OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Powhatan/Syllabic

Punctuation
The only punctuation in most is cases is spacing between words and ᕁ for a full stop. Punctuation from the Latin alphabet, other than the period (.), may also be used.
$^{Consonants}$
Syllables (full-sized)
The full-sized characters, whether standing for consonant-vowel combinations or vowels alone, are usually called "syllables". They may be phonemic rather than morphophonemic syllables. That is, when one morpheme (word element) ends in a consonant and the next begins with a vowel, the intermediate consonant is written as a syllable with the following vowel. In other cases, a "syllable" may in fact represent only a consonant, again due to the underlying structure of the language. Syllabication is important to determining stress in Algonquian languages, and vice-versa, so this ambiguity in syllabics is relatively important in Algonquian languages.
Series
The word "series" is used for either a set of syllables with the same vowel, or a set with the same initial consonant. Thus the n-series is the set of syllables that begin with n, and the o-series is the set of syllables that have o as their vowel regardless of their initial consonant.
Finals (reduced letters)
A series of small raised letters are called "finals". They are placed after a syllable to indicate a final consonant, as the ᕽ -hk in ᔨᕽ yihk above. The ᕽ would be the consonant usually in “A” form.
$^{Vowels}$
Vowels are divided into two groups, symmetrical & asymmetrical. Symmetrical vowels (e.g. p-, t-, sp-) are rotated 90 degrees (a quarter turn) counter- clockwise, while those which are asymmetrical top-to-bottom, c-, k-, m-, n-, s-, y-, are rotated 180 degrees (a half turn). They rotate like this to represent the four sacred winds (directions). So once you learn 25% of the "alphabet" you basically will know the whole thing which increases literacy.
$^{Diacritics&Diphthongs}$ Diphthongs are represented by diacritics on the vowel. Much like the reduced consonants.
Symmetrical (x7)
| Script | Roman | Script | Roman |
| ᐃ | I | ᙁ | ZI |
| ᐊ ᐅ | A O | ᙅ ᙂ | ZA ZO |
| ᐁ | E | ᙀ | ZE |
| ᑎ | TI | ᙜ | TSI |
| ᑕ ᑐ | TA TO | ᙬ ᙝ | TSA TSO |
| ᑌ | TE | ᙛ | TSE |
| ᐱ | PI | ᕬ | BI |
| ᐸ ᐳ | PA PO | ᕮ ᕭ | BA BO |
| ᐯ | PE | ᕫ | BE |
| | ᗑ | SPI | |
| | ᗕ ᗒ | SPA SPO | |
| | ᗐ | SPE | |
Exceptions (x6)
| Script | Roman | Script | Roman |
| ᔑ | SHI | ᘛ | ZHI |
| ᔕ ᔓ | SHA SHO | ᘔ ᘕ | ZHA ZHO |
| ᔐ | SHE | ᘚ | ZHE |
| ᘏ | RI | ᘩ | DI |
| ᘓ ᘐ | RA RO | ᘭ ᘪ | DA DO |
| ᘎ | RE | ᘨ | DE |
| ᕕ | FI | ᘡ | NGI |
| ᕙ ᕗ | FA FO | ᘜ ᘝ | NGA NGO |
| ᕓ | FE | ᘞ | NGE |
Asymmetrical (x7)
| Script | Roman | Script | Roman |
| ᑭ ᑫ | KI KE | ᖾ ᖽ | GI GE |
| ᑲ ᑯ | KA KO | ᖼ ᖿ | GA GO |
| ᓂ ᓀ | NI NE | ᒥ ᒣ | MI ME |
| ᓇ ᓄ | NA NO | ᒪ ᒧ | MA MO |
| ᓯ ᓭ | SI SE | ᔨ ᔦ | YI YE |
| ᓴ ᓱ | SA SO | ᔭ ᔪ | YA YO |
| ᖘ ᖗ | SKI SKE | ᖺ ᖹ | SHKI SHKE |
| ᖚ ᖙ | SKA SKO | ᖸ ᖻ | SHKA SHKO |
| ᕋ ᕈ | LI LE | ᕠ ᕡ | THI THE |
| ᕍ ᕊ | LA LO | ᕞ ᕟ | THA THO |
| ᕵ ᕴ | HI HE | ᒋ ᒉ | CHI CHE |
| ᕹ ᕷ | HA HO | ᒐ ᒍ | CHA CHO |
| | ᖋ ᖊ | VI VE | |
| | ᖍ ᖌ | VA VO | |
# Powhatan/Pronunciation
## The Powhatan Alphabet

