OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Perl Programming/Keywords/ref
## The ref keyword

The ref function returns a non-empty string, if EXPRESSION is a reference and an empty string otherwise. Without EXPRESSION, $_ will be used. The returned value depends on the thing referenced to.
ref knows the following types:
| Type | Notes |
| ARRAY | reference to an array |
| CODE | |
| FORMAT | |
| GLOB | |
| HASH | reference to a hash |
| IO | |
| LVALUE | reference to an lvalue that is not a variable |
| REF | reference to a reference |
| Regexp | regular expression resulting from qr// |
| SCALAR | reference to a scalar |
| VSTRING | |
If the referenced object has been blessed into a package, the name of that package is returned instead. This, however, is now considered "bad practice".
# Perl Programming/Keywords/rename
## The rename keyword

The rename function changes the file name given in OLDNAME. An existing file with the name of NEWNAME will be clobbered. Returns true on success and false otherwise.
The behaviour of the rename function varies widely, depending on the implementation on the operating system. It will often not work over file system boundaries, although mv on UNIX-like systems will sometimes work. Other restrictions may be whether it works on directories, open files, or pre-existing files.
# Perl Programming/Keywords/rewinddir
## The rewinddir keyword

The rewinddir command sets the current position to the beginning of the directory for the readdir routine on DIRHANDLE.

### See also

* readdir
| chdir | closedir | mkdir | opendir | readdir | rewinddir | rmdir | seekdir | telldir |
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Line Producer

Line Producer: Player; The person responsible for keeping physical production on time and budget, as well as allocating resources and supervising the production on a day-to-day basis to make sure production targets are met. The Line Producer works with the Unit Production Manager, First Assistant Director, Director, Art Director, Editor and Composer in preparing the budget and production schedule. All final budgets and schedules have to be approved by the Line Producer before going to the studio for ultimate approval.
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Location Manager

Location Manager: Player; Person in charge of finding and securing locations where the non-studio filming takes place. Involves dealing with owners and neighbors (kissing a lot of a--) and knowing how to pay people off.
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Producer

A Producer oversees the creation of a film, from pre-production to completion. They are responsible for making sure that the film is completed on time and within its budget. In motion pictures produced by major studios, the Producer represents the studio's interests in the film, keeping the Director in line with the studio's expectations. The Producer may also staff key positions based on the script, helping bring the right Director and actors onto the project. In smaller projects the Producer may also carry out the duties of a Line Producer, handling day-to-day details like budgeting, scheduling, in-depth staffing of the project and securing distribution for the film.
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Prop Master

Prop Master: Player; Responsible for making sure that all props used in the film are ready to go and look as they should. A prop is anything an actor uses in a scene bicycle, coffee cup, etc. Do not confuse props with set dressing or wardrobe (it's a fine line).
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Location Scout

Location Scout: Player; Scouts out locations for the film to be shot. Most start by making a list and getting feedback from the director on the size, feel and dynamics of each location. The scout will then photograph the different possibilities and report back to the director who in turn chooses the ones he or she likes and goes to visit them.
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Production Designer

Production Designer: Player; The production designer creates the visual environment of the film, designs the sets, and works with the director to decide on the look and feel of the sets. Works directly with the Art Director.
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Stunt Coordinator

Stunt Coordinator: Player; Straight from the horse's mouth, "Stolen Summer" Stunt Coordinator Rick Lefevour describes his role. "As a stunt coordinator, part of my job is to work with the director to get the action sequences to work for the scenes he wants to shoot. I also work with all the departments from special effects to wardrobe. This includes preparing the budget, hiring the stunt people, checking all the rigging and setting up the shots for the scene."
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Production Assistant

Production Assistant: Player; (PA) Adam Gelvan was one of the production assistants on the set of Project Greenight's first film, "Stolen Summer." We think his definition of a PA is spot-on: "Think of the ideal movie set as a well-oiled machine. While the large gears perform larger, 'more important' tasks, the smaller gears must perform theirs as well. If one small gear stops working, it will be disastrous for the rest of the machine. I would liken a PA to a small gear. We take care of all the things that allow the large gears (Director, AD, Producer, etc.) to function smoothly and properly." Very diplomatically stated, Adam.
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Screenwriter

