OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Human Nature: Catholic Thought and the Sciences/How to Contribute

A book on such a broad topic that nevertheless requires specialized knowledge can really only be written by many people working together. Students of theology and philosophy as well as students of the various scientific disciplines are all needed. Contributors interested in taking a lead role in developing specific sections are especially welcomed.
More detailed guidelines could be placed here later, but for now, just feel free to be bold and add anything you think would be helpful to get it started! Here are some things anyone can do:
* Proofread or reorganize an existing article
* Add a sentence or a link
* Add a whole lot of material to an existing page
* Start a new page on a new topic
# Human Nature: Catholic Thought and the Sciences/Role of Government

See the passage from the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church on "Action of the State."
# Human Nature: Catholic Thought and the Sciences/Pornography

    Pornography consists in removing real or simulated sexual acts from the intimacy of the partners, in order to display them deliberately to third parties. It offends against chastity because it perverts the conjugal act, the intimate giving of spouses to each other. It does grave injury to the dignity of its participants (actors, vendors, the public), since each one becomes an object of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the illusion of a fantasy world. It is a grave offense. Civil authorities should prevent the production and distribution of pornographic materials.
    Catholic Catechism #2354 (emphasis original)
Strip clubs also fit under this definition of pornography.

## Research

Much social science research studies the effects of pornography on its consumers. For example, a recent review article concludes that "pictorial nudity reduces subsequent aggressive behavior, that consumption of material depicting nonviolent sexual activity increases aggressive behavior, and that media depictions of violent sexual activity generates more aggression than those of nonviolent sexual activity." A 1987 book abstract stated that "Research findings indicate that sexually explicit material in itself does not foster negative attitudes or behavior, but when it is accompanied by images of violence, the risk of subsequent violence is significant."
Research finding no negative effects of pornography should be interpreted in light of the difference between the type of effects the study is looking for and the effects that Catholic doctrine claims it has. For instance, showing that men who view pornography more frequently have, on average, the same views toward sexuality as other men says little about the Catholic teaching on pornography's negative effects. From the perspective of Catholic teaching, the ordinary societal view of sexuality is itself distorted.

## Legality

In the U.S., protection of pornography as free speech is a contested legal issue.

## External Links

* How to Break Free from Pornography on Catholic Exchange

### Other Wiki References

(see the guideline on including other wiki references)
* Wikipedia
* Orthodox Wiki
* Theopedia
# Human Physiology
## Contents

* Physiology Introduction
* Homeostasis
* Cell Physiology
* Integumentary System
* The Nervous System
* Senses
* The Muscular System
* Blood Physiology
* The Cardiovascular System
* The Immune System
* The Urinary System
* The Respiratory System
* The Gastrointestinal System
* Nutrition
* The Endocrine System
* The Male Reproductive System
* The Female Reproductive System
* Pregnancy and Birth
* Genetics and Inheritance
* Development: Birth through Death
* Appendix 1: Answers to Review Questions
* Authors
* Further Reading

## See also

* Anatomy
* Human Anatomy
* Wikiversity:School:Medicine
# History of video games/Platforms/Children's Discovery System
## History
### Development

Mattel brought on Professor Dr. Gordon Berry of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) as an educational consultant for the system.

### Launch

The Children's Discovery System was launched in 1981 at a cost of $125.

### Legacy

The Children's Discovery system was discontinued in 1984.

## Technology

The Display of the Children's Discovery System has a matrix LCD with a 16 by 48 pixel resolution.
The system has an integrated membrane keyboard.

## Notable games

* Math I
* Arcade Action I
* Words I
* Art
* Music
* Words II
* Arcade Action II
* Memory and Logic
* Geography I
* Foods
* Fractions I
* Fractions II
* Science I
* Presidents
* Computer Programming
* Spelling Fun

## External Resources

* Computer History Museum - Children's Discovery System page.
* Handheld Museum - Mattel 1981 Toy Fair Catalog clipping.
* RAM OK ROM OK - Children's Discovery System page.

