OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Knot Theory/Knots
### Preliminary definitions

Let us begin by defining a knot.
A knot is a smooth embedding of a circle into ambient space $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$. The most basic knot is the unknot, which is essentially just a circle $\bigcirc$ (we will define this properly shortly).
A link of $n\in \mathbb {N}$ components is a smooth embedding of $n$ disjoint circles into three-dimensional space. So obviously any knot can be seen as a link with one component. Analogously to the unknot, the most basic link is the unlink, which is essentially $n$ disjoint circles. We usually denote an $n$-unlink as $\bigcirc ^{n}$. So, a $1$-unlink is an unknot.
Before this chapter, we mentioned that knot theory is the study of distinguishing knots and links. So we now need to define a notion of equivalence on links to be able to distinguish links.
Two links are equivalent if they are ambient isotopic. Here, ambient isotopy means that there exists a homotopy such that it is a smooth family of diffeomorphisms. Two links are said to have the same link type if they are equivalent; so link type is the equivalence class for links. Similarly, knot type is the equivalence class for knots. We included smoothness here, because homotopy is too weak for embeddings in ambient space since we can define any continuous map from one link to the unlink.
It is easy to see that link equivalence is in fact an equivalence relation.
Now we can define the $n$-unlink as a link that is equivalent to $n$ disjointed circles.
We can now define a projection map from $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ to $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ such that no three edges pass through a point and no two edges are tangent to one another. We then indicate over and under crossings by putting breaks in the edge. We call this projected link a link diagram.
Theorem (Reidemeister's theorem). Every link has a link diagram. Also, two links are equivalent if and only if their link diagrams are related by a finite sequence of Reidemeister moves. Reidemeister moves consist of three very standard moves: RI - a twist, RII - moving one strand over the other, RIII - moving a strand over or under a crossing.

### References

* Queen, M., On the Jones Polynomial: A Monica Queen Thesis, arXiv:2108.13835, 2021.
# Lombard/Continuous construction

* The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography
The progressive form or continuous construction is used to indicate an action that takes place over a continuous time which can be either present, past or future. It is constructed as follows:
       vesser adree a * + Infinitive $^a$
* the verb "vesser 'dree a" ("adree" is often abbreviated as 'dree) is conjugated to the mood and tense typical of the action or event.
$^a$ Infinitive of the verb that indicate the action.
    Notes on variants
# Lombard/Conversion into the New Lombard Orthography

* from the Milanese orthography
* from the orthography of the Duchy
* from the Lodesan orthography
* from the Ticinese orthography
# Lombard/Demonstrative pronouns

* The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography
| Masculine Singolar | Masculine Plural | Feminine Singolar | Feminine Plural | Dialects | Translation into english |
| quest chì (ms1)/chess-chì (ms1) chesto che (??) | questi chì (mp1) | questa chì (fs1) chesta (fs4) | queste chì (fp1) | (1) MI (2) MI (4) BG BS | this, this one (sing.) | these, these ones (pl.) this man "m" (sing.) | these men "m" (pl.) | this woman "f" (sing.) | these women "f" (pl.)(close to both the speaker and the listener) |
| quell lì (ms1-2-3) chell lì (ms4) | quella lì (fs1) chella (fs4) | quei lì (mp1) quii lì (mp2) chi lì (mp3) | chele lì (fp4) quei lì (fp1) quii lì (fp2) chi lì (fp3) chele lì (fp4) | (1) MI (2) MI (3) MI (4) BG BS | this, this one (sing.) | these, these ones (pl.) (away from the speaker and the listener) |
| quell là (ms1) chell là (ms4) | quella là (fs1) chella là (fs4) | quei là (mp1) quii là (mp2) chi là (mp3) | chelle là (fp4) quei lì (fp1) quii lì (fp2) chi lì (fp3) | (1) MI (2) MI (3) MI (4) BG BS | that, that one (sing.) | that, that ones (pl.) (away from both the speaker and the listener) |
| costù (ms1) | costor (ms1) | - | - | (1) MI (arch.) | this man "m" (sing.) | these people "m" (pl.) |

## Rreferences

* Claudio Beretta, A lezione di grammatica milanese, Circolo Filologico Milanese, pag.55
# Manchu/Library

