OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Topology/Morphisms

In general, a morphism refers to a function mapping from one space to another that preserves structure. In terms of vector spaces the natural morphism is a linear map.

## Linear maps
### Definition of Linear Map

A linear map is a function $f:V\to W$ where $V,W$ are vector spaces over a field F. Such that for all $v,w\in V$
1. $f(v+w)=f(v)+f(w)$
2. $f(\alpha v)=\alpha f(v)$
The image of a linear map is a subspace of the domain. The kernel of a linear map is a subspace of the codomain.

## The Importance of Kernels and Images
### Definition of Rank

The rank of a linear map is the dimension of the image of the map $dim(Im(f))$. It also can be found using row reduction on the corresponding matrix.

### Definition of Nullity

The nullity of a linear map, or matrix, is the dimension of the kernel of the map $dim(Ker(f))$.

### The Rank-Nullity Theorem

For any linear map $f:V\to W$
    $dim(Ker(f))+dim(Im(f))=dim(V)$
# Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Estonian
## Girls' names

* Aino
* Aneta
* Anka
* Anna
* Anne
* Anu
* Anya
* Asta
* Betti
* Dagmara
* Eela
* Elli
* Elsbet
* Ene
* Enel
* Etti
* Evelin
* Hanna
* Hanni
* Heiki
* Helle
* Helmi
* Ilme
* Jane
* Janika
* Kaarin
* Katarina
* Kati
* Krista
* Leelo
* Leena
* Lembit
* Liis
* Liisa
* Liisi
* Maarja
* Maia
* Maidu
* Maire
* Marja
* Marju
* Meeri
* Monia
* Olli
* Reet
* Riina
* Roosi
* Siisike
* Sirje
* Sula
* Tania
* Teresa
* Terje
* Tiina
* Tiiu
* Triine
* Triinu
* Tuuli
* Uli
* Urmi
* Vaike
* Viivela

## Boys' names

* Aado
* Aare
* Ado
* Ahti
* Aino
* Aki
* Aleksander (Aleks, Leks, Sass)
* Alo
* Andres
* Ant
* Anu
* Arno
* Artur
* Arvo
* Edgar
* Eduard
* Eedi
* Endel
* Enel
* Erikh
* Erke
* Heiki
* Indrek
* Jaak
* Jaan
* Jako
* Joosep
* Juan
* Juhan
* Juku
* Jüri
* Kaarel
* Kaupo
* Konstantin
* Kustav
* Lembit
* Madis
* Maidu
* Mati
* Neeme
* Ossi
* Peet
* Peeter
* Raivo
* Rein
* Riks
* Robertas
* Teet
* Tenu
* Toivo
* Tonis
* Tooni
* Tunne
* Ulo
* Urmet
* Urve
* Vaino
* Valdek
* Valdi

