OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Land issues
## Chapter 4: Land issues

* Ownership and use
* Urban decay
* Agriculture
* Nature and game reserves
* Deforestation and desertification
* Political, legal, economic, ethical and environmental influences
# FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Resource Management
## Chapter 3: Resource Management

* Exploitation
* Sustainability
* Eco-tourism
* Rehabilitation of environments
* Waste management
* Air, land and water-born disease management
# FHSST Biology/Contents/Index/ES/Human Influence/Water

Petroleum installations produce some lethal effluent problems. Open cast mines also cause acidification of water (look up some SA examples). Open pit mining causes eutrophication of streams from top soil nutrient dumping.
Contamination by oil:
Crude oil spills are most serious pollution source, The flammability of oil, its toxicity to plants and animals and the aesthetic effects of oil make it a serious polluting agent. In the marine environment, there are two main sources of contamination. One is the chronic effects of losses from refining, shipments, tanker cleaning and other accidental spills. The second source are the acute incidents where a large amount of oil is lost during an accident. Oil can kill organisms directly through coating and asphixiation, and kill be poisening via contact or ingestion. Water –soluble toxic compounds can be lethal to fish and invertebrates and result also in the destruction of the sensitive eggs and larval forms of fish. Disruption of the body insulation of birds. Oil may have an effect on food chains, if one major prey or predator species is effected. Aquatic areas affected by chronic oil spillage may have a lowered species biodiversity and fluctuations in oxygen concentration. Oil may inhibit photosynthesis by phytoplankton. Polar regions are most at danger from oil spills, as the low temperature slows down the breakdown of oil and polar aquatic organisms tend to have long life cycles. Coral reefs are also in grave danger from oil spills as they recover slowly and affected coral reef may be eroded away. Many cleanup techniques are aimed at cleaning up the intertidal zone for the benefit of tourism but to the detriment of other parts of the ecosystem. Emulsifiers and chalk make oil contamination a danger for the benthos and open ocean and scraping of beaches causes much biological damage.
PCB’s . These are a group of organic substances in paint, inks and carbonless copy paper. These substances are long lasting and soluble in fats. It has been found at high trophic levels in food chains and effect the metabolism and waterproofing of sea birds. People where effected in Japan with high levels of PCB’s causing skin ailments.
Eutrophication
The introduction of large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus into surface fresh waters is a major cause of eutrophication. In un-impacted ecosystems phosphorus is scarce and is a limiting factor to population growth of species within an ecosystem. Large inputs of phosphorus into an aquatic ecosystem may cause a aquatic macrophyte bloom, after which nitrogen may become the limiting factor. After nutrients in the water are depleted, these macrophytes start dying and decaying, causing anaerobic conditions within the aquatic ecosystem. This process has resulted in changes in the fauna of impacted ecosytems, generally in lower biodiversity.
# Circuit Idea/How to Make the Simplest Transistor Amplifier Bipolar?

What do we mean by "bipolar" here? The word has lots of uses, and even is part of the "official" name of the most common type of transistor, Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs). In our present context think of waves of sound coming to your ear... pressure will increase compared with normal during part of each cycle, and decrease during the other half. The simplest of transistor circuits will have a single power supply, perhaps positive (usually for NPN transistors) so it can make the output signal go positive to varying degrees, but how could it make it go negative when needed for the rest of the signal waveform? Looking at circuits for common emitter and common collector amplifier configurations (the jargon isn't all that important - let's just say: both of the most frequently used simple circuits!) it should be clear the circuit simply cannot drag the output voltage down any lower than the negative side of the battery, which is connected to "ground" (the "zero" volts reference point for signals). If we used a PNP transistor and a negative power supply, we would still only be able to handle half of the signal, this time the negative half.
One idea is to have two transistors and two power supplies (one positive, one negative), with each half of the cycle being handled by, in effect, a different amplifier. This is called push pull and is common in many power amplifiers to drive loudspeakers, for instance. But it is easier said than done! How do you connect the outputs of both amplifiers so one has control on the positive half of the wave but not the other, without the two "fighting" over what the output should be or passing wrong polarity currents through the other transistor that might damage it? There are solutions, but they are not entirely simple. Let's come back to them later, and think about easier solutions.
What about "redefining" zero on the signal to be half way between the power supply rails? It is something of what was going on with push-pull anyway, but we could do it with one transistor. We add some voltage (or better talked of in terms of current for BJT transistors) to have the transistor half on with no signal, so positive signal turns it more on, negative parts of the wave tends to...
# Development Cooperation Handbook/How do we manage the human resources of programmes and projects?/Decision Making in Groups

