OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of video games/Games/Tetris
## History

Tetris is a falling block puzzle game developed by Alexey Pajitnov in 1984. It is perhaps the best known video game to have originated in the Soviet Union.

## Gallery

* A screenshot from a Tetris clone.
* Tetrominos, known as tetriminos in the Tetris community, the basic blocks of Tetris.
* Tetriminos in Tetris.
* The Electronika 60, the first computer to run Tetris.
* Tetris running on a Game Boy.
* Tetris on an iPod.
* Alexey Pajitnov in 2008.

## References

* ↑ Jacopo, Prisco. "Tetris: The Soviet 'mind game' that took over the world" (in en). CNN. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/tetris-video-game-history/index.html.
# History of video games/Fifth generation of video game consoles
## Trends
### 3D Gaming

Polygonal 3D gaming was supported by all major home consoles this generation. However real time 3D graphics on consumer level hardware was still a new concept, and there were many different wildly different approaches to how a 3D system should work in a console. This lead to some consoles being much better at 3D graphics performance and ease of use by developers, and some with performance much less than their at the time impressive specifications would indicate.
Many game series failed to make effective 3D versions of their traditionally 2D games. Crafting a believable 3D environment on the hardware available was difficult. Furthermore, developers not only had to design good controls for a 3D game, they had to explain them to players used to playing 2D games exclusively. All these issues were exasperated by a lack of developers familiar with 3D gaming, even within major development companies. Even developers that were able to competently make 3D games struggled somewhat, with large improvements in 3D game control schemes occurring within the generation as developers figured out ways to improve the player experience.

### Display technology

Display technology improves rapidly during this time with the final major refinements in CRT displays, and the emergence of new technologies. In 1996 Sonys Trinitron (Aperture grille CRT) patents expire, allowing other manufacturers to produce similar quality television sets and improving the gaming experience. In 1998 Phillips introduces the first consumer plasma TV for $15,000. Such TVs would become common in the mid 2000's with improving technology and price drops.
This generation more portable consoles adopted color screens, though monochrome screens were still common.

## References

* ↑ "10 Classic Gaming Franchises That Didn't Survive The Transition To 3D". TheGamer. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* 1 2 "Super Mario 64 introduced the camera as a friend and foe in video games" (in en-us). Games. https://games.avclub.com/super-mario-64-introduced-the-camera-as-a-friend-and-fo-1798250469.
* ↑ "shmuplations.com". shmuplations.com. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
* ↑ "Retro Review: Mega Man Legends - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
* ↑ "History of the CRT TV". BT.com. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* ↑ "Sony Pulls Plug on Historic Trinitron TV". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* ↑ Broersma, Matthew. "Flat TV, big price". ZDNet. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
← Fourth generation of video game consoles · Sixth generation of video game consoles →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 24

Today in 2003 BitTorrent metasearch engine Torrentz.com was launched, the second most popular torrent website in 2012 and most widely used torrent meta search engine for over ten years. It was later raided and soon reappeared as Torrentz2.eu.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 27

Today in 2012 Defense Distributed was founded. It published the first downloadable, fully 3D-printable gun in 2013.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 3

Today in 2001 the first version of b2/cafelog was released. This weblog content management system was later reborn as WordPress and, with its particular beginner-friendliness, went for world domination. Meanwhile more than half of all websites are built using a content management system, far more than half of them with WordPress. It has evolved from a specialized blogging tool to an ecosystem with a huge selection of themes and plugins that cover diverse needs.
Its status and ease of use make this often needlessly complex system a natural choice for many simpler projects that do not actually require dynamic page generation. Coupled with this hard-to-control diversity, this makes it a very attractive target for attacks. To mitigate this, it was the first CMS to implement automatic software updates, one of the most effective practical measures against security flaws in software.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 22

Today in 2001 The Secret History of Hacking was published, a documentary film about the golden age of hackers whose culture of creativity and sharing spawned the computer industry and their own exclusion with commercialization.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 28

Today in 2003 the first working version of Mozilla Thunderbird was published.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 26

Today in 2011 the Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science was incorporated.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 21

Today in 2010 Killed by Code: Software Transparency in Implantable Medical Devices by Karen Sandler et al. from the Software Freedom Law Center was published.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 25

The first public version of Ruby on Rails dates from today in 2004.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 29

Today in 1972 first of the annual Phone Phreak Conventions was held in New York. Initially consisting mainly of blind people, phone phreaks studied and experimented with the largest automated machine of the time. This was possible due to signaling within the main channel: For example, whistling certain tones gave them control. Increasing public attention following a 1971 article in Esquire magazine attracted a lot of phone company agents to the convention and led to some high-profile arrests. The next year, everyone was wearing a mask. This community was a precursor to the hacker movement. Apple started out as a manufacturer of phreaking equipment.
← previous day · following day →
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/July 23

