OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Western Theatre: 17th Century to Now/German 21st

In the early 21st century, social drama in Switzerland is given strong impetus by Jakob Bärfuss (?-?) with "Alices reise in die Schweiz" (Alice's voyage in Switzerland, 2007) concerning the limits of euthanasia.

## Alice's voyage in Switzerland

Time: 2000s. Place: Hamburg, Germany, and Zurich, Switzerland.
In an apartment in Germany, Dr Gustav Strom, a euthanasialogist, explains to Alice the procedure involved in preparing for assisted suicide. She must travel to Switzerland, where the procedure is legal, though with many constraints on the unpaid practitioner. He advises Alice to tell her mother, Lotte, of her intention. Thinking that Lotte might try to prevent her suicide, she is hesitant, but at last does so. At first Lotte does not believe her, then tries to make her change her mind, but without success. Hearing of Gustav's practice and believing in its humanitarian purpose in alleviating needless pain, Eva asks Gustav for a position as his assistant, which he accepts, specifying details on how she must look in front of the client. "No makeup, no perfume," he orders. "You are young: that alone may be a provocation." A second client, John, an Englishman, is about to be injected with a lethal dose of pentobarbital when he asks for a glass of whiskey. It makes him drunk, reminding him that his mother believed one spent eternity in the state one died in, so that he calls off their agreement, though promising to return. Since her daughter has already tried to kill herself in the past, Gustav tries to obtain from Lotte her consent to his services, but she resists. Subject to a chronic disease whose symptoms have worsened, John returns with a crutch, but is nevertheless unable to submit to the injection, though once more promising to return. Because of his commitment to assisted death, Gustav is eradicated from the Order of Physicians. Unable to prescribe pentobarbital, he is forced to change his method. He gives him flunitrazepam, a minor tranquillizer, combined with covering of the head with a plastic bag. Though previously he had approved of the doctor's humanitarian purposes, the owner of his apartment no longer does. Because of his persistence, Gustav is arrested and interviewed by a psychiatrist, but then released. John returns but, despite being an estimated two weeks from death as a result of his disease, he is unable once again to submit to the procedure. After leaving her mother in a numbed state, Alice returns to the doctor in a shabby apartment, drinks the sedative, but, contrary to their agreement, asks the doctor to place the bag over her head. For legal reasons, Gustav insists she does so herself. Alice obeys and dies.
# Fire Simulation for Engineers/FDS/Simple Burning Material
## Prescribing a simplified burning material

Real objects are often difficult to describe via the SURF and MATL parameters. So simplified descriptions of burning solid fuels are possible. If ignition temperature and burning rate as a function of time from ignition are known, add lines similar to the following:
* IGNITION_TEMPERATURE delays the emission of fuel gas until the specified temperature is reached: when the surface temperature reaches 500 °C, the object starts emitting fuel gas.
* HEAT_OF_VAPORIZATION tells FDS to account for the energy used to vaporize the fuel; in the example, the net heat flux at the material surface is reduced by a factor 1000 kJ/kg times the instantaneous burning rate.
If a MATL line is invoked by a SURF line containing a specified HRRPUA, then that MATL ought to have only thermal properties and no reaction parameters, product yields...
By specifying HRRPUA, you are controlling the burning rate rather than letting the material pyrolyze based on the conditions of the surrounding environment.
# Fire Simulation for Engineers/FDS/Ventilator
## Building a ventilator

If you just want to blow gases in a particular direction, create a thin (zero cells thick) OBST and apply to it, via SURF_ID only, a SURF line that has the parameter POROUS=.TRUE. along with the other velocity parameters described above. This allows hot, smokey gases to pass through the obstruction, much like a free-standing fan. These obstructions are merely flat plates, by necessity. For example:
The velocity VEL associated with a POROUS surface represents the velocity in the positive or negative coordinate direction, as indicated by its sign.
# Fire Simulation for Engineers/FDS/Smoldering Fire
## Simulation and revelation of smoke of a smoldering fire

By default, FDS assumes that the smoke from a fire is generated in direct proportion to the heat release rate. A value of SOOT_YIELD=0.01 on the REAC line means that the smoke generation rate is 1% of the fuel burning rate. The smoke in this case is not explicitly tracked by FDS, but rather is assumed to be a function of the mixture fraction variables that are explicitly tracked.
Suppose, however, that you want to define your own smoke and that you want to specify its production rate independently of the HRR (or even instead of an actual fire, like a smoldering source). You also want to define a mass extinction coefficient for the smoke and an assumed molecular weight (as it will be tracked like a gas specie). Finally, you also want to visualize the smoke using the SMOKE3D feature in Smokeview.
Use the following lines:
# Fire Simulation for Engineers/FDS/Radiation
## Radiation transport, RADI

