OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire

← Prisoner of Azkaban | Order of the Phoenix →

## Chapters

    Chapter 1: The Riddle House
    Chapter 2: The Scar
    Chapter 3: The Invitation
    Chapter 4: Back to the Burrow
    Chapter 5: Weasley's Wizard Wheezes
    Chapter 6: The Portkey
    Chapter 7: Bagman and Crouch
    Chapter 8: The Quidditch World Cup
    Chapter 9: The Dark Mark
    Chapter 10: Mayhem at the Ministry
    Chapter 11: Aboard the Hogwarts Express
    Chapter 12: The Triwizard Tournament
    Chapter 13: Mad-Eye Moody
    Chapter 14: The Unforgivable Curses
    Chapter 15: Beauxbatons and Durmstrang
    Chapter 16: The Goblet of Fire
    Chapter 17: The Four Champions
    Chapter 18: The Weighing of the Wands
    Chapter 19: The Hungarian Horntail
    Chapter 20: The First Task
    Chapter 21: The House-Elf Liberation Front
    Chapter 22: The Unexpected Task
    Chapter 23: The Yule Ball
    Chapter 24: Rita Skeeter's Scoop
    Chapter 25: The Egg and the Eye
    Chapter 26: The Second Task
    Chapter 27: Padfoot Returns
    Chapter 28: The Madness of Mr. Crouch
    Chapter 29: The Dream
    Chapter 30: The Pensieve
    Chapter 31: The Third Task
    Chapter 32: Flesh, Blood, and Bone
    Chapter 33: The Death Eaters
    Chapter 34: Priori Incantatem
    Chapter 35: Veritaserum
    Chapter 36: The Parting of the Ways
    Chapter 37: The Beginning

## Overview

The fourth book in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is told from the viewpoint of the now 14-year-old Harry. Apart from the usual magic, events at Hogwarts School, and frustration of the Dursleys, it includes a visit to the Quidditch World Cup, and an ancient tournament that, after a hiatus of over a century, is being restarted at Hogwarts School. Darker and more mature than the preceding entries in the series, this book again shows us Harry maturing and gaining strength in preparation to fight the gathering darkness.
While this book is rather daunting in appearance at 636 pages (Bloomsbury / Raincoast edition), it is set in larger type than the previous three volumes. If set in the same type as Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, it would be 487 pages (approximately) to 223 for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.

## Book Highlights

* New places visited: Quidditch World Cup Stadium, Little Hangleton, Hogwarts' kitchen, Prefects' bathroom
* Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher: Bartemius Crouch Jr. in disguise as Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody via Polyjuice Potion
* Title refers to: The Goblet of Fire
# Klingon/Grammar/Subject-Object-Verb

This page explains to what a subject, object and verb are.
Words to learn:
loD - man
legh - see
jup - friend

## Example sentence

The man eats the chicken

### Verb

The verb is in italic. It is the 'action word', it tells you what the subject (the man) is doing. In this sentence it is 'eat'. Other verbs could be 'walk' 'sit' or 'jump'

### Subject

The subject is in bold. It is the thing that is doing the action (verb). In this sentence 'the man' is the subject. He 'eats'

### Object

The object is underlined. It is the thing that the verb is being 'done to'. So in this sentence it is the chicken that is being eaten. Unlike the other two, a sentence does not have to have an object. The sentence 'The man eats.' makes sense, while 'Eats the chicken' does not.

## English

In English, the order is Subject Verb Object. In other languages other word orders are used e.g. in Turkish Subject Object Verb, in Welsh Verb Subject Object.

## Klingon

In Klingon the order is Object Verb Subject. (This is unusual; 95% of languages have the Subject before the Object). This takes time to get used to; 'Man sees friend' is not 'loD legh jup' but 'jup legh loD'. It may help you if you think of it as 'Friend is seen by man'.
# Klingon/My first Klingon

You may find Learning Klingon difficult due to the alien nature of the language. When Mark Okrand developed tlhIngan Hol, he specifically designed it to violate typical human language rules; Klingon uses a word order rarely found among human languages, and combines sounds in atypical ways. Beginners may have more luck familiarizing themselves with basic words and phrases to get the phonetic pronunciation, than trying to memorize pronunciation rules.
Klingon cursing ranks among the most difficult linguistic activity; the most offensive words and phrases in tlhIngan Hol utilize difficult to produce sounds such as tlh or Q, as well as difficult sequences of phonemes such as toDSaH. Mastering Klingon cursing gives practical experience with pronunciation and sound formation.

