OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canne de Combat/Defense

Canne défense is a new part of Canne de Combat. There is stick defense in the French martial arts, but it is now joined with savate défense, so, its name is "savate et bâton défense".
The goal of canne défense is to give ability of canne de combat players to defend themselves on the street using the stick used in canne. The assumption is that a canne player walks from the training to home, and he gets insulted by one or more not-so-gentle means. His first reaction should be evade the situation, but sometimes to evade, or to run away is not an option (somebody to defend, no place to run, etc.) In this situation he uses what he has with, and it is the canne stick.
There are many techniques described in different books and videos, but, we have to be sceptical with them: they are perhaps not tested under stress, too complicated to use them in a fight situation, or are simply based on the cooperation of the partner.
So, we have to use our common sense to decide, if a technique in a specific situation is worth, we have to setup different scenarios, try the techniques in controlled fights (with resisting people and using protective equipments), and only if the proved to working, should we say: ok, this technique is good.

## Canne into the hand

So, we see, that here will be some trouble. Most of us carry a pack of sticks (5-6 different stick, perhaps a bâton) tied together, and packed into a bag. How can we access our weapon, how can we be sure, that the others won't be able to use our weapons against us (this can be happen, when we simply drop the other sticks).
I would like to ask everybody, to post his comments/ideas about it.
My idea is to tie the bag with a quick tie method, so, using only one movement, the sticks will be free, and ready to use.
# Canne de Combat/Grades
## Grades
### Blue pommel

* The beginning
* Technical requirements : balance, quality, the 6 techniques , the 8 parries , dodgings .
* Theory : Knowledge of the weapon, and the history of the canne.

### Green pommel

* The two hands works together
* Topic: I touch and I am not touched
* Technical requirements : slits, voltes and framing
* Theory: Criteria of the validity of a hit (movement, valid areas)

### Red pommel

* The co-operation to the opposition
* Topic: I am not touched and I touch
* Principle: defensive organization and concept of response
* Technical requirements: Shift, overflow, opposition, management of the effort
* Theory: regulation Canes of Combat and Bâton, the behaviour, the equipment, the obligations of the players, the principles of the judgement, the sanctions and penalties
* Allows to be initiator

### White pommel

* Entered the confirmation
* Topic: I touch before being touched
* Principle: anticipation
* Technical requirements: behavioral diagram, sequence prepared for a demonstration, interiorization of the practice (closed eyes)
* Theory: the file of J/A, the categories of age and the various types of competition

### Yellow pommel

* Pommel of the acquisition
* Topic: “I disturb for touching”
* Principle: pretence (see the article on the pretence of B. Dubreuil)
* Technical requirement: work in simple cane, double cane and stick
* Theory: to have the diploma of regional training J/A, take part at the various meetings (official and semi-official)
* Allows to be instructor
# Canne de Combat: The Beginner's Guide

* Chapter 1 - Introduction
* Chapter 2 - What is Canne de Combat?
* Chapter 3 - Equipments in Canne de Combat
* Chapter 4 - Warmup exercises
* Chapter 5 - Strength and stretching exercises
* Chapter 6 - Basics, stances and footwork
* Chapter 7 - Attacks
* Chapter 7 - Defenses
* Chapter 7 - Lunges
* Chapter 7 - Hand changes
* Chapter 8 - Voltes and jumps
* Chapter 9 - Combinations
* Chapter 10 - Double canne
* Chapter 11 - Baton
* Chapter 12 - Canne chausson
* Chapter 13 - Canne défense (new)
* Chapter 14 - Rules
* Chapter 15 - Grades
# Canne de Combat/Combinations
## Combinations
### La scie circulaire

| Téte | Croisé téte | Brisé | Croisé téte |
| Median | | | |
| Bas | | | |

### Les 3 ricochets

| Téte | Croisé téte | | Croisé téte |
| Median | | | |
| Bas | | Croisé bas | |

### Le Z

| Téte | Latéral croisé | Latéral extérieur | |
| Median | | | |
| Bas | | | Latéral crosié |