* Online Library of Manchu Language Texts
* Template:Iso2lang Wikisource has original text related to this book:
* Manchu language Wikisource
* Welcome to the Online Library of Manchu Language Texts.
* This free online Library of Manchu texts aims to provide a one stop collection of all Manchu texts that are no longer subject to copyright laws.
* As this is a wiki users will be able to make corrections and monitor changes in the texts to ensure accuracy.
* All texts will use the Möllendorff transliteration method, which will mean that any user that wants to download the text can just cut and paste the content straight from the page.
* Manchu's History (满族历史)
* manju i yargiyan kooli (Manchu Veritable Records) 满洲实录
* Vol.1 ujui debtelin
* Vol.2 jai Debtelin
* Vol.3 ilaci Debtelin
* Vol.4 duici Debtelin
* Vol.5 sunjaci Debtelin
* Vol.6 ningguci Debtelin
* Vol.7 nadaci Debtelin
* Vol.8 jakūci Debtelin
* Chinese classics (中国古典文学)
* The Confucian Classics (四书五经)
* leolen gisuren (The Analects 论语)
* amba tacin -i bithe (Great Learning 大学)
* an dulimba bithe (Doctrine of the Mean 中庸)
* mengdzi bithe (Mencius 孟子)
* jijungge nomun (I Ching, Book of Changes 易经)
* irgebun -i nomun (Classic of Poetry 诗经)
* dorolon -i nomun (Book of Rites 礼记)
* dasan -i nomun (Book of Documents 尚书)
* šajingga nomun (Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋左传)
* Other (四书五经之外的古典文学)
* looze i araha doro erdemu i nomun (Laozi: Dao De Jing) 道德经
* san dzi ging ni bithe (Three Character Classic) 三字经
* Religious texts (宗教之类)
* Buddhist Texts (佛教)
* Christian Texts (基督教)
* Shamanist Texts (萨满教)
* Political & historical texts (政治和历史之类)
* Inscriptions (碑铭)
* Biographies (传)
* Literature (文学之类)
* Poetry (诗)
* Short Stories (短篇小说)
* usiha be toloro jui (The boy that counts stars - 数星星的孩子) | dungg'o siyanxeng jai niohe (Mr Dungg'o and the wolf - 东郭先生和狼)| mentuhun gung alin be guribuhengge (The silly man moves a mountain - 愚公移山)
* Classical Literature (长篇小说)
* Linguistics (语言学之类)
* Grammars (语法书)
* Books to Learn Manchu (满文课程)
* Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 1 - 清語老乞大卷一 | Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 2 - 清語老乞大卷二 | Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 3 - 清語老乞大卷三 | Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 4 - 清語老乞大卷四 |
* Other (其他)
* Jokes (笑话)
* Newspaper Articles (报纸)
* Song Lyrics (歌词)
# Manchu/Library/Karafuto Nayoro Documents

* 本页面展示的是现藏于北海道大学附属图书馆的《桦太名寄文书》，其中涵盖13篇文书，包括4篇中国清代的文书（包括汉文文书2篇，满文文书2篇）和9篇日本的文书。
* 该文书讲述了18-19世纪中日两国关系和东北亚历史，证明了阿伊努人曾向清朝朝贡的事实。
* This page shows the "Karafuto Nayoro Documents" which is now hidden in the Affiliated Library of Hokkaido University. It covers 13 documents, including 4 documents of the Qing Dynasty of Chinese Empire (including 2 documents in Chinese and 2 documents in Manchu) and 9 Japanese documents.
* This document tells about Sino-Japanese relations and the history of Northeast Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, proving the fact that the Ainu tributed to the Qing Dynasty.

## Contents
### Documents of China (Qing Dynasty)
#### Manchu

   * Manchu/Library/Karafuto Nayoro Documents/No.1 (Manchu Script)(Latin Script)
   * Manchu/Library/Karafuto Nayoro Documents/No.2 (Manchu Script)(Latin Script)
# Manchu/Library/Manchu Veritable Records

Manju i Yargiyan Kooli
Ujui Debtelin (Vol.1)
Jai Debtelin (Vol.2)
Ilaci Debtelin (Vol.3)
Duici Debtelin (Vol.4)
Sunjaci Debtelin (Vol.5)
Ningguci Debtelin (Vol.6)
Nadaci Debtelin (Vol.7)
Jakūci Debtelin (Vol.8)
# Manchu/Library/Karafuto Nayoro Documents/No.2/Manchu Script

