OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Instructional Technology/Robert Heinich
## Robert Heinich

Heinich’s approach to management of instruction was one of the drastic changes of the field of IT. He argued classical schooling system and management of instruction. He believed that management of instructions must be product-oriented or education engineering based overall school environment (Januszewski, 2001). In his alternative paradigm, school teachers of the classical schooling system were not accepted as decision makers for instructional methods and media utilization. He changed this view and proposed that curriculum specials, including educational technologists were assigned to determine the content and delivery of instruction. Januszewski also stated that Heinich’s paradigm for management of instruction is one of the most influential one that causes to change from the view of AV aids controlled by teachers to educational technology which became the part of curriculum development. This great paradigm shift, even though he did not stress like the same language, was a step for being a profession by establishing an expandable body of intellectual theory. Moreover, this shift was made the concept of educational technology into school systems as a sub-system. Another interesting point is for Heinich’s ideas related to management; that were based on real applications of systems theory rather than pure science.

## References

* Januszewski, A. (2001). Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
# Instructional Technology/Learning Theory - Strengths/Weaknesses

What are the perceived strengths and weaknesses of using certain theoretical approaches to instructional design?
Behaviorism
Weakness -the learner may find themselves in a situation where the stimulus for the correct response does not occur, therefore the learner cannot respond. - A worker who has been conditioned to respond to a certain cue at work stops production when an anomaly occurs because they do not understand the system.
Strength - the learner is focused on a clear goal and can respond automatically to the cues of that goal. - W.W.II pilots were conditioned to react to silhouettes of enemy planes, a response which one would hope became automatic.
Cognitivism
Weakness - the learner learns a way to accomplish a task, but it may not be the best way, or suited to the learner or the situation. For example, logging onto the internet on one computer may not be the same as logging in on another computer.
Strength - the goal is to train learners to do a task the same way to enable consistency. - Logging onto and off of a workplace computer is the same for all employees; it may be important do an exact routine to avoid problems.
Constructivism
Weakness - in a situation where conformity is essential divergent thinking and action may cause problems. Imagine the fun Revenue Canada would have if every person decided to report their taxes in their own way - although, there probably are some very "constructive" approaches used within the system we have.
Strength - because the learner is able to interpret multiple realities, the learner is better able to deal with real life situations. If a learner can problem solve, they may better apply their existing knowledge to a novel situation.
Schuman, L. (1996). Perspectives on instruction. [On-line]. Available:
Return to Bases of the Field.
# Instructional Technology/Robert M. Gagne

Robert M. Gagne
A true gentleman and scholar, Robert M. Gagne devoted his career to research in learning and the application of instruction.
The Legacy of Robert M. Gagneis an authoritative work on the contributions of Gagne to the field of instructional technology (IT). This edited book provides a historical overview of his life and work, including articles by six authors. This work examines Gagne's major ideas (models of human behavior learning, the cumulative learning model, learning hierarchies, domains of learning, mastery learning, and integrative goals for instructional learning). It examines the impact of these ideas on the IT field and concludes by asking how his work will impact the future of IT.
The following is a link to Wikipedia which also provides information on Robert M. Gagne.
Reference:
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowToBack

Usage:
Send specified window to back.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowToFront

Usage:
Bring specified window to front.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/Windows

Usage:
Return an array of windowPtrs.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Windows only scripts

The windows version does not support changing screen resolution with the Screen("Open Window",... command. You can use a 3rd party program to do this though: . Then in Matlab you can write code like this:
!reschange -width=800 -height=600 -depth=32 -refresh=85
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Screen Commands/WindowTitle

Usage:
Get window's title.
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Version independent scripts

If you have to write code that can be used on various platforms (OS 9, OS X, and windows) you will run into some problems with psychtoolbox. This is due to different versions that run on different platforms and having different procedures for handling the screen.
Using a few scripts that handle these differences, and calling these scripts can make your programs a little more universally accepted.
The scripts listed here will be changing often to match the current versions of the psychtoolbox, and you should check to see if your version is up to date. If you make any changes to the scripts on these pages, please make note of the date of the revision and what you changed, so that users of the scripts will know what was updated.

