OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chinese History/Others
## Others

In Chinese architecture the visual impact of the width of the buildings was very important but the most important is the emphasis on the horizontal axis.
The projected hierarchy and importance and uses of buildings in traditional Chinese architecture are based on placement of buildings in a property/complex buildings with doors facing the front of the property are considered more important than those faces the sides.
For the commoners their houses tended to follow a set pattern: the centre of the building would be a shrine for the deities and the ancestors, which would also be used during festivities. On its two sides were bedrooms for the elders; the two wings of the building were for the junior members of the family, as well as the living room, the dining room, and the kitchen, although sometimes the living room could be very close to the centre.
Certain architectural features that were reserved solely for buildings built for the Emperor of China one example is the use of yellow roof tiles yellow having been the Imperial colour, yellow roof tiles still adorn most of the buildings within the Forbidden City. Only the Temple of Heaven, however, uses blue roof tiles to symbolize the sky
Buddhist architecture follows the imperial style. A large Buddhist monastery normally has a front hall, housing the statue of a Bodhisattva, followed by a great hall, housing the statues of the Buddhas. Accommodations for the monks and the nuns are located at the two sides. Some of greatest examples of this come from the 18th century temples of the Puning Temple and the Putuo Zongcheng Temple. Buddhist monasteries sometimes also have pagodas, which may house the relics of the Gautama Buddha; older pagodas tend to be four-sided, while later pagodas usually have eight-sides.
Vegetarianism is not uncommon or unusual in China, though, as is the case in the West, it is only practiced by a relatively small proportion of the population. The Chinese vegetarians do not eat a lot of tofu. Most Chinese vegetarians are Buddhists, following the Buddhist teachings about minimizing suffering. Chinese vegetarian dishes often contain large varieties of vegetables (e.g. bok Choy, shiitake mushroom, sprouts, corn) and some imitation meat.
Pork is generally preferred over beef in Chinese cuisine due to economic and aesthetic reasons; the pig is easy to feed and is not used for labor, and is so closely tied with the idea of domesticity that the character for "home" depicts a pig under a roof ("家" for home is made of "宀" for roof and "豕" for pig).
In most dishes in Chinese cuisine, food is prepared in bite-sized pieces (e.g., vegetable, meat, doufu), ready for direct picking up and eating. Traditionally, Chinese culture considered using knives and forks at the table barbaric due to fact that these implements are regarded as weapons. It was also considered ungracious to have guests work at cutting their own food. Fish are usually cooked and served whole, with diners directly pulling pieces from the fish with chopsticks to eat, unlike in some other cuisines where they are first filleted.
# Chinese History/Religion
## Religion

During the Bronze Age most of China worshipped many gods and spirits. The most important of these being Ti or “Deity Above” He was believed to reward those that pleased him and punish those that didn’t. Ti was in charge of all the gods and goddesses in the pantheon. The gods and goddesses all represented something in nature for example the “God of Soil”, etc. Some of the Emperors brought their servants with them to the after life. Priests and Priestess’s main job was to act as mediums between the Gods and Goddesses and the worshippers. They specialized in sacrificing and ceremonies of specific Gods and Goddesses. A special type of medium was an Augur. An Augur asked questions of the Gods and Goddesses or read oracle bones.
After the Bronze Age, Three Doctrines or Ideologies became important Chinese Religions. Taoism and Confucianism were native to China and developed in isolation. The Three ideologies can also be viewed as philosophies but they also have a spiritual element, which is why they are classified as religions. The Third Doctrine, Buddhism was brought from China by travelling monks from India.
Confucius was alive during when the Chou dynasty (a part of the Zhou Dynasty) was decaying it was riddled with corruption. Confucius experienced the corruption first hand as he held a position in government. He believed that decline was because the Chinese had abandoned old traditions and old concepts of honor, politeness morality and social roles had been forgotten; this is the base of Confucianism.
Confucianism filtered into different aspect of Chinese culture Confucius’ teachings became the basis for education in China and his writings became the classics that every child in China reads.
The basis of Taoism is the concept of Tao. Tao is translated as “the path” or “the way.” The term has no conclusive definition it refers to a wide force in nature and is the source of all things.
Taoism in its purest form calls followers to pursue Tao. This means he or she should not try to alter nature or force it to do what it was not meant to do. A follower must remain inactive and not make plans. A follower must not do anything contrary to Tao for example building a house or damming a river. Taoists were members of the educated wealthy elite. Some of the less privileged did learn about it but altered it to be more about magic and alchemy than the purest form of Taoism.
Siddharta Gautana founded Buddhism around 500 BC. He was later called The Enlightened One or the Buddha. Buddhism spread to China via the Silk Road. When it first arrived it was considered part of Taoism because of how similar Taoism and Buddhism are. How ever a number of Buddhist monks came from India to China and kept the religion from being incorporated into Taoism. Buddhism encourages followers to throw off self-interest. Through meditation and right living, a Buddhist can reach Nirvana or absence of suffering which was a similar concept to Tao.
All three religions were not intolerant of each other although they did not always agree. Many people were subscribers of more than one religion and all three subtly influenced each other.
# Chinese History/Geography
## Geography

