OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RC Airplane

This is a work in progress, please contribute!
Building and flying radio controlled aircraft is a very satisfying hobby to pursue, but can be very complicated for a beginner. If you are serious about it, the best possible path to go down is to join a club and meet some experienced flyers who can help you.

### Clubs

If you want to fly anything more than a small electric park flyer, it is almost essential that you join a club. The experienced hobbyists in a club generally extend a warm welcome to beginners, and make great efforts to help them learn about the models and equipment, and how best to install and set them up. They help newcomers avoid disappointment and painful and expensive mistakes. They generally offer first rate flying tuition at no expense beyond that of buying your R/C trainer and joining the club and your national organisation (see below).
Most clubs belong to a national body representing the hobby, so members are covered by insurance and safe flying conditions can be maintained. You can contact the following bodies for information on local clubs.
* USA: Academy of Model Aeronautics
* Canada: Model Aeronautics Association of Canada
* UK: British Model Flying Association
* New Zealand: New Zealand Model Aeronautical Association
* Australia: Model Aeronautical Association of Australia
It's possible to learn to fly R/C planes without a club, but at the very least do find a friend to show you the ropes -- a little time spent in instruction can save hours of frustration. Flight simulators are becoming more and more popular amongst beginners. Those will be explained later in those lines.

## Table of contents
### General information

* How a plane works
* RC electronics
* Remote Control Auto-pilot mechanism

### Getting a plane

* Choosing a plane
* Where to buy

### Building

* Building almost ready to fly kits
* Building from a kit
* Building from a plan
* Building SPADs
* Control surfaces and linkages
* Propellers
* Covering, painting and applying decals
* Balancing the plane

### Flying

* Before you fly
* Pre-flight checks
* Basic controls
* Basic maneuvers
* Aerobatic maneuvers
* Gliders
# RC Airplane/Aerobatic maneuvers
## Loops

* Make your plane level
* Throttle right up
* Pull right back on your elevator stick (depending on what mode you are in, 1 or 2)
* When you begin to start your decent power down to quarter-throttle, still pulling back
* When level again, pull off the elevator stick and throttle back up
# RCA Open Source Application: ROSA Manual/Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database/Step 3/Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file

* Introduction
* Limitations of ROSA
* RCA Modeling
** Cost Objects in an RCA Model
** Planning Outputs and Primary Costs
** Relationships in an RCA Model
** Storyboard of the Get Well Manufacturing Model
* Demonstration of the Base Model
** Step 1: Discover RCA
*** Analyze Rates
*** Analyze Resource Pools
*** Analyze Product Cost
** Step 2: Play with the RCA Model
*** Maintain Resource Pools
*** Maintain Products
*** Maintain Primary Cost
*** Maintain Consumptions
*** Maintain Capacity
*** Update Rates
* Unit 5 - Populating Your Own RCA Database
** Step 3: Build an RCA Model
*** Import Master Data and Values
*** Importing of Resource Pool & Business Process Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Product Master Data from a source file
*** Importing of Primary Costs & Consumption Quantities from a source file
*** Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source file
*** Final Step
* Appendix A. Palo Installation Guide

### POPULATING YOUR OWN RCA DATABASE
#### Step 3: Build an RCA Model - Importing of Capacity Quantities from a source

For importing, the capacity quantities for each resource pool and business process please refer to Figure 38 below. Recall that the capacity number serves as the fixed cost rate denominator in the rate calculation. In unit 4 – Maintain Capacity, we discussed the difference between capacity and resource pool output or demand. This import process is where you define capacities for both resource pools and business processes.
As previously mentioned, with resource pools, the capacity is equal or higher than output; but, for business processes, the capacity must be the same as output.
The columns from the left to right are Resource Pool or Business Process number, year and month, the Palo element name (i.e., RP Capacity qty should appear in every line) with the last column reflecting the theoretical capacity quantity of the cost object. Import the capacity information as shown here in Figure 38.
# SAS/Programming

SAS
* SAS Basics
** Introduction
** Basics
** Settings
** Documentation
** Math Functions
** String Functions
** Data Management
** Graphics
** Programming
** IML
** Publication Quality Output
** Descriptive Statistics
* Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Method of Moments
* Topics
** Linear Models
** Binomial Outcome Models
** Multinomial Models
** Duration Analysis
** Factor Analysis

