OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government by country/Russia/Federal Agency for Nationalities Affairs

The web portal of the Federal Agency for Nationalities provides information and services to users in the following sections:
* About agency:
** Structure;
** Manual;
** College;
** Regulations on the agency;
** Public service;
** Programs;
** Awards;
** Contact Information;
** Requisites;
* Press Center:
** Agency news;
** News of the regions;
** Contacts;
** Multimedia;
** Mass Media about us;
** Calendar of events;
* Documents:
** Basic documents;
** Legal support;
** Legal acts;
** Contests and tenders;
** Anti-corruption;
** Other;
* Social control:
** Social control;
** Activity Plan for 2016–2021;
** Public declaration of goals and objectives;
** Open data;
** Surveys;
* Appeals of citizens:
** Send appeal;
** personal reception;
** Legal framework;
** Review of complaints;
** Frequently asked Questions.

## E-services

Users of the web portal of the Federal Agency for Nationalities can submit an appeal electronically by going to the section "Citizens' appeals"

## Open Data

Public data of the Federal Agency for Nationalities Affairs provides the next information:
* Cossack associations of Russia;
* The national composition of the population of Russia;
* Communities of Indigenous Minorities of Russia;
* Religious Organizations of Russia;
* Religious composition of the population of Russia;
* Balance of migration within Russia;
* Balance of migration with foreign countries;
* Balance of migration with the CIS, Baltic States and Georgia;
* Language composition of the population of Russia.
# The cave painting in Magura Cave/ Retelling

Assuming that a coherent creation story is told in the first seven scenes depicted in the Magura Cave, a retelling is found in this chapter.

## Retelling of the creation myth in the Magura cave
### The Bringer of Light

1,1
In the beginning our world was in darkness, and there was only an immeasurable primeval flood without living creatures.
1,2
Then the great Bringer of Light appeared above the horizon and hovered over the primeval flood.
1,3
From then on there was light by day and darkness by night.

### The Celestial Bull

2,1
In the night sky the great Celestial Bull appeared, who had first already given birth to the sun as ruler of the day.
2,2
From him were now also born countless other lights in the firmament.
2,3
They came out of him into the darkness to shine also in the night.

### The Seven Wandering Figures

3,1
After the sun, the Celestial Bull also gave birth to the moon as ruler of the night.
3,2
Then he created five more great lights as companions of the sun and moon.
3,3
All seven great lights will forever pass by the many little lights as rulers of the ages.

### The Heaven and the Earth

4,1
The heaven is eternally populated by the lights.
4,2
Under heaven, in its image, the earth was created.
4,3
As the lights inhabit the heavens, so the living creatures inhabit the earth.

### The Humans

5,1
In the midst of the many living creatures on earth, human beings were also created.
5,2
Humans were made as woman and man.
5,3
They should multiply and respect the lights of heaven.

### The Water

6,1
The waters of the primeval flood entered the sea and were thereby separated from the land of the earth.
6,2
From then on, the water could also flow in heaven and on the land.
6,3
This water quenches the thirst of living creatures and makes plants and food grow.

### The Completion

7,1
Thus the heavens with their lights and the earth with its living creatures were completed.
7,2
The seven walking lights in heaven will watch over the earth from the beginning to the end.
7,3
They serve as visible signs of the perpetual cycle of days, weeks, months and years.
# The development aid organization/The development aid organization/projectized organization

Development Cooperation Handbook/The development aid organization/The projectized organization
# The implementation of E-Government/E-Government/Ukraine/Web portal of State register of medicines

The State Register of Medicinal Products is an information retrieval system, which is formed by the State Enterprise “State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine”.
On the website of the State Register, the information is published in the following sections:
* Initial;
* Statistics;
* Search for drugs;
* Legislation;
* Service entrance (for the site administration).

