OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nuclear Fusion Physics and Technology/Magnetohydrodynamics
#### Definition: Minimal MHD density equation

Minimal MHD density equation is equation
${\frac {\partial \varrho }{\partial t}}+{\text{div}}\varrho {\vec {u}}=0$

#### Definition: Magnetic viskozity

Magnetic viskozity $\eta \in \mathbb {C}$ is defined as
$\eta ={\frac {1}{\sigma \mu }}$
where $\sigma$ is conductivity and $\mu$ permeability.

#### Definition: Minimal MHD magnetic equation

Minimal MHD magnetic equation is equation
${\frac {\partial {\vec {B}}}{\partial t}}=\eta \Delta {\vec {B}}+{\text{rot}}({\vec {u}}\times {\vec {B}})$

#### Definition: Minimal MHD speed equation

Minimal MHD speed equation is equation
$\varrho {\frac {\partial {\vec {u}}}{\partial t}}+\varrho ({\vec {u}}\cdot \nabla ){\vec {u}}=-\nabla p+\eta \Delta {\vec {u}}+(\xi +{\frac {\eta }{3}})\nabla ({\text{div}}{\vec {u}})+{\vec {j}}\times {\vec {B}}$
where $\eta ,\xi$ are viskosity coefficients, $\varrho$ is particle density.
# Nuclear Fusion Physics and Technology/Particle Physics summary
#### Definition: Particle

Particle 人 is defined as ordered set
$\equiv (name,q,l,l_{e},l_{m}u,l_{\tau },b,k_{s},k_{c},k_{b},k_{t},j,i,i_{z},\mu ,p,m,\tau ,E,{\vec {x}},k_{B})$
where $name$ is name, $q[e]$ electric charge, $l[-]$ lepton charge , $l_{e}[-]$ lepton electron charge, $l_{\mu }[-]$ lepton mion charge, $l_{\tau }$ lepton tauon charge, $b[-]$ baryon charge, $k_{s}[-]$ strangeness, $k_{c}[-]$ cuteness, $k_{b}[-]$ beauty , $k_{t}[-]$ truth, $j[\hbar ]$ spin, $i[-]$ izospin, $i_{z}[-]$ z-projection of izospin, $\mu$ magnetic momentum, $p$ internal parity, $m[eV]$ mass, $\tau [s]$ mean life time , $E[eV]$ energy, ${\vec {x}}$ position, $k_{B}$ color.

#### Definition: Quarks

Quarks $\Omega _{K}$ is set of particles
$\Omega _{K}=\{u,d,c,s,t,b\}$
$u=(up,2/3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0)$ $d=(down,-1/3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0)$ $c=(cute,2/3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0)$ $s=(strange,-1/3,0,0,0,0,0,-1,0,0,0)$ $t=(truth,2/3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1)$
$b=(beauty,-1/3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1,0)$
# Nuclear Fusion Physics and Technology/Plasma Waves
#### Definition: Wave

Wave $\Psi _{n}$ is set of two functions $\Psi _{n}\equiv \{{\vec {A}}(t,{\vec {x}}):\mathbb {R} ^{4}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n},\varphi (t,{\vec {x}}):\mathbb {R} ^{4}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} \}$.

#### Definition: Wave function

Wave function $\Psi _{n}(t,{\vec {x}}):\mathbb {R} ^{4}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is function defined as
$\Psi _{n}(t,{\vec {x}})\equiv {\vec {A}}(t,{\vec {x}})e^{i\varphi (t,{\vec {x}})}$
# Nuclear Fusion Physics and Technology/Tokamak Device
#### Note: Basic assumptions

Lets assume electromagnetic field described by electric and magnetic vector fields ${\vec {E}}({\vec {r}}),{\vec {B}}({\vec {r}})$ and plasma described by probability density $f({\vec {r}})$. Also lets assume that basic terms are self-explaining.

#### Definition: Magnetic vessel

Magnetic vessel is electromagnetic field device aimed for plasma keeping.

#### Definition: Linear configuration

Linear configuration of magnetic vessel is electromagnetic field with parallel field lines and open ends.

#### Definition: Toroidal configuration

Toroidal configuration of magnetic vessel is toroidal electromagnetic field with closed ends.

#### Definition: Number 8 configuration

Number 8 configuration of magnetic vessel is crossed electromagnetic field with closed ends and field lines in number 8 shape.

#### Definition: Stelarator

Stelarator is axial asymmetric magnetic vessel with toroidal configuration.

