OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Geometry/Volume
## Volume

Volume is like area expanded out into 3 dimensions. Area deals with only 2 dimensions. For volume we have to consider another dimension. Area can be thought of as how much space some drawing takes up on a flat piece of paper. Volume can be thought of as how much space an object takes up.

## Volume formulae

Common equations for volume: :
| Shape | Equation | Variables |
| A cube: | $s^{3}=s\cdot s\cdot s$ | s = length of a side |
| A rectangular prism: | $l\cdot w\cdot h$ | l = length, w = width, h = height |
| A cylinder (circular prism): | $\pi r^{2}\cdot h$ | r = radius of circular face, h = height |
| Any prism that has a constant cross sectional area along the height: | $A\cdot h$ | A = area of the base, h = height |
| A sphere: | ${\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}$ | r = radius of sphere which is the integral of the Surface Area of a sphere |
| An ellipsoid: | ${\frac {4}{3}}\pi abc$ | a, b, c = semi-axes of ellipsoid |
| A pyramid: | ${\frac {1}{3}}Ah$ | A = area of the base, h = height of pyramid |
| A cone (circular-based pyramid): | ${\frac {1}{3}}\pi r^{2}h$ | r = radius of circle at base, h = distance from base to tip |
(The units of volume depend on the units of length - if the lengths are in meters, the volume will be in cubic meters, etc.)

## Pappus' Theorem

The volume of any solid whose cross sectional areas are all the same is equal to that cross sectional area times the distance the centroid(the center of gravity in a physical object) would travel through the solid.

## Cavalieri's Principle

If two solids are contained between two parallel planes and every plane parallel to these two plane has equal cross sections through these two solids, then their volumes are equal.
# Hebrew/Verbs/הסכים

| Verbs/Index | הסכים |
| > Next | הסכים |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to agree; to consent; to accept; to permit, to acquiesce

## See Also
### Verbs

* add up, summarize סִיכֵּם
* be summarized סוּכַּם
* amount to, add up to הִסְתַּכֵּם
* be agreed upon הוּסְכַּם
* bring to conclusion, summarize (Mish H) סָכַם
* be added to a total; come to an agreement (Med H) נִסְכַּם

### Nouns

* summation, summary סִיכּוּם
* final reckoning, balance הִסְתַּכְּמוּת
* agreement, approval הַסְכָּמָה
* agreement, pact, treaty הֶסְכֵּם

### Adjectives

* added up, summarized מְסוּכָּם
* agreed upon מוּסכָּם

### Special Expressions

* mutual agreement הַסְכָּמָה הדדית
* came to an agreement בָּאוּ לידי הֶסְכֵּם
* gentleman's agreement הֶסְכֵּם ג'נטלמני
* to sum up; the essence of what has been said בְּסִיכּוּמוֹ של דבר
* conventions מוּסְכָּמוֹת
* a conventional lie שקר מוּסְכָּם
# Hebrew/Verbs/Template

| Verbs/Index | Verb Template |
| > Next | Verb Template |
| Contents | |

## See Also
### Verbs

* English
* English
* English

### Nouns

* English
* English
* English

### Adjectives

* English
* English
* English
# Hebrew/Verbs/אימץ

| Verbs/Index | אימץ |
| > Next | אימץ |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to adopt (a child); to take responsibility for, to foster; to adopt, to espouse (idea, concept, plan); to strengthen, to consolidate, to reinforce

## See Also
### Verbs

* be adopted; be strained אוּמַּץ
* make an effort; exert oneself הִתְאַמֵּץ
* be strong, get stronger; be brave אָמַץ
* become strong(er) (BH) הֶאֱמִיץ

### Nouns

* bravery, courage, valor אֹמֶץ
* effort, strain, exertion מַאֲמָץ
* adoption; straining אִימוּץ
* striving הִתְאַמְּצוּת