## Open Data

The system provides information on medicinal products registered in Ukraine and medical applications for them.
Data Required for Search:
* name;
* registration certificate number (RСN);
* the beginning of the validity of the RСN;
* international non-proprietary name (INN);
* code for the anatomical-therapeutic and chemical classification;
* composition of active substances.
In the search results, the user can see the following information:
* RСN;
* the validity of the RU;
* name / dosage form;
* composition of active substances;
* manufacturer;
* the applicant.
# The Computer Revolution/Software/Note Taking Software
## Note Taking Software

Note taking software allows individuals to record, organize, and file important information in a single place. The data is kept within your fingertips thus reducing the need to search through various documents to obtain information. Note taking software is often used with tablet computers and pen input devices. It is also often used on laptops computers and PCs. The software is specifically designed to facilitate the ease of note taking without having to conform to a format and it is designed to give you the ability to organize and retrieve the notes to how it fits your needs. Some features include having tabbed sections- like in a paper notebook and have the capability to search through information quickly and efficiently. Examples of note taking software include Microsoft One Note, Agilix Labs Go Binder, and Evernote.
Reference: Morely, Deborah; Parker, Charles. Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. Course Technology, 2011, pg. 244.
Taking a pen and notebook to class or to a meeting may very well become a thing of the past with the advent of note taking software. Designed for students and business personnel it has the capability of accepting both handwritten and typed input. Handwritten notes can remain true to their original form and stored as images or can be converted into typed text. Note taking software was designed in order to make the time-honored tradition of putting pen to paper to record pertinent facts less taxing and more efficient for all involved. After inputting the information it is then organized using a custom tab system for easy retrieval. Web notebooks – such as Google Notebook and Zoho Notebook – are online versions of note taking software that are specifically programmed to organize the user’s online files such as web pages, research, text and images.
Reference: Morely, Deborah and Charles Parker. "Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow" 13th Edition
# The Computer Revolution/Software/OS/Ubuntu
## Ubuntu

Ubuntu is an operating system based on the Debian Linux distribution. It was built as a free alternative to Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. Ubuntu can run on many older computers that the other two OSs can not. The main page for Ubuntu is www.ubuntu.com. Here you can find documents to install not only Ubuntu but many other aspects of the operating system. On the homepage you can find Ubuntu desktop, cloud, business, and server editions. The operating system uses Libre Office instead of Microsoft office. Also, the command line uses commands that all three of the operating systems mentioned above use. It also has new commands. For example, ifconfig in Ubuntu (Windows uses ipconfig). Many of the process to run Ubuntu have been moved to the background or given one-click icons to launch the process. This has made it easier for beginners to use the system.
Linux was developed in 1991 as open source software, this means that the source code can be manipulated by the public to either make alterations that improve it, or to customize it towards a specific application. This allows for a people all over the world to collaborate and change the software in ways they see beneficial to either the general public or a private business who is looking for an operating system that can do some more specific things than a normal operating system can. Many people choose Ubuntu as their go to operating system because it is completely free, and as far as software goes, it isn't missing anything that other operating systems have.

## References

* ↑ ^ "About the Name". Official Ubuntu Documentation. Canonical. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
* ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-9
* ↑ www.ubuntu.com
# The Computer Revolution/Software/OS/Windows 8
## Windows 8