All Consonants are in the "A" Form :
| English | Final | Powhatan Script | IPA | American |
| S | ᔅ | ᓴ | s | is pronounced like s in sierra |
| Z | ᙆ | ᙅ | ʒ | is pronounced like z in zulu |
| SK | ᔊ | ᖚ | sk | is pronounced like sk in skate |
| SHK | ᑋ | ᖸ | ʃk | is pronounced with the sh in show but with a k in kite before the ow |
| TS | ᓫ | ᙬ | ʈs | is pronounced like ts in lots |
| SH | ᔥ | ᔕ | ʃ | is pronounced like sh in shoe |
| CH | ᒡ | ᒐ | ʧ | is pronounced like ch in charlie |
| ZH | ᒾ | ᘔ | ʤ | is pronounced like j in juliet |
| P | ᑉ | ᐸ | p | is pronounced like p in papa |
| B | ᕑ | ᕮ | b | is pronounced like b in bravo |
| F | ᕝ | ᕙ | f | is pronounced like f in fox |
| V | ᖦ | ᖍ | v | is pronounced like v in victor |
| K | ᒃ | ᑲ | k | is pronounced like k in kilo |
| G | ᘁ | ᖼ | ɡ | is pronounced like g in golf |
| N | ᓐ | ᓇ | n | is pronounced like n in november |
| M | ᒻ | ᒪ | m | is pronounced like m in mike |
| T | ᑦ | ᑕ | ʈ | is pronounced like t in tango |
| D | ᒄᖮ | ᘭ | d | is pronounced like d in delta |
| R | ᖖ | ᘓ | ɹ | is pronounced like r in romeo |
| L | ᕐ | ᕍ | l | is pronounced like l in lima |
| H | ᕻ | ᕹ | h | is pronounced like h in hotel |
| TH | ᕪ | ᕞ | ð | is pronounced like th in thought |
| NG | ᖕ | ᘜ | Ŋ | is pronounced like ng in longest |
| SP | ᙇ | ᗕ | sp | is pronounced like sp in space |
| Y | ᔾ | ᔭ | j | is pronounced like y in yankee |

## Vowels

(basically, all vowels are pronounced like in the English words "spaghetti" & "uno") :
| English | Reduced | Powhatan Script | IPA | American |
| A | ᐟ | ᐊ | ɑː | is pronounced like a in father |
| E | ᐨ | ᐁ | ɛ | is pronounced like e in bet |
| I | ᑊ | ᐃ | iː | is pronounced like ee in see |
| O | ᐠ | ᐅ | əʊ | is pronounced like ow in show |

## Diphthongs

| English | Powhatan Script | IPA | American |
| U | ᐅᐦ | uː | is pronounced like oo in boot |
| UH | ᐁᐦ | ʌ | is pronounced like u in shut |
| AH | ᐊᐦ | æ | is pronounced like a in fat |
| IH | ᐃᐦ | ɪ | is pronounced like i in lit |
| AI | ᐊᑊ | ʌɪ | is pronounced like i in kite |
| EI | ᐁᑊ | eɪ | is pronounced like a in fate |
| AO | ᐮ | aʊ | is pronounced like ow in cow |
| OI | ᐅᑊ | ɔɪ | is pronounced like oy in toy |

## Diacritics

| English | Powhatan Script | IPA | American |
| wi | ᐏ | wiː | is pronounced like whee in wheel |
| ihᐤ | ᐂ | iːh | is pronounced with an aspirated ending sound |
| ii | ᐑ | {iː} | is pronounced with an elongated vowel sound |
# Praat/Introduction