## References

* ↑ "Personal Computing 1982 02". 1 February 1982. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* ↑ "The Children's Discovery System computerized learning system 102630217 Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
* ↑ Freedman, Alix M. (15 November 1981). "ELECTRONIC GAMES: DO THEY HELP? (Published 1981)". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
* ↑ "Children's Discovery System • Mattel • 1981 : RAM OK ROM OK". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* 1 2 "Mattel Children's Discovery System". AtariAge Forums.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 w:Children's Discovery System
# History of video games/Platforms/Coleco Sonic
## History

The Coleco Sonic was among the first gaming devices to bear the Coleco brand since the ColecoVision of the early 1980's.
At launch in 2006 the Coleco Sonic cost $49.99.

## Technology

The Coleco Sonic takes three AAA batteries or power from a DC input jack.
The Coleco Sonic supports play on televisions over it's AV out port.

## Notable games

20 games from the Sega Master System and Sega Genesis are built into the console.

## References

* 1 2 "Coleco tiptoes back with Sega-filled handheld". Engadget. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* 1 2 "Coleco Sonic Handheld". TechCrunch. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
* 1 2 3 "HuguesJohnson.com: Coleco (Sega) Handheld". huguesjohnson.com. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Chameleon
## History
### Development

The Chameleon was a retro themed console themed after the Atari Jaguar that would have used cartridges and would have cost $300 at launch. Despite featuring casing from a former Atari product, the console was briefly marketed under the Coleco brand, which had famously been a rival to Atari with their ColecoVision console about a decade before the Jaguar was launched. Thus despite heavy anachronisms, the console had serious retro theming.
Initially conceived as the Retro VGS and later as the Coleco Chameleon, the project was launched on Indiegogo where it raised $81,158 out of a $1,950,000 goal. The Chameleon was supposed to be launched on Kickstarter, though the Kickstarter page launch was delayed due to the lack of a working prototype. Unusually, the case of the console was decided on before the console electronics.
A number of suspect photos and demonstrations in early 2016 caused the system to be mistrusted online, and Coleco pulled the right to use their name to the console makers.

### Legacy

Chameleon development stopped in April 2016. The system is mainly remembered as a high-profile example of one of many crowdfunding projects that never materialized.

## Technology

The Chameleon went from being designed around an FPGA to being designed around an ARM processor.
One demonstration unit appeared to be an New-Style Super NES inside an Atari Jaguar case.

## External Resources

* YouTube - Demonstration at the 2016 New York Toy Fair.

## References

* 1 2 3 "Crowdfunded Game Console Is Made Out of Tape, Cardboard, and Fake Circuits". www.vice.com. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* ↑ "RETRO VGS". Indiegogo. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* ↑ "Coleco Chameleon Kickstarter over before it even begins (update)". Engadget. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* ↑ "Coleco Chameleon Book Kickstarter - Mike James Speaks Out!". YouTube. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* ↑ Frank, Allegra (8 March 2016). "Coleco severs ties with alleged 'duct-taped' console maker". Polygon. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* 1 2 Purchese, Robert (5 April 2016). "Coleco Chameleon boss: "I am officially tabling the console venture for good"". Eurogamer. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* ↑ "Failure To Launch: The 15 Biggest Kickstarter Fails". TheGamer. 22 May 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
* ↑ "Coleco Chameleon at New York Toy Fair – SNES Mini Under Glass?". Retro Gaming Magazine. 23 February 2016. https://retrogamingmagazine.com/2016/02/22/coleco-chameleon-at-new-york-toy-fair-snes-mini-under-glass/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Circuit Gem
## History
### Launch

Preorders were available by 2018.
Preorders were again available by the end of December 2020, with a cost of $235 and an estimated 2 month lead time.
Lead times would later be reduced to 4-6 weeks, with prices ranging from $215 to $310.

