OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Type-oriented programming/Restricted properties

While subtyping is often ampliative, that is, a subtype contains all the properties of its supertype(s), it’s often useful to remove an inherited property from a subtype. For example, a complex has a real part and an imaginary part. Every real number is also a complex number but its imaginary part is always equal to zero so we don’t want this property to take up space in the instances. However we can’t remove the imaginary part altogether because it might be used by code working with complex numbers. What one can do is assign the property a fixed value:
Note that the Real type now has only one stored property, but the methods in the Complex type can still be used with the subtype.
NB: The pseudocode can be tried out using the Funcy app, which can be downloaded for free from Apple’s App Store (iOS/macOS), Google Play (Android) or Amazon Appstore. The code to be executed must be placed in a main block.
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Surface Plots of non-recurring events

TTRMS analysis tool provides numerous important surface plots that display individual records throughout an entire year for each corridor. This makes the plots more accurate and easier to compare with surface plots from other years and corridors. For all of the surface plots shown in this section, each day of the year is shown across the x-axis from left to right. The time of day is shown on the y-axis from bottom to top and is split into five-minute time intervals.
Surface plots were prepared for all of the data elements included in the travel time reliability monitoring system (TTRMS) database. These can broadly be categorized in two groups: one is the traffic data, which is continuous and includes the aggregate measures of vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and travel time. The other is the non-recurring conditions data. These records are not necessarily continuous as there are times when none of these conditions are present on the corridor. The non-recurring conditions include:
* Weather
* Crash
* Incident
* Road Work
* Event
Figure 1 and Figure 2 are examples of the surface plot for the crashes and incidents in 2012 along the I-94 Westbound from I-494 to TH 101. Crash and incident information was gathered from three different sources, which include:
* Minnesota State Patrol Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) data
* MnDOT’s Dynamic Message Sign (DMS) logs
* Minnesota Department of Public Safety (DPS) crash records.
Crash plots are color coded by crash severity. Incident plots are color coded by impact to roadway capacity.
Figure 1: 2012 WB I-94 Crash Surface Plot
Figure 2: 2012 WB I-94 incident Surface Plot
Figure 3 is an weather surface plot example that shows the weather data collected at the Weather Underground site near the I-94 study corridor in 2012. The colors in the legend represent the precipitation type.
Figure 3: 2012 WB I-94 Weather Surface Plot
Figure 4 is an event surface plot example. The majority of the events considered in this analysis take place during or after the p.m. peak period. Therefore, events have a greater impact on the corridors where the traffic volume is highest during the p.m. peak period.
Figure 4: 2012 WB I-94 Event Surface Plot
Previous Page → TTRMS Tool
Next Page → Surface Plots of travel time and VMT
# INRIX Speed Data Types

INRIX speed data includes a code with each speed observation. This code represents the type of speed: reference, historical or real-time.
Reference speed: based on the typical free flow speed for the segment - related to the speed limit
Historical speed: based on the historical speed data for that particular segment during the same time of day
Real-time speed: based on real-time speed measurements from probe, gps or other real-time measurements
The reference speed is constant across all times and varies only by TMC segment. The historical speed is time dependent and may capture recurring congestion along a segment. INRIX uses reference and historical speeds to fill in gaps in the real-time data. INRIX does not reveal the threshold necessary to provide real-time data, nor does INRIX reveal when reference data is used instead of historical data for filling gaps in real-time data. It appears, however, that reference data is used during the night and other off peak times in order to reduce processing when speeds are likely constant, whereas, historical data is likely used during hours when speeds may vary but no real-time data is available.

### Data Type by Year

Below are graphs representing the distribution of data types for freeways and arterials in Wisconsin by year. The data does not include all INRIX freeway and arterial coverage in Wisconsin, but a subset. The graphs reveal an increase in the availability of real-time data with time. It is expected that this trend has continued with 2013 and 2014 data.

### Data Type by Hour

The graph below shows the distribution of real-time data along a 4-lane inter-regional freeway in Wisconsin by hour of the day. Real-time data is most prevalent during daytime hours when more vehicles are present on the roadway.
Previous Page → About INRIX
Next Page → NPMRDS and INRIX Data Comparison
# Comparison of INRIX and NPMRDS Data Sets

A comparison of speed data between INRIX and NPMRDS for January 2012 on a 4-lane inter-regional and 6-lane urban freeway.
| Urban 6-lane Freeway | INRIX | NPMRDS |
| Mean Speed (mph) | 61.05 | 56.90 |
| Standard Deviation (mph) | 4.61 | 6.24 |
| Median Speed (mph) | 61.72 | 58.05 |
| IR 4-lane Freeway | INRIX | NPMRDS |
| Mean Speed (mph) | 65.32 | 63.42 |
| Standard Deviation (mph) | 3.69 | 4.83 |
| Median Speed (mph) | 65.49 | 64.00 |
Particularly on the urban freeway, the NPMRDS data reports lower speeds than INRIX with higher variability. The matched pair graphs below reveal a similar trend represented by the linear fit with the intercept set to zero.
Previous Page → Imputing Missing Speed Data
Next Page → Example Data
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Surface Plots of travel time and VMT

