OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Using SPSS and PASW/Confidence Intervals

Confidence Intervals help us estimate the precision of our statistics relative to the sampled population. Confidence Intervals are a range of values of a parameter, e.g., a mean. We express this interval with a specific degree of confidence. This degree of confidence tells a reader how confident we are that the population parameter falls within our stated interval.
For this example, we will use the variable “sprscale”, representing answers to question “How Spiritual do you consider yourself?” in our example data set made up of genetic counselors. This variable allowed the sample of genetic counselors to rank how spiritual they are on a scale of 1 to 10.
To compute a confidence interval in SPSS, you begin by selecting “Analyze” → “Descriptive Statistics” → “Explore.” Once the “Explore” window pops up, scroll down on the left list until you find “sprscale,” then click on the arrow that will send it to the dependent list:
Now, click on “Statistics” to pop up a smaller window:
Check the “Descriptives” box and type in the level of confidence that you would like to use. For this example we'll use 95%. Click “Continue” then “OK.” The Output Window will now pop up with a variety of statistics, including the confidence interval:
The confidence interval we found for how spiritual Genetic Counselors are on a scale of 1 to 10 is 5.99 to 6.36. We interpret this in plain language by saying “We are 95% confident that the true mean spirituality on a scale of 1 to 10 for the population of genetic counselors is between 5.99 and 6.36.”
Page contributed by Lauren Takemoto.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Descriptives

Descriptive statistics are used to describe variables. Examples of descriptive statistics include: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range. Here we'll describe how to have SPSS calculate three of them, the mean, median and mode, for a variable “age”, plus introduce the concept of skewed distribution.
In order to generate descriptives in SPSS, you first need to open up a data set. In this book a Genetic Counseling example data set is utilized.
Once it's open, we click “Analyze” → “Descriptive Statistics” → “Frequencies...”:
A Frequencies Window will appear on the screen. Select the variable labeled “age” on the left and click the blue arrow to move it into the Variable(s) box:
Please then click on the Statistics... button. A new window will appear, with a grouping named "Central Tendency." There, select Mean, Median, and Mode and click Continue:
Once the box disappears, click “OK” in the Frequencies Box. The valid versus missing breakdown, along with the mean (average), median (middle), and mode (most common) age of participating genetic counselors will appear at the top of the Output window:
In the example above, the mean age of participants is 35.93. The data set's median age is 33, and the mode is 28.

## Distribution Curves in SPSS

If you want to see where the mean, median, and mode fall on a frequency distribution curve, SPSS can show you. This is useful when you are trying to determine if your value's distribution is normal or skewed. (A discussion of skewness statistics is beyond the scope of this book).
Please repeat the above example, again utilizing the variable of “age”, until the “Frequencies” window is open again. Click the button labeled “Charts...” to open a window offering Chart Type:
Select the radio button labeled “Histograms” and check “With normal curve.” Click “Continue” then “OK” and your chart will pop up in the Output box:
The frequency curve in this example shows a positively skewed distribution, i.e., values off the normal curve in a positive direction.
Chapter 15 contributed by Kristin Mraz.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Data Editing
## Data organisation and the Data Editor
### Opening a data file

