OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 3

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write サ、シ、ス、セ、ソ. Adding two small lines called 濁(だく)点(てん) dakuten, but commonly known simply as 点々(てんてん) tenten, meaning "two marks", causes clear sounds to change to their voiced sound. Thus, adding the 点々(てんてん) tenten marks to サ、シ、ス、セ、ソ will produce ザ、ジ、ズ、ゼ、ゾ.
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | sa | za |
| Mnemonic: | A hand holds a piece of wood down as it's cut with a bow saw. Sake, being poured by a hand from the right into a cup on the left. It looks roughly like a satanic goat head. | |
| Example: | サウジアラビア (saudiarabia) Saudi Arabia サイズ (saizu) size サラダ (sarada) salad | ザンビア (zanbia) Zambia ザッパ　(zappa) Zappa ピザ (piza) pizza |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | shi (help·info) | zhi, ji |
| Mnemonic: | The face of a girl, tilted, and she (shi) smiles at you. | |
| Example: | シンガポール (singapooru) Singapore シソーラス (sisoorasu) thesaurus シェフ (shefu) chef | ジーンズ (jiinzu) jeans ジェット (jet) jet ジェネラル (jienararu) general |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | su | zu |
| Mnemonic: | You're going to sue (su) the pilot because he crashed your boat into a submerged tree. Plain miso soup with a spoon | |
| Example: | スイス (suisu) Swiss スポンジ (suponji) sponge スキル (sukiru) skill | ズック (zukku) canvas ズーム (zuumu) zoom ズボン (zubon) trousers, pants |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | se | ze |
| Mnemonic: | "Game. Set. Match." This fellow is so good at tennis that he can play sitting down. That's the racket handle on the right pointing towards him. The serial killer has a knife. | |
| Example: | セーター (seetaa) sweater セロリ (serori) celery セメント (semento) cement | ゼラチン (zerachin) gelatin ゼロ (zero) zero ゼルダ (zeruda) Zelda |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | so | zo |
| Mnemonic: | The work of a lazy calligrapher. "So what if I didn't finish my ツ (tsu)?" A wave, with a mark to indicate the strength. ノ = no wave. ソ = soft wave. ツ = tsunami | |
| Example: | ソックス (sokkusu) socks ソフトウェア (sofutouea) software ソファ (sofaa) sofa | ゾンビ (zonbi) zombie ゾーン (zoon) zone ゾロアスター (zoroasutaa) Zoroaster |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 8

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
Below we'll be looking into the characters "ヤ", "ユ" and "ヨ". These are transliterated as "ya", "yu" and "yo", respectively.
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ya |
| Mnemonic: | A black-belt yelling ' Ya!' as they jab with their elbow. Looks very similar to the hiragana version of it (や). |
| Example: | ヤギ goat ヤシ palm tree, Arecaceae |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | yu |
| Mnemonic: | Useless - Someone tried to draw a tilted Y and a U at the same time, but it's useless because it doesn't look like either. You are going to be hung at the gallow. U for U-Boat - The first stroke is the periscope and the second one is Ocean's surface |
| Example: | ユーゴスラビア Yugoslavia ユーロ Euro ユリ lily |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | yo |
| Mnemonic: | Yodel - The mouth and tongue of a yodeler. |
| Example: | ヨーロッパ Europe ヨーグルト yoghurt ヨーヨー yo-yo |

## Choon Katakana

Certain sounds ending with -イ(i) ( キ(ki), シ(shi), チ(chi), ニ(ni), ヒ(hi), ミ(mi), レ(re) and their variations) can be followed by small versions (ャ, ュ, and ョ) of the katakana ヤ(ya), ユ(yu), and ヨ(yo). In this case, the two katakana are not pronounced individually, but rather as one sound, taking up one mora.
In most cases, the compound sound is the consonant of the base syllable followed by the modifier (fjord may be an example of a similar compound sound in English):
* キャ (kya)
* キュ (kyu)
* キョ (kyo)
In other cases the y sound disapears entirely:
* シャ (sha)
* シュ (shu)
* ショ (sho)
Look at the Kana Chart for the others.
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 2

