# Italian/Grammar/Direct and Indirect Speech
## Introduction

Direct and indirect speech are important linguistic concepts used to report statements made by others. In Italian, like many other languages, certain adjustments are necessary when transforming a direct speech statement into an indirect one. This article aims to explain the rules and techniques for reporting direct and indirect speech in Italian, including tense changes, pronoun changes, and other grammatical adjustments.

## Direct Speech

In direct speech, the exact words spoken by someone are reported within quotation marks. For example:
* "Marco said, 'Vado al cinema'" (Marco said, "I am going to the cinema").
The sentence above is an example of direct speech. It indicates that Marco said the specific words "Vado al cinema."

## Indirect Speech

Indirect speech refers to reporting what someone said without using their exact words. In Italian, when transforming direct speech into indirect speech, several changes may be required to adapt to grammar rules and maintain coherence.

### Tense Changes

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, tense changes often occur. The general rule is to shift the tense back one step. Here are some examples:
1. Present tense: The present tense in direct speech is usually transformed into the imperfect tense in indirect speech. This is done by shifting the verb tense back one step. For instance:
* "Ho fame," disse Luca (Luca said, "I am hungry").
* Luca disse che aveva fame (Luca said that he was hungry).
In the example above, "Ho fame" (I am hungry) is the direct speech. The present tense of "Ho" is transformed into the imperfect "aveva" (he was) in the indirect speech.
2. Past tense: When a direct speech statement is in the past tense, it is often transformed into the pluperfect tense in indirect speech. This tense shift is important for maintaining chronological accuracy. For example:
* "Sono andato al mare ieri," disse Maria (Maria said, "I went to the seaside yesterday").
* Maria disse che era andata al mare il giorno prima (Maria said that she had gone to the seaside the day before).
In the example above, "Sono andato al mare ieri" (I went to the seaside yesterday) is the direct speech. The past tense "sono andato" (I went) is transformed into "era andata" (she had gone) in the indirect speech.
3. Future tense: The future tense in direct speech is generally transformed into the conditional tense in indirect speech. This maintains the intended meaning while adhering to grammatical rules. For instance:
* "Andreò al concerto domani," disse Giulia (Giulia said, "I will go to the concert tomorrow").
* Giulia disse che sarebbe andata al concerto il giorno seguente (Giulia said that she would go to the concert the following day).
In the example above, "Andreò al concerto domani" (I will go to the concert tomorrow) is the direct speech. The future tense "andrò" (I will go) is changed to the conditional "sarebbe andata" (she would go) in the indirect speech.

### Pronoun Changes

In addition to tense changes, pronouns may also require adjustments when transforming direct speech into indirect speech. Here are some examples:
1. First-person pronouns: First-person pronouns in direct speech usually change according to the subject of the reported speech. They are transformed into third-person pronouns in indirect speech. For example:
* "Vieni con me al cinema," disse Francesca (Francesca said, "Come with me to the cinema").
* Francesca disse di venire con lei al cinema (Francesca said to come with her to the cinema).
In the example above, "Vieni con me al cinema" (Come with me to the cinema) is the direct speech. The first-person pronoun "me" is changed to "lei" (her) in the indirect speech.
2. Third-person pronouns: Third-person pronouns in direct speech usually remain the same in indirect speech, as long as the subject remains unchanged. However, if the subject changes, the pronoun should be adjusted accordingly. For instance:
* "Luca ama Marta," disse Marco (Marco said, "Luca loves Marta").
* Marco disse che Luca amava Marta (Marco said that Luca loved Marta).
In the example above, "Luca ama Marta" (Luca loves Marta) is the direct speech. The third-person pronouns "Luca" and "Marta" remain the same in the indirect speech.

### Grammatical Adjustments

Other grammatical adjustments may be necessary when transforming direct speech into indirect speech. For example:
1. Adverbs and adjectives: Adverbs and adjectives in direct speech generally don't require changes in indirect speech unless they refer to a specific time or place. In such cases, adjustments should be made. For instance:
* "Domani sarò felice," disse Anna (Anna said, "Tomorrow I will be happy").
* Anna disse che il giorno seguente sarebbe stata felice (Anna said that she would be happy the following day).
In the example above, "Domani sarò felice" (Tomorrow I will be happy) is the direct speech. The adverb "domani" (tomorrow) is transformed into "il giorno seguente" (the following day) in the indirect speech.
2. Conjunctions and connectors: When introducing indirect speech, it is common to use conjunctions or connectors such as "che" (that). These words help indicate that the reported speech is not a direct quotation. For example:
* Detto questo, disse Maria, "non tornerò più indietro" (Having said that, Maria said, "I won't go back anymore").
* Maria disse, che detto quello, non sarebbe tornata più indietro (Maria said that having said that, she wouldn't go back anymore).
In the example above, "Detto questo" (Having said that) is the introductory phrase in direct speech. It is transformed into "che detto quello" (that having said that) in the indirect speech.

## Conclusion

Reporting direct and indirect speech in Italian involves adjusting tense, pronouns, and other grammatical elements to maintain coherence and adhere to language rules. Understanding these techniques is essential for accurately conveying others' words or thoughts. By following the guidelines provided in this article, you can confidently report direct and indirect speech in Italian.