OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radium SmartChain/upgrade to 1.4.0.2
## Radium Wallet upgrade

The Radium wallet has been updated to 1.4.0.2, and users are REQUIRED to upgrade. Version 1.4.0.1 and onward contains many code upgrades, some of which require a hard fork to implement. The hard fork will take place on 4/28/2016, when the new code will become active. Wallets that have not upgraded will no longer work correctly after that time. Users who have not upgraded by 4/28/16 risk losing their coins if they continue to use the old wallet after that date.

## What is a hard fork?

A hard fork is a planned network event where all the wallets agree at the same time to start using some new code or new rules. In our case, when the hard fork occurs, all the wallet will agree to use the POS v3 code. Wallets that are not upgraded will no longer function correctly.

## Do I really NEED to upgrade?

Wallet versions that MUST upgrade:
* 1.3.0.1
* 1.2.0.1
Wallet versions that MAY upgrade:
* 1.4.0.0

## Which is the correct protocol version?

Go by the wallet versions. Best bet, upgrade to 1.4.0.2.

## How To Upgrade

Step 1 : Backup your wallet.dat in a safe place.
Step 2: IF you are using 1.3.x.x or 1.2.x.x. then you MUST remove the old blockchain database by removing the 'txleveldb' folder.
Step 3: Start the new wallet. Because we had to remove the old blockchain database, the wallet will need to resync. Once the wallet has finished syncing, the upgrade is complete!

## How To Remove Old Blockchain Database
### Windows

Delete the 'txleveldb' folder from the Radium data folder. If you did not specify a custom data directory, this folder is located in your %appdata%/Radium directory, in the same place as your wallet.dat.
cd %appdata%/radium
rmdir txleveldb /s /Q

### Linux

Delete the 'txleveldb' folder from the Radium data folder. Linux users should find the 'txleveldb' folder in ~/.Radium, the same place as the wallet.dat

### How To Upgrade (Mac)

Coming soon!

## I am getting: EXCEPTION: NStBios_base7failureE type error!

This is because your old blockchain was not removed. One of the upgrades in Radium 1.4.0.2 is a new database structure, that is both faster and more efficient. As a side effect of this change the wallet can not use or read the old blockchain database created by the older wallet. This error occurs when the new wallet tries to read a blockchain database created by the older wallet. It is easily corrected by following the upgrade steps below.
# Modern Physics/The Doppler Effect

Special Relativity 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6
The Doppler Effect
You have probably heard how the pitch of a train horn changes as it passes you. When the train is approaching, the pitch or frequency is higher than when it is moving away from you. This is called the Doppler effect. A similar, but distinct effect occurs if you are moving past a source of sound. If a stationary whistle is blowing, the pitch perceived from a moving car is higher while moving toward the source than when moving away. The first case thus has a moving source, while the second case has a moving observer.
In this section we will compute the Doppler effect as it applies to light moving through a vacuum. The figure below shows the geometry for computing the time between wave fronts of light for a stationary and a moving reference frame.
Since the world lines of the wave fronts have a slope of unity, the sides of the shaded triangle both have the same value, C. If the observer is moving at speed U , the slope of the observer's world line is c/U, i.e
    ${\frac {c}{U}}={\frac {cT+X}{X}}$
Solving this for X and substituting in give cT′=cT+X gives
    $T'={\frac {T}{1-{\frac {U}{c}}}}\quad (1)$
In classical physics T′ and τ are the same so this formula, as it stands, leads directly to the classical Doppler shift for a moving observer.
However, in relativity T′ and τ are different. We can use the Lorentz transformation to correct for this.
The second wavefront passes the moving observer at (UT′,cT′) in the stationary observers frame, but at (0,cτ) in its own frame. The Lorentz transform tells us that.
    $c\tau =\gamma \left(cT'-{\frac {U}{c}}UT'\right)=cT'\gamma \left(1-{\frac {U^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)=cT'/\gamma$
Substituting in equation (1) gives
    ${\begin{matrix}\tau &=&T{\frac {\sqrt {1-U^{2}/c^{2}}}{1-U/c}}\\&=&T{\sqrt {\frac {(1-U/c)(1+U/c)}{(1-U/c)^{2}}}}\\&=&T{\sqrt {\frac {c+U}{c-U}}}\end{matrix}}$
From this we infer the relativistic Doppler shift formula for light in a vacuum:
    $\omega ^{\prime }=\omega {\sqrt {\frac {c-U}{c+U}}}$
since frequency is inversely proportional to time.
We could go on to determine the Doppler shift resulting from a moving source. However, by the principle of relativity, the laws of physics should be the same in the reference frame in which the observer is stationary and the source is moving. Furthermore, the speed of light is still c in that frame. Therefore, the problem of a stationary observer and a moving source is conceptually the same as the problem of a moving observer and a stationary source when the wave is moving at speed c.
This is unlike the case for, say, sound waves, where the stationary observer and the stationary source yield different formulas for the Doppler shift.