## Surnames
### Top 10

* Tamm
* Saar
* Sepp
* Magi
* Kask
* Kukk
* Rebane
* Ilves
* Parn
* Koppel

### Others

* Aas
* Aavik
* Ahven
* Allas
* Allik
* Annus
* Anton
* Arro
* Aru
* Arumaa
* Arumae
* Aun
* Aus
* Avi
* Eenpalu
* Eller
* Ets
* Haava
* Hallik
* Hein
* Hell
* Hunt
* Jaik
* Jalakas
* Jänes
* Jarv
* Jarva
* Jarve
* Jarvesoo
* Jarvi
* Jogi
* Kaalepiga
* Kaasik
* Kabin
* Kadri
* Kala
* Kalda
* Kallas
* Kallasmaa
* Kangro
* Kangur
* Kapp
* Karner
* Karp
* Kartoamm
* Karu
* Kase
* Kasik
* Kass
* Kaur
* Kaza
* Keepna
* Kelam
* Kikas
* Kilk
* Kink
* Kirsipuu
* Kirss
* Kivi
* Kivikas
* Kivistik
* Koiv
* Koiva
* Kokk
* Kolk
* Koort
* Kotkas
* Kruus
* Kuddo
* Kull
* Kung
* Kuris
* Kurvits
* Kutt
* Kuusik
* Kuusk
* Laan
* Laane
* Laanemets
* Laanest
* Laar
* Laas
* Laidoner
* Lang
* Larka
* Lass
* Laur
* Lauristin
* Lee
* Leemets
* Leetmaa
* Leis
* Lember
* Lepik
* Lepp
* Leppik
* Liitoja
* Liiv
* Liivak
* Lill
* Lillemets
* Lind
* Link
* Lipp
* Lippmaa
* Lippus
* Lohmus
* Loit
* Loogi
* Luik
* Lumiste
* Maadu
* Maasik
* Mae
* Maearu
* Mand
* Mannik
* Maripuu
* Mets
* Metsis
* Mitt
* Molder
* Mottus
* Must
* Neetar
* Niit
* Nomm
* Nool
* Nurk
* Oim
* Oimu
* Ojala
* Ojamaa
* Ojastu
* Oras
* Orav
* Ots
* Ott
* Ou
* Paal
* Paas
* Padar
* Paju
* Pajukivi
* Päll
* Palli
* Palm
* Palu
* Pärming
* Partel
* Parts
* Pats
* Pettai
* Pihlak
* Piirmets
* Pille
* Pilt
* Pisuke
* Poder
* Pold
* Post
* Pukk
* Pusta
* Puusepp
* Raadik
* Raid
* Raja
* Rand
* Ratsep
* Raud
* Raudsepp
* Rohtla
* Roos
* Ross
* Ruus
* Saare
* Saari
* Sander
* Sarapuu
* Sarv
* Savisaar
* Serpas
* Shaltis
* Sikk
* Sild
* Sirk
* Soosaar
* Soot
* Suits
* Susi
* Sutt
* Taal
* Tali
* Tamme
* Tammik
* Tammiste
* Teder
* Tiideman
* Tiit
* Tilk
* Tohver
* Tomingas
* Toom
* Toome
* Tooming
* Toomsalu
* Toona
* Toots
* Toruste
* Traat
* Trei
* Truu
* Truuvali
* Tuisk
* Uibo
* Uibopuu
* Uluots
* Unt
* Uustalu
* Vaher
* Vahi
* Vahter
* Vahtra
* Vain
* Vaino
* Valjas
* Valk
* Vare
* Vares
* Varik
* Viira
* Vinkel
* Viru
* Visnapuu
# Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Carpatho-Rusyn
## Usage note

Carpatho-Rusyns use the same pool of first names as Slovak people.

## Surnames

* Adamkovics
* Adanscak
* Andrejozky
* Andaesisin
* Artim
* Bacsov
* Balamuta
* Barsko
* Bartko
* Batsov
* Bucsko
* Burczak
* Csakurda
* Czakurda
* Czenko
* Czipko
* Czonka
* Delipacz
* Denyo
* Dotar
* Drozda
* Dudinyak
* Dzsavoronok
* Federczo
* Gardos
* Gecza
* Goga
* Gordov
* Gresko
* Hanesak
* Herman
* Hicsak
* Hrib
* Hribko
* Hriczenko
* Hrisko
* Hudak
* Hupcej
* Hutnyan
* Jaczocsko
* Jevocsin
* Jurasko
* Kapisinsky
* Kochan
* Koszcik
* Koztik
* Kuzma
* Labscak
* Lahorcsak
* Lapcsak
* Lecsko
* Licsko
* Liska
* Lukacsisin
* Macisak
* Macsosko
* Makuch
* Martyak
* Mhlej
* Muszak
* Patrik
* Paulenko
* Plauscak
* Pudej
* Rapos
* Raszando
* Sak
* Semanco
* Skreptacs
* Smajda
* Surin
* Szalniczky
* Szemancsik
* Sztaurovsky
* Surkocisin
* Teres
* Timko
* Torma
* Tozulyak
* Vagely
* Vajcsak
* Vajcsura
* Vanda
* Varechovce
* Vasko
* Vrabely
* Ylicsak
* Yurasko
* Zunik
# XForms/Dynamic Labels
## Motivation

Sometimes you want to change a single label on a form without loading the form. For example, after you enter the country of an address you may want to ask for a "Province" in Canada or a "State" in the US. This can also be used to load alternative labels based on the user's language.

