OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Data Mining Algorithms In R/Clustering

* K-Means
* Hybrid Hierarchical Clustering
* Expectation Maximization (EM)
* Dissimilarity Matrix Calculation
* Hierarchical Clustering
* Bayesian Hierarchical Clustering
* Density-Based Clustering
* K-Cores
* Fuzzy Clustering - Fuzzy C-means
* RockCluster
* Biclust
* Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM)
* CLUES
* Self-Organizing Maps (SOM)
* Proximus
* CLARA
# Sicilian Defense, Dragon, Old Line

White correctly moves their bishop out of the c8 rook's line of fire with Bb3, keeping watch over Black's kingside. Now pawn attacks begin on both sides, and speed and tempi are very important in these such attacks.

## Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
| | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
| Old Line | ... Ne5 | h4 h5 | Bg5 Rc5 | ∞ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation
### 7. Bb5+

This move immediately disrupts Black's position. Black cannot avoid material loss.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. f4/6...Bg7

Black fell for the trap of 7. e5!.
# Sicilian Defense, Dragon, Old Line

Black takes advantage of the half-open c-file they received in the Open Sicilian, and aims at the hanging c4-bishop. As Nxd4 Qxd4 Ng4! takes advantage of the overworked White queen and Black is attacking both bishops at once, White typically moves the bishop to safety with Bb3, keeping an eye on the Black king.

## Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
| | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
| Old Line | Bb3 Ne5 | h4 h5 | Bg5 Rc5 | ∞ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. Be3/6...Ng4
## 7. Ng4??

Black failed to spot the trap. The only winning move is 7. Bb5+
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# Sicilian with 2...e6

This is an older continuation of the Sicilian. Black plays 2...e6, opening up the bishop and preparing d5 and recapture with a pawn. This can transpose into many other Sicilian lines with d6 and/or Nc6.
Many variations from this position include the Kan, Scheveningen, and Taimanov.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 e6
| 3 | 4 | 5 |
| d4 cxd4 | Nxd4 Nf6 | Nc3 a6 | = |
| Nc3 a6 | d4 cxd4 | Nxd4 Qc7 | = |
| c4 Nc6 | Nc3 Nf6 | Be2 d5 | = (Kramnik Variation) |
| c3 | = |
| b3 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Chekhover Sicilian

White captures the pawn with the Queen. This move is not uncommon among amateur players. Black has the possibility of playing Nc6 at some stage and if so White could pin it.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Qxd4
| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Qxd4 Nf6 | e5 Nc6 | Bb5 Qa5+ | Nc3 Qxb5 | = |
| ... Nc6 | Bb5 Bd7 | Bxc6 Bxc6 | Nc3 Nf6 | += |
| ... a6 | Bc4 Nc6 | Qe3 Nf6 | += |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Morra Gambit

White offers a pawn for quicker development and open the c- and d-files.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Common Lisp/External libraries/clbuild

clbuild is a shell script helping with the download, compilation, an invocation of Common Lisp applications. It defaults to SBCL but otherwise tries to be somewhat independent of your local environment.
# Common Lisp/Reference

A reference of the Common Lisp language follows:
* Common Lisp
* Common Lisp/Reference/car
* Common Lisp/Reference/cdr
* Common Lisp/Reference/cons
* Common Lisp/Reference/defvar
* Common Lisp/Reference/defstruct
* Category:Book:Common Lisp/reference
# Common Lisp/External libraries/Portable Allegro Serve

Portable AllegroServe is a portable version of AllegroServe, a web server written in Common Lisp, by Franz Inc. Dynamic language webservers are typically very good at serving up dynamic pages. In AllegroServe, it is often more natural to generate pages on the fly than actually serve up a file.

## Further Reading

* http://portableaserve.sourceforge.net/ The Portable AllegroServer Homepage
* http://allegroserve.sourceforge.net/ The Franz AllegroServe Homepage

## Other Options for Webserving in Common Lisp

* http://www.fractalconcept.com/asp/BIE7/sdataQ05ccqEX9vZvDM==/sdataQuvY9x3g$ecX mod_lisp - An Apache module for interfacing with Common Lisp
* http://common-lisp.net/project/araneida/ Araneida
# Common Lisp/External libraries/Vecto

Vecto is a library for producing graphics programmatically, in PNG format, and typically on the fly. It is a simplified interface to CL-VECTORS, a vector rasterization library. It is very portable and should work in any Common Lisp environment. This kind of program could be used to trivially create a captcha generator or mathematical function plotter like Gnuplot or even more complicated visualization.

