OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# AQA Government and Politics

This Wikibook is designed as a textbook to assist students studying the AQA A-level specification of Government and Politics. No previous knowledge of politics is required but it is aimed specifically at the specification set by AQA.

## Layout

The book is divided into six main sections, the first three of which are the three exams which constitute the AS level and the latter three the full A level. Each section will build on and complement the preceding section and as such it is advised that they are read in order.

### AS Modules

* AS Module 1 - Electoral Systems and Voting Behaviour
* AS Module 2 - Parties and Pressure Groups
* AS Module 3 - Features of a Representative Democracy
# AQA Information and Communication Technology

This book is a textbook intended to aid the study of an A-Level student sitting the AQA Information and Communication Technology course. It is written based on the 2005 specification, although certain aspects may change in later specifications.
Although AQA specific, most areas will also be capable of being used in other ICT courses set by other boards.

### AS level

* Module ICT1 (Information: Nature, Role and Context)
* Module ICT2 (Information: Management and Manipulation)
* Module ICT3 (Coursework: The Use of Generic Application Software for Task Solution)

### A2 level

* Module ICT4 (Information Systems Within Organisations)
* Module ICT5 (Information: Policy, Strategy and Systems)
* Module ICT6 (Coursework: Use of Information Systems for Problem Solving)

## External resources

AQA have an extensive website. The GCE AS/A Information & Communication Technology section contains the ICT specification, as well as the back catalogue of past papers, which are invaluable revision aids.

## Authors of this Wikibook

* Chris 'laser' Northwood
# AQA Business Studies
## Table of Contents
### Marketing

* Elasticity of Demand
* Marketing Mix

### Finance

* Uses and Limitations of Accounts
* Ratio Analysis
* Revenue and Capital Expenditure
* Budgeting
* Cash Flow Management

### Ownership and Objectives

* Changes in Ownership

### External Influences

* Economic Growth
* Social Responsibilities
# AQA Business Studies/Changes in Ownership

A change in ownership can be because of many different factors. When ownership changes (for example from a Private Limited Company to a Public Limited Company) there may be a change in focus. For example, a private company typically has few, if any, institutional investors and a stable shareholder register. This allows the company to focus on very long term goals, to retain profit for future investment, etc. A public company, in contrast, will have a more diverse and changeable shareholder base. This can lead to the company needing to maintain or increase income distributions year-on-year which could be against the best long term interests of the company.

## Takeovers and mergers

These are the main ways change in ownership can occur.

### Takeovers

This is where one company takes control of another. It can be an agreed takeover which happens when a current owner and an external person agrees a price which the share of the company is sold for. It can also occur in hostile conditions where a potential owner goes about collecting shares, buying off the market when they are made available and trying to get a large enough share to control the company. In the United Kingdom, public company take overs are governed by the Take Over Panel and company law. These set rules around how a stake is accumulated, the timetable for making an offer, etc. They also ensure all shareholders are treated equally.
Many advantages can be taken for the new owner. These include:
* Brand name retained
* Reputation retained
* Customer base retained
* Staff/expertise retained
* Patents and designs retained
Even if the failing companies get taken over, the best parts of the companies can be retained, or the market share can still mean a larger market share (e.g., Volkswagen take-over of Skoda - Skoda before the takeover was known as a bad quality car but Volkswagen then put its engines and reliability into Skoda and before long Skoda became a good quality car at a lower price point).
Disadvantages can also be experienced:
* Not only the good parts of companies are taken over, but also the bad parts
* The cost of completely taking it over can be huge

### Mergers

Two companies may decide to join together to gain synergies. This could be where the companies have complimentary products (allowing a wider range to be offered or to cover a greater geographic area), have significant overlap (allowing duplication and hence cost to be eliminated) or other reasons. This is called a merger. An example is the now HBOS where Halifax and the Bank of Scotland merged and also Lloyds TSB when Lloyds merged with Trustee Savings Bank. Lastly when two gaming companies merged called Activision and Blizzard to form Activision Blizzard.
# AQA Business Studies/Uses and Limitations of Accounts

There are two types of business accounts:
* Financial Accounts
** Balance Sheet
** Trading, Profit and Loss account
* Management Accounts
** Cash flow statement
Financial accounts are open to be window dressed (manipulated) to make them look better before they are published. Company Act 1985 made it compulsory for Ltd and Plc companies to publish these accounts. Unlimited firms don't actually have to.
Management Accounts are for internal use in decision making. It isn't beneficial to window dress these accounts because they are usually used to make decisions by the management. They could also be drawn up for each profit/loss centre in order to make better decisions
# A History of Japan: From Mythology to Nationhood/The Rise of Militarism

The Rise of Militarism in Japan was to have important repercussions in the future history of Japan. It led onto it's involvement in the Second World War.

