OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Proteomics/Protein Separations- Electrophoresis/QPNC-PAGE
## Theory

Quantitative preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (QPNC-PAGE) is an electrophoresis technique to isolate native or active metalloproteins in biological samples and to resolve properly and improperly folded metal cofactor-containing proteins in complex protein mixtures. Some examples of metalloproteins are metal chaperones, prions, metal transport proteins, amyloids, metalloenzymes, and metallopeptides.

## Gel and Buffer Characteristics

The gel is polymerized for a time period of sixty-nine hours at room temperature. That results in a gel which is mechanically stable, homogeneous, and free of monomers or radicals, and therefore, only negligible interactions of the gel with the biomolecules occur. The metalloproteins are not dissociated into metal cofactors and apoproteins during electrophoresis, and purified metalloproteins are isolated in quantitative amounts in different PAGE fractions. Due to the specific characteristics of the gel, the conformation or active structures of the isolated proteins are not changed by this method.
The chemical stability of a specific metalloprotein can be investigated and confirmed by using size-exclusion chromatography.
The buffer used for electrophoresis contains 20 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM NaN$_3$ and has a pH 10. Due to the specific properties of the gel and buffer solution, most proteins in the sample are charged negatively and migrate from the cathode to the anode in the electric field. The proteins are eluted continuously by a physiological buffer solution and isolated in different fractions.

## Analysis and Applications

Metal cofactors eluted in different PAGE fractions can be identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. Since the pure metalloproteins are separated under non-denaturing conditions, the structures of these proteins can be obtained by solution NMR spectroscopy.
Improper folding of metalloproteins results in degenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease. The quantitative analysis of metallochaperone proteins in biofluids helps in the clinical investigations concerning the structure-function relationships of biologically-active metal cofactor-containing chaperones in those protein-misfolding diseases. QPNC-PAGE combined with biological mass and NMR spectrometries provides valuable information about the metabolisms of important metal cofactors in biological systems.

## See also

The Wikipedia entry for QPNC-PAGE can be found here. Wikipedia also has an article on NMR spectroscopy, found here.

## References

* ^ Kastenholz, Bernd; Garfin, David E. (6 July 2010). "Isolation of Acidic, Basic and Neutral Metalloproteins by QPNC-PAGE". Nature Precedings. doi:10.1038/npre.2010.4617.1.
* ^ Kastenholz, Bernd (2007). "New Hope for the Diagnosis and Therapy of Alzheimers Disease". Protein & Peptide Letters. 14 (4): 389–393. doi:10.2174/092986607780363970. PMID 17504097.
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# Pinyin/Software

Software is the programs used by computers for doing particular jobs.
ruaanjiahn shih diahnnaao yohngyii warncherng tehdihng gongzuoh d cherngshih.
# Pinyin/Somalia

Search Pinyin Somalia
# Pinyin/Solar System

Search Pinyin system
The Solar System is the Sun and all the objects in orbit around it. The Sun is orbited by planets, asteroids, comets and other things.
Tàiyángxì shì Tàiyáng hé wéirào tā xuánzhuǎn de suǒyǒu wùtǐ, bāokuò xíngxīng, xiǎoxíngxīng, huìxīng hé qítā de dōngxi.
The Sun is a star. It contains 99.9 percent of the Solar System's mass. This means that it has strong gravity. The other objects are pulled into orbit around the Sun.
Tàiyáng shì yī gè héngxīng, zhìliàng zhàn Tàiyángxì de 99.9%, Yīn'ér yǒu hěn qiáng de yǐnlì xīzhe qítā wùtǐ wéirào tā xuánzhuǎn.
# Pinyin/Some