The first task will be to retrieve a simple data file to see how data is organised within SPSS. To do this using the menu:
From the File menu, select Open, then select the Data from the resulting sub-menu.
The following dialog box will appear:
In the dialog box pictured opposite, you select the file from the list of files. You can select different drives and directories by clicking the drop-down arrow next to the Look in box. You can retrieve files created by software packages such as Excel by selecting one of the file types from the pull down list in the Files of Type box. This will be covered later in the course. The first file we are going to use is called beer.sav. ? Select this file and click the Open button. The Data View window will contain the following data:
Terminology The data used for this example is based on a survey on various types of beer. The survey obtained the following information about each of the beers: ? the name of the beer ? the alcoholic content (in percent) ? if the beer can be classified as ‘light’ Each of these different types of information is known as a Variable in SPSS and has been given the name beer, alcohol and light respectively. Each variable can be seen running down a column. The rows contain the information for each individual beer tested. The information for each row is known as a case. Each point of data within a cell is a value. To summarise: A case: is a single set of data, in this example the details of one particular beer from the beer survey. Other examples of a case are: one reading from an experiment, the response from one person in a questionnaire, or a set of exam results for one pupil at school. A variable: is a collection of data of the same type. For instance, in our example there are three variables which are the beer name, alcohol content, and whether the beer is light or regular. Other examples of variables are: the amount of drug administered or the temperature in an experiment, the answer to a question in a questionnaire, or the marks for maths and the names of pupils in school exams. A value: is a single item of data which is the intersection between a case and a variable. In our example a value would be, say, the alcoholic content for the third beer surveyed (e.g. 4.9), whether the fifth beer was light or regular, or the name of the 20th beer surveyed. Moving inside the Data Editor Now that some data have been retrieved, you can experiment moving around inside the Data Editor. First there are some points to note: ? The currently selected cell has a thicker border; ? the cell value and co-ordinates appear in the top left-hand corner of the Data Editor; ? the area which shows the current cell value is also the area where new cell values are written or edited by typing in the new value. For straightforward data-entry: ? Use the arrow key ? to move across variables for the first line of data; ? use the Tab key at the end of the first line to go to the second line; ? then use the Tab key to continue with the rest of the data-entry.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Frequencies

Frequencies, in statistics, refers to counts of categories or responses. It's a basic statistical tool that provides a sense of how often specific response options occur in a population.
Using the sample data set, let's say we want to know the geographic distribution of genetic counselors. Fortunately, in the sample data set, there is a variable, "region", that in combination with the Frequencies function in SPSS, will tell us what we want to know.
Let's begin. Click "Analyze" -> "Descriptive Statistics" -> "Frequencies":
The "Frequencies" window will appear:
Scroll through the variables until you find the variable you want. In our example, we're interested in "region", so click the arrow to move that variable into the "Variable(s):" box:
Then make sure that the "Display frequency tables" box is checked and click "OK". In the Output Window you should see
Note that there are two tables in this output. The first breaks down the frequency of valid region data versus missing. The second table shows frequency distribution with four labeled columns.
The first, labeled "Frequency", simply reports the number of cases that fall into each category of the variable being analyzed. E.g., exactly 100 of our genetic counselors live in the "pacific" region.
The second column, "Percent", provides a percentage of the total cases that fall into each region. The percentage of genetic counselors of the total that we know work in the "pacific" region is 15.3%.
The third column, labeled "Valid Percent," is a percentage that does not include missing cases. Without them, "pacific" region's share increases to 16.5%.
The fourth column, "Cumulative Percent", adds the percentages of each region from the top of the table to the bottom, culminating in 100%. This is more useful when the variable of analysis is ranked or ordinal, as it makes it easy to get a sense of what percentage of cases fall below each rank.
We hope this provides a sense of the utility of SPSS' Frequencies calculation.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Creating New Variables

