OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A-level Computing/CIE/Further Problem Solving and Programming skills

4.1 Computational thinking and problem-solving
4.2 Algorithm design methods 4.3 Further programming 4.4 Software development
# A-level Computing/CIE/Further Problem Solving and Programming skills/Algorithm design methods

* Specification link
* Decision tables
* describe the purpose of a decision table
* construct a decision table for a given problem with a maximum of three conditions
* simplify a decision table by removing redundancies
* Jackson structured programming (JSP)
* construct a JSP structure diagram showing repetition
* construct a JSP structure diagram showing selection
* write equivalent pseudocode from such structure charts
* construct a JSP data structure diagram: (2017 onwards)
* using sequence
* using selection
* using iteration
* State-transition diagrams (STD)
* use state-transition diagrams to document an algorithm
* use state-transition diagrams to show the behaviour of an object
# A-level Computing/AQA/2015 ALevel Paper 1/Fundamentals of programming

* C#
* Java
* Pascal/Delphi
* Python
* VB.Net
# A-level Computing/AQA/C Sharp

C# is a popular language

## C# Myths

C# is now Microsoft Language of choice if you work on thick client (desktop applications) or Silverlight (their rich web solution).
The language has similar syntax to Java and has similar core class libraries supplied, Streams for an example. This allows developers to easily work on either platform. The language has addition constructs for Properties, over and above Java.
The MVVM design pattern is extensively supported by C# , which allows clear separation between UI and Business Logic for thick client (desktop) and Silverlight (web). Which also allows code to be re-used between desktop and Silverlight. This allows a declaration of UI controls to be cleanly bound to business data. This enables a graphics designer to work alongside/parallel to a developer of business logic.
C# is strongly typed/type safe, and thereby avoids common programming errors and reduces debug time as issues are resolved at compile time. This also allows C# to run in a sandbox.
The use of { and } to scope code blocks provides a very clean and simple visual display of code.
C# uses the CLR to perform automatic memory management with garbage collection and therefore does not have the memory management problems associated with C/C++.
An Embedded version of C# exists, but the processor will require considerable memory (relative to a typical embedded system) to support the CLR.
Underlying Windows libraries can be called if they are already not supported by the .NET library.

## Why not C#?
## Online resources

Microsoft .NET Framework Application Development Foundation (70-536). Although now a old book is a good starting place for somebody starting out, as it writes the basics of file I/O (Streams), Exceptions, Regular Expressions, Collections, Graphics, Threading, Logging and Systems Management.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet/Consequences of Uses of Computing/Code of conduct

A Code of Conduct is not law, but it is a set of rules that apply when you are in an organisation such as your college. Examples might include "Don't look at pornography at work". This would be legal at home, but if you did it at work you could be sacked. In addition, a code of conduct may contain laws such as "Don't install pirated software".
The British Computer Society has produced a list of standards for the training and development of Information Technology workers.
It covers the following issues:
* The Public Interest - safeguarding public health; respecting rights of 3rd parties, applying a knowledge of relevant regulation.
* Duty to employers and clients - carrying out work according to the requirements, and not abusing employers' or clients' trust in any way.
* Professional duty - uphold the reputation of the profession through good practice, support fellow members in professional development
* Professional Integrity and Competence - maintain standards of professional skill and practice, accepting responsibility for work done, avoiding conflicts of interest with clients.
An example of a code of conduct in use in an office is as follows:
* Don't play games
* Don't look at pornography
* Don't gamble
* Don't plug your own peripherals into your computer
* Don't install software on work machines without permission
Each of these might be perfectly legal at home, but they might get you sacked at work
* Exercise: Laws and Codes of Conduct
* What is the difference between a Code of Conduct and a Law?
* Answer:
* A Law is applicable in all and every situation. A Code of Conduct is relevant only within the confines of an office, organisation or school.
* In a work place which of the following would be code of conduct rules only and which are laws. If a law name the law applicable:
* Don't look at pornography
* Don't download commercial MP3s from pirate websites
* Don't use email for personal messages
* Don't look at pirate software websites
* Don't use other company's logo on your work without permission
* Don't copy other company's ideas
* Don't give friends copies of CVs that have been sent to you
* Answer:
* Don't look at pornography (Code of Conduct)
* Don't download commercial MP3s from pirate websites (Law) - Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988
* Don't use email for personal messages (Code of Conduct)
* Don't look at pirate software websites (Code of Conduct)
* Don't use other company's logo on your work without permission (Law) - Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988
* Don't copy other company's ideas (Law) - Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988
* Don't give friends copies of CVs that have been sent to you (Law) - Data Protection Act 1998
# A-level Computing/AQA/Advanced Systems Development/Hardware Devices