The geography of Ancient China is often described by geologists in a system of three steps:
The first step is to the far west near present day Tibet. With the highest mountains on earth around here the climate is quite cold and in the summer quite warm this place is widely considered inhospitable, from -40℃ (-40 F) in the winter to 37℃ (100 F) in the summer. Due to this there aren’t many villages and when found villages are quite small.
The next step is the middle of China. It is covered with desert and a small amount of grassland. People here raise grazing cattle & yaks. There are some low hills but no snow. With cold winters and hot summers, this area was never densely populated.
The final step is the East. This area is accounts for around 95% of modern and Ancient Chinese population. Two long rivers flow through here, the Yellow and the Yangtze River. Here there is plenty of water for crops and agriculture flourished. In the North, wheat was the main crop and in the South, rice was more frequent.
# Chinese Medicinal Formulas/Liu Wei Di Huang Wan
## Introduction

The formula for Liu Wei Di Huang Wan was first published in Xiao'er Yaozheng Zhijue (Key to Theurapeutics of Children's Diseases). The herbs in the formula were typically made into fine powder and mixed with honey to make boluses. The formula nourishes yin and invigorates the kidney.

## Formula

Liu Wei Di Huang Wan has the following herbal ingredients:
* Shudihuang - 24g,
* Shanzhuyu - 12g,
* Shanyao - 12g,
* Zexie - 9g,
* Mudanpi - 9g,
* Fuling - 9g.

## Application

Liu Wei Di Huang Wan has been used to treat chronic nephritis, hypertension, diabetes, tuberculosis, renal tuberculosis, hyperthyroidism, central retinitis, anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding and menopausal syndromes.
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan may be modified slightly to form its derivatives, including:
* Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan: To clear heat, add Zhimu and Huangbai
* Qi Ju Di Huang Wan: To treat deficiency of liver-yin and blurring of vision, add Gouqizi and Juhua
* Mai Wei Di Huang Wan: To treat deficiency of lung-yin and cough and dyspnea, add Maimendong and Wuweizi
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Core Mindfulness Skills

* Observe
* Describe
* Participate
* Non-Judgmentally
* One-Mindfully
* Effectively
* Wise Mind
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Core Mindfulness Skills/Observe

Observe: is simply experiencing with awareness your feelings, your thoughts, and sensations directly without the use of words.
The ability to observe yourself requires an ability to step back from yourself. This process of stepping back, also called Teflon Mind, is a way to re-orient to the present moment. Teflon mind is based on the idea of the non-stick cooking surface to which food does not stick. Teflon Mind allows you to not get stuck.
Preoccupation, rumination, and distraction are some of the ways people get stuck. Observe is important because it helps you become like a blank slate upon which you can write.
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Core Mindfulness Skills/Participate

Participate is the skill of throwing yourself into your objectives whole-heartedly without self-consciousness. Participate is the “go for it” feeling you have when you enthusiastically pursue an activity meaningful to you. Participate is the satisfying experience of becoming absorbed completely in what you are doing.
also see Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Core Mindfulness Skills/Participate and Flow
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Core Mindfulness Skills/Describe

