OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Russian/Grammar/What and Which

Что (pronounced "shto", not "chto") and какой (pronounced "kakoy") both mean "what". As a loose rule, какой means "which". The correct rule is that if a noun follows "what", use какой. If no noun follows "what", use что.
As a memory aid, the following noun's gender and number change какой. Какой precedes masculine nouns, какая precedes feminine nouns, какое precedes neuter nouns, and какие precedes plural nouns. Because что is never followed by a noun, it only changes form in different cases.
If you just want to "get by," always use что for "what."
# Scouting/BSA/Moviemaking Merit Badge

'BSA announced in October, 2013, that the "Cinematography" merit badge has been renamed "Moviemaking" to better describe the purpose and intent of the badge. BSA changed the ID number from 126 to 156. even though the requirements are so similar to those for Cinematography, scouts should still earn this badge.

## Requirement 1

Discuss and demonstrate the proper elements of a good motion picture. In your discussion, include visual storytelling, rhythm, the 180-axis rule, camera movement, framing and composition of camera shots, and lens selection.

## Requirement 2

Do the following:
    A. In a three- or four-paragraph treatment, tell the story you plan to produce, making sure that the treatment conveys a visual picture
    B. Prepare a storyboard for your motion picture (This can be done with rough sketches and stick figures.)
    C. Demonstrate the following motion picture shooting techniques.
       1. Using a tripod
       2. Panning a camera
       3. Framing a shot
       4. Selecting an angle
       5. Selecting proper lighting
       6. Hand-held shooting
    D. Using motion picture techniques, plan ONE of the following programs. Start with a treatment, and complete the requirement by presenting this program to a pack or your troop, patrol, or class.
       1. Film or videotape a court of honor and show it to an audience.
       2. Create a short feature of your own design using the techniques you learned.
       3. Shoot a vignette that could be used to train a new Scout in a Scouting skill.

## Requirement 3

Do ONE of the following:
    A. With your parent's permission and your counselor's approval, visit a film set or a television production studio and watch how production work is done.
    B. Explain to your counselor the elements of the zoom lens and three important parts.

## Requirement 4

Find out about three career opportunities in moviemaking. Pick one and find out about the education, training, and experience required for this profession. Discuss this career with your counselor. Explain why this profession might interest you. I picked director, editor, and producer.

## External links

* Moviemaking Merit Badge with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources.
* Movie Making Manual
* Cinematography.com :: Professional Motion Picture Camera People, News and Resources
* Earning Merit Badges in the Boy Scouts of America
* Indoor Hobbies and Arts and Crafts
* Art | Basketry | Bugling | Coin Collecting | Collections | Cooking | Dog Care | Fingerprinting | Genealogy | Indian Lore | Leatherwork | Model Design and Building | Moviemaking | Music | Painting | Pets | Photography | Pottery | Programming | Radio | Railroading | Reading | Sculpture | Stamp Collecting | Theater | Wood Carving | Woodwork
# Scouting/BSA/Painting Merit Badge
## Requirement 1

Explain the proper safety procedures to follow when preparing surfaces and applying coatings.

## Requirement 2

Do the following:
    A. Explain three ways that coatings can improve a surface.
    B. Explain the differences between oil-based paints, Acrylic-based paints, and water-based paints.
    C. Explain where you would apply enamel paint, flat paint, wood stain, and varnish, and explain the importance of sheen.
    D. Tell why each is best for these uses.

## Requirement 3

Prepare and paint two different surfaces using patching material, caulking, and the proper primers and topcoats. Suggested projects include an interior or exterior wall, a door, a piece of furniture, a concrete wall or floor , a porch rail, or a fence. Your counselor must preapprove the projects.

## Requirement 4

Prepare and paint an item using harmonizing colors that you have selected using the color wheel in this book.

## Requirement 5

Show the right way to use, clean, maintain, and store painting equipment.

## Requirement 6

Explain the importance of ladder safety, environmental responsibility, and personal hygiene when painting.

## Requirement 7

Explain some of the environmental and health issues concerning removing paint, applying paint, and discarding old paint.

## Requirement 8

Find out about career opportunities in the paint industry. Discuss the training and experience required, and explain why this profession might interest you.