TTRMS tool is able to provide surface plots of travel time and VMT as well. Those plots can give user a visual view of the reliability of travel by time of day and day of the year. Instead of displaying travel time on the plots, TTRMS analysis tool uses travel time index (TTI). The travel time index is the ratio of the observed travel time divided by the speed limit (free-flow) travel time. This allows for an easier comparison between each of the corridors regardless of length or free-flow speed. The following thresholds were used for the travel time surface plots:
* Speed limit travel time
* The 45 miles per hour (mph) travel time. This threshold was chosen because MnDOT defines congestion as 45 mph or less.
* 1.5-2.0 times the TTI
* 2.0-2.5 times the TTI
* 2.5-3.0 times the TTI
* 3.0-3.5 times the TTI
* 3.5-4.0 times the TTI
* Greater than 4.0 times the TTI
Figure 1 is a example of TTI surface plot along I-94 Westbound from I-494 to TH 101 in 2012. The colors in the legends represent different TTI levels. The plots can automatically updated by different free-flow travel time input.
Figure 1: 2012 WB I-94 Travel Time Surface Plot
Figure 2 is a example of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) surface plot along I-94 Westbound from I-494 to TH 101 in 2012. In this plot, each five-minute observation is displayed as a unique value. Seven VMT bins with increments of 750 vehicle-miles were selected for the VMT surface. In addition, the plot and bins can be updated by entering different "base VMT" to the TTRMS analysis tool.
Figure 2: 2012 WB I-94 VMT Surface Plot
Previous Page → Surface Plots of non-recurring events
Next Page → Other travel time reliability plots
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Introduction

Intro about Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual
# Travel Time Reliability Reference Manual/Imputing Missing Speed Data

Unlike INRIX, the NPMRDS data set does not include non real-time travel times or speeds. If real-time measurements do not exist for a given TMC during a given time period, the data point is left blank. In some cases, it may be desirable to impute some of the missing data points based on surrounding real-time data.
The figure below gives an example of imputing a missing data point based on surrounding spatial and temporal data.
Using a sample NPMRDS data set, an imputation was conducted in which missing data points were imputed only if the surrounding spatial and temporal points were all populated with real-time data. The percentage of missing data points which fit this criteria was around 3 percent. More often than not, the missing data points are not anomalies, but are accompanied by other missing points. This makes sense, since missing real-time data is usually the result of a lack of probe vehicles. A lack of real-time data in one TMC segment will likely result in neighboring TMCs to also lack real-time data. Similarly, surrounding temporal points are likely to lack real-time observations when vehicle volumes are low.
Previous Page → Calculating Speeds and Travel Times
Next Page → NPMRDS and INRIX Data Comparison

# References

* ↑ http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/168764.aspx
# The Mojavi 3 Book/Tutorials/Users And Security
### A brief overview

A little back ground is necessary to understand how to put a security system together. First there is the User class. It represents a visitor on a website Click here is for the User overview. You have SecurityUser classes that extend the User class. You can use this class to set and test the credentials of a visitor. In the Action class there is getCredential method that is used by a SecurityFilter to compare the required credentials of an action to the credentials of a visitor.

### Credentials

Credentials can take on any form necessary to fit the needs of a particular website. It could be as simple as having only defined VISITOR and ADMIN creditials or a full blown CMS with users, roles and groups. A credential can be any legal php data type. This means it could be a STRING, an INTEGER, an ARRAY or an OBJECT. Figuring out the specifics of your credential is part of the planning you need to do for the specific site. I will show you both extremes.
The first step in using the security system is to authenticate the visitor. This is usually done through a login form that looks in a database to find a visitor to see if they have registered and have permission to be authenticated in the system. The next step is to set the credentials for the visitor. This can also be loaded from a database. This has your visitor ready to use the website to the fullest potential.
Each action, should be set with the allowed credentials for that action. You can also set up an action to not need any checking for credentials using the isSecure method.
# The Mojavi 3 Book/What Is Mojavi?
### What Is Mojavi ?