## External Links

* The Relativistic Doppler Effect and its Measurement
# Modern Physics/Use of Conservation Laws

(1) kepler's first law state that the planets describe eclipse of the sun as one focus. (2) kepler's second law states that the line joining the sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time. (3) kepler's third law states that the square s of the periods of revolution of the planets are proportional to the cube of their mean distances from the sun.
# Modular Arithmetic

* Do add new material and examples and make corrections. It all helps.
* Have a look at About this Book, and even modify that, so we have a planned structure and so that it's easier for people to know where to add new content.
All help is welcome.

## Modular Arithmetic
### Part 1

* What is a Modulus?
* Modular Arithmetic
* The Pigeonhole Principle
* Problem Solving with Modular Arithmetic
* Fermat's Little Theorem
* Euler's Theorem
* Lagrange's Theorem
* Wilson's Theorem
* Chinese Remainder Theorem
* Wolstenholme's Theorem
* Problem Solving 1

### Part 2

* Sophie Germain's Theorem
* Quadratic Residues
* Primitive Roots Modulo p
* Legendre's Symbol
* Quadratic Reciprocity
* Problem Solving 2

### For Enthusiasts

* Fast Matrix Multiply
* Minkowski's Convex Body Theorem

## Teacher's Notes

* About this Book
* Common Student Errors

## Credits

* Thanks to High School Mathematics Extensions/Further Modular Arithmetic from which much of this material was adapted.
* Thanks to Wikipedia for original version of content on Quadratic reciprocity.
# Modern Physics/Waves in Spacetime

Special Relativity 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6

## Applications of Special Relativity

In this chapter we continue the study of special relativity by applying the ideas developed in the previous chapter to the study of waves.
First, we shall show how to describe waves in the context of spacetime. We then see how waves which have no preferred reference frame (such as that of a medium supporting them) are constrained by special relativity to have a dispersion relation of a particular form. This dispersion relation turns out to be that of the relativistic matter waves of quantum mechanics.
Second, we shall investigate the Doppler shift phenomenon, in which the frequency of a wave takes on different values in different coordinate systems.
Third, we shall show how to add velocities in a relativistically consistent manner. This will also prove useful when we come to discuss particle behaviour in special relativity.
A new mathematical idea will be presented in the context of relativistic waves, namely the spacetime vector or four-vector. Writing the laws of physics totally in terms of relativistic scalars and four-vectors ensures that they will be valid in all inertial reference frames.

### Waves in Spacetime

Waves in Spacetime
We now look at the characteristics of waves in spacetime. Recall that a wave in one space dimension can be represented by
$A(x,t)=A_{0}\sin(kx-\omega t)\,$
where $A_{0}$ is the (constant) amplitude of the wave, $k$ is the wavenumber, and $\omega$ is the angular frequency, and that the quantity $\phi =kx-\omega t$ is called the phase of the wave. For a wave in three space dimensions, the wave is represented in a similar way,
$A(\mathbf {x} ,t)=A_{0}\sin(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {x} -\omega t)$
where $\mathbf {x}$ is now the position vector and $\mathbf {k}$ is the wave vector. The magnitude of the wave vector, $|\mathbf {k} |=k$ is just the wavenumber of the wave and the direction of this vector indicates the direction the wave is moving. The phase of the wave in this case is $\phi =\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {x} -\omega t$.
$\omega /ck$
$ck/\omega$
In the one-dimensional case $\phi =kx-\omega t$. A wave front has constant phase $\phi$, so solving this equation for $t$ and multiplying by $c$, the speed of light in a vacuum, gives us an equation for the world line of a wave front:
$ct={\frac {ckx}{\omega }}-{\frac {c\phi }{\omega }}={\frac {ck}{u_{p}}}-{\frac {c\phi }{\omega }}\quad {\mbox{(wave front).}}$
The slope of the world line in a spacetime diagram is the coefficient of $x$, or $c/u_{p}$, where $u_{p}=\omega /k$ is the phase speed.
# Modular Arithmetic/Lagrange's Theorem

