OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Genetics/Genetic Principles

How a living organism is built and functions is determined and governed by genes. Understanding how genes work may enable researchers to:
* detect and cure genetic illnesses.
* determine an organism's features and behaviors.
* create a new organism.
The relationships between genes and features are very complex. Currently, we are unsure if it will ever be possible to change only one feature of an organism by changing one or a set of genes. If features are able to be genetically altered, there is a likelihood that any attempt may accompany other changes. The other changes could be small and/or ignorable however. Some changes are gradual, while changes in gene expression can result in rapid transformations in the physiological state of an organism.

## Gregor Mendel and Peas

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk. He is credited as the father of modern genetics. While planting and harvesting pea plants on his monastery he noticed patterns of traits in pea plants. Most pea plants turned out to have green pods, some had yellow pods. Some had yellow seeds and while others had green seeds. Stem length, petal color, pod shape, location of flowers all these seemed to exhibit a pattern of inheritance.
Mendel went on to breed pea plants to see how these traits acted. Through these experiments Mendel created 3 laws that govern how traits are passed on from parents to offspring.

## Mendel's Laws

Law of Dominance - In a cross between contrasting traits only 1 appears in the F$_1$ generation this is the dominant trait; the other is recessive
Law of Segregation- During gamete formation the 2 traits responsible for each trait separate so each gamete has only 1 gene for each trait
Law of Independent Assortment- when dihybrid plants are crossed the factors for 1 trait are distributed separately from other traits so that one can find all these changes
Chromosomes, alleles and Mendel’s law: the behavior of homologous chromosomes during meiosis can account for the segregation of the alleles at each genetic locus to different gametes. The alleles for 2 or more genes located on different chromosomes. In Mendel’s experiment, the segregation and the independent assortment during meiosis in the F1 generation give rise to the F2 phenotype ratio observed by Mendel.

## Law of Dominance

It is when crossing two contracting character traits, one of the character traits will be masked of or will not show which is recessive and the other will be dominant.When Mendel crossed breeds two pea plant with contracting height,one being tall(TT) and the other being short or dwarf(tt). What he found is that all the the first generation(F1) where all tall.
# General Genetics/Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
## Eukaryotic Gene Expression

The gene regulatory mechanisms of Eukaryotic organisms are slightly more complex than the single, operon controlled model seen in prokaryotes. This complexity is due to the multicellular nature of Eukaryotes. Every eukaryotic cell contains the same DNA as every other cell in the organism. This is known as the organism's "genome." In order for cells to specialize and turn into, say, a neuron or a muscle cell, gene regulatory elements must turn off certain genes and upregulate other genes. So although every cell in a eukaryote has the same genome, they each have different proteins that are active at different concentrations. This difference is known as an organism's "proteome," or the sum total of all proteins currently encoded by the cell. We will discuss some of the common regulatory mechanisms seen in eukaryotes that allow for this differentiation seen in cells.
* Transcriptional Regulation
* Post Transcriptional Regulation
* Translational Regulation
* Post-translational Regulation
# FLTK/Compilation

The fltk2-config command gives useful information.
For instance, the --cxxflags and --ldflags options give the flags required to compile and link your application.
# FLTK/Downloading and installing
## Downloading FLTK

Go to FLTK's software page and click on the latest FLTK 2.0 package. Choose the compression you're able to decompress (bzip2 or gzip) and click on the nearest mirror. Sometimes the mirrors are not up to date, then try another one or pick an older package. Don't use the SourceForge.net project page, it's deprecated.

## Installation
### Linux

Decompressing the bzip2 archive:
Decompressing the gzip archive:
To build the framework, launch the configuration script and type make:
If everything built fine (no error message), install it:
You're ready to write FLTK 2 applications!
# Mechanical Energy and Energy Conservation