See also
# Pinyin/Sole Fish

Search Pinyin sole fish
Search Pinyin fish
Sole is a fish belonging to several families. Generally speaking, they are members of the family Soleidae, but, outside Europe, the name sole is also applied to various other similar flatfish, especially other members of the sole suborder Soleoidei as well as members of the flounder family. In European cookery, there are several species which may be considered true soles, but the common or Dover sole Solea solea, often simply called the sole, is the most esteemed and most widely available.
Sole fish is rich in omega-3, which is good for the heart, blood vessels, the brain and eyes.
Lónglì shì yīlèi yú, bāokuò ruògān jiāzú, yībān zhǐ Soleidae jiāzú chéngyuán, dàn Ōuzhōu yǐwài dìqū yě zhǐ gèzhǒng lèisì de bǐmùyú, yóuqíshì zhǐ lónglìyú fēnzhī Soleoidei de chéngyuán, yě zhǐ piānkǒuyú jiāzú chéngyuán. Zài Ōuzhōu pēngrèn zhōng, yǒu jǐgè zhǒnglèi kě bèi rènwéi shì zhēnzhèng de lónglìyú, dàn Chángjiàn Lónglì yě jiàozuò Dover Lónglì, xuémíng Solea solea, yībān jiǎnchēng lónglì, shì zuì yǒumíng hé zuì guǎngfàn shǐyòng de.
Lónglìyú fùhán omega-3, duì xīnzàng, xuèguǎn, nǎobù hé yǎnjīng yǒu hǎochù.

## See also

* Pinyin/Basa
# Pinyin/Soil

Soil is the substance on the surface of the Earth in which plants grow.
tuuraang shih Dihqiur biaaomiahn, zhirwuh laihyii shengzhaang d wuhzhih.
# Pinyin/Soldier

Search Pinyin soldier
# Pinyin/Solid
## Noun

* solid is a substance that is firm and hard and is not a liquid or a gas.
** guhtii shih jianguh d fei-yehtii her fei-qihtii d wuhzhih.
# Pinyin/Soft Tissue

See also
# Question Writer Manual/Extras/Importing Questions
## Importing Questions

* Question Writer Professional supports importing questions in two formats (click on the item to see more detail about formatting requirements):
* Moodle XML format
* Text Format (.txt and .rtf)
* If you want to import a file, you simply select Import from the menu bar and click on either Text Format or Moodle XML. A pop up window will appear asking you to select the file that you want to import.
A new quiz window will appear containing the questions that you have imported. You will have to enter your Quiz Title and Introduction Screen details, and set the quiz up for feedback etc.
The importer doesn't always work perfectly - there can be a lot of variation in the way questions are formatted. If you experience difficultly importing a set of questions - send the file you're importing to support@questionwriter.com and we will do our best to correct any problems with the import routine.
# Question Writer Manual/About Questions/Skipping and Branching
## Skipping and Branching

* You can use the feedback mechanism so that quiz takers are automatically taken to another part of the quiz based on an evaluation of their answer. The jump can be to another question, to another page or to another piece of feedback. The evaluation will usually be whether a single score is greater or less than a particular value, but can also include more complex conditions (And, Not, Or).
* You can try out this sample quiz in your browser. In this quiz the quiz taker is asked a first question (the Screener). If the quiz taker does well, they skip to an advanced question; if they do poorly, they jump to an easier question.
* There are a few things happening here.
* Firstly the score variable 'Screener' is associated with the Partial Credit question. Any score achieved here is associated with this score variable and used to make an initial evaluation.
* In the feedback node, we check to see if the score is greater than 6 - if so, we branch to the Population question. If not the user moves onto the Multiple Choice question skipping the more difficult Population question.
* NB the Population and Vatican questions have metadata associated with them - this is so we can give them specific names. The name must the same in the Branch action as it is in the Question Metadata Title, the Page Title, or the Feedback identifier.
* You can download the source file (.qwz) of this example to have a closer look at the set up.
* Feedback
* You can set a new Redirect URL at the end of the quiz based on a user's score. For example, if the user passes, you might send him to one webpage, and if not to another. The setting is in the Branch element - the Branch is activated when the associated condition evaluates to true.
* You can place the feedback in the report section instead of between the questions. This is useful if you want to send the results to the server before giving feedback to the user.
* If you're displaying question feedback too, the custom feedback will appear in the position you place it between the questions. For example, if you place the feedback between questions 2 and 3 and check the 'Report Section' option, the feedback will appear between the question 2 feedback and question 3 feedback.
* Here’s a sample quiz with a full worked example. (Right click and ‘Save As). It forwards the user to one of four different Wikipedia pages based on the score achieved. You might need to publish the quiz in order to see the redirect in action, as a local security sandbox may prevent the quiz from redirecting to a new page.
# Question Writer Manual/Basic Navigation
## Basic Navigation

