OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Agarwood

Derived from the agarwood tree, agarwood essential oil has a unique and intense fragrance. It's been used for centuries in Asia for religious ceremonies and traditional medicine. Agarwood oil has some impressive properties, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Read on to learn more about the benefits of this oil and how to use it safely. Agarwood essential oil is one of the rarest and most expensive oils in the world. Emotionally, it inspires strength and can deepen a sense of personal awareness. This highly coveted essential oil is not commonly found in most oilers' collections. Find out agarwood essential oil benefits and uses, plus a few DIY recipes to try. This precious oil is often used as a base ingredient in commercial fragrances but what is really wonderful is that agarwood essential oil, also called oud essential oil, can be used as a natural cologne all on its own. This essential oil is extracted from the fungus-infected wood of the agarwood tree, commonly called the “wood of the gods”. The process to make essential oil is very special. The wood is naturally pale in color and nearly odorless but when the wood is threatened by mold, it produces a dark, aromatic oleoresin to get rid of the fungus. This creates a dark, fragrant, resin-rich heartwood. The heartwood is then harvested and steam distilled to make the rare oil. Agarwood has a very unique aroma but you can try rich wood oils like Buddha wood, Sandalwood, Rosewood, or Ho wood. When using essential oils topically, it is best practice to dilute them in carrier oil first before applying them to the skin. Jojoba and fractionated coconut oil are popular choices. When using agarwood oil for aromatherapy, patience is needed. This rare oil is very thick and it can be slow to get a drop to come out of the bottle. Good thing is that one drop can really go a long way. It is frequently used as a base when making natural perfume/cologne. Many also like to enjoy adding this calming oil to their meditation routine. Just inhale the aroma to help you to enter a deeply spiritual state. Agarwood Essential Oil Benefits and Uses: Strengthens concentration; Promotes inner peace and balance; Supports healthy digestion; Enhances meditation; Powerful natural aphrodisiac; Soothes ongoing stress; Inspires strength and clarity; Supports greater personal awareness; Eases muscle spasms.
Source: Jennifer Lane - Certified Aromatherapist
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Angelica
## Angelica (Angelica archangelica)

Angelica oil comes from the roots of the Angelica archangelica (Archangelica officinalis) plant. It has a herby, spicy scent and is a base note oil.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Reduces water retention.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion and flatulence.

### Pain

Angelica is used in used in Chinese medicine to soothe rheumatism and arthritis.

### Skin

Improves psoriasis.

## Caution

* Don't use angelica oil if you are diabetic.

## References

* ↑ "ANGELICA". hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of ailments/Asthma
## Asthma

Asthma is a chronic lung condition that makes it difficult to breathe. Asthma attacks can be very serious, even fatal. Asthma may be eased by some essential oils.

## Effective oils

* Chamomile (Roman)
* Clove
* Eucalyptus
* Frankincense
* Helichrysum
* Hyssop
* Lavender
* Lime
* Marjoram
* Myrtle
* Niaouli
* Nutmeg
* Peppermint
* Rose
* Sandalwood
* Spearmint
* Tea Tree
* Thyme
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations/Dog Tracking Experts
## Qualifying Expert

Counsel will attempt to make two qualifications: the dogmaster in the field of interpreting the actions of the dog, and the dog in tracking human scents or drug scents.
* duration the dogmaster has been member of force / duration the dogmaster has been with dog team / duration the dogmaster has been with <dog>
* Dogmaster training course / duration / coverings tracking of human scents or drugs
* prior experience qualified giving evidence in court as dogmaster / prior testimony with current dog
* dog breed of <dog> / relevance of breed to tracking / ability of breed to track
* method of tracking / method of communicating
* whether training is needed / history of training of dog / whether with dogmaster or with others
* performance on simulated and real cases
* how dogmaster learns particular communication style of <dog>
* on-going training / frequency
* duration <dog> has been tracking / number of investigations used for
* success rate / false positives
Subject to cross-examination, counsel will then request the dogmaster and dog be qualified as experts.