Screenwriters or scenarists or scriptwriters are people in a film crew who write/create the screenplays from which films and television programs are made. Most screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation. That means they write without being hired or paid for it. When such a script is sold, it is called a Spec script. Many of them also work as "script doctors", attempting to change scripts to suit directors or studios; for instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak. Script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of the script doctoring food chain, being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece; in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. A few screenwriters have also found work by selling a treatment (approximately 10-30 pages) or synopsis (usually 1-2 pages), of their screenplay even if it isn't completed yet. This is, however, extremely rare. One of the most important elements in bringing an idea to fruition for a studio to produce is attaching the right screenwriter to the project. Often projects are sold to studios who then assign their own preferred screenwriters to complete the script or write the final draft. Most professional screenwriters in the U.S. are unionized and are represented by organizations such as the Writers Guild of America, East. The WGA is final arbiter on awarding writing credit for projects under its join.
# Movie Making Manual/Staff/Script Supervisor

Script Supervisor: Player; This person treats the script as the Bible, taking great care to ensure that what is written in the script is shot on film. Writer/directors like Project Greenight's first winner, Pete Jones, are usually good at doing this themselves but, often times, directors who are shooting someone else's script need a script supervisor to keep them in check.
# Pinyin/Tin

Tin is a soft silver-white metal that is often mixed with other metals or used to cover them to prevent them from rusting.
xi shih yirnbairseh ruaan d jinshuu, tongcharng yohnglair zhihzaoh herjin huoh fuhgaih qirta jinshuu yii farngzhii ta'men shengxiuh.
# Pinyin/To

Search to
* zhih
* yur
# Pinyin/Tiredness

See also
# Pinyin/Tide

Tide is the cyclic rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon.
chaorxi shih Taihyarng her Yuehliahng d yiinlih zaohcherng d zhouqixihng shuiiweih shengjiahng.
# Pinyin/Tiger

Search tiger
Tigers are a member of the cat family. They get pretty big in size. They have fur which is orange in color and have black stripes on their body. Tigers are meat eaters in nature.
Lǎohǔ shì mao d jiazur d chéngyuán. Tāmen d tǐjī xiāngdāng dà. Tāmen d pímáo shì chéngsè d, shēnshang yǒu hēisè tiáowén. Lǎohǔ běnzhì shàng shì ròushízhě.
# Pinyin/Tibetan

See also
# Pinyin/Tissue (Biology)

In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.
Zài shēngwùxué zhōng, zuuzhi shì xìbāo yǔ wánzhěng qìguān zhījiān de xìbāo zǔzhī; shì tóngyī láiyuán, gòngtóng jìnxíng tèdìng gōngnéng de lèisì xìbāo de zǔhé. Cóng'ér duōgè zǔzhī de gòngtóng zǔhé gōngnéng zǔchéng qìguān.
# Physics Exercises/Trig Tables