### Scripts and functions

* ptb_ind_screen_setup.m - April 7, 2005 - This script is used to set up the psychtoolbox screen function in a
universal way to allow the same program to be run on windows, OS X, and classic mac.
* ptb_ind_flip.m- April 7, 2005 -
This function is set up to allow the same code to be used in the new and old versions of psychtoolbox
screen_setup should be called at the beginning of your script. This should be called whenever you want to put what you have drawn on the screen.
* ptb_ind_general_setup.m - July 6, 2005 - Used for other general setup information (directory separation - / or :, left arrow right arrow interpretations, etc)

### Examples of use

* expanding_rectangle.m - April 7, 2005
# MATLAB Programming/Psychtoolbox/Work arounds

If you encounter a problem in the psychtoolbox and have a simple hack to fix it, post it here.
# Managing enterprises with advanced ICT
### Introduction

The purpose of this wikibook is to explain basic terms from the fields: informatics, information systems, system analysis, information technologies. Its primary learning objective is to prepare a student (a future manager) to assess, analyze, select, acquire, manage and maintain an information system for his/her company.
The target group of these selected chapters are students of management study programmes of business schools or applied science faculties.

## Basic terms

    A manager who want to manage their company with the support of information technologies should be familiar with basic terms such as:
   * Information system
   * Information technology
   * Information and communications technology
   * Enterprise software
   * Application software
   * Web application
   * Mobile application

## Software and business models

    A manager is often confronted which type of software to use. Which is better, proprietary or open-source?
    See more:
   * Proprietary software
   * Open-source software
    Outsourcing IT-related services is often a good choice for a manager, especially if there is no IT department within the company.
    See more:
   * Managed services

## Types of information systems:

    Each part of a company requires different type of an information system. The most common types of information systems are:
   * Management information system
   * Enterprise resource planning
   * Document management system
   * Customer relationship management
   * Human resource management system
   * Business intelligence
   * Business process management

## Data & computing

    When it comes to acquiring a software and hardware, a manager should decide whether to build their own IT / data center or lease already established one:
   * Cloud computing
   * Data center

## IT strategy & processes

    A manager's primary responsibility is to establish a technology strategy for their organization:
   * Technology strategy
    A modern company includes IT related activities and services such as Service desk, Incident management and similar. A set of good practices was developed and it can be reused also for your organization:
   * ITIL

## Business & requirements analysis

    Requirements gathering and analysis is one of the first steps of the company's digital transformation:
   * Requirements analysis
   * Software requirements specification

## Business continuity and IT Security

    A manager's primary responsibility is to ensure the company's continuous delivery of products or services at pre-defined acceptable levels following a disruptive incident:
   * Business continuity
    Protecting computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage:
   * Computer security
# Managing your business with anyPiece

[anyPiece] project is created for the sole purpose to simplify how the business is performed. Our goal is to be reduce the complexity to work on few module which we will cover at our segment below.
# Inventory management
## Warehouse

* Upload existing package to the warehouse

## Receiving process

* Staging - Use for receiving goods which is not yet audit
* Receiving - Finalize the receive goods
* Staging Receiving Supervisor / SR Supervisor - Sign the goods to proceed for storage
* Admin inbound - Used by admin to link PO or dispute with supplier

## WIP process

* Storage Packaging - Use to store product into rack
* Dismantle - Use to dismantle product into the next level

## Dispatch process

* Admin dispatch - Use to pick the product for shipment and finalize the pricing
* Dispatch - Use to pack the product according to the spec
# Managing your business with anyPiece/Inventory system for recycle business/Admin inbound
## Introduction

Admin inbound is the final stage where the user will be handling the receiving of the goods. On this stage, the user can choose to return the goods to vendor or accept it into inventory. On this same process, you are able to change the purchase price.

## Quick guide

* Update price for receive goods
* Update price for receive goods with multiple price

## FAQ
### Some of my GRN cannot be confirm yet but I need to allocate PO number for it first. How do I do that?

GRN doesn't required to be confirmed before assigned PO. The moment you have click "generate PO" on the admin inbound screen, it will take the current price and product to create new PO. The only thing link between the GRN and the PO is the number only. The rest of the detail will not be link.

### Which of the price should be the real purchase price?

The price is admin inbound only

### Why my price in PO is not update back to the admin inbound screen?

As some of the GRN doesn't have PO, we are not able to treat PO as master price list.

### Why there are NO PO situation?

As some of the seller are not from company but walk in/impromptu seller, that's why there are no po generated for them. Again, this is base on business logic and can be configure.