Today in 1990 the hacker show-trial of Knight Lightning started. It was catalytic for the creation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
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# Grsecurity/Appendix/Object Modes

Object Permission Modes :
| Mode | Meaning |
Object Auditing Flags :
| Mode | Meaning |
Other Object Flags :
| Mode | Meaning |
# Grsecurity/Appendix/Subject Attributes
## user/group transitions

You may specify what users and groups a given subject can transition to. This can be done on an inclusive or exclusive basis. Omitting these rules allows a subject with proper privilege granted by capabilities to transition to any user/group.
Usage:
Example:

## ip_override

It is possible to force a given subject to bind to a particular IP address on the machine. This can be useful for some sandboxed environments, to ensure the source IP used from the sandbox is one determined by RBAC policy. To restrict what other source IP addresses a subject can bind to, use the normal IP ACL support of the RBAC system. This option is solely used to override an application's use of INADDR_ANY when connecting out or binding to a local port.
Usage:
Example:

## Socket policy (bind/connect/sock_allow_family)

bind/connect are described under The RBAC System.
When connect/bind rules are used, additional rules will be required to unlock the use of additional socket families (outside of the common unix family). Multiple families can be specified per line.
To enable use of IPv6, add the line:
To enable use of netlink, add the line:
To enable all other families, add the line:
# Grsecurity/Appendix/Sysctl Options

Below is a table of every available option in grsecurity that can be changed at runtime. The options can be changed using the sysctl interface, or by echoing values to files in /proc/sys/kernel/grsecurity/. Available options vary depending on how grsecurity was configured. See Configuring and Installing grsecurity and Runtime configuration for more information.
To find out what options are available in your system, list the contents of /proc/sys/kernel/grsecurity. If you use the sysctl interface, all of grsecurity's option are prefixed with kernel.grsecurity (e.g. kernel.grsecurity.audit_chdir).
Clicking an option will take you to or at least close to its description in another appendix page.
All sysctl variables :
| Auditing | Chroot restrictions | Network-based features | Misc. options |
# Grsecurity/Appendix/Role Modes

| Mode | Meaning |
| u | This role is a user role. That is, the role name must be an existing user on the system. |
| g | This role is a group role. That is, the role name must be an existing group on the system. |
| s | This role is a special role, meaning it does not belong to a user or group and does not require an enforced secure policy base to be included in the ruleset. |
| l | Lowercase L. This role has learning enabled. |
| A | This role is an administrative role, thus it has special privileges that normal roles do not have. In particular, this role bypasses the additional ptrace and library loading restrictions. |
| G | This role can use gradm to authenticate to the kernel. A policy for gradm will automatically be added to the role. |
| N | This role does not require authentication. To access this role, use 'gradm -n <rolename>'. |
| P | This role uses Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) for authentication. |
| T | This role has Trusted Path Execution (TPE) enabled. |
| R | The role is persistent. When the shell/session in which authorization was done is terminated, spawned processes won't be dropped to non-special role. Do NOT use this flag with any role that does anything but shut the system down. |
# Grsecurity/Appendix/Subject Modes

| Mode | Meaning |
| a | Allow this process to talk to the /dev/grsec device. |
| b | Enable process accounting for processes in this subject. |
| d | Protect the /proc/<pid>/fd, /proc/<pid>/mem, /proc/<pid>/cmdline, and /proc/<pid>/environ entries for processes in this subject, |
| h | This process is hidden and only viewable by processes with the v mode. |
| i | Enable inheritance-based learning, causing all accesses of this subject and anything it executes to be logged as originating from this subject. The policy generated from this learning will have the inheritance flag added to every file executed from this subject. |
| k | This process can kill protected processes. |
| l | Enables learning mode for this process. |
| o | Override ACL inheritance for this process. |
| p | This process is protected; it can only be killed by processes with the k mode, or by processes within the same subject. |
| r | Relax ptrace restrictions (allows ptracing of processes other than one's own children). |
| s | (In v2.2.1 and above): Enable AT_SECURE when entering this subject. This enables the same environment sanitization that occurs in glibc upon execution of a suid binary. |
| t | Allow ptracing of any process (do not use unless necessary, allows ptrace to cross subject boundaries). This flag also allows a process to use CLONE_FS and execute a binary that causes a subject change. |
| v | This process can view hidden processes. |
| x | Allows executable anonymous shared memory for this subject. |
| A | Protect the shared memory of this subject. No other processes but processes contained within this subject may access the shared memory of this subject. |
| C | Auto-kill all processes belonging to the attacker's IP address upon violation of security policy. |
| K | When processes belonging to this subject generate an alert, kill the process. |
| O | Allow loading of writable libraries. |
| T | Deny execution of binaries or scripts that are writable by any other subject in the policy. This flag is evaluated at policy enable time. All binaries with execute permission that are writable by another subject (ignoring special roles) will be reported and the RBAC system will not allow itself to be enabled until the changes are made. |
# Grsecurity/Appendix/PaX Flags