If $p$ is a prime number, $x\in \mathbb {Z} /p\mathbb {Z}$, and $f(x)\in {\mathbb {Z} [x]}$ is a polynomial with integer coefficients, then either:
Every coefficient of $f(x)$ is divisible by $p$,
or
$f(x)\equiv 0{\pmod {p}}$ has at most $\deg f(x)$ solutions.
Where $\deg f(x)$ is the degree of $f(x)$. If the modulus is not prime, then it is possible for there to be more than $\deg f(x)$ solutions.
(WIP)
# Modular Arithmetic/Euler's Theorem

If $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are positive coprime integers, then,
    $\alpha ^{\phi (\beta )}\equiv 1{\pmod {\beta }}$
Where $\phi$ denotes Euler's totient function. Here, $\phi (\beta )$ gives the number of positive integers up to $\beta$ that are relatively prime to $\beta$.
(WIP)
# Rhetoric and Writing in the Public Sphere: An Introduction
## Overview

This wikibook was created as part of a course on Writing in the Public Sphere at James Madison University. It represents the focus and content of the course at this point. Future students of this course are invited to revise, rewrite, elaborate, and otherwise improve this text. Of course this invitation also extends beyond the community of the course or the university to anyone with interesting thoughts on the matter. Wikibooks are, after all, an important forum in the public sphere.

## Table of contents

* Introduction: The Idea Behind this Book
* Chapter 1: The Evolution of the Public Sphere
* Chapter 2: The Role of Print Journalism in the Evolution of the Public Sphere
* Chapter 3: The Media and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 4: Transparency and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 5: Technology and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 6: Music and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 7: Celebrities and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 8: Higher Education and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 9: Sports in the Public Sphere
* Chapter 10: Politics and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 11: Film and the Public Sphere
* Chapter 12: Identity and the Public Sphere
# Rhetoric and Composition/Writing for the Web
## Writing for the Web

With the advent of the Internet, and the various new modes in which people can now communicate, more recent and perhaps even revolutionary forms of writing have emerged. This section of the Rhetoric and Composition Wikibook will try to address the modes and concerns that are most effective and efficient for writing that will be on the Web.
# PHP Programming/Neo4j

Neo4j is a NO-SQL graph database. It uses a querying language called cypher to query the database. The data are generally organized as nodes, vertex and relation between them. This organization helps in building recommendation easy with neo4j. If you are using frame works like Laravel or Symfony appropriate drivers can be used. else if you are building without frameworks proceed as follows to connect to neo4j by using the following methods.
* Neo4jPHP
* NeoClient
* Neo4j-OGM-PHP
* neo4j-pdo
* PHP Cypher
# PHP Programming/Overriding and Overloading
## Overloading

Overloading in PHP provides means to dynamically "create" properties and methods. These dynamic entities are processed via magic methods one can establish in a class for various action types. In other terms creating properties/methods at run-time is called property overloading/method overloading.

### Property overloading

In PHP, property overloading can be done by magic methods like __set, __unset, __isset, __get method. Overloading can be done by magic methods like __call and __call_static. PHP's interpretation of "overloading" is different than most object oriented languages. Overloading traditionally provides the ability to have multiple methods with the same name but different quantities and types of arguments.
| Scope | Return Type | Method | Params | Syntax | Extra Note |
| public | void | __set | string $name , mixed $value | public void __set ( string $name , mixed $value ) | run when writing data to inaccessible properties. |
| public | mixed | __get | string $name | public mixed __get ( string $name ) | utilized for reading data from inaccessible properties |
| public | bool | __isset | string $name | public bool __isset ( string $name ) | triggered by calling isset or empty on inaccessible properties |
| public | void | __unset | string $name | public void __unset ( string $name ) | invoked when unset is used on inaccessible properties. |