Steps and Tools
The nature of a team and the attitudes of its members are often shaped by the way decisions are made.
Each team will have official and unofficial leaders. Other members will also have opinions. Numerous decisions will have to be made as the team works toward its goal. Each decision is a chance for the team to grow stronger—or fracture.
In a “perfect” system, all team members would have a vote in every decision, and each “vote” would be unanimous. Everyone would agree on what had to be done. Perfection, however, is rare. As a rule, there are three ways to come to a decision.
1. Imposed. The official leader, or someone outside of the team, will decide what to do based on the team’s input. This can make team members feel unappreciated, that their input has been ignored, and that they have wasted their time, even those in favor of the final decision.
2. Voting. Team members feel that they do have a voice, even if they are outvoted. It is simple, quick, and does lead to a definite decision, but it can create division and a winner-loser mentality among team members.
3. Consensus. This is generally the most effective, but it can also be the most time consuming. It allows every member to be heard, all points of view to be discussed. It does not mean every member supports it 100 percent, but because of the process it does usually leads to a decision that every member of the team can support. Consensus does not mean unanimity. This is especially important if the team is going to continue working together to implement the decision.

## Tools
###### Templates

Applicant employee evaluation form Staff Activity Forecast and Report Interpersonal skill assessment Employee Performance Review – Peer Review
Performance appraisal forms
Checklist for Identifying Performance Problems
Applicant employee evaluation form
Staff Activity Forecast and Report Interpersonal skill assessment [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Templates/Employee Performance Review – Peer Review |]Employee Performance Review – Peer Review]

###### Guidelines

Key Questions for Establishing the Team Organization
How to reach an agreement on the Employee Performance Objectives
How to manage motivated and effective teams
How to recognize if Team Building is successful
How to check the level of togetherness in a team
Measures to make teams more performing
The 5 steps of team creation
Checklist for Identifying Performance Problems
Why do organisations need to plan and manage their communication?
How team members can improve overall project communication
Measures to make teams more performing
Required characteristics of the project manager
The 10 Project Management Guiding Principles

## See also

In other sections of this handbook
The relationship between "power" and "authority"
The employee empowering organization Manage the Performance of Project Team Members
Team Conflict Management
Leading and Managing
Team Conflict Management
Project Managers and programme Managers
Determining the project manager
# Development Cooperation Handbook/How do we manage the human resources of programmes and projects?/Manage the Project Team

One of the many responsibilities of a Project Manager is to enhance the ability of each Project Team member to contribute to the project, while also fostering individual growth and accomplishment. At the same time, each individual must be encouraged to share ideas and work with others toward a common goal.
Getting work done in teams requires managing both the task (what we do) and the process (how we do it). Some of the task related functions include fair work distribution. This is important because team members would like to think the work is fairly shared. Because effective teams also share in the rewards, unfair allocation of work will affect the team in a negative way.
* Internal communication within the project teams is to meet their four major communication needs:
* Responsibility of each team member for different parts of the project
* Coordination information that enables team members to work together efficiently
* Status information tracking the progress, identifying problems and enabling team members to take corrective action
* Authorization information - decisions made by beneficiaries, sponsors, and upper management - that relates to the project and its project/programme purpose environment, and enables the team members to keep all project decisions synchronized.
Internal communications happen primarily through team meetings, memos, voice mail, and e-mail. Project managers need to be able to write, speak, and listen well, lead meetings and resolve conflicts effectively. See also Project communication management)

## Tools
###### Templates

Applicant employee evaluation form Staff Activity Forecast and Report Interpersonal skill assessment Employee Performance Review – Peer Review
Performance appraisal forms

###### Guidelines

Key Questions for Establishing the Team Organization
How to reach an agreement on the Employee Performance Objectives
How to manage motivated and effective teams
How to recognize if Team Building is successful
How to check the level of togetherness in a team
Measures to make teams more performing
The 5 steps of team creation
Checklist for Identifying Performance Problems
Why do organisations need to plan and manage their communication?
How team members can improve overall project communication
Measures to make teams more performing
Required characteristics of the project manager
The 10 Project Management Guiding Principles

## See also

In other sections of this handbook
The employee empowering organization Manage the Performance of Project Team Members
Team Conflict Management
Decision Making in Groups
Leading and Managing
Team Conflict Management
Decision Making in Groups
On other Wikibooks
Managing Groups and Teams Organizational Learning Processes Organizational Communication
Organizational Behavior
Learning Agents
# Development Cooperation Handbook/How do we manage the human resources of programmes and projects?/Manage contracts with employees and and assign tasks

Steps and Tools
See also Managing the recruitment and selection processes
# Final Fantasy VIII/Squall Leonhart
## Combat