ᠮᡝᡳ᠌ᡵᡝᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ
ᠮᡝᡳ᠌ᡵᡝᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ᠈ ᡨ᠋ᠣᠣ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ᠈ ᡥᠠᠯᠠᡳ ᡩᠠ ᠣᡵᡴᠣᠪᠰᠣ᠈ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᡩᠠ ᡨᡠ᠋ᠰᠣᡴᡠᡵᡩᡝ᠋ᠩᡤᡳ ᠰᡝᡩᡝ᠋ ᠠᠯᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠ᠉ ᡠᠯᡥᡳᠪᡠᠮᡝ ᠰᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᡵᡝ ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ᠈ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋᠈
ᠵᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡡᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᠴᡳ ᡠᠩᡤᡳᡥᡝ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝᡩᡝ᠋᠈ ᠰᠠᡴᡳᠨᡳ ᠰᡝᡵᡝ ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ᠈ ᠪᠣᡳ᠌ᡤᠣᠨ ᡶ᠋ᡳᠶᡝᠨ᠋ᡨᡝ᠋ᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠠᠯᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠᠩᡤᡝ᠈ ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ ᠊ᡳ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ᡥᡳᠴᡳ ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡳᠴᡝ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠠᠯᡳᠮᡝ ᡤᠠᡳ᠌ᡥᠠ᠈ ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝᡳ ᡩᠠ ᡥᡳᠶᠠ ᡴᠠᡩ᠋ᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᡨ᠋ᠣᠨ᠋ᡩ᠋ᠣ ᠪᠠᡨᡠ᠋ᡵᡠ ᡤᡠᠩ ᠰᡝᡳ ᠵᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝᡩᡝ᠋᠈ ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ ᠊ᡳ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ᡥᡳᠴᡳ ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡳᠴᡝ ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋
ᡥᡝᠰᡝ ᠸᠠᠰᡳᠮᠪᡠᡥᠠᠩᡤᡝ᠈ ᠶᠠᠶᠠ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠵᡳᡥᡝ ᡥᡝᠵᡝ ᡶ᠋ᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠ ᠊ᡳ ᠯᡳᡩ᠋ᠠᡴᠠ᠈ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ ᡝᡵᡧᡝᡵᡝ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠮᡝ ᠠᡴᡡ ᠣᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᠮᡝ᠈ ᠣᠩᡤᠣᠯᠣ ᡳᠨᡠ ᡝᡵᡝ ᡤᡝᠰᡝ ᠪᡳᡥᡝ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ ᡨᡠ᠋ᠸᠠᠴᡳ ᠴᡝᠨᡳ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠ ᡝᠰᡥᡠᠨ᠈ ᠴᡝ ᡤᠣᡵᠣ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡶᠠᠮᡝ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᡤᠠᡳ᠌ᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠵᡳᡶ᠋ᡳ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ ᡝᡵᡧᡝᡵᡝ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠮᡝ ᠠᡴᡡ ᠣᡥᠣ ᠣᡥᠣᠩᡤᡝ ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ ᠵᡳᠯᠠᡴᠠ᠈ ᡝᠰᡝ ᡩᠠ ᠪᠠᠴᡳ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠵᡳᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠵᡠᡤᡡᠨ ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ ᡤᠣᡵᠣ ᠪᡳᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᡨᡠ᠋᠋ᠸᡝᡵᡳ ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ᠪᡝᠰᡳᠯᡝᡵᡝ᠈ ᠨᡳᠶᡝᠩᠨᡳᠶᡝᡵᡳ ᡩᠣᠰᡳᡵᡝ ᠨᡝᡵᡤᡳᠨ᠋ᡩᡝ᠋ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ ᡝᡵᡧᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠ᠋᠈ ᠴᡝᠨ᠋ᡩᡝ᠋ ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠ᠋ ᡨᡠ᠋ᠰᠠ ᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᡥᠣᠨᠣ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᡧᠠᡥᡡᡵᡠᠨ ᠰᡝᡵᡠᡴᡝᠨ ᠪᡝ ᠪᠣᡩ᠋ᠣᠮᡝ ᡝᡵᡩᡝ᠋ᡴᡝᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠵᡳᠪᡠᡶ᠋ᡳ ᡠᡨ᠌ᡥᠠᡳ ᡥᡡᡩᡠ᠋ᠨ ᡳᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᡶ᠋ᡳ ᠠᠮᠠᠰᡳ ᡠᠩᡤᡳᠴᡳ ᡨᡝ᠋ᠨᡳ ᠰᠠᡳ᠌ᠨ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ ᡳᠯᡩᡠ᠋ᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠᡳ ᠵᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡡᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠵᠠᠰᡳᡶ᠋ᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᠴᡳ ᠵᡠᠯᡝᠰᡳ ᡥᡝᠵᡝ ᡶ᠋ᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠ ᠊ᡳ ᡠᡵᠰᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠵᡳᡶ᠋ᡳ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡶᠠᠮᡝ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᡤᠠᡳ᠌ᡴᡳ ᠰᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈ ᡴᡝᠮᡠᠨᡳ ᠨᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ ᠰᠣᠩᡴᠣᡳ ᠴᡝᠮᠪᡝ ᡥᠣᠨ ᠰᡳᡨ᠋ᠠᠪᡠᡶ᠋ᡳ ᡨᡠ᠋ᠸᡝᡵᡳ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ᠋ᡩᡝ᠋ ᠵᡠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡠᡶ᠋ᡳ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᡠᠩᡤᡳᠴᡳ ᠣᠵᠣᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᡠᡵᡠᠨᠠᡴᡡ ᠨᠠᡩ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᡠᠶᡠᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᠰᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠨ ᡠᠴᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡝ ᠠᠮᠴᠠᠮᡝ ᠵᡳᠪᡠᡶ᠋ᡳ᠈ ᡥᠠᡵᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᠪᠠᠴᡳ ᡠᡨ᠌ᡥᠠᡳ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ ᠰᠣᠩᡴᠣᡳ ᡳᠨ᠋ᡩᡝ᠋ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᡳᠰᡳᠪᡠᠮᡝ ᡳᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᡶ᠋ᡳ ᡩᠠ ᠪᠠᡩᡝ᠋ ᠠᠮᠠᠰᡳ ᡠᠩᡤᡳᡴᡳᠨᡳ᠈ ᡠᡨ᠌ᡨᡠ᠋ ᠣᡥᠣᡩᡝ᠋᠈ ᠴᡝᠨᡳ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ ᡨᡠ᠋ᠰᠠ ᠰᡝᡥᡝᠪᡝ ᡤᡳᠩᡤᡠᠯᡝᠮᡝ ᡩᠠᡥᠠᡶ᠋ᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᡳ ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠵᡳᡥᠠᠪᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨ᠋ᠠ᠈ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠮᡝᡳ᠌ᡵᡝᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ ᠰᡝᡳ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ ᠵᠠᠪᡠᠪᡠᡶ᠋ᡳ᠈ ᡠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᡥᡝᠵᡝ ᡶ᠋ᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠ᠈ ᡴᡠᠶᡝ ᡶ᠋ᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠ ᠊ᡳ ᡠᡵᠰᡝᡩᡝ᠋ ᠰᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᡶ᠋ᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᠴᡳ ᠵᡠᠯᡝᠰᡳ ᠵᠠᡶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡶᠠᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᡤᠠᡳ᠌ᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈ ᡠᡵᡠᠨᠠᡴᡡ ᠨᠠᡩ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᡩᡝ᠋ ᠰᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠨ ᡠᠴᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡝ ᠠᠮᠴᠠᠮᡝ ᡳᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᡶ᠋ᡳ ᡠᠩᡤᡳᡴᡳᠨᡳ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᠪᡳᡨ᠌ᡥᡝ ᠵᠠᠪᡠᠪᡠᡴᡳ ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᠠᠯᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠᠪᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᡳ ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᡠᠩᡤᡳᡥᡝ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠵᡳᡥᠠᠪᡳ᠈ ᡠᡨ᠌ᡨᡠ᠋ ᠣᡶ᠋ᡳ
ᡥᡝᠰᡝ ᠪᡝ ᡩᠠᡥᠠᠮᡝ᠈ ᠰᡠᠸᡝᠨᡳ ᡴᡠᠶᡝ ᡶ᠋ᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠ ᠊ᡳ ᡠᡵᠰᡝ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡶᠠᠮᡝ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᡤᠠᡳ᠌ᡴᡳ ᠰᡝᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠪᡳᠴᡳ ᡝᡵᡩᡝ᠋ᡴᡝᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᠵᡳᡶ᠋ᡳ ᠨᠠᡩ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᡠᠶᡠᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᡩᡝ᠋ ᠰᡝᡵᡤᡠᠸᡝᠨ ᠊ᡳ ᡠᠴᡠᡵᡳ ᡤᡝᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠠᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡴᡳᠨᡳ᠈ ᡝᡵᡝᡳ ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᡥᡳᠪᡠᠮᡝ ᠰᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ᠉
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ ᠊ᡳ ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ᡥᡳᠴᡳ ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᠣᡵᡳᠨ᠉
# Manchu/Library/Karafuto Nayoro Documents/No.2/Latin Script

