OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Quick-Quotes Quill
## Overview

A Quick-Quotes Quill is a quill that automatically transcribes what is spoken in its presence.

## Extended Description

We first see this when it is produced by Rita Skeeter, when she is interviewing Harry, immediately before the Weighing of the Wands ceremony. Rita's Quill is an acid-green, and she seems to like the flavour of it, as she sucks on the end of it briefly before setting it on the parchment.
We also find that it does not actually record accurately what is being said. This particular Quill seems to generate text that only vaguely resembles what is spoken, slanting it to make it sensational.

## Analysis

It is certain that this particular quill and Rita are very attuned, as the Quill seems to produce the sort of story, on its own, that Rita is famous for. One must wonder if the Quill can be tuned, however, as the story that Rita produces with, apparently, the exact same Quill in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix seems to be written straight, when we see it published in The Quibbler

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Ramora
## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Quietus
## Overview

The Quietus charm is cast by a wizard, usually upon himself, to restore his voice to its normal volume after the use of the Sonorus charm.

## Extended Description

The Quietus charm is first seen used by Ludo Bagman when he is called upon to commentate the Quidditch World Cup; when the game is finished, Ludo ends his earlier Sonorus charm by invoking Quietus.
Ludo uses this spell again after commentating the events in the Triwizard Tournament.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Quintaped
## Overview

No one knows anything very much about the Quintaped, which is apparently mythological. Quintapeds inhabit the island of Drear, which, of course, is unplottable.

## Extended Description

The story of the Quintapeds appears in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. "Newt Scamander" writes:
    Legend has it that the Isle of Drear was once populated by two wizarding families, the McCliverts and the MacBoons. A drunken wizarding duel between Dugald, chief of the clan McClivert, and Quintius, head of the clan MacBoon, is supposed to have led to the death of Dugald. In retaliation, so the story has it, a gang of McCliverts surrounded the MacBoon dwellings one night and Transfigured each and every MacBoon into a monstrous five legged creature. The McCliverts realized too late that the transfigured MacBoon were infinitely more dangerous in this state (the MacBoons had the reputation for great ineptitude at magic). Moreover, the MacBoons resisted every attempt to change them back into human form. The monsters killed every last one of the McCliverts until no human remained on the island. It was only then that the MacBoon monsters realized that in the absence of anyone to wield a wand, they would be forced to remain as they were for evermore.

## Analysis

Quintapeds do not enter into the principal story at any point; we must assume that their existence is intended as something of an extra-value cautionary tale only. Given the information about the difference between Transfiguration and the Animagus transform, we may wonder how much intelligence the Quintapeds retained from their days as MacBoons.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Pygmy Puff
## Overview

A Pygmy Puff is a miniature Puffskein.

## Extended Description

Pygmy Puffs, as mentioned, are small Puffskeins, so share many of the same attributes, although Pygmy Puffs are either pink or purple, rather than the custard colored fluff of the Puffskein.
We are introduced to Pygmy Puffs in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince when Ginny Weasley buys one from Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. Ginny names her Pygmy Puff "Arnold", and is seen with it a few times in that year.
Despite their small role in the films and books, toy Pygmy Puffs can be purchased from the Warner Brothers online store and the "Wizarding World of Harry Potter" theme park.

## Analysis

According to Fred and George, Pygmy Puffs are very popular among the younger witches.
We cannot speculate on why Ginny chose to name her Pygmy Puff as she did. We will note that the obvious namesake would be the actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and we cannot see any similarity between the actor who portrayed The Terminator and a tiny purple mobile ball of fluff. Arnold is an anagram of Ronald, the full name of Ginny's next-older brother, but we also find it hard to believe Ginny would name a pet after him, even disguised.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Lesson 4.2: First Conjugation Verbs

In this lesson we'll learn about verbs that are classed as the "first conjugation". Verbs in this conjugation can be recognised because their accent falls before the final syllable. In the second conjugation the accent falls on the final syllable. Second conjugation verbs are covered in the next lesson.
The subject pronouns are usually omitted, because the form of the verb indicates the subject. This is common in many languages (Spanish and Italian too). The subject pronoun can be used for emphasis though [citation needed].

