OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Occupational Injury

Occupational Injury
As individuals in a modern society we leave the protection of our homes, and travel to our jobs to engage in a collective enterprise which serves the dual purpose of fulfilling our own needs for an income and the needs of our employer for an income and the needs of society for the product or service that our efforts contribute toward. It is a reasonable bargain in most cases and thus we leave the safety and comfort of our homes willingly, though at times not happily, but in any case with every expectation of returning to the safety and comfort of our homes at the end of the day essentially intact.
Occupational safety is the shared interest of worker, employer and government. There is an inherent compromise that is struck between safety and productivity as these are inevitably in conflict. Ultimately however the loss of productivity associated with an injured of killed worker and the loss of a productive member of society makes worker safety our common goal even if we ignore all human compassion that would find no economic justification worth the price of a severely injured extremity of worker demise.
The provision for a safe working environment requires the linking of responsibility for an injury to the worker and the employer alike. It is reasonable to expect that a worker will engage in a given activity in a sensible fashion and with all faculties in place, and with a compliant attitude toward behaviorly linked safety measures that have been inculcated by the policies of the employer. Piece work driven industrial processes are most likely to amplify the risks to workers as they work harder and faster and with any shortcut they may perceive in order to maximize their gain for time expended.
Salaried employment with an expected benchmark quota will enforce a level of productivity which will be geared to a minimum standard which can be achieved by a worker.
The linkage of responsibility for injury to a worker to his employer is justified by the fact that the participation in the work setting is a proximate cause of the injury sustained and that factors in the work environment unrelated to the workers behavior result in the injury. Litigation becomes the default result of dispute over responsibility and threatens by virtue of the shear volume of litigation that could potentially result. As a consequence we evolve systems of regulation for worker safety that are intended to enforce an acceptable level of safety thereby minimizing the risks to an acceptable level and in any case precluding the possibility of economic gain through a disregard for worker safety through an enforced sanctioning of the enterprise by the responsible government agency. Secondly we have evolved a system of workers compensation whereby an agreed system of compensation which includes allowance for lost time, medical expenditure, impairment and vocational rehabilitation where necessary.
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Office Schedule

Time management is the essence of a effectively managed office schedule. Measuring of the time required for various processes is the first step. A typical office scheduling program will designate a proscibed interval for a new patient visit and for a return visit. One trap this practice creates is that a new patient may have a problem which can be dispatched in short order and an established patient may have a litany of complaints or may be coming in at a time when a discussion at length is required as an important decision point has been reached in their treatment course. As a result the schedule which alots time according to new or established may bear little correlation to the time expended.
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Mucous Cysts

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
* Current Chapter: Hand and Microsurgery
| | Mucous Cysts | |
| <<Osteoarthritis | Mucous Cysts | DIP Joint OA>> |
The lining of a joint has three cell types. One secretes, one absorbs and a third creates a envelope. A cystic mass which emerges from the distal interphalangeal joint is known as a mucous cyst. These lesions emerge from the joint. One theory as to their origin has it that an envelope cell most likely undergoes an metaplasia and begins to function as a fluid producing cell, but due to its location on the surface of the joint the fluid thereby generated produces an extra-articular mass. A breakdown of apoptosis with persistence of a cell leading to errors in genetic expression might be responsible for such a scenario, though what factors might influence this seeming desire of the cell to persist when it should desist making room for new cells is unknown. The treatment is to remove the offending cells and thereby eliminate the cyst.
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Office Management

* Business Office
* Front Office
* Employees
* Process Improvement
* Teamwork
* Practice Brand Enhancement
* Dispute Resolution
* Practice Managers
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Office staff

* Receptionist
* Medical assistant
* Float
* Radiology technician
* Physician's assistant
* Nurse practitioner
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Office staff/Medical assistant

One way or another most surgeons in practice will need an assistant who will have a broad authority in many cases to trouble shoot situations that occur as patients wend their way through the process of dealing with their injury or affliction, recovering from surgery, getting back into the work environment, processing the byzantine paperwork associated with family leave, disability, time loss, restrictions, physical therapy, diagnostic testing, billing. This medical assistant will take as much of this on as possible as all of it will bog the surgeon down. All the while the doctors assistant must be the ultimate people person and will often has an awareness of developing problems in the doctor patient relationship before the doctor is aware.
# Orthopaedic Surgery/Musculoskeletal Tumours