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write カ、キ、ク、ケ、コ. Adding two small lines called 濁(だく)点(てん) dakuten, but commonly known simply as 点々(てんてん) tenten, meaning "two marks", causes clear sounds to change to their voiced sound. Thus, adding the 点々(てんてん) tenten marks will cause カ、キ、ク、ケ、コ to be produced ガ、ギ、グ、ゲ、ゴ.
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ka | ga |
| Mnemonic: | Like the か (ka) of Hiragana, just missing the extra stroke on the right. | |
| Example: | カナダ (kanada) Canada カメラ (kamara) camera カカオ (kakao) cacao | ガラパゴス　(garapagosu) Galapagos ガイダンス (gaidansu) guidance ガバナンス (gabanansu) governance |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ki | gi |
| Mnemonic: | Another key, now just the top half. | |
| Example: | キルギズタン (kirugizustan) Kyrgyzstan キウイ (kiui) kiwi キス (kisu) kiss | ギア　(gia) gear ギアナ (giana) Guiana ギフト (gifuto) gift |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ku | gu |
| Mnemonic: | The open wing of a cooing pigeon. The handle of a cup Cookie with a bite taken out of it, held in the lower left corner. | |
| Example: | クウェート (kueeto)　Kuwait クリック (kurikku) click クローン (kuroon) clone | グアバ (guaba) guava グリーン (guriin) green グアム (guamu) Guam |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ke | ge |
| Mnemonic: | Looks like a "K" tilted to the side. Just pronounce the K with a Japanese accent so its "ke". You guessed wrong. This isn't a pigeon wing but a bat wing, because it has a claw; the bat lives in a cave | |
| Example: | ケベック (kebekku) Quebec ケーブル (keeburu) cable ケーキ (keeki) cake | ゲゲゲ (gegege) sound used to signify cackling ゲノム (genomu) genome ゲリラセン (gerirasen) guerilla warfare |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ko | go |
| Mnemonic: | Like the hiragana こ, but connected at the right hand side. The bottom stroke was to be a copy of the top one but ran out of room. It's the side-view of a gopher's burrow. Looks like the corners of the edge of a table. | |
| Example: | コンゴ (kongo) Congo コーヒー (koohii) coffee コンピュータ (konpyuuta) computer | ゴブレット (goburetto) goblet ゴブリン (goburin) goblin ゴジラ (gojira) Godzilla |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 5

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write ナ、ニ、ヌ、ネ、ノ.
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | na |
| Mnemonic: | That nail didn't go in straight. Napa cabbage soup with spoon to the side and spices on top. Nah - you started drawing one character, then you changed your mind and crossed it out. |
| Example: | ナイジェリア (naijeria) Nigeria ナース (naasu) nurse ナイフ (naifu) knife |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ni |
| Mnemonic: | Needle - Two needles, laid parallel. |
| Example: | ニブル (niburu) nibble ニッケル (nikkeru) nickel ニット (nitto) knit |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | nu |
| Mnemonic: | New - You need a new (nu) boat after piercing the hull. Noodles handing over the side of a bowl of soup. |
| Example: | ヌード (nuudo) nude ヌードル (nuudoru) noodle ヌル (nuru) null |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ne |
| Mnemonic: | Nest - Half of a bird's nest, suspended on a pole. Neko soup, for cats, not of cats, with the cat tongue on top, paw to the side, and tail curled under. |
| Example: | ネオン (neon) neon ネクタイ (nekutai) necktie ネスト (nesuto) nest |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | no |
| Mnemonic: | No more - You mark an item off of a list with a single stroke. A wave, with a mark to indicate the strength. ノ = no wave. ソ = soft wave. ツ = tsunami |
| Example: | ノルウェー (noruuee) Norway ノート (nooto) notebook ノッチ (nocchi) notch |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 7