Describe is putting words on experience and experience into words.
Describe: the ability to put verbal labels to (internal and external) events is essential for self-control.
Putting words on one’s experience is the first step toward taking control of your mind. Describing is thinking with words and includes your internal dialogue as well as verbal and written expression. This sort of talking to yourself helps you become focused. It is a way to overcome distractions because you learn to redirect your thinking to your here-and-now experience. As you practice describe, you will become clearer about what you are doing and what you want to do.
Time spent describing is an investment. Make consistent use of a journal, to-do list, calendar and organizer.
See Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Core Mindfulness Skills/Observe
# Dialectical Behavioral Therapy/Core Mindfulness Skills/Wise Mind

    See also: /Experiencing Integration and Intuition/
Wise Mind is the integration of emotion mind and reasonable mind. Emotion mind is characterized by mood dependent behavior, i.e. behavior that is determined by the current emotional state. Emotion mind is problematic because people often act impulsively under the effect of strong emotions. Reasonable mind, in contrast to emotion mind, is cool and deliberate. Reasonable mind is the product of learning, experience, and knowledge. Wise mind is the integration of emotion mind and reasonable mind but goes beyond both of them.
Wise Mind is a state of mind in which you experience yourself as being calm, centered, and in control of your emotions.
In Wise Mind, you act in accordance with your beliefs, principles, and values which deepens feelings of coherence and integrity.
Wise Mind is strengthened by practicing all skills, especially Core Mindfulness Skills.
# Smith-Morra Gambit

The Smith-Morra Gambit is an aggressive pawn sacrifice in order to gain development, this variation of the Sicilian Defense can lead to a sharper - tactical game, but the opening is very rare nowadays.
Pros:
* Gains development
* Get white's king castled quicker
Cons:
* Black is a pawn up
* Black might have solutions to equalize the game or decline the gambit
* Only one center pawn since Black took White's d pawn and c pawn

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 c5 2. d4
| | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Smith-Morra Gambit Accepted | d4 cxd4 | c3 dxc3 | Nxc3 Nc6 | Nf3 d6 | = |
| Smith-Morra Gambit Declined, Push Variation | ... ... | ... d3 | Bxd3 Nc6 | Nf3 d6 | = |
| Franco-Sicilian Defense | d4 e6 | = to 1...e6 2. d4 c5 | | | +/= |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3/3...dxc3/4. Nxc3/4...Nc6

This move places the knight on a good square and doesn't allow the pawn push e4-e5 (like in Nf6? e5)
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. Nf3

This aims to transpose into normal lines. After Nxd4, a normal open Sicilian will be reached. If Black tries to prevent this with 3...e5, White will reach a good Smith–Morra with 4. c3. Therefore, Black does best to allow Nxd4.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Smith-Morra Gambit

This move is not the best. Even though it regains the pawn, black can simply harass White's queen with 3...Nc6.
# Smith-Morra Gambit

Now white offers a pawn for quicker development and open c- and d-files. Black can accept the gambit with 3...dxc3, or decline it, most commonly with 3...d3. The natural square for the knight (c3) is still occupied by the white pawn, so white will lose a tempo.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4 3.c3
| | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Smith-Morra Gambit Accepted | c3 dxc3 | Nxc3 Nc6 | Nf3 d6 | = |
| | ... g6 | |
| Smith-Morra Gambit Declined | ... d3 | Bxd3 Nc6 | Nf3 d6 | +/= |
| | ... Nf6 | e5 Nd5 | Nf3 Nc6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Smith-Morra Gambit

Black accepted the gambit by taking the pawn on c3. Offering another pawn, by playing anything other than 4. Nxc3, will be too much and black will get an advantage.
Taking back with 4. bxc3 is inferior, since it blocks the natural developing square of the knight on b1.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4 3. c3 dxc3
| | 4 | 5 |
| Smith-Morra Gambit Accepted | Nxc3 Nc6 | Nf3 d6 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Smith-Morra Gambit

