OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Design Patterns for CS Education/Design Patterns/Active test
## Active test

* Pattern Name
* Active Test
* Problem: Writing large numbers of questions can be difficult for a teacher, and students can be surprised by the type of questions, or what is considered important to know.
* Level (Introduction, Intermediate)
* Semester (any)
* Activity type (quiz)
* Solution: Students are asked to identify and write relevant test questions. Students form groups for this in class activity, and are assigned sections of the book/lessons. Each group creates several test questions. The teacher then selects questions from the bank of student questions to use on the test for all students. Students get extra credit for writing questions, and additional points if their questions are selected for the test.
* Formation (random)
* Size (pairs, small)
* Composition (any)
* Duration (single class, topic based)
* Contribution to grade (small)
* Activity progression ( individual to group, group to class )
* Roles (any)
* Rationale: Asking students to create test questions turns studying for a test into active learning. Students are highly engaged when they know that if they write a test question it could be on the exam.
* Potential Pitfalls: Students do not always come up with good test questions. Students may not know the answers to their own test questions. Many questions will overlap.
# English-Hanzi/Bangladesh

Special:search/Bangladesh prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/South Asia prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/Asia prefix:English-Hanzi/
Bangladesh is a country in the south of Asia. It has a population of 163 million. Its capital is Dhaka.
Bangladesh是一个在亚洲南部的国家。它的人口是1.63亿。它的首都是Dhaka。
# English-Hanzi/Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living beings, and of biological molecules in general. It is important to cell biology and physiology. The study of biochemistry involves enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and lipids. In the body, most of the molecules are polymers built of long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen, oxygen and other atoms added.
生物化学 是 研究 生物体 中 的 化学反应，以及 一般 生物分子 的 化学反应。这 对 细胞生物学 和 生理学 非常 重要。生物化学 研究 涉及 酶，核酸，碳水化合物，糖，蛋白质 和 脂质。在 身体 中，大多数 分子 是 由 碳原子 长链 构成 的 聚合物，其中 加入了 氢，氧 和 其他 原子。
# English-Hanzi/Black tea

Special:search/black tea prefix:English-Hanzi/
Black tea is a fermented tea made from leaves of Camellia sinensis. Often, it is stronger in taste than other varieties of tea, like green tea or wulong. It also has more caffeine. In some parts of the world, like China, it is called red tea, a description of the colour of the liquid. The Western term "black tea" comes from the color of the tea leaf. It has been traded a lot because it could be kept longer. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West.
红茶 是 由 茶树 的 叶子 制成 的 发酵 的 茶。红茶 的 味道 通常 比 其他 品种 的 茶 ——像 绿茶 或者 乌龙茶——要 浓郁 得 多，而且 它 还有 更多 的 咖啡因。在 世界上 的 一些 地方，如 中国，它 被 称之为 红茶，这个 名字 来自 茶汤 的 颜色。而 西方 术语 的 “黑茶” 则 来自 茶叶 的 颜色。由于 红茶 更 耐储存，所以 它的 交易 更 频繁。红茶 通常 是 西方 的 首选。
# English-Hanzi/Bladder

Bladder is an organ in the body that like a bag. It collects urine and then pass out the body.
膀胱是体内的器官，像一个袋子。它收集尿液，然后排出体外。
# English-Hanzi/Blindness

Blindness is the condition that the eyes cannot see.
失明 是 眼睛 看不见 的 状况。
# English-Hanzi/Bile

Bile is a liquid that is produced by the liver. It helps to digest fats.
胆汁是由肝脏产生的液体。它有助于消化脂肪。
# English-Hanzi/Black hole

Black hole is the center of a galaxy where its attractive force is very strong that the light around it is pulled into it. So the central area is dark and called a black hole.
黑洞 是 一个 星系 的 中心，它的 吸力 非常 强大，它 周围 的 光 被 它 吸 进去。所以 中心 地区 是 黑暗 的，因而 叫做 黑洞。
# English-Hanzi/Blood

Blood is the fluid in the blood vessels. It is a combination of red blood cells, white blood cells, blood platelets, and blood plasma.
血液 是 血管 中 的 流体。它 是 由 红血球，白血球，血小板，以及 血浆 组成 的。
# English-Hanzi/Beef