### Why when I try to "Find PO" but I can't find anything?

Find PO by default will search the company which the GRN belong to and under draft. If you wish to search all GRN, just tick "Show all"
# Introduction to Philosophy/Consequentialism

Succinctly stated, Consequentialism is the idea that the rightness or wrongness of action depends upon the consequences or effects of action, and can be broken down into four subcategories: Ethical Egoism, Ethical Altruism, Utilitarianism, and Dewey's Theory of Valuation.
Ethical Egoism holds that an act is right insofar as it maximizes, benefits, or promotes long-term self-interest of the agent performing the act. "Self-interest" may be construed as pleasure, power, wealth, knowledge, etc. or any combination of such. (Effect on others is irrelevant, unless effect has further ramifications upon the agent's self-interest.
Ethical Altruism states that an act is right insofar as it maximizes, benefits, or promotes long-term self-interest of all those other than the agent performing the act. Self-interest of everyone except the agent is morally relevant; the agent's own self-interest is irrelevant unless its effect alters consequences for everyone else.
Utilitarianism is the idea that whether any person, "S", has done what is morally right or wrong depends solely on how good or bad the consequences of S's action are for everyone affected. Further, everyone's self-interest is relevant and to an equal degree.
Lastly, according to John Dewey's Theory of Valuation, we prize (want, desire, enjoy, etc.) things and activities. Thus, these have de facto value simply because we want them. It is a further question to determine whether the things, which have de facto value, ought to be so prized and wanted. If so, then they are said to have de jure value - that we ought to want the things we want. Appraisal is the process of determining whether the things we want ought to be wanted. Further, the process of appraising is ultimately the application of the scientific method to moral judgments. The hypothesis being tested is the question of whether what has de facto value is also worthy of de jure value. Consequently, all moral valuation is subject to the principle of fallibilism. All moral ends are on a moral continuum that is always subject to revision and modification. There are no moral absolutes; hence there is no end that justifies every means. However, this theory has faced criticism. Some have contended that the above commits the Naturalistic Fallacy - deriving a moral "ought" from a description of the facts.

## Reference and further readings

* Consequentialism at Wikipedia.
# Introduction to Philosophy/Libertarianism

Libertarianism is at its core a belief in liberty. Libertarians tend to divide this liberty into two areas: social liberty and economic liberty. Social liberties are things like the ability to engage in free speech or be gay without persecution while economic liberties include being able to do business in a free market without having to pay an exorbitant amount of taxes or import/export tariffs, or adhere to strict regulations on trade.
Libertarians desire a government with low or minimal regulation of both the economy and of people's social liberties.
Where libertarianism becomes interesting on a philosophical level is as follows: some libertarian philosophers deny that the social contract theory that justifies the existence of the State is valid and that without the State a form of anarcho-capitalist alternative could or should exist. The libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick has argued for a form of social contract theory that relies on capitalist, free market principles but that has a built-in limit to a minimal, "nightwatchman" state. Adherents to this kind of theory are called "minarchists", and the debate between Nozick and the liberal philosopher John Rawls is detailed on the page about Liberalism. Finally, libertarians make a variety of moral claims: for instance, that "taxation is theft". Ayn Rand argues for an ethical theory of egoism which says that all actions that are considered ethical are actually done out of self-interest, and that we should try and act in accordance with self-interest rather than according to the ethics of what she described as "altruism".

## Reference and further readings

* Libertarianism at Wikipedia.
# Introduction to Philosophy/Liberalism

The basic liberal-libertarian debate is between John Rawls (the famous advocate of Liberalism) and Robert Nozick (pertaining to Libertarianism). Rawls argues that what should motivate an optimal political society is placing ourselves from the point of view outside that society. In other words, in order to find out what kind of government would be the best, one must ask what one would desire if one did not know what role he/she was going to play in that particular society (Rawls calls this the Veil of Ignorance). From behind this Veil of Ignorance, one should not have any knowledge of any of the particular aspects of the social institutions or distributions in the state. Rawls thinks that given this objective disposition, one would come up with a government whose principles were such that all people in the society would have equal opportunities for everything (and inequalities would be allowed, but only if they maintained to benefit the worst off).
In contrast, Nozick argues against Rawls that, when pertaining to Distributive Justice, one must not take an ahistorical, patterned view of distribution, but rather look at the situation historically. That is, a distribution is just if it satisfies the principles of justice in attainment and of justice in transfer. For Nozick, one can acquire (own) something in two ways: either that thing was previously unowned, and the person acquired it while leaving enough and as good of it left for others, or that thing was transfered to him/her by an act of legitimately freely informed consent on the part of the previous owner. He allows also for some principles of retribution if an act is unjust, and allows here for there to be some orientations of patterned redistribution. However, at base, Nozick's point is that when trying to decide whether an ownership is just, we must decide whether the individual acquired it legitimately, not whether it brings about the greatest overall happiness (read: Utilitarianism) or benefits the worst off.
Thomas Nagel would give a third opinion to try and reconcile these claims by pointing out that the problem in this debate and subsequently in all of political theory is the delicate balancing and often asymmetry between concerns of personal politics (the individual's concerns) and collective politics (the concerns for others). This is a bit of an echoing of Rousseau's theory of the General Will, where he tries to account for individuals acting in one way to support their private, personal desires, and in another way to act according to concerns of the whole. John Stuart Mill also deals with this dichotomy by claiming that societies need to promote the greatest overall happiness for the greatest number of people (his principle of Utilitarianism) while still maintaining that it (the Government) enables the possibility for its citizens to individually pursue the betterment of their own lives.

