# Lua Programming/Appendix:Software testing

The term software testing refers to a number of methods and processes that are used to discover bugs and programming mistakes in computer software. Software testing can be done statically, in which case in is called static testing and is done without executing the computer software, or dynamically, in which case it is called dynamic testing and is done while the computer program that is being tested is running.

## Type checking

Type-checking can be done, as the extract from Wikipedia brilliantly said, at run time or at compile time. If it is done at compile time, the compiler, when compiling source code, will verify the type safety of the program and guarantee that the program satisfies certain type safety properties—generally, static type-checkers will simply verify that variables always have values of the same type and that arguments passed to functions will have the right type.
The static approach allows bugs to be discovered early in the development cycle. The dynamic approach, in contrast, consists in verifying that the program follows the type constraints when it is running. While this means that dynamic type-checkers should be able to verify more constraints, most dynamically typed languages do not have many type constraints. Lua is a dynamically typed language: in Lua, values have types, but variables do not. This means that the value of a variable can be a number at some point of the program’s execution and be a string at another point.
Lua’s type system is very simple in comparison with most other languages. It performs type checking when operators are used (attempting to add two values of which at least one is not a number and cannot be coerced to one, for example, will raise a type error) and when functions of the standard libraries are called (functions of the standard library reject arguments that do not have the right type and raise an appropriate error).
Since Lua does not have functionality for specifying a type for function parameters, the type function can be useful to verify that arguments passed to functions are of the appropriate type. This is most useful for functions that will be passed arguments provided by users while a program is running (for example, in an interactive environment for calling predefined Lua functions), since adding code for type checking to functions makes them more verbose and adds maintenance overhead.

## White-box testing

The term white-box testing refers to the practice of using knowledge of the internal workings of software to create test cases to verify its functionality. It is relevant at three levels of software testing, but the one most interesting for Lua programs is the unit level, since Lua programs are usually part of a bigger application where the integration and system testing would take place.
There are multiple frameworks available for unit testing in Lua. Testing at the unit level is most appropriate for libraries, since it generally consists in writing test cases that pass specific arguments to functions and provide a warning when a function returns an unexpected value. This requires writing test cases for new functionality, but has the benefit of making errors introduced in code easier to notice when they modify the behavior of functions in a way that makes the tests not pass anymore.
There are multiple unit testing frameworks for Lua. One of them, busted, supports the standard Lua virtual machine as well as LuaJIT, and can also be used with MoonScript and Terra, the former a language that compiles to Lua and the latter a low-level language that is interoperable with Lua. Another unit testing framework for Lua, Luaunit, is written entirely in Lua and has no dependencies. Shake is a simpler test framework, initially part of the Kepler Project, that uses the assert and print functions but is no longer actively developed.

## Further reading

The lua-users wiki, an excellent resource to find information about Lua, provides the following material that is related to software testing. Some of these pages consist in links to other pages or to projects that can be useful for various tasks.
* Lua Type Checking
* Unit Testing
* Debugging Lua Code
* Program Analysis
* Debugging and Testing