## Further Reading

* http://www.xach.com/lisp/vecto/ Vecto Homepage
* http://projects.tuxee.net/cl-vectors/ CL-VECTORS Homepage

## Other Graphics Libraries

Vecto is certainly not the only library for this purpose. You might also want to check out:
* http://www.fractalconcept.com/asp/cl-pdf CL-PDF: a library for producing PDF files
* http://www.weitz.de/cl-gd/ CL-GD: a binding to the libgd2 library
* http://common-lisp.net/project/cl-magick/ CL-MAGICK: a binding to the Image Magick library
# Common Lisp/First steps

* Features - what can Common Lisp show off with?
* Installation - how to obtain, install and use a Common Lisp environment
* Beginner tutorial - Common Lisp as a first programming language
* Experienced tutorial - a quick and dirty introduction if you already know about programming
# Common Lisp/First steps/Features

* Common Lisp is a high-level programming language with automatic storage management (aka garbage collection).
* Common Lisp is a multi-paradigm language. It allows you to write programs in the procedural/imperative, functional/applicative and object-oriented styles. These styles may be freely mixed in a Common Lisp program. This allows you to choose the approach and paradigm according to your application domain.
* Common Lisp is written in a fully-parenthesized, prefix notation. This means that applying the function func to arguments x and "hello" is written (func x "hello") rather than the more conventional func(x, "hello"). This might make the syntax harder to learn if you are accustomed to other languages, but after some practice it becomes quite natural. It also makes macros possible.
* Macros allow you to extend the Lisp syntax. They can be used to define new keywords. Common Lisp macros are much more powerful than (for example) C macros: Lisp macros are code generating programs in their own right.
* Common Lisp has an interactive top-level. Most implementations allow you to type in programs at a prompt as well as loading them from a file, allowing explorative programming. The prompt can also be used for interactive debugging.
* Common Lisp allows incremental compilation. Most implementations have a compiler (either native-code or bytecode) as well as an interactive top-level. Compiled and interpreted code may be freely mixed.
* Common Lisp can provide high performance (but this is highly dependent on the implementation). Some implementations can compete with C/C++ compilers.
# Canvas 2D Web Apps/Geolocation

In HTML5, web apps are allowed to access the geolocation of a device. W3C has defined the Geolocation API Specification. In the Mozilla Developer Network, see Using geolocation. Apple provides information in the article Getting Geographic Location in the Safari Developer Library.
< Canvas 2D Web Apps
# Canvas 2D Web Apps/Pages

This chapter shows how to set up multiple pages and allow the user to navigate between them with the help of responsive buttons.

### The Example

The example of this chapter (which is available online; also as downloadable version) allows users to navigate between three pages of different dimensions using four buttons. The pages are automatically scaled to fit the dimensions of the browser window or the screen of a mobile device. The following sections will discuss how to set up the pages. See the chapter on responsive buttons and previous chapters for discussions of other parts.

### Defining Multiple Pages

In order to implement multiple pages, we need to have one cuiPage object for each page. In the example, these are created this way:
Each constructor call defines the width and height of the page and the page's process function. The first process function looks like this:
It checks whether button0 has processed the event and whether the button was clicked (with button0.isClicked). If that's the case, it sets the global variable cuiIgnoreEventEnds to the current time (in milliseconds since January 1, 1970) plus 50 milliseconds in order to ignore all events for the next 50 milliseconds. This is useful because the current user interactions should not be applied to the next page, which is set by assigning another cuiPage to the global variable cuiCurrentPage. Lastly, the new page is painted by calling cuiRepaint.
Otherwise, if the button hasn't been clicked, the page's background is rendered if event is null.
The process functions of the other two pages work similarly, except that the second page has two buttons:
And the third page with one button:

### Implementation of cuiPage

The constructor for cuiPage objects is defined as follows:
There is only one method defined for cuiPages, which is only relevant for animated transitions between pages; see the chapter on transitions.
Note that each page uses a cuiTransformable object (called view) for its transformation. This is applied in the cuiProcess function (which also calls the page's user-defined process function). The function is relatively complex since it has to scale the page optimally by taking the page's dimensions and the dimensions of the screen into account. Furthermore, it has to apply the transformation of the transformable object view. And then it has to apply the inverse transformation to event points such that they are correctly transformed.
< Canvas 2D Web Apps
# Canvas 2D Web Apps/Storage