### Legacy

A revision of the Circuit Gem electronics would later be used in the handheld console the Gem Boy Zero.

## Technology
### Compute

The device shipped with 32 gigabytes of removable storage.
RetroPie was the default operating system.

### Multimedia

A color IPS LCD with a resolution of 240 by 240 pixels is used. This is somewhat unusual, and makes this console one of the few to use a 1:1 aspect ratio.
Despite it's small size, the device includes a speaker.

### Hardware

The Circuit Gem includes a rechargeable LiPo battery with a capacity of 750mAh.

### Construction

Every unit was "custom made". The Circuit Gem reused the casing of a Dreamcast VMU. The unit had L & R buttons added to it.

## References

* ↑ https://twitter.com/kiteretro/status/1052958549427593220
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "MarkyPi Gaming | Shop". Retrieved 18 September 2021.
* ↑ Hill, Ash (16 September 2021). "Raspberry Pi Zero Powers 'Gem Boy Zero' Retro Handheld" (in en). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/raspberry-pi-zero-tiny-game-boy.
# History of video games/Platforms/CircuitMess devices
## History

The CircuitMess started as the Kickstarter project "MAKERphone" in late 2018.
The kit was available by 2020.

## Games

* uTD
* Anarch

## Gallery

* A CircuitMess Ringo running uTD.
* A CircuitMess Ringo running Anarch.
* A CircuitMess Nibble running uTD.

## References

* ↑ "MAKERphone Kickstarter video" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYtRgzp43So.
* ↑ "Ringo: Do-It-Yourself Phone" (in en). Elektor. https://www.elektormagazine.com/news/ringo-do-it-yourself-phone.
# History of video games/Platforms/Classic Mac
## History

The Classic Mac operating systems are considered to be releases from System 1 in 1984 to System 9 in 1999.
Despite Apple's troubles during the run of the Classic Mac OS, the Classic Mac OS did see some games released for it.

## Notable games
### Caper in the Castro

A 1989 point and click hypercard game for MacOS which was among the first video games to feature a significant plot focused on LGBTQ subject matter.

### 1993
#### Pathways into Darkness

A first person action adventure game by Bungie.
Read more about Pathways into Darkness on Wikipedia.

### 1994
#### Emora Kart

An early clone of the then recently released Super Famicom and Super Nintendo Entertainment System game Mario Kart.

#### Marathon

The first game in the Marathon trilogy of sci-fi first person shooters by Bungie.
Read more about Marathon on Wikipedia.

### 1995
#### Marathon 2: Durandal

The second game in the Marathon trilogy of sci-fi first person shooters by Bungie.
Read more about Marathon 2: Durandal on Wikipedia.

### 1996
#### Marathon Infinity

The final game in the Marathon trilogy by Bungie.
Read more about Marathon Infinity on Wikipedia.

## Gallery

* The original 1984 Macintosh, sporting 128 kB of RAM.
* A Macintosh Quadra computer from the early 1990's.
* The iMac G3, a popular Mac of the late 1990's, which symbolized Steve Jobs's return to Apple.

## References

* ↑ Biersdorfer, J. D. (14 September 2000). "Apple Breaks The Mold (Published 2000)". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "October 23, 1999: Mac OS 9 Released - AppleMatters". www.applematters.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "Editorial: Will Apple's 1990's "Golden Age" collapse repeat itself?". AppleInsider. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ Staff, Ars (11 September 2016). "An OS 9 odyssey: Why these Mac users won't abandon 16-year-old software". Ars Technica. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "You Can Now Play the First LGBTQ Computer Game, For the First Time" (in en). www.vice.com. https://www.vice.com/en/article/ne4nzz/play-the-first-lgbtq-computer-game-for-the-first-time-caper-in-the-castro.
* ↑ "Random: Check Out Emora Kart, A Macintosh-Exclusive Super Mario Kart Clone From 1994". Nintendo Life. 3 November 2021. https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/11/random-check-out-emora-kart-a-macintosh-exclusive-super-mario-kart-clone-from-1994.
* ↑ "Mouse-controlled Super Mario Kart clone for classic Macintosh ⌘I Get Info". blog.gingerbeardman.com. https://blog.gingerbeardman.com/2021/10/31/mouse-controlled-super-mario-kart-clone-for-classic-macintosh/.
* ↑ "えもらのカート (Emora Kart)". June 1994. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
# Japanese Law and Government
## Contents