The previous page showed how to create a new variable by Transform of an existing one. In this exegesis we will show you how to create entirely new variables.
Creating a new variable is a foundational skill for users of SPSS, as it is necessary to perform many statistical tests and procedures (see Part II).
Step one in creating a variable is switching the Data Editor window to “Variable View”, by clicking on its tab:
Then click in the first empty row and provide your nascent variable with a name, e.g., “Age”:
You can specify the type of the variable by clicking in the cell under the column labeled “Type.” An ellipsis will appear:
Click on the ellipsis to open the Variable Type Dialog box, which looks like:
Most variables will be “Numeric,” meaning they will be number based, either because the number itself is meaningful (interval/ratio variables) or because it represents distinct categories. Other common variable types are String, for text, Date, and Currency. Select the desired type and click OK.
Next, input a label (description) for your variable as a whole:
Moving right in the Variable View, the next field is Values. Click there and then on its ellipsis to expose
If the variable is ordinal you must assign a unique number to each label. E.g., for a variable holding participant race you might specify "1" as Value with "White" as the Label, and continue with such mappings as 2=Black, 3=Native American, etc.
Next up is Missing. Click here and as usual on the ellipsis to specify how missing (did not respond, not applicable, lost, etc) values will be denoted so they are not used in any calculations by default:
While you have free hand to choose your designation, it is common to uses iterations of 9 to indicate missing values in numeric fields, where that value would otherwise be impossible. For instance, if a variable holds an integer in range 1 - 4 plus a missing value, you can assign a “9” to indicate that a value is missing. If there are 20 categories, "20" is two decimal places and <99, so you could use two “9”s to indicate a missing value in that variable, and so on. If the variable is of type String, you would usually use more description missing values, such as "NA".
Finally, you must specify your level of measurement. This may be done by clicking on the cell under the column labeled “Measure” and choosing from Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale:
Nominal and ordinal variables should be labeled under their corresponding names, while interval and ratio variables should be labeled as “Scale.”
Repeat this process for as many variables as you need to create.
Chapter contributed by Damian Patrinostro.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Changing Preferences to Order Lists Alphabetically

This page will illustrate how to change SPSS' settings in order to have its variable lists alphabetically sorted.
By default, SPSS arranges the variable list in the same order as found in the data editor, however, arranging the list alphabetically is useful when you have many variables, because it allows searching for variables by simply pressing the first letter of their name: the selected list item will jump to the first matching variable name.
To set SPSS to display the variables alphabetically is easy. To begin, click “Edit” → “Options”:
After having selected the “Options” tab, you will see this window:
Select the "Display names" and “Alphabetical” options in the “Variable Lists” box on the top left:
Click on the “OK” button as shown above.
Once you have done this, another dialog notifies that any dialogs currently open will be closed. Click “OK” once again:
To see the new behavior, check any option that includes a variable list, e.g., click “Analyze” → “Descriptive Statistics” → “Descriptives”:
You should end up with a window similar to the below one, with the variables in the left hand side box ordered alphabetically:
You can now easily search through a list of variables by typing in the first letter of a variable name: SPSS will jump directly to it.
Chapter contributed by Clarine Ovando-LaCroux.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Computing Variables

Computing variables in SPSS refers to computing with existing variables to create new variables.
One common reasons is creation of a scale measure that combines several existing variables into a single variable, such as to summarize a phenomenon of interest.
In our Genetic Counselors study, a subject investigated was attitude towards (an unpleasant operation, my apologies) abortion. Participants were asked a set of seven questions to learn in what circumstances s/he believed abortion should be allowed. E.g., Do you think a woman should be allowed to obtain an abortion if she has been raped? If she doesn't want any more children? Et cetera. While the individual questions are useful for gaining a sense of the participant's views on whether or not abortion should be legal in specific cases, by combining the variables it is possible to get a better overall measure of opinion on abortion permissiblity. Specifically, we could simply add the number of Yes answers across the seven questions for a sum for each study participant of 0 to 7.
To simultaneously create and compute this variable, which we'll call abscale, click “Transform” → “Compute Variable”:
The resulting window allows you to specify a numeric computation using existing variables:
On the left, under “Target Variable,” is where you name the new variable. Under “Numeric Expression,” you build a formula using the numeric keypad, mathematical operators and functions, and the variables in your data set. Combine these elements as desired. To move a variable into the “Numeric Expression” box, highlight it and click the arrow key.
In our example, seven variables are added to create the new scale: abscale. To do this we have only to add the abortion variables, as shown above. Once you're done, click “OK.” Your new variable will then appear in the Data Editor under the “Variable View,” on the ultimate row.
You'll notice that a “Label” value is missing, a void we recommend you always immediately fill with a descriptive label, e.g., "views on abortion; should range from 0 to 7".
In order to ensure that you created the scale accurately, check the frequencies and/or descriptives: click “Analyze” → “Descriptive Statistics” → “Frequencies”:
Click your newly created variable, then the arrow to move it into the “Variable(s)” box, and you will get a window like this:
Click OK and your Output Window will show a frequency distribution table for your new variable:
Following these steps, you can realize any new variables math, your data, and interest can conceive, with an assurance that your intentions have been met.
Chapter contributed by Gen Guzman.
# Using Cakewalk by Bandlab for beginners/Local manual of style