In HTML5, web apps are allowed to store persistent data on a device even if it is offline. W3C has published the Web Storage Specification. In the Mozilla Developer Network, see the DOM Storage Guide. Apple provides a Safari Client-Side Storage and Offline Applications Programming Guide in the Safari Developer Library.
< Canvas 2D Web Apps
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Women as Entrepreneurs - Petifu Chain

| Sierra Leone | MDG3: Promote gender equality |
Youtube ⇒ playlist
Sierra Leone 2 – production
⇒ MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Women as entrepreneurs
Project implemented by Concern Worldwide
Petifu Chain, Sierra Leone, December 2010 Co-financed by Europeaid
In the language of the Temne tribes in Sierra Leone, Myogbo means "try and God will give".
Myogbo is a woman's group in the Petifu Chain village located in the Tonkolili district of Sierra Leone. In an effort to combat poverty and empower women, Concern Worldwide, an international non-government organisation, cooperates with the Myogbo group to support women's entrepreneurship in cultivating and marketing farm products.
Women play an important role in economic development but they often lack the skills and education to optimally utilise their potential. They are usually excluded from access to credit and loans if they want to start small business initiatives. Concern Worldwide believes that the poor must have access to micro-finance services to move out of poverty. Funded by the European Commission, the project implemented by Concern Worldwide in the Petifu Chain village facilitates women in accessing small business loans through self help groups and helps them acquire skills and knowledge to run these enterprises.
Now, the women of Petifu Chain have become capable of generating their own independent income. Now, their families are less vulnerable to droughts and their children have better access to education and health care.
"If women are encouraged, they can be productive. Women also have a better understanding about the need to preserve their environment and eco-system. Whe women in Africa will start getting educated and empowered, Africa will change for the better", says a local leader and parish priest.

### Video clips

⇒ Programme Web site: Concern - Sierra Leone ⇒Interview with Manoj Kumar, Country Director (Sierra Leone), Concern Worldwide
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Stories/Villas Del Sol - Barrio Rafael Uribe Uribe

| Colombia | MDG1: Eradicate extreme poverty |
Youtube ⇒ playlist
⇒ Colombia 2 – Production ⇒ MDG 1 - Extreme poverty ⇒ MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
Participación y empoderamiento - Barrio Villas Del Sol - Territorio de Derechos
Villas Del Sol - Localidad Rafael Uribe Uribe, Bogotá, Colombia , May 2011
Project managed by the Social Integration Secretariat
of the Alcaldia of Bogotá
Rafael Uribe Uribe is one of the many neighborhoods that have mushroomed on the Eastern periphery of Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, a metropolis of around 8 million persons that has been expanding exponentially during the civil war, due to massive displacement of people from the poorer and more unsafe regions of Colombia.
In townships like this one, the political priority now is the reconstruction of community ties amongst the marginalized immigrants, most of them being uneducated youngsters, who too often fall victim to the vicious circle of unemployment, drug abuse and violence.
The socialization among youth is the social emergency. And here, city administration encourages the establishment of community level institutions that design and implement programmes on political participation, education and food security.
The aim of community kitchens is not just to ensure food security, but also to educate people in the fundamentals of nutrition and, along with it, to propagate health awareness, including the social and cultural determinants of healthy living.
Rolando Morales is one of the youth leaders of the community centre of Uribe Uribe. Inspite of his young age, he has a history of drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. He tells us that the major political change most needed here is the re-orientation of the young minds.
Problems are many and one cannot solve them all with few resources or, as a local proverb goes, “cover the sun with one finger”.
But responding to these very difficulties is what brings people to participate in these community centres that are now leading the institutional re-building in degraded neighborhoods of the modern South American metropolis.

### Video clips

On YouTube ⇒ Barrio Rafael Uribe Uribe

## Testimonials

Brasil

## See also

⇒ The participatory approach
⇒ Local Authorities and Civil Society ⇒ Definitions of Subsidiarity
Issue 2 ⇒ How can local policy actors contribute to the achievement of MDGs and other global policy objectives?
⇒ Localidad Rafael Uribe Uribe ⇒ Bogotá
Secretaría General de la Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá D.C ⇒ Plan de Desarrollo local, Económico social y de Obras públicas- 2009-2012
⇒ Secretaría de Integración Social, Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá ⇒ Localidad Rafael Uribe Uribe
Bogotá Positiva ⇒ Para Vivir Mejor. Localidad “Rafael Uribe Uribe: Territorio de Derechos
Related stories: ⇒ Los derechos de la hospitalidad para las personas sin hogar - Bogotà (1) - ⇒ playlist
⇒ Community at Work - Ciudad Bolivar - Jan Pablo II (1) - ⇒ playlist
⇒ Muisca Indigenous Heritage - (8) - ⇒ playlist
⇒ Desplazados - Santander (8) - ⇒ playlist
# Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates

* Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Plan
* Template:Development Cooperation Handbook/Template pages
* Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Applicant employee evaluation form
* Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Decision on allocating organizational resources for developing a project plan
* Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Procurement plan
* Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Programme plan
* Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Quality Plan
* Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Template for describing a Good Practice
* Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/The project Plan Document
Category:Book:Development Cooperation Handbook/Template pages
Section of Tools of Development Cooperation Handbook
This page is prepared on the basis of the result obtained by the consultation process.
# Control Systems/Open source tools/Scilab

| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | Table of Contents | All Versions | PDF Version |
| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | | | Glossary |
Scilab is an open source, cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level, numerically oriented programming language. It is similar in its capabilities to MATLAB.
Scilab has a good implementation of many of the required control systems functions and has a dynamic model simulator called XCos that makes it a good tool for use by control engineers.
This article will outline the Scilab methods needed to implement the functions described in the main section of this wikibook.

