OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mewa Film User's Guide/Nodes Reference/ImagePlane node
## About the ImagePlane node

To add an image to the 3D world we need first to associate a plane to the image. The ImagePlane node does that, it represents a 2D plane in the 3D space with a image associated. The image plane can then be manipulated in the same way a plane is manipulated in a 3D space.
The image plane has the same size as the input image.
There are 2 inputs, the first one, in green, accepts a image. The second input connects to any 3D node.

## Parameters
### Scale

The Image plane can be scale on the x and y axis. To resize an image plane and keep the image aspect ratio just set the same scale values for both x and y scale parameteres.

### Pivot

The pivot point is the point around which the image plane rotates. By default the pivot value is 0,0, corresponding to the left bottom corner of the image plane. The controls offset the pivot from the left bottom corner.
Press Center to center the pivot point with the image plane.

## Example

The example below adds a image to the 3D world.
# Mewa Film User's Guide/Nodes Reference/Translate node
## About the Translate node

The translate node translates all the nodes connected to its output.

## Parameters
### Translation

Sets the translation offset along the X, Y and Z axis.
Note that when you translate, you are not moving a set amount from the center of the screen, you are moving a set amount from wherever you currently were on the screen.
# Mewa Film User's Guide/Nodes Reference/Over node
## About the Over node

With the over node you can layer two images, and control how much they should blend.
Internally the over node does a digital compositing, also known as alpha blending.
The over node has two inputs. The first input, on the left side, is the background. The second input is the foreground. The output image has the same size as the background image input.

## Parameters
### Blend

Sets the blend value. The blend value ranges between 0 and 1, where 1 ...

## Tested Hardware

The following table shows the result of tested graphics hardware on this effect.
| Graphics Hardware | Result |
| ATI RADEON X1200 Series | OK |
| ATI RADEON XPRESS 200M Series | FAILED |
You can check what your graphics hardware is by selecting the menu Help >> System Info.

## Source

This MFX file comes with the installation of Mewa Film. You can find it in Mewa Film installation directory inside the folder effects.
# Mewa Film User's Guide/Nodes Reference/Rotate node
## About the Rotate node

The rotate node rotates all the nodes connected to its output.
Note that when you rotate, you are not rotating a set amount from the origin, you are adding a rotation.

## Parameters
### Translation

Sets the rotation values along the X, Y and Z axis.
# Mewa Film User's Guide/Nodes Reference/UnderwaterEffect node
## About UnderwaterEffect node

Distorting the geometry of an image with a specific periodic pattern can give the illusion of being underwater. That's what this effect does.

## Parameters

The distortion applied to the image has the form of a wave. The parameters are the amplitude of the wave and the phase of the wave. The phase of the wave shifts the distortion wave and if animated gives a nice effect of being underwater.

## Tested Hardware

The following table shows the result of tested graphics hardware on this effect.
| Graphics Hardware | Result |
| ATI RADEON X1200 Series | OK |
| ATI RADEON XPRESS 200M Series | FAILED |
You can check what your graphics hardware is by selecting the menu Help >> System Info.

## Source

This MFX file comes with the installation of Mewa Film. You can find it in Mewa Film installation directory inside the folder effects.
# Mewa Film User's Guide/Nodes Reference

Here you can find listed all nodes available on Mewa Film.

### 3D nodes

* Camera
* Footage
* ImagePlane
* Rotate
* Translate

### Image nodes

* Over
* UnderwaterEffect
Back to contents page
# Mewa Film User's Guide/Nodes Reference/Camera node
## About the Camera node

The camera node is the starting node of any 3D effect. The camera represents the view you are using to see the scene. Use it to choose the point in space you want to view the 3D world from. A scene can have several cameras.
Located in the right hand side of the node, is the camera output button. Pressing it will open a output window displaying the camera view of the scene.

## Parameters
### Projection

You may wish to choose the projection.
Use the orthographic projection to ...

### Background

How does a empty 3D scene looks like? If a 3D world is empty the complete camera view is filled by the background. The background of a scene is filled with one color, the background color.
The background color can be selectied by adjusting the sliders or using the Color dialog. Clicking on the color rectangle opens the color dialog.