Praat is a wonderful software package written and maintained by Paul Boersma and David Weenink of the University of Amsterdam. Available for free, with open source code, there is simply no better package for linguists to use in analyzing speech.
Unfortunately, much of the existing documentation for the software is just that, software documentation, and is not designed to help linguists (who may not necessarily consider themselves to be “phoneticians” or have a strong phonetics background) get the measurements and make the changes that they need and desire for their research.
As such, rather than introducing each menu item and function as such, I’ve instead chosen to describe how to do some of the tasks that linguists want to do without assuming a strong phonetics or programming background. Then, eventually, we’ll discuss some of the more complicated measures and tricks one can perform with Praat.
Of course, no one workshop can discuss the myriad features present in Praat, nor cover all of the quirks of the package, but this workshop will hopefully leave you feeling more at home in Praat, and give you an opportunity to go forth and explore further on your own.
# Nanotechnology/Biosensors

* Navigate
* << Prev: Nano-bio Primer
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Targeting Diseases

# Biosensors

Biological sensor functionalisation, receptors and signals
* Assays for measuring the biochemical properties, such as immunesystem responses, specific proteins etc.
* DNA binding protein
* Functional group
* Receptor biochemistry
* Neuron
* The Biotin - Streptavidin binding is the strongest biochemical bond and often used when you need to demonstrate a sensor or bind different biomolecules together.
* Biofouling - by using certain polymers such as PEG or PLL-PEG, cell adhesion to surface can be drastically reduced.

## DNA Biosensors

In the future, DNA will find use as a versatile material from which scientists can craft biosensors. DNA biosensors can theoretically be used for medical diagnostics, forensic science, agriculture, or even environmental clean-up efforts. No external monitoring is needed for DNA-based sensing devices. This is a significant advantage. DNA biosensors are complicated mini-machines—consisting of sensing elements, micro lasers, and a signal generator. At the heart of DNA biosensor function is the fact that two strands of DNA stick to each other by virtue of chemical attractive forces. On such a sensor, only an exact fit—that is, two strands that match up at every nucleotide position—gives rise to a fluorescent signal (a glow) that is then transmitted to a signal generator.

# Resources

. <http://www.nigms.nih.gov>*Performance limits of nanobiosensors App. Phys. Lett. 88, 233120, 2006.

# References

"The Chemistry of Health." The Chemistry of Health (2006): 42-43. National Institutes of Health and National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Web
See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Nanotechnology/Acronyms

Please add, update, order, and otherwise evolve this list! Wikipedia links are included for background.
Please be aware that some acronyms may be rephrased to suit the context. For example, AFM is listed here so as to refer to the Atomic Force Microscope itself, but AFM may also refer to the process of performing Atomic Force Microscopy. Should common prefixes be given their own places?
At the moment, this is not meant as an extensive list of techniques or processes relevant to nanotechnology. Instead it is meant to be a 'Rosetta stone' for those unfamiliar with this jargon.

## Acronyms

AFM - Atomic Force Microscope
ALD - Atomic Layer Deposition (idem Any Layer Deposition)
CIGS - Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
CNT - Carbon nanotube
CVD - Chemical Vapor Depositon
DSC - Differential Scanning Calorimetry
DWNT - Double-walled carbon nanotubes
EB-PVD - Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition
EBDW - Electron-Beam Direct-Write Lithography
EELS - Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
EMAC - Extended metal atom chains
EUV - Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography
ITO - Indium Tin Oxide
MOCVD - Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (idem Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy)
MWNT - Multi-walled nanotubes
NEMS - Nanoelectromechanical systems
NIL - Nanoimprint Lithography
P-SWNT - Polymerized single-walled nanotubes
PECVD - Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
PLD - Pulsed Laser Deposition (idem Pulsed Laser Ablation)
PVD - Physical Vapor Deposition
RIE - Reactive Ion Etching
SAED - Selected Area Electron Diffraction
SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope
SIMS - Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
SiNW - Silicon Nanowire
SPL - Scanning Probe Lithography
SWNT - Single-walled nanotubes
STEM - Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
STM - Scanning Tunneling Microscope
TEM - Transmission Electron Microscope
UV/Vis - Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
VLS - Vapor-liquid-solid method (used to create one-dimensional structures)
XPS - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
XRD - X-ray Diffraction
YBCO - Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide
# Nanotechnology/Environmental