For most FDS simulations, thermal radiation transport is computed by default and you need not set any parameters to make this happen. However, there are situations where it is important to be aware of issues related to the radiative transport solver.
The most important issue involves the fraction of energy released from the fire as thermal radiation, commonly referred to as the radiative fraction. It is a function of both the flame temperature (T$^4$ dependence) and chemical composition, neither of which are reliably calculated in a large scale fire calculation. In fact, because of the size of the mesh cells, the flame sheet is not well-resolved.
To compensate the underestimation of the fire radiation, the RADIATIVE_FRACTION is not calculated and is set to 35% by default: every mesh cell cut by the flame radiates that fraction of the chemical energy being released into it. Some of that energy may be reabsorbed elsewhere, yielding a net radiative loss that is less than RADIATIVE_FRACTION, depending mainly on the size of the fire and the soot loading.
For example:
sets the fraction of energy released from the fire as thermal radiation to 45%. The following table summarizes some RADI parameters:
| Parameter | Type | Description | Unit | Default |
| NUMBER_RADIATION_ANGLES | Integer | Number of solid angles | | 104 |
| RADIATIVE_FRACTION | Real | Radiative Loss Fraction | | 0.35 |
# Fire on the Limestone Plains

The first recorded visit to the area known as the Limestone Plains was by Charles Throsby Smith, Joseph Wild and James Vaughan in 1820, with Joshua John Moore the first European landowner in the area.

## Contents
### Bush Fires

* The Limestone Plains 1825 to 1911
* John Gale Recollections
* The Federal Capital Territory 1911 to 1938
* The 1926 Bush Fires
* The January 1939 Bush Fires
* The 1952 Bushfires
* 1952 to 1956
* The 1956-57 Bushfire Season
* 1958 to 1973
* The 1979 Bush Fires
* The Gudgenby Bush Fire 1983
* The 1984-85 Bush Fire Season
* Bush Fire Season's The 1990's
* The Christmas Bushfires of 2001
* The January 2003 Bush Fires

### Appendices

* Appendix A Report for Forester on the fire of January 14 L. D. Pryor 23.1.39.
* Appendix B January 1939 Bushfires Overall Report L. D. Pryor
* Appendix C BUSH FIRE REPORT January 1939 C.R. Cole. Forester, 6/2/39.

## References

* ↑ http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/4e782ee652d0db0aca2569de001fb2dd?OpenDocument 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1931 - Special Article - Canberra Past and Present
# Fire on the Limestone Plains/Appendices
## Appendices

Appendix A Report for Forester on the fire of January 14 L. D. Pryor 23.1.39.
Appendix B January 1939 Bushfires Overall Report L. D. Pryor
Appendix C BUSH FIRE REPORT January 1939 C.R. Cole. Forester, 6/2/39.
# Dutch/For children/De hoed

| Hallo, ik ben Otto. Wie ben jij? |
| | Hallo Otto, ik heet Marja! |
| Dag, Marja! Jij draagt een hoed! |
| | Ja, dat klopt, ik heb een hoed op! |
| Heb je het koud? |
| | Nee, hoor! Ik vind het gewoon leuk! |
| O, daarom! |
| | Ja, daarom! Vind je het niet leuk? |
| O, jawel hoor. Het is een leuke hoed. Draag je die al lang? |
| | Nee, sinds gisteren. Dat was m'n verjaardag! |
| Gefeliciteerd nog! Was die hoed een cadeautje? |
| | Ja een cadeautje van mijn vader! |
# Dutch/For children

De hoed
# Dutch/Gesprek 1-1

To make your first encounter with Dutch as easy as possible, the first conversation is given here in several versions:

## Dutch version

Gesprek 1-1 ~ Vrienden Jan komt Karel op straat tegen. Ze zijn vrienden.
* Jan: Goedendag, Karel. Hoe gaat het met je?
* Karel: Goed. Dank je. En met jou?
* Jan: Dank je, met mij gaat het goed. Tot ziens.
* Karel: Tot ziens, Jan!

## Translated into English

Gesprek 1-1 ~ Vrienden Jan meets Karel in the street. They are friends.
* Jan: Good day, Karel. How are you?
* Karel: Good, thanks. And you?
* Jan: Thanks, I'm fine. See you later.
* Karel: See you later, Jan!

