# Persian/Lesson 13

| | فارسی (‹fârsi›, “Persian”) Learn the Persian language Contents • Introduction Persian Alphabet lessons: 1 ( ۱ ) • 2 ( ۲ ) • 3 ( ۳ ) • 4 ( ۴ ) Elementary grammar: 5 ( ۵ ) • 6 ( ۶ ) • 7 ( ۷ ) • 8 ( ۸ ) • 9 ( ۹ ) 10 ( ۱۰ ) • 11 ( ۱۱ ) • 12 ( ۱۲ ) • 13 ( ۱۳ ) • 14 ( ۱۴ ) • 15 ( ۱۵ ) Intermediate: 16 ( ۱۶ ) • 17 ( ۱۷ ) • 18 ( ۱۸ ) • 19 ( ۱۹ ) • 20 ( ۲۰ ) 21 ( ۲۱ ) • 22 ( ۲۲ ) • 23 ( ۲۳ ) • 24 ( ۲۴ ) • 25 ( ۲۵ ) • 26 ( ۲۶ ) Advanced: Appendix: Alphabet • Glossary • Handwriting |
| To continue, your computer must display Persian. The box below should show these Persian letters on the far right: ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی If they are different or in the wrong order, see Persian Computing. |||
In lessons ... through ..., you learned ....
In this lesson, you will learn about personal clitics used after noun phrases, alternative pronomial direct objects as clitics, and differences between spoken and written forms.

## Dialogue: ... ‹...›

... talks with ...:
| ...: | ‹...› “....” | ... Missing audio. If you are fluent in Persian, record and upload your voice. | ...: |
| ...: | ‹...› “....” | ... Missing audio. If you are fluent in Persian, record and upload your voice. | ...: |
| ...: | ‹...› “....” | ... Missing audio. If you are fluent in Persian, record and upload your voice. | ...: |
| ...: | ‹...› “....” | ... Missing audio. If you are fluent in Persian, record and upload your voice. | ...: |
Explanation
    ... and ... are....
Vocabulary
* ... ‹......› IPA: /...ˈ.../... — “...”
درس 13
    ق چ
    زيبا دوچرخه سواري را دوست دارد
    قاشق – lepel
    بشقاب – bord
    سفره – tafelkleed
    اتاق – kamer
    دوچرخه – fiets
    چاي – thee
    پيچ – schroef
    سفت – zacht
    آوردن – brengen
    ريختن – schenken
    آچار – gereedschap
    باز – open
    بسته – dicht
    دوچرخه سواري كردن – fietsen, (werkwoord)
    قند – suikerklontje
    شيرين – zoet
    زيبا – mooi, ook een meisjesnaam
    خراب – kapot
    دانستن – weten, (werkwoord)
    امين واكرم به مادر خود كمك مي كنند – Amin en Akram helpen hun eigen moeder
    اكرم سفره و قاشق و بشقاب را به اتاق مياورد – Akram brengt het bord, de lepel en het tafelkleed naar de kamer
    مادر زيبا چاي درست كرد – De moeder van Ziba zet thee
    زيبا دوچرخه سواري را دوست دارد – Ziba houdt van fietsen
    تكليف. شب. – Huiswerk
    جمله بسازيد . دوچرخه . قاشق . چاي . – Een zin maken
    فعل بسازيد . مي داند . مي آورد. ريختن - werkwoord vervoegen

## Personal clitics with noun phrases

Grammar: (bound) personal enclitics after (singular or plural) noun phrase:
* After consonant: /am/, /at/, /aš/, /emân/, /etân/, /ešân/
* After و or ا, /yam/, /yat/...
* After ه or ی, singular suffixes are spelled with leading zwnj+ا.
Often expresses possession /pedaram/ ("my father"), /dust-e xubam/ ("my good friend")
alternative pronomial direct objects as enclitics

## Colloquial

Differences between spoken and written forms
* written را colloquially ‹o› or ‹ro›. With possessive endings:
** کتابم را به او دادم ‹ketâbamow be u dâdam› (“I gave my book to him.”)
** کتابت را به او دادم ‹ketâbatow be u dâdam› (“I gave your book to him.”)
** کتابش را به او دادم ‹ketâbašow be u dâdam› (“I gave her book to him.”)
** کتابمان را به او دادم ‹ketâbemunow be u dâdam› (“I gave our book to him.”)
** کتابتان را به او دادم ‹ketâbetunow be u dâdam› (“I gave your book to him.”)
** کتابشان را به او دادم ‹ketâbašunow be u dâdam› (“I gave their book to him.”)
* colloquial ‹e›, ‹s› for است
* colloquial verb endings: ه ‹eh›
* written ان ‹ân› vs spoken ‹un›, but not in خانم ‹xânom›
Colloquially, when ‹â› comes before ‹a›, the latter elides:
* دست‌هایم ‹dasthâyam› (“my hands”) pronounced ‹dastâm›
* پایم ‹pâyam› (“my foot”) pronounced ‹pâm›

## Next: Lesson 14 ( ۱۴ ), Light verbs

Continue to Lesson 14 ( ۱۴ ), Light verbs >>
* Contents • Introduction
* Persian Alphabet lessons: 1 ( ۱ ) • 2 ( ۲ ) • 3 ( ۳ ) • 4 ( ۴ )
* Elementary grammar: 5 ( ۵ ) • 6 ( ۶ ) • 7 ( ۷ ) • 8 ( ۸ ) • 9 ( ۹ )
* 10 ( ۱۰ ) • 11 ( ۱۱ ) • 12 ( ۱۲ ) • 13 ( ۱۳ ) • 14 ( ۱۴ ) • 15 ( ۱۵ )
* Intermediate: 16 ( ۱۶ ) • 17 ( ۱۷ ) • 18 ( ۱۸ ) • 19 ( ۱۹ ) • 20 ( ۲۰ )
* 21 ( ۲۱ ) • 22 ( ۲۲ ) • 23 ( ۲۳ ) • 24 ( ۲۴ ) • 25 ( ۲۵ ) • 26 ( ۲۶ )
* Advanced:
* Appendix: Alphabet • Glossary • Handwriting
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