OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# World of Dinosaurs/Brachiosaurus
## Basics

Brachiosaurus means "Arm Lizard".
Brachiosaurus lived during the Jurassic Period.

## Anatomy

Brachiosaurus is a large plant-eating dinosaur.
Brachiosaurus had its nostrils on the top of its head.
Unusually, Brachiosaurus had longer front legs than back legs, causing its body to incline.
It had spoon shaped teeth.

## Phylogeny

Brachiosaurus is a sauropod.
All sauropods are dinosaurs.
All dinosaurs are amniotes and all dinosaurs are tetrapods.

## Biomechanics

Unlike most other sauropods, Brachiosaurus had much longer front legs than back legs. This caused its body to incline upwards.

## Fossil Record

Brachiosaurus can be found in Utah.

## Ecology

Ferns, shrubs, and trees would have been common, but flowering plants, fruit trees, or grass were NOT around yet!
Brachiosaurus co-existed with Allosaurus as well as other sauropods.

## Biogeography

Rocks from the Jurassic period indicate hotter, wetter conditions than we experience on Earth today.
Rocks do not show signs of ice caps near the poles, of traveling ice-bergs, or other signs of "ice house" conditions.
Brachiosaurus lived in a semi-arid, seasonal floodplain. The super-continent Pangea was splitting up throughout the Jurassic Period, adding volcanic activity, particularly along the west coast, and warm, seasonally-variable habitats.
# World of Dinosaurs/Confuciusornis
## Basics

Confuciusornis means "Confucius Bird".
Confuciusornis lived during the Cretaceous Period.

## Anatomy

Confuciusornis is about the size of a crow.
Confuciusornis is an early bird, while also having some theropod traits.
It is the oldest known bird to have a beak.

## Phylogeny

Confuciusornis is a theropod.
All theropods are dinosaurs.
All dinosaurs are amniotes and all dinosaurs are tetrapods.

## Biomechanics

Confuciusornis is the first bird to have a beak.
Its leg posture was also more crouched than previous theropods.

## Fossil Record

It is found in some beautiful specimens in China.

## Ecology

The area Confuciusornis lived was a cool climate.
Reptiles such as crocodilians are not found.
Trees were prevalent.

## Biogeography

There were frequent volcanic eruptions during this time.
There was also flooding at the time.
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Body-2
## Lesson 7 - The Body, part 2
### Word Roots
#### organs

| | Latinized Greek | latin | greek |
| kidney | | ren/o | nephr/o |
| lung | | pulmin/o | pneum/o |
| heart | cardi/o | | |
| larynx (throat) | laryng/o | | |
| liver | hepat/o | | |
| penis | | | phall/o |
| uterus / womb | | | hyster/o |
| bladder or sac with fluid | cyst/o | | |

#### cells/tissues

| | latin | greek |
| muscle | | my/o |
| nerve | | neur/o |
| egg | ovo | oo |

#### root

    -cyte : cell
* oocyte
* myocardium
* An egg cell
* The muscular tissue of the heart.
    reference: American Heritage dictionary
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Common Prefixes
## Lesson 3 - Common Prefixes
#### Prefixes

    ab- : from, away from
    ad- : toward, to
    end/o- : inside, inner
    ecto- : outside, outer
    epi- : over, upon
    ex/o- : from, out of
    hyper- : above, excessive, more
    hypo- : below, under, less
    micro- : small
    macro- : big
    peri- : around
    pro-, proto- : before

#### root

    derm : skin
* epidermis
* hypodermic
* The skin found on the top of an organism.
* Pertaining to something below the skin.
How would you write the words with these meanings?
* The skin on the inside of an organism.
* Someone who is more active than is normal.
* endoderm
* hyperactive
# Understanding Noah's Classifieds/Let's Discover gorumMain

This includes all the global variables required. Global variables like these don't have to be defined you can just include them and use them. The same way you don't have to define scope variables.
It seems the next step the main program makes a bolean decision. It determines whether the previous create/update/edit/delete had the user click cancel. It then brances into two
The wonderful thing of Noah is its prebuilt backward navigation as seen here. If you cancel it sends you back to where you came from.
Now the next thing has to do with the Head,Top and Footer templates
Here comes the actual interesting rendering stuff. showNavBar draws those text like submit add etc.
This links the header file^^
Here is the point at which the actual working of noah gets executed, it will run down the hierachy and execute the right class. Rendering your detail/listing or whatever
Now it gets the upper and lower template
Finally it adds the output from your application to the final text.
processMethod($base, $processResult); is very peculiar as it seems it has to do with the processing of data. In Noah they have abstracted the data away from the view (a very good thing)
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Body-1
## Lesson 6 - The Body, part 1