Windows 8 was the next operating system for PC developed by Microsoft. Some of the changes from the older OS include a new-look start menu, new password-protection methods, and a brand new Family Safety feature. The use of Windows 8 is available to desktops, televisions, laptops, and tablets. With a new OS comes new software applications, such as Internet Explorer 10 is which is said to run only on Windows 8.
Good news for parents. In addition of having integrated security software, Windows 8 comes with an optional app called Microsoft Family Safety. The software lets you set up accounts for your children. It monitors your child’s online activities, provides information on what they are doing as well as who they are communicating with. With Family Safety you can set up Web filtering, app restrictions, time limits, etc. A fresh desktop is another great feature of Windows 8. Small, static icons are replaced with big, beautiful tiles. Start screen of Windows 8 contains all the information and programs you care about, you just need to click on the appropriate tile to lunch it. Microsoft’s new operating system also provides a “real time” updates of your info and photos, therefore you can see how many new e-mails you are receiving, the latest pictures uploaded to Facebook and much more.
Source: Marc Saltzman, “Tech Connection”.
⇒Windows 8 Tablet.⇐
Microsoft released the new Windows 8 Tablet. It was equipped with the most advanced Microsoft Software. This tablet is touchscreen, though there is an option of attaching a special keyboard for the "laptop feel," for those who are more comfortable with an actual keyboard. The setup of the home screen is more advanced than the previous Windows Software. It is made up of rectangular shapes (a tiling window manager), each representing a different program or application. There is also an option of rearranging the applications and categorizing them in the order that you prefer. Not only does it provide you with a lot of features, but also free applications that you may download. If the new "start" window is too confusing, you have the option of switching it to the original desktop look, which will make it easier for you to maneuver.
# The Computer Revolution/Software/Personal Information Managers

love Greg work t.v. ps3

#### Personal Information Managers

A personal information manager (PIM) is a type of application software that functions as a personal organizer. As an information management tool, a PIM's purpose is to facilitate the recording, tracking, and management of certain types of "personal information".
Examples of PIM:
* E-mail
* Address Books
* Calendars
* Journals

##### Microsoft Outlook

Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, and is part of the Microsoft Office suite. Outlook is an e-mail client, an address book, journal, a calendar and many more PIM features.

##### Mac iCal

iCal is a personal calendar application made by Apple Inc. that runs on the Mac OS X operating system. iCal was the first calendar application to offer support for multiple calendars and the ability to publish/subscribe calendars to WebDAV server.
Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ICal2.png February 27, 2007

##### Evolution

Evolution is a personal information manager made by Novell and the GNOME project primarily for Linux, although it is also available for Mac OS/X and may soon be ported to Microsoft Windows.

##### Vault 3

Vault 3 stores your information and photographs as an outline. Vault 3 organizes your information into categories and sub-categories that you specify. Vault 3's outline is easily and rapidly searchable. Vault 3 uses strong encryption to ensure the privacy of your personal data. Vault 3 can even run slideshows of your photographs. Vault 3 runs on 32 and 64-bit Windows operating systems, 32 and 64-bit Linux GTK operating systems, and 64-bit Mac OS X.
Reference: http://www.ericbt.com/Vault3
Vault 3 is also available for Android: https://market.android.com/details?id=com.ericbt.Vault3
# USMLE Step 1 Review/Neurology
## Localization

Small, irregular pupil that does not react to light but does react to accommodation.
Localization is to the midbrain and the cause is neurosyphilis. The pupil's better response to a near than to a light stimulus is because the lesion involves the more dorsally-located fibers that subserve the pupil response to light and spares the more ventrally-located fibers that subserve the pupil response to accommodation.
Care should be taken to not confuse Argyll-Robertson pupil with an Adie's tonic pupil, Horner's syndrome or third nerve lesions.

#### Regarding what to do in case of syncope:

If the face is red, raise the head.
If the face is pale, raise the tail!
# USMLE Step 1 Review/Introduction