Beef is the meat of a cow. It is used as a food.
牛肉 是 牛 的 肉，它 被 用作 食物。
# English-Hanzi/Black Sea

The Black Sea is a sea in Eurasia between Europe, Caucasus, and Anatolia. Many big rivers connect to the Black Sea, like Don, Danube, and Dnieper rivers.
黑海 是 欧亚大陆 一个 海，在 欧洲，Caucasus 和 Anatolia 之间。许多 大河 流入 黑海，如 Don河，Danube河，和 Dnieper河。
# Epidemiology/Concepts 1/example1
## Case Study: Dozens Sickened by Apparent Food Poisoning

Please read the following report on food poisoning. Take note of any terms or concepts of which you do not yet understand. Then, try to answer the set of questions pertaining to this case report following the report using any pre-existing knowledge. We will discuss what you need to know to answer these questions in following sections.

## Outbreak Summary

At least 70 people attending a national conference in a city in Texas became ill with what appeared to be food poisoning. Three hospitals in the area treated and released 48 attendees who complained of nausea and vomiting; others with similar symptoms were hospitalized overnight. A health official noted that all of the patients had eaten brunch or lunch at the same hotel.
The hotel’s lunch menu included roast chicken, roast beef, and a vegetable pasta dish. Because some of the people who became ill were vegetarian, there was particular interest in determining whether the pasta dish might be contaminated. At the time of the report, health officials were still looking for the source of the outbreak. The hotel was cooperating in the investigation and had voluntarily halted food service for the time being.

## Questions

1.) Explain why you might consider this problem important enough to investigate. Give at least three reasons for investigating.
2.) Briefly describe the initial steps that you would take in investigating this problem. Indicate the type of data needed to accomplish each step and give examples of sources of such data in a community.
3.) Develop and specify probable hypotheses to explain the cause, source, and spread of the outbreak.
4.) Describe approaches to testing alternative hypotheses.
5.) Develop suitable recommendations and interventions for controlling the problem.
# Epistemology
## Table of contents

Introduction - What is epistemology?

### Section 1: The Analysis of Knowledge

* What is analysis?
* Justified true belief
* Gettier cases
* Adding an extra condition
* Reliabilism
* Virtue reliabilism
* Virtue responsibilism
* Maybe knowledge can't be analysed
Section 1: References and further reading

### Section 2: The Sources of Knowledge

* Rationalism vs Empiricism
* Perception
* Intuition and deduction
* Innatism
* Memory and introspection
* Testimony
* Science
Section 2: References and further reading

### Section 3: The Problem of Scepticism

* Agrippa's trilemma
* Foundationalism
* Coherentism
* Other responses (infinitism, positism, foundherentism)
* Radical scepticism (sceptical scenarios and the closure principle)
* Contextualism
* Here is one hand, and here is another
* Even if I'm being deceived I know I'm right (veridicalism)
* Pragmatism

### Section 4: Living in a World of Knowledge

* The epistemology of disagreement
* Epistemic responsibility
* Epistemic injustice
* Feminist epistemology
* Epistemology of the internet
# Epidemiology/History/Introduction
## On the History of Public Health

It should be noted that the discipline of Public Health, or even health in general, has not had one of the most illustrious careers. In fact, out of all the scientific disciplines, it has had one of the most filthy, disgusting, sickening, disturbing, and at times, controversial, histories of all. The history of Public Health is filled with puss-filled black sores, puss-filled red sores, vomit and blood, the dirty and ravaged faces of the poor, of children, of those who simply could not prevent it. There have been churches screaming heresy, and followers screaming for God, and just generally people screaming. It would take a long time before people really realized what might cause disease, what is the nature of disease, and how to prevent it. And it should not be surprising that the most notable of events only happened within the last couple of hundred years.