meiren -i janggin yamun -i bithe Karafuto Nayoro Documents/No.2/Latin Script
meiren -i janggin yamun -i bithe, too hala, halai da orkobso, gašan -i da tusokurdenggi sede alibuha. ulhibume selgiyere jalin, ilan biyai juwan juwe de,
jiyanggiyūn yamun ci unggihe bithede, sakini sere jalin, boigon fiyenten -i alibuhangge, abkai wehiyehe -i dehici aniya ilan biyai ice de alime gaiha, aliha bithei da hiya kadalara dorgi amban tondo baturu gung sei jasiha bithede, abkai wehiyehe -i dehici aniya juwe biyai ice sunja de
hese wasimbuhangge, yaya gemun hecen de jihe heje fiyaka -i lidaka, mama eršere de nimeme akū oho bime, onggolo inu ere gese bihe, erebe tuwaci ceni beye gemu eshun, ce goro bici alban jafame sargan gaime gemun hecen de jifi mama eršere de nimeme akū oho ohongge umesi jilaka, ese da baci gemun hecen de isinjirengge jugūn umesi goro bime gemun hecen de tuweri dubesilere, niyengniyeri dosire nerginde mama eršerengge labdu, cende labdu tusa akū,hono erin -i šahūrun seruken be bodome erdeken -i jibufi uthai hūdun icihiyafi amasi unggici teni sain, erebe ildun de girin ulai jiyanggiyūn de jasifi, ereci julesi heje fiyaha -i urse gemun hecen de jifi alban jafame sargan gaiki serengge bici, kemuni nenehe songkoi cembe hon sitabufi tuweri erinde jurambufi gemun hecen de unggici ojorakū, urunakū nadan jakūn uyun biyai serguwen ucuri be amcame jibufi, harangga baci uthai kooli sonkoi inde sargan isibume icihiyafi da bade amasi unggikini, uttu ohode, ceni beye umesi tusa sehebe gingguleme dahafi, erei jalin jasiha seme isinjihabi, erebe ningguta, ilan hala meiren -i janggin sei yamun de bithe jabubufi, ulame heje fiyaka, kuye fiyaka -i ursede selgiyefi, ereci julesi jafan alban jafame gemun hecen de sargan gaime generengge bici, urunakū nadan jakūn biyai dorgide serguwen ucuri be amcame icihiyafi unggikini seme bithe jabubuki sembi seme alibuhabi, erei jalin unggihe seme isinjihabi, uttu ofi
hese be dahame, suweni kuye fiyaka -i urse gemun hecen de alban jafame sargan gaiki seme generengge bici erdeken -i jifi nadan jakūn uyun biyai dorgide serguwen -i ucuri gemun hecen de isiname genekini, erei jalin ulhibume selgiyehe.
abkai wehiyehe -i dehici aniya ilan biyai orin.
# Marinette Aluminum Boat Maintenance/General Mechanical Info/Windows