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write マ、ミ、ム、メ、モ.
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ma |
| Mnemonic: | Macho - It's a suave fellow with his hand in his jacket pocket. |
| Example: | マダガスカル (madagasukaru) Madagascar ママレード (mamare-do) marmalade マイク (maiku) microphone |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | mi |
| Mnemonic: | Look like meteorites |
| Example: | ミャンマー Myanmar ミネラルウォーター mineral water / bottled water ミッキーマウス Mickey Mouse |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | mu |
| Mnemonic: | Moo - A pointed cow's hoof. |
| Example: | ムード mood, atmosphere ムスリム Muslim ムササビ flying squirrel |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | me |
| Mnemonic: | Someone's me (eye) falling out (sideway view). Mesh - a very close-up view of wire mesh Me as in Mother MAry - which reminds us of the cross Melon smoothie, with watermelon garnish. |
| Example: | メキシコ Mexico メリーゴーランド merry-go-round, carousel メロン melon, cantaloupe |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | mo |
| Mnemonic: | Someone sitting down with their arms outstretched asking for more hugs. You need to mow (mo) your neighbors' lawns, and this is a map of the streets in your neighborhood. |
| Example: | モロッコ Morocco モモ peach モノレール monorail |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 9

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write ラ、リ、ル、レ、ロ.
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ra (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | A bowl of hot ramen. The line on top is the steam. |
| Example: | ラーメン ramen ラオス Laos ラクダ camel |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ri (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | Richard - The cheek and nose of Richard. looks very similar to Ri from Hiragana. Look like reeds |
| Example: | リビア Libya リス squirrel リンゴ apple |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ru (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | Root - Two of a tree's largest roots. |
| Example: | ルクセンブルク Luxembourg ルーレット roulette ルビー ruby |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | re (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | Read (past tense). A book (from above) that you left open because you had already read it. |
| Example: | レバノン Lebanon レーザー laser レストラン restaurant |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | ro (help·info) |
| Mnemonic: | Roe - A package of roe, fish-eggs prepared as food, that's commonly used in Japanese dishes. Road - The back of a truck driving on a road. It's the head of a robot. |
| Example: | ロシア Russia ロープ rope ロボット robot |
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australian Radio History/Recorded Sound

FIRST CAME RECORDED SOUND - THEN RADIO WAS BORN
TINFOIL RECORDS – 1879
Laid-out tinfoil record Tinfoil record player
Recordings were made on sheets of tinfoil up to 5” by 15”. A hand crank turned the cylinder under the stylus, with the thin metal speaker dome on top. Typically, tinfoil records were only suitable for two or three plays, as the stylus would shred the tinfoil. Travelling showmen often tore tinfoil records into pieces after playing them, to be given away as souvenirs to spectators. Only ten tinfoil records are known to exist in museums, and only two of these are regarded as still being in a playable condition.
CYLINDER RECORDS – 1886
Edison Cylinder Player Hand-written cylinder label Edison cylinder with cover
Various early manufacturers of cylinder records insisted on their own specifications, which resulted in cylinder records being incompatible with the players of other manufacturers. Eventually the Edison Gold Moulded cylinders were accepted as the standard. These were manufactured from 1902 – 1912 and operated at 120 R.P.M. Their recording time was three to four minutes (earlier cylinders only lasted for two minutes). Flat 78 R.P.M. ten and twelve inch discs were introduced in 1913, resulting in cylinder players being phased out by 1929.
JUKEBOX – 1889
Ten ear-tube Edison cylinder player One ear-tube player Cylinder orchestra recording session
The first jukeboxes, known as ‘Automatic Coin-operated Phonographs’ or ‘Nickel-in-the-Slot’ machines until the 1930s, consisted of an Edison cylinder player and a coin slot to activate them. The owner of the player would change the cylinder record every day. From one to ten listening tubes were provided, to be placed in the listeners ears. In 1928, the first jukebox with amplification and a speaker was introduced with primitive automation, allowing a selection of eight 78 R.P.M. discs from eight separate turntables. These records were usually changed weekly.
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Publications/Australian Radio History/Ter AM Stations
## Ext Ter AM Stations