## Reference and further readings

* Liberalism at Wikipedia.
# Introduction to Philosophy/Authors/MK

This book, Introduction to Philosophy, was initiated by RMK (who also plans to complete it).
The original version of the book was begun on October 22, 2003, making it the first wikibook about philosophy. Of course, this is just an outline at the moment, but "the journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step"...
# Introduction to Philosophy/Empiricism

Empiricism is a philosophical idea based on the idea that all reliable knowledge about the world is gained in the process of experience. Famous empiricists were Hume, Locke and Berkley, basing themselves on ideas already postulated by Aristotle, that we are born with the Tabula Rasa which receives throughout our lives information on which it can base all thinking and knowing. The movement of empiricism was in part a countermovement to what Descartes and Spinoza had proposed as rationalism. Knowledge derived from experience is called a posteriori.

## Reference and further readings

* Empiricism at Wikipedia.
# Introduction to Philosophy/Authors

Kurt Kawohl
MK
Daniel
EuropracBHIT has loved philosophy ever since she realised that it is a matter of 'thinking things over carefully', and has been around it in one form or another since. She is especially interested in the Existentialists, and has contributed to that part of the book. She also knows something about Utilitarianism and Pragmatism.
publunch might make some contributions to the logic part, and maybe to the philosophy of mind part as well. But I don't think I'll achieve much without your help and encouragement.
Frazzydee
poetreason is currently a student of philosophy, has made contributions to the Metaphysics section (particularly the section on person hood), and intends to continue contributing.
Destrogal: I am trying to put some order behind this project by expanding the ease of joining in on it. That is, making it simple for users to be able to write chapters. I am also contributing to chapters. See: Origins of Philosophy
EatAlbertaBeef: I see every stub and blank page as an opportunity, I hope to jump start this project. Expect to see my first contributions on Communism and political philosophy, afterwhich I will branch out. (I also plan to use information I wrote for wikipedia)
# Introduction to Philosophy/Deontology

< Introduction to Philosophy
Deontology is a set of moral theories which place themselves opposite consequentialism. While consequentialism determines right actions from good ends, deontology asserts that the end and the means by which it is arrived upon are intrinsically linked. A good end will come about as a result of good or right means.
The most famous of deontologists is Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804). His categorical imperative (divided into three formulations) determines a set of universal principles by which right action can be judged. The name "deontology" comes from the Greek "deon" which means "duty." Kant's goal in formulating deontology was to establish an ethical system that does not depend on anyone's subjective experience; rather, the good or evil of an action can be entirely determined by irrefutable logic. Thus, ethically correct behavior would be a duty whose truth no one could deny, just as no one can reasonably deny that two plus two makes four.
Kant's categorical imperative tells us how logic can determine whether an action is right or wrong. It revolves around the idea of the maxim that cannot be made universal without defeating itself. A classic example is the statement, "I choose to lie about my car so that I will not be punished for arriving late at work." This may work for one individual, but if everyone adopted this principle (if lying were universalized), they would cancel out the concept of promising. In a world where lying was normal behavior, no one would believe anything they were told. This is the first formulation of the categorical imperative, that any action whose maxim logically defeats itself when universalized cannot be a moral action.
John Rawls is a deontologist as well. His book, A Theory of Justice establishes that a system of wealth redistribution ought to be created such that it abides by a specific set of moral rules.
Another way of looking at deontology is that it is opposed teleological theories such as consequentialism. In this sense Deontology is concerned with finding the right actions that one should perform to produce the 'good', while teleology is concerned with isolating the meaning of the 'good' and then stating that a right action is one which will produce said good. Thus as well as formulating his categorial imperative Kant also states that one is acting morally when one performs one's duty to fulfill the categorical imperative.

## Reference and further readings

* Deontology at Wikipedia.