### Adjectives

* adoptive מְאַמֵּץ
* adopted; strenuous מְאֻמָּץ
* brave אַמִּיץ

### Special Expressions

* it sounds so fantastic, that it is hard to believe לא יֵיאָמֵן/יְאוּמַּן כי יסופר
* happy is he who believes (it) [may be used cynically] אַשְׁרֵי המַאֲמִין
# Hebrew/Vocabulary

| Lessons | Vocabulary |
| > Next | Vocabulary |
| Contents | |

## Contents

Colors · Drink · Fruit · Family · Nations · Phrases · Weather
Modern Hebrew :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# Hebrew/Verbs/ירד

| Verbs/Index | ירד |
| > Next | ירד |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to descend, to go down; to decrease; to lessen, to diminish; to get off (train, bus), to get out (cab), to alight; to fall (rain, snow); to come off (stain) (colloquial); to emigrate from Israel; to come down on (someone) (slang)
Prepositions: יָרַד מ־ come down from, get off (bus, etc.); יָרַד על attack (someone) very aggressively, verbally or physically (sl.)

## See Also
### Verbs

* bring down; remove הוֹרִיד
* be brought down, be lowered, be removed הוּרַד

### Nouns

* going/coming down, descent; decline; emigration (from Israel) יְרִידָה
* taking down, lowering; reduction, diminution הוֹרָדָה
* emigrant (from Israel) יוֹרֵד
* fall (nightfall, rainfall); descent רֶדֶת

### Adjectives

* run-down, poor, shabby יָרוּד

### Special Expressions

* go down in status יָרַד מגדולתו
* it rained יָרַד גשם
* really understand him יָרַד לסוף דעתו
* study in depth as so to truly understand יָרַד לעומקו של דבר
* persecute him יָרַד לחייו
* deteriorate greatly יָרַד פלאים
* go underground (politically) יָרַד למחתרת
* become impoverished יָרַד מנכסיו
* the day drew to a close יָרַד היום
* die יָרַד שאולה
* lose weight יָרַד במשקל
* be lost completely יָרַד לטמיון
* reduce the price הוֹרִיד את המחיר
* shed tears הוֹרִיד דמעות
* hang one's head down in shame הוֹרִיד ראש מבושה
* you do not demote a highly regarded person; you can only promote מעלין בקודש ולא מוֹרִידִין
* it does not really make any difference one way or another לא מעלה ולא מוֹרִיד
* demotion הוֹרָדָה בדרגה
# Hebrew/Verbs/ענה

| Verbs/Index | ענה |
| > Next | ענה |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to answer, to reply; to respond, to react; to meet (a requirement, description)

## See Also
### Verbs

* be answered (positively), be accepted; consent, agree נַעֲנָה

### Nouns

* consent; response הֵיעָנוּת

### Special Expressions

* there's no answer whatever אין קול ואין עוֹנֶה
* find something to occupy oneself with מצא עניין לַעֲנוֹת בו
* say Amen, express approval עָנָה אמן
* express approval willy-nilly עָנָה אמן בעל כורחו
* speak up נַעֲנָה ואמר
* easy to solve any problem הכסף יַעֲנֶה את הכל
# Hebrew/Verbs/ביקש

| Verbs/Index | ביקש |
| > Next | ביקש |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to ask, to request; to demand; to want, to crave (flowery); to seek (literary)

## See Also
### Verbs

* be asked, be requested, be summoned הִתְבַּקֵּשׁ
* be sought בּוּקַּשׁ

### Nouns

* demand בִּיקּוּשׁ
* applicant מְבַקֵּשׁ
* desire, request, wish; wanted person מְבֻקָּשׁ
* being asked/requested הִתְבַּקְשׁוּת

### Adjectives

* in demand, wanted מְבֻקָּשׁ
# Hebrew/Verbs/היה

| Verbs/Index | היה |
| > Next | היה |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to be, to exist; to happen, to take place, to occur; to become, to develop into; to have