* Government
* Local Government
* Constitutional Law
* Civil Law
** Obligation Law
** Property Law
** Family Law
* Commercial Law
* Criminal Law
* Immigration Law

## Further reading

The following texts have been consulted in preparation of this Wikibook.
* Kenneth Port, Comparative Law: Law and the Legal Process in Japan (2d ed., 2003)
* J. Mark Ramseyer and Minoru Nakazato, Japanese Law: An Economic Approach (Chicago, 1999)
# Japanese Law and Government/Criminal Law

Japan has a supreme court too but, 3 lower courts.
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 4/MCS-044 Mini Project

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 4/MCSL-045 Lab (UNIX & Oracle)

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 4/MCSL-045 Lab (UNIX & Oracle)/December 2010

Write a trigger that fires before any row is inserted or deleted from EMPLOYEE table in.
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 5/MCSE-003 Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Management

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 5/MCS-051 Advanced Internet Technologies

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 5/MCSE-004 Numerical and Statistical Computing/December 2009

if 0.333 is the approximate value of 1/3,find absolute, relative and percentage error.
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 4/MCS-043 Advanced Database Management Systems

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 5

MCS-051 Advanced Internet Technologies MCS-052 Principles of Management and Information Systems MCS-053 Computer Graphics and Multimedia MCSL-054 Lab (based on MCS-051 & 053) Elective Courses
MCSE-003 Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Management
MCSE-004 Numerical and Statistical Computing MCSE-011 Parallel Computing
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 5/MCS-053 Computer Graphics and Multimedia

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
# IGNOU Question Paper Solutions/MCA/Semester 5/MCSE-004 Numerical and Statistical Computing

* june 2006
* December 2006
* june 2007
* December 2007
* june 2008
* December 2008
* june 2009
* December 2009
* june 2010
* December 2010
* june 2011
* December 2011
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 4

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write タ、チ、ツ、テ、ト. Adding two small lines called 濁(だく)点(てん) dakuten, but commonly known simply as 点々(てんてん) tenten, meaning "two marks", causes clear sounds to change to their voiced sound. Thus, adding the 点々(てんてん) tenten marks to タ、チ、ツ、テ、ト will produce ダ、ヂ、ヅ、デ、ド.
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | ta | da |
| Mnemonic: | Tart, with a bite taken, and icing. Ta-da! A magic trick where the magician pulls something out of his jacket. | |
| Example: | タイ (tai) Thailand タクシー (takushii) taxi タイトル (taitoru) title | ダイアモンド (daiamondo) diamond ダイアル (daiaru) dial ダイビング (daibingu) diving |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | chi (help·info) | di |
| Mnemonic: | Chili noodles. Need a spoon, chopsticks, and drink for this spicy one. Hey look! Somebody invented cheese on a stick! | |
| Example: | チリ (chiri) Chile チーズ (chiizu) cheese チェス (chiesu) chess | ヒンヂ (hindi) hinge Few words contain ヂ and none start with it.　ジ is used instead most of the time. ドッヂボール (doddibooru) dodgeball |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | tsu (help·info) | dzu |
| Mnemonic: | The grinning face of Sue (tsu), upright and not confused now that you remember her name. A wave, with a mark to indicate the strength. ノ = no wave. ソ = soft wave. ツ = tsunami | |
| Example: | ツバル (tsubura) Tuvalu ツーリスト (tsuurisuto) tourist ツイン (tsuin) twin | Few words contain the mora ヅ. |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | te | de |
| Mnemonic: | Thé, with teabag and cup handle. Someone started writing an E, then they changed their mind and wrote a T. A telescope | |
| Example: | テニス (tenisu) tennis テレビ (terebi) television テスト (tesuto) test | デンマーク (denmaaku) Denmark デバッグ (debaggu) debug デビル (debiru) devil |
| Brush Stroke: | | |
| Sound: | to | do |
| Mnemonic: | You stubbed your toe on the letter T and knocked it on its side. | |
| Example: | トイレ (toire) toilet トースト (toosuto) toast トマト (tomato) tomato | ドイツ (doitsu) Germany ドア (doa) door (western style) ドイリー (doirii) doily |
# Japanese/Kana chart