## SAS Programming Modes

SAS uses a variety of programming modes to manipulate data. Among them are :
* Global statements, which define or alter the program environment
* SAS data steps, which use the data step language to create, input, modify, and output data in rectangular database tables (datasets).
** A SAS datastep commences with the DATA keyword, and is generally terminated with a RUN statement.
* Procedures, which are pre compiled structures designed to produce defined outcomes given (usually) the input of SAS datasets and one or more control parameters
** A SAS procedure commences with the PROC keyword followed by the procedure name, and is generally terminated with a RUN or QUIT statement.
* SQL statements, issued within PROC SQL, that provide an alternative (and more standard) method of creating and modifying database tables
* IML (Interactive Matrix Language) statements, issued within PROC IML, that provide a method of manipulating matrix data.
* SAS Graph statements, which use a special vocabulary of statements to control graphical output.
* ODS statements, which use another special vocabulary of statements to control output to external media
* The SAS Macro Language, which modifies program statements prior to execution, and allows generic code to be adapted for use each time it is run, by substitution of control parameters.
** Macro code is generally identified by statements which contain keywords prefaced by % or &.

### Macros
#### A simple example

The following macro computes frequencies, plots them and store the graph in a file. Instead of repeating all those steps each time, you just need one line to perform all these tasks together.
* The declaration of a macro begins with %macro and ends with %mend.
* Arguments in the macro are preceded by the & symbol.
# SAS/Publication Quality Ouput

SAS
* SAS Basics
** Introduction
** Basics
** Settings
** Documentation
** Math Functions
** String Functions
** Data Management
** Graphics
** Programming
** IML
** Publication Quality Output
** Descriptive Statistics
* Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Method of Moments
* Topics
** Linear Models
** Binomial Outcome Models
** Multinomial Models
** Duration Analysis
** Factor Analysis

## Weaving

See Lenth RV, Hojsgaard S. 2007. SASweave: Literate programming using SAS. Journal of Statistical Software 19: 1{20. URL http://www.jstatsoft.org/v19/i08/

## Output Delivery System

With the output delivery system (ODS), you can store objects in various formats. ODS offers a set of methods for converting standard output to variouw destinations.

### Listing

    The standard SAS output window

### RTF

    Microsoft Office Documents

### LaTeX

    The markup language for scientific publication.

### HTML

    to write web pages.

### Output

    SAS datasets.
You can see the current settings for each ODS destination by using the ODS SHOW statement :

### ODS TRACE

For each PROC, you can see the list of exportable objects by using the 'ODS TRACE' statement :

### ODS OUTPUT

You can export objects to SAS datasets

## See Also

* PROC DOCUMENT
# SAT Study Guide

    This book is about the SAT Reasoning Test taken in the United States. If you are looking for SATs Study Guide taken in UK, see SATs Study Guide
* Strategies for Test-takers
* The Math Section
** General Numerical Concepts
** Concepts from Geometry
** Concepts from Algebra
** Concepts from Algebra 2
** Word Problems
** General Math Review
* The Critical Reading Section
** Sentence Completion
** Passage-based Reading
** General Critical Reading Review
* The Writing Section
** The Essay
** Improving Sentences
** Identifying Sentence Errors
** Improving Paragraphs
** General Writing Review
* Practice Tests
** Practice Test 1
** Practice Test 2
** Practice Test 3
# SAT Study Guide/Part 2 - The Math Section/Concepts from Algebra

The SAT generally does not test any arcane or difficult geometry; however, it is important to know several rules.
Degrees and Angles Edit
A circle contains 360 degrees. Every circle contains 360 degrees. Each degree is 1/360 of the total distance around the outside of the circle. A line is a 180-degree angle. A line is a flat angle. Half a circle, or a semicircle, is also a 180 degree angle. When two lines intersect, four angles are formed. If two lines are perpendicular, their slopes are negative reciprocals. If line A has a slope of 3, and line B is perpendicular to A, it has a slope of -1/3. When two lines intersect, the angles opposite each other will have the same measures. These are known as vertical angles. The total of all four angles created is 360 degrees. The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be larger than the length of the remaining side. A rectangle + two triangles on opposite sides = a trapezoid.
# SAS/String Functions

The spedis function computes a distance between two strings. Here is an example :
SAS
* SAS Basics
** Introduction
** Basics
** Settings
** Documentation
** Math Functions
** String Functions
** Data Management
** Graphics
** Programming
** IML
** Publication Quality Output
** Descriptive Statistics
* Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Method of Moments
* Topics
** Linear Models
** Binomial Outcome Models
** Multinomial Models
** Duration Analysis
** Factor Analysis
# SAS/Method of Moment