Garden: Balamb
Weapon: Gunblade

## Character

In a large game such as Final Fantasy VIII, having the main character be a brooding, cold, serious-to-a-fault loner has had its effect on the populace of gamers in some very different ways. Squall's personality has been the sole reason people hate FFVIII, it has also been quite the opposite. In my experience, I was fascinated with playing a main character so distant, numb and internal as Squall Leonhart; I belong to the crowd who enjoys his antiheroism. I will not spoil but I will say this: Squall is not static. Not in the least. But his shifts are subtle and deeply internalized, a quality that embodies much of how I found myself deriving satisfaction from FFVIII; it's what you invest in these characters that reaps rewards. For example, only but a few times does Squall ever really let you know. Some would argue that this makes FFVIII weak, I would retort that it's better writing, there but never overstated, at least it's not being spoonfed to you like much of the fodder plots and static characters the game industry churns out. As you play, FFVIII makes it clear that it is certainly a character tale and in the Final Fantasy tradition, possessed of a wide ensemble cast.
The game begins among Squall's last year at Balamb Garden, the Gardens (Trabia, Galbadia, and Balamb) being schools that educate kids how to live, survive, and learn in a world that is unnaturally overpopulated with strange, malevolent creatures. They are high school and college rolled into one, they are the only forms of higher education and weapons training in the world of FFVIII.
Squall has a bit of a rivalry going with another student, Seifer. Squall keeps to his introverted self, focuses on his gunblade skills and is quickly becoming one of the top martial artists in the school. Seifer, arrogant and hot-tempered, is in his fifth year, having failed to graduate the year prior.
Squall and Seifer are the only two at the school using a very difficult weapon, the gunblade. They enjoy sparring, sometimes to injury, and it is in this way that their rivalry shows it's nature as a meeting of opposites.
I would like to comment further on this idea: FFVIII is very much a game of characters playing opposites, and the marketing for the game supports this theory. Pairings include:
Squall / Seifer
Squall / Laguna
Squall / Rinoa
These appear to be the three main pairings and work to form the bed of relationships in which Squall's personal story sits.
Finally, more than anything else, it is important to note here that Squall Leonhart does not desire the company of anyone. He believes that people get in the way, that they need saving, and that for this reason, someone always gets hurt. Better to avoid such problems as such a stance has served him well over the years. That is until he meets the free spirited Rinoa Heartilly and falls in love with her and opens up more.
# Final Fantasy VIII/Xu

Xu is among the many students at Balamb Garden during the events of Final Fantasy VIII. Though only a minor character, she pops up quite often throughout the game. She has dark hair and is always seen wearing her SeeD uniform. Later in the game (if one continues the Triple Triad side-story against Balamb Garden's best CC players), it is revealed that Xu is also the famous CC's "Heart".
# Final Fantasy VIII/Zell Dincht

Zell Dincht is one of the playable characters. He has spiky blonde hair and a loud and energetic personality.
# Final Fantasy X/Aeons

* Valefor
* Ifrit
* Ixion
* Shiva
* Bahamut
* Yojimbo
* Anima
* Magus Sisters
# Final Fantasy VIII/Shiva
## Walkthrough

Shiva.
Special Attack: Diamond Dust
Element: Ice

## Real Life Influence

The name Shiva is a likely reference to Shiva, the Hindu deity of destruction, among other topics.
# Final Fantasy VIII/The Brothers

Special attack: Brotherly Love
Sacred lovingly catapauls Minitaur skyward after lifting the ground from under his foes. The two coliide in air.
Deals earth damage to all enemies.
# Fundamentals of C Programming
## Table of contents

* Preface
* Lessons

### Chapters

* Preliminaries
* Useful functions
# Fundamentals of C Programming/Contents
## Fundamentals of C Programming
### Chapters

* Preface
* Introduction to C Programming
* Chapter 1
* Chapter 2
* Chapter 3
# Fundamentals of C Programming/Preface

This manual was developed specifically for freshmen students taking up their first course in programming, but people who are interested in learning C are also welcome to study it. Its aim is to supplement classroom lectures by focusing on C programming. Topics are arranged based on the order of class discussion.
Aside from changes in programming language and presentation, additional sections have been included. Some frequently asked questions and common programming errors are listed at the end of the chapter.
Only a subset of the ANSI C language is tackled here. Specifically, it is assumed that the student will be working under the Linux environment and programming using GNU C (which supports ANSI C)or the Borland Turbo C/C++ compiler under the Windows environment. Coding standards to be followed, as well as some pointers when programming using the Linux environment, are also included.
May you learn a lot from the study of this manual, and may the knowledge that you have gained be used for the common good of all people.
Sincerely yours,
25member
[Author]
# Fundamentals of Airports/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Airports

# Airport Regulatory Bodies
## Internationally

The International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, is responsible for establishing international aviation standards that are adopted by regional aeronautical syndicates. The ICAO's Annex 14 establishes regulations specific to aerodromes and heliports.