External Territories A.M. Radio Stations
Part of the most comprehensive list ever compiled of Australian A.M. broadcasting stations.
# Assignments

Task:
Read through Mark Taylor's article on "The true cost of migrating to open source"
[http://www.zdnetasia.com/insight/software/0,39044822,62054142,00.htm ].
# References

* Significant parts of this topic are based on Francois Letellier's teaching materials for FOSSBridge Vietnam. © Francois Letellier 2008, published under Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License 2.0. For more information;
* FOSS Bridge website: http://fossbridge.org/ , available 17.05.10
* What FOSS bridge does and how companies can benefit from the project: inwent.org/e1834/e3110/e3111/NewsDetail3293/newsfile3295/Call-European-Companies_eng.pdf http://www.it-inwent.org/e1834/e3110/e3111/NewsDetail3293/newsfile3295/Call-European-Companies_eng.pdf , available 07.07.09.
* Samuelson, P. (2006). IBM's pragmatic embrace of open source. Communications of the ACM, Vol(49), Issue 10, pp: 21-25.
* FLOSSImpact, (2006). http://www.flossimpact.eu/
* Hawkins, R. E. (2004). The economics of open source software for a competitive firm. Netnomics, Vol(6), Issue 2, pp: 103-117.
* G. Sigi (2005). Something for nothing: management rejection of open source software in Australia’s top firms. Journal of Information and Management, Vol. 42, pp: 669-681.
* Sulayman K. Sowe, Ioannis Stamelos, Angelis Lefteris (2009). The Free and Open Source Software Development Landscape: Redefining the Database Industry. Journal of Information and Management, Elsevier, to appear
* Sulayman K. Sowe. I. Stamelos (2008). Involving Software Engineering Students in Open Source Software Projects: Experiences from a Pilot Study, Journal of Information Systems Education (JISE), Vol. 18 (4), pp: 425-435.
* Jean-Eric Aubert, (2004). PROMOTING INNOVATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/KFDLP/Resources/0-3097AubertPaper%5B1%5D.pdf
* Sanjiva Weerawarana and Jivaka Weeratunge, (2003). Open Source in Developing Countries. Published by Sida. Available at http://www.it-inwent.org/e2484/e3407/e3431/e3432/opensource_in_developing_countries_eng.pdf, 11.07.09
* Michael Coté, James Governor, Stephen O'Grady, (2007). Open Source Strategies. The RedMonk Going Open Source Series, Part 2. Available at: http://redmonk.com/public/goingopensource/Open-Source-Strategies.pdf ; July 11, 2009.
# Test Module 5

Question 1. What is one of the key disadvantages of proprietary software?
Question 2. When you sell proprietary software, what happens to the money generated?
Question 3. Which of the following component is not necessarily available in FLOSS:
Please, contribute to the material! Click here “How to contribute”
Question 4. Doing business in a FLOSS context means what?
Question 5. Why are FLOSS business networks important?
Question 6. Which of the following is not a way of making money in FLOSS:
Please, contribute to the material. Click here “How to contribute”
Question 7. You're scheduled to meet a FLOSS business associate for working lunch and you arrive a few minutes early to find a suitable table. 30 minutes later your associate still has not arrived.
Do you
* order your lunch and eat?
* continue waiting and fuming that your associate isn't there?
* tell the head waiter you're not staying and give him our card with instructions to present it to your associate to prove you were there?
Question 8. ... measures how much work was produced or completed in a certain period of time.
* Motivation
* Production
* Money invested
# Bahamas