ひらがな - Romaji - カタカナ :
| Base Kana (clear sounds) | Base Kana (clear sounds) | Base Kana (clear sounds) | Base Kana (clear sounds) | Base Kana (clear sounds) | Compound sounds | Compound sounds | Compound sounds |
| あ a ア | い i イ | う u ウ | え e エ | お o オ | (ゃ ya ャ) | (ゅ yu ュ) | (ょ yo ョ) |
| か ka カ | き ki キ | く ku ク | け ke ケ | こ ko コ | きゃ kya キャ | きゅ kyu キュ | きょ kyo キョ |
| さ sa サ | し shi シ | す su ス | せ se セ | そ so ソ | しゃ sha シャ | しゅ shu シュ | しょ sho ショ |
| た ta タ | ち chi チ | つ tsu ツ | て te テ | と to ト | ちゃ cha チャ | ちゅ chu チュ | ちょ cho チョ |
| な na ナ | に ni ニ | ぬ nu ヌ | ね ne ネ | の no ノ | にゃ nya ニャ | にゅ nyu ニュ | にょ nyo ニョ |
| は ha ハ | ひ hi ヒ | ふ fu フ | へ he ヘ | ほ ho ホ | ひゃ hya ヒャ | ひゅ hyu ヒュ | ひょ hyo ヒョ |
| ま ma マ | み mi ミ | む mu ム | め me メ | も mo モ | みゃ mya ミャ | みゅ myu ミュ | みょ myo ミョ |
| や ya ヤ | | ゆ yu ユ | | よ yo ヨ | | | |
| ら ra ラ | り ri リ | る ru ル | れ re レ | ろ ro ロ | りゃ rya リャ | りゅ ryu リュ | りょ ryo リョ |
| わ wa ワ | ゐ wi ヰ | | ゑ we ヱ | を wo ヲ | | | |
| ん n ン | | | | | | | |
| Voiced consonants (turbid sounds) | Voiced consonants (turbid sounds) | Voiced consonants (turbid sounds) | Voiced consonants (turbid sounds) | Voiced consonants (turbid sounds) | Turbid compound sounds | Turbid compound sounds | Turbid compound sounds |
| が ga ガ | ぎ gi ギ | ぐ gu グ | げ ge ゲ | ご go ゴ | ぎゃ gya ギャ | ぎゅ gyu ギュ | ぎょ gyo ギョ |
| ざ za ザ | じ ji ジ | ず zu ズ | ぜ ze ゼ | ぞ zo ゾ | じゃ ja ジャ | じゅ ju ジュ | じょ jo ジョ |
| だ da ダ | ぢ ji ヂ | づ zu ヅ | で de デ | ど do ド | ぢゃ ja ヂャ | ぢゅ ju ヂュ | ぢょ jo ヂョ |
| ば ba バ | び bi ビ | ぶ bu ブ | べ be ベ | ぼ bo ボ | びゃ bya ビャ | びゅ byu ビュ | びょ byo ビョ |
| Stop consonants (half turbid sounds) | Stop consonants (half turbid sounds) | Stop consonants (half turbid sounds) | Stop consonants (half turbid sounds) | Stop consonants (half turbid sounds) | Half turbid compound sounds | Half turbid compound sounds | Half turbid compound sounds |
| ぱ pa パ | ぴ pi ピ | ぷ pu プ | ぺ pe ペ | ぽ po ポ | ぴゃ pya ピャ | ぴゅ pyu ピュ | ぴょ pyo ピョ |
Miscellanea :
| っ ッ | Double consonant (e.g. さっか sakka) | ー | Prolonged sound (e.g. ミー mi-) |
The grayed kana are no longer applicable in standard Japanese, but still may be encountered within certain contexts, for example older names and works of fiction.