### Position

The position tab let you choose a position and orientation for the camera.
To change the position and orientation of any object in the 3D space you need to know the axis orientation. The center of the camera view is 0.0 on the X and Y axis. To the left of center would be a negative x number. To the right would be a positive x number. Moving towards the top of the screen would be a positive y number, moving to the bottom of the screen would be a negative y number. Moving deeper into the screen is a negative z number, moving towards the viewer would be a positive z number.
Dragging the mouse over a output window showing a camera node controls the camera rotation values.
# Modern Physics/Introduction to Special Relativity

At first glance, special relativity seems weird. A number of rules which we use to understand the world no longer apply. These rules include the rule that velocities can be added to each other, the rule that time and space are different things, the rule that matter and energy are separate, the rules for momentum. Because we can no longer rely on our normal intuition to figure things out, things can seem bizarre and confusing.
Fortunately, the apparent oddness of special relativity
does not arise from deep complexity. Underneath the surface, there are some very beautiful simple symmetries and rules, and these symmetries and rules allow us to relate special relativity with the physics with which we are familiar, with only a few minor amendments.
Nevertheless, some of the ideas of special relativity seem so contrary to the way that we naively expect that the universe ought to behave and to our everyday experience that a perfectly natural reaction is that special relativity could be not possibly be correct.
However, numerous experiments have demonstrated that it's not special relativity that is incorrect, but rather our low speed intuition about how things should work.
After all, we don't normally deal with things moving at close to the speed of light, and there is no particular reason to believe that our low speed thinking applies at high speed. And experiments clearly indicate that they don't. Furthermore, it turns out that many ordinary phenomena really are the result of relativity. Magnetism, for example, is a purely relativistic phenomenon that we see daily but which can't be properly explained without relativity.
But coming to this realization was difficult for physicists. One way of intuiting special relativity is take the journey that physicists did. We shall start with the ordinary everyday universe of classical Newtonian physics, which we studied in the previous two books, and then gradually travel out to the places which are odd. We are helped in this journey by the fact that the road has already been travelled by generations of physicists who gradually came to the realization that the world was stranger than they had imagined.
Therefore, the approach we shall take is to first go down a short historical survey which illustrates why special relativity is necessary. We shall then talk about the great conceptual breakthrough that Albert Einstein made, and then from the simple axioms that he figured out we shall see the subtle consequences that follow. We shall see too how straightforward special relativity really is, how simple at its heart.
# Modern Physics/Introduction
## Welcome

Welcome to Modern Physics. This book has a lot of information, but it also needs a lot of work. Feel free to read all the material that we have, and edit the material that needs editing. If you want to do a lot of work on this book, it is recommended that you read the note for contributors.

## Who This Book is For

This book is for an introductory undergraduate study of calculus-based physics. The material covered in this book frequently is spread out over two or three semesters in an average undergraduate curriculum, if not more. This book will rely heavily on Calculus, including differential and integral calculus, multivariable calculus, and differential equations. Also, some topics of Linear Algebra will be considered and utilized. Students without the necessary background in mathematics will have a difficult time reading and following the material.

## What This Book Will Cover

This book will cover the topic of waves first, because they are a predominant part of modern physical theory. Next, this book will cover the basics of motion. Next, the theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are introduced. In the later sections, we cover a number of disjointed topics, including Gravity, Electromagnetism, Fluid dynamics, Thermodynamics, and Nuclear Physics. Additional topics may be added later, as needed. Many of the sections in this book are incomplete, and many pages are stubs. Readers are encouraged to help expand sections that need help.