## See Also
### Verbs

* become, turn into נִהְיָה
* bring into existence, produce (Mish H) הִייָּה

### Nouns

* being, existence הֲווָיָה
* present time, present period, now; present tense (grammar) הוֹוֶה

### Adverbs

* since he is, being, seeing how; when he was בִּהְיוֹת

### Special Expressions

* had to... הָיָה עליו ל־
* he intended to... הָיָה בדעתו ל־
* once upon a time there was... הָיֹה הָיָה
* would it be that... יְהִי רצון שֶׁ־
* since... הֱיוֹת שֶׁ־
* that means/suggests הֱוֵי אומר
* at all events, regardless of what happens יִהְיֶה מה שיִהְיֶה
# Hebrew/Verbs/הגיע

| Verbs/Index | הגיע |
| > Next | הגיע |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to arrive; to come; to reach; to get as far as; to get to

## See Also
### Verbs

* touch; approach; concern, affect נָגַע
* be caused to touch הוּגַּע

### Nouns

* touching, touch נְגִיעַה
* arriving, reaching הַגָּעַה
* infection, contamination נִגּוּעַ

### Adjectives

* infected, contaminated נָגוּעַ

### Special Expressions

* he was touched הדבר נָגַע ללבו/עד לבו
* a concerned party נוֹגֵעַ בדבר
* to whom it may concern לכל הנוֹגֵעַ בדבר
* don't touch! אל תִּיגַּע!
* concerning... בנוֹגֵעַ ל־
* the time has come הִגִּיעַ הזמן
* his time has come; has reached a marriageable age הִגִּיעַ לפרקו
* the situation has become unbearable הִגִּיעוּ מים עד נפש
* how much (money) do I owe you? כמה מַגִּיעַ לך?
* he deserves it זה מַגִּיעַ לו
* consider for yourself הַגַּע בעצמך
* how far things have developed עד היכן דברים מַגִּיעִים
* as far as one can reach, to the limit of one's capacity עד כמה/מקום שידו מַגַּעַת
* is significantly inferior to... לא הִגִּיעַ לקרסוליו של
* don't judge others before you have experienced what they have been through אל תדין את חברך עד שתַּגִּיעַ למקומו
# Hebrew/Verbs/שאל

| Verbs/Index | שאל |
| > Next | שאל |
| Contents | |

## Verb Overview

Definition: to ask, to question, to query; to borrw; to request (literary)

## See Also
### Verbs

* be asked; be borrowed נִשְׁאַל
* lend; use (a word) figuratively הִשְׁאִיל
* be borrowed; be lent; be used figuratively הוּשְׁאַל
* inquire, investigate; request help/pity (lit.) שִׁיאֵל

### Nouns

* netherworld שְׁאוֹל
* questioner, inquirer; borrower שׁוֹאֵל
* borrowing; questioning, asking, inquiring שְׁאִילָה
* question, query; matter, issue (colloquial); request, wish, boon (literary) שְׁאֵלָה
* lending; borrowing (colloquial); metaphor הַשְׁאָלָה

### Adjectives

* borrowed שָׁאוּל
* curious, inquiring שׁוֹאֵל
* borrowed; metaphoric מֻשְׁאָל

### Special Expressions

* greet him שָׁאַל בשלומו
* inquire about this health שָׁאַל לשלומו
* wish to die שָׁאַל את נפשו למות
* ask his opinion שָׁאַל את פיו
* consult doctors (lit.) אָאַל ברופאים
* don't ask! (words cannot describe it) (coll.) אל תִּשְׁאַל!
# History of video games/Platforms/Bandai Super Vision 8000
## History

Not to be confused with the later, but unrelated, Watara Supervision handheld game console.
The Bandai Super Vision 8000 was released in 1979 for 60,000 yen as the first cartridge based system released in the Japanese market.
Bandai acquired rights to sell the Intellivision in the Japanese market and discontinued the Bandai Super Vision 8000 less than a year after launch to focus on the Intellivision.