## Pronunciation: SAMPA

    vr'in-d@
    jAn kOmt k'a:-r@l Op strat t'e-g@. Z@ zEin vrin-d@.
    xu-j@-d'Ax, k'a:-r@l. hu xat h@t mEt j@?
    xut, dANk j@. mEt mEi xat h@t xut. En mEt jAu?
    dANk j@, mEt mEi xat h@t ok xut. tOt sins!
    tOt sins, jAn!

## Pronunciation: English (more or less)

(Note: The G is pronounced loud "from the back of the throat", the same way Spanish-speakers pronounce the j) Guh-SPREK 1-1 ~ VREEN-duh Yahn comt KAA-rul op straat TAY-Gun. Zuh zian VREEN-duh.
* Yahn: GOO-duhn-DAG, Kaa-rul. Hoo GAAt het met juh?
* Karel: Goedendag. Dank je, met mij gaat het goed. En met jou?
* Jan: Dank je, met mij gaat het goed. Tot ziens.
* Karel: Tot ziens, Jan!
# Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry/Electronic Properties of Metals, Superconductors, and Semiconductors
## 10.9 Problems

1. The structure of a high temperature superconductor containing barium, europium, copper, and oxygen is shown at the right. What is the stoichiometry of the compound? This structure is actually closely related to perovskite, ABO$_3$. Mark the positions of the missing atoms that would be found in a perovskite.
2. VO$_2$ can exist in insulating or metallic form, depending on temperature and pressure. Which form would be stabilized by increasing the pressure? Explain your answer.
3. Offer a brief explanation of why bandgaps for octet p-block semiconductors (1) decrease with increasing average principal quantum number, and (2) increase with increasing electronegativity difference.
4. Indicate the type of conduction (n or p) in the following: (a) Zn-doped GaAs, (b) In$_{1+x}$As$_{1-x}$, where x << 1, (c) Li$_{0.05}$Cu$_{0.95}$O, (d) WO$_{2.999}$
5. Using 1 eV = 1240 nm, predict the colors of ZnO (Eg = 3.2 eV), AlP (2.5 eV), ZnSnP$_2$ (2.1 eV), CdGeP$_2$ (1.8 eV), and InP (1.27 eV).
6. Pure Ge is much more conductive than pure Si. Given their bandgaps (0.74 and 1.15 eV, respectively), estimate the ratio of their conductivities at room temperature.
7. Sketch a silicon p-n junction, showing the depletion region, band bending, and the Fermi level in the absence of light or applied potential. In the dark, the p-n junction acts as a rectifier. Which way does current flow with an applied bias? In the light, the junction acts as a photodiode. Which way does current flow in this case?
# GLPK/Unix Batch Execution

These scripts demonstrate running batch jobs on the Unix command line. For the sake of generality, the demonstration is divided into two parts. The first part creates a set of problem instances which are then run in a set of batch queues in the second part.
Part one consists of four scripts, tst1, tst2a, tst2b and tst3. tst1 is an awk script which creates a set of points on a line with errors in both the X and Y values. tst3 calls tst1 and either tst2a or tst2b a number of times creating a set of data files in MathProg format.
These examples are from a Solaris system where the awk(1) of The AWK Programming Language by Aho, Weinberger and Kernighan is called nawk. On other systems, this is simply awk and the prior implementation of awk is called oawk for old awk. Many Linux systems use the Gnu implementation, gawk. So minor editing of references to nawk may be required.
All of these will work with suitable minor changes on Solaris, Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, MacOS X and also on Windows with the addition of one of the Unix environments such as Cygwin.
tst4 gets a list of jobs based on the file extension .dat, splits the list into 4 groups and runs them in background queues. There are many options for implementing batch queues on Unix. This is a minimalist example suited to the needs of an individual researcher using a single multicore workstation. Should you need to run a large number of long running jobs on a cluster, more full featured queueing systems should be considered.
All of the console output from glpsol is directed to log files for each queue named Q0.log, Q1.log, etc.
The MathProg model is a minor modification of cf12a.mod from the examples directory of the distribution.
# GLPK/Visual Basic .NET
## GLPK for C#/CLI

GLPK for C#/CLI provides a common language interface (CLI) binding for GLPK. It is licensed under GPL V3. The coding is generated using SWIG.
GLPK for C#/CLI supports callback and terminal listeners. Errors occurring in the GLPK native library are thrown as exceptions. All functions of the GLPK API are available as methods of the GLPK object as shown in the example below:
# GLPK/Visual Basic for Applications

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is a scripting language used in Microsoft Office and software packages.