* Navigate
* << Prev: Targeting Diseases
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Health effects of nanoparticles
* <<< Prev. Part: Nano-Bio Primer
* >>> Next Part: Main page
How will nanotechnology affect our lives - this part will not look in terms of the technological impact such as faster and cheaper computers, but at the very important health and environmental effects that necessarily must be considered.
When will it help cure cancer or and when might it cause it? Will the apparent ecological benefit of a nanoparticle that improves catalytic reactions be futile when we consider the ecological footprint of the nanoaparticles' life cycle? There are many open questions where the search for answers has only just begun!
Nanotechnology has been proclaimed to imply a wealth of potential benefits for society many of which will have direct or indirect positive effects on the environment. Of specific environmental importance is the potential improved efficiency of energy production, reduced energy use of products, reduced use of chemicals due to e.g. functionalization of surfaces, remediation of soil pollution, improved sensoring and monitoring of the environment and improved functionality of materials.
Additionally, principles of green engineering and chemistry are beginning to be integrated into the development of nanomaterials, meaning that nanotechnology may also lead to more environmental beneficial production methods (Schmidt, 2007) .
There are a lot of opportunities but as with many other nanotechnologies there is still a large gap from the research labs to manufacturing and real life use of nanotechnological products and solutions.
The focus here will however be at the potential health and environmental impacts. For a more thorough review of ecopotentials see e.g. Malsch
, Dionysiou
, Masciangioli
,and Schmidt.

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
* 1 2 Schmidt, K.: Green Nanotechnology: It's easier than you think. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. PEN 8 April 2007
* ↑ Malsch, I. Benefits, Risks, Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Nanotechnology 4th Nanoforum report; Nanoforum: Jun, 04.
* ↑ Dionysiou, D. D. Environmental Applications and Implications of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials. Journal of Environmental Engineering, Jul, 2004, pp 723-724.
* ↑ Masciangioli, T.; Zhang, W. X. Environmental technologies at the nanoscale. Environmental Science & Technology 2003, 37 (5), 102A-108A.
# Nanotechnology/Background material

* Navigate
* << Prev: Physical Chemistry of Surfaces
* >< Main: Nanotechnology
* >> Next: Nanomaterials

# Dispersion relations

Dispersion relations are essential in describing a physical system and can often be a bit tricky to comprehend.

# References

See also notes on editing this book about how to add references Nanotechnology/About#How_to_contribute.
# Pinyin/Halloween

Search Pinyin Halloween
English
Halloween is the eve of All Saints' Day. It is in the evening of Oct 31 of every year. It is originated from the traditional festival of the West. On that evening, the people make up themselves as ghosts and monsters for celebrating the festival.
Chinese
Halloween shih Wahnshehngjier d qiarnxi. ta zaih meeiniarn 10 yueh 31 rih d waanshahng. ta yuarnzih Xifang d chuarntoong jierrih. dangwaan rern'men huahzhuang weir gehzhoong guiiguaih guohjier.
# Pinyin/Hand

Search hand
hand: the end of the arm, including the wrist, palm and fingers
shoou: shooubih mohduan, baokuoh shoouwahn, shoouzhaang her shoouzhii
# Pinyin/Half-moon shaped

See also
# Pinyin/Handle

See also
A handle is the part of an object that you hold in your hand when you use it.
shooubiing shih fangbiahn rern nar'zhe wuhtii d buhfehn.
# Pinyin/Hallucination

Hallucination means no objective sensory stimulation to the corresponding conditions, but felt a real, vivid perception. In contrast, illusion has a true external stimuli, but the perception reaction is wrong. Hallucination is a perception disorder, divided into auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, magic touch, the most common are auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations and so on. Hallucinations often occur in psychiatric conditions; sometimes also happen in normal people when they are in the conditions of tension, fatigue, fever, etc.
Huànjué shì zhǐ zài méiyǒu kèguān cìjī zuòyòng yú xiāngyìng gǎnguān de tiáojiàn xià, ér gǎnjué dào de yīzhǒng zhēnshí de, shēngdòng de zhījué. Xiāngduì de, cuòjué zéshì jùyǒu zhēnzhèng de wàizài cìjī, dàn fǎnyìng cuòwù de rènzhī. Huànjué shì zhījué zhàng'ài de yīzhǒng, zhǔyào fēnwéi huàntīng, huànshì, huànchù děng, zuì chángjiàn de shì huàntīng, huànshì děng. Huànjué duō chūxiàn zài jīngshénbìng zhuàngtài xià, zhèngcháng rén yǒushí zài jǐnzhāng, píláo, gāoshāo shí děng, yě kě chūxiàn.
# Láadan/Lessons/9b
## The Path marker: -mu