SAS
* SAS Basics
** Introduction
** Basics
** Settings
** Documentation
** Math Functions
** String Functions
** Data Management
** Graphics
** Programming
** IML
** Publication Quality Output
** Descriptive Statistics
* Methods
** Maximum Likelihood
** Method of Moments
* Topics
** Linear Models
** Binomial Outcome Models
** Multinomial Models
** Duration Analysis
** Factor Analysis
# SAT Study Guide/Part 2 - The Math Section

* SAT Study Guide Contents | Introduction | Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

## Introduction to the Math section

The Math section of the SAT covers several areas: first, it covers general concepts concerning numbers which you are expected to know. Second, it encompasses geometry, especially the properties of angles. Often, parts of the first two are used in coordination with the third area, Algebra. Also, some concepts from Algebra 2, particularly second degree equations, are tested as well.
The Math section contains, in general, around 50 questions. Each question has five answers. However, the Math section is different in that ten of these questions do not have multiple-choice answers. You are required to grid in your answers on these questions. Don't worry- they are similar to the other types of questions; make sure and study the probability portions of Chapter 1. Several different types of answers are allowed on this section.
Although the New SAT contains more straightforward math questions, you must still become used to solving unusual problems involving logic. This logic will build on general rules you can learn in the chapters listed above. The reason is linked to the College Board's philosophy about the test; they see it as more of an aptitude test than an assessment test. In the end, no one can teach you the logic behind the test, but you can study hard, and that will improve your score a lot.

## Chapters

* General Numerical Concepts
* Concepts from Geometry
* Concepts from Algebra
* Concepts from Algebra 2
* General Math Review
# Radiation Oncology/CNS/Choroid Plexus

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials

## Epidemiology

* 0.5% intracranial neoplasms
* 10-20% intracranial neoplasms in <1 y/o
* 70% of choroid plexus tumors occur in pts <2 y/o

## Histology

* Choroid plexus papillomas are WHO grade I.
* Choroid plexus carcinomas are WHO grade III.
* 80% of choroid plexus tumurs are papillomas.

## Patterns of Spread

* Most common site is 4th ventricle.
* As high as 44% of choroid plexus carcinomas can have CSF seeding.
* CSF seeding rare for choroid plexus papilloma.

## Treatment
### Surgical Excision

* Johns Hopkins, 2002 (1985-2000) PMID 12125972 -- "Is there a requirement for adjuvant therapy for choroid plexus carcinoma that has been completely resected?" (Fitzpatrick et al., J Neurooncol. 2002; 57(2):123-6.)
** 75 cases of choroid plexus carcinoma described in literature. 37 had GTR, 38 had STR
** 84% survival if GTR vs 18% if STR
** Long term survival was seen in pts who received GTR and no further tx; numbers were small.

### Adjuvant Radiotherapy

* Indications for adjuvant RT
** positive margins
** positive neuraxis staging
** WHO grade III
* Indications for CSI
** positive margins
** positive neuraxis staging

### Deferred Radiation in Young Children

* Baby POG I (1986-90)
** Prospective. 198 children < 3 yrs (132 < 2 yrs, 66 age 2-3 yrs), bx proven malignant brain tumors (low-grade astro excluded), treated with maximal surgery, postop chemo (CTX/VCR followed by cis/etopo) for 2 yrs (if age < 2 at dx) or 1 yr (age 2-3) or until disease progression, followed by RT.
** Histologies: 8 pts w/ choroid plexus tumors included in Baby POG I
** 1993 PMID 8388548 -- "Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in children less than three years of age with malignant brain tumors." (Duffner et al., N Engl J Med. 1993; 328(24):1725-31)
*** CR to chemo PFS comparable those with GTR PFS
** 1995 PMID 7619719 -- "Postoperative chemotherapy and delayed radiation in infants and very young children with choroid plexus carcinomas. The Pediatric Oncology Group." (Duffner et al., Pediatr Neurosurg. 1995; 22(4):189-96.)
*** 8 pts w/ choroid plexus carcinoma tx'd w/ surg, prolonged chemo, delayed RT.
*** Results suggest this approach may allow prolonged DFS in young pts.
# Radiation Oncology/CNS/Cancer pain

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
# Radiation Oncology/CNS/Cavernous malformation
## Overview

* A cavernous malformation is a vascular malformation composed of sinusoidal vessels without a large feeding artery.
* The primary difference between a cavernous malformation and an AVM is the lower pressure gradient.
* Represent 8-15% of intracranial malformations
* 70-80% are supratentorial.
* 0.25% to 6% annual risk of hemorrhage.