1.1 Computer Hardware 1.1.1 Computer Concepts A very basic model of a computer would be:
The refined diagram shows the basic components of a computer system.
RAM Random Access Memeory. Stores loaded programs and data to be processed. There are two types: volatile and non-volatile. Unlike non-volatile memory, volatile memory is lost when the computer is switched off or reset.
ROM Read Only Memory. Stores information about BIOS and startup routines.
1.1.2 Measuring Storage Both the primary and auxiliary devices have capacity measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes.
A 1 or a 0 is a BInary digiT (Bit).
There are 8 bits in a byte 1024 bytes in a kilobyte 1024 kilobytes in a megabyte 1024 megabytes in a gigabyte Therefore there are 1,048,576 bytes in a megabyte.
A double density floppy disk holds 720Kb of data. A high density floppy disk contains about 1.44Mb of data.
Many computers store one character as one byte.
1.1.3 Computer Categories System Description
Microcomputers: This a computer which uses a microprocessor as its CPU. Includes PCs, laptops etc. They typically have between 1 and 128Mb of memory (RAM). They process data in anything from 8-bit ro 64-bit chunks.
Minicomputers: These are systems designed for multi-user access several terminals. Varies from processing power from a very powerful micro to a small mainframe.
Mainframes: Supports hundreds of terminals for multi-user access. Large amount of primary and auxiliary storage.
Supercomputers: These are the fastest and most expensive systems. Although they are not multi-user machines, they are used when a vast amount of processing is to be done.
1.1.4 Computer Configuration This term describes the collection of hardware in use. A large computer configuration would consist of several hundred micros in a building linked together by cabling to form a local area network (LAN).
1.1.5 Embedded Systems An embedded system is dedicated to one specific task. They are special purpose systems.
Embedded systems typically have their programs stored in ROM as opposed to auxiliary storage and RAM. These programs are referred to as firmware - a combination of software and hardware.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet/Consequences of Uses of Computing

* Legal and Ethical Issues
* Discuss issues of ownership of information and programs, and the protection of data.
* Consider current legal controls which specifically refer to computerised data and programs, and the implications of current legislation (see the Resource Bank).
* Hacking.
* Consider how digital rights can be managed.
* Code of Conduct.
* Economic and Social Issues Discuss the social consequences of current uses of computing.
* Be aware of emerging technologies and appreciate their potential impact on society.
* Robotics:
* What are machines good and bad at, in comparison to humans?
* What can this tell us about the way that the human mind works?
* What can we learn from machines?
* What are the limitations of using machines as tools?
* Robotics
* Emerging technologies
# A-level Computing/AQA/2015 ALevel Paper 1

* Fundamentals of programming
* Fundamentals of data structures
* Fundamentals of algorithms
* Theory of computation
* Fundamentals of data representation
* Fundamentals of computer systems
* Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
* Consequences of uses of computing
* Fundamentals of communication and networking
* Fundamentals of databases
* Big Data
* Fundamentals of functional programming
* Systematic approach to problem solving
* Non-exam assessment - the computing practical project
# A-level Computing/AQA/Advanced Systems Development

* Applications and Effects
* Databases
* Systems Development
* Hardware Devices
* Networking
# A-level Computing/AQA/CSharp

C# (pronounced "C-sharp") is an object-oriented programming language from Microsoft that aims to combine the computing power of C++ with the programming ease of Visual Basic. C# is based on C++ and contains features similar to those of Java.
C# is designed to work with Microsoft's .Net platform. Microsoft's aim is to facilitate the exchange of information and services over the Web, and to enable developers to build highly portable applications. C# simplifies programming through its use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) which allow access to a programming object or method without requiring the programmer to write additional code for each step. Because programmers can build on existing code, rather than repeatedly duplicating it, C# is expected to make it faster and less expensive to get new products and services to market.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet

This exam is worth 40% of your AS grade (20% of A2). It is examined in June.