The USMLE Step 1 consists of multiple-choice questions prepared by examination committees composed of faculty members, teachers, investigators, and clinicians. Committee members are selected to provide broad representation from the academic, practice, and licensing communities across the United States and Canada.
The test is designed to measure basic science knowledge. Some questions test the examinee's fund of information per se, but the majority of questions require the examinee to interpret graphic and tabular material, to identify gross and microscopic pathologic and normal specimens, and to solve problems through application of basic science principles.
Step 1 is constructed from an integrated content outline that organizes basic science content according to general principles and individual organ systems. Test questions are classified in one of these major areas depending on whether they focus on concepts and principles that are important across organ systems or within individual organ systems. Sections focusing on individual organ systems are subdivided according to normal and abnormal processes, principles of therapy, and psychosocial, cultural, and environmental considerations.
Each examination covers content related to the traditionally defined disciplines of anatomy, behavioral sciences, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology, as well as interdisciplinary areas including genetics, aging, immunology, nutrition, and molecular and cell biology. While not all topics listed in the content outline are included in every examination, overall content coverage is comparable in the various examination forms that will be taken by different examinees.
The Step 1 Content Outline describes the scope of the examination in detail, but it is not intended as a guide for curriculum development or examinee preparation. It provides a flexible structure for test construction that can readily accommodate new topics, emerging content domains, and shifts in emphasis.
The categorizations and content coverage are subject to change. Broadly based learning that establishes a strong general understanding of the concepts and principles in the basic sciences is the best preparation for the examination.
The most popular and most used resource that students currently use to prepare for the USMLE is the First Aid to the USMLE Step 1.
# USMLE Step 1 Review/Gastrointestinal
#### Causes of Acute Pancreatitis

"GET SMASHED"
* Gall stones
* Ethanol
* Trauma
* Steroids
* Mumps
* Autoimmune disease
* Scorpion venom
* Hyperlipidemia
* ERCP (dye)
* Drugs (Azathioprine, Asparginase, Mercaptopurines)
Alcohol and Gallstones are most common causes.

##### Useful Websites

* Memorable Medicine: Free Learning Resources and Forums
# USMLE Step 1 Review/Musculoskeletal

Anatomy:
Upper Limb Lower Limb
Physiology:
w:metabolic pathway
Biochemistry
w:Glycolysis

#### Back Pain: DISK MASS

D == Degeneration: DJD, Osteoporosis, spondylosis
I == Infection: UTI, PID, Potts, osteomyelitis, prostatitis, Injury/fracture, compression fracture.
S == Spondylitis, ankylosing Spondyloarthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE)
K == Kidney stones/infarction/infection (pyelo/abscess)
M == Multiple myeloma, Metastasis from breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney CA
A == Aneurysm, Abdominal pain referred to the back (see acute abdominal pain)
S == Slipped disk, Spondylolisthesis
S == Strain, Scoliosis/lordosis, Skin: herpes zoster.
# Signal Processing/Linear Prediction
## Linear Prediction

Linear prediction is an important tool in the field of Signal Processing, but also in related engineering fields. Linear prediction is the process where we attempt to predict the value of the next sample, given a set of previous samples. The number of previous samples required depends on the type of predictor that we employ. We will discuss this in more detail later.
A predictor is said to have an order of m if it has at most m taps in the forward or backward direction. The forward direction, the feed forward elements are the zeros of the filter. The backward direction, or the feedback elements are the poles of the filter. In other words, the filter has an order m if it has m zeros or m poles, whichever is greater.

## Forward Prediction

A forward linear predictor is a filter that attempts to predict the u(n) sample from the previous m samples. Forward predictors are causal, which means they only act on previous results.

## Backward Prediction

Backward prediction is similar to forward prediction, they are closely related mathematically. Backward prediction is the process of trying to determine the u(n + M - 1) element of a signal given the next M elements. In other words, the backward predictor is an attempt to "remember" what a past value was, given later values.

## Lattice Filters

Lattice filters are interesting tools to use because they can simultaneously calculate the forward and backward filter coefficients given a set of special reflection coefficients. These reflection coefficients can, in turn, be calculated from the forward or backward filter coefficients. Also, the reflection coefficients can be calculated from other metrics, such as the signal power, or the autocorrelation function. We will discuss the reflection coefficients more in the next chapter.
# Signal Processing/Lattice Predictors
## Levinson-Durbin Algorithm