## Treatment
### Stereotactic radiosurgery

* Pittsburgh, 2002 (1987-2000) - PMID 12015835 -- "Long-term results after stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with cavernous malformations." Hasegawa T et al. Neurosurgery. 2002 Jun;50(6):1190-7.
* Ho et al. (2012) Brainstem Cavernoma Treated with Cone-based Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Therapeut Radiol Oncol 2012; 19(3): 255-261 • Two cases with brainstem cavernoma treated with linear accelerator (LlNAC) cone-based stereotactic radiosurgery • CASE 1: 14 Gy in two fractions, brain MRI showed the cavernoma over left pons remitted gradually • CASE 2: 18 Gy in two fractions, 0.7 cm cavernoma at left ambient cistern of the 4th ventricle roof, follow-up brain MRI of the cavernoma demonstrated very good treatment response
# Radiation Oncology/CNS/Cluster Headaches

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
Chronic Cluster Headaches
* Sudden onset of unilateral pain, typically originating around the eyes, temple, cheek, and forehead. Typically along the V1 division of the trigeminal nerve
* Frequently with concurrent ipsilateral autonomic activity, resulting in ptosis, miosis, lacrimation, conjunctival injection, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion
* Epidemiology
** Prevalence of cluster headaches is estimated at 0.2%; incidence at 2-10/100,000
*** ~10% develop chronic cluster headaches (remissions <30 days or duration >1 year)
*** ~20& of CCH patients are highly refractory to medical treatment
** Male 6:1 female predominance
** Mean age of onset 30 years
** Seasonal predilection for spring and fall
** Increased incidence in monozygotic twins; 14x risk in first-degree relative and 2x risk in second-degree relative suggests role for genetic factors
* Pathophysiology is not clear, but clinical presentation and functional imaging suggests central origin, with posterior hypothalamic hyperactivity. However, the pterygopalatine ganglion may also be involved, due to confluence of multiple nerve fibers passing through
* Multiple surgical modalities (e.g. surgical sectioning of various nerves, MVD, deep brain stimulation, etc) have been explored, but all involved potential complications from surgery
* Deep brain stimulation has proven to effective in both reducing pain and increasing efficacy of pain medications
* Gamma Knife treatment targeting trigeminal nerve has not been successful, and has had much higher rate of side effects than same protocol used safely for trigeminal neuralgia. It is not clear whether the trigeminal nerve is more sensitive to RT in cluster headaches or more resistant to RT in trigeminal neuralgia
* A single case report from Stanford suggest targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion at a lower dose might be efficacious
# Radiation Oncology/CNS/Cerebral Cavernous Malformation

* Cavernous hemangiomas located in the brain
* Referred to as cerebral cavernomas or more usually as cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs)
* Can be found in the white matter
* Often abut the cerebral cortex
* Can represent a potential seizure focus
* Can change in size and number over time
* Asymptomatic lesions may not require treatment but need to be monitored for any change in the size
* Treatments for cerebral cavernous hemangiomas include radiosurgery or microsurgery
Poorthis et al. (2013) Treatment of cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis
* Ovid Medline, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library searched for peer-reviewed publications: 63 cohorts involving 3424 patients
* The incidence of the composite outcome was 6.6 (95% CI 5.7 to 7.5) per 100 person-years after neurosurgical excision (median follow-up 3.3 years) and 5.4 (95% CI 4.5 to 6.4) after stereotactic radiosurgery (median follow-up 4.1 years)
* Conclusion: (1) The reported risks of CCM treatment (and the lower risks of neurosurgical excision over time, from recently bled CCMs, and for CCMs outside the brainstem) compare favourably with the risks of recurrent haemorrhage from CCM (2) Long-term effects, especially important for stereotactic radiosurgery, are unknown
# Shell Programming/Expansions

Expansions are required to deliver a value to script. We will discuss arithmetic expansion and parameter expansion here. Placing '$' prior to a variable expands its value.

## Arithmetic expressions

Arithmetic expansion is not part of portable shell syntax, but was added as a POSIX extension. Arithmetic expansion is achieved using a $((operation)) construct. Parameter expansion is achieved by using a ${parameter} construct.
Let's give an example of arithmetic expansion:
$(($one+1)) will have the value of 2.