The word corpus (plural: corpora) means body, substance, or matter as perceived by the senses. You will find it in words like corpus luteum the yellow body left when an egg leaves a human ovary. We also derive the word corpse from it.
Here are some word roots related to parts of the body.
| | Latin | Greek |
| head | | cephal/o |
| brain | | encephal/o |
| eye | ocul/o | ophthalm/o |
| ear | aur/i | ot/o |
| nose | | rhin/o |
| mouth | or/o | stomat/o |
| breast | mamm/o | |
| arm | | brachy/o |
| hand | | chir/o |
| finger | | dactyl/o |
| navel | umbilic/o | |
| kneecap | patell/o | |
| foot | | ped/o |
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Colors
## Lesson 5 - Colors

Many words incorporate Greek and Latin words for colors. For example, the word for a red blood cell is erythrocyte. Erythro is a Greek root meaning red. Here are some more color roots that you may encounter.
| | latin | greek |
| black | nigr/o | melan/o |
| grey | | galuc/o |
| white | alb/a | leuc/o |
| red | rub/o | erythr/o rhodo (rosy) |
| green | | chlor/o |
| blue | | cyan/o |
| yellow | | xanth/o |
| color | | chrom/o |

#### root

    -some: body
How would you write the words with these meanings?
* A colored body
* A blue-ish bacteria
* chromosome
* cyanobacteria
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Common Roots
## Lesson 2 - Common Roots in Science

Learn the word roots below.

#### Roots

    bio : life
    zoo : animal
    geo : earth
    lith/o : stone
    cyt/o : cell
    archae/o or arche/o: old / ancient (from Greek arkhaios)
    palae/o or pale/o: ancient (from Greek palaios)
    myc/o : fungus
    phyt/a : plant
    psych/o: soul or mind
    gynaec/o or gynec/o: woman
    aer/o : air
    astr/o : stars, celestial bodies
    chem/o : chemistry
    physi/o : nature

#### suffixes

    -o/logy : The study of
    -o/logist : one who studies
    -ic : pertaining to
What do these words mean?
* archaeology
* geology
* cytologist
* archaeic
* The study of ancient things
* The study of the Earth.
* One who studies cells.
* Pertaining to something that is old.
How would you write the words with these meanings?
* Someone who studies women.
* The study of fungi.
* gynecologist
* mycology
# Using Wikibooks/TOC mini

Part 1 Introduction · About The Book · What Is Wikibooks · Setting Up A User Account · Discussion and Consensus · Policy and Guidelines · Part 2 The Wikibooks Editor · How To Edit A Wikibook · Wiki-Markup · Cleanup and Maintenance · Advanced Techniques · Adding Images to Pages · Part 3 Quick Start Guides · Wikipedian Primer · Class Project Guidelines · Starting a New Book · Part 4 The Wikibooks Writer · Contributing To An Existing Wikibook · Starting A New Wikibook · Donating a Book to Wikibooks · How To Structure A Wikibook · Shelves, Categories, and Classifications · Attracting Readers · Print versions and PDFs · Part 5 The Wikibooks Reader · Finding A Wikibook · Printing A Wikibook · Using A Wikibook In A Classroom · Correcting Errors · Reviewing Pages · Part 6 The Wikibooks Administrator · The Roles Of The Wikibooks Administrator · Deleting, Undeleting, and Importing · Vandalism · Advanced Administration · Scripting and the MediaWiki API
# Using Wikibooks/Scripting and the MediaWiki API

While this section is most useful for administrators, any user can make use of the MediaWiki API, and hence this section should benefit any Wikibookian.