## Technology

The Bandai Super Vision 8000 uses a NEC D780C (Z80 compatible) 8-bit CPU clocked at 3.58MHz. The system uses a General Instrument AY-3-8910 coprocessor.

## Game library

* Beam Galaxian
* Gun Professional
* Missile Vader
* Space Fire
* PacPacBird
* Submarine
* Othello
* Packaging for the system.
* An NEC D780C-1, a similar processor to the one used in the Bandai Super Vision.

## References

* 1 2 3 "System Overview: System Overview - Bandai Super Vision 8000 - Beyond the Mind's Eye - Thoughts & Insights from Marriott_Guy". www.rfgeneration.com. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
* ↑ Dunn, Jeff. "Chasing Phantoms - The history of failed consoles". gamesradar. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
* 1 2 "Video Game Console Library". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
* ↑ "5 Video Game Consoles That Never Came To The U.S." Playbuzz. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Bandai Super Vision 8000". Wikipedia. 25 July 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/Barcode Battler
## History

The Barcode Battler was released by Epoch in 1991, and was very successful in Japan, but less successful in Europe.
The system was an early example of a game that attempted to leverage real world data in gameplay, and is notable for doing so in an era before widespread internet access, accurate and cheap public GPS access, or other common systems used in contemporary games that leverage real world conditions.

## Technology

Little reliable information exists for the technological specifications of the Barcode Battler.
The Barcode Battler is said to be powered by a N2A03 CPU clocked at 1 megahertz.
The system supports a two player mode.

## References

* ↑ Allen, Jennifer (10 July 2019). "Not even Mario and Zelda could make the Barcode Battler any good". Eurogamer. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* ↑ "THE FORGOTTEN EPIC". The Game Scholar. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* ↑ Shih, Gerry C. (25 June 2009). "Game Changer in Retailing, Bar Code Is 35 (Published 2009)". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* ↑ "Barcode World (Jpn) - Jamma Play". www.jammaplay.com. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
* ↑ "Epoch Barcode Battler [BINARIUM]". binarium.de. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Bemani Pocket
## History
### Launch

Handheld game console series made by Konami and released in Japan beginning in 1998.

### Legacy

The last models were released around 2001.
On March 31st, 2018 an April Fools Day tweet by the jubeat team jokingly announed a jubeat pocket.

## Technology

Aside from at least 25 versions of the console being released, a wearable watch formfactor edition called the Bemani PopFlash was also released.

## Games

* A Hello Kitty game.

## References

* 1 2 wikipedia:Bemani Pocket
* ↑ "https://twitter.com/jubeat_staff/status/980097521052631040" (in en). Twitter. https://twitter.com/jubeat_staff/status/980097521052631040?lang=en.
* ↑ "Konami's short-lived handheld game console series | Bemani Pocket". Retrieved 6 February 2022.
* ↑ "A Hello Kitty Movie Is In Development" (in en). GameSpot. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/a-hello-kitty-movie-is-in-development/1100-6465393/.
# History of video games/Platforms/BBC Bridge Companion
## History

Andrew Kambites was a programmer for the BBC Bridge Companion, and also programed the otherwise unrelated handheld Saitek Pro Bridge Professor.
The BBC Bridge companion was released in 1985 at a cost of 199.99 British pounds.

## Technology

The BBC Bridge player uses a Z80A CPU and a TMS9129NL graphics chip. The system could output 8 colors and had spartan audio capabilities.
The system has 16 kilobytes of RAM.

## Game library

Various bridge themed cartridges were released for the system.
* Advanced Bidding
* Advanced Defence
* Bridge Builder
* Club Play 1
* Club Play 2
* Club Play 3
* Conventions 1
* Duplicate 1
* Master Play 1

## Gallery

* The Bridge companion motherboard.
* A traditional game of Bridge in progress. This popular game inspired the BBC Bridge Companion.