### Method overloading

When we try to call a method that doesn't exist in PHP, __call is called and that way we achieve Method Overloading.
| Syntax | Description |
| public mixed __call ( string $name , array $arguments ) | __call is triggered when invoking inaccessible methods in an object context. |
| public static mixed __callStatic ( string $name , array $arguments ) | __callStatic is triggered when invoking inaccessible methods in a static context. |

## Overriding

In OOPs meaning of overriding is to replace parent class method in child class. Or in simple technical word method overriding mean changing behavior of the method. In OOP overriding is process by which you can re-declare your parent class method in child class. So basic meaning of overriding in OOP is to change behavior of your parent class method.
Normally method overriding required when your parent class have some method, but in your child class you want the same method with different behavior. By overriding of method you can completely change its behavior from parent class. To implement method overriding in OOP we commonly create same method in child class.
# PHP Programming/Introduction

PHP is a scripting language designed to fill the gap between SSI (Server Side Includes) and Perl, intended for the Web environment. Its principal application is the implementation of Web pages having dynamic content. PHP has gained quite a following in recent times, and it is one of the frontrunners in the Open Source software movement. Its popularity derives from its C-like syntax, and its simplicity. The newest version of PHP is 7.0 and it is heavily recommended to always use the newest version for better security, performance and of course features.
If you've been to a website that prompts you to login, you've probably encountered a server-side scripting language. Due to its market saturation, this means you've probably come across PHP. PHP is even used to run sites such as Wikibooks. PHP was designed by Rasmus Lerdorf to display his resume online and to collect data from his visitors.
Basically, PHP allows a static webpage to become dynamic. "PHP" is an acronym that stands for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor". The word "Preprocessor" means that PHP makes changes before the HTML page is created. This enables developers to create powerful applications that can publish a blog, remotely control hardware, or run a powerful website such as Facebook or Wikipedia. Of course, to accomplish something such as this, you need a database application such as MySQL.
Before you embark on the wonderful journey of Server Side Processing, it is recommended that you have a basic understanding of the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). But PHP can also be used to build GUI-driven applications for example by using PHP-GTK.
# PHP Programming/Mailing

The mail function is used to send E-mail Messages through the SMTP server specified in the php.ini Configuration file.
The returned boolean will show whether the E-mail has been sent successfully or not.
This example will send message "message" with the subject "subject" to email address "example@domain.tld". Also, the receiver will see that the eMail was sent from "Example2 <example2@domain.tld>" and the receiver should reply to "Example3 <example3@domain.tld>"
There is no requirement to write E-mail addresses in format "Name <email>", you can just write "email".
This will send the same message as the first example but includes From: and Reply-To: headers in the message. This is required if you want the person you sent the E-mail to be able to reply to you. Also, some E-mail providers will assume mail is spam if certain headers are missing so unless you include the correct headers your mail will end up in the junk mail folder.

## Important notes

* PHP by default does not have any mail sending ability itself. It needs to pass the mail to a local mail transfer agent, such as sendmail. This means you cannot just run PHP by itself and expect it to send mail; you must have a mail transfer agent installed.
* Make sure you do not have any newline characters in the to or subject, or the mail may not be sent properly.
* However, the additional headers field -- which should always include the From: header -- may also include other headers. On PHP for Windows, each header should be followed by \r\n but on Unix versions, you should only include \n between header lines. Don't put \n or \r\n after the final additional header line.
* The to parameter should not be an address in the form of "Name <someone@example.com>". The mail command may not parse this properly while talking with the MTA (Particularly under Windows).

## Error Detection

Especially when sending multiple emails, such as for a newsletter script, error detection is important.
Use this script to send mail while warning for errors:

## Sending To Multiple Addresses Using Arrays

In the case below the script has already got a list of emails, we simply use the same procedure for using a loop in PHP with mysql results. The script below will attempt to send an email to every single email address in the array until it runs out.
Then if we integrate the error checking into the multiple email script we get the following

## For More Information

* PHP Manual: Mail Functions
# PHP Programming/PHP CLI

Contrary to popular belief, PHP is not just a web server language. PHP can also be used to create regular programs. PHP can be used to create GUI applications, shell scripts, and even daemons, among other things.
The boon is that all (or most) of the usual PHP libraries are available to your PHP CLI program too. MySQL, XML, etc. It's all (or mostly) still available.