* Orthopaedic Surgery
* INTRODUCTION ·
* AUTHORS ·
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ·
* NOTE TO AUTHORS
* 1.Basic Sciences ·
* 2.Upper Limb ·
* 3.Foot and Ankle ·
* 4.Spine ·
* 5.Hand and Microsurgery ·
* 6.Paediatric Orthopaedics ·
* 7.Adult Reconstruction ·
* 8.Sports Medicine ·
* 9.Musculoskeletal Tumours ·
* 10.Injury ·
* 11.Surgical Procedures ·
* 12.Rehabilitation ·
* 13.Practice
| | Preface | |
| <<Blunt Trauma | Preface | Introduction>> |
# Pinyin/Age

Age is the number of years that somebody has lived.
Niánlíng shì mǒurén huózhe de niánshù.
# Pinyin/Agreement

An agreement is an arrangement with somebody.
Xiéyì shì yǔ mǒurén dáchéng de ānpái.
# Pinyin/Air

See also
Air is the mixture of gases surrounding the Earth that we breathe.
kongqih shih woo'men huxi d weirraoh Dihqiur d qihtii huhnherwuh.
# Pinyin/Agree

See also
# Pinyin/Against

See also
# Pinyin/Aide

See also
# Pinyin/Kunming

Kunming is the capital of Yunnan province. It is the only super city of Yunan and the 4th largest city in the west of China. It is the political, economical, cultural, technological and transportational center of Yunan. It is an important core city in the western region of China and is a tourism and commercial city. It is a door of China facing Southeast Asia and South Asia. It is a famous historical cultural city of China and is an excellent tourism city. It has an area of 21,015km2, with a population of 6,500,000+.
Kunmirng shih ZG Yurnnarn Sheeng sheenghuih. ta shih Yurnnarn weiryi d tehdah cherngshih her ZG xibuh dih-4 dah cherngshih. ta shih Yurnnarn zhehngzhih, jingjih, wernhuah, kejih, jiaotong zhongxin. ta shih ZG xibuh dihqu zhohngyaoh d zhongxin cherngshih her lvvyour, shangmaoh cherngshih. ta shih ZG miahnxiahng Dongnarnyah her Narnyah d mernhuh. ta shih ZG zhuhmirng d lihshii wernhuah cherngshih her youxiuh d lvvyour cherngshih. ta d miahnji 2'1015km2, rernkoou 650'0000+.
# Pinyin/Korean Peninsula

Search Pinyin Korea
Search Pinyin Korean Peninsula
# Pinyin/Lack of

See also
# Pinyin/Lake

Search Pinyin lake
# Pinyin/Landslide

Search Pinyin landslide
# Pinyin/Lack

See also
# Pinyin/Lamp

See also
# Pinyin/Land

Search

## Noun

* land is the surface of the Earth that is not sea.
** luhdih shih fei-haaiyarng d Dihqiur biaaomiahn.
# NEC PC Programmers Reference/PC-98xx Series Programmers Reference
## BIOS Interrupts
#### COM/Serial
#### DOS

* 0x21 (see DOS API )

#### Floppy Disk

* 0x1B
* 0x12
* 0x13

#### Keyboard

* 0x18

#### Printer/Parallel

* 0x1A

#### System

* Clock/Timer - 0x1C
* Memcpy - 0x1F
* PIC - 0x19

#### Video

* 0x18
# NEC PC Programmers Reference/PC-98xx Series Programmers Reference/Interrupt 0x18 - Keyboard

The Keyboard BIOS emits an Interrupt 0x9 when key is pressed. Keyboard data may be treated by invoking INT 0x18.

### How BIOS Manages Keys

BIOS maintains an array of data ("keyboard status table"), with a bit for each key. When key is down, bit is 1; when up, bit is 0. When key is pressed, index of key in input status array is combined with code for SHIFT status to produce key scan code (which is how programs recognize keys).
PC-98 Keyboard BIOS is IBM-compliant.