This table lists all PaX flags that can be forced on or off in the policy, regardless of the flags on the binary, by using + or - before the flag name.
| Flag | Description | Details |
| PAX_EMUTRAMP | PaX Trampoline emulation | http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/emutramp.txt |
| PAX_MPROTECT | PaX MPROTECT | http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/mprotect.txt |
| PAX_PAGEEXEC | PaX PAGEEXEC | http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/pageexec.txt |
| PAX_RANDMMAP | PaX ASLR | http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/randmmap.txt |
| PAX_SEGMEXEC | PaX SEGMEXEC | http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/segmexec.txt |
# Grsecurity/Appendix/Role Attributes
## role_transitions

Role transitions specify which special roles a given role is allowed to authenticate to. This applies to special roles that do not require password authentication as well. If a user tries to authenticate to a role that is not within his transition table, he will receive a permission denied error. A common mistake when creating a new special role is forgetting to create a role_transitions rule for the role that will transition to the special role, which a user confuses with having entered an incorrect password. The role_transitions rule is added below the declaration of a role, but before any subject declaration.
Usage:
Example:

## role_allow_ip

This rule restricts the use of a role to a list of IPs. If a user is on the system who would normally get the rule does not belong to the specified list of IPs, the system falls back through its method of determining a role for the user (checking for an applicable group role then falling back to the default role). This rule can be specified multiple times for a role. Like role_transitions, it should be added below the declaration of a role, but before any subject declaration.
Usage:
Example:
A netmask of 0.0.0.0/32 permits use of the role only by local processes that haven't been used by remote clients .

## role_umask

This rule can, depending on the mode specified, ensure a number of security properties on files under the control of a given user. One use case is to ensure that a user cannot accidentally or intentionally create a file that others can read (a confidentiality issue). Another is to ensure a user cannot accidentally or intentionally create a file that can be written by others (an integrity issue). Like previous role attributes, it should be added below the declaration of a role, but before any subject declaration.
Usage:
Example:
# History of Greece/Bibliography

The following is a list of all sources used in the creation of this Wikibook:
* Minoan Civilization from Encarta
* Mycenae from Encarta
* Dorians from Encarta
* Ancient Greece from Encarta
# History of Hawaii
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Early Independence
* Missionaries Sugar Immigration
* End of Independence
* Territorial Years
* World War II and Statehood
* Hawaii in Popular Culture
* Further Reading
# History of Greece/Modern Greece

The history of Modern Greece starts in 1974 with the beginning of the Metapolitefsi period following the collapse of the military regime, up until the current day.

## The Restoration of Democracy

The Military Junta due to multiple, crucial to the regime events, such as the Polytechnic Uprising, internal coups between the colonels and the failed coup in Cyprus which lead to the Turkish invasion of the island was in a very tough position. The public moral was low, with the people emptying the shelves of the supermarkets fearing that the conflict in Cyprus could lead to an all-out war between Greece and Turkey.
On July 23rd of 1974, president Gizikis under the pressure of the Turkish invasion in Cyprus decides to call a meeting between the armed forces and the old guard politicians with the goal of appointing a national unity government that would prevent the escalation of the conflict with Turkey and to call democratic ellections. The meeting was concluded with the decision of appointing Konstantinos Karamanlis as the prime minister, who had also served in that position from 1955 to 1963. Gizikis phoned Karamanlis shortly after, informing him of their offer. Karamanlis, having escaped to France during the 7 year dictatorship and having a stance against the Junta was at first hesitant to accept his return, but was assured by the military leaders that the armed forces would not intervene in the politics of Greece anymore.
The news of Karamanlis' return was the cause of celebration all over Greece, with thousands coming to greet him at the airport, arriving from Paris. He was sworn in on July 24 1974, but had to sleep in a yacht guarded by a naval destroyer for 7 weeks due to the political instability at the time.
# History of Greece/Contributors

The following is a list of all contributors, past and present, to this Wikibook.
* Νεοπτόλεμος ( talk | email | contribs )
* Andrew Watt (discuss · email · contribs · logs · count)
# General Genetics/Regulation of Gene Expression
## Chromatin remodeling allows transcription to occur