## Link to Working XForms Application

XForms Example of Dynamic Labels

## Discussion

This example shows a nice clean elegant way to iterate over elements in a instance for groups and elements. The structure is:
This examples shows how the output tag can be buried inside the input labels.

## Credits

This example was originally inspired by Kurt Cagle.
# XForms/Dynamic Labels in Local language
## Motivation

Sometimes you may want to change the label dynamically from one language to another language without loading the form. In the given example, you can choose the language from the select1 control option.

## Credits

This example was originally inspired by Kurt Cagle.
# XForms/Dynamic Selection Lists
## Motivation

You want that the content of a selection list to depend on the value another selection list. This is also known as "Cascading Selection".

## Method

We have two instances in a model. The first instance populates the first select1 list. The second select1 uses an xf:itemset to only select the relevant items from the second instance. In effect we are adding a "where" clause to the list of items selected in the second list.
The presented form shows an example where the user can select a season (Spring, Summer,...) and in a second select the user will only be able to select from the relevant month in that season.
We also will automatically set the month to null when the season selection changes to make sure our pairing is always valid.
The example had been tested with Firefox 2.0.0.12 and the Mozilla XForms add on 0.8.4 as well as on FireFox 3.0.

## Link to XForms Application

Load Example XForms Application
Note that the initial values of the selections are set in the instance values.

## Updating the Second Select When the First Select Changes

Note that we have added an action and trap the xforms-value-changed event to the first select1 statement. We use the xf:setvalue event to change the value of the second select1 to be blank. This will guarantee that the pair of values will always be consistent.
This suggestion was made by Aaron Reed.
# XForms/Event Logger
## Motivation

You want to be able to see a record of events as they happen. This is a great way to learn about how XML Events work.

## Method

We create an instance and add a element to that for each event.

## Link to Example

Load XForms application

## Sample code 2

The above code doesn't work in the mozilla xforms plugin 0.8.5 with firefox 2.0.0.12 (it seems buggy dealing with instance). Try this code instead:

## Discussion

This uses the insert element to insert text into an event log.
# XForms/Facet Validation
## Motivation

XML Schemas contain a large amount of data element constraint information other than just the data type. These restrictions on a specific data type are called "facets". Different data types have different types of facets. For example strings may have minimum and maximum length values and integers may have minimum and maximum numeric values.
This program demonstrates how XForms can validate a data set based on the facets within and XML Schema.

## Warnings

Note: This program does not run under the FireFox 0.6 extension.
The X-Smiles browser was used to demonstrate this program.

## Screen Image

This screen image was taken from the X-Smiles implementation of XForms.
Note that the second field is not at least three characters long so the field is invalid and the background it set to pink according to the CSS style for invalid fields.

## XML Schema (schema.xsd)

Here is a simple XML Schema with four strings. The first one is only allowed to be two characters long. The second must have a minimum length of three characters. The third string must not be over five characters long and the fourth one must be between five and seven characters long to be valid.

## Sample Program

The following program loads both the XML Schema and initial instance data from two external files (schema.xsd and instance.xml). The initial data in this example is valid but you can change the data to test the validation.
The two lines that load the XML Schema and instance data are:
Also note that the input fields have the incremental attribute set to true. This allows character-by-character validation. The form is revalidated with each key stroke.
# XForms/Encoding Parameters
## Motivation

When you submit data to a web service you want to change the way that parameters are encoded.

## Changing the Separator Character

By default the separator character is a semicolon. You can change it to be an ampersand by adding the following attribute to the submission element:
Note that the ampersand must be escaped.
(09 MAR 2009 the default was changed to ampersand in the official xsd-file)

## Changing the URL encoding Parameter

You can also change the way that special characters are encoded by using the encoding attribute.
The options are any of the character encoding systems such as:
encoding="ISO-8859-1"
encoding="UTF-16"
# XForms/Entity Selection
## Motivation

You want a user interface control that allows a user to select a legal entity in a contract such as a person or an organization. The list of people or organizations are supplied in a list that includes an id and a screen label. You want as-you-type functions to narrow down a list of choices from these lists.