## Notes

The BBC Bridge Companion is similar to the later Koei PasoGo, which was another cartridge based system which focused on a singular traditional game. Unlike the BBC Bridge Companion, the PasoGo was a handheld console, and focused on the game of Go.

## External Resources

* BBC website
* BBC Bridge Companion page at the Video Game Console Library website
* BBC Bridge Companion page at the Video Game Kraken website
* BBC Bridge Companion page at the UK Centre for Computing History website

## References

* ↑ "Andrew Kambites English Bridge Union". www.ebu.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* 1 2 3 "Home Page". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* ↑ "BBC Bridge Companion by BBC Enterprises Ltd – The Video Game Kraken". Retrieved 27 November 2020.
* ↑ "BBC Bridge Companion (1985 - mid 1980s)". Museum of Obsolete Media. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "BBC Bridge Companion". Wikipedia. 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/BBC Micro
## History

The BBC Micro was launched in December 1981.
The BBC Micro is sometimes nicknamed the Beeb.
The BBC Micro was discontinued in 1994.
BBC Micro developer Acorn Computers would later develop the ARM architecture, which would later be used by a number of gaming systems.

## Technology

The BBC Micro is powered by an 8-bit MOS 6502 processor.
The BBC Micro has 32 kilobytes of RAM.

## Gallery

* A classroom with BBC micro computers.
* A woman plays a game on the BBC Micro.

## References

* 1 2 Jakobsen, Remi (23 November 2019). "BBC Micro Model B". Remi's Classic Computers. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "The BBC Computer Literacy Project - The BBC Micro (1981)". cybercemetery.unt.edu. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 "DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARM CHIP AT ACORN". www.cs.umd.edu. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "The Chip Collection - Synertek, Inc. Donation, Smithsonian Institution". smithsonianchips.si.edu. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Bandai LCD Solarpower
## History

The LCD Solarpower was released in 1982 in Japan by Bandai. The system is significant in gaming history as one of the first to use renewable energy not only as a power source, but as a marketing tool. The use of solar power was perhaps more likely to appeal to gamers wishing to reduce dependence on batteries, rather then a desire to use renewable energy.

## Technology

Either a single screen or dual screens were used.
The system used a thumb stick for directional control.
The system is commonly considered among the first, if not the first, mass produced solar powered handheld gaming systems. Such a feature would not be commonly seen on handheld consoles going forward, as of 2022.

## Games

* Frankenstein
* Terror House

## References

* 1 2 3 "Consolevariations - Bandai LCD Frankenstein Console". Consolevariations. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
* ↑ Note: It is likely that the screens are not backlit. Since the system is solar powered, it is not unreasonable that the gamer using it is likely in a lit area.
* 1 2 "Bandai LCD Solarpower Frankenstein Reviews, Pricing, Specs". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/products/bandai/lcd-solarpower/frankenstein/.
* ↑ "Achievement in future gaming technology: Modded Nintendo 3DS with solar panel attachment". ResetEra. https://www.resetera.com/threads/achievement-in-future-gaming-technology-modded-nintendo-3ds-with-solar-panel-attachment.440185/.
* ↑ "Handheld Empire - game: Terror House - 悪霊の館 - Akuryo No Yakata, owner: kisember". www.handheldempire.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/BittBoy
## History

The first BittBoy was released by 2017.
A new revision was released in 2018.
A 3rd revision was released in 2019.