## A Timeline

On the pages of this book, there shall be a running timeline, to help you keep up with the developments both discussed and not discussed here. It will include important health achievements, developments, et cetera; and it will also include important events outside of the subject of health so as to help you grasp what really affected each event and the era in which it was occurring.
# Nakhmanson Gambit
### 7...Kxf7

The tactical point behind sacrificing the bishop on f7 is that White now has 8. Qd5+, regaining the piece (or one of the pieces, at least).
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Nakhmanson Gambit
### 8. Qd5+

White has played the Nakhmanson Gambit, a hair-raising sacrifice of a whole knight for an assault on the wandering Black king.
Good news for Black players: the Nakhmanson Gambit simply doesn't work. There is a way to emerge from the complications into a peaceful position with at least an extra pawn.
Bad news for Black players: the Nakhmanson Gambit is a nasty surprise if you haven't seen it before, thanks to this position. The natural plan of retreating the king to e8, followed by putting the bishop on e7 to shield the king from checks, is what White wants. It allows White to escape with a draw even if Black finds the best defensive moves.
Black's route to advantage instead begins with the ridiculous 8...Kf6! This just happens to work, though a player searching for some principle behind it might note that the king is temporarily immune from checks on f6, until the e4-knight is captured. This means Black gets a crucial tempo to put a defensive piece on e7 without it immediately getting pinned along the e-file.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Nakhmanson Gambit
### 6... dxc3

This is the starting position of the Nakhmanson Gambit accepted. Black is now up 5 points of material and White must receive some kind of immediate compensation for their knight sacrifice. With their bishop directed right at White's weak f-pawn, they would love to play Qd5, an attack which threatens checkmate while attacking the undefended knight on e4. However, Black has the move 7...Nd6!, fixing both of these problems. Instead White must move their queen with check, leading to the move 7. Bxf7+! first needing to be played.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Scotch Gambit: Max Lange Attack
### 5...Bc5

Develop the bishop to its natural square protecting the d4 pawn The move 6. e5 poses the Max Lange Attack.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the conventions for organization.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    Scotch Gambit: Max Lange Attack
    1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Bc5
* Max Lange Attack - 6. e5
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Scotch Gambit
### 5...Nxe4

Black takes the bait, well aware of the pressure on the e-file that follows. However, due to the knight on f3, it is not possible to immediately attack the knight; White must pin the knight to the king first.
What follows is a very open, sharp, and tactical game, centered on the e4-knight's pin.
The only sensible response is 6. Re1.
Players have also tried sacrificing their knight with 6. Nc3 for a swift attack on the kingside.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
    1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 4.d4 exd4 5. O-O Nxe4
| | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Main Line | Re1 d5 | Bxd5 Qxd5 | Nc3 Qa5 | ∞ |
| Nakhmanson Gambit | Nc3 dxc3 | Bxf7 Kxf7 | Qd5+ Kf6 | ∞ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Nakhmanson Gambit
### 7. Bxf7+

Black is in check and must capture the bishop with 7...Kxf7, which allows White to play 8.Qd5 recovering the piece.
The attempt to evade the fork with 7…Ke7?? doesn't work; White plays 8. Qd5! anyway to defend the bishop, and the threats of Re1 and Bg5 are crushing.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Nakhmanson Gambit, Ke8 Defence
### 8...Ke8

The immediate 9.Qxe4+ would be a blunder allowing the Black queen to start chasing the White one around threatening to trade.
But since the e4-knight has to be captured before it retreats to f6, the only move here is 9. Re1.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Nakhmanson Gambit
### 6. Nc3?!

An unsound but interesting gambit played by White, never seen at a grandmaster level. It can arise from several openings, although most commonly, the Italian Game and Scotch Gambit.
White invites Black to break open the center by capturing the knight with either the pawn or knight. Willing to lose material, a strong initiative is gained as White gets fast development and weakens Black's king. The gambit aims to take full advantage of the opponent's main weakness: the open e-file with Black's uncastled king and knight. If Black decides to accept the gambit with 6...dxc3, it is critical that they know the correct refuting moves.
Black may answer with:
   * 6...dxc3 accepting the gambit. Objectively, the best move to retain Black's advantage.
   * 6...Nxc3 declining the gambit while keeping some advantage.
   * 6...Nd6 declining the gambit.
   * 6...d5 declining the gambit.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Devanagari/Overview
## Overview

Devanagari is an Abugida system, having 12 vowels and 34 consonants.
Being Abugida basically means that when writing a consonant followed by a vowel, instead of writing them as two characters, the vowel is "mixed" into the consonant.
Thus, writing in Devanagari yields a much compressed way of expression, while at the same time it is hard to write due to complex formations ("mixtures"). Well, at first, at least.
Important difference:
       Vowels and consonants in Devanagari can be pronounced in only one way. Thus, a word written in Devanagari cannot have two different ways of pronunciation. For example, in crude terms, "cut" and "put" will use different vowels in Devanagari.