## Method

We will create a user interface control with two tabs. The first tab will be for people and the second will be for organizations.
# XForms/Events Overview
## Motivation

You want to be able to perform various tasks at various part of the form execution.

## Method

XForms is integrated with the W3C XML Event standard. This standard creates standard names for almost all of the common events used in the lifecycle of a form. The W3C has attempted to standardize these events and their event labels so that they can be used consistently across browsers from all vendors.

## XML Event Types

The following is a listing of the XForms events. Some events are tied to individual forms controls such as input, select and textarea and some are tied to the model within the form.
XForms events :
| Event | Cancel | Bubbles | Target |
| Initialization Events ||||
| xforms-model-construct | N | Y | <model> |
| xforms-model-construct-done | N | Y | <model> |
| xforms-ready | N | Y | <model> |
| xforms-model-destruct | N | N | <model> |
| Processing Events ||||
| xforms-rebuild | Y | Y | <model> |
| xforms-recalculate | Y | Y | <model> |
| xforms-revalidate | Y | Y | <model> |
| xforms-refresh | Y | Y | <model> |
| Interaction Events ||||
| xforms-previous | Y | N | <control> |
| xforms-next | Y | N | <control> |
| xforms-focus | Y | N | <control> |
| xforms-help | Y | Y | <control> |
| xforms-hint | Y | Y | <control> |
| xforms-reset | Y | Y | <model> |
| xforms-submit | Y | Y | <submission> |
| DOMActivate | Y | Y | <control> |
| Notification Events ||||
| DOMFocusIn | N | Y | <control> |
| DOMFocusOut | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-value-changed | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-select | N | Y | <item>, <case> or <itemset> |
| xforms-deselect | N | Y | <item>, <case> or <itemset> |
| xforms-scroll-first | N | Y | <repeat> |
| xforms-scroll-last | N | Y | <repeat> |
| xforms-insert | N | Y | <instance> |
| xforms-delete | N | Y | <instance> |
| xforms-valid | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-invalid | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-in-range | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-out-of-range | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-readonly | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-readwrite | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-required | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-optional | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-enabled | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-disabled | N | Y | <control> |
| xforms-submit-done | N | Y | <submission> |
| xforms-submit-error | N | Y | <submission> |
| Error Notifications ||||
| xforms-binding-exception | N | Y | <bind> |
| xforms-link-exception | N | Y | <model> |
| xforms-link-error | N | Y | <model> |
| xforms-compute-exception | N | Y | <model> |

## Displaying Events in a Log File

One of the best ways to learn about how events get fired is to write them to a log instance and display the log at the bottom of the form. You can do this logging while you are building and debugging your form.
Add the following instance to your model:
Whenever you want to see an event, just add an action that appends an event to the end of the log:
Note that the message must be inside a pair of single quotes inside of double quotes.
At the end of the form you can display the data from the log instance by enclosing the output within a repeat.
You can also style the event log with the following
# Kannada/Colors

| English | Transliteration | Kannada |
| Black | Kappu | ಕಪ್ಪು |
| Blue | Neeli | ನೀಲಿ |
| Brown | Kandu | ಕಂದು |
| Green | Haseru | ಹಸಿರು |
| Grey | Boodu | ಬೂದು/ನರುಗು |
| Orange | Kitteli | ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ/ಪೀತ ರಕ್ತ |
| Pink | Gulaabi | ಗುಲಾಬಿ/ಪಾಟಲ |
| Purple | Nerali | ನೇರಳೆ/ಧೂಮಲ |
| Red | Kempu | ಕೆಂಪು |
| Violet | Nerali | |
| White | Billi | ಬಿಳಿ |
| Yellow | Haladi | ಹಳದಿ/ಅರಿಶಿಣ/ಪೀತ |
# Acing the SQE/Solicitors Accounts