The normal screen view has 4 parts:
1. At the top there is the menu bar with drop down menus and
2. a tool bar with buttons for a selection of the most frequent actions from the menu.
The rest of the screen is split in two -
3. on the left is the action panel where you can see the questions you have added in a tree structure and
4. on the right is the preview panel where the quiz will be displayed if preview is selected.
As you take actions, eg adding a question, a properties window will pop up and you can tick boxes or enter text as required.
When you click on Preview you will get a preview of whatever you have selected so if have first clicked on the Quiz icon (in the left hand pane or Action Panel) you will be given a preview of the whole quiz. If you have selected a particular question in the Action Panel when you click on Preview you will see a preview of that question only.
You can also right click on either the quiz icon or the individual questions in the tree structure and you will be able to choose an action from a drop down menu.
# Question Writer Manual/Extras
## Extras

* Drag and Drop Questions between Quizzes
* Question Writer API
* Importing Questions
** Moodle XML format
** Text Format (.txt and .rtf)
* Language Selector
* Flash Lite 2
* PlayStation Portable
# Question Writer Manual/Extras/Drag and Drop
## Drag and Drop Questions between Quizzes

Question Writer makes it easy to drag and drop questions between quizzes. For example if you are writing a new quiz on capital cities and already have a quiz about European cities, you can simply open drag and drop the relevant questions into your new quiz.
# Question Writer Manual/Extras/Flash Lite 2
## Flash Lite 2

Flash Lite 2 is a Flash player for mobile phones . Flash Lite 2 can manage basic Question Writer quizzes as long as the theme is kept simple and the questions are limited in number (about 10 with no feedback or 5 with feedback). This will improve as phones use more memory and better processors.
There is some sample Question Writer content for FlashLite 2 (double size in browser, click here to download .swf to try on your phone ).
The sample uses the scenario of an estate agent (or realtor) entering details of a new rental property. It works well as a quick and easy form - it can be used for form filling in a situation where a keyboard isn't practical. It uses the texting mechanism so can be completed with one hand. Here's the theme download (.qws)
Android 2.2 supports Flash 10 and this is an excellent way to run your quizzes on mobile devices. The quizzes will run on Android 2.2 phones in the same way that they run on desktop browsers. Question Writer includes a theme with a 320x480 resolution that can be used for best effect with mobile phones.
You can read some more about this and see Question Writer running on a phone using an Android app here:
# Question Writer Manual/Extras/Importing Questions/Moodle XML format
## Moodle XML format

* Question Writer supports importing questions from Moodle XML format. See Moodle.org for more information .
# Question Writer Manual/About Questions/Sequencing
## Sequencing

In this type of question you will be asking the quiz taker to place a selection of statements in the correct order. You should be sure that there is only one correct order (unlike the example!). The quiz taker will be able to drag and drop the answers into a grid.
You can opt to award marks only to quiz-takers who get the entire sequence correct - or you can award partial credit where some pairs have been correctly sequenced relative to each other. Question Scoring Options
See the Question Writer Blog article for detailed information on how the partial credit scoring works with Sequencing Questions.
Go to Multiple Choice, Multiple Response, True or False, Fill in the Blank, Matching, Essay, Partial Credit, Explanation, Plugins
# Question Writer Manual/About Questions/True or False
## True or False

In this question type you can enter a statement rather than a question. The quiz taker then has to decide if the statement is true or false. Remember to tick the correct option.
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/11gR2 Bug Workaround