## Examples

       kā = का (as in Cart)
       ki = कि (as in Kill)
       kī = की (as in Key)
       ke = के (as in Kate)
       ko = को (as in Cone)
       ku= कु (as in Could)
       cut = कट
       put = पुट
Don't worry about the symbols right now! Just note one important thing: that a similar symbol (क) is repeated everytime, just with different "attachments". It follows from it that this symbol represents the sound of k. Rest of the attachments represent vowel addition.
The last two symbols are given just for comparison:
* "cut" and "put", in English, have three different characters, while in Devanagari, only two.
* "cut" and "put" not only have different characters, but also different "attachments" (vowels) in them.
* ↑ wikipedia entry for Abugida
# Devanagari/Quick jump

* Introduction
* Lesson 1
* Lesson 2
# Authors

Book developed by Bob Fornal.
* A SPECIAL THANKS
* To all the members of ItalianGenealogy.com
* I couldn't have managed any of this without you ...
# Developing Genealogy Web-Pages/Beyond Site Creation
## Direction

Where do we go from here? We have the basic tools, now how do we use them ... best use, most effective design? These are excellent questions and what we will try to do here is expand on the basic skillset that you currently have and provide some concrete examples that will completement those skills in the development of your Genealogical Web-Site.

## Examining Other Code

Look at the code others use to generate their pages, in particular if you like what you see.
BUT (this is a big one), don't let it throw you off when you come across code that looks daunting (it WILL happen) or complex. Your first thought might be, "I can't do all that."
You might not be able to do it all. That's part of the fun, learning to do it in small steps.
First, remember that HTML, at its core, is easy ... you don't need to be a programmer to be a successful author. The main reason that the code for many pages looks so complex is that it was likely created with a Visual Design Tool (WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get) ... which has a knack for generating things that are very difficult to read; as opposed to being hand-generated (what we are trying to achieve here).
Also keep in mind that apparently large-complex sites and pages were most likely created over time; every web-site is changed and approved, built a piece at a time.

### Viewing the Source Code

Looking at the HTML code that others have created is easier than you think, but remember the prior warning, some of them can look very complex.
While you've got a web-page open, use the <Right-Click> and select View Source (if View Source does not show up on the list, make sure that the mouse is not hovering over an image).
This method allows you to view the source on any web-page ... there will be a FEW sites that will block the <Right-Click> option, but most allow it ...

## Making Sure It Can Be Found

    The most frustrating thing for most genealogists is locating information. Those thousands of searches can be very frustrating. What we want to cover here is how to ensure that the information that you've spent all this time developing can be located when someone is looking for it.
# Developing Genealogy Web-Pages

This book is designed to cover a variety of separate topics that a genealogist should be familiar with as a means to document the stories and store related images about their family tree. This book is not written to show a genealogist how to prepare and present their GEDCOM information, rather to supplement this information in a way that will be valuable to future generations.
    CAUTION Don't let this information scare you away. Some of it looks complicated, but if you stick with it ... You'll find that it is really very easy to manage.
This process will work on non-PC computers. HTML files are specific Internet-based files that the browsers were created to read. The folders, filenames, and image types are all the same from machine to machine.
The only variation here will be what program you use to edit the HTML (.htm or .html) files. On a PC, I use and recommend Notepad which is included with Microsoft Windows.
After saying all this, this book is not designed to teach HTML, but to teach those pieces of Internet-design that will be useful to a genealogist preparing to document their family history on the Internet.