Kinetic energy and potential energy are together referred to as mechanical energy. The total mechanical energy (U) of an object is then the sum of its kinetic and potential energies:
* ${\begin{matrix}U&=&E_{P}&+&E_{K}\\U&=&mgh&+&{\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}\end{matrix}}$
* (7.1)
Now,
   * IN THE ABSENCE OF FRICTION
   * Mechanical energy is conserved
   * ${\begin{matrix}U_{initial}&=&U_{final}\\{\frac {1}{2}}mv_{i}^{2}+mgh_{i}&=&{\frac {1}{2}}mv_{f}^{2}+mgh_{f}\end{matrix}}$
This principle of conservation of mechanical energy can be a very powerful tool for solving physics problems. However, in the presence of friction some of the mechanical energy is lost:
   * IN THE PRESENCE OF FRICTION
   * Mechanical energy is not conserved
   * (The mechanical energy lost is equal to the work done against friction)
   * $\Delta U=U_{before}-U_{after}=\mathrm {Work\ Done\ Against\ Friction}$

## Worked Example 45 Using Mechanical Energy Conservation

Question: A 2kg metal ball is suspended from a rope. If it is released from point A and swings down to the point B (the bottom of its arc) what is its velocity at point B?
Answer:
Step 1 : Analyse the question to determine what information is provided
* The mass of the metal ball is m = 2kg
* The change in height going from point A to point B is h = 0.5m
* The ball is released from point A so the velocity at point A is zero (v$_A$ = 0m/s).
These are in the correct units so we do not have to worry about unit conversions.
Step 2 : Analyse the question to determine what is being asked
* Find the velocity of the metal ball at point B.
Step 3 : Determine the Mechanical Energy at A and B
To solve this problem we use conservation of mechanical energy as there is no friction. Since mechanical energy is conserved,
${\begin{matrix}U_{A}=U_{B}\end{matrix}}$
Therefore we need to know the mechanical energy of the ball at point A (U$_A$) and at point B (U$_B$). The mechanical energy at point A is
${\begin{matrix}U_{A}=mgh_{A}+{\frac {1}{2}}m(v_{A})^{2}\end{matrix}}$
We already know m, g and v$_A$, but what is h$_A$? Note that if we let h$_B$ = 0 then h$_A$ = 0.5m as A is 0.5m above B. In problems you are always free to choose a line corresponding to h = 0. In this example the most obvious choice is to make point B correspond to h = 0.
Now we have,
${\begin{matrix}U_{A}&=&(2kg)\left(10{\frac {m}{s^{2}}}\right)(0.5m)+{\frac {1}{2}}(2kg)(0)^{2}\\&=&10\ J\end{matrix}}$
As already stated U$_B$ = U$_A$. Therefore U$_B$ = 10J, but using the definition of mechanical energy
${\begin{matrix}U_{B}&=&mgh_{B}+{\frac {1}{2}}m(v_{B})^{2}\\&=&{\frac {1}{2}}m(v_{B})^{2}\end{matrix}}$
because h$_B$ = 0. This means that
${\begin{matrix}10J&=&{\frac {1}{2}}(2kg)(v_{B})^{2}\\(v_{B})^{2}&=&10{\frac {J}{kg}}\\v_{B}&=&{\sqrt {10}}{\frac {m}{s}}\end{matrix}}$
# FLTK/Basic applications
## Basic window source code

Here is the smallest FLTK application, it shows an empty window:
Compiling and running this piece of code yields the following kind of window:
| GNU Linux screen shot | Mac OS X screen shot |

## Basic application compilation

To build above code, first save it to a file named test.cxx. You can also use test.cpp, but the cxx extension is the one used by FLTK source code.
We assume GCC is installed, since it is required to build FLTK. Depending on the environment, windowing system libraries need to be linked against the executable. Basically, the following command is the minimum required to build test.cxx:
Using the X Window system (GNU Linux for example), you usually need to add the following ones:
Under Mac OS X, you'll have to link with the Carbon framework:
# Summary of Important Quantities, Equations and Concepts

Table 7.1: Summary of the symbols and units of the quantities used in Energy :
| Units ||||||
| Quantity | Symbol | Unit | S.I. Units | S.I. Units | Direction |
| Work | W | J | N.m | or$kg.m^{2}.s^{-2}$ | -- |
| Kinetic Energy | E$_K$ | J | N.m | or$kg.m^{2}.s^{-2}$ | -- |
| Potential Energy | E$_P$ | J | N.m | or$kg.m^{2}.s^{-2}$ | -- |
| Mechanical Energy | U | J | N.m | or$kg.m^{2}.s^{-2}$ | -- |
Principle of Conservation of Energy: Energy is never created nor destroyed, but merely transformed from one form to another.
Conservation of Mechanical Energy: In the absence of friction, the total mechanical energy of an object is conserved.
# FLTK/Disabling the escape key