Here's an idea for window tracks: don't replace the track unless the track itself is shot. I just found teflon tape about 1/8" thick and 1/4" wide at a plastics supplier in my area (Reed Plastics, Rockville, MD). Using a sharp knife I was able to trim the tape to the width of my track and slide the tape under the glass. This is not the teflon tape used for plumbing to wrap pipe threads.. it's thicker, as noted above, 1/8". It cost me about $23 for a roll that weighed about 1 1/2 lbs -- Reed Plastics sold it by the pound -- don't ask why.
However. . . .if you still want track.. About 45 feet (black) costs $2/ft from Sima Marine in Eastlake, OH. I am not using it because I found the teflon tape will work for me and I don't have to replace all the track (my track is aluminum which isn't available any longer).
Window channels: it's a two person job to remove them and three persons to replace. Not that the panels are heavy, you just run out of hands while balancing hefty pieces of expensive glass.
You'll find just a few screws at the tops/bottoms/sides. On top, be on the lookout for a small bumper that prevents the non-moveable piece of glass from sliding around. It is held in place by one small screw.
After the screws are removed, you can fairly easily wiggle out the lower channel. A suction cup of the type sold to hold onto the hull while cleaning your boat from a dinghy (I think one brand is Holdtite) will come in handy to get a firm grip on the glass. You and partner lower the whole thing safely.
You may be able to get the unit back in place with two people -- I found a third person indispensable for just that few seconds where balance is required.
John Althouse of Marinette, Inc. sells the aluminum channels as well as the plastic ones and if you utilize aluminum, do it -- you will never have to replace them. Plastic channels will get killed by the sun after a few years. When things go back in place, use a good amount of caulk and you're done. One other thing you will want to check is that there are drain openings at both ends of the channels. A small 45-degree cut across the very end of the two upright, outer divider pieces will do that easily.
It's about a 15 to 30 minute removal job and allow the same to put things back in place plus a few minutes to cut the channels to the correct length.
One other thing, you may find that one or more screws are stuck in place. Drill them out using a very slow drill speed, or use a screw extractor tool for stuck screws. It is worth the $15 or so for the tool.
# Marinette Aluminum Boat Maintenance/Ventilation