Trigonometric Functions :
| Angle | Cotangent | Angle | Cotangent | Angle | Cotangent | Angle | Cotangent | Angle | Cotangent | Angle | Cotangent |
| 1 | 57.2900 | 16 | 3.4874 | 31 | 1.6643 | 46 | 0.9657 | 61 | 0.5543 | 76 | 0.2493 |
| 2 | 28.6363 | 17 | 3.2709 | 32 | 1.6003 | 47 | 0.9325 | 62 | 0.5317 | 77 | 0.2309 |
| 3 | 19.0811 | 18 | 3.0777 | 33 | 1.5399 | 48 | 0.9004 | 63 | 0.5095 | 78 | 0.2126 |
| 4 | 14.3007 | 19 | 2.9042 | 34 | 1.4826 | 49 | 0.8693 | 64 | 0.4877 | 79 | 0.1944 |
| 5 | 11.4301 | 20 | 2.7475 | 35 | 1.4281 | 50 | 0.8391 | 65 | 0.4663 | 80 | 0.1763 |
| 6 | 9.5144 | 21 | 2.6051 | 36 | 1.3764 | 51 | 0.8098 | 66 | 0.4452 | 81 | 0.1584 |
| 7 | 8.1443 | 22 | 2.4751 | 37 | 1.3270 | 52 | 0.7813 | 67 | 0.4245 | 82 | 0.1405 |
| 8 | 7.1154 | 23 | 2.3559 | 38 | 1.2799 | 53 | 0.7536 | 68 | 0.4040 | 83 | 0.1228 |
| 9 | 6.3138 | 24 | 2.2460 | 39 | 1.2349 | 54 | 0.7265 | 69 | 0.3839 | 84 | 0.1051 |
| 10 | 5.6713 | 25 | 2.1445 | 40 | 1.1918 | 55 | 0.7002 | 70 | 0.3640 | 85 | 0.0875 |
| 11 | 5.1446 | 26 | 2.0503 | 41 | 1.1504 | 56 | 0.6745 | 71 | 0.3443 | 86 | 0.0699 |
| 12 | 4.7046 | 27 | 1.9626 | 42 | 1.1106 | 57 | 0.6494 | 72 | 0.3249 | 87 | 0.0524 |
| 13 | 4.3315 | 28 | 1.8807 | 43 | 1.0724 | 58 | 0.6249 | 73 | 0.3057 | 88 | 0.0349 |
| 14 | 4.0108 | 29 | 1.8040 | 44 | 1.0355 | 59 | 0.6009 | 74 | 0.2867 | 89 | 0.0175 |
| 15 | 3.7321 | 30 | 1.7321 | 45 | 1.0000 | 60 | 0.5774 | 75 | 0.2679 | 90 | 0 |
# Physics Explained Through a Video Game/Calculating Displacement
## Topic 1.2 - Calculating Displacement

We can calculate for the exact displacement of an object in a particular direction by considering the final and initial positions of an object in that direction. Then, we subtract the initial position value from the final position value to get the change in position, which is displacement.
This allows for us to quantitatively look at the change in an object's position, which will later make it possible to make clearer predictions about objects in motion.
   Question 1: Suppose that there's an in-game situation where the player Hello (colored white) wants to knock Jensen (colored grey) off the board. At a particular time in the game, Hello needs to have a ${\vec {d}}_{x}$ of ${\vec {d}}_{horizontal}=6\;{\textsf {meters}}$ and a ${\vec {d}}_{y}$ of ${\vec {d}}_{vertical}=8\;{\textsf {meters}}$ in order to reach Jensen.
   How far does Hello need to travel in order to reach Jensen, assuming that Jensen is at the same spot when Hello arrives?
${\vec {d}}_{net}$
${\vec {d}}_{vertical}$
${\vec {d}}_{horizontal}$
${\vec {d}}_{net}$
Thus, we can form a right angle triangle that is outlined by ${\vec {d}}_{net}$ and its components. Because of the Pythagorean Theorem where $a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}$ where a and b are components and c is ${\vec {d}}_{net}$, we can show that:
$a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}\implies ({\vec {d}}_{x})^{2}+({\vec {d}}_{y})^{2}=({\vec {d}}_{net})^{2}$
$\implies ({\vec {d}}_{horizontal})^{2}+({\vec {d}}_{vertical})^{2}=({\vec {d}}_{net})^{2}$
$\implies {\vec {d}}_{net}=\pm {\sqrt {({\vec {d}}_{horizontal})^{2}+({\vec {d}}_{vertical})^{2}}}$
$\implies {\vec {d}}_{net}=\pm {\sqrt {(6{\textsf {meters}})^{2}+(8\;{\textsf {meters}})^{2}}}=\pm {\sqrt {100\;{\text{meters}}}}=\pm 10\;{\text{meters}}$
Note that any displacement can either be positive or negative, depending on what is convenient for the situation. In this case, because we are looking for the magnitude of distance between Hello and Jensen, we can allow for ${\vec {d}}_{net}$ to be positive such that: ${\vec {d}}_{net}=10\;{\text{meters}}$ (using 1 significant figure).
* ↑ "Significant Figures". Science Olympiad Student Center. April 3, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
# Physics Exercises/Volumetric Expansion
## coffeciant of volumetric expansion

