_{1}\cup \cdots \cup {\hat {I_{k}}}\cup \cdots \cup I_{n}$. Since $n>2$, at least one of the ideals $I_{1},\ldots ,I_{n}$ is prime; say $I_{m}$ is this prime ideal. Consider the element of $J$
    $b:=a_{m}+a_{1}\cdots a_{m-1}a_{m+1}\cdots a_{n}$.
For $j\neq m$, $b$ is not contained in $I_{j}$ because otherwise $a_{m}$ would be contained within $I_{j}$. For $j=m$, $b$ is also not contained within $I_{j}$, this time because otherwise $a_{1}\cdots a_{m-1}a_{m+1}\cdots a_{n}\in I_{j}=I_{m}$, contradicting $I_{m}$ being prime. Hence, we have a contradiction to the hypothesis.$\Box$
# Commutative Algebra/Integral dependence

Definition (integral dependence):
Let $S$ be a commutative ring, and let $R\subset S$ be a subring, so that $S/R$ is a ring extension. An element $s\in S$ is called integral over $R$ if there exists a monic polynomial with coefficients in $R$,
    $p(x)=x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}$, $\forall j\in \{0,\ldots ,n\}:a_{j}\in R$
such that $p(s)=0$.
Proposition (criteria for ):
{{{2}}}
Proposition (polynomials of integral elements are again integral):
Let $S/R$ be a ring extension, $s_{1},\ldots ,s_{k}\in S$ integral over $R$, $p(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\in R[x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}]$. Then $p(s_{1},\ldots ,s_{k})$ is integral over $R$.
Proof: Let ${\overline {S}}$ be a ring extension of $S$ such that $p$ decomposes into linear factors in ${\overline {S}}$; such an extension always exists. $\Box$
# GNU C Compiler Internals/GCC 4.1
## Table of Contents

* GNU C Compiler Architecture. Compilation of an expression
* Compilation of a function
* Function calls
* Stackguard
* GEM Framework
* Function Overloading in C
* Return Address Defence
* Adding Syntactic Sugar
* Improving Code Style
* Security Enhancements
* Links
* Contributors
# GNU C Compiler Internals/Creating a Compiler Extension 3 4

In this section we describe the creation of a new compiler extension step-by-step. First, one needs to download the GCC and patch it with the GEM patch. After that one can start writing the compiler extension. When the extension is ready one can compile other programs using the GEM-patched version of GCC and the new compiler extension.

### Installation

Download GEM framework from here. Unpack it and type make all. This will download a copy of GCC, patch it with GCC patch, compile and install GCC, and build examples.
The C function overloading example allows one to overload functions in C just like in C++:
Let us consider the CFO example in more detail.

### C function overloading

The source code of the extension is located in ./examples/cfo/cfo.c file. The following hooks are implemented:
The idea of the implementation is to modify the name of each function declared more than once. The names of these functions are modifier to include the type information of the arguments. For example, function test(int, int) is renamed into test_i_i(int, int). The renaming takes place in function cfo_alias_decl.
Functions cfo_start_decl and gem_start_function call this function. It looks up the name of the function being declared and returns immediately if the name is not found:
Therefore, the names of non-overloaded functions are not changed. This maintains the compatibility with the unmodified compiler.
If the function with this name was declared previously then the extension checks if an alias with the arguments type information was created:
Function cfo_build_name builds the name of the function arguments. An alias is created if it was not created before.
Finally, the new declaration is renamed so that it includes the type information of the arguments:
Function cfo_build_function_call builds the name of the function that includes the argument type information and looks it up in the symbol table. If the name is found then the function name is replace in the function call. If the name is not found then the function was not overloaded and the name of the function being called is not changed. Build the new name:
Check if this identifier was parsed previously:
If it was then get the declaration:
If the declaration is found then replace the function:
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# GNU C Compiler Internals/GCC Hacks
### Function overloading as in C++

This example was presented previously.

### Invoke a block of code from a function as in Ruby

Linux implementation of lists allows to invoke a block of code on each element of the list:
pagelist.c:
list_for_each_prev takes the code in the brackets as a parameter. The trick is to use a macro that rolls out to a for loop whose body becomes the code in the brackets. The goal of this project is to allow programmers to use code blocks in function calls.

### Dereference function results when a structure is returned

C allows one to dereference the return value of a function if it is a pointer to a structure:
If the function returns the structure, not a pointer to it, then a compile-time error is generated:
This extension addresses the problem of dereferencing structures that are return values.

### Use functions to initialize a variable

When a variable is defined and initialized the initializers is constant. You will get an error if you try to use a function, no matter what this function is:
When a variable is used the function it was initialized with is called.

### Return address protection (RAD)

Rad

### Repair of control-hijacking attacks (DIRA)

Dira

### Array bounds checking using segmentation hardware (CASH)

Cash

### Detecting interger overflows (DIVINE)

Divine

### Develop in userland, install in kernel (DUSK)

Dusk

### Dynamic Information Flow Tracking (GDIF)

Gdif

### GCC switches in object file

GCC switches in object file

### The -fstack-protector feature

GCC 4.1 implements a protection mechanism against buffer overflow attacks and exposes it to a programmer with a -fstack-protector option. This is an example of functionality that benefits from modular implementation because it has nothing to do with core functionality of the compiler. Does GCC have enough hooks to implement -fstack-protector module?
| Prev: Function Overloading in C | GCC Hacks | Next: Links |
# GNU C Compiler Internals/GCC Hacks 3 4
## Invoke a block of code from a function as in Ruby

Linux implementation of lists allows to invoke a block of code on each element of the list:
pagelist.c:
list_for_each_prev takes the code in the brackets as a parameter. The trick is to use a macro that rolls out to a for loop whose body becomes the code in the brackets. The goal of this project is to allow programmers to use code blocks in function calls.

## Dereference function results when a structure is returned

C allows one to dereference the return value of a function if it is a pointer to a structure:
If the function returns the structure, not a pointer to it, then a compile-time error is generated:
This extension addresses the problem of dereferencing structures that are return values.

## Use functions to initialize a variable

When a variable is defined and initialized the initializer is constant. You will get an error if you try to use a function, no matter what this function is:
When a variable is used the function it was initialized with is called.

## GCC switches in object file

GCC switches in object fileusage: /usr/local/bin/paster serve [options] CONFIG_FILE [start|stop|restart|status] Serve the described application
If start/stop/restart is given, then it will start (normal operation), stop (--stop-daemon), or do both. You probably want ``--daemon`` as well for stopping.
Options:
[app:main] use = egg:PasteEnabledPackage option1 = foo option2 = bar
[server:main] use = egg:PasteScript#wsgiutils host = 127.0.0.1 port = 80 sudo update-rc.d startup.sh defaults

## Type information at run-time

There is no type information in C language available at run-time. The idea is to allow program to get the names and offsets of a structure's field at run time, the symbolic name of an enum declaration, etc. For example, instead of writing
one could write
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