OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HKDSE Geography/M2b/Factors Affecting Coastal Processes

Several factors affect the coast: Atmospheric factors, marine factors and geological factors.

## Atmospheric Factors

* Climate: A hot, wet climate facilitates chemical weathering of rocks. This weakens the structure of rocks at the coast, lowering their resistance. This leaves them more vulnerable to wave erosion.
* Wind speed: Higher wind speed creates waves with greater erosive power.
* Wind direction: Wind direction determines the path of a wave. Along with the shape of the coastline and its properties, it determines the fetch. Fetch refers to the distance of open water over which a wave has travelled (i.e. without obstacles). The greater the fetch, the greater the wave energy.
* During during wind has been blowing from a direction: If the wind has been blowing from a single direction for a long time, the waves will have greater erosive power.

## Marine Factors

* Shape of coastline: Wave refraction describes how wave energy tends to concentrate at headlands and disperse at bays. At headlands, waves are more concentrated. Destructive waves are formed and erosion usually occurs. At bays, waves are less concentrated. Constructive waves are formed and deposition usually occurs.
* Outlying islands: They reduce fetch. Therefore, an area of the coastline with outlying islands is likely to experience constructive waves and wave deposition.
* Shore gradient: If there is a steeper shore gradient, the waves will break nearer to the coast. Less energy is spent on overcoming friction against the seabed. The energy and erosive power are greater. The waves thus tend to be destructive waves causing erosion.

## Geological Factors

* Rocks with many joints or cracks are more vulnerable to hydraulic action. This increases the rate of erosion.
* Rocks with soluble minerals are more prone to solution. This increases the rate of erosion.
* Rocks with minerals of varying resistance are more prone to salt sprays from seas which cause honeycomb erosion.
# HKDSE Geography/M3/China's Iron and Steel Industry

Focuses of China's iron and steel industry:
* Change in importance of locational factors
* Significance of government policy
* Recent changes
# HKDSE Geography/M3/China's Iron and Steel Industry 1950s-70s
## Characteristics

* It was still a raw material- and power-oriented industry.
* With the Communist liberation, the new central government adopted a planned economy and the role of government policy was great.

## Distribution

* Moved to the inland areas
* In two stages:
** In the North, it moved to Baotou and Taiyuan, then to Urumqi.
** In the South, it moved to Wuhan and Xi'an and later to Kunming, Panzhihua and Chongqing.

## Factors

| Favourable factor | Explanation |
| Raw materials | Fukang provided iron ore for Urumqi; there was much iron ore in Sichuan (Panzhihua)+Chongqing and near Wuhan. |
| Power | Shanxi (Taiyuan) and Shaanxi (Xi'an) were great producers of coal, as was Yunnan (Kunming). |
| Transport, infrastructure and amenities | Transport network to the inland areas were improving with highways and railways built. |
| Government policy | The government introduced the policy of industrial decentralisation to achieve these aims: Ensure a greater balance of income, wealth, technology level and economic development between the East and the West Prevent Japan and the US from bombing iron and steel plants in Eastern China Attract workers to migrate to the inland, easing population pressures in the East |

## New Problems

Yet new problems arose：
| Constraint | Explanation |
| Land | Harsh continental climate, rugged and uneven relief, steep slopes and difficult terrain in the West. |
| Labour | Lower density of population and lower education level (unskilled labour) produced insufficient labour supply and quality |
| Raw material | Iron ore of the interior was of inferior quality and scattered |
| Power | Coal of the interior was of inferior quality |
| Market | Markets were small as other industries were poorly developed |
| Transport | The distance from the interior to the coastal areas was long. Transport networks were still poorly developed. Accessibility was low. |
| Capital | Lack of capital |
# HKDSE Geography/M2b/Sea Level

Sea level is fluctuating.
# HKDSE Geography/M2b/Waves

Waves start out as ripples in the sea, which are created as winds blow over water. Water moves in an orbital motion to form waves. As waves approach shore, they will be deformed as the seabed rises.They break when their orbit comes in contact with the sea bed. After breaking, the water continues to rush up the shore as swash, and thereafter rush down the shore as backwash. Load may be deposited by swash; beach materials may be eroded by backwash.