## External Links

* Kana Copybook (PDF) — Memorize the Kana through handwriting.
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 6

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
This page introduces "ハ", "ヒ", "フ", "ヘ" and "ホ". Adding two short lines, the dakuten (濁(だく)点(てん)) or, more informally, tenten (点々(てんてん)) meaning "two marks", to create "バ", "ビ", ""ブ", "ベ" and "ボ" changes clear sounds to voiced ones. Adding a small circle called a 半(>はん)濁(だく)点(てん) handakuten, but commonly referred to as maru (丸(まる)) meaning "circle", written "パ", "ピ", "プ", "ペ" and "ポ" changes clear sounds plosive sound.
| Brush Stroke: | | | |
| Sound: | ha | ba | pa |
| Mnemonic: | | | A step in French is called a pas! Just take a few steps under the moon! |
| Example: | ハンガリー (hanngali-) Hungary ハンバーガー (hannba-ga-) hamburger | バナナ banana | パーティー Party |
| Brush Stroke: | | | |
| Sound: | hi (help·info) | bi | pi |
| Mnemonic: | Heel - The heel of a shoe | | |
| Example: | ヒーター Heater | ビタミン vitamin | ピレネー Pyrenees ピザ pizza |
| Brush Stroke: | | | |
| Sound: | fu (help·info) | bu | pu |
| Mnemonic: | Food - It's half a bowl of food. Fruit Salad. No handles, spoons, chopsticks, noodles, or cats, just use your hands. | | |
| Example: | フランス (furansu) France ファン (fan) fan | ブドウ (budo-) grape | プレゼント (purezento) Present, Gift |
| Brush Stroke: | | | |
| Sound: | he | be | pe |
| Mnemonic: | Hehe - It's the same funny (Hehe) mustache from Hiragana! Pointing towards Heaven | | |
| Example: | ヘルシー Healthy | ベルギー Belgium | ペット pet ペン pen |
| Brush Stroke: | | | |
| Sound: | ho | bo | po |
| Mnemonic: | Hot - It is very hot, and you are standing with your arms outstretched at your sides and sweat is pouring from your armpits. Holy - Someone holding a span holy cross with both hands. | | |
| Example: | ホテル (hoteru) hotel | ボトル Bottle | ポルトガル Portugal ポンプ pump |
# Japanese/Kana/Lessons/Katakana/Lesson 11

Hiragana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ゐ and ゑ (ancient hiragana in disuse) ] Katakana: [ a ] [ ka ] [ sa ] [ ta ] [ na ] [ ha ] [ ma ] [ ya ] [ ra ] [ wa, wo, n ] [ ヰ and ヱ (ancient katakana in disuse) ]
In this lesson you are going to learn how to read and write ヰ and ヱ. These characters are not in modern Japanese but because they were legitimate characters before, one sees them in old Japanese text.
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | It is pronounced the same as "イ", but in ancient times there was a clear difference. Scholars guess that the sound was something like "ウィ". |
| Mnemonic: | |
| Example: | Not normally seen in modern Japanese. Occasionally, ウイスキー (whiskey) is written as ウヰスキー. |
| Brush Stroke: | |
| Sound: | It is pronounced the same as "エ", but in ancient times there was a clear difference. Scholars guess that the sound was something like "ウェ". |
| Mnemonic: | |
| Example: | ヱビス - Ebisu, one of the seven lucky gods. |