### The MediaWiki API

MediaWiki offers a powerful API tool that can allow you to perform virtually any task that you can do on-wiki using API calls. Consider the following example:
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&prop=revisions&titles=Pet_door&rvslots=*&rvprop=content&formatversion=2
Try it on your web browser. You'll get a page that looks like this:
   MediaWiki API result
   This is the HTML representation of the JSON format. HTML is good for debugging, but is unsuitable for application use.
   Specify the format parameter to change the output format. To see the non-HTML representation of the JSON format, set format=json.
   See the complete documentation, or the API help for more information.
and a bunch of JSON text, which contains the content of the title "Pet door".
How does this help? Well, if you want to get the details of 100 articles, you do not have to manually visit all of them! Just use a simple bash script that would do this work for you.

### Scripting

Now, how does this apply to a Wikibooks administrator? Suppose you're working on a large deletion request. If there are 500 of the pages, manually deleting each page is likely to take hours and cause frustration to you! Instead, use a Python 3 script! The MediaWiki API page on MediaWiki.org contains a list of all such API calls, and contains helpful example code from which the code in this page was derived from.
First, the script. Here it is. The annotations explain what's going on.
So how do you use it? Put this in a Python file, put all the pages to delete in pages_to_delete.txt, and run it. Watch the output - if there are errors, MediaWiki will let you know. Common issues include
* cannot find the requests module - install it using pip
* not adapting the script. For instance, if you're performing undeletions, you may want to put the new pages in a different location from the old ones. Make sure that they work as expected! You may want to perform a test run first.
If you're stuck at any point, just ask at WB:RR.
Now, this can be easily adapted. Suppose instead of deleting, you want to undelete these pages. Then all that is needed is replace PARAMS_4 to
Even non-admins can benefit from the use of the script. Suppose you're trying to mass-move pages. In that case, PARAMS_4 can be changed to
While unlikely, it is possible to run into ratelimit issues when running scripts such as these. In that case, if you're not yet a reviewer, the best choice would be to become one.
← Advanced Administration · Using Wikibooks
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Hydrocharitaceae

The genus Hydrilla is usually considered to contain the single species Hydrilla verticillata, which is commonly known simply as hydrilla or occasionally water-thyme. It's a Eurasian aquatic plant commonly used in aquariums and was probably first released in North America in the 1950s but not found in New York State until 2008, when it was discovered in Orange and Suffolk Counties.
More recently, hydrilla has been discovered in and around Cayuga Lake, Tonawanda Creek near Buffalo, Susquehanna River near Binghamton and elsewhere. By 2021, iMapInvasives showed hydrilla in at least 12 New York counties. Hydrilla is included in the Skaneateles Conservation Area (SCA) management plan due to its Very High New York State invasiveness rank, its placement in Finger Lakes Tier 3 and the proximity of its nearest observations: The SCA is less than 20 miles from Cayuga Lake, where hydrilla has been reported.
* ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2021). "Hydrilla."
* ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2020). Hydrilla Fact Sheet.
* ↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: Hydrilla verticillata. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Juncaceae
## Plantae: Tracheophyta: Liliopsida: Poales: Juncaceae

| Family | | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Genus | Species | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | W | F | K | C | S | A | H | L | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Juncaceae | | rush family | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Juncaceae | Luzula luzuloides | forest / oakforest / white woodrush | e | Y | D | E | 2 | – | – | – | – | High | 5 | | | | | | | 5 | | 1c | 1c | – |
| Juncaceae | Luzula pallescens | pale wood rush | e | Y | 0 | E | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1c | 1c | – |
| Juncaceae | Luzula campestris | field woodrush | e | 0 | 0 | E | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1c | 1c | – |
| Juncaceae | Juncus ensifolius var. ensifolius | sword-leaved rush | n | U | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1c | 1c | – |
* Luzula luzuloides (White Wood-rush) was collected at Hemlock Lake in Ontario County under the name Juncoides campestre in 1915 (GBIF record)
* Luzula luzuloides (White Woodrush) Research Grade observation at Scarborough in Westchester County in 2021. (iNaturalist observation)
# Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Euphorbiaceae

The Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) contains about 30 species that are found in in New York State.
| Family | | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | NY PRISM Tiers | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Genus | Species | Common name | G | A | N | S | I | T | M | L | % | NY Rank | NY Tier | W | F | K | C | S | A | H | L | SCA Tier | BW Tier | CBG |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia cyparissias | cypress spurge | Y | – | | E | 7 | T | M | P | 75.32 | High | 4 | 1a | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1a | – | A5 |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia esula | leafy spurge | Y | – | | E | 1 | T | M | P | 75.90 | High | 4 | 3 | - | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1b | – | A3 |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia virgata | slender leafy spurge | ? | – | | E | X | T | M | Prohibited | – | – | 4 | u | 4 | u | 1a | u | u | u | 1d | 1a | – | A3 |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia lathyris | caper spurge, mole plant | Y | – | | E | 2 | T | M | – | 56.98 | Moderate | u | – | b | b | b | – | – | 5 | 2 | 1b | – | – |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia dentata | toothed spurge, green poinsettia | ? | – | | 0 | 0 | T | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | – | – |
| Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia davidii | David's spurge, toothed spurge | N | – | | E | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | – | – |
| Euphorbiaceae | Acalypha australis | Asian copperleaf / three-seeded-mercury | N | – | | E | 0 | T | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1d | – | – |
# Statistics/Displaying Data/Bar Charts
## Bar Charts

The Bar Chart (or Bar Graph) is one of the most common ways of displaying catagorical/qualitative data. Bar Graphs consist of 2 variables, one response (sometimes called "dependent") and one predictor (sometimes called "independent"), arranged on the horizontal and vertical axis of a graph. The relationship of the predictor and response variables is shown by a mark of some sort (usually a rectangular box) from one variable's value to the other's.
To demonstrate we will use the following data(tbl. 3.1.1) representing a hypothetical relationship between a qualitative predictor variable, "Graph Type", and a quantitative response variable, "Votes".
tbl. 3.1.1 - Favourite Graphs
| Graph Type | Votes |
| Bar Charts | 5 |
| Pie Graphs | 2 |
| Histograms | 3 |
| Pictograms | 8 |
| Comp. Pie Graphs | 4 |
| Line Graphs | 9 |
| Frequency Polygon | 1 |
| Scatter Graphs | 5 |
From this data we can now construct an appropriate graphical representation which, in this case will be a Bar Chart. The graph may be orientated in several ways, of which the vertical chart (fig. 3.1.1) is most common, with the horizontal chart(fig. 3.1.2) also being used often
fig. 3.1.1 - vertical chart
fig. 3.1.2 - horizontal chart
Take note that the height and width of the bars, in the vertical and horizontal Charts, respectfully, are equal to the response variable's corresponding value - "Bar Chart" bar equals the number of votes that the Bar Chart type received in tbl. 3.1.1
Also take note that there is a pronounced amount of space between the individual bars in each of the graphs, this is important in that it help differentiate the Bar Chart graph type from the Histogram graph type discussed in a later section.

## External Links

* Interactive Java-based Bar-Chart Applet
# Statistics/Displaying Data/Box Plots
## Box Plots

A box plot (also called a box and whisker diagram) is a simple visual representation of key features of a univariate sample.
The box lies on a vertical axis in the range of the sample. Typically, a top to the box is placed at the 1st quartile, the bottom at the third quartile. The width of the box is arbitrary, as there is no x-axis (though see Violin Plots, below).
In between the top and bottom of the box is some representation of central tendency. A common version is to place a horizontal line at the median, dividing the box into two. Additionally, a star or asterisk is placed at the mean value, centered in the box in the horizontal direction.
Another common extension is to the 'box-and-whisker' plot. This adds vertical lines extending from the top and bottom of the plot to for example, the maximum and minimum values, The farthest value within 2 standard deviations above and below the mean. Alternatively, the whiskers could extend to the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Finally, it is common in the box-and-whisker plot to show outliers (however defined) with asterisks at the individual values beyond the ends of the whiskers.
Violin Plots are an extension to box plots using the horizontal information to present more data. They show some estimate of the CDF instead of a box, though the quantiles of the distribution are still shown.
# Statistics/Authors

Authors and contributors to this book include:
* Cronian
* GoreyCat
* Llywelyn
* Murraytodd
* Sigbert
* Urimeir
* Weyched
* Zginder
# Statistics/Data Analysis/Data Cleaning
## Data Cleaning