## Constructive Waves vs. Destructive Waves

| Property | Constructive Waves | Destructive Waves |
| Property of Waves |||
| Wave height | Lower | Taller |
| Wavelength | Longer | Shorter |
| Wave frequency | Lower | Higher |
| Velocity | Lower | Higher |
| Wave gradient | Gentler | Steeper |
| Energy |||
| Swash | Stronger | Weaker |
| Backwash | Weaker | Stronger |
| Dominant Process | Deposition | Erosion |
| Wave energy | Weaker | Stronger |
| Shape of the coast |||
| Depth of the seabed | Shallower | Deeper |
| Position of breaker | Farther away from the coast | Nearer to the coast |
| Shore gradient | Gentler | Steeper |
| Breaker type | Spilling breaker | Plunging breaker |
# HKDSE Geography/M2a/Hydrographs and Flooding

Flooding is the condition in which the water in a river overflows.

## Hydrograph

TODO: Need actual hydrographs
* Peak discharge is the maximum river discharge during a certain period of time.
* A hydrograph's rising limb shows the time during which discharge increases.
* A hydrograph's falling limb shows when discharge decreases.

## Factors

All the factors above that affect discharge affect flooding. The greater the discharge, the greater the flood risk. In addition:
* Elongated drainage basin → Time lag ↑ → Floods ↓
* Circular drainage basin → Time lag ↓ → Floods ↑
* Straight river → Time needed for river to flow away ↑ → Floods ↓
* Meandering river → Time needed for river to flow away ↑ → Floods ↓
* Lakes ↑ → Act as a buffer during floods → Capacity ↑ → Bankfull discharge ↑ → Floods ↓
# HKDSE Geography/M2b/Coastal Processes

Like fluvial processes, coastal processes including erosion, transportation and deposition.

## Wave Erosion

There are likewise four types of coastal erosion:
* Hydraulic action, by which water erodes the coast materials.
** The pounding effect of waves erodes the coast.
** When water is forced into joints and cracks of rocks, air is compressed. When the water retreats, air expands again. Repeated expansion and compression causes stress in the joints, eroding the rock.
* Solution, by which soluble minerals like calcium carbonate are dissolved in seawater.
* Abrasion, in which load carried by the waves attacks the coast.
* Attrition, in which load collides with each other and reduce in size and angularity.

## Wave Transportation
### Four Processes

There are four processes involved in coastal transportation:
* Solution: Soluble loads are carried by waves after being dissolved in seawater.
* Suspension: Light loads are suspended inside the waves.
* Saltation: Heavier load bounces along with the waves.
* Traction: The heaviest loads roll on the seabed.

### Longshore Drift

During swash, water rushes up the shore at an angle (depending on the direction of the prevailing wind). During backwash, water rushes down the shore perpendicularly because of gravity. Therefore, the sand gradually moves along the shore. This movement of sand and shingle along the shore is known as longshore drift.

## Wave Deposition

Wave deposition occurs when swash is greater than backwash. The sediments remain on the beach and accumulate there.
# Minesweeper/Challenges
## No Marking

Play the Expert or Custom level without marking any mines.
At the start of play after a click or few clicks Minesweeper with fill in some square or squares with numbers or blanks. Study the numbers and left click the squares where you think there is no mine. If you are correct Minesweeper will fill in the clicked square with a number and may fill more squares with numbers and/or blanks. Continue until you win or lose.
This is a very tough challenge.
# Minecraft resource gathering/Stone
## Location

Stone is a very easy resource to find. Mine down a few blocks and you will find stone.

## Acquisition

If you break it, you will get cobblestone, a very useful building material. To get the recreate the look of stone that you find in nature, put cobblestone in a furnace and you get a stone block. You can also break stone with a silk touch pickaxe, and get stone.
# Minesweeper
## Table of Contents

* Introduction
* Playing Levels
* Playing The Game
* Game Patterns
* Challenges
* Authors & Contributors
# Minecraft resource gathering/Tuff
## What It Is

Tuff is a soft rock that can be found deep underground in Minecraft.