## Methodology

* how dogmaster communicates to dog (types of signals)
* how dog communicates with dogmaster (types of signals)
* dogs ability to follow scents
* effects of environment (terrain, climate, obstacles, persons etc) / types of distractors
* possibility of dog losing scent / reasons
* possibility of dog catching scent of another track that crosses first track

## Tracking Evidence

* dogmaster responds to request for services / time of request
* time and location that the dog was deployed (use map)
* commands or signals communicated to the dog
* response from the dog / interpretation of the response
* route traveled during tracking (draw on map)
* whether there were other people discovered during track
* further signals given to dog during tracking
* further signals given from dog during tracking
* any item(s) or person(s) found / identification of person
* opinion of relevance of item or person found / signals from dog relevant to discovery
* what happened to item or person
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Model Examinations/Fire Experts
## Fire Chief or Fire Marshall

The fire chief or fire marshall is a member of a fire department who is trained in analysing fires and their causes.

### Qualification

* employed with a regional fire department / position of fire chief or similar
* duration of employment
* education and training relevant to analysing fires / degree, certificates, or licences received
* type of work that he or she does relevant to analysing fires
* past experience as an expert witness / whether he or she was qualified in the past

### Foundation of Opinion

* on <date>, the expert attended the scene of a fire at <location>;
* time of arrival
* state of scene and structure when arriving / whether any observable signs of ongoing fire
* method that the fire was extinguished
* whether photographs were taken / diagrams made / enter as exhibit and review with witness
* time of entering / inspecting the scene (may have had to wait for safety reasons)
* extent of examination / areas examined
* notable observations:
** possible site of origin of fire
** observable burn patterns on inside (e.g. floor, wall, or ceiling) or outside (e.g. walls, roof, neighbouring structures)
* discovered any items relevant to fire (accelerants, etc.) / seized by police

### Opinion

Ask for an opinion with reasons for each of the following points:
* location of fire's origin (inside vs outside, region of origin) / anything notable about region
* cause of fire
* source of fire's oxygen (usually source from outside)
* whether accelerants were involved / notable signs of "spalling" (strong concentrations of burning)
* speed of fire's progression / manner in which it would have progressed / where fire went
* how the fire started / what was ignition
* likelihood of source being electrical malfunctioning
* likelihood of caused by accident or negligence such as discarded cigarettes or stove left on
* likelihood of purely natural causes (lightening)
* likelihood of a person would have started it intentionally
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Recent Possession
## Generally

The doctrine of recent possession permits the court to make the inference that the possessor of the property had knowledge that the property was obtained in the commission of the offence, and in certain circumstances was also a party to the initial offence.
When considering whether to make the inference of recent possession, the trier-of-fact must take into account all the circumstances. This includes common sense factors such as the amount of time that passed between possession and the offence.
Recency is a matter of circumstances such as type and size of the items. In certain cases recency can include periods longer than a month.
To permit the inference, the Crown must establish 1) that the accused was found in possession of the item and 2) that the item was recently stolen. Where it can be said that the accused was found in recent possession without explanation to trier of fact may, but not necessarily, draw the inference regarding the accused's role in the theft or related offences.
Factors to consider whether the possession was "recent" includes:
* the nature of the object;
* the rareness of the object;
* the readiness with which the object can, and is likely to, pass to another; and
* the ease of identification.
Where the doctrine has been invoked, the Defence can counter the presumption by way of a reasonable explanation.
It is not necessary to go beyond the test for recent possession to determine the accused's degree of participation. That is, whether the accused was a principle or accomplice.
* ↑ see R. v. Terrence, [1983] 1 S.C.R. 357 and R. v. Kowlyk, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 59
* ↑ R v Abernathy 2002 BCCA 8
* ↑ R v Gagnon, 2006 MBCA X at 13
* ↑ R. v. Killam, [1973] 5 W.W.R. 3 at para. 45
* ↑ e.g. R. v. Rimmer, 2011 BCCA 411
* ↑ R. v. Gagnon, 2006 MBCA 125 (CanLII)
* ↑ Gagnon
* ↑ R. v. Graham, [1974] SCR 206, 1972 CanLII 72 R. v. Nickerson (1977) 37 CCC (2d) 337 (NSCA); R. v. Newton, [1977] 1 S.C.R. 312 1976 CanLII 57 R. v. L'Heureux, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 159, 1985 CanLII 49 R. v. Kowlyk, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 59, 1988 CanLII 50
* ↑ R. v. Thatcher 1987 CanLII 53 (SCC), (1987), 57 C.R. (3d), 97