The gambit actually is offered by the next move 3. c3. Taking back with 3. Qxd4?! really isn't a promising option, since the queen will be pushed around, while black makes developing moves like Nc6. Also, unlike the Center game, the trade of the c-pawn for the d-pawn also gives black added central control. However, 3.Nf3 is probably a promising way to avoid the Smith Morra. Black does best to transpose to the Open Sicilian, as if e5?!, c3 (the tempting 3. Nxe5?? Qa5+ loses the knight) gives white a better version of the Smith Morra with a hole on d5 and a backward d-pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4
| | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Smith-Morra Gambit | c3 dxc3 | Nxc3 Nc6 | Nf3 d6 | = |
| | Nf3 d6 | = |
| | Qxd4 Nc6 | =/+ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3/3...d3
## 3...d3

Players have played this move a bit, but it is too passive. Black does not need to decline White's gambit. After c4 followed by Bxd3, White has a Maróczy Bind and a spatial plus. However, it is playable.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Sicilian - Staunton-Cochrane variation (English variation)

2. c4, the purpose here is to restrict Black from the freeing move d5 and bring a Maróczy Bind. The downside is that White is no longer able to support d4 with a pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 c5 2. c4
| 2 |
| c4 Nc6 | Nc3 g6 | = |
| ... g6 | | = |
| ... d6 | | = |
| ... e6 | | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## External links

* 2.c4 from 365chess.com
* This Chess related article is a stub. Please assist Wikibooks by expanding it.
# Smith-Morra Gambit

White captured the pawn on c3 and got ahead in the development, since his piece can already move along the open lines. He will develop his pieces like this: Nf3, Bc4, Qe2, 0-0, Rd1, Bf4 (g5), Rc1 - depending on black's moves, of course.
Sometimes white can attack with the pawn push to e5 and open the lines in front of the uncastled black king. Another typical attack moves the knight to b5 and puts pressure on the d6 and c7 square (i.e. in combination with Bf4 this is a real threat).
Black has various options, but some of them are just changes in move order. The most flexible move seems to be 4...Nc6, since it is a good developing move and prevents the pawn e4 from advancing. This pawn push is one of the attacking motives that white has, i.e. after 4...Nf6 5. e5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1. e4 c5 2. d4 cxd4 3. c3 dxc3 4. Nxc3
| | 4 | 5 |
| Smith-Morra Gambit Accepted | Nc6 | Nf3 d6 |
| | e6 | Nf3 d6 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Dichterliebe

A collection of information to aid in the interpretation and appreciation of Schumann's song cycle.
* Robert Schumann
* Heinrich Heine
* Im wunderschönen Monat Mai (In the wonderful month of May)
* Aus meinen Tränen sprießen (From my tears there spring)
* Die Rose, die Lilie, die Taube, die Sonne (The rose, the lily, the dove, the sun)
* Wenn ich in deine Augen seh (When I gaze into your eyes)
* Ich will meine Seele tauchen (I long to sink my soul)
* Im Rhein, im heiligen Strome (In the Rhine, the holy river)
* Ich grolle nicht (I do not complain)
* Und wüßten's die Blumen, die kleinen (If only the flowers could know)
* Das ist ein Flöten und Geigen (There is fluting and fiddling)
* Hör' ich das Liedchen klingen (When I hear the sound of the song)
* Ein Jüngling liebt ein Mädchen (A lad loves a girl)
* Am leuchtenden Sommermorgen (On a gleaming summer morning)
* Ich hab' im Traum geweinet (I wept in my dreams)
* Allnächtlich im Traume seh' ich dich (All night in my dreams I see you)
* Aus alten Märchen winkt es (From old tales someone waves)
* Die alten, bösen Lieder (The old and evil songs)

## External links

* VARIATIONS Prototype: Online Musical Scores A page containing the sheet music to Dichterliebe (among other songs) in a medium key.
* Dichterliebe (MIDI)
* The Lied and Art Song Text Page - English translation An English translation of all the songs.
* The Lied and Art Song Text Page The text to all the songs.
# Dichotomous Key/Testudines
## 1

* Number of vomers
** One - #2: Casichelydia
** Two - Proganochelys

## 2: Casichelydia

* Head retraction
** Head can not be fully placed inside shell - Chelydridae
** Head can be fully placed inside shell - #3
# Dichotomous Key/Tremoctopididae
## 1