## Finding Tuff

You can find Tuff deep underground.
# Minesweeper/Authors & Contributors

This list is updated automatically by AuthorsAndContributorsBot. Please do not update it manually.
* Fruit Boy~enwikibooks (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* ToyMaker (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Adrignola (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Dallas1278 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Herbythyme (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Leaderboard (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Maslen (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Sigma 7 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
# Minecraft resource gathering/Using Silk Touch

Silk Touch is an enchantment for tools that makes blocks drop themselves when broken, even when they usually drop nothing (e.g. Glass) or another item (e.g. coal ore). This page is a guide to using Silk Touch.

## Use

Let's say you need coal ore for a build. When mining a block of coal ore, you would normally get coal. If you use Silk Touch, you would get the coal ore block you wanted. While nearly all blocks can be collected using Silk Touch, some blocks (listed below) can never drop themselves and have to be obtained through other means.
| Block | Alternative method |
| Cake | While Cake can be crafted, it is impossible to retrieve after you have placed it |
| Budding Amethyst | Budding Amethysts generate in Geodes, but cannot be moved |
| Monster Spawner | Spawners generate in Dungeons and Bastions, but cannot be moved |
| Reinforced Deepslate | Reinforced Deepslate generates in Ancient Cities, but cannot be moved |
| Powder Snow | Powder Snow can be picked up and placed with a Bucket |
| Frogspawn | Frogspawn blocks are placed by frogs and are unobtainable in Survival Mode |
| Frosted Ice | Frosted Ice blocks are plased by the Frost Walker enchantment and are unobtainable in Survival Mode |

## Obtaining

You can enchant a tool with Silk Touch in two ways:
* Using an Enchanting Table
* Using a Silk Touch Enchanted Book at an anvil
# Minesweeper/Introduction

Minesweeper is a one player puzzle game in which a player's goal is to click on all of the tiles that do not have a mine hidden under them to win. Clicking on a tile with a mine results in the loss of the game. To do well in this simple yet addicting game game, no quick reflexes are needed, just a knack for numbers and some level of luck.
# Minecraft resource gathering/Tables

These are some tables that you can use as a quick reference.
Things that can be used as fuel :
| Name | Where to find it |
| Coal | Underground. Can be mined with any pickaxe. |
| Wood | Can be obtained from trees, villager houses, or abandoned mineshafts. |
| Blaze Rods | Dropped by blazes. |
| Lava | Deep underground or in the Nether. |
| Charcoal | By smelting logs in a furnace |
| Sapling | Dropped by leaves |
Crops :
| Name | Where to find it |
| Wheat | By breaking tall grass, and also from village farms. |
| Carrot | Village farms, rare drop from zombies, certain chests. |
| Potato | Village farms, rare drop from zombies, certain chests. |
| Beetroot | Village farms and certain chests. |
For more information on crops, visit the page for it!
Tool tiers :
| Tier | Where to find it |
| Wood | Trees in the Overworld and the warped/crimson fungi in the Nether |
| Stone | Under dirt in the Overworld. Blackstone, found in Basalt Deltas in the Nether, can be used as a substitute. |
| Iron | Underground in the Overworld. |
| Gold | Underground in the Overworld. |
| Diamond | Found deep underground in the Overworld. |
| Netherite | Made from Ancient Debris, which is found deep underground in the Nether. |
# Minecraft resource gathering/Wood
## Introduction

Wood is a very important resource in Minecraft, as it is usually the first useful item players gather when they start the game.

## Acquiring

Wood is obtained by hitting the trunk of a tree, and this can, infamously, be done without any tools, however, using an axe is quicker and easier. This drops a log block, the most basic wood type.

## Variants

Just as in real life, Wood in Minecraft comes in a number of varieties based on the kind of tree it is obtained from.

### Tree variants

A tree is where you get wood from. There are 11 different types of trees.
* Oak (yellow with brown bark)
* Spruce (brown with dark brown bark)
* Birch (creme with white bark and black spots)
* Jungle (light orange with brown-green bark)
* Dark Oak (dark brown with brown bark)
* Acacia (orange with grey bark)
* Azalea (uses oak logs)
* Mangrove (red with brown-red bark)
* Cherry (pink with black bark)
Two of which are found in the Nether and are inflammable:
* Warped Fungus (magenta with red bark)
* Crimson Fungus (cyan with blue bark)
Nine bamboo can also be crafted to obtain a wood-like block.