Mojavi is a PHP framework using the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. Mojavi was created by Sean Kerr.
# The Mojavi 3 Book/Mojavi Features
### Mojavi Features

What Mojavi provides are
* basic framework for a flexible PHP application
* database connectivity
* session management
* security handling
# The Mojavi 3 Book/Tutorials/Decorator Profiling
### Prerequisites

Before reading this tutorial, one should introduce themself to the ((Global Templating - The Decorator Pattern Tutorial)(Tutorials)). Before reading this tutorial, one should introduce themself to the ((http://wiki.mojavi.org:81/159.html)(Global Templating Tutorial)).
++ Profiling
++ Profiling
Decorator profiling is a simple idea: Separate your different arrangements of Decorator template, and populators, into scripts that make those calls automatically. Decorator profiling is a simple idea: Separate your different arrangements of Decorator template, and populators, into scripts that make those calls automatically. To begin, let us take a look, evolutionarily, how one might separate the different display modes, or profiles, from the actual views.
++ Stage 1: Hardcode
In this example, a simple example of direct decoration of templates, does it's job. But it fails to provide a simple means for replicating this pattern of decorator/slot population in other Views without a copy/paste. // 1 ka ans kya h?

# Example 1: Hardcoded decorator information

++ Step 2: Include
The second stage of abstraction is to create a separate script (a separate php file) and directly include it into your Views - eliminating copied code.

# Example 2: Included decorator information

As you can see, all the decorator calls have been removed, and an include place in their stead. The include file is below:

# Example Profile: Default.profile.php

++ Step 3: =setProfile=
The last stage, or what I would propose, is to create a simple method that loads our profiles for us, and perhaps provides with a few other utility functions such as

# Example 3: Included decorator information

++ The =setProfile= Method
Don't be deceived, the =setProfile= method and the include method are, in the end, equivalent. One requires one more function call than the other, but I believe that the simplicity of the =setProfile= makes it superior, along with providing automatic detection of profiles, and automatically searching in the proper directories (The directories that would store profiles, I suppose, would be MO_TEMPLATE_DIR/templates/profiles/).

# Example 4: The setProfile method

The member variable =$profile= will allow for a check to be run during View's preRenderCheck
# The Natural Step for Communities Study Circle Guide

* Introduction
* Guidelines
* Session 1 - Introducing Natural Step Framework and Sustainability
* Session 2 - Changing to Renewable Energy Resources and Alternative Transportation
* Session 3 - Eco-Housing and Green Building/Businesses
# The Natural Step for Communities Study Circle Guide/Introduction

* Introduction | Guidelines |
* Session 1 | Session 2 |
* Session 3
“Perhaps the most important factor to why they were successful in becoming an eco-municipality were study circles…It’s a question of taking control over their own situation and their own future.” – Torbjorn Lahti, Project Leader Swedish Eco-Municipality movement

## Background

The Natural Step for Communities study circle is a program developed by Sustain Dane. The inspiration for this study circle came from the experience of Swedish eco-municipalities, communities that have successfully offered similar study circles as a tool for beginning education and community conversation related to sustainability community topics. Another inspiration for this program comes from the Northwest Earth Institute; a Portland, Oregon based non-profit organization that has been offering discussion courses locally and nationally through affiliate organizations for the past 13 years. Since 1993, over 75,000 individuals have participated in one of the seven discussion courses offered by the Northwest Earth Institute.

## Study Circle Overview

Sustainability may seem like one more buzzword, and cities and towns like the last places to change, but The Natural Step for Communities provides inspiring examples of communities that have made dramatic changes toward sustainability, and explains how others can emulate their success.

## Objectives

>To build a network or community of people conversant in the area of sustainability
>To become familiar with The Natural Step framework and have examples for a base of communication with others >To have an opportunity to learn about your community so that you can lay a foundation for future action >To be motivated to engage in actions personally and with others to move toward a sustainable future.

## Format

A study circle format allows you to better understand the different perspectives and approaches to the complexity of sustainability. In addition, this study circle is intended to be a supportive learning experience, so please ask questions of clarification and share insights with one another. Whether you agree or disagree, you will have an opportunity to talk about an important subject with others who share your concerns, and hopefully have fun along the way!
The book used for this study circle first clarifies the concept of sustainability, offering guiding principles –The Natural Step framework __ that help identify sustainable action in any area. It then introduces the sixty-plus eco-municipalities of Sweden that have adopted changes to sustainable practices throughout municipal policies and operations. The third section explains how they did it, and outlines how other communities in North America and elsewhere can do the same. Key to success is a democratic “bottom-up change process, and clear guiding sustainability principles such as the Natural Step framework.
# The Cold War/How did it all start?