Volumetric expansion is the expansion of volume of a body, coffecient of volumetric expansion is given by
--Snj206 08:39, 15 September 2007 (UTC)sanjay
# Physics Exercises/Rotational Kinematics

* A particle of mass m is constrained to move on a horizontal circle of radius R. This circle also rotates in space about a fixed point (P) on the circumference of the circle. The rotation of the circle is about an axis of rotation perpendicular to the plane of the circle and tangent to the circle, at point (P); the rotation is at a constant angular speed ω. Show that the particle’s motion about one end of a diameter passing through the pivot point and the center of the circle, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, is the same as that of a plane pendulum in a uniform gravitational field. (Note: This is a difficult question, most likely requiring the use of Lagrangian mechanics, not simple Newtonian mechanics.)
* What is the average density of a planet if an orbital period of a spacecraft on a low orbit is N minutes? Assume that by "low orbit" means that the spacecraft's orbital radius approximately equal to the planet's.
# Physics Explained Through a Video Game/Displacement
## Introduction

Displacement is the change of an object's position between two times. It is a vector quantity, meaning that it has both a direction and a magnitude.

## Direction of Displacement

Displacement's direction is dependent on our choice of what is the positive direction and the negative direction are. This choice can vary between situations. However, we tend to consider the Cartesian grid convention to figure out whether a displacement is positive or negative.
To the right is an image of a 2D-Cartesian grid. We generally use the convention that an upwards motion (+Y direction) has a positive vertical displacement and a rightwards motion (+X direction) has a positive horizontal displacement.
With this in mind, if an object is found to have a motion in a certain direction, we can decide if it has a negative or positive displacement, as listed in the table below.
Cartesian Grid Contention Reference Table :
| Relative Direction of Motion of an Object | Displacement Type |
| Upwards (↑) | (+) Vertically Positive |
| Downwards (↓) | (-) Vertically Negative |
| Rightwards (→) | (+) Horizontally Positive |
| Leftwards (←) | (-) Horizontally Negative |
| Any combination of horizontal and vertical directions (eg. ↖, ↗, and ↘) | To be discussed in the following topic. |

### Displacement with the Cartesian Grid Convention

As a general example, consider a handful of balloons above that are rising relative to the ground in Balloon Fight by MuadDib. These balloons are above the ground and becoming farther from it, traveling in an upwards motion. Therefore, we can use the Cartesian grid convention to show that the balloons are having a positive vertical displacement relative to the ground.

### Exceptions to the Cartesian Grid Convention
## Magnitude of Displacement

The magnitude of displacement is dependent on the shortest distance that exists between the starting and ending point during the observation of an object. Thus, the path taken between the start and end points doesn't effect the displacement. Instead, only the location of the start and end points do.
As an example, suppose you are playing Battlegrounds 2 by HeyListen (on the right) and your goal is to cross to the other green hill. You can either jump up onto the ladder to cross or dodge cannon balls to get across. Assuming that you have the same start and end points, you will have the same displacement in either case.
As such, although there are paths of different lengths between Point A and Point B in the image, the displacement magnitude remains the same.
* ↑ “8.2: Kinematics.” Physics LibreTexts, 10 Nov. 2021, https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD%3A_Physics_7B_-_General_Physics/8%3A_Force_and_Motion/8.2%3A_Kinematics.
* ↑ Kbolino, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
* ↑ Urone, Paul Peter, and Roger Hinrichs. 2.1 Displacement - College Physics | OpenStax. 21 June 2012, https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/2-1-displacement.
# Physics Exercises/Vibrations and Sound
## Waves, basic

The distance between successive crests in the waves in the ocean is 7.5 m. The crests travel 12 m in 4.0 s. What is the frequency of a buoy bobbing up and down in this water?