#### Definition: Poloidal magnetic field

Poloidal magnetic field of toroidal magnetic vessel is magnetic field component with field lines closed perpendicular around coordinate $\varphi$.

#### Definition: Toroidal magnetic field

Toroidal magnetic field of toroidal magnetic vessel is magnetic field component with field lines closed perpendicular around coordinate $h$.

#### Definition: Major radius

Major radius $R_{0}$ is distance between main axis to magnetic axis.

#### Definition: Minor radius

Minor radius $r_{0}$ is distance between magnetic axis and plasma edge. (plasma edge definition needed, maybe 1/e drop of f(r)?)

#### Definition: Aspect ratio

Aspect ratio $a$ is ratio of major radius and minor radius
$a={\frac {R_{0}}{r_{0}}}$
# Nuclear Fusion Physics and Technology/Example page
#### Note: Electromagnetic field

As summarized in previous chapters, electromagnetic field is mathematical abstraction of two projections ${\vec {E}}({\vec {r}}):\mathbb {R} ^{3}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}$ and ${\vec {B}}({\vec {r}}):\mathbb {R} ^{3}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}$, which meets Maxwell equations
$rot{\vec {H}}={\vec {j}}+{\frac {\partial {\vec {D}}}{\partial t}}\qquad rot{\vec {E}}+{\frac {\partial {\vec {B}}}{\partial t}}=0$
$div{\vec {B}}=0\qquad {\vec {D}}=\rho$
and may be represented by field lines defined as
${\frac {d{\vec {x}}}{ds}}=\alpha {\vec {B}}({\vec {r}})$

#### Definition: Open field line

Field line is open, when it is not closed in plasma.

#### Definition: Closed field line

Field line is closed, when it is closed in plasma.

#### Theorem: Magnetic field line equation

Lets assume electromagnetic field ${\vec {E}}({\vec {r}}),{\vec {B}}({\vec {r}})$ with field lines. Then
${\frac {dl_{x}}{B_{x}}}={\frac {dl_{y}}{B_{y}}}={\frac {dl_{z}}{B_{z}}}$
Proof: The theorem results from field line definition directly
${\frac {d{\vec {x}}}{ds}}=\alpha {\vec {B}}({\vec {r}})\qquad /.{\frac {ds}{\vec {B}}}$
${\frac {d{\vec {x}}}{\vec {B}}}=\alpha .ds$
which is a vector equation of three scalar equations
${\frac {dl_{x}}{B_{x}}}=\alpha .ds\qquad {\frac {dl_{y}}{B_{y}}}=\alpha .ds\qquad {\frac {dl_{z}}{B_{z}}}=\alpha .ds$
and thus may be written
${\frac {dl_{x}}{B_{x}}}={\frac {dl_{y}}{B_{y}}}={\frac {dl_{z}}{B_{z}}}\qquad Q.E.D.$
# Nuclear Medicine

This book is borrowing heavily from the Radiation Oncology Wikibook in order to have a similar way to learn about Nuclear Medicine.
Volunteer Editors:
Thank you to the creators of the Radiation Oncology Wikibook as a template for this book.
* Bone Mineral Density
* Brachytherapy(under construction)
* Infection
* Nuclear Cardiology
* Thyroid
* Vascular Shunt Studies
# Nuclear Medicine/Authors

Template:Nuclear Medicine/TOC
Author List
* There is one registered users who have contributed to this wiki textbook as of July 8, 2009
* Those below have chosen to declare their personal information here
* Please feel free to add yourself to the author list, when you contribute
Some Guy, M.D. - Dr.Unclear
    First authorship: July 8, 2009
    Contributions: Original concept. Inspired by Wikibook Radiation Oncology and giving full recognition to their hard work for their excellent book.
# Medical Simulation

The purpose of this work is to survey training simulators used for medical purpose. Medical simulation is an important topic in health sciences. For now, we set will focus on computer-based simulators, e.g, web-based or virtual reality-based simulators. The motivation of such simulators is to provide a safe training environment, which can be used, e.g., to learn new procedures, rehearse rare cases, refresh deteriorating skills or assess skills.