This is made using the Flat Structure. Please, do not change the Manual of Style.
← Basic Usage · Authors and credits →
# Using Chrome/Extensions

Extensions are small add-ons that add new functionality to Chrome. Extensions can be downloaded from Chrome Web Store.

## What can extensions do

Extensions can add anything from a toolbar button to a completely new feature. They allow the browser to be customized to fit the personal needs of each user, if they need additional features, while Chrome proper remains relatively unadorned.
Many links herein will not necessarily point to a specific extension, but rather to general links at the Chrome Web Store.
# Using Cakewalk by Bandlab for beginners/Authors and credits

JacobofChess created the book and has done most of the work so far, though he would enjoy your help very much. If you've added substantial content to the book, add you name here!
Others who have greatly helped with the book:
Mbrickn has helped very much with formatting. Your help is appreciated!
Minorax has also helped with important things, like making chapter names correctly formatted. Thank youǃ
← Local manual of style
# Using Cakewalk by Bandlab for beginners/Basic Usage

Congrats! You have now downloaded Cakewalk! What are you going to create?

## Starting up Cakewalk

Okay, first things first. You need to know how to start up Cakewalk!
By default, when you install Cakewalk, it will place an icon on your desktop. Click on that icon to start up Cakewalk. It is an orange icon with white rectangles on it (image not available due to copyright issues).

## Starting a new project

What's the point of music software if you're not going to make music? Let's start a new project in Cakewalk.
After starting up Cakewalk, you will be taken to the start screen, which will look something like the picture on the right.
Make sure you are on the "New Project" tab, and then click "Empty Project". Cakewalk will create an empty project for you now!

## Recording audio

After opening a new project, click on the add track button, which is marked by a plus sign (see "add track button" picture). A dialogue box will appear. Under the "audio" tab, select you preferred audio recording device in the drop-down list (including your computer's built-in mic) and hit create. Click the record enable button (see picture) to "arm" your track for recording. This means that when you hit the record button, the tracks armed for recoding will be the only ones recorded. Note you must hit record enable before recording. After arming your tracks, hit "R" on your computer keyboard OR press the big red record button a the top of the screen (see picture) to start recording. Now, sing your voice out! Have fun making your first Cakewalk project!

## Using MIDI

Click add track. When the dialogue box appears, select the "Instrument" tab, and press create. A big synth will show up. It looks very complicated, I know! You don't need to touch that right now, so just close that window. If you are lucky and have a midi keyboard, now would be a fantastic time to use it. To do so, just follow along with the "recording audio" instructions, but replace microphone and audio with midi keyboard and midi, respectively. If you don't have a midi keyboard, simply right-click on the midi track pane (see picture) and under "view", select "piano roll". Voila! Punch in the notes you want to play and they will play with a piano-ish sound.← Installation · Local manual of style →
# Using Cakewalk by Bandlab for beginners/Installation

To install Cakewalk by Bandlab, also known as just "Cakewalk", go to the Cakewalk download page. Keep in mind that you will need to create a Bandlab account and download their desktop assistant, "Bandlab Assistant." It isn't too large and isn't a big problem, but if you don't want to download anything but Cakewalk, then just close the tab and go look at how much Ableton Live or maybe Reaper cost ($400 and $60, respectively. Cakewalk and Bandlab Assistant are free). If you're still here, then I assume that you're fine with downloading Bandlab Assistant.