### Le colosse

| Téte | Latéral extérieur | | |
| Median | | | Latéral extérieur |
| Bas | | Croisé bas | |

### Saut à l'élastique

| Téte | Latéral croisé | | Croisé téte |
| Median | | | |
| Bas | | Croisé bas | |

### Rebond

| Téte | Latéral croisé | | |
| Median | | Latéral extérieur | |
| Bas | | | Croisé bas |

### Saturer

| Téte | Brisé | Latéral croisé | |
| Median | | | Latéral extérieur |
| Bas | | | |

### En finesse

| Téte | | | Lateral extérieur |
| Median | | Lateral croisé | |
| Bas | Enlevé | | |

### L'asymétrique avec changement d'idée

| Téte | | | Lateral extérieur |
| Median | Lateral extérieur | | |
| Bas | | Croisé bas | |

### En haut je t'aurai

| Téte | Latéral extérieur | | Brisé |
| Median | | Latéral croisé | |
| Bas | | | |

### Coucou

| Téte | Latéral croisé | Brisé | |
| Median | | | |
| Bas | | | Croisé bas |

### L'asymétrique en vague remontante

| Téte | | | Brisé |
| Median | Latéral extérieur | | |
| Bas | | Croisé bas | |
# Canne de Combat/Defenses
## Defenses

After you learned how to attack, it is a necessary to learn how to defend yourself. In canne you can defend yourself two way: first, you can use a parry with the stick, the second you can move out of the way of the strike. This movement is called evasion. An evade can be a single step, a jump, a crouch, or a step over with one leg above the attacking stick.
The parries are the following:
* (1) Upward parry
* (2) Inverse upward parry
* (3) Parry to the left while the sticks end points upwards (parry against attack to the head and torso)
* (4) Parry to the right while the sticks end points upwards (parry against attack to the head and torso)
* (5) Parry to the left while the sticks end points downwards (parry against attack to the torso)
* (6) Parry to the right while the sticks end points downwards (parry against attack to the torso)
* (7) Parry to the left while the sticks end points downwards and the end reaches the floor (parry against attacks to the leg)
* (8) Parry to the right while the sticks end points downwards and the end reaches the floor (parry against attacks to the leg)
The parry 5 and 6 is not often used.

### Defense rules

There is no simultan attack, which means, if one of the players started an attack, the other has to parry or evade, and is allowed to counterattack only after the evade. The or is a very important thing we must remember, you can parry or you can evade. You are not allowed to do the same thing in one time. This is a rule, however this rule is not taken into account very heavy. (But it depends from the judges, so please, take care of it!)
As described above, the simultan attack is not allowed. The logic of canne does not accepts the "getting a small hit in order to do a bigger hit". If player A starts and attack, and if B does not defends himself, but starts an attack, then the following is the rule:
* If nobody hits, nobody gets a point
* If B hits, nobody gets a point
* If both A and B hits, then A gets a point (because he/she attacked first)
# Canne de Combat/Attacks
## Attacks

There are six standardized attacks in Canne de Combat. They are:
* Brisé
* Croisé téte
* Latéral croisé
* Latéral extérieur
* Enlevé
* Croisé bas

### Requirements for attacks

There are some requirements for every attack to be valid. An attack is valid, if it is done with a valid technique (means one of the standardized attacks), and accomplishes the following requirements:
* Every strike must be armed
* The hit is clear
* The hit reached a valid target zone
* The hit is done with the upper 1/4 part of the stick
* The stick is in one line with the hand
* There was no sabring movement
# Canne de Combat/Equipments
## Equipments in Canne the Combat

In Canne people use the weapons for attack with, and protective equipments for protections.