## Cases

* R. v. Palaga, 2008 SKCA 36 -- acquitted of B&E
* R. v. Goulet, 2005 SKPC 104 -- convicted of B&E
* R. v. Harris, 1995 CanLII 4187 (NS CA) -- convicted of B&E
* R. v. J.R.L.J., 1994 CanLII 7617 -- convicted of B&E
# Canadian Criminal Evidence/Proving Facts
## Introduction

There are several ways that facts can be established. The predominant manner of establishing fact is through evidence. In fact, almost all manners of proof require some amount of evidence and the real distinction is the proximity of the evidence to the fact at issue.
Facts are established by:
* Direct Evidence
* Circumstantial Evidence (including inferences)
* Legal Presumptions
* Judicial Notice
* Admissions of Fact

### Direct Evidence

Direct evidence is evidence that is put forward to directly establish a fact which resolves a matter at issue. No inferences of fact need to be drawn to resolve the matter at issue. A first-hand eyewitness testifying to seeing a criminal offence take place is the most obvious example of direct evidence.

## Topics

* Circumstantial Evidence
* Inferences
* Recent Possession
* Presumptions
* Judicial Notice
* Admissions of Fact
# Conlang/State of the Book

For each module, the table of contents shows an icon indicating subjectively how complete that module is:
The module doesn't exist yet, or near enough.
Content and organization has yet to be fully decided.
The information is scattered, incomplete, or may be unreliable.
Much of the information is there, but it needs to be touched up or organised. This is still usable.
The information is essentially complete. However, additions and improvements can still be made.
# Conlang/Make an Alphabet

Step One is to create an alphabet, and come up with the sounds.
Example: B, D, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, SH, T, V, W, Y, and Z as in English. C as CH, DH as hard TH (this), J as French, TH as soft TH (thistle).
For vowels our language will have long and short vowels, short distinguished by two dots. Long vowels are as Spanish or Latin. Short for A, E, I, O, U are pat, bet, pig, paw, but. Vowel pairs are ai- my, au how, oi- boy.
# Conmap

If you've thought about the geography of your planet, you'll eventually need a ConMap to organize the information. This section deals with how to make good, realistic, and eye-pleasing maps.

## Table of Contents

* Getting Ready
* Projections
* The Basic Outline
* Nations
* Mountains
* Thematic Maps
* Finishing Touches
* Examples of Conworld Maps

## Computerized mapping

Mapping software tools provide a wide array of options for creating maps at many different levels as well as rendered scenes of landscapes based on those maps.

### Free software

* TerraJ by Martin Smith, an open source Java cross-platform solar system generator combining Fractal Planet, StarGen, and Planet Generator
* GeoMorph relief editor
* G.Projector by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, a free cross-platform Java application that can reproject a map from a cylindrical projection to a Mercator projection, for example
* AutoRealm is an open source mapping utility for creating maps of castles, dungeons, and cities

### Commercial software

* L3DT by Bundysoft, a comprehensive commercial terrain modeling solution.
* Fractal Mapper by Nbos Software, targeted at maps more similar to human-drawn maps
* AstroSynthesis by Nbos Software, a star-mapping tool that maps the positions of groups of nearby stars in 3D
* Daylon Leveller by Daylon Graphics, a terrain sculpting application for Windows
* Terragen by Planetside Software, a terrain generator and rendering application