## Example PHP-CLI Program

Below is an example PHP-CLI program:
<?php print('Hello World');  ?>
If we saved this as "helloworld.php", then we'd run this PHP CLI program via the command:
This would produce the output:

## Difference Between PHP and PHP CLI

There are some important differences between server-side PHP and PHP CLI. Here's a list of them:
* There is no $_GET super global array.
* There is no $_POST super global array.
* There is no $_COOKIE super global array.
* When you do a print, the output goes to the standard output and not a web browser.
* You can get command line arguments via the $argv variable.
* You can get the number of command line arguments via the $argc variable.

## Using argv and argc

Like many programs, it is necessary to access the command line variable used to invoke the program. To do this in PHP we have two variables:
With register_globals = on; in the php.ini file one can use:
* $argv
* $argc
With register_globals = off; in the php.ini file one can use:
* $_SERVER['argv']
* $_SERVER['argc']
(For those know Bash, C or C++ program languages. they'll find these pair of variables to be very familiar)
Below is an program that makes use of the $argc and $argv variables:
If we save this PHP program as "test1.php", and ran it with:
Then we'd get:
(Note that like in Bash, C and C++ programs, the first element of $argv is the name of the program.)
# PHP Programming/OOP5/Input validation

This is an example using the power of OOP with PHP5. This example can be used to validate different user inputs. This was moved by Wykis from Kgrsajid's example on Programming:PHP.
# PHP Programming/PHP-GTK

Back to PHP
As you should have already learned in previous sections of this book. PHP is more than just a web server language. It can be used to create GUI applications, shell like scripts, and even daemons, among other things. This chapter focuses on using PHP to create GUI applications using PHP-GTK.

## What is PHP-GTK

PHP-GTK is a GTK+ and GNOME language binding for PHP. That's just a fancy way of saying that PHP-GTK makes it so that GNOME and GTK+ programs can be written using PHP.
You have to have PHP-CLI and GTK installed on your box.
For questions, search or browse this PHP GTK Forum hosted by Nabble.

## Example PHP-GTK Program

Below is a very simple PHP-GTK program. It just creates a window that doesn't do anything. In fact, as you'll find out if you run it, this window won't even close if you try to close it using the normal means.
This is a little more complex than your usual Hello World program. But we'll go through it step by step.
The first line:
creates a new GTK+ window. One thing to note about GTK+ and GNOME programming is that when you create a window it does not automatically get displayed. (That's what the next line does.)
The next line:
displays the newly created window.
The last line:
is where all the magic happens with GTK+. For now, just take my word for it that you need to call this to make you GTK+ program run.

## External Links

* PHP GTK Forum lots of GTK related topics
Authors Note: This chapter is still un-done. More will be coming later.
# Pinyin/Central

See also
# Pinyin/Cause of death

Search Pinyin death
# Pinyin/Center

A center is a place where a particular activity is carried on.
zhongxin shih jihnxirng tehdihng huordohng d dihfang.
# Pinyin/Cell (biology)

Search Pinyin cell
Search Pinyin biology
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.
Xìbāo shì suǒyǒu yǐzhī shēngwù d jīběn jiégòu, gōngnéng, hé shēngwù dānwèi. Xìbāo shì shēngmìng d zuìxiǎo dānwèi, néng dúlì fùzhì, yě chēngwéi “shēngmìng d gòujiàn”. Xìbāo d yánjiū jiàozuò xìbāo shēngwùxué.
# Pinyin/Catholic nun

See also
# Pinyin/Rock Sugar

Search Pinyin sugar
# Pinyin/Romanization

Romanization, also called Latinization, is the process using Roman alphabet to write a language which is not written originally using Roman alphabet. Such as the Romanized Chinese, that is Hanyu Pinyin.
Romahuà, yě jiàozuò Latinhuà, jiùshì yòng Roma Zìmǔ shūxiě yuánběn bùshì yòng Roma Zìmǔ shūxiě de wénzì. Lìrú Romahuà Zhōngwén, yějiùshì Hànyǔ Pīnyīn.
# Pinyin/River

Search
A river is a natural flow of water that continues in a long line across land to the sea/ocean.
herliur shih corng luhdih liurxiahng haaiyarng liarnxuh charng d tianrarn shuiiliur.