### The weapons

* The canne (stick) is a chestnut stick that comes in two versions. First (marked with a green line) is heavier and used for training of basic techniques. Canne used in competitions and advanced training is lighter (marked with a black line). Lighter stick are faster and safer to use (you can't seriously injure your opponent because the stick breaks first). The length of a canne is 95 cm, weight is cca 120g for green and cca 100g for the black canne.
* The baton (staff) is a two handed stick of cca 140 cm and 400g.
Sometimes is hard to get the chestnut sticks. It is a good idea to use some other wood (like bamboo or reed). Reed is very good, has the same weight as a black line stick, but need some additional protection, because it can easily crack. Use sellotape to make it stronger. For a better grip add some tennis grip at the end of the stick.

### The equipments

After you get your sticks, you need some additional equipments for training. For a beginner there is no need to buy all the stuffs described below, but only a pair of shinguards. Later, you can buy a fencing helmet, and after around one year, you should buy (or create) your suit.
* Shinguard: shinguard is used to defend our shin, that is a basic target in Canne de Combat.
* Fencing helmet: the helmet is used for head protection. It is a normal fencing helmet (350N) with additional padding, that defends the stick, and decreases the impact of a hit.
* Suit: the suit has three parts: the jacket, the gloves, and the trousers. It is made from a strong material that contains filling for better protection.
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Joint Disorders/Septic Arthritis

Septic arthritis is a common destructive arthropathy that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to avoid the significant morbidity that results from the loss of a joint. Therefore, it should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of monoarticular disease.

## Diagnosis

Traditionally, the diagnosis of septic arthritis was based on clinical assessment and prompt arthrocentesis. However, the clinical picture may be obscured by multiple confounding factors and a paucity of specific findings especially for the deep joints, i.e. the hip or shoulder. Imaging can be used to confirm the diagnosis of septic arthritis and more importantly, imaging findings suggestive of septic arthritis can direct the clinician to a diagnosis that may not have been considered.

## Radiologic Findings

Plain film findings of septic arthritis include: joint effusion, soft tissue swelling, periarticular osteoporosis, loss of joint space, marginal and central erosions and bone ankylosis. CT is more sensitive than plain films for the detection of early bone destruction and effusion.
The role of MRI in the diagnosis of septic arthritis has been increasing in recent years in an effort to detect this entity earlier. Findings are usually evident within 24 hours following the onset of infection and include: synovial enhancement, perisynovial edema and joint effusion. Signal abnormalities in the bone marrow can indicate a concomittant osteomyelitis. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI for the detection of septic arthritis has been reported to be 100% and 77% respectively.
Fig. 1 Septic arthropathy right hip with joint space loss and loss of the subchondral line in the tectum of the acetabulum.
Fig. 2 Coronal STIR-weighted sequence of the hips demonstrates a large left joint effusion with perisynovial edema. Abnormal marrow hyperintensity within the proximal femur and acetubulum consistent with concomittant osteomyelitis.

## References

* Septic Arthritis by William Brinkman, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology.
* Karchevsky M, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Parellada JA. MRI findings of septic arthritis and associated osteomyelitis in adults. AJR 2004; 182:119-122.
* Resnick D. Bone and joint imaging. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1989; 744-749.
* Stoller DW, Tirman P, Bredella MA. Diagnostic Imaging Orthopaedics. Salt Lake City, UT: Amirsys; 2004; 4-99.
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Joint Disorders/Scleroderma
## Radiologic Images

Radiographic findings in the extremities include acroosteolysis, soft tissue calcifications (calcinosis), and atrophy of the distal finger tips. Compared with hand involvement in scleroderma, foot involvement has a later onset and is relatively less frequent but can be disabling. Soft tissue changes included flexion deformities, generalized or localized atrophy, and dystrophic calcifications. In a study by Bassett et al., resorption of distal phalanges was the most common bony change in patient's with scleroderma, though osteolysis in other sites (feet, ribs, and mandibles) was also frequent. Nearly 20% showed radiographic evidence of inflammatory arthritis and joint destruction that could not be attributed to overlap with rheumatoid arthritis or mixed connective tissue disease.
Radiographic findings of other organ systems include fibrosis in the lungs and abnormal esophogram related to dysmotility.
File:Scleroderma.jpg

## Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for acroosteolysis includes diseases that affect peripheral nerve sensation such as diabetes, leprosy, syrinx, myelomeningocele and congenital insensitivity to pain; injury such as frostbite, thermal or electrical burns, or snake bite; trauma; psoriasis; congenital abnormality such as with Hadju-Cheney; metabolic causes such as hyperparathyroidism. Soft tissue calcifications in the extremities can also be seen with dermatomyositis, heterotopic ossification, and metastatic calcification (hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal disease).