## External Links

* Painting Merit Badge with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources.
* Painting Badge Slideshow from Northwest GA Council, Coosa District, Troop 23
The official source for the information shown in this article or section is: Boy Scout Requirements, 2015 Edition (BSA Supply No. 33216 - SKU# 620714)
* Earning Merit Badges in the Boy Scouts of America
* Indoor Hobbies and Arts and Crafts
* Art | Basketry | Bugling | Coin Collecting | Collections | Cooking | Dog Care | Fingerprinting | Genealogy | Indian Lore | Leatherwork | Model Design and Building | Moviemaking | Music | Painting | Pets | Photography | Pottery | Programming | Radio | Railroading | Reading | Sculpture | Stamp Collecting | Theater | Wood Carving | Woodwork
# Scouting/BSA/Nature Merit Badge
## Requirement 1

Name three ways in which plants are important to animals. Name a plant that is protected in your state or region, and explain why it is at risk.

## Requirement 2

Name three ways in which animals are important to plants. Name an animal that is protected in your state or region, and explain why it is at risk.

## Requirement 3

Explain the term “food chain.” Give an example of a four-step land food chain and a four-step water food chain.

## Requirement 4

Do all of the requirements in FIVE of the following fields:
       A. Birds
          1. In the field, identify eight species of birds.
          2. Make and set out a birdhouse OR a feeding station OR a birdbath. List what birds used it during a period of one month.
       B. Mammals
          1. In the field, identify three species of wild mammals.
          2. Make plaster casts of the tracks of a wild mammal.
       C. Reptiles and Amphibians
          1. Show that you can recognize the venomous snakes in your area.
          2. In the field, identify three species of reptiles or amphibians.
          3. Recognize one species of toad or frog by voice; OR identify one reptile or amphibian by eggs, den, burrow, or other signs.
       D. Insects and Spiders
          1. Collect, mount, and label 10 species of insects or spiders.
          2. Hatch an insect from the pupa or cocoon; OR hatch adults from nymphs; OR keep larvae until they form pupae or cocoons; OR keep a colony of ants or bees through one season.
       E. Fish
          1. Catch and identify two species of fish.
          2. Collect four kinds of animal food eaten by fish in the wild.
       F. Mollusks and Crustaceans
          1. Identify five species of mollusks and crustaceans.
          2. Collect, mount, and label six shells.
       G. Plants
          1. In the field, identify 15 species of wild plants.
          2. Collect and label the seeds of six plants OR the leaves of 12 plants.
       H. Soils and Rocks
          1. Collect and identify soils found in different layers of a soil profile.
          2. Collect and identify five different types of rocks from your area.

## External links

* Nature Merit Badge with Workbook PDF, current requirements, and resources.
* Earning Merit Badges in the Boy Scouts of America
* Nature and Conservation
* Astronomy | Bird Study | Environmental Science | Fish and Wildlife Management | Fishing | Forestry | Gardening | Geology | Insect Study | Mammal Study | Nature | Plant Science | Reptile and Amphibian Study | Soil and Water Conservation | Weather
# Puredyne/JACK

If you are new to the world of Linux audio it can be quite confusing as to how to get sound out of your machine. Unlike audio software that is self-contained, Linux applications tend to be a bit more specialized. Rather than having one program that is a sequencer, sampler, synthesizer, drum machine, amplifier, reverb unit, mixer and so on, each application in Linux tends to do one of these various jobs. So how do they all work together? That is where JACK comes in.
If this is your first time playing with PureDyne, the first thing to do is to go to the Audio menu and start up JACK Control. You'll see an interface that looks like this:
# Installing Puredyne

* Boot Puredyne
* go to menu blabla
# Puredyne/Irssi
## Irssi

Irssi is a terminal based IRC client for UNIX systems. It also supports SILC and ICB protocols via plugins.
www.irssi.org

### some basics to get you started

connect to the goto10.org irc server
connect to the pure:dyne channel
change your nick to myname (will be lintian or something else by default unless you edit your .conf file, see below)
address robc specifically (tab key autocompletes nicks)
open a private message window to robc
close current buffer (maybe when you are finished with a private chat for example)
leave a channel (but stay connected to irc server)
quit Irssi
# Installing New Software