## GLPK for Windows

GLPK for Windows provides multiple examples demonstrating calling the GLPK library with Visual Basic for Applications. It is licensed under GPL V3.
To run the examples follow the steps below:
* Open Excel
* Either press ALT+F11 or select menu entry Developer -> View code.
* With menu entry File -> Import File import the modules.
* In glpk.bas replace "glpk.dll" with the full path to the relevant dll. For version 4.63 this is:
** w32/glpk_4_63_stdcall.dll for 32bit Windows,
** w64/glpk_4_63.dll for 64bit Windows.
* Press CTRL+G or select menu entry View -> Immediate Window.
* Press F5 to run an example. The output is shown in the immediate window.
* To run gmpl.bas call function gmpl_main passing the name of a GMPL model file as parameter.
# GLPK/Windows executables
## GLPK for Windows

The third-party GLPK for Windows (winglpk) project regularly releases pre-compiled Windows executables, based on the official GLPK source files. Executables for both 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems are available. Administrator rights are not needed. The GLPK for Windows distribution also includes GLPK for Java, which provides a binding to the Java programming language.
This project is active and updated executables usually follow an official GLPK release by only a few days. This is the best option for Windows users who do not wish to build and install GLPK by hand.
After downloading the archive from Sourceforge, please, calculate the MD5 and the SHA1 check sums and compare them to the values provided by Sourceforge. You can use Microsoft's File Checksum Integrity Verifier utility for this purpose, e.g.
The downloaded archive has to be extracted. This can be done with 7-zip available at http://www.7-zip.org/. You may move the extracted directory (glpk-4.47) to your favorite place e.g to "C:\program files\GLPK".
Directory w32 contains the 32bit binaries and w64 contains the 64bit binaries.
You will typically want to have the GLPK dynamic link library (glpk_4_47.dll) in the search path for binaries. Either change the environment PATH variable accordingly or copy glpk_4_47.dll to "C:\windows\system32\". Open the control center and type "environment" into the search field to find the control to set your environment variables.
This mid-2012 help list posting contains PNG format screenshots for the settings described above in relation to the Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 C++ IDE — users who prefer screenshots will find these images particularly helpful.

## Building a C program using the GLPK library

The following description describes how to build a first program using the GLPK library. A 32bit system is assumed.
* open Visual Studio Express 2010 C++
* create a new "Win32 Console Application"
* do not choose compiled headers
* open the Project Properties dialog:
* under Linker > Input > Additional Dependencies : add "C:\Program Files\GLPK\glpk-4.47\w32\glpk_4_47.lib"
* under Configuration Properties > VC++ Directories > Include directories : add "C:\Program Files\GLPK\glpk-4.47\src
Enter the following code and then hit F5 to compile and run the test:
The program will output the GLPK version, and wait for any key to be hit, e.g.
If you were using precompiled headers test.cpp would be
And stdafx.h would be

## Additional background

Andy Trapp's 2009 presentation on GLPK
provides a good introduction to the use of GLPK with Windows (although some details are no longer current).

## References

* ↑ "Availability and description of the File Checksum Integrity Verifier utility". Microsoft. Retrieved 2011-09-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
* ↑ Trapp, Andy (2009). "IE 2082: Introduction to GLPK" (PDF) (presentation). Retrieved 2011-09-24.
# GLPK/Using GMPL (MathProg)

This page gives examples and tips about the syntax and usage of GMPL (MathProg).

## Introduction

The first thing to note is that MathProg is not a procedural language. For example, unlike most programming languages, MathProg has no assignment statement. Rather MathProg is a functional language. MathProg is modeled on the AMPL language and provides a subset of that language. And like AMPL, its syntax is tailored to the expression of mathematical optimization problems.

## MathProg objects
### Sets

Within MathProg, sets are unordered collections of elements (unlike arrays in programming languages), so the element positions are indeterminate.

## MathProg syntax
### MathProg suffixes

As from GLPK 4.44 released 03 June 2010, MathProg supports suffixes for constraints and variables. The use of suffixes is covered in the official documentation under appendix A of doc/gmpl.pdf. The following table provides a summary:
| Suffix | Purpose |
| .lb | lower bound |
| .ub | upper bound |
| .status | status in the solution |
| .val | primal value |
| .dual | dual value |
The MathProg printf statement can be used to create customized output. In the following case, the dual value of constraint c1 will be printed to the terminal:
Terminal output can also be duplicated to a text file with the GLPSOL command-line option --log filename.log.