## Fundamentals

* Taxonomy

## Datasets

* Synthetic
* Subject-specific

## Hardware

* Interaction Devices
* Processing Unit
* Output

## Software

* Model
* Interaction
* Simulation
* Rendering
# Medical Physiology/Gastrointestinal Physiology
## Introduction

Gastrointestinal Physiology looks at the functioning of the Gastro-Intestinal (GI) system. The four basic functions of the GI system are digestion, absorption, motility and secretion. Digestion describes how ingested food is broken down into smaller biochemical components; absorption how the products of digestion are absorbed into the body; motility how food and waste products are moved from mouth to anus; and secretion how digestive juices etc. are controlled and secreted. About 9 liters of fluid pass through the GI system every day, and of these only two are taken by mouth, the rest represents secretions by the system itself.
The whole is under the control of the hormonal and nervous systems, although the GI system has it's own autonomous nervous system, the enteric nervous system.
The digestive system is the body's major interface with the out side world, and as such it is richly supplied with immune cells, indeed by some estimates 80% of the bodies immune cells are in the GI tract.
* Anatomy
* Principles of GI function
* Motility
* Secretions
* Digestion & Absorption
* Clinical Physiology

## Clinical Physiology
### Esophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), Gastric reflux disease, or Acid reflux disease is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux in the esophagus.[1]
This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. This can be due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, impaired expulsion of gastric reflux from the esophagus, or a hiatus hernia. If the reflux reaches the throat, it is called laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.
# Medical Physiology/Respiratory Physiology
## Respiratory Physiology
### Overview

The goals of respiration are to provide oxygen to the tissues and to remove carbondioxide , to achieve these goals , respiration can be divided into four major functional events , 1. pulmonary ventilation , 2, diffusion of oxygen and carbondioxide between the alveoli and the bloods. 3, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids to and from the cells , 4, regulation of ventilation and other facets of respiration .
# Pinyin/Omega-6

See also
# Pinyin/On Board

See also
# Pinyin/On Contradiction

Special:search/contradiction prefix:Pinyin/

## Introduction

This readig matter is written in English, Hanzi and Pinyin. It was originally written by Mao Zedong.

## Chapter 1

THE TWO WORLD OUTLOOKS

## Chapter 2

THE UNIVERSALITY OF CONTRADICTION

## Chapter 3

THE PARTICULARITY OF CONTRADICTION

## Chapter 4

THE PRINCIPAL CONTRADICTION AND THE PRINCIPAL ASPECT OF A CONTRADICTION

## Chapter 5

THE IDENTITY AND STRUGGLE OF THE ASPECTS OF A CONTRADICTION

## Chapter 6

THE PLACE OF ANTAGONISM IN CONTRADICTION

## Chapter 7

CONCLUSION
# Pinyin/Olive Oil

See also olive
See also oil
Olive oil is a vegetable oil. It is made by getting the juice of the fruits of the olive tree. The oil is used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, traditional medicine, and as a fuel for oil lamps.
Gǎnlǎnyóu shì zhíwùyóu, tōngguò huòqǔ gǎnlǎnshù guǒshí de zhīyè zhìchéng. Yòngyú pēngrèn, yě yòngyú huàzhuāngpǐn, chuántǒng yàowù, hé yóudēng de ránliào.
People see it as a healthy addition to their diet because of the high level of unsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) and polyphenols. Olive oil is popular in Mediterranean countries.
Gǎnlǎnyóu hányǒu hěnduō bùbǎohé zhīfáng (zhǔyào shi yóusuān) hé duōfēnlèi, rénmen rènwéi yǒuyìjiànkāng, zài Dìzhōnghǎi guójiā hěn shòuhuānyíng.
# Pinyin/On Contradiction/Chapter 4

Search Pinyin contradiction

# IV. THE PRINCIPAL CONTRADICTION AND THE PRINCIPAL ASPECT OF A CONTRADICTION

四、主要的矛盾和主要的矛盾方面
4. Zhǔyào de Máodùn hé Zhǔyào de Máodùn Fāngmiàn
Go to home page
Pinyin/On Contradiction
# Pinyin/On

See also
# Pinyin/On Contradiction/Chapter 5

Search Pinyin contradiction

# V. THE IDENTITY AND STRUGGLE OF THE ASPECTS OF A CONTRADICTION

五、矛盾诸方面的同一性和斗争性
5. Máodùn Gè Fāngmiàn de Tóngyīxìng hé Dòuzhēngxìng
Go to home page
Pinyin/On Contradiction
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Veela
## Overview

Veela, who are the team mascots of the Bulgarian National Quidditch team in the Quidditch World Cup, take the form of inhumanly beautiful and infinitely desireable women.