## Bastard

The word petaQ (pronounced) serves well as an introductory Klingon word; this word functions as an epithet, similar to "bastard" or "asshole" in context. This will undoubtedly provide an enriching addition to your skeletal Klingon vocabulary.
The word petaQ present difficulty at first due to the tlhIngon Hol Q sound; you pronounce this sound somewhat like the q but harder and louder, and the difference may not be clear at first. To form the Q sound, put the back of your tongue as far back into your mouth as you can; then force the air up as if you're trying to cough something up. Pronounce the Q forcefully. You may find this similar to producing a strong English 'k' sound, but with the back of your tongue pressed to your uvula.

## Qu'vatlh ghuy'cha' baQa'

In the Star Trek episode, The Mind's Eye, Governor Vagh was convinced the federation was supplying weapons to Kriosian rebels. Picard replied with the phrase, "Qu'vatlh ghuy'cha' baQa'," at which point Vagh complimented him on his mastery of Klingon cursing.
Qu' (task) and vatlh (hundred) make up the basis of the word Qu'vatlh (pronounced); thus, "a hundred tasks," frustration with an excessive workload and a lack of appropriate resources. ghuy'cha' , a general invective similar to "Damn it," consists of ghuy' (an invective; "damn") and cha' (two). Finally, baQa' or b'aka (invective) indicates a frustration with one's own inability to accomplish a task.
Qu'vatlh uses the Klingon Q; you should pronounce this sound as in petaQ. It also uses the tlh sound; you may find producing this sound extremely difficult. You can produce the Klingon tlh sound by saying an English t while breathing a whispered l; you may have trouble doing this with any level of force at first. tlh may sound similar to an English th interrupted by an l, hence the notation.
The sound cuts abruptly after Qu'; you must pronounce the word Qu'vatlh properly. Many words in Klingon sound similar to other words except for the abrupt termination; Klingon places more emphasis on the enunciation of sounds than English.
# Klingon/Numbers

The Klingon numbers are:Soch Hut pagh jau
* pagh - zero, 0
* wa’ - one, 1
* cha’ - two, 2
* wej - three, 3
* loS - four, 4
* vagh - five, 5
* jav - six, 6
* Soch - seven, 7
* chorgh - eight, 8
* Hut - nine, 9
Numbers greater than Hut are affixed to form a higher number such as wa’­vatlh (one hundred) or wej­vatlh vagh­maH loS (three hundred fifty four).
* -maH - ten, 10
* -vatlh - hundred, 100
* -SaD/-Sa­nID - thousand, 1000
* -netlh - ten thousand, 10,000
* -bIp - hundred thousand, 100,000
* -’uy’ - million, 1,000,000
Numbers that precede a noun are used for counting (e.g. cha’ Duj two vessels), numbers that follow a noun are used for numbering (e.g. Duj cha’ vessel number two).
Other number modifiers include:
* -DIch - ordinal (follows the noun)
* -logh - repetitions; multiples (becomes adverb)
* wa’DIch - first
* cha’DIch - second
* wa’maH vaghDIch - fifteenth
* wa’logh - once
* cha’logh - twice
* chorghvatlhlogh - eight hundred times
# Klingon/Grammar/Plurals/Irregular-Nouns

Here's a list of some irregular plural nouns:
| Klingon Singular | Klingon Plural | English Singular |
| DoS | ray' | target |
| jengva' | ngop | plate |
| mang | negh | soldier |
| peng | cha | torpedo, missile |
| qempa' | no' | ancestor |
| Sup | jo | resource |
| vIj | chuyDaH | thruster |
# Nanotechnology/STM

* Navigate
* << Prev: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM)

# Tips for STM

* KOH etched tungsten tips
* PtIr tips

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Recipe for STM Tip Electrochemcial Etch of Tungsten Wire in KOH