### Craftable variants

You can craft a special kind of log called Wood. This log has the log texture on all six sides, making it great for landscaping and decoration.
Both log blocks and "wood" can be stripped by holding an axe and pressing the use button when looking at one.
Four planks can be crafted from both of these types. Planks are used in the majority of crafting recipes and can be crafted into stairs, slabs, doors, trapdoors, fences, signs, boats and more.
Two planks can be crafted to sticks.

## Use

Wood has very varied uses, being one of the most used crafting ingredients.

### Building

Wood can be used for building. It looks good and can be crafted into variant blocks such as stairs and slabs to aid with making complex shapes, and there are multiple variants which can be mixed to change up the palette. However, overworld wood is flammable, so it is not recommended for buildings near fire or lava. Additionally, roofs should be made of something else to prevent lightning from burning your house, or a lightning rod can be used to divert it somewhere else.

### Fuel

Wood makes good early-game furnace fuel. However, it is not very efficient and has more important uses, so it is recommended to replace it with coal or lava when you get access to those.
Tip: craft wood into planks, then slabs to smelt eight times the items with the same amount of logs required.
# Minix 3/Minix 3 on Parallels Desktop

Minix 3 runs on Parallels Desktop for Mac but there are known problems with the ethernet driver not working.
Use the Virtio network adapter with parallels.
# Minix 3/Minix 3 on VirtualBox
## Minix 3 on VirtualBox 2.0.2
### Preparation

After you successfully installed VirtualBox on a Linux Host system make sure the VirtualBox kernel modules are properly loaded:
/etc/init.d/vboxdrv setup
If you intend to install a minix3 system from a cdrom then make sure the user belongs to the right groups:
ls -l /dev/hdc
brw-r------ root disk 22, 0 22. Sep 21:50 /dev/hdc
If not add your VirtualBox user to the appropriate group: (e.g. disk)
usermod -a -G disk user
The VirtualBox should be able to mount /cdroms
either edit /etc/fstab or type as root visudo and give the privileges:
sudo mount /dev/hdc /cdrom
sudo mount /dev/hdc/cdrom/
# Minix 3/The history of Minix 3

It is best to think of Minix 3 as an new operating system (OS) based on an earlier educational OS, known as Minix.

### Minix 1 & 2

Minix 1 was written by Andrew S Tannenbaum to to provide examples for his textbook "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation". This was necessary because. beginning with Unix version 7, Bell Labs had begun to refuse permission to use Unix sources for teaching.
The text of the book contained an abridged version of the source The source and binaries were also available on floppy disk.
A revised version: Minix 2 was released in 1997, with the second edition of the book, now co-authored with Albert Woodhull. Minix version 2.0 was now POSIX compliant. Minix 1 & 2 were not only designed to illustrate principles of OS Design and Implementation they were also examples of a Microkernel architecture.

### Minix 3

While Minix 1 and 2 were operating systems designed for teaching, Minix 3 was also aimed as a product in the Embedded software market. Its release under the BSD-3-Clause license was intended to open it up to commercial use.
The key feature of the Minixes is their Microkernel architecture. Minix 3 had been further developed by adding a fault tolerant architeccture. Minix 3 was also developed as a usable desktop operating system on which Minix 3 could be compiled and developed. The software and utilities available was expanded greatly by importing the netBSD userland software. By version 3.2.0, much of the Minix userland software (ie. software is not part of the kernel and executed in user mode) had been replaced by the equivalent from the netBSD.
This convergence with netBSD had several good reasons, the principal one being that the chief value of the Minix OS is in its Microkernel architecture and its adaptations for high reliability. Maintaining and supporting the Minix utilities would no longer divert effort from kernel development. NetBSD is very compliant with the relevant standards and the code is well written with a focus on portability. The netBSD license allows it to be incorporated into commercial products with little fear of commercially difficult obligations.
In addition to netBSD userland software, Minix 3.4.0 has adopted the pkgsrc package management system making thousands of packages available to the user.
An early form of Minix 3 was notably used in the Intel Management Engine firmware version 11 used in many PC motherboards.
# Minix 3/Memory Management