## In the United States

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is responsible for the oversight of aviation activities in the United States, and the FARs−or Federal Aviation Regulations (comprising Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations) are largely adapted from ICAO recommendations. While Part 139 of the FARs, found in Subchapter G, outlines regulations regarding airport certification, Subchapter I is concerned entirely with rules surrounding airports.

# Airport Ownership and Operational Responsibility
## Types of Airport Ownership

Airports can be owned by a number of different entities; the military, civil government bodies, privately owned corporations, and even individuals are examples of these. The owners of an airport are responsible for overseeing day-to-day operation of the field and ensuring compliance with the rules imposed on them by the regulatory body/bodies responsible for their governance. Regardless of the airport's owner, fields can be designated either for public or private use. In essence, a public use airport is accessible to all aircraft provided they comply with any rules the airport operators develop concerning operations at their field. Conversely, private-use airports are designated for specific people and companies, and may not be accessed (except in an emergency) without prior permission.

## Government Owned Airports

Government owned airports fall under the authority of a specific level of local government, such as the federal government, the state government, county government, or municipal government. Some larger areas delegate power over airports to the local port authority (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), for example, has operational authority over LaGuardia Airport, Newark Liberty Airport, John F. Kennedy Airport, Stewart Airport, Teterboro Airport, and Atlantic City Airport). Other airports are run directly by the county or municipality in which they are located; Westchester County Airport and Santa Monica Municipal Airport are owned by the respective governmental authorities for which they are named. Military Airfields tend to be owned by the branch of service responsible for their management—the United States Air Force owns McGuire Field—a joint air force base in New Jersey. In some cases, airports designated for both military and civil use (such as Charleston Joint Base) are designated as shared use, and the military owns part of the airport while the civil government owns and operates the parts of the airport pertinent to civil flight, such as passenger terminals.
# Fundamentals of C Programming/Lessons
## Lessons

* The Making of an Art
* Steps in Program Planning and Development
# Fundamentals of C Programming/Lessons/Steps in Program Planning and Development
## Program Planning and Development

Programming is a problem-solving activity. A person with good problem solving skills will tend to be a good programmer. To develop this skill, a programmer must practice the following steps:
* Problem Analysis
* Setting up an algorithm
* Coding
* Encoding
* Running, testing and debugging
* Documentation
# Fundamentals of Airports/Airport Ownership and Operational Responsibility
## Types of Airport Ownership

Airports can be owned by a number of different entities; the military, civil government bodies, privately owned corporations, and even individuals are examples of these. The owners of an airport are responsible for overseeing day-to-day operation of the field and ensuring compliance with the rules imposed on them by the regulatory body/bodies responsible for their governance. Regardless of the airport's owner, fields can be designated either for public or private use. In essence, a public use airport is accessible to all aircraft provided they comply with any rules the airport operators develop concerning operations at their field. Conversely, private-use airports are designated for specific people and companies, and may not be accessed (except in an emergency) without prior permission.

## Government Owned Airports

Government owned airports fall under the authority of a specific level of local government, such as the federal government, the state government, county government, or municipal government. Some larger areas delegate power over airports to the local port authority (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), for example, has operational authority over LaGuardia Airport, Newark Liberty Airport, John F. Kennedy Airport, Stewart Airport, Teterboro Airport, and Atlantic City Airport). Other airports are run directly by the county or municipality in which they are located; Westchester County Airport and Santa Monica Municipal Airport are owned by the respective governmental authorities for which they are named. Military Airfields tend to be owned by the branch of service responsible for their management—the United States Air Force owns McGuire Field—a joint air force base in New Jersey. In some cases, airports designated for both military and civil use (such as Charleston Joint Base) are designated as shared use, and the military owns part of the airport while the civil government owns and operates the parts of the airport pertinent to civil flight, such as passenger terminals.
# Fundamentals of Airports/Airport Regulatory Bodies
## Internationally

The International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, is responsible for establishing international aviation standards that are adopted by regional aeronautical syndicates. The ICAO's Annex 14 establishes regulations specific to aerodromes and heliports.

## In the United States

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is responsible for the oversight of aviation activities in the United States, and the FARs−or Federal Aviation Regulations (comprising Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations) are largely adapted from ICAO recommendations. While Part 139 of the FARs, found in Subchapter G, outlines regulations regarding airport certification, Subchapter I is concerned entirely with rules surrounding airports.