## Verb Formation

Γράφω is an example of a verb belonging to the first conjugation. The verb ending changes depending on the number and person the verb refers to. The verb endings are appended to the stem. The present tense endings for first conjugation verbs are shown in the table.
There is no infinitive in modern Greek. For naming a verb, the first-person singular of the present tense is used as a generic term. For example, we refer to the verb γράφω, to write.
To summarize the conjugation of a verb, we write it in a table like this:
Audio recording: Modern_greek_1i.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.

## Common First Conjugation Verbs

The following verbs belong to the first conjugation:
Vocabulary: Audio recording: Modern_greek_1i2.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.
Conjugations of some of these verbs: Audio recording: Modern_greek_1i3.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.

## Exercises

Now try the exercise found here.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
* ↑ You plural is like "you all" or "y'all" in English.
# Lesson 5.3: Question words

In this lesson we'll learn about the question words.

## Question words

The question words are listed in the table.

## Examples

* Ποιοα ειναι αυτός
* Who's this?
* Τι κανείς σήμερα
* How are you doing today?
* Πότε έρχεσαι
* When are you coming?
* Ποιανού ειναι αυτο το μολοβι
* Whose pencil is this?
* Γιατι εφυγες
* Why did you leave?

## Summary

* We have learnt the question words.

## Exercises

Now try the exercises here.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Lesson 3.2: Gender of Nouns

In Lesson 3.1 we saw that in modern Greek there are three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. Every noun has a gender. For some nouns this is obvious (like actor and actress in English), but for some it is less obvious. The endings of nouns often help to identify the gender, though there are many exceptions. Later we will see that adjectives have to agree with the gender of the nouns, as well as some of the question words. For now though, we introduce the definite article for each gender, and some common nouns.

## Masculine nouns

Σκύλος, dog, is a masculine noun. Note the different forms of the definite article.
Audio recording: Modern_greek_2a.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.
NOTE: Previously it was possible to drop the "ν" at the end of τον under certain circumstances. In Modern Greek (as of very recently) this is no longer true, and the masculine definite article should always be τον, though you will find lots of counter-examples still.
The ending -ος is the most common one for masculine nouns, and σκύλος demonstrates their regular pattern. Another noun in -oς is άνθρωπος (e.g. anthropology), human/man
Audio recording: Modern_greek_2b.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.
Although -ος is by far the most common ending for masculine nouns, there are others, including -ας as in πατέρας, father, and -ης, as in ναύτης, sailor..
For example: Ο σκύλος δαγκώνει τον πατέρα. The dog bites the father.

## Feminine nouns

The noun Η ώρα (the hour, the time) is shown below:
Audio recording: Modern_greek_2c.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.
NOTE: With the feminine accusative the final ν of την can be dropped under certain circumstances, but should be retained if the noun starts with a vowel, or κ, π, τ χ, θ, ξ φ, ψ, σ
NOTE: The presence of the additional sigma is because I'm going TO the sea, and σε + accusitive gets abbreviated, this will be explained more fully in TBC and serves only as a common example for now.

## Neuter nouns

Το παιδί (the child) is an example of a neuter noun.
Below is an example of a sentence using the noun.

## Summary Table

A summary table of the definitive article. Note that the "ν" is kept only if the following word starts with κ,π,τ,ψ,ξ or a vowel.

## Summary

* We have seen TBC.

## Exercises

Now try the exercises here.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Modern Greek/Lesson 05.1
## Introducing Yourself

Πώς είναι το όνομά σας - What is your name? (Literally, "How are you named?")
Πώς σε λένε; - What is your name? (Informal)
Πώς σας λένε; - What is your name? (Formal)
Το όνομά μου είναι Μιχάλης - My name is Michael.
Με λένε Μιχάλη - My name is Michael (Literally, "They call me Michael.")