Before we begin, we apparently have to remind the users of the obvious: Clean up after you have used the setup – after use, empty the reservoir of the used KOH and flush it well with deionized (DI) water. KOH is etching, so wipe off droplets from the table/equipment after you.
* Use a freshly cut wire -do not touch the wire roll with your fingers, since the grease will contaminate it for future users (some use the w-wire in UHV equipment where a greasy finger print can ruin quite a lot, so take care of it).
* Prepare a solution of 16.8g KOH pellets in 100ml deionized (DI) water or use the prepared solution in the plastic bottle if available.
* Fill the teflon cup well up with the solution.
* Clip the needle onto the holder and set the needle on positive and the solution on negative bias.
* Dip the needle about 0.5mm into the solution – the deeper you dip, the longer time it will take...
* Etch with about 10V and 2mA stop current. You can increase voltage if you think nothing happens to break through eventual oxide layers.
* Examine the tip in the microscope and etch again if necessary - sometimes just a quick dip can do wonders.
One reservoir of about 50mL KOH solution can efficiently etch about 3 tips, then it begins to take longer time. Stir the liquid when the etch rate drops to get fresh etchants into the reaction zone.
Tips get coated in oxide in some 10h time. They can be cleaned of oxide by flushing a bit of KOH solution over them, or in case of thick oxide by doing a quick electrochemical etch again. A thin film of liquid remains on the tip after etching – clean in DI water and drying in hot air usually helps on this.
# Nanotechnology/Self assembly

* Navigate
* << Prev: Top-down and bottom-up approaches
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Lithography
* Self assembly
* Self assembled monolayers
* Molecular nanotechnology
* Molecular engineering

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Nanotechnology/Top-down and bottom-up approaches

* Navigate
* << Prev: Nanoengineering
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Self Assembly

# Top-down and bottom-up approaches

There are two types of approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterial and fabrication of nanostructure.
* top-Down approaches refers to slicing or successive cutting of bulk material to get nano-sized particles.there are two types *attrition ,* milling
* Bottom-up refers to method where devices 'create themselves' by self-assembly. Chemical synthesis is a good example. Bottom-up should, broadly speaking, be able to produce devices in parallel and much cheaper than top-down methods, but getting control over the methods is difficult when things become larger and bulkier than what is normally made by chemical synthesis. Of course, nature has had time to evolve and optimize self-assembly processes that can do wonders.

# Microfabrication made smaller

Not much of nanotechnology is based on methods from Microfabrication.

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Nanotechnology/Scanning probe microscopy

* Navigate
* << Prev: Electron Microscopy
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Additional Methods
* Section on AFM
* Section on STM
* Section on SNOM

# Scanning probe microscopy

Scanning probe microscopy covers the methods where a sharp tip is scanned over a surface in a raster pattern and the interaction with the surface is recorded in each pixel to form an image of the interaction. There are a multitude of methods and interactions in SPM. Broadly speaking, there are three main categories:
* In scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), one uses an atomically sharp metallic tip and records the minute tunneling current between the tip and the surface, when the tip is hovering so close to the surface that electrons can move between the surface and the tip.
* In Atomic force microscopy (AFM), a cantilever with a sharp tip - somewhat like the needle of an old record player - is scanned over the surface and the topography or surface softness can be recorded.
* In Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) a probe with a smalle aperture is scanned over the surface collecting the light comming from regions much smaller than the wavelength of the light used.

## Atomic force microscope (AFM)

* Upcoming page in this wiki book on AFM
* Atomic force microscope (AFM)
* Kelvin force microscopy
* Magnetic force microscope
* Scanning voltage microscopy
* Magnetic resonance force microscope
* Lateral force microscopy

## Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

* Upcoming page in this wiki book on STM
* Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

## Scanning Near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)

* Upcoming page in this wiki book on SNOM
Wiki links:
* Scanning Near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)
* Evanescent wave coupling

# Resources

* A Practical Guide to Scanning Probe Microscopy by Rebecca Howland and Lisa Benatar
* homebrew atomic-resolution microscope

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How to contribute.
# National Etiquette Differences in Europe
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Distinctions
* Rules of Etiquette
* European etiquette by country
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology/Specific Pathogen Groups/Streptococci and Staphylococci
## Section 1: Streptococci and Staphylococci

Gram-positive cocci can be divided into two groups using the catalase test. Catalase catalyses the conversion of H$_2$O$_2$ to water and oxygen, causing bubbles. Staphylococci produce catalase and are therefore catalase-positive, whereas Streptococci are catalase-negative.