## Where To Go From Here

At the present time, there are no materials on Wikibooks that cover material that is more advanced than this. More material on future subjects may be added, however.
# Modern Physics/Space Physics

Space physics, also known as space plasma physics or astrophysical plasma physics, is a branch of space science and physics that focuses on the study of charged particles and electromagnetic fields in space environments. It seeks to understand the behavior of plasmas (ionized gases) and the physical processes that occur in space, ranging from the Earth's magnetosphere to the broader universe. Here are key aspects of space physics:
Space physics is a dynamic field that continues to advance our understanding of the complex and interconnected processes that occur in space environments. It has practical applications in space exploration, satellite technology, and space weather prediction, contributing to our ability to navigate and utilize space resources effectively.
# Modern Physics/Miscellaneous Conversions

This page represents a listing of some common unit conversions that will be helpful in this book. Conversions are listed in no particular order.
| Quantity | Conversions |
| Atmospheric Pressure | 1 atm = 101325 Pa = 1.01325 bar = 760 Torr |
| Atomic Mass | 1 u = 1.660538×10$^{−27}$ kg = 931.493604 MeV/c$^2$ |
| Electronvolt | 1 eV = 1.60217646×10$^{−19}$ J |
| Force | 1 N = 10$^5$ dyn |
| Energy | 1 J = 1 N·m = 10$^7$ erg = 1 V·C |
| Electric Charge | 1 C = 6.24150974×10$^{18}$ elementary charge units |
# Modern Physics/Principle of Relativity Applied

Special Relativity 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6

### An application of relativity to waves

Returning to the phase of a wave, we immediately see that
    $\phi =\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {x} -\omega t=\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {x} -(\omega /c)(ct)={\underline {k}}\cdot {\underline {x}}.$
Thus, a compact way to write a wave is $A({\underline {x}})=\sin({\underline {k}}\cdot {\underline {x}}).$(6.8)
Since ${\underline {x}}$ is known to be a four-vector and since the phase of a wave is known to be a scalar independent of reference frame, it follows that ${\underline {k}}$ is indeed a four-vector rather than just a set of numbers. Thus, the square of the length of the wave four-vector must also be a scalar independent of reference frame
    ${\underline {k}}\cdot {\underline {k}}=\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {k} -\omega ^{2}/c^{2}=const.$
Let us review precisely what this means. As this figure shows, we can resolve a position four-vector x into components in two different reference frames, e.g (X,T) and (X′,T′), but these are just different ways of writing the same vector.
This is exactly the same as the way a three-vector has different components in a rotated frame.
Similarly, just as a three-vector has the same magnititude in all frames, so does a 4-vector; i.e,
    $X^{2}-c^{2}T^{2}=X^{\prime 2}-c^{2}T^{\prime 2}$
Applying this to the wave four-vector, we infer that
    $k^{2}-c^{-2}\omega ^{2}=k^{\prime 2}-c^{-2}\omega ^{\prime 2}$
where the unprimed and primed values of k and ω refer to the components of the wave four-vector in two different reference frames.
Up to now, this argument applies to any wave. However, waves can be divided into two categories, those for which a special reference frame exists, and those for which there is no such special frame.
As an example of the former, sound waves look simplest in the reference frame in which the gas carrying the sound is stationary. The same is true of light propagating through a material medium with an index of refraction not equal to unity. In both cases the speed of the wave is the same in all directions only in the frame in which the material medium is stationary.
If there is no material medium, then there is no unambiguous way of finding a special frame so the waves must fall into the second category. This includes all waves in a vacuum, such as light.
In this case the following argument can be made. An observer moving with respect to waves of frequency ω and wave number k sees waves of frequency ω′ and wave number k′. If the observer can tell in any way that they come from a source moving with respect to them, then they can use this to identify a special frame for those waves, so the waves must look just like ones from a stationary source of frequency ω
This forces us to conclude that for such waves
    $\omega ^{2}=c^{2}k^{2}+\mu ^{2}\,$
where μ is a constant. All waves in a vacuum must have this form, a much more restricted choice than in classical physics.
# Modern Physics/Maxwell's Equations