## I'm Greek.

| Αγγλικά | Ελληνικά |
| English | ο Άγγλος, η Αγγλίδα (listen) |
| American | o Αμερικανός, η Αμερικανίδα (listen) |
| French | ο Γάλλος, η Γαλλίδα (listen) |
| German | ο Γερμανός, η Γερμανίδα (listen) |
| Chinese | ο Κινέζος η Κινέζα (listen) |
| Spanish | ο Ισπανός, η Ισπανίδα (listen) |
| Greek | ο Έλληνας, η Ελληνίδα (listen) |
| Turkish | ο Τούρκος, η Τουρκάλα (listen) |
Notes
* Note that every one of these words has ο or η in front of it this tells us that these are nouns. The ο or η also tells us the gender, ο is for masculine and η is for feminine.
* Some of the words introduced in the above table have two forms, one for males and another for females. This roughly corresponds to the actor and actress that is present in English. If the masculine ends in ος the feminine is often formed by adding ίδα after dropping the ος. But this is not always the case if we look at the words for Chinese. It is wrong to use the masculine form to describe yourself if you are female.
Examples
* Είμαι Άγγλος.
* Είσαι Ελληνίδα;
* Είμαι Γερμανίδα.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Lesson 3.3: Summary of Pronouns

Pronouns are used to replace nouns, e.g. John goes becomes He goes.
Pronouns have cases, number and gender just as regular nouns do.
A summary of all the pronouns is given in the table below.
* Though no-one uses this, αυτούς, is used instead.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Lesson 4.4: 1st Conjugation Passive Verbs

Passive verbs are verbs in which the action is done to the subject, rather than in which the subject acts on an object.
NOTE: Many verbs therefore have both active and passive forms
Just as the first-person singular present-tense form, παντρεύω, is used to refer to the active verb in general, so the first-person singular present tense of the passive voice, παντρεύομαι, refers to the passive form in general.
In Greek the passive is used to express reflexive verbs, i.e. the idea of doing something to oneself, or to describe someone's own physical or mental state, or cases where the verb can't take an object (for example I sleep).
In many cases, the passive form has a meaning that can't be guessed simply by taking the same concept and making the subject of the verb the recipient of the action. The following are some passive verbs:

## Endings / Formation

These verbs take the endings: -ομαι, -εσαι, -εται, -όμαστε, -εστε, -ονται.
Using the summary notation introduced in the previous lesson and the example verb έρχομαι - to come:
There are a number of useful verbs that are of this form, given here in the 1st person:

## Summary

* We have TBC

## Exercises

Now try the exercise found here.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Lesson 4.5: Passive Verbs (2nd Conjugation)

This lesson will teach the endings of the 2nd conjugation in the passive voice, namely -άμαι, -άσαι, -άται, -όμαστε, -άστε, -ούνται.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Lesson 4.1: To Be and To Have

Two important verbs are έχω, to have, and είμαι, to be.

## έχω - I have

The first-conjugation verb έχω is regular in the present tense (this is covered in the next lesson).

#### Verb Table

Audio recording: Modern_greek_1j.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.

#### Examples
## είμαι- I am

To be in English is expressed in the active voice, but the Greek είμαι is passive, and doesn't have an active form. The ending -μαι is a typical, regular ending for passive verbs. Although we won't be concerned with passive constructions until later, είμαι is so important that you need to get it under your belt right away.

#### Verb Tables

Audio recording: Modern_greek_1k.ogg (help·info) NOTE: This recording was made by a non-native speaker of Greek. We would be grateful to any native speaker who could redo it.

#### Examples
## Summary

* We have introduced the verb έχω - to have.
* We have introduced the verb είμαι - to be.
* We have learnt these verbs in the present tense.

## Exercises

Now try the exercises here.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Lesson 4.2: Second Conjugation Verbs

Class II verbs have the accent on the final syllable. They are divided into two subcategories, IIA which end in άω or class IIB which end in ώ. First conjugation verbs were covered in the previous lesson.

