# Norwegian/Lesson 2

Norwegian | Table of Contents - Introduction - Lesson 1 - Lesson 2 - Lesson 3

## Gender of Nouns

Norwegian Bokmål has three genders - feminine, masculine and neuter. Each noun is associated with one specific gender only. There are no simple rules for knowing which noun belongs to which gender; the only way to learn which is which is to memorize it. However nearly all feminine words can also be used as masculine words. In fact the dialect of Bergen, the second largest city in Norway, has no feminine gender and the same goes for the moderate version of Bokmål and Riksmål (the traditional written form of Bokmål, still is used by many). For example the noun ‘dame’ (‘lady’ or ‘woman’) can be inflected as: ei dame/en dame - dama/damen (a woman - the woman) and ‘dør’ as ei dør/en dør - døra/døren (a door - the door). In addition very few common words actually belong to neuter. That means that you can assume that nouns are masculine and just memorize those that are neuter.
In English nouns are inflected only by using a/an/the. That is because the word ‘cat’/cats’, for example, is the same in both the indefinite and the definite form. In Norwegian it is done by inflecting the noun instead. Notice also that the ending 't' of the definite singular neuter is silent.

### Basic inflectional patterns

Here are examples from each of the three genders. Inflection pattern is marked with bold text.
| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite |
| f | ei skål | skåla | skåler | skålene |
| m | en hest | hesten | hester | hestene |
| n | et brev | brevet | brev | breva/brevene |
However, in Norwegian Bokmål, there's an alternative method of inflecting nouns, which basically turns feminine nouns into masculine. This is both accepted and common to do. If you choose to do this, you should also avoid using the a-form of the definite plural neuter.
When speaking, native speakers will often mix between masculine and feminine inflection of nouns. For example, you could say: en klokke - klokka (a clock - the clock). Here, the indefinite singular form is in the masculine ("en klokke" instead of "ei klokke") while the definite singular form is in the feminine.
| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite |
| f | en skål | skålen | skåler | skålene |
| m | en hest | hesten | hester | hestene |
| n | et brev | brevet | brev | brevene |
Check out Appendix 1: Advanced Noun Inflection to see all the ways the nouns can be inflected.

## Definite and Indefinite Articles
#### The Indefinite Article

In English the indefinite articles are "a" and "an" (singular) or "some" (plural).
In Norwegian, the indefinite singular articles are dependent upon the gender of the noun being addressed. The indefinite plural article is the same for all genders. In the previous tables, you've already been introduced to the singular indefinite articles.
| | Singular | Plural |
| f | ei/en | flere/noen |
| m | en | flere/noen |
| n | et | flere/noen |

## Personal Pronouns

These are very similar to the English personal pronouns. You'll quickly recognize them
| | Subject (nominative) | Subject (nominative) | Object (accusative) | Object (accusative) |
| | Norwegian | English | Norwegian | English |
| 1st Person Singular | Jeg | I | Meg | Me |
| 2nd Person Singular | Du | You | Deg | You |
| 3rd Person Singular | Han Hun Den Det | He She It It | Ham Henne Den Det | Him Her It It |
| 1st Person Plural | Vi | We | Oss | Us |
| 2nd Person Plural (also polite) | Dere | You | Dere | You |
| 3rd Person Plural/ Polite 2nd Person Singular | De | They | Dem | Them |
The Polite 2nd Person Singular forms 'De' and 'Dem' and the Polite 2nd Person Plural form 'Dere' are always capitalized, unlike the other pronouns, which follow normal rules for casing. For example whilst "Jeg elsker dem" means "I love them", "Jeg elsker Dem" means "I love you". As a sidenote, the use of these polite forms is becoming rarer and they are very seldom used in everyday language.
Both “den” and “det” mean “it”. If the noun is masculine or feminine “den” is used and “det” is used if the noun is neuter.

## Verbs

Learning verbs in Norwegian is easier than most other things you have learnt so far. Unlike English, verbs in Norwegian inflect only for tense and mood. Here's an example - the verbs "to be" and "to run":
| English | English | Norwegian | Norwegian |
| I | am | Jeg | er |
| You | are | Du | er |
| He | is | Han | er |
| She | is | Hun | er |
| It | is | Den/Det | er |
| We | are | Vi | er |
| You | are | Dere | er |
| They | are | De | er |
| English | English | Norwegian | Norwegian |
| I | run | Jeg | løper |
| You | run | Du | løper |
| He | runs | Han | løper |
| She | runs | Hun | løper |
| It | runs | Den/Det | løper |
| We | run | Vi | løper |
| You | run | Dere | løper |
| They | run | De | løper |