### Unknown status

* Wilbur by Joe Slayton, a free digital terrain sculpting application for Windows
* The Galaxy galaxy generator by Dmytry Lavrov

## External links

* map tools wiki
* Terrain building tutorial Part 1 and Part 2 from ME-DEM, the Middle Earth Digital Elevation Model project
# Conmap/Getting Ready
## Materials

When making a map, I set out the following instruments:
* a hard pencil
* a very good eraser
* several sheets of white paper
* a good ruler, with gradations of at least 1mm (1/16")
* a compass (the type for drawing circles)
* some way of adding colour

## Workspace

I try to have a large level table, or a drafting board, with a table close by, and a comfortable chair. Make sure that the work surface is clean and free of unnecessary clutter. This will ensure that you have plenty of room to work with the maps that you are making, and still have room to put them down for a minute, if you are working on multiple maps at once.
# Ruy Lopez Main Line

Whenever White opens with 1. e4, her most reliable plan is then to prepare to play d4. There is a very good reason not to play 8. d4? instantly - click and learn.
Instead, it must be prepared with 8. c3. With White's kingside fully developed there is no reason to delay this useful move any longer.
Note that h3 will be a useful move, but not yet - because it turns out that 8. c3 is also necessary to give the b3-bishop a retreat square. A White player who forgets her move order and plays 8. h3 is liable to have her bishop confiscated with 8...Na5.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Modern Chess Openings 15th ed, 2008. Nick de Firmian. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-8129-3682-5.
# Ruy Lopez Main Line
## 8. d4?!

White counts the number of pieces attacking d4, and the number of pieces defending it, and reckons that 8. d4 is a safe move.
Ruy Lopez - Noah's Ark Trap :
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
88
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
30 :
Position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN)
r1bqk2r/2p1bppp/p2p1n2/1p6/3QP3/1B6/PPP2PPP/RNB1R1K1 b :
Moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. d4 :

## 8. d4? Nxd4! 9. Nxd4 exd4 10. Qxd4

Ruy Lopez - Noah's Ark Trap :
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
88
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
30 :
Position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN)
r1bqk2r/4bppp/p2p1n2/1p6/2p1P3/1B6/PPP2PPP/RNBQR1K1 b :
Moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. d4 :
Disaster! :
Alas, Black plays 10...c5! and wherever her beautifully centralised queen moves, Black follows up with 11...c4 and the b3-bishop is trapped. (third diagram)
The moral of the story: White must prepare d4 with 8. c3.
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# Ruy Lopez Main Line

With White preparing to strike in the centre with d4, Black's king typically vacates the premises with 8...O-O. The old-fashioned move is 8...Na5, which may transpose, but the loss of control over d4 may allow White to save a tempo by omitting h3.
8...Bg4 is seen from time to time, discouraging an instant d4 by White. White will probably play d3 as a temporary measure, aiming to bring the queens knight to the kingside to evict the bishop in order to achieve d4.
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## References

* Modern Chess Openings 15th ed, 2008. Nick de Firmian. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-8129-3682-5.
# Ruy Lopez Main Line

White's most consistent move is 9. d4 freeing the queenside minor pieces and contesting the centre, however, it walks into 9...Bg4 after which the conventional wisdom is that Black has nothing to worry about. For this reason the d4 push is almost always prepared with 9. h3. A few masters have recently attempted to prove that 9. d4 is possible.
White may be fed up with all these preparatory moves and play 9. d3 allowing the safe development of the queenside, but this gives Black complete freedom, claims less space than d4 and limits the scope of the light-squared bishop. The successful chess player must have patience!
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## References

* Modern Chess Openings 15th ed, 2008. Nick de Firmian. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-8129-3682-5.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...d6/8. c3/8...O-O/9. h3/9...Na5
## Chigorin Defense

This is the old main line. Black chases white's bishop from the effective a2-g8 diagonal. Not only that, black opens up the c-pawn to expand on the queen side. Usually, after 10. Bc2 and 10…c5, if allowed, black will play 11…Nc6 and black ends up with a space advantage on the queen side.
# Ruy Lopez, Riga Variation