The first meter was installed in 1967. All stamps are inscribed BAHAMAS either in the frank or the town mark.
* 1. Pitney Bowes “DM” (LV), 1967.      [$20]
* Small frank with frame lines at bottom and right only.
* Crown below “BAHAMAS” at top.
* Palm tree at right of TM, sailboats between frank and TM with M# below.
* M# with “P.B.” prefix.
* TM: SC
* Values:      01 to 21
* 2. Pitney Bowes “Automax” (MV).      [$20]
* Upright rectangular frank with greater outer simulated-perforation frame
* line containing design of a palm tree, sailboats, and birds at left.
* M# with “P.B.” prefix in small boxes at bottom left and right with crown between.
* TM: DC
* V/F:      =0.00
* 3. Pitney Bowes “5300” (MV), 1967.
* Horizontal rectangular frank with simulated-perforation outer frame line.
* Crown at top under “BAHAMAS”. Between the frank and the TM is a
* design containing a palm tree, sailboats, and birds.
* M# with “P.B.” prefix at bottom left and right with crown between.
* A. M# and prefix in small boxes
* B. M# and prefix unboxed      [$10]
* TM: DC
* V/F:      ≋0.00
* 4. Pitney Bowes “6300” (MV).
* Horizontal frank made up mostly of horizontal lines.
* Crown at top right. M# with “P.B.” prefix at bottom.
* TM: DC
* V/F:      ≋0.00
* 5. 1995, Pitney Bowes “A900” (MV).
* Similar to Type 4 but crown at top left.
* Value figures are larger than in Type 4.
* TM: DC
* V/F: ≋00.00
* 6. Pitney Bowes “A900” (MV).
* Frank with outer frame lines across top and bottom only.
* Large bird at left, between TM and value figures.
* Country name in TM only. “POSTAGE PAID” across top.
* A. M# with “PB” prefix at bottom
* B. M# without prefix
* TM: DC
* V/F:      ≋00.00
* 7. Neopost “Electronic” (MV).
* Bird design as with Type 6. “POSTAGE PAID” small.
* M# with “N” prefix below bird.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ≋0.00
* 8. Pitney Bowes “DM” series (digital).
* Similar to Type 6 but with rectangular town mark.
* Two columns of numbers at left of town mark.
* M# with “PB” prefix at bottom.
* TM: DC
* V/F:      ≋000.00
# Bhutan

* The first metered stamp seen was generated by a digital Post Office system and came to our attention in 2014.
* The stamp is inscribed "Bhutan POST".
* 1.1. Postal Training Centre of Mysore (India) “Meghdoot” (MV), 2014 or earlier.
* Printed in blue on white rectangular label with preprinted dark blue and red "Bhutan POST" logo at upper right.
* Frank in three horizontal sections separated by rows of pound signs (#).
* Top segment contains mail class and origin post office, a stamp identification number, and the postal clerk identification.
* Middle section contains "Account:" and the value figures.
* Bottom segment contains the weight, date, and time.
* The destination is shown at bottom left.
* V/F:      Ng000.00
* 1.2. Postal Training Centre of Mysore (India) “Meghdoot” (MV), 2014 or earlier.
* As Type 1.1 but "BHUTAN POSTAGE" added above the value figures, the date and time are added above the weight, and the weight and destination (TO:") are on the same line.
* A. Label with postal logo A.
* B. Label with postal logo B which is smaller and has the ellipse at a higher angle. "POST is narrower.
* V/F:      Ng000.00
* a. Misprint with point-of-sale data overlapping two attached labels
* b. Error, with "INDIA POSTAGE" rather than BHUTAN POSTAGE above value figures
* 2. Postal Training Centre of Mysore (India) “Meghdoot” (MV), 2010 or earlier.
* Printed in black on same labels used with previous types.
* Frank printed in single section without separators as follows: origin post office, mail class, receipt number, tracking number, postal clerk identification, destination, weight, postal charges, date and time.
* V/F:      00.0 (without currency indicator "ng")
# Belize

British Honduras was changed to Belize effective 1 June 1973 and gained independence on 21 September 1981. The stamps can be identified by “B.H.” (British Honduras), “BELIZE CITY” in the town mark and some with the country name "BELIZE' or "BELIZE C.A.". The first meter was installed in 1967.