## Treatment

No treatment for acroosteolysis. The treatment for scleroderma varies depending on organ involvement and is beyond the scope of this discussion, but includes anti-inflammatory medication, both non steroidal and steroids.

## Prognosis

Depends on the type and degree of systemic sclerosis. There is no cure for scleroderma and most people die from involvement of the heart, lungs and/or kidney . Involvement of visceral organs is not uncommon such as GI tract (esphageal and small bowel dismotility).

## References

* Scleroderma by Keri Azuar, M.D., Mark Wilson, M.D. & Amaya Ormazabal, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
* Scleroderma article by UW Bone & Joint Center.
* Scleroderma article from Medicinenet.com.
* La Montagna G, Baruffo A, Tirri R, Buono G, Valentini G. Foot involvement in systemic sclerosis: a longitudinal study of 100 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Feb;31(4):248-55.
* Bassett LW, Blocka KL, Furst DE, Clements PJ, Gold RH. Skeletal findings in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981 Jun;136(6):1121-6.
* ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6786024&query_hl=8
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Metabolic Basic/Brown tumor

Brown tumors are more common in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, however, due to the increased prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, there are more brown tumors from secondary hyperparathyroidism than form primary hyperparathyroidism. It is difficult to differentiate a Brown Tumor from a giant cell tumor or fibrous dysplasia; however, other signs of hyperparathyroidism should be present.

## References

* Hyperparathyroidism by Adam Myhre, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
* Cooper KL. Radiology of metabolic bone disease. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America. 1989; 18(4): 955-76.
* Manaster BJ, et al. Musculoskeletal Imaging: the Requisites. Second Edition. Mosby, 2002.
* Weissleder R, et al. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging. Second Edition. Mosby, 1997.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Chemical Thermodynamics

Reversible and irreversible processes, First law and it's application to ideal and non ideal gases, Thermochemistry, second law, Entropy and free energy, criteria for spontaneity.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Chemistry of Natural Products

* Steroids
* Alkaloids
* Terpenes
* Peptides
* Carbohydrates
* Nucleic Acids
* Lipid
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Charge remote fragmentation

Charge remote fragmentation is a type of covalent bond breaking that occurs in a gas phase ion in which the cleaved bond is not adjacent to the location of the charge. This fragmentation can be observed using tandem mass spectrometry.

## References

* ↑ Cheng C, Gross ML (2000), "Applications and mechanisms of charge-remote fragmentation", Mass Spectrom Rev, 19 (6): 398–420, doi:10.1002/1098-2787(2000)19:6<398::AID-MAS3>3.0.CO;2-B, PMID 11199379.
* ↑ Gross, M. (2000), "Charge-remote fragmentation: an account of research on mechanisms and applications", International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 200: 611, doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(00)00372-9
* ↑ "Remote-site (charge-remote) fragmentation", Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2: 214, 1988, doi:10.1002/rcm.1290021009
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Chemical Sciences/Periodic Table