FLTK applications automatically exit when pressing the Escape key. To disable this behaviour on the main window, a custom callback must replace the default one:
# FLTK

FLTK ( http://www.fltk.org/ ) is a cross-platform application framework that natively supports OpenGL. It's lightweight, can be statically linked, and comes with a graphical GUI designer named FLUID.
This book is about FLTK 2.0 which is still under development. The current stable version (1.0) already has a comprehensive documentation, though it is mostly a reference.
Version 2.0 adds UTF-8 support, theming, as well as many improvements for the developer. The FLTK roadmap listing missing features and bugs is available here: FLTK roadmap.
Note that there's no release date for FLTK 2.0 and some of its parts are still in alpha state. Moreover, the API can change before the official release. If you need a stable framework, please use FLTK 1.1 (though it has an entirely different API).

## Licensing

FLTK framework uses a modified GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.0 (LGPL 2.0). The modifications allow not to publish your own source code, except changes to FLTK framework code itself or of any program that uses an altered version of FLTK with static linking (a derived LGPL version of the framework can be used with a closed source project). You are also required to name FLTK somewhere in you application or documentation.

## Portability

FLTK based applications usually build without source modification on the following platforms:
* Unix and Linux (through X11),
* Mac OS X,
* Windows,
* and other less common platforms, such as OS/2, QNX or GNU/HURD.

## Documentation

FLTK documentation and information is available through the official site. It hosts active forums, documentation, articles and links to many FLTK based application which you can download, play with and get their source code (when available). The FLTK framework code also comes with a lot of examples in its 'test/' directory.

## Code Examples

* Disabling the escape key
# Flora of New York/Clade Cyperaceae

* The Cyperaceae (sedge family) contains grass-like monocots, most of which have stems with triangular cross-sections..
* Cyperaceae
* Mapanioideae
* Hypolytreae
* Chrysitricheae
* Cyperoideae
* Trilepideae
* Cladieae—Cladium mariscoides (twig rush)
* Bisboeckelereae
* Sclerieae—Scleria spp. (6 nut sedges, nut rushes)
* Carpheae
* Cryptangieae
* Schoeneae
* Rhynchosporeae—Rhynchospora spp. (13 beak sedges)
* Dulichieae—Dulichium arundinaceum (three-way sedge)
* Khaosokieae
* Calliscirpeae
* Scirpeae
* Scirpus spp. (19 bulrushes)
* Eriophorum spp. (5 cotton grasses)
* Trichophoreae—Trichophorum spp. (4 club sedges)
* Sumatroscirpeae
* Cariceae—Carex spp. (227 sedges)
* Eleocharideae—Eleocharis spp. (29 spike rushes)
* Abilgaardieae
* Fimbristylis spp. (3 fimbries)
* Bulbostylis capillaris (tufted hair sedge)
* Bolboschoeneae—Bolboschoenus spp. (7 tuberous bulrushes)
* Fuireneae—Fuirena spp. (2 tumbrella grasses)
* Schoenoplecteae—Schoenoplectus spp. (10 bulrushes)
* Pseudoschoeneae—Schoenoplectiella spp. (5 bulrushes)
* Cypereae—Cyperus spp. (37 flat sedges)
* ↑ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 (Page last updated: 05/25/2021). http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/
* ↑ Isabel Larridon et al. (2021), A new classification of Cyperaceae (Poales) supported by phylogenomic data. J. Syst. Evol., 59: 852-895. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12757
# Flora of New York/Clade1 Ericales