## You will need

* An email address
* A Bandlab account (you can use an existing account, or you can create one whilst downloading Bandlab Assistant)
* 3 Gigabytes of free space on your disk
* Windows 8.1, 10, 11 (64-bit ONLY for all of them). The system requirements website doesn't actually say you can use Windows 11, but it will probably work. Windows 7 used to be able to be used, but after Windows 11 came out, the website says only Windows 8.1 and up can be used.
* A decent CPU. The website says you need an Intel Core i5, but I have a Core i3 and it works fine, though it's a little slow.
If you have all of the above, then you are ready to download Cakewalk!

## Step 1: Bandlab Assistant and account

On the site linked above, click "Download." An exe file will download to your computer. It will probably be called "bandlab-assistant-windows-latest.exe." Double-click it to initiate download.
When it is finished downloading, you should see a welcome screen. It will prompt you to log in if have an account or create an account if you don't.

### If you have an account:

Simply hit the big "Log In" button. It will take you to the Bandlab site to authenticate you. Go back to the Bandlab assistant and hit "log in" again. You can now go to step two.

### If you don't have an account

Hit "sign up" and follow the on-screen instructions. You will be taken to the Bandlab site to create your account. Afterwards, follow the steps above in "if you have an account."

## Step 2: Installing Cakewalk

Navigate to the "apps" tab in Bandlab Assistant. Click the download button for Cakewalk by Bandlab. Follow the on-screen instructions to download Cakewalk by Bandlab.
Hooray! You've now downloaded Cakewalk! You have a vast amount of fun and music ahead of you, and you only need to know some basic rules.
Basic Usage →
# Using Chrome

This book is designed to help you get the most out of your installation of Google Chrome. Don't have Chrome? You can download it from Google's website.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Installation
* Browsing with Tabs
* Searching and finding within documents
* User preferences
* Extensions
# Using Cakewalk by Bandlab for beginners

Cakewalk by Bandlab is a free, professional DAW (digital audio workstation). It is the successor of Cakewalk Sonar, so keep in mind that when something says "Compatible with Cakewalk Sonar" or "Use it in Sonar!", then it will most likely work in Cakewalk by Bandlab (CbB).

## Contents
### Introduction

* Installation
* Basic Usage

### Meta

* Local manual of style
* Authors and credits
# Using Chrome/Browsing with Tabs

Chrome has been designed to be useable by any user immediately--with no learning curve. However, to truly "rediscover the web", you should become comfortable with Chrome's advanced features. One of these is the use of tabs. Chrome uses "tabs" to show multiple web pages in the same window. Several other web browsers, such as Firefox and Microsoft Edge, also use tabs.
Tabs are featured above the address bar, in a file folder-like layout. Tabs allow users to have one Chrome window in the taskbar, with multiple web pages open within that window. The number of tabs that can be opened at any one time is unlimited, though the tab bar can only hold around 20 tabs comfortably.
# Using Chrome/Installation

Chrome can be downloaded from this page. Pressing the large blue button will download Chrome.

## Installing
### Android

Most Android phones and tablets have Chrome pre-installed. If you don't have one, install Chrome on Google Play Store.

### iOS & iPadOS

You can install Chrome on the App Store on iPhone and iPad.
# William Shakespeare's Works/Comedies/Pericles, Prince of Tyre

Pericles, Prince of Tyre is a comedy by William Shakespeare. The year it was written is up for debate. Some scholars believe that it was written around 1607, while others claim that it was written earlier, and revised in 1607. The play retells the ancient Grecian myth of the titular character.

## Acts

* Act 1
* Act 2
* Act 3
* Act 4
* Act 5

## Dramatis Personæ

* Antiochus
* Pericles
* Helicanus
* Escanes
* Simonides
* Cleon
* Lysimachus
* Cerimon
* Thaliard
* Pfiilemon
* Leonine
* Marshal
* a Pandar
* Boult
* The Daughter of Antiochus
* Dionyza
* Thaisa
* Marina
* Lychorida
* a Bawd
* Lords
* Knights
* Gentlemen
* Sailors
* Pirates
* Fishermen
* Messengers
* Diana
* Gower