Prev: Create Cluster
* Setup OCFS2
* Cluster Verification Utility (Shared Filesystem)
* 11gR2 Bug Workaround
* Install Grid Infrastructure (Shared Filesystem)
* Increase CRS Fencing Timeout (Shared Filesystem)
Next: RAC Install
Several NFS appliances and big-iron cluster filesystems are very common in large cluster database deployments. We will use OCFS2 here to practice 11gR2 RAC with a filesystem.
Note: 11gR2 clusterware has a bug – it does allow cluster files on OCFS2 (even though this is a supported configuration). To work around this bug, we will present the OCFS2 directory to clusterware with a local "loopback" NFS mount.
* As the root user, Follow the steps below to setup the local NFS mount on node collabn1. [root@collabn1 ~]# mkdir /u61 [root@collabn1 ~]# vi /etc/fstab # create an NFS mount on u61 which points back to u51 localhost:/u51 /u61 nfs \ rw,bg,hard,nointr,rsize=32768,wsize=32768,tcp,vers=3,timeo=600,noac [root@collabn1 ~]# vi /etc/exports /u51 *(rw,no_root_squash,sync) [root@collabn1 ~]# chkconfig nfs on [root@collabn1 ~]# service nfs start [root@collabn1 ~]# mount /u61
* Repeat all of these steps on node collabn2. [root@collabn1 ~]# ssh collabn2 [root@collabn2 ~]# mkdir /u61 [root@collabn2 ~]# vi /etc/fstab # create an NFS mount on u61 which points back to u51 localhost:/u51 /u61 nfs \ rw,bg,hard,nointr,rsize=32768,wsize=32768,tcp,vers=3,timeo=600,noac [root@collabn2 ~]# vi /etc/exports /u51 *(rw,no_root_squash,sync) [root@collabn2 ~]# chkconfig nfs on [root@collabn2 ~]# service nfs start [root@collabn2 ~]# mount /u61
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Block Change Tracking

Prev: RAC SQL and PLSQL
* Setup Backups
* Flashback Database
* Block Change Tracking
* Archived Logs
* Database Backups
* Database Recovery
Next: Home
* Enable block change tracking on the database and explicitly choose the local FRA destination. (Typically the block change tracking file is created in the OMF DB destination rather than the FRA.) SQL> alter database enable block change tracking 2 using file '/u01/app/oradata/changetracking.ctf'; What happens? Make sure to check the alert logs. Try it with only one instance open, and then open the other instance to see what happens.
* Disable block change tracking. SQL> alter database disable block change tracking; SQL> col filename format a40 SQL> select * from v$block_change_tracking; STATUS FILENAME BYTES ---------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- DISABLED
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Bullpen
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery
This page includes links to all new content which is being developed. Please do not move content into the rest of the book until it has been tested by someone other than the writer.
Either of these two options can be used to add page links. The first utilizes a template which looks a little nicer:
Pages currently in progress:
* Events
* Demo
* Planning Your Time
* RAC Attack 12c
* Common Overview
* Squid ISO Caching
* RAC_Attack_12c/Linux_Post_Installation_No_Internet
* RAC Attack Automation
# Quizbowl science/Biology/cAMP

Cyclic AMP is a G-protein coupled receptor.

## How it works

The G protein-coupled receptor is attached to the G protein. When the hormone activates the GPCR, the G-alpha subunit detaches, and the GDP inside of it turns into GTP. Then, the G-alpha subunit attaches to an effector enzyme, which then triggers the release of many secondary messengers.

## This case

The effector enzyme is known as adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cycloase converts ATP -> cAMP + PP. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
Kinases add phosphate groups from ATP to something. So, cAMP-dependent protein kinases phosphorylate target proteins (typically cellular enzymes).

## Breakdown

cAMP is broken down to AMP by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. However, this enzyme is inhibited by caffeine, thus causing stimulating effects.