| Group → | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| Period ↓ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 1 H | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 He |
| 2 | 3 Li | 4 Be | | | | | | | | | | | 5 B | 6 C | 7 N | 8 O | 9 F | 10 Ne |
| 3 | 11 Na | 12 Mg | | | | | | | | | | | 13 Al | 14 Si | 15 P | 16 S | 17 Cl | 18 Ar |
| 4 | 19 K | 20 Ca | 21 Sc | 22 Ti | 23 V | 24 Cr | 25 Mn | 26 Fe | 27 Co | 28 Ni | 29 Cu | 30 Zn | 31 Ga | 32 Ge | 33 As | 34 Se | 35 Br | 36 Kr |
| 5 | 37 Rb | 38 Sr | 39 Y | 40 Zr | 41 Nb | 42 Mo | 43 Tc | 44 Ru | 45 Rh | 46 Pd | 47 Ag | 48 Cd | 49 In | 50 Sn | 51 Sb | 52 Te | 53 I | 54 Xe |
| 6 | 55 Cs | 56 Ba | * | 72 Hf | 73 Ta | 74 W | 75 Re | 76 Os | 77 Ir | 78 Pt | 79 Au | 80 Hg | 81 Tl | 82 Pb | 83 Bi | 84 Po | 85 At | 86 Rn |
| 7 | 87 Fr | 88 Ra | ** | 104 Rf | 105 Db | 106 Sg | 107 Bh | 108 Hs | 109 Mt | 110 Ds | 111 Rg | 112 Uub | 113 Uut | 114 Uuq | 115 Uup | 116 Uuh | 117 Uus | 118 Uuo |
| * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | * Lanthanides | 57 La | 58 Ce | 59 Pr | 60 Nd | 61 Pm | 62 Sm | 63 Eu | 64 Gd | 65 Tb | 66 Dy | 67 Ho | 68 Er | 69 Tm | 70 Yb | 71 Lu |
| ** Actinides | ** Actinides | ** Actinides | ** Actinides | 89 Ac | 90 Th | 91 Pa | 92 U | 93 Np | 94 Pu | 95 Am | 96 Cm | 97 Bk | 98 Cf | 99 Es | 100 Fm | 101 Md | 102 No | 103 Lr |
| Block | Background |
| s block | red |
| p block | orange |
| d block | yellow |
| f block | green |
Radioactivity
* elements with solid borders have stable isotopes
* elements with dashed borders have only radioactive naturally occurring isotopes
* elements with dotted borders do not occur naturally
* elements without borders are too radioactive to have been discovered yet
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Chemical Sciences

Periodic Table Periodicity
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Chemical Sciences/Periodicity
## Ionisation Energy

Ionisation Energy is the energy needed to dislodge an electron from the attraction which holds it in an atom/ion/molecule. The first ionisation energy is the energy needed to dislodge the least powerfully held electron. Second ionization energy is the energy needed to dislodge the second least powerfully held electron etc.
The size of the ionisation energy for an electron is related to the size of the attraction between that electron and the nucleus to which it is bound. 4 factors effect the size of this attraction.
The number of protons in the nucleus.
The higher the number of protons in the nucleus the higher its total positive charge and the higher the electrostatic attraction between it and the negatively charged electron.
The distance between the electron and the nucleus it is bound to.
Attraction decreases with distance.
The number of intervening electrons between the electron and the nucleus - 'Screening'
Intervening electrons have a negative charge which repulses other electrons and reduces the attraction between electron and nucleus. This is referred to as screening. Note that intervening electrons do not 'block' attraction as the name suggests rather they reduce attraction by providing an opposing repulsion.
Whether or not the electron under consideration is alone in its orbital or paired with another electron
Paired electrons repulse each other and reduce attraction between the electron and the nucleus.

## Changes in first Ionisation Energy within groups and periods

The First Ionisation Energy decreases down Group II. This is because each element has a new shell, increasing the amount of shielding and the atomic radius.
The First Ionisation Energy increases across Period III. This is because: a) The effective nuclear charge increases, due to increase in the number of protons. b) The radius of atom decreases with increasing atomic number, hence more energy is required to remove outer electrons. c) The number of shells remains the same; leading to the same amount of shielding.
There is a drop from Mg to Al because there is a new subshell which is higher in energy (more energy is required to remove the outer electrons). There is another drop from P to S because both electrons are now filled in the 3p subshell, leading to some repulsion.

## Changes in Atomic Radius

Across Period 3 (Na to Ar), the number of protons in the nucleus increases: the effective nuclear charge increases; shielding by inner electrons is unchanged; new electrons enter the same shell; hence atomic radius decreases.