## References

* ↑ "BittBoy is a retro pocket console that does a lot for very little". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/27/bittboy-is-a-retro-pocket-console-that-does-a-lot-for-very-little/.
* ↑ "Hardware Review: To Enjoy The New BittBoy, You'll Need To Get Your Hands Dirty". Nintendo Life. 21 December 2018. https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/12/hardware_review_to_enjoy_the_new_bittboy_youll_need_to_get_your_hands_dirty.
* ↑ "New BittBoy V3 review: The best option for retro gaming on the go". https://www.pcworld.com/article/397745/new-bittboy-v3-review-the-best-option-for-retro-gaming-on-the-go.html.
# FHSST Physics/Waves
## Waves and Wavelike Motion

Waves occur frequently in nature. The most obvious examples are waves in water on a dam, in the ocean, or in a bucket, but sound waves and electromagnetic waves are other, less visible examples. We are most interested in the properties that waves have. All waves have the same basic properties, so by studying waves in water we can transfer our knowledge and predict how other types of waves will behave.
Waves are associated with energy. As the waves move, they carry energy from one point to another in space. It is true for water waves as well. You can see the wave energy working while a ship drifts along the wave in rough sea. The most spectacular example is the enormous amount of energy we receive from the sun in the form of light and heat, which are transmitted as electromagnetic waves - not even requiring a medium to propagate. wave was being discovered by Sir Reagan Lulu Wokoz

## Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple Harmonic motion is a wavelike motion. It is considered wavelike because the graph of time vs. displacement from the equilibrium position is a sine curve.
An example of simple harmonic motion is a mass oscillating on a spring. It will be hard to understand the forces involved this early in the course that cause the motion to simple harmonic, but it is still possible to look at a mass oscillating on a spring and understand that it is indeed simple harmonic. When a mass is oscillating on a spring, the further the string stretches, the slower the mass will be moving. Then the mass reaches a point where the string won't stretch any further, so it quits moving and then it reverses direction. As it moves closer to the equilibrium position is moves faster.
# Practical Applications of Waves: Sound Waves
## Doppler Effect

The Doppler Effect is an interesting phenomenon that occurs when an object producing sound is moved relatively to the listener.
Consider the following: When a car blaring its horn is behind you, the pitch is higher as it is approaching, and becomes lower as it is moving away. This is only noticeable if the object is moving at a fairly high speed, although it is still theoretically present at any speed.
When an object is moving away from the listener, the sound waves are stretched over a further distance meaning they happen less often. The wavelength ends up being greater so the frequency is less and the pitch is lower. When an object is moving towards the listener, the waves are compressed over a small distance making a very small wavelength and therefore a large frequency and high pitch. Since the pitch of the sound depends on the frequency of the waves, the pitch increases when the object is moving towards the listener.
* $f'=f({\frac {v\pm v_{0}}{v\mp v_{s}}})$
f' is the observed frequency, f is the actual frequency, v is the speed of sound ($v=336+0.6T$) T is temperature in degrees Celsius, $v_{0}$ is the speed of the observer, and $v_{s}$ is the speed of the source. If the observer is approaching the source, use the top operator (the +) in the numerator, and if the source is approaching the observer, use the top operator (the -) in the denominator. If the observer is moving away from the source, use the bottom operator (the -) in the numerator, and if the source is moving away from the observer, use the bottom operator (the +) in the denominator.

### Example problems

A. An ambulance, which is emitting a 40 Hz siren, is moving at a speed of 30 m/s towards a stationary observer. The speed of sound in this case is 339 m/s.
$f'=40({\frac {339+0}{339-30}})$
B. An M551 Sheridan, moving at 10 m/s is following a Renault FT-17 which is moving in the same direction at 5 m/s and emitting a 30 Hz tone. The speed of sound in this case is 342 m/s.
$f'=30({\frac {342+10}{342+5}})$

## Ultra-Sound

still to be completed
Ultrasound is sound that has too high a frequency for humans to hear. Some other animals can hear ultrasound though. Dog whistles are an example of ultrasound. We can't hear the sound, but dogs can. Audible sound is in the frequency range between 20 Hz and 20000 Hz. Anything above that is ultrasound, and anything below that is called infrasonic.
Ultrasound also has medical applications. It can be used to generate images with a sonogram. Ultrasound is commonly used to look at fetuses in the womb.