* Tissue form
** Gelatinous - Tremoctopus gelatus
** Muscular - 2

## 2

* Number of distal hectocotylus suckers
** 27-28 - Tremoctopus robsoni
** 15-22 - 3

## 3

* Habitat
** Atlantic Ocean - Tremoctopus violaceus
** Pacific Ocean - Tremoctopus gracilis
# Dichotomous Key/Tremoctopodidae
## 1

* Tissue form
** Gelatinous - Tremoctopus gelatus
** Muscular - 2

## 2

* Number of distal hectocotylus suckers
** 27-28 - Tremoctopus robsoni
** 15-22 - 3

## 3

* Habitat
** Atlantic Ocean - Tremoctopus violaceus
** Pacific Ocean - Tremoctopus gracilis
# Dichotomous Key/Ursidae

* Parent key: Carnivora
* Suborders
* Caniformia - Feliformia
* Key: {{{5}}}
* {{{6}}}
* {{{7}}}

## 1

* Food
** Exclusively herbivorous - #3: Ailurinae
** At least partly omnivorous #2

## 2

* Masseteric fossa on the lower jaw divided by a bony septum into two fossae
** Present - #4: Ursus
** Not present - Tremarctos ornatus

## 3

* Diet
** Exclusively bamboo - Ailuropoda melanoleuca
** Varies - Ailurus fulgens

## 4: Ursus

* Hump of muscle over shoulder
** Present - Ursus arctos
** Not present - #5
Glossary for this page (all links are to Wikipedia articles) :
* Herbivore: an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plants (rather than meat).
* Omnivore: Organisms that consume both plants and animals
* Masseteric fossa:
* Septum: A wall separating two cavities or two spaces containing a less dense material
* Fossa: A pit, groove or depression in a bone
* Nocturnal: A animal that sleeps during the day and is active at night
* Diurnal: A animal that sleeps during the night and is active in the daytime

## 5

* Fur color
** White - Ursus maritimus
** Other coloration - #6

## 6

* Leg direction while walking
** Turned inward - Helarctos malayanus
** Forward - #7

## 7

* Time of activity
** Nocturnal - Melursus ursinus
** Diurnal - Ursus americanus
# Dichotomous Key/Urochordata

Dichotomous Key: Chordata :
* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata

## 1

* Adults sessile
** Yes - Ascidiacea
** No - #2

## 2

* Animal surrounded by protein and cellulose and a complicated arrangement of filters
** Yes - Larvacea
** No - Thaliacea
# Dichterliebe/Allnächtlich im Traume seh' ich dich
### Allnächtlich im Traume seh' ich dich

| Original German | English Translation |
| Allnächtlich im Traume seh' ich dich Und sehe dich freundlich grüßen, Und laut aufweinend stürz' ich mich Zu deinen süßen Füßen. Du siehst mich an wehmütiglich Und schüttelst das blonde Köpfchen; Aus deinen Augen schleichen sich Die Perlentränentröpfchen. Du sagst mir heimlich ein leises Wort Und gibst mir den Strauß von Zypressen. Ich wache auf, und der Strauß ist fort, Und das Wort hab' ich vergessen. | |
# Dichotomous Key/Sirenia

* Parent key: Mammalia
* Subclasses
* Marsupialia - Monotremata - Placentalia
* Key: Mammalia
* Orders
* Afrosoricida - Artiodactyla - Carnivora - Cetacea - Chiroptera - Dermoptera - Insectivora - Lagomorpha - Macroselidae - Marsupialia - Monotremata - Perissodactyla - Pholidota - Primates - Proboscidea - Rodentia - Scandentia - Sirenia - Xenarthra

## 1: Shape of tail

* Tail shape
** Forked - Dugong dugon
** Paddle-shaped - #2: Trichechidae

## 2: Trichechidae

* Fingernails
** No nails on forelimbs - Amazonian Manatee, Trichechus inunguis
** Nails on forelimbs - #3: Geographic Location

## 3: Geographic Location

* Rivers, estuaries, or coastal waters in the
** Western Atlantic - Trichechus manatus
** Eastern Atlantic - Trichechus senegalensis