To install new softare, you can use aptitude. Aptitude is an application that makes installing and removing software packages easy.
Open a terminal and type sudo aptitude, to start aptitude as root. Aptitude is started and should look like this:
As an example, we'll install figlet, a small ascii art text banner generator. To find figlet in aptitude, type / (slash). A search form appears.
Type figlet and press ENTER. You wil see figlet listed, selected by a white bar. In front of the name of the package, is a letter. The letter i means it is already included, p means it is not installed yet.
Press + (shift plus) to select the package for installing. The package listing turns green.
Type g to start the installation. You see an overview of what aptitude plans to do when you execute the installation. Purple packages will be removed, green ones will be installed. Type g again to execute the installation. When the installation is finished, aptitude prompts you with press any key to continue. After that you return to the first screen of aptitude.
To quit aptitude, type q
To test if your installation of figlet was successful, in a terminal type:
This should have the following stunning result:
# Keyboard Layout

To manually change your keyboard layout, type setxkbmap followed by the layout of your choice (gb for a uk keyboard map, fr for a french one, etc):

## Overview of available maps

For a complete overview, see: /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/xorg.lst. To view the list:

# Misc
## Macbook / Macbook Pro

In order to be able to type AltGr char, such as |, {, ~ etc .. type the following:
Then use the right apple key as AltGr key to access these characters.
# Puredyne/Live music from a netbook
## Live music from a netbook (synths, FX, etc)

I was using ubuntu on a netbook, really convenient for gigging since it's so small. By default ubuntu is not set up great for realtime-audio or the tiny screen, so I managed to customise it but never managed to get it completely working the way it should. (I tried a few others like ubuntu studio and 64studio too.) Puredyne seems to have fixed pretty much everything I needed - not just the low-latency audio but the slimmed down OS, the selection of software, etc.
I usually use SuperCollider to perform live, with microphone input through a USB audio card, and then various synth sounds and effects from SuperCollider.
I didn't need to do much tweaking to get the live setup working, since the USB sound card worked straight off. I used synaptic to install a few extra programs (such as transset and xcompmgr which allow semi-transparent windows, nice).
JACK is the audio infrastructure, either launched from a script or from the JACK Control program in the menu. The microphone input is straightforward, plug it into my USB soundcard, and make sure the JACK options are set so that it talks to the USB soundcard rather than the built-in one (named "hw1,1" rather than "hw0,0").
I also use Processing sometimes for live graphics, and Audacity to edit recordings...
Dan
# Puredyne/Install Skype
## Howto Install Skype

add this to your /etc/apt/sources.list
then do a
followed by
# Puredyne/Live HDD

To run the PureDyne live distribution (either CD or DVD) from a hard drive:
1. Copy the folders from the CD or DVD to your hard drive.
2. Enter the following text in your /boot/grub directory, member menu.lst if you use the old version of grub:
This is for when it's on the hard drive your system thinks of as 'first' - for /dev/sda1 you'd enter hd0,0 for root, for /dev/sda2 you'd enter hd0,1, for /dev/sdb1 you'd enter hd1,0 etc.
I don't know how to set up Grub 2 - the developers de-simplified it. A friend tells me that for Grub 2 there is now a set of templates in a grub directory under /etc which can be edited, and the last of these (they are named starting with 10, 20, etc) is for free-form old style grub instructions like the above. Good luck with it.
3. boot, and select PureDyne from the menu.
HOWEVER - if you just do it this way, any changes you make will NOT persist between sessions. To set up persistent storage, you must also have a Linux partition labeled live-rw
This is easiest on a flash drive. Get a flash drive you can re-format that has a fair amount of space - at least 4 GB. 8 or 16 is better, if you're going to do a lot of new installs. You can use a USB stick, an SD card, whatever you have. Use Gparted or some other utility to re-format it as:
With this persistent storage on a flash partition, you can boot PureDyne from a CD or DVD at a friend's house and have your environment right there, or use it on your computer or laptop to have the same persistent environment.
CAUTIONS -
If you boot up and none of your changes are there - the system for some reason didn't recognize your flash drive. Unplug it, re-plug it, and reboot.
BACK UP THE CONTENTS OF YOUR FLASH DRIVE REGULARLY to your hard disk or somewhere - you don't want to lose those directories. You can format a new flash drive with the label live-rw and copy the contents to that, too - two copies of your personal environment.
# Puredyne/Live DJ and Visuals