### List of Key Access Commands

| AH | Command | Purpose | Use |
| 0x1 | Sense First Key | Queries keyboard for keypresses. Returns key at back of buffer. | Returns Key scan code to AH JIS code of key to AL BX = 0 if buffer empty; 1 if presses queued. |
| 0x2 | Examine Modifier Keys | Returns status of key modifiers (SHIFT, CTRL, GRPH, CAPSLOCK, KANA) | Returns modifier status byte in AL SHIFT down = b0 CAPS = b1 KANA = b2 GRPH = b3 CTRL = b4 |
| 0x3 | Initialize Keyboard | Install built-in keyboard driver interface. Sets aside memory for BIOS use of keyboard; resets uPD8251A. |
| 0x4 | Get Key Group Status | Queries the keyboard state table for the immediate state of a set of keys. Returns the byte for the key group requested, which in turn can be masked with logical AND to find the state of individual keys. | key group number to AL Returns key group status byte to AH |
| 0x5 | Sense Last Key | Queries keyboard for keypresses. Returns key at front of buffer. | Returns Key scan code to AH JIS code of key to AL BX = 0 if buffer empty; 1 if presses queued. |
| 0x6 | Init Keyboard Buffer / Pending Keys Clear | Sets up keyboard buffer. Calling this will clear the buffer. |
| 0x7 | Handle First Key | Get the first key pressed not yet handled and removes it from the buffer. | Returns AH = key scan code AL = JIS code of key BL = key modifiers byte |
| 0x8 | Handle Last Key | Gets the last key pressed and removes it from the buffer. | Returns AH = key scan code AL = JIS code of key BL = key modifiers byte |
| 0x9 | Simulate Key Press | Creates a simulated keypress by filling the keyboard buffer with designated data. | AL = desired key code BL = modifier keys state byte Returns Key scan code to AH JIS code of key to AL |
# NEC PC Programmers Reference

Hardware interface reference for Japanese computers produced by Nippon Electronics Corp. (NEC)

## Contents

* PC-6xxx Series Programmers Reference
* PC-8xxx Series Programmers Reference
* PC-98xx Series Programmers Reference
* PC-FX Programmers Reference
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time/Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback

      * Discrete Time Hinf Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback Control
      * Discrete Time H2 Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback Control
      * Mixed
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty
${\begin{aligned}{\text{The system is quadratically stable if and only if there exists some }}\Theta \in P\Theta ,P>0,{\text{ and }}Z{\text{ such that the LMI is feasible.}}{\text{ Furthermore, there exists a quadratically stabilizing controller with }}u(t)=Kx(t).\end{aligned}}$

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Mp(t),&&p(t)=\Delta (t)q(t),\\q(t)&=Nx(t)+Qp(t)+D_{12}u(t),&&\Delta \in {\bf {{\Delta }\;,||\Delta ||\leq 1}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A,B,M,N,Q,D_{12}$.

## The LMI:

       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&P>0,Z:\\{\begin{bmatrix}AP+BZ+PA^{T}+Z^{T}B^{T}&PN^{T}+Z^{T}D_{12}^{T}\\NP+D_{12}Z&0\end{bmatrix}}+{\begin{bmatrix}M\Theta M^{T}&M\Theta Q^{T}\\Q\Theta M^{T}&Q\Theta Q^{T}-\Theta \end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

If the LMI is feasible, the controller, K, is calculated by $K=ZP^{-1}$.

## Implementation

https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

## Related LMIs

Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty
H-infinity Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty
Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty
If the system is quadratically stable, then there exists some $\mu \geq 0,P>0,$ and $Z$ such that the LMI is feasible. The $Z$ and $P$ matrices can also be used to create a quadratically stabilizing controller.

## The System

    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Mp(t),&&p(t)=\Delta (t)q(t),\\q(t)&=Nx(t)+Qp(t)+D_{12}u(t),&&\Delta \in \mathbf {\Delta } \;:=\{\Delta \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}:\|\Delta \|\leq 1\}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A,B,M,N,Q,D_{12}$.

## The LMI:

       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find}}\;&P>0,\mu \geq 0,{\text{ and }}Z:\\{\begin{bmatrix}AP+BZ+PA^{T}+Z^{T}B^{T}&PN^{T}+Z^{T}D_{12}^{T}\\NP+D_{12}Z&0\end{bmatrix}}+\mu {\begin{bmatrix}MM^{T}&MQ^{T}\\QM^{T}&QQ^{T}-I\end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

There exists a controller for the system with $u(t)=Kx(t)$ where $K=ZP^{-1}$ is the quadratically stabilizing controller, if the above LMI is feasible.