## Extended Description

The Veela seem to have the ability to change between two states. In their normal state, they appear to be women, with skin that "shines moon-bright" and white-gold hair that "fans out behind them without wind". They are incredibly beautiful, though inhumanly so, but when they dance, that apparent inhumanity no longer matters. Like the legendary Sirens, Veela music and dance has the power to cloud men's minds and make them want to do insane and self-destructive things in order to secure the notice of these desirable creatures.
When they get angry, though, they change into beings with heads like birds, with sharp, cruel, beaks and scaly wings, and apparently have the ability to throw fireballs. "And that is why you should never go for looks alone," as Mr. Weasley comments.
In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, it is revealed that Fleur Delacour's wand has, as its active magical core, the hair of a Veela. Fleur says that it is from her grandmother, which tells us both that Veela and humans can interbreed, and that Ron's earlier guess that there was some Veela in Fleur's background is correct.

## Analysis

Veela are mentioned also in the Muggle mythos. There, they are shapeshifters, though most alluring in their human form. Predominantly women, though there are some males, they are rather mischievous creatures. They enjoy luring men away from their homes or away from their journeys, and dancing or singing so that the men are compelled to join them. Men so entranced end up being led into fairy rings and forced to dance until they die or one of their friends pulls them out. We note that this magical luring effect is referred to in archaic texts with the fine old word "glamour," and have used the same term in this text in places where it seems appropriate.
We do see quite a few males so entranced in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, though none of them are convinced to dance until they die; we do note that Ron and Harry almost jump from the Top Box at the Quidditch World Championship, that the referee at that match abandons his job, and that Ron almost volunteers to fly a broomstick to the moon shortly afterwards. It is interesting that Ron is more susceptible than Harry. Perhaps Harry's resistance to the Imperius curse is somehow related to his lack of susceptibility to the Veela glamour.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Unicorn
## Overview

The unicorn is a majestic horse-like creature with a single horn on its head. When fully grown, they are pure white, but are golden when foals and turn silver before achieving maturity.

## Extended Description

We first hear something about Unicorns in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, when Harry, Hermione, Neville Longbottom, and Draco Malfoy have to serve a detention. Hagrid tells them that something has been wounding and killing unicorns in the Forbidden Forest, and the four of them, with Hagrid and his boarhound Fang, are going to see if they can find out what it is. We learn first that unicorn blood is silvery, and then later that unicorn blood can be used to keep one alive, no matter how close to death they are.
Harry, Ron and Hermione witness a unicorn during a lesson of Care of Magical Creatures taught by a temporary teacher, Professor Grubbly-Plank, in their fourth year. Unicorns apparently prefer a female's touch.
In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, we learn that Hagrid has been collecting unicorn tail and mane hairs that get caught in the bushes. He says they are dead useful for tying things up, very strong. Eventually, in a burst of drunken generosity, he gives the bundle of them to Horace Slughorn, who apparently thinks they are worth about ten Galleons a hair.
A unicorn's horn, blood and hair have highly magical properties. Some wands are manufactured containing unicorn tail hair.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Venomous Tentacula
## Overview

The Venomous Tentacula is a dark red and spiky plant that has long feelers that can reach out and capture prey. Professor Sprout cautions her second year class, "Watch out for the venomous tentacula, it's teething." (Note that in some British / Canadian editions of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, this is misspelled Venemous Tentacula.)

## Extended Description

We never find out much about this plant. Professor Sprout knocks its tentacles away in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. It is commented that people are allowed to swear loudly (in contrast to the silent spell-casting being required for all other courses) in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince if the Tentacula attacks them. During the final battle near the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville brings in a Tentacula that grabs a Death Eater and starts reeling him in.
We do see its seeds: small, shriveled black pods that make a faint rattling noise even when they are completely stationary. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Fred and George need these for their Skiving Snackboxes, but they have to get them from Mundungus Fletcher, because they are a Class C Non-Tradeable Substance.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Veritaserum
## Overview

Veritaserum is a colorless, odorless potion that forces the drinker to tell the truth.