## GROUP A: Issue of British Honduras

* A1. Pitney Bowes “5300” (MV), 1967.      [$5]
* The frank has wings above the town mark at left and value box at right with coat of arms in the centre.
* M# with “P.B.” prefix below coat of arms. Inscribed “POSTAGE” at top of value box.
* TM: SC with "B.H." in the lower half
* V/F:      ≋.00 (wide wavy-line triad)
* V/F:      ≋0.00 (narrow wavy-line triad)
* a. Without M# but with "P.B." below coat of arms
* A2. Pitney Bowes-GB “5300” (MV)
* Similar to Type A1 but the frank is wider and the wings extend beyond the right hand side of the value box.
* M# with “P.B.” prefix below coat of arms. Inscribed “POSTAGE” at top of value box.
* TM: DC with "B.H." in the lower half
* V/F:      ≋0.00

## GROUP B: Issues of independent Belize

* B1. Pitney Bowes-GB “5300” (MV).
* Similar to Type A2 but without "B.H." in the lower half of the TM.
* TM: DC
* V/F:      ≋0.00
* B2. Pitney Bowes-GB “6300” (MV).
* Wingspan is shorter covering only the coat of arms and value box.
* Value box with double frame lines at right and bottom and no lines at top and left.
* “POSTAGE” is below the value figures.
* TM: DC
* V/F:      ≋0.00
# Benin

Originally a part of French West Africa, Dahomey became independent in 1960. In 1975 the country changed its name to Benin. For issues before 1960, see FRENCH WEST AFRICA. The stamps are grouped according to country name in the frank:
    A – DAHOMEY
    B – BENIN

## GROUP A: Franks inscribed “REPUBLIQUE DU DAHOMEY”

* A1. Secap Model “N” (MV), 1962.      [Scarce]
* Frank inscribed "REPUBLIQUE DU DAHOMEY"
* A. “REPUBLIQUE” on top line of inscription
* B. “REPUBLIQUE DU” on top line
* “M# with “N” prefix.
* TM: straight line stacked below frank
* V/F:      0000
* A2. Satas “D” (MV).      [Very scarce]
* M# with “SD” prefix.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ★000F
* A3. Satas “J” (MV).      [Very scarce]
* M# with “SJ” prefix.
* Date figures tall.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ★00
* A4. Satas “R” (MV).
* M# with “SR” prefix.
* Date figures short.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ★000
* a. Date only, without TM. (SR7251)      [Scarce]
* A5. Camp (MV).    [Rare]
* Post Office stamp. Inscribed “REPUBLIQUE DU/ DAHOMEY”.
* M# with “PR” prefix???.
* TM: SC. Printed on white adhesive tape only
* V/F:      ★000

## GROUP B: Franks inscribed “BENIN”, “R. P. BENIN” or “REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN”

* B1. Satas “R” (MV).
* Frank inscribed “R. P./ BENIN”.
* “POSTES” straight or curved. M# with “SR” prefix.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ★000
* a. Date only without TM
* b. Frank inverted, value figures upright (SR7271)      [Rare]
* B2. Satas “R” (MV).      [Scarce]
* As Type B1 but inscribed “BENIN”.
* “POSTES” slightly curved.
* M# with “SR” prefix.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ★000
* B3. Satas “R” (MV).
* Large frank, 22 x 27mm, with “R.P./ BENIN” at top.
* “POSTES” curved.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ★000
* B4. Satas “L” (MV).      [Scarce]
* Inscribed “R.P./ BENIN”.
* Value figures spaced widely.
* M# with “SL” prefix.
* TM: SC
* V/F:      ★ 0 0 0
* B5. Satas (MV).
* Large frank with straight-line borders complete at sides.
* Inscribed “REPUBLIQUE/ DU BENIN” at top.
* “POSTE” at bottom above M#. M# without prefix.
* A. Town name at top of TM      [Uncommon]
* B. Mailer’s identification at top of TM      [Scarce]
* TM: SC
* V/F:      0000
* a. Unengraved meter number. Solid block below “POSTE”.
* B6. Pitney Bowes-GB “A900” series (MV).
* Horizontal frank with simulated perforation border.
* “REPUBLIQUE/ du Benin” at top.
* M# with “PB” prefix.
* TM: DC (Solid, unengraved TM reported. Engraved TMs may exist.)
* V/F:      ≋0000