## Implementation

https://github.com/mcavorsi/LMI

## Related LMIs

H-infinity Optimal Quadratically Stabilizing Controllers with Parametric Norm-Bounded Uncertainty
Stabilizing State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty
Optimal State-Feedback Controllers with Structured Norm-Bounded Uncertainty

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Static Output Feedback

      * H-infinity
      * H-2
      * Mixed
      * Continuous-Time Static Output Feedback Stabilizability
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Output Feedback

      * H-infinity
      * H-2
      * Mixed
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/State Feedback

      * H-infinity
      * H-2
      * Mixed
      * Stabilization of Second-Order Systems
      * LQ Regulation via H2 Control
      * Controller to achieve the desired Reachable set; Polytopic uncertainty
      * Controller to achieve the desired Reachable set; Norm bound uncertainty
      * Controller to achieve the desired Reachable set; Diagonal Norm-bound uncertainty
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Design For Insensitive Region

   * Generic Insensitive Strip Region Design
   * Generic Insensitive Disk Region Design
   * Design for Insensitive Strip Region
   * Design for Insensitive Disk Region
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Discrete Time

      * State Feedback
      * Optimal State Feedback
      * Output Feedback
      * Static Output Feedback
      * Optimal Output Feedback
      * Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback
      * Discrete Time Stabilizability
      * Quadratic Schur Stabilization
# LMIs in Control/Controller Synthesis/Continuous Time/Robust H2 State Feedback Control
## Robust $H_{2}$ State Feedback Control

For the uncertain linear system given below, and a scalar $\gamma >0$. The goal is to design a state feedback control $u(t)$ in the form of $u(t)=Kx(t)$ such that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and satisfies.
    ${\begin{aligned}||G_{zw}(s)||_{2}<\gamma \end{aligned}}$

## The System

Consider System with following state-space representation.
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=(A+\Delta {A})x(t)+(B_{1}+\Delta {B_{1}})u(t)+B_{2}w(t)\\z(t)&=Cx(t)+D_{1}u(t)+D_{2}w(t)\\\end{aligned}}$
where $x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ , $u\in \mathbb {R} ^{r}$ , $w\in \mathbb {R} ^{p}$, $z\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}$. For $H_{2}$ state feedback control $D_{2}=0$
$\Delta {A}$ and $\Delta {B_{1}}$ are real valued matrix functions that represent the time varying parameter uncertainties and of the form
    ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}\Delta {A}&\Delta {B_{1}}\end{bmatrix}}=HF{\begin{bmatrix}E_{1}&E_{2}\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}$
where matrices $E_{1},E_{2}$ and $H$ are some known matrices of appropriate dimensions, while $F$ is a matrix which contains the uncertain parameters and satisfies.
    ${\begin{aligned}F^{T}F\leq I\end{aligned}}$
For the perturbation, we obviously have
    ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}\Delta {A}&\Delta {B_{1}}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0&0\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}$, for $F=0$
    ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}\Delta {A}&\Delta {B_{1}}\end{bmatrix}}=H{\begin{bmatrix}E_{1}&E_{2}\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}$, for $F=0$

## The Problem Formulation:

The $H_{2}$ state feedback control problem has a solution if and only if there exist a scalar $\beta$, a matrix $W$, two symmetric matrices $Z$ and $X$ satisfying the following LMI's problem.

## The LMI:

$\min \gamma ^{2}::$
    ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}\langle AX+B_{1}W\rangle _{s}+B_{2}B_{2}^{T}+\beta {H}H^{T)&(E_{1}X+E_{2}W)^{T}\\E_{1}X+E_{2}W&-\beta {I}\end{bmatrix}}<0\end{aligned}}$
    ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}-Z&CX+D_{1}W\\(CX+D_{1}W)^{T}&-X\end{bmatrix}}<0\end{aligned}}$
    ${\begin{aligned}trace(Z)<\gamma ^{2}\end{aligned}}$
where $\langle M\rangle _{s}=(M+M^{T})$ is the definition that is need for the above LMI.

## Conclusion:

In this case, an $H_{2}$ state feedback control law is given by $u(t)=WX^{-1}x(t)$.