* The order Ericales comprises 22 families (Actinidiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Clethraceae, Cyrillaceae, Diapensiaceae, Ebenaceae, Ericaceae, Fouquieriaceae, Lecythidaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Polemoniaceae, Primulaceae, Roridulaceae, Sapotaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Sladeniaceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Theaceae):
* Ericales
* balsaminoids
* Balsaminaceae—Impatiens (4 jewelweed spp.)
* Marcgraviaceae
* Tetrameristaceae
* Lecythidaceae
* Mitrastemonaceae
* polemonioids
* Fouquieriaceae
* Polemoniaceae
* Cobaeoideae
* Polemonioideae
* Polemonieae - Polemonium (2 Jacob's ladder spp.)
* Phlocideae - Phlox (6 phlox spp.)
* Gilieae
* Collomia
* Gilia
* Loeselieae
* primuloids
* Sapotaceae
* Ebenaceae
* Primulaceae
* Pentaphylacaceae
* Theaceae
* styracoids
* Symplocaceae
* Diapensiaceae
* Styracaceae
* sarracenioids
* Sarraceniaceae
* Actinidiaceae
* Roridulaceae
* ericoids
* Clethraceae
* Cyrillaceae
* Ericaceae
* ↑ From Figure 11.10. Phylogenetic relationships of Asterids with an emphasis on families within Ericales and Cornales. Soltis, Douglas; Soltis, Pamela; Endress, Peter; Chase, Mark W.; Manchester, Steven; Judd, Walter; Majure, Lucas; Mavrodiev, Evgeny (2018). Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms (p. 262). University of Chicago Press. Kindle Edition.
* ↑ Rose, Jeffrey P.; Kleist, Thomas J.; Löfstrand, Stefan D.; Drew, Bryan T.; Schönenberger, Jürg; Sytsma, Kenneth J. (2018-05-01). "Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 122: 59–79. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.014. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29410353.
* ↑ Prather, L. & Ferguson, Carolyn & Jansen, Robert. (2000). Polemoniaceae Phylogeny and Classification: Implications of Sequence Data from the Chloroplast Gene ndhF. American journal of botany. 87. 1300-8. 10.2307/2656723.
# Flora of New York/Clade Gymnosperms

* The gymnosperms in New York include the conifers and ginkgos.
* spermatophytes
* gymnosperms
* Cycadales—Cycadaceae—Cycas (1 genus of >100 species, no record in NY)
* Ginkgoales—Ginkgoaceae—Gingkgo biloba (1 extant species, planted, not naturalized in NY)
* Gnetales―Gnetaceae―Gnetum (1 tropical genus, no record in NY)
* Pinales
* Pinaceae
* Pinoideae
* Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)
* Pinus subg. Pinus spp. (8 hard pines)
* Piceoideae
* Picea spp. (6 spruces)
* Laricoideae
* Larix laricina (tamarack, American larch)
* Larix decidua (European larch)
* Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch)
* Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
* Abietoideae
* Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)
* Abies balsamea (balsam fir)
* Cupressaceae
* Taxodioideae
* Taxodium distichum (baldcypress)
* Cupressoideae
* Thuja occidentalis (arborvitae, white-cedar)
* Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
* Juniperus communis (common juniper, ground juniper)
* Juniperus horizontalis (creeping juniper)
* Chamaecyparis tyoides (Atlantic white cedar)
* Taxaceae
* Taxus canadensis (American yew)
* Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew)
* Taxus baccata (English yew)
* angiosperms
* Magnoliidae
* ↑ P.F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017. Page last updated: 02/06/2021
* ↑ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz; James L. Reveal; Aljos Farjon; Martin F. Gardner; Robert R. Mill; Mark W. Chase (2011). "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms." Phytotaxa 19 Magnolia Press
* ↑ Jin-Hua Ran, Ting-Ting Shen, Hui Wu, Xun Gong, Xiao-Quan Wang (2018). "Phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pinaceae updated by transcriptomic analysis," Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 129 pp. 106-116, ISSN 1055-7903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.011.
# Flora of New York/Clade Magnoliidae