After six long years of bloodshed, World War 2 had finally come to an end. Europe was a complete junkyard - dead bodies littered the streets, buildings were destroyed, rubble was everywhere - you probably get the idea now. But the nation that was affected most by this destruction was the Soviet Union.
Over 20 million Soviet citizens died in the conflict and hundreds of thousands of buildings lay in ruin. The damage was horrendous. Stalin, the Soviet leader at that time, was absolutely furious. He didn't want his country to be ever again invaded by the countries in the West, like it had been by Nazi Germany - and he would go to practically any length to prevent this from happening again.
He decided that he would make Eastern Europe his "defence layer" to protect the USSR from any future military threat from the West, by putting communist governments there that would directly obey orders from Moscow.
Asia had also been severely impacted by the Second World War. Japan had been bombed into submission by the Americans, both by conventional bombing which had destroyed large cities such as Tokyo, and by the atomic bomb which had destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

## The response and the "Iron Curtain"

The Americans and British were angered at these actions. They had been fighting for a free, democratic Europe that would be liberated from the "evil" and murderous ideology of Nazism. But when they found out that the USSR was forcing the countries in Eastern Europe to accept communism, by stationing their troops right next to the polling stations in order to intimidate the voters, they felt that they their very cause, which had cost the lives of millions, had been simply put to waste. They felt that their former ally had betrayed them and grabbed this opportunity to spread and enforce communism throughout the world.
# The Cold War/Introduction

After the Allies had defeated Nazi Germany in 1945, two nations emerged out of the war as world superpowers - the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the Soviet Union or the USSR).
By the end of World War 2, they had earned their place as the strongest countries in the world. But although they had been fighting the war as allies, there were many things which separated them:

## So what was the problem?

Germany was a common enemy in World War 2, leading to cooperation between the USSR and USA. With the end of the war the clashes of system, process and culture led to the countries falling out. With two years of the end of the war, the former allies were now enemies and the Cold War began. It was to last for the next 40 years and would be fought for real, by proxy armies, on battlefields from Africa to Asia, in Afghanistan, Cuba and many other places.
The fundamental problem was their ideologies:
* The USA was a fundamentally capitalist society. They believed in a free market, and in freedom to earn social status, power and respect.
* The USSR was a communist state. They believed in the inevitability of world revolution - the passing of power into the hands of the people. This meant that, in creating this society, everyone had to be equal.
As a result, they were enemies; the USA wanted to secure its position in the world, whereas the USSR wanted to spread its ideology across the world.
>>Next Page
The Cold War
Introduction - Background - Strategy - Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - Korean War - Hungarian Uprising - Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR under Gorbachev - USA under Reagan - Arms Race - Space Race
Cover - Contents - Study Guide
Please read the page creation guidelines before creating a new page.
# The Cold War/Nuclear Arms Race

The first atom bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on the 6th August, 1945. The power of the bomb had truly shocked the world. Try guessing how much Stalin was shivering at the thought of their new enemy having the most powerful weapon ever made in the history of the world, and the potential for them to destroy their cities in the touch of a button. Stalin put enormous pressure on his scientists to produce one quickly - and in 1949, they did. This had set it off. Everyone knew an arms race between the USA and the USSR was in the making.
The Americans responded with the first ever hydrogen bomb, which was 100 times more destructive than a nuclear bomb and tested it on the Pacific Island of Eniwetok. Scary! But the Soviets caught up and in just ten months they had managed to successfully test their own hydrogen bomb. This had done it. The then American President, General D. Eisenhower decided it was time to build up a huge stockpile of nuclear weapons. This happened to be good for the economic expenditure, as nuclear weapons were actually cheaper than conventional ones. To quote from a politician, technically they "gave more bang for buck".
In 1957, the Soviet Union developed the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). They were basically rockets designed to carry and transport nuclear weapons (on a nuclear warhead) to a target, by leaving the Earth's atmosphere and then falling down at high speed towards the destination. They eliminated the conventional method of delivering nuclear bombs by having to riskily fly a bomber plane to a particular destination and then dropping the nuclear payload. The ICBMs could also be delivered to their targets much faster than a bomber plane; it only took about half an hour.
The Cold War
Introduction - Background - Strategy - Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - Korean War - Hungarian Uprising - Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR under Gorbachev - USA under Reagan - Arms Race - Space Race
Cover - Contents - Study Guide
Please read the page creation guidelines before creating a new page.
# The Cold War/Page creation guidelines

When creating a new page:
* First check Category:Book:The Cold War to make sure that the page hasn't already been created; if it has, please expand on that page instead.
* If it hasn't already been created, create the page, in a professional style.
* Then, add {{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }} to the bottom of the page.
* If the page doesn't consist of much information (ie. it is a stub), add {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/stub}} to the bottom of the page.
* If the page is a major page in the book, add it to Template:The Cold War.
Many thanks, --Sjlegg 12:36, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
The Cold War
Introduction - Background - Strategy - Truman Doctrine - Marshall Plan - Berlin Blockade - Korean War - Hungarian Uprising - Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR under Gorbachev - USA under Reagan - Arms Race - Space Race
Cover - Contents - Study Guide
Please read the page creation guidelines before creating a new page.