## Classical Control Methods
### Transfer Functions

Consider the following 2nd order transfer function:
    $G(s)={\frac {5s+10}{s^{2}+4s+5}}$
This is created in the Scilab console by the following:
This transfer function will be used in subsequent demonstrations on this page.

### Converting Transfer Functions to/from State Space

Scilab has a functions to perform the necessary conversions.
Conversion to state space is achieved via:
And to convert back to transfer functions you can use:

## System Representation
### Step Response

Step responses are a standard way to represent a dynamic system and to visualize the function. If we subject the example transfer function to a unit step test we get:
Which is produced using the following Scilab code;
'csim' performs a general purpose continuous simulation function and can be used in various ways.
The first parameter in the csim function is the simulation function to apply to the transfer function. The options for this parameter can be;
   * step
   * impulse
   * a function : [inputs]=u(t)
   * a list : list(ut,parameter1,....,parametern) such that: inputs=ut(t,parameter1,....,parametern) (ut is a function)
   * a vector giving the values of u corresponding to each t value
The third parameter ("TF" in the example) is the SIMO linear system to apply the simulation too. State space representations can be used in place of Laplace representation.
A discrete time simulation function is also available called 'dsimul' which can be applied to state space equations.

### Bode Plots

There is an inbuilt command to generate Bode plots such as this example;
To generate the above use the following Scilab code:

## Stability
### Nyquist Plot

There is an inbuilt command to generate Nyquist plots such as this example;
To generate the above use the following Scilab code:
The transfer function passed to the nyquist command can be a continuous or a discrete time SIMO linear dynamical system.
Nyquist plots are needed to analyse the Stability Criteria.

## Further reading

* Scilab official site
* Scilab Ninja's Control Engineering Basics A resource demonstrating the use of Scilab in control systems work.
* Control Systems
# Control Systems/Nichols Charts

| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | Table of Contents | All Versions | PDF Version |
| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | ← Bode Plots | Stability → | Glossary |

## Nichols Charts

This page will talk about the use of Nichols charts to analyze frequency-domain characteristics of control systems.
| ← Bode Plots | Control Systems | Stability → |
# Control Systems/Open source tools/Julia

| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | Table of Contents | All Versions | PDF Version |
| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | | | Glossary |

## Prerequisite

It is necessary to install Julia and afterwards the ControlSystems.jl package. It is recommended to follow the official Julia Documentation. Julia can be executed in a terminal but it is quite practical to use an IDE like Juno/Atom or Visual Studio Code.
The ControlSystems.jl package has to be loaded with
before the function can be evaluated.
Throughout this course it is assumed that the source code is typed in the Julia REPL to print the results instantaneously. Otherwise, results can be printed with

## Classical Control
### Transfer Function

Consider the transfer function
    $G(s)={\frac {s+2}{3s^{2}+4s+5}}$
The transfer function is created similar to other numerical toolboxes with numerator and denominator as
The REPL responses an overview of the created transfer function object

### Poles and Zeros

The poles of transfer function $G(s)$ are computed with
and the REPL responses
The zeros of transfer function $G(s)$ are computed with
and resulting in
The function
will response the zeros, poles and the gain.
The Pole-Zero Plot is created with

### Impulse and Step Response

It is handy to define the simulation time and a label for both plots with
The impulse response is created with
and the step response is built with

### Bode and Nyquist Plot

The Bode plot is printed with
and the Nyquist plot (without gain circles) is printed with
The gain circles can be toggled with the boolean flag.
Note:
If only the numerical results of the Bode/Nyquist plot are of interest and not their visualization, then one can use
and

## Further reading

Julia Homepage
Julia Documentation
ControlSystems.jl Manual
# Control Systems/Physical Models

| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | Table of Contents | All Versions | PDF Version |
| The Wikibook of: Control Systems and Control Engineering | | | Glossary |

## Physical Models

This page will serve as a refresher for various different engineering disciplines on how physical devices are modeled. Models will be displayed in both time-domain and Laplace-domain input/output characteristics. The only information that is going to be displayed here will be the ones that are contributed by knowledgeable contributors.

## Electrical Systems

    ComponentTime-DomainLaplaceFourier Resistor RRR Capacitor $i=C{\frac {dv}{dt}}$$G(s)={\frac {1}{sC}}$$G(j\omega )={\frac {1}{j\omega C}}$ Inductor $v=L{\frac {di}{dt}}$$G(s)=sL$$G(j\omega )=j\omega L$

## Chemical Systems

* Control Systems