### Streptococci

These are facultative anaerobes.

#### Streptococcus pneumoniae

methods of spread of infection principal clinical features

#### Streptococcus pyogenes

methods of spread of infection principal clinical features

### Staphylococci
#### Staphylococcus aureus

methods of spread of infection principal clinical features

#### Staphylococcus epidermidis

methods of spread of infection principal clinical features

#### Alpha-haemolytic streptococci

endocarditis procedural prophylaxis
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology/Specific Pathogen Groups/Clostridial infection

Clostridium species are Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli.
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology/Principles of Microbiology/Controlling Infection

Endogenous Infection
Exogenous Infection
Hospital Acquired Infection Hospital Factors:
* Air and Water Supply (eg. Legionella)
* Fomites
* Hospital Food
Patient Factors:
* Reduced personal hygiene
* Lowered resistance secondary to primary disease
* Overcrowding facilitates disease dissemination
Healthcare Factors:
* Cannulation (48hrs)
* Catheterisation (Introduction of bacteria, biofilm, facilitating retrograde travel)
* Staff as Vectors (Handwashing, Short Sleeves etc.)
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology/Principles of Microbiology/Natural and Innate Immunity
## Barriers to Infection
### Skin

The skin acts as a physical barrier to invasion of bacteria. It also secretes free fatty acids and sebum which will inhibit bacterial growth.
There is an enhanced risk in psoriasis, burns, eczema due to the breech in physical barrier and dysfunction of the chemical barrier.

### Mucociliary

Mucus has polysaccharides with similar antigenic structure to the underlying mucosa, and bacteria bind to these antigens and are removed with the mucus.

### Gastric Acid

Gastric Acid will kill ingested pathogens

### Urinary

The flushing action of urinary flow helps to keep the urinary tract free of microorganisms. Obstruction to flow (BPH, stones, tumor, scarring) will predispose to urinary tract infections.

## Normal Bacterial Flora

The average human body has approximately 100 trillion bacteria colonizing it. These non-pathogenic bacteria compete for sites with pathogenic bacteria. They also produce bacteriocins that will inhibit other bacteria. Anarobes will also produce free fatty acids. Lactobacilli in the female genital tract will produce lactic acid, reducing the pH and making the area unsuitable for other bacteria.
The use of antibiotics can suppress normal non-pathogenic bacteria, allowing inherently resistant organisms to predominate (eg. Candida, C. difficile)
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Pathology
## Infection

(Large Overlap with Microbiology Curriculum)
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Introduction

This is intended to be a study guide for The Membership Examination of the College of Emergency Medicine Part A (Basic Sciences). Its a pretty narrow scope, but I guess that makes web publication more suitable.
I originally started out using Revision Notes for MCEM Part A (Oxford Specialty Training: Revision Texts) edited by Mark Harrison. It was essentially the only study guide available, and reading through 500 pages seemed much more attractive than reading through six 1000 page textbooks to distill the necessary information myself. However as I was making my way through the textbook I realized that there were numerous mistakes, and many others had also noticed this. I started to lose faith in the book and was turning to the aforementioned 1000 page textbooks to affirm every fact - entirely what I was trying to avoid. Ironically, it seemed Wikipedia was more reliable than the textbook for much of the information. Furthermore, I couldn't find an errata page to facilitate sharing the mistakes I was finding.
I reluctantly abandoned my use of the textbook, and using the syllabus directly to guide me, and writing notes myself. I have always been a fan of the "Open" movement (Open Source, Open Access, Open Data etc.) and it seemed daft not to share these notes with anybody else who wanted them. Given the difficulty that the aforementioned MCEM textbook had with simple errors, and the comparative success of Wikipedia, a collaborative editing design seemed most likely to succeed.
The MCEM Part A curriculum is very well structured and provides a good indication as to the amount of detail required, and will provide the basic structure for the Wikibook. It is essential that this guide be kept as brief and concise as possible ie. rigorously stick to the syllabus.
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology

The importance of microbiology in the MCEM exam focusses on understanding the clinical effects of the infection reflecting the underlying pathological processes.
There are important overlaps with Pharmacology (Immunological Agents and Immunizations, Antimicrobials) and Pathophysiology (Inflammation and Immune Response)
Section 20: Final Notes Clinical Aspects deserve separate study.
Understanding the microbiological basis for specific infection related presentations helps to enrich understanding of how the signs and symptoms arose and why a specific treatment is indicated.
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology/Principles of Microbiology/Principles of Immunisation

UK Vaccination Schedule: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb&Page&HPAwebAutoListDate/Page/1204031508623
Aditional Vaccinations: Hepatitis B Tetanus Influenza
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology/Principles of Microbiology/Principles of Investigation

Specimen Types
Specimen Culture Specimens are often "cultured" or grown in order to increase the quantity of pathogen and hence facilitate detection. The "media" that the pathogen is grown in can be either solid or liquid. Solid media facilitates the separation of different microbes, whereas liquid media will facilitate faster growth.
Specimen Examination Microbes can be detected by visualisation - usually aided by a microscope and possibly staining. Direct - Stool - parasites Gram - CSF - Bacteria Z-N - Sputum - Tuberculosis Giemsa - Blood - Malaria Fluorescent - Sputum - Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Serology Serological testing relies on detecting a host immune response to a pathogen. It relys on rising or falling levels of antibodies in serial specimens. Specific pathogen antigens can also be detected. eg. bacterial capsular antigens in CSF Nucleic Acid Amplification is also used to detect specific nucleic acid sequences present in slow growing pathogens.
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Microbiology/Principles of Microbiology

There are certain general issues in humans relationship with microbes.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Protean Charm
## Overview

The Protean Charm makes multiple objects act as if they are the same object – changes made to one object appear on all of them.

## Extended Description

In order to make it easier to contact all the members of Dumbledore's Army, Hermione creates a large number of false Galleons. These Galleons are charmed such that, once the date of the next meeting is determined, Harry can change one Galleon to show that date, and all the others will similarly change, and heat up to let their holders know that they have changed. Terry Boot recognizes the charm as a Protean Charm, and is impressed: this is NEWT-level magic.
A parallel is drawn to the Dark Mark tattoo that Death Eaters wear on their left forearm, and Hermione indicates that she had not thought that Harry would want to inflict pain on his prospective students.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Protego
## Overview

Protego is a spell used to guard its caster from incoming spells. It doesn't work against the killing curse. It is coined from the Latin verb 'protego', 'to protect' (lit. to cover over).

## Extended Description

The effects of this charm seem to vary based on the desires of the spell caster.
In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, we see Harry using this spell against Professor Snape in his Occlumency lesson. Here, the effect is to reverse the spell being cast; Harry sees some of Snape's memories instead of the expected outcome, Snape seeing some of Harry's thoughts.
In the Battle at the Ministry late in that same book, Harry uses this spell twice. Both times, the spell being cast at him is simply interrupted.
In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hermione casts this spell once, and Harry casts it three times. In these cases, the result of the spell is a "bubble" that is impermeable to spells and physical traversal (the bubble forming knocks Hermione back a few steps), though it is still possible to see and hear through it.
Also in the seventh book, several of the characters append this with other words. Professor Flitwick uses "Protego Horribilis" when he is preparing a shield for the school, and Hermione uses "Protego Totalum" when setting defensive spells around the campsite. The specific effects of the added words are not certain.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Puffskein
## Overview

A spherical shaped creature, a Puffskein has a custard yellow colour fur and is found worldwide. It loves to be hugged and thrown about. It's very easy to look after this creature. It's a highly popular wizard pet and finds most of its fame with children.

## Extended Description

We never actually see a live Puffskein in the books; most of our information comes from "Newt Scamander"'s Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.
Mrs. Weasley does mention that she had found an old Puffskein nest under the couch at Grimmauld Place, but we must assume that they perished from neglect during the ten or so years that the house stood empty after Sirius Black's mother passed away.
Fred and George evidently breed a miniature, pastel-colored version, which they call Pygmy Puffs, and sell them from their joke shop.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.