## Causes

The root of militarism can be seen in several reasons: Japan's relatively small gains in the Russo-Japanese War and WWI, The seemingly easy wins of the wars of this period and finally of the Wall Street Crash. It is also due to the new government being founded by the militaristic samurai class, with the power given to the emperor by the shogun, during the Meiji Restoration period.

### The Great Depression

The Great Depression affected Japan by a great amount, and led to a rise in militarism. As Japan exported luxury goods, such as silks, to other countries such as America which, because they were now affected by the depression, could not afford them anymore. This led to a feeling in Japan that they should become much more self-sufficient, through gaining more territory. This meant that Japan wanted to expand in order to gain more natural resources and to create its own economic empire in the Pacific. This feeling was also fuelled by the increasing overpopulation of Japan.

## The Manchurian Incident

The Manchurian Incident, or the Mukden Incident, was an incident which led to the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria. They installed 'Henry' Puyi (Last Emperor of China) as their puppet ruler. The Lytton commission declared this to be illegal, so Japan left the League of Nations in protest. Japan was not punished, and other powers such as Germany and Italy took this as an example when they began to expand. This incident impelled the Second Sino-Japanese War.

### Opening incident

Japanese troops destroyed a section of the south Manchurian railway near Mukden where there was a Japanese garrison. The troops blamed the incident on the Chinese and so they captured Mukden. They then went on to capture the rest of Manchuria.

## Second Sino-Japanese War

In 1937, the Japanese attacked Beijing in the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. this date is the start of the Sino-Japanese War, however China and Japan had been fighting an undeclared war since the Mukden Incident, when Japan invaded Manchuria. This war became a part of the greater, Second World War in 1941.

### The Mukden Incident

Japanese Troops stationed on the South Manchurian Railway destroyed a section of the track. They claimed that this is the work of Chinese troops. The Japanese then seized Mukden, then the all the Manchuria. The Japanese then established a puppet state in Manchuria called AMIL .

### The Marco Polo Bridge Incident
## Soviet–Japanese Border Wars

These were a series of engagements on the northern border of China and Mongolia, near the river of Khalkhyn Gol. These resulted in a complete victory for the Soviet Union. Such defeats, inflicted on Japan by the USSR, created a sentiment in Japan that Germany and Japan could not link up through the territory of the Soviet Union.
# A History of the British Monarchy/Angevin Rulers

The Angevin Kings of England came to the throne on the death of King Stephen. The Anarchy, the civil war between Stephen and the Empress Maud (Mathilda) ended in 1153 when Stephen recognized Henry FitzEmpress, the son of Mathilda, as his heir.
Stephen died in 1154, and Henry became king of England as Henry II.
This dynasty is also called the House of Anjou, and also considered the first Plantagenets. Henry II's father was Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, so those names are equally valid. The name Angevin refers to the fact that during this time the crown controlled more area on the European continent than they controlled in Britain. The area they controlled is referred to as the Angevin Empire.

## The Angevin Rulers of England

* Henry II (r. 1154 - 1189)
* Richard I (r. 1189 - 1199)
* John (r. 1199 - 1216)
# A History of the British Monarchy

This book is an overview of English and British Rulers from the 800s to the present. Genealogical tables are included along with information on important royal landmarks, and some important non-rulers.

## Table of Contents

* Rulers of England
* Saxon Rulers (871 - 1013, 1042 - 1066)
* Viking Rulers (1013 - 1014, 1016 - 1042)
* Norman Rulers and House of Blois (1066 - 1154)
* Angevin Rulers (1154 - 1216)
* Plantagenet Rulers (1216 - 1399)
* Lancastrian Rulers (1399 - 1461, 1470 - 1471)
* Yorkist Rulers (1461 - 1470, 1471 - 1485)
* Tudor Rulers (1485 - 1603)
* Stuart Rulers (1603 - 1649, 1660 - 1707)
* Commonwealth Rulers (The Interregnum) (1649 - 1659)
* Rulers of Great Britain
(Upon the union of England and Scotland, the title of Queen Anne, the last Stuart Ruler of England, changed)
* Stuart Rulers (1707 - 1714)
* Hanoverarian Rulers (1714 - 1901)
* Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Rulers (1901–1917)
* Windsor Rulers (1917 - present)
* Related Information
* Genealogical Tables
* Princes of Wales
* The Tower of London
* Crown Jewels and Royal Residences
* Royal Orders
* Additional Information
# A History of the British Monarchy/Commonwealth Rulers