## External Links

* LMIs in Control Systems Analysis, Design and Applications - Duan and Yu
* A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# Linguistics

This online textbook serves to provide an introduction to the science of linguistics, its major subfields, and its theoretical consequences.
Part of the Linguistics Collection

## Contents

| "Freedom" (amagi), or "liberty", taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. | 00.Introduction- How does language work? linguistics, descriptivism, hidden knowledge, deep structure, experimental data |
| "IPA" in IPA | 01.Phonetics- The sounds of speech articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, the International Phonetic Alphabet |
| | 02.Phonology- Internal Representations and Rules of Sounds phonemes, allophony, morphophonology |
| Word structure tree of Dutch compounds | 03.Morphology- How we make words morphemes, affixes, other morphemes, inflectional morphology, derivational morphology, morphosyntax, non-morphemic theories |
| Parse of the sentence "John hit the ball". | 04.Syntax- How words fit together |
| Gavagai | 05.Semantics- Determining meaning |
| Inclusive and exclusive "nous" | 06.Pragmatics- The role of context |
| Ergative morphosyntactic alignment | 07.Typology- The unity and diversity of language phonological, morphological, morphosyntactic, syntactic |
| An example Old English typeface called "Blackletter". | 08.Historical Linguistics- How languages got the way they are |
| An icon showing glyphs from different alphabets | 09.Orthography- The use of written language directionality, spelling systems, alphabets, abjads, abugidas, syllabaries, logographies, mixed scripts, unwritten language and new orthographies |
| Multilingual sign in Nador, Morocco | 10.Sociolinguistics- Language in society |
| Linguistic hedge effect | 11.Psycholinguistics- Language in the mind understanding of language |
| Skull of Homo neanderthalensis | 12.Evolutionary Linguistics- The mystery of glottogeny |
| | 13.Language Acquisition- How Children Acquire |
| Tok Pisin Wikipedia logo | 14.Creoles- Invented Grammars |
| Sign language hands | 15.Sign Language- Language without Sound |
| Computer and stack | 16.Computational Linguistics- Computational Investigations of Human Language |
| Brain | 17.Neurolinguistics- Language and the Human Brain |
| | Glossary definition of terms |
| | IPA Chart IPA chart |
| | Further reading |
| | Bibliography |

## See also

* Category:Subject:Languages
# Linguistics/Computational Linguistics

Computational linguistics is interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and logical modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. This modeling is not limited to any particular field of linguistics.

## Purposes

There are two major purposes of computational linguistics:
* To help linguists study natural languages more easily
* To make it possible for ordinary people to use natural language when using a computer
Computational linguists often use large bodies of digitized text or speech called corpora as a basis for teaching computer programs the proper use of a language, or to compare the use of a language in one context to its use in another context. This is also called corpus linguistics.
Some of the practical uses of computational linguistics include:
* Speech recognition
* Speech production
* Machine translation
* Improvements to data mining, including search engine design.

## History

See also: ELIZA.
See Also: Wikipedia:computational linguistics
# Linguistics/Further reading
## General linguistics

* Wikipedia's article on linguistics
* The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker

## Phonetics

* Acoustics
* Signal Processing/Fourier Analysis

## Typology

* Maddieson, Ian (1984). Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26536-3.
* Language Universals and Linguistic Typology, by Bernard Comrie

## Orthography

* Robinson, Andrew (1995). The Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-28156-4.

## Psycholinguistics and Language Acquisition

* Roeper, Thomas (2007). The Prism of Grammar. MIT press. ISBN 0262182521.

## Computational Linguistics

* Charniak, Eugene (1996). Statistical Language Learning. MIT Press. ISBN 0262531410.

## Creoles

* Bickerton, Derek (2008). Bastard Tongues. Hill and Wang. ISBN 0809028174.

## Evolution of Language

* Bickerton, Derek (2009). Adam's Tongue. Hill and Wang. ISBN 9780809022816.

## Sociolinguistics

* Labov, W. (2001). Principles of Linguistic Changes: Social Factors. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
* Lakoff, Robin T. (2000). The Language War. Berkely, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21666-0
* Meyerhoff, Miriam. (2006). Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39948-3
* Milroy, Lesley and Gordon. Matthew. (2003) Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation London: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22225-1. (More advanced, but has lots of good examples and describes research methodologies to use.)
* Paulston, Christina Bratt and G. Richard Tucker, editors. 1997. The early days of sociolinguistics: memories and reflections.‭(Publications in Sociolinguistics, 2.) Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
* Trudgill, Peter. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society(4th Ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028921-6 This book is a very readable, if Anglo-centric, introduction for the non-linguist.
* Watts, Richard J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-79406-0. A sociolinguistics book specializing in the research in politeness. It's a little tough at times, but very helpful and informational.