How can the bulky transcription complex initiate transcription if eukaryotic DNA is usually tightly condensed into chromatin?
As mentioned previously, histones have numerous positive amino acid residues in order to bind to DNA. The interactions between DNA and the histones can be weakened by neutralizing positively-charged lysine residues. Histone acetyl transferase has a high affinity for activator proteins and acetylate the lysine residues at the enhancer site, loosening the chromatin structure. The chromatin becomes euchromatic: loosely-wound and active.
ATP-Dependent Nucleosome (Chromatin) Remodeling Complexes (CRCs) are large protein complexes capable of binding to and repositioning the nucleosome. This exposes binding sites for TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and the transcriptional activating protein (TAP) which allow the final conformational changes necessary for transcription.
After transcription, histone deacetylase reverses the lysine residue acetylation, allowing the chromatin to revert to a heterochromatic (inactive and tightly-wound) state.
# General Genetics/Transposition

Transposition is the integration of transposable elements into the genome. Transposable elements are DNA segments that jump around the genome and integrate themselves into different regions.

## Discovery

The first description of mobile genetic elements in a genome was made by Barbara McClintock working at Cold Spring Harbor in the 1950s. While attempting to explain the odd phenotypic behavior of mosaic color striations on corn kernels, she came to the conclusion that there were genetic elements in corn that could move among the chromosomes. Although her experimental support was strong, her conclusions was so far from the mainstream understanding of the nature of chromosomes, that she was politely ignored. In the late 1970s the discovery of bacterial transposons directed renewed attention on her pioneering work, and her efforts were resoundingly accepted when she was awarded an unshared Nobel prize in 1983.

## Uses in Genetics

Transposable elements are very useful in studying the genome. They allow researchers to search for genes and enhancers and find interesting relationships between phenotypes and genotypes. By using p-elements and transposase, DNA constructs can be formed to randomly jump around the genome. P-elements flank the DNA sequence you want to jump around and transposase is used to cut the squence out and reinsert it elsewhere.
On method for using transposable elements to find various enhancer sites is to construct a transposable element that contains the Gal-4 gene with a weak promoter with a p-element upstream and downstream. Another construct with UAS site (when the gal-4 protein binds to the UAS site, anything downstream is expressed) and a marker gene downstream that can, for example, encode for a fluorescent protein is also created. By inserting these constructs into 2 strains of flies, you will have 1 strain with the transposable Gal-4 gene and another strain with the stationary UAS construct. A third mouse strain containing transposase gene is needed.
Strain 1: Transposable Gal-4 strain
Strain 2: UAS marker Strain
Strain 3: Transposase Strain
First, strains 1 and 3 are crossed to produce flies with both the p-elements and the transposase. This allows the construct with gal-4 to jump around to random locations in the genome and depending on the location of gal-4, the amount of gal-4 expression with be changed. Afterwards, the gal-4 construct is stabilized by crossing it with normal flies and genotyped to find the flies with only the gal-4 gene. These flies are then crossed brother to sister to produce specific lines of homozygous gal-4 mutants. These new lines are then crossed with the UAS marker strain 2 and the effects on phenotype are observed. If for example a gal-4 construct lands next to a tissue specific enhancer for the eye, the gal-4 protein will bind to the UAS site and the marker gene will be expressed causing, for example, the tissue color to be green. Using probes for the known gal-4 sequence, the region of DNA is isolated and sequenced to find the enhancer site. This method can be used to find various enhancers that can be used in other experiments.
# General Genetics/The DNA Molecule
## genetics: The DNA Molecule

DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid, or deoxyribonucleic acid.
Its structure was discovered by James D. Watson and Francis H.C. Crick in 1953 with the assistance of Rosalind Franklin, but the knowledge of DNA was first discovered in 1871.
The DNA molecule has a polymer backbone of deoxyribose molecules (Ribose in RNA), a five carbon sugar, connected together by a phosphate group (see phosphorylation).
The sugar also connects to a nucleobase (or simply called "base", for short). There are 5 different bases used for coding, 4 of which are used in DNA (the other, uracil, is exclusive to RNA).
The four bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. These are represented by the letters A, G, C, & T and carry all information found in the DNA (see nucleic acid nomenclature).
The structure of DNA is a double helix. This means that there are two strands coiled around each other. The molecule is bonded together by the bases with hydrogen bonds. Guanine pairs with Cytosine by three hydrogen bonds while Adenine bonds with Thymine by two hydrogen bonds (see base pair).
Watson and Crick's insight into the double helical structure of the DNA molecule was based upon Erwin Chargaff noting that these pairs of bases were always in the same concentration.
# General Genetics/Recombinant DNA Cloning Technology
## DNA CLONING

This term refers to the process of transferring DNA fragment of interests from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element e.g. a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been instigated from the 1970s, since then it has become widely used and is a common practice in molecular biology labs to this very day.