The Commonwealth of England was a period of Interregnum (1649–1660), where there was no monarch recognized in England. It lasted from the execution of Charles I (Stewart) in 1649 to the restoration of Charles II (Stewart) in 1660.
The head of the Commonwealth of England was called the Lord Protector.
Despite not being a monarch, the rule of the country was passed down from father to son.

## Rulers of the Interregnum in England

* Oliver Cromwell (served as Lord Protector 1653 - 1658)
* Richard Cromwell (served as Lord Protector 1658 - 1659)
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Life cycle of a frog
## Frogs

The life cycle of frogs, like that of other amphibians, consists of four main stages: egg, tadpole, metamorphosis and adult. The reliance of frogs on an aquatic environment for the egg and tadpole stages gives rise to a variety of breeding behaviours that include the well-known mating calls used by the males of most species to attract females to the bodies of water that they have chosen for breeding. Some frogs also look after their eggs—and in some cases even the tadpoles—for some time after laying.
The life cycle of a frog starts with an egg. Eggs are generally laid in water, and an individual female may lay egg masses containing thousands of eggs. While the length of the egg stage depends on the species and environmental conditions, aquatic eggs generally hatch within one week.
Some frogs do not have the tadpole stage going from egg to adult shape e.g. New Zealand's native frogs (pepeketua) belong to the genus Leiopelma. Eggs hatch and continue life as tadpoles (occasionally known as polliwogs). Tadpoles are aquatic, lack front and hind legs, and have gills for breathing and tails with fins for swimming. Tadpoles are typically herbivorous, feeding mostly on algae, including diatoms that are filtered from the water through the gills. Some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage, eating insects, smaller tadpoles and fish. The tadpole stage may be as short as a week, or tadpoles may overwinter and metamorphosis the following year in some species, such as the Midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) and the Common Spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus).
At the end of the tadpole stage, frogs undergo metamorphosis, in which they transition into adult form. Metamorphosis involves a dramatic transformation of body shape and function, as tadpoles develop hind legs and then front legs, lose their gills and develop lungs. Their intestines shorten as they shift from an herbivorous to a carnivorous diet. The final stage of development from froglet to adult frog involves the loss of the tail.
After metamorphosis, young adults may leave the water and disperse into terrestrial habitats, or continue to live in the aquatic habitat as adults. Almost all species of frogs are carnivores as adults, eating invertebrates such as spiders, insects, snails, and slugs. A few of the larger species may eat prey such as small mammals, fish and smaller frogs. Some frogs use their sticky tongues to catch fast-moving prey, while others capture their prey and force it into their mouths with their hands. However, there are a very few species of frogs that primarily eat plants. Adult frogs are themselves preyed upon by birds, large fish, snakes, otters, foxes, badgers, coatis, and other animals.
# 1. What does a katydid look like?

Katydids are insects with a manible and also green color. Their legs are longer on males, with jumping and all are blending.
Female katydids are much larger, and have a scrutuce of their little stable stinger. They are used for laying more eggs than the males do, and this often works.
* Microcentrum rhombifolium

# 2. Here are some species of katydids to draw

* Caedicia simplex
* Pterophylla camellifolia
* Tettigonia viridissima
* Scudderia texensis
* Saga pedo
* Chlorobalius leucoviridis
# Autodesk 3ds Max/Terminology

Active Viewport - The viewport in which you are currently working. In the default settings, the active viewport will always be outlined in yellow.
CAT - Acronym for Character Animation Toolkit is an extensive set of scripts for creating character animation in 3ds Max. Previously a stand alone plugin developed by Softimage and aquired by Autodesk in 2008.
Gizmo - A visual aid that helps the user understand the transformations being applied to an object.
Modifier - an applied modification to an object in the scene, changing its features and/or structure. Works like a layer stack, many modifiers can be applied on top of each other. Hence the name modifier stack.
Object - a 3-Dimensional object in your scene.
Polygon - A flat "plane" made up of three or more points.
Primitive - a basic object that can be created from the Create Geometry panel in the Command Panel on the right side of the screen.
Shape - a 2-Dimensional object in your scene.
Transform - the changing in size, position, or rotation of an object or shape.
Triangulation - The process of converting polygons with more than three points into groups of triangles for rendering purposes.
# Autodesk Vault Programmer's Cookbook
## Introduction