### Set statement

The data parameter of the set statement is (as of May 2011) undocumented, but the idea is quite simple. Imagine that you declare a plain set S consisting of 5-tuples (i,j,k,l,m):
which will be provided with data in the data section. But what you actually want is an array of sets T{j,m}, where T[j,m] is a set of triplets (l,i,k) from S. Using the data attribute, additionally declare a set T as follows:
This statement has the same effect as providing the corresponding data for T itself from the data section, where [2,5,4,1,3] is a permutation of the component indices: the 2nd and 5th components of every 5-tuple in S gives a pair (j,m) used to index the elements of T, and the 4th, 1st, and 3rd components of the 5-tuple are used to build the (l,i,k) triplets, which are then included in the set T[j,m]. Finally, only plain sets are supported by the data attribute.

## Limitations
### Ordered sets

Ordered sets are not supported in MathProg. The discussions here and here provide some background as to why not. This 2006 thread describes one particular work-around.
# GLPK/Windows IDEs

This page lists integrated development environments (IDEs) for Windows and similar.

## Windows IDEs

There are two integrated development environments for Windows systems:
* Gusek: http://gusek.sourceforge.net
* GLPK Lab: http://glpklabw.sourceforge.net
A July 2011 posting reports that GLPK Lab is defunct and that Gusek should be used instead.

### Gusek

Gusek is an open source LP/MIP IDE for GLPK. The package has been developed and tested on 32-bit Windows systems. Gusek packs a custom version of the SciTE editor linked to the prebuilt GLPK for Windows standalone solver. Models can be developed in the GLPK modeling language (known variously as GMPL and the GNU MathProg language) and also using the MPS, CPLEX LP, and GLPK LP/MIP problem formats. You can edit and run models, check errors, and convert between these formats. GLPK examples and some Gusek tips can be found within the package.
Information about latest version of GLPK embedded on Gusek can be found on changelog. Instructions to build Gusek and/or update the GLPK solver can be found here.

## Microsoft Excel integration
### SolverStudio and OpenSolver

Microsoft Excel is a proprietary spreadsheet program. The Department of Engineering Science, Auckland University, New Zealand has two ongoing projects which use Excel as an interface to a free and open source (FOSS) optimization modeling environment and to a FOSS optimization solver:
* SolverStudio for Excel — an integrated environment for optimisation using modelling languages within Excel
* OpenSolver for Excel — an open source optimization solver for Excel
SolverStudio supports the GNU MathProg language (GMPL) and several other mathematical programming languages. OpenSolver does not use GLPK, but rather provides a bridge to the COIN-OR Cbc optimization engine. More details can be found on the excellent websites listed above.

### glpkModelXLL

It is an XLL adding available on github. It targets one model per workbook and offers a scenario comparison tool.

## Notes

* ↑ The Win32 protocol is supported by 64-bit Windows and you may find that the pre-built Gusek binaries will run natively on 64-bit Windows systems. The fallback would be to build Gusek yourself from source and link it to a 64-bit version of GLPK.
# Field Guide/Mammals/Striped Skunk

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wilke, C. (2001), mephitis/ Mephitis Mephitis, retrieved October 5, 2012 {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
* 1 2 Striped Skunk Mephitis Mephitis, 2012, retrieved October 5, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Star-nose Mole

* ↑ North American Mammals: Condyluracristata, retrieved 23 September 2012
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Star Nosed Mole, retrieved 23 September 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Virginia Opossum

* ↑ Krause, W. J.; Krause, W. A. (2006), The Opossum: Its Amazing Story, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri: Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine
* ↑ National Geographic (2012), Opossum, retrieved 23 September 2012
* ↑ National Geographic (2012), Opossum, retrieved 23 September 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Tri-colored Bat (Eastern Pipistrelle)

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cuvier, F. (1832), Perimyotis subflavus, retrieved October 7, 2012
* 1 2 3 4 Holliday, Cory (2004), Tri-colored Bat url= http://www.tnbwg.org/TNBWG_PESU.html {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |title= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
* 1 2 Tuttle, Merlin D. (2012), Perimyotis subflavus, retrieved October 7, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Southern Flying Squirrel

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fox, David; Mulheisen, Michael (1999), "Glaucomys volans", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 11, 2012
* 1 2 3 National Flying Squirrel Association, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 Linzey, A.V.; NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008), "Glaucomys volans", IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, no. Version 2012.1, retrieved October 11, 2012
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, retrieved October 11, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)