The natural 6. Re1 is in fact a very minor sideline; not only does it commit the rook to the e-file unnecessarily, but it allows Black's knight to retreat to c5, forcing the exchange of the a4-bishop. If Bxc6 dxc6, Black is then doing rather well compared to the Exchange Variation as the bishop has lost a tempo and the disappearance of the centre pawns favours Black's bishop pair.
The immediate attempt to grab the pawn back with 6. Bxc6 and 7. Nxe5 is similar but even kinder to Black, who can now take the initiative by targeting the undefended white knight on e5.
Instead, White should control c5 with 6. d4 which tends to be a good developing move anyway. This threatens Black's e-pawn again, while the complications resulting from 6...exd4 are not considered too much to handle.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. . 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Nxe4
| 6 |
| 6. Re1 - | = |
| 6. Bxc6 - | = |
| 6. d4 - | = |
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...O-O/8. h3

This is a move that transposes back to the slow main lines of the Ruy Lopez, and a recently more popular way to reject the Marshall Gambit.
# Ruy Lopez Main Line

The position in the Ruy Lopez after 9. h3 is one of the most strategically interesting in the whole of opening theory. Black's reasonable options at this point run to double figures, which for a position nine moves into the game is almost unique.
    9...Na5 is the old main line, the Chigorin Variation. Black hunts down White's light-squared bishop and frees her c-pawn. The knight may end up back on c6, on c5 via b7, or on c4, depending on developments elsewhere.
    9...Nb8, the Breyer Variation, is the other traditional move. With White taking her time developing her queenside, Black reckons she can spare two moves to redeploy the knight on d7 out of the way of the bishop which will appear on b7. It is a little more committal than the Chigorin and appeals to defensive-minded players.
    9...Bb7, the Flohr, is the current red-hot theoretical battleground. The bishop eyes up the e4 pawn and the knight reserves its options.
    9...h6 is the Smyslov Variation. The Zaitsev is considered an improvement on the Smyslov; in the Smyslov the bishop will usually go to b7, but in the Zaitsev Black can usually manage without ...h6.
    9...Nd7 on the plus side enables an f5 advance and controls g5, and on the minus side clogs up the queenside and removes a defender from the king.
    9...Be6 is another way to challenge the b3-bishop, usually leading to an exchange of bishops and a boring position in which White has a little more activity.
    9...Re8 will transpose to the Zaitsev unless both players are desperate for a draw by repetition.
    9...a5 is a quirky attempt to force matters on the queenside. White will probably meet it with a central charge.
    9...Bd7 and 9...Qd7 are both at least semi-useful, and even 9...d5 doesn't lose on the spot - although players interested in getting their d-pawn to d5 should look at the Marshall Gambit on move 7.
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## References

* Modern Chess Openings 15th ed, 2008. Nick de Firmian. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-8129-3682-5.
# Ruy Lopez, Flohr System

This is the main theoretical battleground in the Ruy Lopez today. Black's bishop aims at the White e-pawn, which will be ganged up on through moves like ...Re8 and ...Bf8, followed by taking on d4 to maximize the pressure. Meanwhile Black maintains maximum flexibility for the queen's knight: it may go to the traditional square a5, or to b4 once the c-pawn captures on d4. Karpov favored this line in his glory days of the '70s and '80s. Now it has greatly decreased in popularity in the last twenty years, but still leads to very complex, difficult positions.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. h3 Bb7
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| d4 Re8 | a4 h6 | Nbd2 Bf8 | Bc2 exd4 | cxd4 Nb4 | Bb1 c5 | ⩲ |
| ... ... | Nbd2 Bf8 | Bc2 g6 | d5 Nb8 | b3 c6 | c4 Bh6 | = |
| ... ... | Ng5 Rf8 | f4 exf4 | Bxf4 Na5 | Bc2 Nd5 | exd5 Bxg5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Modern Chess Openings 15th ed, 2008. Nick de Firmian. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-8129-3682-5.