When an administrator starts working with Autodesk Vault, they run into quite unusual client-server logic. For programmers it's even more hard to understand how API really works. Autodesk, no offense.
But after a little time later all becomes much clear and easy. Remembering those days, I tried to comprehend Vault, at now I'd like to make easy way for others to start working with Vault.
I beg your pardon, but I'll be using PowerShell language mainly, for some reasons:
* This is .Net language, so code could be easy translated to any other .NET language: C#, C++ VB.NET, JScript .NET, etc., or even one code could be embedded to other.
* The code is extremely short - you can get very illustrative wonderful program in just several lines of code.
* PS is interpreted language, you just store it in text and can easy change to create fork.
* PS is command line language and you can build object conveyors - this benefits could be useful in administration.
All code available on GitHub. So, let's start! Approximate TOC you can see below. Links to articles will be continuously updated.

## Table of Contents

* This book applies to version 2014 and 2015 of Autodesk Vault.
* Autodesk Vault API basics
** API structure
** PowerShell basics
** Objects of Vault
** Methods of Vault API services
* Login
** Log in to Vault
** Log out from Vault
** Windows authentication
** Read-only access
* Groups
** Get groups information
** Adding groups
** Changing groups
** Updating groups
* Users
* Vaults
* Files
* Folders
* Items
* BOMs
* Change orders
* Properties
* Categories
* Job Processor
* Lifecycles
* Versions
* Revisions
* Custom objects

## Regards

Dmitry Yemelyanov aka User:Miwa Niza
# Autodesk Vault Programmer's Cookbook/Basics/API structure

As Autodesk Vault SDK help kindly informs, the Vault API is: The Web Services API comprised of the Autodesk.Connectivity.WebServices DLL. The DLL enables you to communicate with the server. When you’re communicating with server, you can use only that services, that server supports. In 2014 Vault version there are 3 Vault editions:
* Basic
* Workgroup
* Professional
Here’s diagram that describes the functionality of API’s through them:
Where:
* 2 – full functionality
* 1 – functionality is limited
* 0 – N/A
I’ve created API Services Catalog in Microsoft Excel Pivot table, that could be useful for navigate through services. A lot of things – everything that Vault Client and ADMS can do, even more, because it represents "dogfooding" idea.
* Include a link to dll in your project.
* Connect to server, using services’ methods.
List of services method, for useful search is placed in API Services’ Methods Catalog, although in Excel Pivot Table.
# Autodesk 3ds Max/Shortcuts

| Hotkey | Description (all these letters should be lowercase) e.g. A does not toggle Angle Snap but a does. Be aware this chart is unaccurate in that respect. 3DS Max is not case insensitive |
| a | Toggle Angle Snap on/off. |
| b | Change active viewport to "Bottom" view. |
| c | Change active viewport to "Camera" view (there must be at least 1 camera in your scene for this command to work). If you have more than 1 camera in your scene, this will toggle between cameras. |
| d | Disable view (prevents view from updating; used when editing very large scenes to improve performance) |
| e | rotate selected object (does not Select). |
| f | Change active viewport to "Front" view. |
| g | Toggle grid on/off. |
| h | Select hidden objects in select from scene dialog by name to unhide those objects. |
| i | Center active viewport to the mouse's position. |
| j | Show hide selection brackets |
| l | Change active viewport to "Left" view. |
| m | Open the Material Editor. |
| N | Toggle Auto Key on/off. |
| O | Adaptive degradation, shows objects as boxes, speed up viewport drawing in complex scenes |
| P | Change active viewport to "Perspective" view. |
| Q | Select Object. |
| R | Select and Scale. |
| S | Toggle Snap on/off. |
| T | Change active viewport to "Top" view. |
| U | Change active viewport to "User" view. |
| W | Select and move. |
| X | Hide/unhide gizmo. |
| z | Zoom Extents All Selected. |
| 6 | Particle View (v6 & 7 only). |
| 7 | Polygon Count (displayed at upper left of viewport for selected object). |
| 8 | Environment panel. |
| 0 | Render to texture |
| Space | Lock selection |
| Up arrow | Walkthrough mode |
| MMB | Pan view |
| Ctrl+MMB | 2x Pan speed |
| Ctrl+A | Select all |
| Ctrl+I | Invert selection |
| Ctrl+V | Clone selected Object |
| Ctrl+C | (this is not copy!)(in perspective viewport) create target camera using the current view. |
| Ctrl+X | eXpert Mode |
| Ctrl+Z | Undo |
| Ctrl+Y | Redo |
| Ctrl+LMB(click) | Add clicked object to current selection |
| Ctrl+LMB(hold) | Marquee, Add multiple selected to current selection |
| Alt+LMB(click) | Remove clicked object from current selection |
| Alt+LMB(hold) | Marquee, Remove multiple selected from current selection |
| Shift+LMB(click) | Clone selected/clicked object |
| Shift+LMB(click+drag) | (with move selected) Clone and move selected/clicked object |
| Alt+MMB | Rotate View |
| Alt+X | Xray view mode |
| Alt+Q | Isolates the selected objects |
| Alt+w | Maximize viewport toggle |
# Autodesk 3ds Max/Small 3ds Max