## See also

Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhLIfEmIHcM&list=PLmGAunhTA6--y7K04aQx1ZKhEuc-gsQIl&index=77
* ↑ pyrophosphate
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Client Load Balancing

Prev: Clusterware Testing
* Install Instant Client
* Service Failover
* Connection Failover
* Runtime Failover
* Client Load Balancing
* Server Load Balancing
Next: RAC SQL and PLSQL
Note: This lab was written for 11.1 and does not show the same behavior in 11.2 - it needs to be updated!
* Power on both nodes from the VMware Console. [root@collabn1 ~]# srvctl status database -d RAC Instance RAC1 is running on node collabn1 Instance RAC2 is running on node collabn2
* Open a SQLPlus session on the database and confirm that there are no sessions for the SH user. SQL> select inst_id, count(*) from gv$session where username='SH' group by inst_id; no rows selected
* Disable server-side load balancing on both instances by clearing the REMOTE_LISTENER init param and re-registering. Before registering with the listeners, restart them to reset the connection statistics. SQL> alter system set remote_listener=''; System altered. collabn1:/home/oracle[RAC1]$ lsnrctl stop collabn1:/home/oracle[RAC1]$ lsnrctl start SQL> -- instance RAC1 SQL> alter system register; System altered. collabn1:/home/oracle[RAC1]$ lsnrctl services Service "RAC.vm.ardentperf.com" has 1 instance(s). Instance "RAC1", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Handler(s): "DEDICATED" established:0 refused:0 state:ready LOCAL SERVER collabn2:/home/oracle[RAC2]$ lsnrctl stop collabn2:/home/oracle[RAC2]$ lsnrctl start SQL> -- instance RAC2 SQL> alter system register; System altered. collabn2:/home/oracle[RAC2]$ lsnrctl services Service "RAC.vm.ardentperf.com" has 1 instance(s). Instance "RAC2", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service... Handler(s): "DEDICATED" established:0 refused:0 state:ready LOCAL SERVER
* In your other connected SQLPlus session, keep an eye on the balance of connections. At the same time, open a new shell session and run this script which will open 160 connections to the database. a=160; while [ $a -gt 0 ]; do sqlplus sh/sh@RAC & a=$((a-1)) done How were the connections distributed between the database instances during client-side load balancing? Note: In 11.2 these connections are load balanced across the SCAN listeners instead of the RAC nodes.
* Terminate all of the sqlplus sessions by running these two commands. After you run the second command, press <Ctrl-C> after you start seeing the message "no more job". killall sqlplus while true; do fg; done <Ctrl-C>
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the series at the position after the last value.
TAIL is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port)
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE if a series is at its tail.
TAIL? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port bitset)
# DESCRIPTION:

Sets the line text information in an object for a face.
TEXTINFO is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* face -- The face for which the information is defined. (Type: object)
* line-info -- The object where the information will be set. (Type: object)
* line -- The line to get information for. (Type: number any-string)
# Rebol Programming/tab

TAB is a char of value: #"^-"
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns TRUE for tag values.
TAG? is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: any-type)
# Rebol Programming/teal

TEAL is a tuple of value: 0.128.128
# DESCRIPTION:

Copies and removes from series. (Modifies)
TAKE is a function value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: series port none)

# REFINEMENTS

* /part -- Limits to a given length or position
** length -- (Type: number series port pair)
* /last -- Take it from the tail end

# (SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES)

* catch
# Rebol Programming/tan

TAN is a tuple of value: 222.184.135
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the trigonometric tangent in degrees.
TANGENT is a native value.

# ARGUMENTS

* value -- (Type: number)

# REFINEMENTS

* /radians -- Value is specified in radians.
# DESCRIPTION:

Returns the tenth value of a series.
TENTH is an action value.

# ARGUMENTS

* series -- (Type: series port tuple)
# SPARQL/OPTIONAL

With a triple ?person wdt:P569 ?birth_date the birth date of a person can be retrieved. But there might be occasions when a persons birth date is not known. In that case this triple acts as a selection: Only persons with birth dates are selected.
And that’s not what we want in this case: we primarily want to include this person and if additional data is available, we’d like to list that, but we don’t want that to limit our list of results.
The solution is to tell WDQS that those triples are OPTIONAL:
Try it!
Without OPTIONAL none of two the children of Obama would be shown, because the date of death is not filled for any of the children.
In general you should NOT include all optional triplets into one OPTIONAL { } sentence.
Try it!
The result is that all variables are blank when only one of them is missing in the data.
Cases where this might be useful is when the variables are tightly linked.