## Definitions

Unit 2 definition list

## Past Papers

http://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/ict-and-computer-science/a-level/computing-2510/past-papers-and-mark-schemes
# A-level Computing/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet/Consequences of Uses of Computing/Digital rights management

With the emergence of digital technology and the internet, it has become easier than ever to make exact copies of data or use other peoples work in your own work. This might involve copying files, images, games, music and videos; it might involve using well known songs in videos you make; it might involve using images you find on the web in your own work. For all of this there are legal issues you must consider.
* Is it fair to give a copy of an MP3 to a friend when they haven't paid for it?
* Will piracy kill the film and music industries?
* Is taking images off the internet fair use, shouldn't we reward people for their work?
* If I bought something on one format (e.g. tape), shouldn't I automatically have access to it in other formats for free?
* Does Piracy actually aid some forms of media, as it increases the audience reach of that artist, making it more likely for them to buy it officially?
A way that companies try to control the use of media and programs is through the use of digital rights management systems. These systems may do the following:
* Prevent playback on 'unauthorised' devices, using encryption keys
* Use a database of approved devices
* Prevent copying of files in some media managers (such as iTunes)
* Exercise: Digital Rights Management
* Give the arguments for and against using Digital Rights Management:
* Answer:
* Defends the intellectual property rights of creators
* Users are not able to use purchased products in the ways they might wish
* People who download illegally are more likely to buy a product in the long run

## References

* ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/apr/21/study-finds-pirates-buy-more-music
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet/Structure of the Internet/URIs

Resources such as documents, files and folders sitting on the internet need a method to identify them and access them. URIs provide a way to linking to these resources. There are two types of URI, but you only need to know URL for the exam:
e.g. urn:isbn:0486419266 The URN for R.U.R. (1921 play), identified by its book number.
e.g. http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=85821 The project gutenberg page for the R.U.R. book

## Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

A URL is a URI that, "in addition to identifying a resource, provides a means of locating the resource by describing its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network location)". URLs allow us to specify the domain name and exact location of a resource on the internet. For example, the following links to a picture on wikicommons:
We can break this down into its constituent parts:
$\underbrace {http://} _{\text{protocol}}\underbrace {commons.wikimedia.org} _{\text{hostname}}\underbrace {/wiki/File:George_{-}Clausen_{-}WWI_{-}poster.jpg} _{\text{location on server}}$
We can therefore summarise a URL as follows:
$protocol://hostname/location_{-}of_{-}file$
* Exercise: Uniform Resource Identifiers
* Describe the difference between a URN and a URL
* Answer:
* URN gives the name of a resource, but not necessarily its location
* URL gives the location of a resource
* Give the 3 parts that make up a URL
* Answer:
* the protocol
* the hostname
* the file location
* For the following address:
* http://www2.example.gov.uk/
* describe the parts:
* http://
* www2
* gov.uk
* example
* Answer:
* http:// - the protocol being used
* www2 - the name of the host being used
* gov.uk - the domain name is registered in the uk, and is a governmental organisation
* example - the domain name of the government organisation

## References

* ↑ Tim Berners-Lee, Roy T. Fielding, Larry Masinter. (January 2005). “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax”. Internet Society. RFC 3986; STD 66.
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet/Webpage Design/Webpage design

Web page design is an art and there is no way of guaranteeing your website will look fantastic, however there are some rules that you can stick to when attempting to make a professional looking website:

## The rule of thirds

There is an artistic theory that states when you split an image into thirds aligning the main components in this format then it looks better.
This theory has been adopted into web design and many websites you use will utilise this rule of thirds, splitting the information into 3 columns, or 1 column and another column taking up two thirds.

## Colour schemes

Three web page colour schemes you need to know are: monochromatic, analogous, complementary colour

### Monochromomatic

Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base colour, and extended using its shades, tones and tints (that is, a hue modified by the addition of black, grey (black + white) and white. Monochromatic color schemes may be considered boring unless there is diversity within the design

### Analogous

Analogous colors are colors that are adjacent to each other on a color wheel. Some examples are green, yellow green, and yellow or red, red violet and violet. Analogous color schemes are often found in nature and are pleasing to the eye.