## Topic List

   * Site Hosting Information
   * Site Creation
   * Beyond Site Creation
   * Content Ideas
   * Site Transfer and Storage
   * Common Questions

## Authors

   * Authors
# Color

    When using HTML, there are to basic ways to describe color:
    bgcolor=  color=

## Assigned Colors

    The assigned color scheme is easy to use, but can come up with some interesting colors as you learn to experiment with this technique.
    This technique is based on Red, Green, and Blue as the primary colors. Each of these three colors can range from 0 to 255. These colors are expressed in hexadecimal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) which makes the range 00 to FF.
    Combined, you will see something like this: #RRGGBB, for example #000000 is black and #FFFFFF is white.
    For some examples that might make more sense, go to ... My Color Codes, the menu of colors is on the right side of the screen.

## Named Colors

    The colors assigned utilize two methodologies. This first is a simple naming convention - there are basically 16 colors within this convention:
    Black   Silver   Gray   White   Maroon   Red   Purple   Fuchsia   Green   Lime   Olive   Yellow   Navy   Blue   Teal   Aqua
# Devanagari/Vowels

These are the vowels in Devanagari: अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ॠ ॠ ऌ ॡ ए ऐ ओ औ ॳ अ

## Vowels (स्वर)

In Devanagari, vowels can be classified into five types:
* ह्रस्व or short vowels
** अ
** इ
** उ
** ऋ
** ऌ
* दीर्घ or long vowels.
** आ
** ई
** ऊ
** ॠ
** ॡ
* संयुक्त or conjunct vowels.
** अ + इ = ए
** अ + ई = ऐ
** अ + उ = ओ
** अ + ऊ = औ
* अनुनासिक or nasal vowels
** अं
* विसर्ग
** अः
# Developing Genealogy Web-Pages/Common Questions
## Do I Need To Be Connected

... to the Internet to create HTML Pages?
No, in fact you don't need to be connected to the Internet at all to create web-pages. If the pages are not ready for publication or the site is not ready ... the pages can be stored on your computer, a ZIP drive, a flash drive, wherever.
I have spent months generating entire web-sites offline prior to "publishing" them online.

## Using a Macintosh Computer

If you are using TextEdit on a Macintosh computer, the steps for creating a web-page are a little different than when using Windows Notepad.
From the Format Menu, you must first select Make Plain Text and then change the preferences under the Saving header by unchecking the box for Append '.txt' Extension to Plain Text Files.
Also, the default preferences are set to show .html as they would appear in a browser, which will not allow you to edit them. To fix this, check the Ignore Rich Text Commands in HTML Files under the Rich Text Processing header.
# GarageBand
## Table of Contents
### Introduction

* Introduction to GarageBand
* The Big Picture
* History of GarageBand

### Creating a Project

* Starting a Song
* Saving and File Organization
* Editing Preferences
* Using the Help File
* Exporting a Song
* First Project

### Utilizing GarageBand's Interface

* The Main Window
* The Loop Browser
* The Midi Editor
* Track Information
* The Transport
* Second Project

### Building with Apple Loops

* Searching with the Loop Browser
* Blue Apple Loops vs. Green Apple Loops
* Making a Song with Apple Loops
* Creating Your Own Apple Loops
* Third Project

### Audio Recording

* Getting a Setup
* Types Of Microphones
* Line-in Setup
* Audio Interfaces
* Recording in GarageBand
* Fourth Project

### Plugins and Effects

* What Are Plugins?
* Types of Plugins
* List of the GarageBand Plugins
* Customizing Plugins and Presets
* Plugin Techniques
* Fifth Project

### Midi Sequencing

* Recording Midi
* Editing Notes
* The Score View
* Quantizing
* Sixth Project

### Virtual Instruments

* What Are Virtual Instruments?
* Types of Virtual Instruments
* List of the GarageBand Instruments
* Customizing Plugins and Presets
* Seventh Project
# Gardening

| Horticulture This is a free textbook about the practice of gardening which you can help write! | Manual of Gardening Home Vegetable Gardening These are public-domain books about gardening in the United States in the early 20th-century. |
# GarageBand/Introduction

Creating your own music can be very fun and also very gratifying. But until now, the technology to do so was either too simple or too expensive and complicated. GarageBand is the first music creation program that strikes the perfect balance between the two extremes, and it comes free with every new Mac that Apple ships.
Whether you are an experienced musician who wants to record themselves and digitally add a back-up band, or can't tell a clef from a key and are just trying to have fun, GarageBand will accommodate you, and this book will teach you how to get the most out of it.