'Cleaning' refers to the process of removing invalid data points from a dataset.
Many statistical analyses try to find a pattern in a data series, based on a hypothesis or assumption about the nature of the data. 'Cleaning' is the process of removing those data points which are either (a) Obviously disconnected with the effect or assumption which we are trying to isolate, due to some other factor which applies only to those particular data points. (b) Obviously erroneous, i.e. some external error is reflected in that particular data point, either due to a mistake during data collection, reporting etc.
In the process we ignore these particular data points, and conduct our analysis on the remaining data.
'Cleaning' frequently involves human judgement to decide which points are valid and which are not, and there is a chance of valid data points caused by some effect not sufficiently accounted for in the hypothesis/assumption behind the analytical method applied.
The points to be cleaned are generally extreme outliers. 'Outliers' are those points which stand out for not following a pattern which is generally visible in the data. One way of detecting outliers is to plot the data points (if possible) and visually inspect the resultant plot for points which lie far outside the general distribution. Another way is to run the analysis on the entire dataset, and then eliminating those points which do not meet mathematical 'control limits' for variability from a trend, and then repeating the analysis on the remaining data.
Cleaning may also be done judgementally, for example in a sales forecast by ignoring historical data from an area/unit which has a tendency to misreport sales figures. To take another example, in a double blind medical test a doctor may disregard the results of a volunteer whom the doctor happens to know in a non-professional context.
'Cleaning' may also sometimes be used to refer to various other judgemental/mathematical methods of validating data and removing suspect data.
The importance of having clean and reliable data in any statistical analysis cannot be stressed enough. Often, in real-world applications the analyst may get mesmerised by the complexity or beauty of the method being applied, while the data itself may be unreliable and lead to results which suggest courses of action without a sound basis. A good statistician/researcher (personal opinion) spends 90% of his/her time on collecting and cleaning data, and developing hypothesis which cover as many external explainable factors as possible, and only 10% on the actual mathematical manipulation of the data and deriving results.
# The Legend of Zelda/Underworld/Quest 1/Dungeon 6
## Objectives

* Obtain the Magic Wand.
* Defeat the Gohma.
* Obtain a Heart Container.
* Obtain the sixth Piece of Triforce.

## Walkthrough
### Prerequisites

* Ladder.
* Bow.
* Arrow.

### Dungeon walkthrough

* To enter this dungeon, you locate the entrance which is just east of the cemetery.
* From the entrance, go right and clear this room of Wizzrobes to obtain a Key. You may use the key to open the door above and listen to a man who has a hint regarding this dungeon's boss's weakness.
* Back at the entrance, head left and then enter the room above. Defeat the Zols and obtain the Compass.
* From the compass room, head up to the next room and obtain a Key. Head up again and avoid the traps. Head up once again, and you must defeat the Wizzrobes and the Like-Likes to proceed to the next room.
* Enter the room above and you will have two options. You can either enter the room above and face a three headed Gleeok. Or you may bomb the right wall which enables you to effectively bypass the Gleeok.
* In the room to the right of the Gleeok, you will discover the Map.
* From the map room, enter the room above and defeat the Wizzrobes. When the room is cleared, push the left block to reveal a stairwell that leads to the Magic Wand. The right wall of this room can be bombed.
* From the map room, the room immediately to the right contains a Key. Beyond this room, you can go up and bomb the left wall, or you can go left and walk through the above door, and you will encounter a man who shares a hint regarding lakes that do not contain fairies.
* From the map room once more, head down and collect the key if you haven't already. Head down again and defeat all of the Vires to proceed.
* Once the Vire room is cleared, enter the room to the right and defeat the Wizzrobes and Like-Likes. When this room is cleared, push the single block to reveal a staircase to an underground passage that leads to the upper right most room in the map.
* From here, enter the room below and obtain a Key. Then enter the room to the left.
* From this room, you may travel up or down. The boss is in the room above, while you will only encounter Wizzrobes at a dead end below.

## Boss

* The boss is Gohma. Gohma's giant eye is it's weak point, but it is only vulnerable to one weapon: the bow and arrow. Fire an arrow at the eye when it is wide open and exposed to defeat it.
* Defeat it to earn a Heart Container. Continue on to the room above to obtain the sixth Piece of Triforce.

## Resupply

* A woman selling Water of Life is one screen south and one screen east.
* From there, head one screen north and two screens east for replacement Bombs and Shields.
* Loop southward to reach the place one eastward screen away to get Monster Bait. Cheaper Shields can be found here as well.