### Solution

First, we calculate the velocity of water wave:
$v={\frac {\Delta S}{\Delta t}}={\frac {12~\mathrm {m} }{4.0~\mathrm {s} }}=3.0~\mathrm {m/s}$
We are given information about wavelength, so we can solve the problem using the following relationship between velocity, wavelength, and frequency:
$f={\frac {v}{\lambda }}={\frac {3.0~\mathrm {m/s} }{7.5~\mathrm {m} }}=0.40~\mathrm {Hz}$
# Physics Exercises/Received Heat

Heat is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact, which in turn is defined as an energy transfer to a body in any other way than due to work performed on the body.
To find the total of received heat (Q), the formula is:
$\!Q=\!m\times \!c\times \Delta \!t$
With the term :
* Q = the total of received heat (Joule, Kilojoule, Megajoule, Calorie, Kilocalorie)
* m = mass of substances (Gram, Kilogram)
* c = conductivity of substances (Joule/kilogram°C, Joule/gram°C, Calorie/gram°C)
* Δt = differences of temperature (°C)

## Exercises

* A tungsten with the mass 600 grams heated from the temperature 25°C to 85°C. If the conductivity of the tungsten is 0,18 cal/gram°C, find the received heat of tungsten!
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Gregorovitch
## Overview

Gregorovitch is a wand-maker, possibly equal in ability to Mr. Ollivander, who apparently set up shop in the northern part of Eastern Europe.

## Role in the Books
### Goblet of Fire

At the Weighing of the Wands ceremony, prior to the First Task of the Triwizard Tournament, Mr. Ollivander is called in to check that the Champions' wands are functioning correctly and up to full power. He recognizes Viktor Krum's wand instantly as a "Gregorovitch creation".

### Deathly Hallows

After his escape from Privet Drive, Harry Potter has "dreams" in which he shares some of Lord Voldemort's thoughts. Voldemort is looking for one Gregorovitch. Harry does not immediately remember this name, though it rings faint bells. It is at the wedding of Bill and Fleur, when a disguised Harry is talking to Viktor Krum, that he remembers that Krum's wand was made by Gregorovitch. Krum says that it was one of the last ones made by him, as he had retired.
Harry continues to have dreams about Voldemort's quest for Gregorovitch, including one in which Voldemort questions, and then kills, a woman who dares to say she doesn't know where he went. Finally, Voldemort reaches Gregorovitch, and questions him regarding some item which he supposedly had. Gregorovitch denies having had it, but Voldemort uses Legilimency to read Gregorovitch's memory of a blond thief who had stolen it from his workshop. We do not see the item that had been stolen. Harry, seeing this memory, believes it must be very small. Having retrieved this memory, Voldemort then kills Gregorovitch.
At the end of the book, it is revealed that the object that Gregorovitch had owned and which had been stolen from him was the Elder Wand or the Deathstick, a legendary wand that could not be defeated in a duel. Ollivander tells Harry that Gregorovitch had spread the rumour that he owned this wand and was examining it to determine its secrets, probably in order to enhance his reputation as a wandmaker. The wand was stolen from him by Gellert Grindelwald.

## Analysis

It is telling that Ollivander so quickly recognizes Gregorovitch's work, and that he is so well acquainted with Gregorovitch's history. Hagrid makes a comment in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone that leads us to believe that Ollivander is not the only wandmaker, but certainly the best, though we don't ever learn whether this means the best in the world, the best in Britain, or the best in Diagon Alley. It is true that Ron and Neville both seem to take some pride in having received wands from Ollivander's. Based on that analysis, we can guess that Ollivander is likely at the top of his profession, in London at the very least, and thus his ready knowledge of Gregorovitch and his efforts would indicate that Gregorovitch equally is a master wandmaker for Eastern Europe.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Goyle, Sr.
## Overview

Goyle, Sr. is the father of Gregory Goyle, one of Draco Malfoy's sidekicks.

## Role in the Books
### Goblet of Fire

When Lord Voldemort summons his Death Eaters after returning to life, he addresses one of them as Goyle. When Voldemort asks Goyle to do better next time, Goyle promises he will.
When Harry later names Goyle as one of the Death Eaters present in the graveyard, Cornelius Fudge dismisses that, saying he had already been tried and released, and Harry could have gotten his name from the old news stories.

### Order of the Phoenix

Goyle was mentioned indirectly as one of the Death Eaters that Harry named in his interview with Rita Skeeter, later published in the Quibbler.

## Weaknesses

Much like his son, Goyle doesn't seem to be very bright.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.