# Norwegian/Appendix 2
## Appendix P: Norwegian Pronunciation

The pronunciation is indicated in IPA. The sounds are best learned from a native speaker. Whenever possible, practice these with a native speaker. Reading aloud will also help your confidence. Note that the Norwegian language is full of dialects, so there are several ways of pronouncing the words. Foreign learners are usually taught to speak the way that people in the Oslo-area speak.

### Vowels

The Norwegian vowels:
| a | e | i | o | u | y | æ | ø | å |
The main rule is that long vowels occur before single consonants, short vowels occur before double consonants. This is no absolute rule, though, as you will see in the examples below. Notice: the short o sound is rarely represented in written form with an o! (It's usually represented by u)
| Vowel | IPA | Example | IPA |
| a (short) | ɑ | hatt | hɑt |
| a (long) | ɑː | hat | hɑːt |
| e (short) | e | send | sen |
| e (long) | eː | sen | seːn |
| i (short) | i | vind | vin |
| i (long) | iː | vin | viːn |
| o (short) | u | bukk | buk |
| o (long) | uː | bok | buːk |
| u (short) | ʉ | lund | lʉn |
| u (long) | ʉː | lun | lʉːn |
| y (short) | y | lynne | lyne |
| y (long) | yː | lyn | lyːn |
| æ (short) | æ | vært | vært |
| æ (long) | æː | vær | væːr |
| ø (short) | ø | søtt | søt |
| ø (long) | øː | søt | søːt |
| å (short) | ɔ | vått | vɔt |
| å (long) | ɔː | våt | vɔːt |

### Consonants

The Norwegian consonants
| b | d | f | g | h | j | k | l | m | n | p | r | s | t | v |
Most consonants in the Norwegian language are pronounced like the English consonants.

#### Plosives

In Norwegian, there are six plosives, all equal to the English version of them.
| Consonant | IPA | Example | IPA |
| p | p | hopp | hɔp |
| b | b | labb | lɑb |
| t | t | tak | tɑːk |
| d | d | ladd | lɑd |
| k | k | takk | tɑk |
| g | g | knagg | knɑg |

#### Fricatives

These are also quite equal to the English language, except that Norwegian does not have θ, (as in thin) ð (as in this) ʒ (as in measure) and z, (as in zing) but at the other hand, Norwegians have the ç sound, which is sort of a stiffer version of the ʃ sound (as in German ich). The ç sound is similar to the "h" in many English dialects' pronunciation of huge.
| Consonant | IPA | Example | IPA |
| f | f | fin | fiːn |
| v | v | vin | viːn |
| s | s | lass | lɑs |
| s(ky).../s(kj)... | ʃ | skyt | ʃyːt |
| k(i).../k(j)... | ç | kino | çiːno |
| j/g(j).../h(j).../g(i) | j | gi | jiː |
| h | h | ha | hɑː |

#### Nasals

| Consonant | IPA | Example | IPA |
| m | m | lam | lɑm |
| n | n | vann | vɑn |
| ng | ŋ | sang | sɑŋ |

#### Liquids

| Consonant | IPA | Example | IPA |
| l | l | fall | fɑl |

#### Trills

| Consonant | IPA | Example | IPA |
| r | r | prøv | prøːv |

### Diphthongs

Vowels also appear in set combinations. These are called diphthongs. They are two vowel sounds pronounced after the other as a continuous sound
| Diphthong | IPA | Example | IPA |
| ei | æi | vei | væi |
| øy | øy | høy | høy |
| au | ɑʉ | sau | sɑʉ |
| ai | ɑi | kai | kɑi |
| oy | ɔy | konvoy | kunvɔy |
| ui | ʉi | hui | hʉi |
| oi | ui | hoi | hui |

### Allophonic Variants

| IPA | Example | IPA |
| ʈ | hardt | hɑʈ |
| æɖ | verdi | væɖiː |
| ɭ | ærlig | æːɭi |
| ɳ | garn | gɑɳ |
| ɽ | fæl bord | fæɽ bʉːɽ |

### Tonemes

Norwegian has two contrasting tonemes. These are kind of hard to describe using text, and some also say that foreigners (to Norway) are even unable to distinguish one from the other. However, they do exist. In the words indicated with 1 and a hacek, the tone is normal in the first part of the word, and rises in the last part of the word. In the words indicated with 2, the word is pronounced like any other normal word. (In other words, it's very hard to say 1 words in a monotone voice) Here are two examples:
| Example | IPA | English word |
| bønder | ¹bø̌nr | farmers |
| bønner | ²bønr | beans |
| loven | ¹lɔ̌ːven | the law |
| låven | ²lɔːven | the barn |
Notice: The two last examples are very similar to each other even though they are different, and I am actually somewhat unsure if it's loven or låven which is the more "special" one.