## String manipulation

Let's try to do some examples for parameter expansion. Let's say we want to remove a string 'Hello' from 'HelloBob'. The following will do the trick:
${string%Bob} portion cuts out 'Bob' from end of variable string, so we are left with Hello as its output.
If variable string had value of 'HelloBobBob', ${string%%Bob*} would do the same trick. The '%%' portion is required because it signifies to remove the longest pattern matching 'Bob*'. So, we are also left with 'Hello'.
If '%' is replaced with '#' and '%%' replaced with '##', this signifies the same meaning but this time from beginning of parameter, not from end. For example, the following code would remove 'Hello' from 'HelloBobBob':

## Conditional variable values

Following subsections represent a syntax for handling of situations, where variable may be undefined.
Use 'value' if param's original value is null, otherwise value of param variable is taken.
Use param if defined, otherwise print value to output – it effectively aborts the command.
Use 'value' if param is defined (otherwise an empty string).
Use 'value' and set param to 'value' if param is undefined.
Besides the above-mentioned syntax, there is also a syntax with a colon preceding the -/?/+/=, eg.:
Which for all four operators above causes that empty variables are handled in the same way as undefined ones in the above-mentioned definition.
# Shell Programming/If

The if statement has the following basic structure:

### Using && and || in control statements

The && and || can be used in control statements to represent nested loops like:
as:
# Shell Programming/Regular expressions

Regular expressions are used generally to manipulate strings by external programs like find and grep.

### Commonly used characters in regular expression
#### Extended grep mode

The -E mode may be used in grep with the following characters preceded by '\'.

### Examples of regular expression in use

* Look for text in file, example_text_file, ending with 'e':
* Look for:
in another_text_file:
The above command tells grep to use extended mode, find "Cra", followed by any number of string, followed by space, followed by printable character, followed by "o", followed by three characters, and search this in another_text_file.
# Shell Programming/Control statements

The test command can be shortened to '[' and when this is done in control statements it is customary to end it with an accompanying ']' like '[ ]'.
# Shell Programming/I/O Redirection

File descriptor (fd) 0 is stdin. Fd 1 is stdout. Fd 2 is stderr.
In the above example, exec globally opens $tasklist file for reading by assigning fd 6. The read command then reads fd 6 source line by line until end of file. The exec globally closes fd 6 in the last line.
# Shell Programming/See also
## Shell-specific books

* Bash Shell Scripting (bash)
* Bourne Shell Scripting‎ (sh)
* C Shell Scripting (csh)

## Applications

* Ad Hoc Data Analysis From The Unix Command Line
* Fedora And Red Hat System Administration/Bash Scripting
# Radiation Oncology/NHL

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Main Page | Randomized
* Overview: Overview |
* Follicular |
* Diffuse large B-cell |
* MALT |
* Nodal marginal zone |
* Mantle cell |
* CLL/SLL |
* Lymphoblastic |
* Burkitt |
* NK/T cell |
* Anaplastic large cell |
* Primary CNS Lymphoma
* Treatment:
* Aggressive |
* Specific sites |
* Radioimmunotherapy
Official Guidelines
Overview Randomized Evidence
B-cell
* Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
* Follicular lymphoma
* Chronic lymphocytic leukemia / Small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL)
* Nodal marginal zone lymphoma
* MALT lymphoma (extranodal marginal zone)
* Mantle cell lymphoma
* Burkitt lymphoma
T-cell
* NK/T cell lymphoma
* Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
Either
Cutaneous
* Mycosis fungoides (T-cell)
* Cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (T-cell)
* Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma
Treatment:
* Aggressive
* Specific sites
* Radioimmunotherapy
* Proton Therapy
* CNS Metastases
# Radiation Oncology/NHL/CNS Metastases

Lymphoma Metastatic to the Central Nervous System

## Outcomes

* MDACC, 1998 - PMID 9454747 -- "Risk factors, treatment, and outcome of central nervous system recurrence in adults with intermediate-grade and immunoblastic lymphoma." (Van Besien K, Blood. 1998 Feb 15;91(4):1178-84.)
** Incidence of CNS recurrence 4.5% at 1 year from primary lymphoma treatment. Risk factors for CNS recurrence: elevated LDH, multiple extranodal sites.
** 24 pts developed CNS recurrence. Median survival 88 days. 1 yr OS 25.3%. RT provided symptomatic relief in 6 of 9.