## Class IIA -άω

These end in άω, though sometimes the α is omitted. In this case the first person singular looks like a class IIB verb. [I'm not sure how you tell it's not in this case, other than learning. Thankfully dropping the α is fairly rare apparently, and every ending except first person singular is different so it should be easy to spot].
The endings for a class IIA verb are -άω, -άς, -άει, -άμε, -άτε, -άν. Using the summary notation introduced in the previous lesson and the example verb μιλάω - to speak:
There are a number of useful verbs that are of this form, given here in the 1st person:

## Class IIB -ώ

Class IIB verbs look a lot like class I verbs, the endings are the same letters in all cases except 2nd person plural, and the accent remains on the final syllable. So the endings are -ώ, -είς, -εί, -ούμε, -είτε, -ούν.
[Class IIB verbs ended with -έω previously, hence they are historically more similar to class IIA even if at first glance they look more like class I. The key is whether the accent is on the stem or the final syllable.]
An example using the summary notation again, μπορώ - to be able (can):

## Summary

* We have TBC

## Exercises

Now try the exercise found here.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Modern Greek/Lesson 05.2
## Lesson 5.2: "Can you repeat that, please?"

When learning a new language, there will inevitably be some times when you don't understand something, possibly the speaker is going too fast, you might need something repeating. Here is a hopefully useful list of phrases to make sure you understand what's going on.
Contents Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Lesson 7 • Lesson 8 • Lesson 9 • Lesson 10 Vocab 1 • Vocab 2 • Vocab 3 • Vocab 4 • Vocab 5 • Vocab 6 • Vocab 7 • Vocab 8 • Vocab 9 Alphabet • Grammar Credits
# Occupational Health/Definitions

* IDLH - Immediately dangerous to life and health. More information on Wikipedia.
* PPE - Personal protective equipment. This includes respiratory protective devices, like respirators.
# Octave Programming Tutorial/Differential equations

With Octave there are two functions available, that can be used for solving differential equations. The implementation is intergated in the core functionality of Octave. The used algorithms are based on Solvers for Ordinary Differential Equations written in Fortran.

## Ordinary Differential Equations

The following function lsode can be used for Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) of the form using Hindmarsh's ODE solver LSODE.
Function: lsode (fcn, x0, t_out, t_crit)
* The first argument is the name of the function to call to compute the vector of right hand sides. It must have the form
    in this context x_dot is the return value of the function $f$ and $x$ is a vector (in the example below it has 2 components) and $t$ is a scalar. The solver lsode gets a vector of scalars as input.
* The second argument x0 defines the initial condition.
* By the third argument the output times t_out are defined by a vector. At these points in time the solution is requested for calculation. Points in time include as first element the corresponding time for the initial state.
* The last argument is optional parameter, that may be used to determine a set of points in times that the ODE solver should not integrate for. Especially when the solution contain singularities, these parameter might be used for successful run of the solver. Other use-case might be a discontinuity of the derivative.

### Example

The following example can be used for solving a set of two differential equations using lsode. The function is defined by:
the function f is integrated with the command
The linspace command is producing a set of 200 scalar values stored in the variable t.

### Options for lsode
## Partial Differential Equations

For Partial Differential Equations (PDE) see the following PDE example.
John Weatherwax (2006) provided the octave code defined the derivatives, boundary conditions with m-files:
* DBDU_BNDRY.m,
* DBDUX_BNDRY.m,
* DZDT_BNDRY.m and
* UINIT.m with the initial system for the PDE.
Display the libraries with the links above and adapt the code to your PDE problem.
* pdecol_Script.m call the m-files with the boundary conditions. Defining the files in that way encapsules the definition of functions in separate m-files for the solver script pdecol_Script.m. Apply the script to a new problem requires the adaptation of problem specific m-files above and the solver script remains untouched.

## References

* ↑ Alan C. Hindmarsh (1983), ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman, editor,
* ↑ John Weatherwax (2006) Solving Partial Differential Equations in Octave URL: https://waxworksmath.com/Software/PDECOL/Web/pdecol_example1.html (accessed 2020/07/14)