## Analysis

Since the wizards have access to an infallible truth serum, some readers have questioned why this cannot be used by the Wizengamot to determine whether a suspect is innocent or not; and it has also been suggested that it could have been used in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince in order to force Professor Slughorn to divulge what he knew about the young Tom Riddle. However, anything so powerful would be bound to cause creation of counter-potions and counter-charms, just as a means for editing memories has sprung up in the wake of the creation of a device (the Pensieve) for playing them back; and the author has stated, firstly, that Slughorn, being so powerful and cautious a wizard, is bound to have secreted about himself potions to counteract the effects of Veritaserum and other harmful (to him) potions; and second, that the existence of charms that prevent or alter the action of Veritaserum on suspects would make Veritaserum-induced evidence invalid in the Wizengamot.
It is certainly true that, while Veritaserum is mentioned several times in the books, it is only successfully administered once, to an unprepared, Stunned, and effectively unsuspecting victim, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, when Professor Dumbledore used it on Barty Crouch Jr.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Unforgivable Curses
## Overview

The Unforgivable Curses are curses so powerful and so malign that use of them on another human being is grounds for immediate life imprisonment in Azkaban Prison.

## Extended Description

The three curses that are classified as Unforgivable are the Imperius Curse, the Cruciatus Curse, and the Killing Curse.
Mad-Eye Moody introduces Harry and his class to these curses in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Ron identifies the first, the Imperius Curse, and Moody tells how that one had caused a lot of trouble for the Ministry: often it was impossible to tell who had been acting out of their own impulses, and who had been driven by someone else. The Cruciatus curse is named by Neville, who has reason to remember it as his parents suffered greatly under it. And the third, the Killing Curse, is named by Hermione; Moody mentions that it can't be blocked, and only one person is known to have ever survived it: Harry Potter.
Harry makes use of two of the Unforgivable Curses in the books. Dueling with Bellatrix Lestrange, he attempts the Cruciatus curse, with limited results; Bellatrix says that he has to really hate someone to make the Unforgivable Curses work properly, righteous indignation isn't enough. He also uses the Cruciatus curse upon Amycus Carrow, after Carrow spits in Professor McGonagall's face, informing her that that was the reason why he did it. And when he is breaking into Gringotts, he uses the Imperius curse to control Travers, who has entered the bank with them, and Bogrod, the goblin who is ushering them down to Bellatrix' vault.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.

## Greater Picture

It is mentioned elsewhere that the Wizarding judicial system seems oddly arbitrary, with Sirius Black being locked up in Azkaban for twelve years without trial, and the full Wizengamot, with Cornelius Fudge acting as both prosecutor and head judge, called into session to judge a case of Underage Sorcery. The fact that use of these spells against human beings is grounds for such severe punishment simply increases the apparent arbitrariness of the legal system.
Given the harshness of the penalty, one wonders then why, in the later books in the series, there seem to be Cruciatus and Killing curses flying around so frequently, and so many wizards affected by the Imperius curse. We have to assume that the author is making a point, that the laws really only affect the behaviour of the law-abiding citizens, and that increasing the penalty does not seem to have much affect on those who would break the law anyway. It also, perhaps, is meant to expose the folly of statutory minimum sentences, as we suspect that Harry had no alternative except to use the Imperius curse to enter Gringotts. Given that the curse should trigger an automatic life sentence in Azkaban, and no mention is made of allowance for extenuating circumstances, Harry should have been sent directly to prison, and definitely would not have gone on to have a career as an Auror.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Waddiwasi
## Overview

The Waddiwasi charm apparently causes violent removal of chewing gum (possibly among other things) from the place that it is currently stuck.

## Extended Description

Professor Lupin uses this spell when he encounters Peeves stuffing chewing gum into a lock. He says that this is a very useful little spell, before he uses it; and it is interesting, because the effect is to fire the chewing gum up Peeves' nostril and send him away, something that many teachers had been unable to do. As to its usefulness, though, it does not seem to be used anywhere else in the books.
The incantation, the verbal part of the spell, contains the word "wad", that is to say, a small amorphous mass of material - such as chewing gum.

## Analysis

As noted, despite Professor Lupin saying it is a useful little spell, it is used nowhere else in the series. This does rather call its usefulness into question, though it certainly does serve the dual purpose of clearing out the lock and getting rid of Peeves. We suspect that the author's purpose in introducing this spell is more one of enlightening us regarding the character and magical ability of Professor Lupin. The spell is clearly relatively obscure, as it serves a primary purpose (eliminating gum) that is not often needed, yet Lupin is fluent in its use, which speaks highly of his ability and memory. Additionally, he immediately sees this as a teaching opportunity, a place where he can teach the class a possibly useful spell. Many other professors at Hogwarts, we believe, would simply perform the spell, whereas Lupin makes a point of demonstrating it.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.