* Subclass Magnoliidae Novák ex Takht. (1967) contains the extant flowering plants (the angiosperms). An attempt was made in this document to employ James Reveal's (2012) use of superorders to outlne the flowering plants consistently with more recent phylogenetic research, including APG IV and beyond. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has avoided the use of ranked names for groups larger than orders, so it may become difficult and somewhat artificial to try to maintain the use of superorders here.
* angiosperms
* A. Amborellanae 0/1 (Amborellales)
* B. Nymphaeanae 1/1 (Nymphaeales)
* C. Austrobaileyanae 0/1 (Austrobaileyales)
* magnoliids
* D. Magnolianae 3/4 (Piperales, Laurales, Magnoliales)
* monocots
* E. Lilianae 9/11
* F. Ceratophyllanae 1/1 (Ceratophyllales)
* eudicots
* G. Ranunculanae 1/1 (Ranunculales)
* $^{basal}$
* H. Proteanae 1/1 (Proteales)
* $^{eudicots}$
* I. Buxanae 1/1 (Buxales)
* core eudicots
* J. Myrothamnanae 0/1 (Gunnerales)
* K. Dillenianae 0/1 (Dilleniales)
* superrosids
* L. Saxifraganae 1/1 {Saxifragales)
* rosids
* Vitales 1/1
* eurosids
* fabids
* M. Rosanae (8/8)
* malvids
* N. Myrtanae (6/8)
* superasterids
* O. Berberidopsidanae 0/1
* P. Santalanae 1/1 (Santalales)
* Q. Caryophyllanae 1/1 (Caryophyllales)
* asterids
* R. Cornanae 1/1 (Cornales)
* S. Ericanae 1/1 (Ericales)
* euastrids
* lamiids
* T. Lamianae 5/8
* campanulids
* U. Asteranae 4/7
* ↑ James L. Reveal (2012). "An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants (Magnoliidae)." Phytoneuron 2012-37: 1–221. Published 23 April 2012. ISSN 2153 7
* ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181 (1): 1–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385
# Flora of New York/Clade Lycophytes

* Class Lycopodiopsida contains the lycophytes (clubmosses, firmosses and quillworts).
* tracheophytes
* lycophytes
* Lycopodiales : Lycopodiaceae
* Lycopodielloideae
* Lycopodiella spp. (5 bog cubmosses)
* Pseudolycopodiella caroliniana (slender bog clubmoss)
* Lycopodioideae
* Dendrolycopodium spp. (3 tree cubmosses)
* Diphasiastrum spp. (8 ground cedars)
* Spinulum spp. (3 bristly clubmosses)
* Lycopodium spp. (2 running clubmosses)
* Huperzioideae
* Huperzia spp. (4 firmosses)
* Isoetales : Isoetaceae
* Isoetes spp. (8 quillworts)
* Selaginellales : Selaginellaceae
* Selaginella spp. (3 spikemosses)
* euphyllophytes
* Polypodiopsida (ferns)
* spermatophytes (seed plants)
* ↑ P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). "Ferns s.l." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Page last updated: 03/11/2021
* ↑ PPG I (2016), A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. Jnl of Sytematics Evolution, 54: 563-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229
# Flora of New York/Clade Acrocystis

<< Main Carex page

## New York State Carex sect. Acrocystis cladogram

* § Acrocystis
* America
* East
* Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania sedge) N5
* Carex lucorum (Blue Ridge sedge) N4
* Carex tonsa (Shaved sedge) N5
* Carex rugosperma (Parachute sedge) N5
* Carex umbellata (Parasol sedge) N5
* Carex albicans var. albicans (White-tinged sedge) N5
* Carex nigromarginata (Black-edge sedge) N1-3
* Carex reznicekii (Reznicek's sedge) N1-2
* Carex emmonsii (Emmons' sedge) N3
* Carex novae-angliae (New England sedge) N4
* West
* Carex communis (Fibrous-rooted sedge) N5
* Carex deflexa var. deflexa (Northern sedge) N3-4
* Carex peckii (Peck's sedge) N4
* Western America Clade (not in NY)
* Eurasia
* Carex montana (Mountain sedge) X
# Hebrew/Miscellaneous Vocabulary

This page has miscellaneous vocabulary words for incorporation into lessons at a later date.
    עִבְרִית -- Hebrew, ivreet

## שֵׁשׁ

    six, shesh

## שִׁירָה

    poetry; singing (song is שִׁיר in everyday Hebrew)

## תֵּבֵל

    world (an old world; used in bible)

## גָּדוֹל

    big, great

## יוֹם

    day, yom (think of yom kippur)

## יָמִים

    days, yamim

## טוֹב

    good, tov

## רַע

    bad, evil, raá

## שלום

    shalom, literally: peace. used as "hello" or "welcome"