I used puredyne do DJ and VJ at a local party last new year.
For a setup I had 2 machine running puredyne, one eeepc 701 and one intel minitITX machine. The eeepc was running MIXXX for the dj part, using a ESI U24 XL sound card for the output, and the headphone jack for the pre-mix.
The second machine was running fluxus with an internal ESI Juli@ sound card connected to an external mic that I place in front of the speaker to pick up the audio and send it to fluxus. I could have gone with a more complex, network or osc based transmission of the data, but for the simplicity of my fluxus sketch I didn't need something fancy. This computer was then connected to a projector for the output and keyboard and mice for the live coding part.
So I could Dj from mixxx and the audio was picked up from the fluxus sketch and projected on the wall. The overall setup was quite workable, although the mixing and live coding was a bit overwhelming, (the live coding suffered a lot from the split in my focus). But the hardware/software setup was more than adequate. Since I was using 2 keyboards, 1 for mixing and 1 for live coding, it got a bit confusing, so in the future I will be using a mixer and mouse for the audio, leaving the keyboard for the coding/visuals.
You can watch a short video about the presentation here :http://www.ponnuki.net/2011/01/year-event-fluxus-mixxx/ where my fluxus code is also available.
# The Holocaust/Euthanasia

Action T4 (German: Aktion T4) was a program in Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1941, during which the regime of Adolf Hitler systematically killed between 75,000 to 100,000 people with intellectual or physical disabilities. The codename T4 was an abbreviation of “Tiergartenstrasse 4”, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten which was the headquarters of the General Foundation for Welfare and Institutional Care (Gemeinnnützige Stiftung für Heil und Anstaltspflege). This body operated under the direction of Philipp Bouhler, the head of Hitler’s private chancellery, and Dr Karl Brandt, Hitler’s personal physician. This villa no longer exists, but a plaque set in the pavement on Tiergartenstrasse marks its location.
The T4 program developed from the Nazi Party’s policy of “racial hygiene,” the belief that the German people needed to be “cleansed” of “racially unsound” elements, which included people with disabilities. The program set important precedents for the later Holocaust of the Jews of Europe: the historian Ian Kershaw has called it “a vital step in the descent into modern barbarism.”
# The Holocaust/Further Reading

* Wikipedia on Holocaust
* "Shoah" (1985). Director: Claude Lanzmann. 544 minutes.
# Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Langston Hughes

Langston Hughes was an African-American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist who examined life in United States during the first part of the 20th Century, exposing oppression, discrimination, and inequality. Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. After Hughes' parents divorced, he began living with his grandmother, Mary Langston, who encouraged him to understand the importance of racial issues in America, so he dedicated much of his work to celebrating African American culture. The difficult experiences that he went through at a young age like growing up during a time of segregation motivated him to write poems while he was at grammar school. Later, while Hughes attended Central High School in Ohio, his Latin teacher taught him the importance of writing literature so he began writing for the newspaper and yearbook. He began writing short stories because books helped him escape from the hardships that he experienced. At the age of seventeen, he wrote his first poem called “When Sue Wears Red."
In the 1920s, Hughes became one of the leaders of the Harlem Renaissance, a congregation of African American artistic, intellectual, and political talent centered in the neighborhood of Harlem, New York. He became famous for defending racial integration around the world, especially with younger generations of Black writers, who considered Hughes as a defender of minorities’ rights. One case in point was his encouragement of Black Americans to join World War II because he believed it would help them obtain civil rights at a time of racial segregation in the United States. Hughes died on May 22, 1967 in Stuyvesant Polyclinic in New York City.
# Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Carmen Maria Machado

Carmen Maria Machado is an American writer born in Allenton, Pennsylvania, in 1986. She is best known for her short story collection Her Body and Other Parties and the award-winning memoir about abuse in a lesbian relationship, In The Dream House. One of Machado’s favorite genres is horror because as a “transgressive space,” she explains in an interview, it
       tells us a lot about who we are, what we are, and what we, individually and culturally, are afraid of.” Another of her interests is writing about sexual pleasure:
       I feel like it’s not often done well....I’m tired of reading really dreadful sex scenes where everyone’s miserable and then eventually maybe one person has a reluctant orgasm. I thought, What if I tried to have a scene where people had sex and it was great? My characters do have sex in varying emotional states, and with various results.
While Machado admits to having cried while completing some of her most personal writing, she determinedly balances her expressions of vulnerability with bluntness so as not to seem soft or sentimental.