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S (CP-Source) (CP-Goal) CP_Path (Postposition)]
Let's say that we want to say that we're going from point A to point C, by going *through* point B. In this case, we'd mark point B as the "path", using the *-mu* marker.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi sháad le wa. | I'm coming/going. | sháad = to come/to go, le = me |
| Bíi sháad le bethedi wa. | I'm going home. | beth = home |
| Bíi sháad le hohalede bethedi wa. | I'm going home from the office. | hohal = office |
| Bíi sháad le bethedi heshehothemu obe wa. | I'm going home through the park. | heshehoth = park, -mu = path marker, obe = through |
| Bíi sháad le bethedi wilimu óobe wa. | I'm going home along the river. | wili = river, óobe = along |
| Bíi sháad le bethedi oódóomu yil wa. | I'm going home (via) under the bridge. | oódóo = bridge, yil = under |
# Láadan/Lessons/8
## The Instrument marker: -nan

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S (CP-O) CP-Instrument]
This is similar to “with” or “per”, denoting a tool being used to accomplish a task. The suffix is “-nan”.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi yod le wa. | I am eating. | yod = to eat |
| Bíi yod le bathanan wa. | I am eating with a fork. | batha = fork |
| Bíi yod le thuzheth bathanan wa. | I am eating cake with a fork. | thuzh = cake |

## The Location markers: -ha and -ya

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Time/CP-Place]
Similar to the English preposition "at", there are two location markers. "-ha" specifies a location in space, and "-ya" specifies a location in time.
If more precision is required, a postposition can be added after the "-ha"/"-ya", such as "obée" for "during". These postpositions never change their form and cannot take affixes.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi eril hal le hohaleha wa. | I worked at the office. | eril = past, hal = work, hohal = office |
| Bíi aril hal le háasháaleya wa. | I will work at morning. | aril = later, háasháal = morning |
| Bíi hal le náaleya obée wa. | I work during the night. | náal = night, obée = during |
# Láadan/Láadan Comics

* Comics by Rachel Wil Sha Singh
* Loyud i Ámed (Pepper&Carrot)
(more Loyud i Ámed at https://peppercarrot.com/ld/webcomics/index.html)
# Láadan/Lessons/9
## The Manner marker: -nal

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Manner]
To mark the manner in which something is done (such as quickly, meticulously, etc.), we use the "-nal" suffix.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi di be wa. | He speaks. | di = to speak, be = he/she/it/they (singular) |
| Bíi di be lóolonal wa. | He speaks slowly. | lóolo = slow |

## The Reason-cause marker: -wáan

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Cause]
This cause marker is used to specify that something is done because of some reason, while "-wan" is to specify "in order to..." or for some purpose.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi héeya be wa. | She is afraid. | héeya = to be afraid |
| Bíi héeya be óowamidewáan wa. | She is afraid because of the dragon. | óowamid = dragon |

## The Purpose-cause marker: -wan

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Cause]
The "-wan" suffix is used to specify that some action is being done, in order to to do something (that something being whatever has the -wan suffix.)

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi ulanin be wa. | She is studying. | ulanin = to study |
| Bíi ulanin be bediwan wa. | She is studying to learn. | bedi = to learn |

## The cause marker: dó-

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Obj]
You can change a verb into "the subject causes the object to [VERB]" by putting "dó-" at the beginning of the verb.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi yod le wa. | I am eating. | yod = to eat |
| Bíi dóyod le mideth wa. | I am feeding the animal. | mid = animal |
# Láadan/Lessons/7
## The Association marker: -den and -dan

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Association]
The Association marker is used to specify with whom something is done. "-den" is the neutral form, while "-dan" can additionally specify that it is a pleasure to do so.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi lalom le wa. | I am singing. | lalom = to sing |
| Bóo aril lalom leden. | Would you sing with me? | le+den = with me |

## The Beneficiary marker: -da

[(Aux) Verb (Neg) CP-S CP-Beneficiary]
The Beneficiary marker is used to specify for whom something is done for; on whose behalf.
The Beneficiary marker also has alternative forms in order to specify purpose: "-dá" for "against one's will", as in forced or coerced, "-daá" for "accidentally", and "-dáa" for "because of an obligation of law or duty that one accepts". For all other situations, "-da" should be used.