The SRA (Solicitors Regulation Authority) Accounting Rules are a set of guidelines that solicitors in England and Wales must follow in order to ensure that their financial practices comply with the regulatory standards set forth by the SRA.
The basic principle of the SRA Accounting Rules is to maintain a client's money in a separate account from the solicitor's own money. This ensures that the client's money is protected and can be returned to the client if necessary. The rules also require that accurate records are kept of all financial transactions related to the client's matter, including the amount of money received from the client, the date of receipt, the purpose for which the money is being held, and the amount paid out to the client or on their behalf.
In addition to the requirement of keeping client money separate, the SRA Accounting Rules also govern the handling of other funds, such as office money and residual balances. Office money is the money that solicitors use for their own business purposes, such as paying office rent, salaries, and other expenses. Residual balances are funds left over in a client account after a matter has been completed, and the client's money has been paid out.

# Client money
## definition

Under the SRA Accounting Rules, client money refers to any money that a solicitor receives and holds on behalf of a client or third party in relation to their legal matter. This can include money received as payment for legal services, money held for disbursement on the client's behalf, or money held as security for future payments.
Client money must be kept separate from a solicitor's own money and must be held in a designated client account. The client account must be clearly identified as a client account, and the bank must acknowledge that the account is being used to hold client money. The solicitor must also keep accurate records of all transactions involving client money, including the amount received, the date of receipt, and the purpose for which the money is being held.
The SRA Accounting Rules place a high level of importance on the proper handling of client money to ensure that it is protected and can be returned to the client if necessary. Any interest earned on client money must also be accounted for and treated in accordance with the rules.
# Acing the SQE/Legal System
## The Legal System of England and Wales and Sources of law
### The courts
#### Court hierarchy, the appeal system and jurisdiction

A defendant wishes to appeal against a decision of the magistrates' court on a point of law and such an appeal lies to the High Court (Queen's Bench Division).

#### Rights of audience

* The Legal Services Act 2007 (“the Act”) describes a “right of audience” as the right to appear before and address a court, including the right to call and examine witnesses (Schedule 2, paragraph 3).
* Solicitors have the right of audience that is restricted to the lower courts whereas barristers has a wider right of audience in all courts.
* Rights of audience are a reserved activity, meaning they can only be conducted by authorised, or exempt, persons, otherwise it constitutes a criminal offence.

### Primary legislation: the structure of an act of Parliament

Acts of Parliament or Statutes.
1. Public General Acts​
2. Local Acts and Personal Acts
Structure of an Act
a.title​;
b.year and chapter number​;
c.purpose of the Act​;
d.date of Royal Assent​;
e.interpretation​ and ​commencement​ sections.

### Statutory interpretation
#### the literal rule

ordinary meaning (default)

#### the golden rule

lead to absurdity

#### the mischief rule

considers mischief intended to prevent

#### the purposive approach

considers purpose behind the statute

#### presumptions

* Against change in the common law unless the Act of Parliament alters it.
* Mens rea (intention) is required in criminal offence
* Against retrospective law
* Presumption against deprivation of liberty
* The Crown is not bound by statute unless the statute says so.

#### aids to statutory interpretation and construction

Intrinsic aids
The features of an Act itself including
* Interpretation sections
* Titles
* Preambles
* Headings
Extrinsic ads
* Dictionary
* Hansard
* Law report
# A Guide to Super Mario Bros. 2/Bosses/Fryguy

Fryguy is an enemy character that appears in Super Mario Bros. 2. Fryguy is essentially a giant living fireball that spews smaller fireballs when it is angry. Fryguy only appears once in Super Mario Bros. 2 at the very end of World 4 - which, ironically, consists of ice, snow, and cold seas. According to Super Mario Bros. 2 game manual, Fryguy has been created from fire.
Fryguy, along with Mouser, Tryclyde, and Clawgrip, is one of the boss characters that appear at the end of each world in Super Mario Bros. 2. Fryguy lives inside a very tall castle-type fortress, waiting for the arrival of Mario and his friends. Fryguy cannot be touched safely and must be hit three times with a mushroom block; after that, he splits into several miniature versions of himself which also must be destroyed in order to finish him off.
Fryguy appears on the enhanced Super Mario Bros. 2 game in Super Mario Advance. The background of the room in which he is fought looks different, and his sprite is also somewhat modified. When his chamber is entered, Fryguy is created when bubbles rise up to a mask. He says, "I'm too hot to touch!"
# A Guide to Inkscape/Other Tools
### Selection tool