## References

* ↑ Kane, Lauren. “Pleasure Principles: An Interview with Carmen Maria Machado.” The Paris Review, 3 Oct. 2017, .
# Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Julio Cortázar

Julio Cortázar was an Argentine-Belgian author, best known for his short stories, poetries, and novels. He was one of the authors at the forefront of the Latin American Boom, a literary movement from the 1960s to 1970s where Latin American works became popular throughout the world. This movement was heavily influenced by the effects of the Cold War. Many novels written during this period were defined by its unique portrayal of time and uses of magical realism, which is also what makes Cortázar's stories so appealing.
Cortázar lived in Argentina during his childhood until early adulthood, when he moved around in various parts of Europe. In Argentina, he was a professor of French literature briefly until he had to resign due to political pressure from Peronists, who were supporters of the authoritarian party at the time. They often used education as a means of propaganda to further their agenda, thus Cortázar had no place as a professor. This incident might be a source of inspiration for his seemingly anti-Peronist short story, "House Taken Over", which he wrote in the same year he lost his profession. Later, Cortázar settled in France, where he primarily stayed until his death. There, he was also an active supporter in combating the abuses of human rights in Latin America.
# Themes in Literature/Isolation and Community/Ken Liu

Ken Liu was born in 1976 in Lanzhou, China and spent most of his childhood with his grandparents. His mother received her PhD in chemistry, and is a pharmaceutical chemist, while his father is a computer engineer. The family immigrated to the United States when Liu was eleven years old. They lived in various states before settling in Waterford, Connecticut. Liu attended Harvard College, where he studied English Literature and Computer Science. Upon graduation, he worked as a software engineer for Microsoft. He later received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 2004 and worked as a corporate lawyer and eventually became a high-tech litigation consultant.
Liu also is famous for writing science fiction and fantasy fiction. He has won the Nebula, Hugo, and World Fantasy awards and top genre honors in Japan, Spain, and France, among other countries. Liu has also translated the works of multiple Chinese authors into English.

## References

* ↑ Wikipedia contributors. "Ken Liu." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 24 Oct. 2022. Web. 7 Nov. 2022.
* ↑ Ken Lius's personal website
# Principles of Finance/Section 1/Chapter 3/Applications of Time Value of Money/Perpetuities

A "perpetuity" is a theoretical bond which makes payment during its entire life. One realizable example of this is a company issued stock which always pays dividends each year. The lifetime is defined from the time of issuance until buy back or potential bankruptcy.
A perpetuity, such as preferred stock, can be valued by simply dividing the payment by the applicable discount rate.
PV$_{Perpetuity}$ = ${\frac {C}{r}}$
Example:
XYZ Corp. preferred stock pays a $2 dividend every year. This dividend is expected to remain constant for the forseeable future. If investors are requiring a 10% return, what is the stock selling for?
$PV={\frac {\$2}{.10}}=\$20$
Therefore, XYZ Co. stock should sell for $20 per share.

## Growing Perpetuities

A growing perpetuity is one whose payments increase at a certain rate forever. They can be valued by the following formula, where C$_1$ is the payment during the upcoming payment period, r is the discount rate, and g is the growth rate:
PV$_{GrowingPerpetuity}$ = ${\frac {C}{r-g}}$
Example:
Madeline and Thurgood Johnson wish to set up a trust fund for their grandson which will begin paying $5,000 next year. They wish to have the payments grow at 5% per year to keep pace with inflation. If the current discount rate is 8%, what should they pay for the perpetuity?
PV$_{GrowingPerpetuity}$ = ${\frac {\$5,000}{.08-.05}}=\$166,666.67$