* Cabin
* Engine
# Marinette Aluminum Boat Maintenance/Ventilation/Engine

There should be six deck vents on a 28 Express. Two face forward, and four face aft. Ducts should be attached to each running to a low point in the bilge. If no where else, a duct should be attached to the bilge blower, and run to a low point to ensure that any gas fumes are drawn out.
While underway, the bilge blower need not be run because the four aft-facing vents will cause suction exhaust while the two forward-facing vents supply intake pressure.
# Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time/Characters
## Character List

* Mario
** Baby Mario
* Luigi
** Baby Luigi
* Princess Peach
** Baby Peach
* Professor E. Gadd
** Younger Elvin Gadd
* Toadsworth
** Younger Toadsworth
* Bowser
** Baby Bowser
* Princess Shroob
** Elder Princess Shroob
* Shroobs (species)
# Marinette Aluminum Boat Maintenance/References

Recommended books:
* Boatowner's Mechanical & Electrical Manual: How to Maintain, Repair, and Improve Your Boat's Essential Systems by Nigel Calder, 1995
* Powerboater's Guide to Electrical Systems: Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Improvements by Ed Sherman, 2000
* Nigel Calder's Cruising Handbook: A Compendium for Coastal and Offshore Sailors 2001
* The Complete Guide to Metal Boats: Building, Maintenance, and Repair by Bruce Roberts-Goodson, 2000
# Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time/About
## Releases of the game

Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time was originally released for the Nintendo DS handheld game console, and was later re-released for the Nintendo Wii U home game console.
* A Nintendo DS
* A Wii U

### Release dates

* North America: November 28, 2005
* Japan: December 29, 2005
* Europe: January 27, 2006
* United Kingdom (UK): February 10, 2006
* Australia: February 23, 2006

## About this Wikibook

This Wikibook was started on July 16th, 2021 with the creation of the page Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time/Plot Summary.
# Marinette Aluminum Boat Maintenance/Rules of the Road

Do sailboats have the right of way?
Navigation Rules at USCG
COLREGS
USCG on USE OF "NOT UNDER COMMAND" (NUC) SIGNALS
# Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time

Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time is a 2005 role playing game for the Nintendo DS, and Wii U virtual console.