## מַאֲזִין

    (I) listen

## טלוויזיה

    TV

## צָהָרָיִם

    afternoon

## שמִי

    My name is shmi

## מָה שִמךָ

    What is your name? ma shimcha

## שֵם

    name, shem
שׁוֹטֵר -- policeman sho-tayr

## Requests

Enter words you would like added below: for various lessons

### Food and Eating

For the lessons on Hebrew/Food
אכל -- eat, root לֶאֱכֹל -- to eat transliteration le-'e-khol
הוּא אוֹכֵל -- he eats transliteration hu o-khel
אֲנִי אוֹכֶלֶת -- I (feminine) eat transliteration a-ni o-khe-let
אָכַלְנו -- we (masculine/mixed) ate transliteration a-khal-nu
שְׁתֵה -- drink transliteration shte
מַמְתָּק -- candy transliteration mam-tak
For other lessons

### Computers and the Web

-- computer transliteration עַמּוּד רָאשִׁי -- home page or main page (?) transliteration 'amud rashi -- link transliteration -- recent changes transliteration עֶזְרָה -- help transliteration 'ez-ra חִפּ‏וּשׂ -- search transliteration hi-pus

### Miscellaneous

שִׁע‏וּר - lesson shi-‘ur שמֵחַ - happy sa-me-aḥ עָצוּב - sad 'a-tsuv עָיֵף - tired 'a-yef כּ‏וֹעֵס - angry ko-‘es קָטָן - small ka-tan אֲנָשִׁים - people a-na-shim עֲצֹר - stop a-tzor כְּתֹב - write ke-tov/ktov קְרָא - read ke-ra/kra הַקְשֵב - listen hak-shev דַּבֵּר - talk da-ber - vocabulary transliteration - vocabulary transliteration
# Hebrew/Lexicon

| Syllabus | Planned Lexicon |
| > Next | Planned Lexicon |
| Contents | |
| Planned Lexicon The planned lexicon is an organized "source inventory" of words that are probable vocabulary candidates for usage in the Intensive Hebrew Textbook. The lexicon is not a list of all words used in the textbook or words that will be used in the textbook, but rather a temporary list of words to be used in the course on an item-by-item basis. HebrewIPAEnglishPart of SpeechThematic CategoryLesson מַיִם (mayeem) m. water n pl food tbd שָׁלוֹם (shalom)  /ʃaˈlom/ hello; goodbye intj greeting tbd שָׁלוֹם (shalom) m.  /ʃaˈlom/ peace; well-being noun tbd יַיִן (yayeen/yeynot) m. /ˈja(j)in/ wine n food tbd | Abbreviations adj adjecive adv adverb conj conjunction det determiner f feminine intj interjection i idiom m masculine n noun nadj noun adjective prep preposition pl plural pro pronoun q question word s slang tbd to be determined v verb |
# Hebrew/Layout

| Lesson structure | Layout Guide |
| > Next | Layout Guide |
| Contents | |
# Hebrew/Lesson formats/Answers
## Exercises

With link to answers. By default, the name of the answers page is the lesson plus /Answers. So the lesson for "these answers" would be at Hebrew/Lesson formats.

### Link back

Put in a link back to the lesson.
In keeping with the recommendation to "integrate content from prerequisites", if an answer depends on content from previous lessons, it would be good to link to them too.

### Include questions

Include the questions from the lesson page to make it easier to find the correct question-answer match.
Standard types of questions are
* Translations.
* Practice without diacritic marks.

### Category

Add to the Hebrew category. Example: [[Category:Hebrew|Lesson_formats/Answers]]
# Hebrew/Loanwords

Loanwords are words from one language that are used in another language. (See Wikipedia on loanword.) Some of these words are also cognates (that is words based on the same roots. These words may be English words use by Hebrew speakers. Hebrew words used by English speakers. Or they can be words from another language used by both Hebrew and English speakers. A loanword my have a slightly different pronunciation in the different languages.
From the Wikipedia article on Loanwords:
    Examples of loanwords from a dominant field of activity: [...]
# Hebrew/Meals

Note: ḥ indicates the sound made by ח (het) or (kaf) כ. It's similar to the ch in Bach.

## Related Lessons

* Hebrew/Food (basic)
* Hebrew/Drinks
* Hebrew/Fruit
* Hebrew/Restaurant
# Hebrew/Names

Here are some common names, mostly for use in exercises:
שָׂרָה -- Sarah יַעֲקֹב -- Jacob Yakov משֶׁה -- Moses Moshe רָחֵל -- Rachel Rakhael דָוִד -- David Da-vid (not Day-vid) --