Keyboard shortcuts: S or F1 or Spacebar
This tool allows you to select objects, resize them and move them about. If you click twice on an object with the selection tool, the handles change and you are able to rotate an object. Click a third time to switch to the object's tool.

### Node tool

Keyboard shortcuts: N or F2

### Zoom tool

Keyboard Shortcuts: Q Quick Zoom, Z or F3
Drag the tool over a given area to zoom in. ⇧ Shift+Left click to zoom out again. You can zoom in and out with the + and - keys, respectively.
Other shortcuts to zoom in are:
* Ctrl+Middle click
* Ctrl+Right click
Shortcuts to zoom out are:
* Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Middle click
* Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Right click
Inkscape keeps a history of your zoom levels. For a 'Previous' zoom level, use `; for the 'Next' zoom level, use ⇧ Shift+`.

### Text tool

Keyboard Shortcuts: T or F8
Click and Drag an area where you want your text to go, then start typing! If the letters are too small, open on the Select tool F1, then drag the handles to make it bigger. There are a lot of things that you can do with text that are beyond the scope of this beginners tutorial.

### Gradient tool

Keyboard Shortcut: G or Ctrl+F1
Click the Gradient tool button in the Inkscape tool bar, then Click+Drag on an object and you will create a gradient from a fully opaque colour to full transparency. The gradient tool can be used to edit an existing gradient, adjust colour stops by dragging and placing the gradient handles that appear over an object when the tool is active.
The Gradient tools Control bar (3rd bar from the top of the Inkscape GUI) is how to select the following beginner edits:
* Linear gradient
* Radial gradient
* Apply gradient to fill
* Apply gradient to stroke
* Select edit to preset gradients

### Color Picker tool

Keyboard Shortcuts: D or F7
The Color Picker, or "eyedropper" tool can be used to sample any colour in the Inkscape canvas. One of the key reasons for this tool's use is to enable the picking of colors from an image. First import Ctrl+I the image into Inkscape and then use this tool to pick a colour setting from the image to the selected object, beginner options listed:
* Click to set fill
* ⇧ Shift+Click to set stroke
* Drag to set average color of area
* Alt Click to pick inverse color

### Connector tool

Keyboard Shortcut: O
Use this to draw a connection between two objects. For example, a drawing and a label.
The nice thing about using this tool is that if you decide to move the objects about on the canvas, the connector still maintains the connection. As of v0.91, once the connector is created and rendered onto the canvas, if you drag only the path it will 'disconnect' itself from the objects it was attached to.
← Path Drawing Tools · Object Properties →
# A Guide to Super Mario Bros. 2/Bosses/Clawgrip

Clawgrip is an enemy character that appears in Super Mario Bros. 2. Clawgrip is a large crab-like monster that throws large rocks. Clawgrip only appears once in Super Mario Bros. 2 at the very end of World 5. Clawgrip lives in a giant tree awaiting the arrival of Mario and his friends. Clawgrip grabs rocks from a larger pile of them and hurls them at Mario and friends; the rocks must be grabbed before they fall into a nearby pit. Clawgrip must be hit five times with rocks in order to be defeated.
Clawgrip is one of the few enemies in the U.S. version of Super Mario Bros. 2 that does not originate in Doki Doki Panic (which the game is based on). Clawgrip replaces the third occurrence of Mouser (a white variety that also does not exist in SMB 2) in Doki Doki Panic. According to the original game manual, it states that Clawgrip "grows suddenly" but this is not apparent in the game itself. Clawgrip somewhat resembles the crab-like enemies from the original Mario Bros. game.