The next step on the road to relativity was the development of the equations of electromagnetism by James Clerk Maxwell. One direct consequence of these equations was the prediction of electromagnetic waves, which were quickly identified with things such as light.
One of the first difficulties of electromagnetic waves was the apparent lack of medium. Unlike other wave phenomena, like waves on a string or ocean waves, physicists knew little of what was "waving" in the case of an electromagnetic wave. To get around this difficulty, they just assumed that there was a medium filling all of space called the luminiferous aether, in which electromagnetic waves propagate.
A second difficulty was that Maxwell's equations predicted that these electromagnetic waves always traveled at the same speed c, regardless of the speed of the observer. This immediately led to the question "With respect to what?" Of course, the accepted answer at the time was with respect to the rest frame of the luminiferous aether, called the aether frame. This was an attempt to salvage Galilean relativity, which requires the speed of the wave to depend on the observer.
The next advance came from people attempting to study the aether.
# Modern Physics/Page List

This is a page listing for the Modern Physics book. Entries in italics are redirects and can probably be deleted.
# Marijuana Cultivation/Fundamentals

* Marijuana Cultivation
* Introduction –
* Fundamentals –
* Seedlings –
* Vegetative Growth –
* Cloning –
* Sexing –
* Flowering –
* Harvesting –
* Curing –
* Producing Seeds –
* Pests and Pest Control –
* Common Plant Problems

## Table of Contents

* Of Myths and Magic
* Parts of the Plant
* Inside vs Outside
* Dirt vs Hydroponic
* Organic vs Inorganic
* Nutrient Selection and Maintenance
* Lighting
* Ventilation and Odor Control
* Temperature Control
* Grow Mediums
* Marijuana Cultivation
* Introduction –
* Fundamentals –
* Seedlings –
* Vegetative Growth –
* Cloning –
* Sexing –
* Flowering –
* Harvesting –
* Curing –
* Producing Seeds –
* Pests and Pest Control –
* Common Plant Problems
# Marijuana Cultivation/Fundamentals/Inside vs Outside
### Inside vs Outside

This is probably the single biggest divider of growers that there is. Do you grow outdoors under the big bright sun or indoors in a room or closet? There are definitely pros and cons to either method.

#### Outdoor

The benefits of an outdoor grow are obvious, you don't need to worry about ventilation or light. The sun provides 2000 watts per square foot of bright light and that is certainly more than any indoor grower is likely to have at his disposal any time soon. Make no mistake that light difference is important! The air is fresh and plentiful and will deliver all the CO2 that your plants will ever need. Organic nutrients can be found in the soil and if they can't in your location you can always prep your soil. Finally the roots of your plants will be able to spread far and wide. There are also downsides to be considered. You have no control over light cycles and must grow on the natural annual harvest cycle, you have absolutely no privacy and some areas require you to take privacy precautions in order to grow for medical use. Outdoors you have open ventilation which means your plants could be pollinated by wild pollen messing up your attempts to breed seed of a certain strain or avoid seed. You are also mostly limited to soil grows outdoors unless you have a greenhouse which is sort of a hybrid of indoor and outdoor growing.

#### Indoor

The benefits of an indoor grow are not necessarily immediately realized. It is obvious that an indoor grow affords more privacy but the biggest benefit of an indoor grow is control. You can control what type of light is provided, how often its provided and the hours. You can control the temperature and humidity of your grow environment to make them optimal for the plant. You can easily switch between hydroponic and organic growing. Indoors you will have a smaller harvest (plants simply aren't going to grow as large without a light as large as the sun) but you will be able to use lights to have plants in varied stages of growth at all times so you can harvest more plants more often. Indoors you might be able to harvest every two months in an established garden or even more often in a larger grow.
# Monetary Economics/The Banking System

The banking system is a financial system in which various transactions take place
# Monetary Economics/The Demand for Money

The demand for money is a derived one. Money is derived not for itself but because of the wealth it will create after exchange (just as it use as medium of exchange) . The demand for money is highly dependable on the mindset or motive of people for keeping money.
Motive for holding or demanding for money as stated by lord Maynard Keynes is as follows: Precautionary motive Speculative motive Finally transactionary motive
# Mongolian/Before You Begin
## Vowel Harmony -- Эгшиг зохицох ёс