## Contents
### Gameplay

* Controls

### Story

* Plot Summary
* Characters

### Walkthrough

* Hollijolli Village

### Meta

* About
# Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

* Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introduction | Four polar dimensions: E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P | Four basic temperaments: SJ, SP, NT, NF | The sixteen types QuickTyping | At work | Criticisms | Further reading
Welcome to the web's free, open content textbook of

# Personality Type and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

    Introduction
    Dimensions
       Extraversion vs. Introversion
       Sensing vs. Intuition
       Thinking vs. Feeling
       Judging vs. Perceiving
    Temperaments
       SJ, "The Traditionalist"
       SP, "The Experiencer"
       NF, "The Idealist"
       NT, "The Conceptualizer"
    Types
       ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ ISTP ISFP INFP INTP ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
    QuickTyping
    At work
    Criticisms
    Further reading
# MySQL/Language/Using NULL
## Description

Null is a special logical value in SQL. Most programming languages have 2 values of logic: True and False. SQL also has NULL which means "Unknown". A NULL value can be set.
NULL is a non-value, so it can be assigned to TEXT columns, INTEGER columns or any other datatype. A column can not contain NULLs only if it has been declared as NOT NULL (see ALTER TABLE).
Do not quote the NULL. If you quote a Null then you name the person NULL. For some strange reason, NULLs do not show visually on windows XP in Varchar fields but they do in Fedora's version, so versions of mysql can give different outputs. Here we set the value of Sting and Homer's first name to a zero length string "", because we KNOW they have NO first name, but we KNOW we do not know the place they were born. To check for a NULLs use
Remember, COUNT never counts NULLS.
Normal operations (comparisons, expressions...) return NULL if at least one of the compared items is NULL:
because all the expressions between in parenthesis return NULL. It's definitely logical: if you don't know the value represented by NULL, you don't know is it's =1 or <>1. Be aware that even (NULL=NULL) and (NOT NULL) return NULL.

## Dealing with NULL

The function 'COALESCE' can simplify working with null values. for example, to avoid showing null values by treating null as zero, you can type:
In a date field, to treat NULL as the current date:
The coalesce function is there to guard against trying to calculate the logarithm of a null value and may be optional depending on your circumstances.
Use of IFNULL in your SELECT statement is to make the NULL any value you wish.
If expr1 is not NULL, IFNULL returns expr1, else it returns expr2.
IFNULL returns a numeric or string value, depending on the context in which it is used:
Null handling can be very counter intuitive and could cause problems if you have an incorrect function in a delete statement that returns null. For example the following query will delete all entries.
If you want to have NULL values presented last when doing an ORDER BY, try this:
Finally, to determine the table fields which can't be null:
# MySQL/Pivot table

"pivot table" or a "crosstab report"
(Note: this page needs to be wikified)
SQL Characteristic Functions: Do it without "if", "case", or "GROUP_CONCAT". Yes, there is use for this..."if" statements sometimes cause problems when used in combination.
The simple secret, and it's also why they work in almost all databases, is the following functions:
* sign (x) returns -1,0, +1 for values x < 0, x = 0, x > 0 respectively
* abs( sign( x) ) returns 0 if x = 0 else, 1 if x > 0 or x < 0
* 1-abs( sign( x) ) complement of the above, since this returns 1 only if x = 0
Data for full example:
Note, the above pivot table was created with one select statement.
Let's decompose to make the trick clearer, for the second exam:
You may think IF's would be clean but WATCH OUT! Look what the following gives (INCORRECT !!):
Note: the following does work - is all the maths necessary after all?
Above delta_1_2 shows the difference between the first and second exams, with the numbers being positive because both Bob and Sue improved their score with each exam. Calculating the deltas here shows it's possible to compare two rows, not columns which is easily done with the standard SQL statements but rows in the original table.
TotalIncPoints shows the sum of the deltas.
It's possible to combine Total Increasing Point TotalIncPoints with AVG. In fact, it's possible to combine all of the example cuts of the data into one SQL statement, which provides additional options for displaying data on your page
Exam scores are listing along with moving averages...again it's all with one select statement.
Good article on "Cross tabulations" or de-normalizing data to show stats: http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/wizard/print_version.html
ADOdb (PHP) can generate pivot tables using PivotTableSQL.
For Perl, check DBIx-SQLCrosstab.
# Myers-Briggs Type Indicator/At work

* Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introduction | Four polar dimensions: E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P | Four basic temperaments: SJ, SP, NT, NF | The sixteen types QuickTyping | At work | Criticisms | Further reading
# Mathematical Proof/Proof Assistants

This section gives advices about tools used to make mathematical proofs.
A proof assistant is a software tool to assist with the development of formal proofs by man-machine collaboration.

## References

* ↑ Proof assistant (article on wikipedia).

## See also
### Wikibook

* Mathematical Proof