3ds Max is a bulky application, and for game artists, many of the features go unused. This project is an attempt to strip down 3ds max 5 to the modeling, animating, unwrapping, and character setup minimum.

## Precautions

Don't delete Max's components right off. Create a backup folder somewhere and move the files into that folder. That way, if anything screws up, you can easily retrieve the files without having to reinstall max. Common sense, but some people tend to be a tad trigger happy.

## Removable Plugins

First of all, what one person believes is removable may be indispensable to your workflow, so make that discretion before getting rid of those plugins. 3ds max's architecture is plugin based, so the first place I headed to was the plugins directory.
Taking a look at Plug-in Manager, these are the plugins loaded on startup and what they do.
DLU .DLU files are Utility plugins. They are basic utilities such as the Polygon Counter, advanced utilities such as Reactor, and even legacy utilities such as Dynamics.
COMSRVUI.DLU UVREMOVE.DLU COLLECTOR.DLU HSUTIL.DLU LIGHTMAP.DLU COMBUST_SELECT.DLU PSEUDOMAP.DLU COLLIDERS.DLU UTILITY.DLU PAINTERINTERFACE.DLU CURVECONTROL.DLU VISUALMS.DLU DLTONEREP.DLU CBROWSER.DLU RAYFX.DLU DLSRR.DLU UMAXFIND.DLU STROKE.DLU NUTIL.DLU METALBUMP.DLU MAPPATH.DLU IFLMGR.DLU CAMTRAKR.DLU CAMMATCH.DLU APPLYVC.DLU
DLS PIVOT.DLS GRID.DLS SHAPE1.DLS X_MESH.DLS
DLF TRUETYPE.DLF ADOBET1.DLF
DLV FILMGRAIN.DLV BRIGHTCON.DLV COLORBALANCE.DLV MULTIPASSMOTIONBLUE.DLV MULTIPASSDOF.DLV FILEOUT.DLV MOTIONBLUR.DLV DOF.DLV BLUR.DLV APOLLO3.DLV
FLT
DLC
DLO .DLO files are Object plugins. They create new objects. For example, if you install a "antmodel.dlo" file, it will allow you to create ants. Found on the Create Panel, in the dropdown list that says "Standard Primitives". There it will show a new section that contains the object type that the plugin provides.
BMI - 2D Image File Format I/O
DLR .DLR files are Render plugins. They're pretty rare compared to the other types, but they're still a valid plugin. They will be found in the Render Scene window (F10) under the "Current Renderers" rollout. Click on the "Assign..." button and it will open a new window for you to choose the renderer you want to use. (by default there will only be one renderer showing, the "VUE File Renderer", since the Default Scanline is already in use)
DLM .DLM files are Material plugins. They will be found in the Material Editor as new material types (where it says Standard, Raytrace, Multi/Sub-object, etc., there will be more)
GUP
DLT .DLT files are Texture plugins. They will be found in the Material Editor as well, but will be as Maps, such as Brick, Speckle, Noise, etc. (usually the maps are the same name as the plugin)
BMS
DLZ
DLI - 3D File Format Importer
DLE - 3D File Format Exporter
FLT