There are three kinds of vowels in Mongolian. They are back vowels, front vowels, and neutral vowels. When these vowels are used in Mongolian words, all of the vowels must be of the same form except for the neuter vowels which may be found in either back or front compositions. If there are only neuter vowels in a word, the word is considered front in vowel harmony.
Back Vowels: Аа, Оо, Уу, (Ыы, Яя, Ёё)
Front Vowels: Ээ, Өө, Үү, (Ее)
Neutral Vowels: Ии, Йй, Юю
Examples: Эрдэнэт, Эгшиг, Арван, Аавыгаа, Хүрэх

## Sentence Structure -- Өгүүлбэрийн бүтэц

There are a few things about Mongolian sentences that you should know. First of all, the verb always comes last in the sentence. The subject is first, if it is said at all (most times the subject is understood and thus omitted), followed by the direct and indirect objects and prepositional phrases.

## Question Sentences-- Асуулт хариулт

Also there are two kinds of question sentences. The first is a yes or no question. This sentence ends with a particle that denotes that it requires only a yes or no response. The second sentence is a question that requires a longer answer. The response to this sentence requires an actual explanation. This sentence also ends in a particle that denotes such.
Question particles
For yes/no question sentences ending in a front vowel word the particle is: үү
For yes/no question sentences ending in a back vowel word the particle is: уу
For yes/no question sentences ending in a front vowel word with a final long vowel the particle is: юү
For yes/no question sentences ending in a back vowel word with a final long vowel the particle is: юу
For questions requiring more than a yes or no answer, questions ending in a word with a final consonant of в, л, м, & н the particle is: бэ
For such questions ending in a word with a final consonant other than в, л, м, & н the particle is: вэ.
* Basic sentence structure
** I to my older brother the book gave.(I gave the book to my older brother)
** Би ахдаа номыг өгөв.
* Yes/No questions
** Did you to your older brother the book give?. (Did you give the book to your brother)
** Чи ахдаа номыг өгөв үү?
** Did he the book take? (Did he take the book)
** Тэр номыг авсан уу?
** Is this a table?
** Энэ ширээ юү?
** Is that a pencil?
** Тэр харандаа юу?
* Questions needing longer answers
** Where did you go?
** Хаана явсан бэ?
** Where are you going?
** Чи хааша явах вэ?
# Monetary Economics/Preface
## Preface

Monetary economics is the study of the money market in an economy - the market which, in most macroeconomic models, is represented by the supply of savings available to meet the demand for investment. In the basic macroeconomic models, this market is assumed to clear, by means of an equilibrium interest rate. However, in most countries residing in the real world, the interest rate is managed by the central bank, simply because the money market tends not to clear on its own. The ability to set the interest rate has become a powerful economic management tool in the arsenal of finance ministers throughout the world today, but there are some instances where countries have voluntarily given it up.
This document will attempt to define the nebulous item often labelled as 'money' by economists. It will then set out the factors affecting the demand and supply of money in an economy, and explore the reasons why the money market does not clear. This document will then move on to monetary policy and global monetary economic history - the practice and ramifications of 'real world' monetary economics.
# Monetary Economics/Monetary Policy
## Introduction to Monetary Policy

Differentiation: Financial Policy vs. Monetary Policy
We seldom get to hear something about monetary policy in the media, but we often hear news about politicians’ current decisions on financial plans and similar things. It must be said that monetary policy and financial policy are very different topics: financial policy deals with the budget of the state, how funds should be allocated and what they should be used for. In contrast to that monetary policy deals with the amount of money in circulation and its value.
Central Banks: Implementation of Monetary Policy
Monetary policy is conducted by central banks. These are institutions that have the exclusive right to issue the money of an economy. As a consequence the central bank controls the amount of money in circulation and therefore its value. That is, what monetary policy is basically about, maintaining the value of the currency, also called price stability. In order to do so, central banks use monetary instruments that allow them to control the money supply. What makes monetary policy interesting and also fairly difficult is its effect on the economy in the short-run because monetary policy, can influence the short-term fluctuations of economic output. That is why many central banks not only have the aim to maintain price stability but also to support their economy, if possible.