The Levinson-Durbin Algorithm is a direct method to solve the augmented Wiener-Hopf equations for the lattice predictor-error coefficients and the predictor-error power. The Levinson-Durbin algorithm uses the filter coefficients of an order m filter to compute the coefficients of an order m + 1 order filter.
There are two parts to the Levinson-Durbin Algorithm. The first part is a method to compute the tap-weight vector a$_m$ using the tap-weight vector of a lower-order filter, a$_{m-1}$:
    $\mathbf {a} _{m}={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {a} _{m-1}\\0\end{bmatrix}}+\kappa _{m}{\begin{bmatrix}0\\\mathbf {a} _{m-1}^{B*}\end{bmatrix}}$
In scalar form, this equation becomes:
    $a_{m,k}=a_{m-1,k-1}+\kappa _{m}a_{m-1,m-k}$
# Signal Processing/Licensing
## License

The text of this book is released under the following license:
# Signal Processing/Image Editing

As an image is a type of 2-D signal; instead of just time-amplitude pairs that correspond to a voice transmission, consider "time in the X domain"-"time in the Y domain"-amplitude pairs. That is, an X coordinate, a Y coordinate and an amplitude. This will give you a monochromatic image. As such, signal processing tools can be used in editing images.

## Singular Value Decomposition

The Singular Value Decomposition is a matrix decomposition (another way to say factorization).
    $M=U\Sigma V^{*}$
where
* U is an m×m unitary matrix over.
* Σ is an m×n diagonal matrix with nonnegative real numbers s_{n,n} on the diagonal where
    $s_{1,1}>s_{2,2}>\ldots s_{n,n}$
* V*, an n×n unitary matrix. V* is the conjugate transpose (take the complex conjugate of all entries, and then perform a transpose operation on the matrix) of V.
The diagonal entries Σ$_{i,i}$ of Σ are known as the singular values of M.

### Image Compression

The nature of the singular values Σ is such that for a certain k,
    $s_{1,1}>s_{2,2}>>s_{k,k}>\ldots s_{n,n}$
In order to transmit a 10x10 monochromatic image with 2 values ("on" or "off") it would require a matrix that has 10x10 = 100 entries. Consider the following image.
This image can be represented by the following matrix.
    $M={\begin{bmatrix}1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1\\1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1\\1&1&0&0&0&0&0&0&1&1\\1&1&0&0&0&0&0&0&1&1\\1&1&0&0&1&1&0&0&1&1\\1&1&0&0&1&1&0&0&1&1\\1&1&0&0&0&0&0&0&1&1\\1&1&0&0&0&0&0&0&1&1\\1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1\\1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1&1\end{bmatrix}}$
The singular value decomposition of which is
    $M=U\Sigma V^{*},$
Where
    $\Sigma ={\begin{bmatrix}7.557&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&2.979&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1.422&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}$
Using the matrix
    $\Sigma _{sm}={\begin{bmatrix}7.557&0&0\\0&2.979&0\\0&0&1.422\end{bmatrix}}$
And corresponding "truncated" versions of U and V* (Use only the first three columns of U and the first three columns of V*), we can find that
    $M_{sm}={\begin{bmatrix}0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999&1.000&1.000&0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999\\0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999&1.000&1.000&0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999\\1.000&1.000&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&1.000&1.000\\1.000&1.000&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&1.000&1.000\\1.000&1.000&-0.001&-0.001&1.001&1.001&-0.001&-0.001&1.000&1.000\\1.000&1.000&-0.001&-0.001&1.001&1.001&-0.001&-0.001&1.000&1.000\\1.000&1.000&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&1.000&1.000\\1.000&1.000&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&-0.001&1.000&1.000\\0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999&1.000&1.000&0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999\\0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999&1.000&1.000&0.999&0.999&0.999&0.999\end{bmatrix}}$
A cursory examination of the previous matrix will show that M_{sm} is approximately equal to M. Note that the truncated version of U and V* use 3*10 numbers each. The total number of values needed for this type of storage is 2*30+3 = 63. Which means data usage is reduced by nearly half.