### Complementary

In color theory, two colors are called complementary if, when mixed in the proper proportion, they produce a neutral color (grey, white, or black). In the diagram below they are the colours that are opposite each other. Examples of complementary colours include:
* red and green
* blue and orange
* yellow and violet
* Page Design
* Explain the rule of thirds:
* Answer:
* Separate the main components of your website into three columns and/or rows
* Name the three colour models that could be used on a webpage:
* Answer:
* Monochromatic
* Analogous
* Complementary
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Computer Components, The Stored Program Concept and the Internet/Webpage Design

* Web design
* Web page construction
* Have practical experience of creating simple web pages containing hyperlinks using the tags listed in the Teacher Resource Bank.
* HTML & style sheets
* Know that HTML is used for structure only and that style sheets are used for style and layout of web pages (see the Teacher Resource Bank for list of style sheet type, class and ID selectors, properties and values)
* Web page construction
* HTML & style sheets
* Webpage design
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Hunting
## Deer Hunting in Southern California

Life in the open: sport with rod, gun, horse, and hound in southern California By Charles Frederick Holder

## Baiting and Shooting Sparrows

Sparrows are accustomed to feed in close flocks, and when thus assembled in favorable places a large number may be shot. The best way is to scatter grain over long, narrow areas and shoot the sparrows at these baiting places. Where sparrows infest poultry yards, the bait may be placed on a horizontal board, supported at such an elevation that the birds can be shot without danger to the poultry.
Pamphlets on forestry. Fish and game, Volume 5
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Indian Lore/Indian Shelters
## Omaha Tipi

The North-Americans of yesterday: a comparative study of North-American ... By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh

## Details of Pueblo Construction

The North-Americans of yesterday: a comparative study of North-American ... By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh

## Wall Construction

The North-Americans of yesterday: a comparative study of North-American ... By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh

## Navaho House

The North-Americans of yesterday: a comparative study of North-American ... By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Indian Lore/Indian Clothes and Shoes
## One Piece Moccasin

The American Museum journal, Volume 16 By American Museum of Natural History
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Indian Lore/Indian Bags
## Parfleche

Parfleche or rawhide bag. As to form, they are of two types — those opening on the longer side and those opening on the shorter side. All vary much in size, ranging from 20 to 60 cm., on the longest side. The proportions of the two sides on a denominator of 10, range from 6 to 9. They are closed by a flap and are held in place by two thongs passed through as many holes in their edges. The edges are covered with cloth, either blue or red. The sewing is by an over stitch, holes being punched in the edges of the rawhide through which a single thong is passed, always from the same side. Apparently this sewing starts from the bottom of the bag. A knot is tied in the thong, some distance from the end, so that in the finished bag, the loose ends hang freely from the corners, forming simple pendants. However, two bags in the collection are sewed with a single thread passing in and out instead of over the edge. The short carrying strap is fastened on the back near the top. One large bag is provided with a strap long enough to pass over the shoulders. The faces of these bags and the flaps are decorated with painted designs.
To fill the parfleche, it is opened and the contents arranged in the middle. The large flap is then brought over and held by lacing. The ends are then turned over and laced. The closed parfleche may then be secured by both or either of the looped thongs.
Primarily, parfleche were used for holding dried meat, dried berries, tallow, etc., though utensils and other belongings found their way into them when convenient. In recent years, they seem to have more of a decorative than a practical value; or rather, according to our impression, they are cherished as mementos of buffalo days, the great good old time of Indian memory, always appropriate and acceptable as gifts. The usual fate of a gift parfleche is to be cut into moccasin soles. With the possible exception of the Osage, the parfleche was common among all these tribes but seldom encountered elsewhere.
Material culture of the Blackfoot Indians, Volume 5 By Clark Wissler
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Indian Lore/Indian Clothes Making
## Navajo Loom

The North-Americans of yesterday: a comparative study of North-American ... By Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh
# A Compendium of Useful Information for the Practical Man/Indian Lore/Indian Pottery
## Pottery Making by the Luisenos Indians

The only tools used in pottery making are a flat piece of wood and a smooth pebble of suitable size. Pottery is baked by merely digging a pit and filling it with dry cow-dung, among which the vessels are placed. The dry bark of trees was formerly used, wood not making a sufficiently hot fire. The clay used is thoroughly kneaded and tempered, and strips or coils of it are gradually added to the edge of the growing vessel.
The culture of the Luiseño Indians By Philip Stedman Sparkman