### Examples

| Láadan | English | Vocab words |
| Bíi lalom le laneda wa. | I am singing for a friend. | lan = friend |
# OCR A-Level Physics/Equation Sheet

Equations, constants, and other useful data. Equations and constants are given in the formulae booklet unless stated otherwise.

## AS Formulae
### Unit 1 - Mechanics

${\text{efficiency}}={\frac {\text{useful energy output}}{\text{total energy input}}}\times 100\%$

#### Kinematics Equations

* $v=u+at$
* $a={\frac {\Delta v}{\Delta t}}={\frac {v-u}{t}}$
* $s={\frac {1}{2}}(u+v)t$
* $s=ut+{\frac {1}{2}}at^{2}$
* $v^{2}=u^{2}+2as$

#### Forces, Moments and Pressure

* $F_{x}=Fcos\theta$
* $F_{y}=Fsin\theta$
* $F=ma$
* $W=mg$
* ${\text{moment}}=Fx$
* ${\text{torque}}=Fd$
* $\rho ={\frac {m}{V}}$
* $p={\frac {F}{A}}$

#### Work, Energy and Power

* $W=F_{x}cos\theta$
* $E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}$
* $E_{p}=mgh\$
* $P={\frac {\Delta W}{\Delta t}}$ Not given in formulae booklet.

#### Deforming Solids

* $F=kx$
* $E={\frac {1}{2}}Fx={\frac {1}{2}}kx^{2}$
* ${\text{stress}}={\frac {F}{A}}$
* ${\text{strain}}={\frac {x}{L}}$
* ${\text{Young modulus}}={\frac {\text{stress}}{\text{strain}}}$

### Unit 2 - Electrons, Waves and Photons
#### Electricity

* $\Delta Q=I\Delta t$
* $I=Anev$
* $W=VQ$
* $V=IR$
* $R={\frac {\rho L}{A}}$
* $P=VI=I^{2}R={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}$
* $W=VIt$
* $e.m.f=V+Ir$
* $V_{\text{out}}={\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}\times V_{\text{in}}$
* $R=R_{1}+R_{2}+\cdots$
* ${\frac {1}{R}}={\frac {1}{R_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{R_{2}}}+\cdots$
** If there are only two resistors, this simplified equation can be used which isn't given in booklet: $R={\frac {R_{1}R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}$

#### Waves and Photons

* $f={\frac {1}{T}}$ This is NOT given in the unit 2 section of the booklet but IS given in the unit 4 section.
* $v=f\lambda$
* $\lambda ={\frac {ax}{D}}$
* $E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}$
* $hf=\phi +KE_{\text{max}}$
* $\lambda ={\frac {h}{mv}}$
* ${\text{intensity}}={\frac {\text{power}}{\text{cross-section area}}}$
* The following equations are NOT given in the formulae booklet
** ${\text{intensity}}\propto {\text{amplitude}}^{2}$
** The following equation is known as Malus's Law:
*** $I=I_{0}cos^{2}{\theta }$
** Malus's Law can also be given in terms of amplitude:
*** $A=A_{0}cos^{2}{\theta }$
# OCR A-Level Physics/Electrons, Waves and Photons
## Contents

* Electric current
* D.C. circuits
* Magnetic effects of current
* Quantum physics
* Electromagnetic waves
# OCR A-Level Physics/Electrons, Waves and Photons NEW SPECIFICATION

This module makes up 50% of AS level and 25% of A level

## Contents

* Electric current
* Resistance
* DC Circuits
* Waves
* Quantum physics
# OCR A-Level Physics/Fields, Particles and Frontiers of Physics

This module is 25% of the A level grade.

## Contents

* Electric Fields
* Magnetic Fields
* Electromagnetic Induction
* Capacitors
* Particle Physics
* Radioactivity
* Nuclear Physics
* Medical Physics
* Structure of the Universe
* Evolution of the Universe
# Pinyin/Make

* zaoh; zhihzaoh
* zuoh
* shiide
to make: to create or produce something
zhihzaoh: chuahngzaoh huoh chaansheng mooushihwuh