Minix2 is supposed to have a 'simple' memory manager, because a) it is intended for a single user, and b) it is supposed to run on an 8088, which does not support virtual memory. The memory manager has a posix memory interface - i.e. it is used when the functions fork or exec is called.
Here is some discussion about some terms bandied about memory managers.
1. First fit algorithm a memory manager allocates memory so the most basic parameter would be the requested size. The mm can search a list of non-allocated memory blocks , until it finds a contiguous block of unallocated memory that is larger than the requested size, split it into a block for use of the requested size, and a smaller unused block which is the rest of the block. Then the requested size block is returned for usage.
The algorithm "best fit", searches a list of unused blocks , until the nearest larger or equal sized block is found, and returned , but the problem with this algorithm is that the unused part of the block that is returned to the free list tends to be small and useless.
One important aspect of any free memory allocation algorithm, is that once the used block is returned, it must be compared with adjacent blocks to see if they are also unused, and merged with the block before and /or after to keep the free block sizes as large as possible. If this is not done, free block sizes quickly become too small to use for some requests.
This requirement makes the "quick fit" algorithm , more complicated to implement than simple "first fit" : quick fit is where lists of free blocks are kept according to size range , but when blocks are returned, these lists aren't useful for finding the adjacent free blocks, which may be listed in a different size range.
There is also "worst fit", where the largest free block is chosen always.
First three algorithms are described in The Art of Computer Programming, vol. 1 by D.E. Knuth.
# Minix 3/Minix 3 on Bochs
## Run MINIX 3 on Windows XP Bochs

The recipe below was successfully tried with Minix versions 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.2a. The Bochs ver. 2.2.6 was running under (or over?) Windows XP.It also may work on other operating system that support Bochs Environment.
* Download a Minix 3 bootable CD ISO image. You'll download an archive, unpack it - you'll get the file with name like IDE-3.1.1.iso.
* Download Bochs - in my case,I have used Bochs 2.2.6 released for Windows XP but should work higher verion.
* Install WinPCap, downloadable from.
* Install Bochs - when asked for options, add DLX Linux.
* In the directory where the default installed Bochs will be in (C:\Program Files\Bochs-2.2.6) , you'll find dlxlinux directory.
* You need to make a copy of dlxlinux in the same parent directory with different name minix3. This new directory will be your Minix OS versions.
* Go to the new minix3 directory and edit bochsrc.bxrc file.
* Run Boch's NIC Lister. For a few ordinary Windows XP machines with one network card NIC Lister mentions three interfaces, and some of them usually works.
* Put the IDE-3.1.1.iso file with Minix 3 bootable CD image into minix3 directory.
* Edit the run.bat file in the minix3 directory - replace dlxlinux with minix3 on the first line in the path.
* Run run.bat - you'll get Minix 3 booting in the virtual Bochs PC.

## Install Minix onto a Virtual Hard Drive

The step below work on any Bochs Environment and doesn't depend on the operating system
* Create the file for that drive first. Launch the Disk Image Creation Tool, which is included into Bochs distribution. The interface is very simple - the program just asks a few questions and does the job, but just in case, you'll wand a hard drive (hd) disk image, of flat (flat) type, sized, for example, 2048 megabytes (2048) - it will actually be 8192 bytes less than that - named hd2gig.img.
* You'll need to edit bochsrc.bxrc again. The line in hard disk section, related to disk - if you took the bochsrc.bxrc from dlxlinux, it will contain
should contain the line, which Disk Image Creation Tool put into clipboard, namely,
* Relaunch Minix booting from cdrom, login as root, run "setup", which will install Minix on the virtual hard drive. The network will get installed as well.
* After installation is complete, run "shutdown", in boot monitor run "off" so Bochs will turn down, and change "boot: cdrom" to "boot: disk", so you'll boot next time from virtual disk instead of cdrom.

## References

* ↑ Official MINIX 3 Operating System site
* ↑ Bochs Development Homepage
* ↑ Official site for WinPcap
# Minix 3/Minix 3 on Qemu
## Run MINIX 3 on Linux QEMU

The step below was successfully tried with MINIX on QEMU and it was running under on Fedora Core 3 Linux
* Download the latest minix ISO and this can be found on minix3 website minix_R3.2.1-972156d.iso.bz2.
* Create a directory called "minix" and stored everything inside that directory. So simple steps command lines to do the above and few things more:
* The following steps downloads and installs QEMU:
* This completes your installation of QEMU.