OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Robust Controls/H2-Optimal State Feedback Synthesis
## Robust H$_2$-Optimal State Feedback Synthesis

For systems with uncertain state parameters, a robust controller is needed. H$_2$-optimal control is desirable in minimum-energy applications.

## The System

The static formulation of the system is given as follows:
${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)=A(\delta )x(t)+B(\delta )u(t)\\y(t)=C(\delta )x(t)+D(\delta )u(t)\end{aligned}}$
Where $x(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is the state and $u(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ is the input at any $t\in \mathbb {R}$
$A(\delta )$, $B(\delta )$, $C(\delta )$, and $D(\delta )$ are rational matrices with variance $\delta \in \Delta$.

## The Data

The state matrices are defined as:
$A(\delta )=A(\delta )$,
$B(\delta )={\begin{bmatrix}B_{1}(\delta )&B_{2}(\delta )\end{bmatrix}}$
$C(\delta )={\begin{bmatrix}C_{1}(\delta )\\C_{2}(\delta )\end{bmatrix}}$
$D(\delta )={\begin{bmatrix}D_{11}(\delta )&D_{12}(\delta )\\D_{21}(\delta )&D_{22}(\delta )\end{bmatrix}}$

## The LMI:H$_2$-Optimal State Feedback Synthesis

Suppose ${\hat {P}}(s,\delta )=C(\delta )(sI-A(\delta ))^{-}$$^{1}B(\delta )$. Then the following are equivalent:
1. $\left\vert \left\vert S(K(\delta ),P(\delta ))\right\vert \right\vert$$_{H2{\displaystyleH_{2}}}$ $<\gamma$ for all $\delta \in \Delta$.
2. $K(\delta )=Z(\delta )X(\delta )^{-}$$^{1}$ for some $Z(\delta )$ and $X(\delta )$ such that $X(\delta )>0$ for all $\delta \in \Delta$and
${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}A(\delta )&B_{2}(\delta )\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}X(\delta )\\Z(\delta )\end{bmatrix}}+{\begin{bmatrix}X(\delta )&Z(\delta )^{T}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}A(\delta )^{T}\\B(\delta )_{2}^{T}\end{bmatrix}}+B_{1}(\delta )B_{1}(\delta )^{T}<0\end{aligned}}$
${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}X(\delta )&(C_{1}(\delta )X(\delta )+D_{12}(\delta )Z(\delta ))^{T}\\C_{1}(\delta )X(\delta )+D_{12}(\delta )Z(\delta )&W(\delta )\end{bmatrix}}>0\end{aligned}}$
$Trace(W(\delta ))<\gamma ^{2}$
for all $\delta \in \Delta$

## Conclusion:

The method above can be used to find an H$_2$-optimal robust state feedback controller for a system with uncertain parameters.

## Implementation

This implementation requires Yalmip and Sedumi.
H$_2$-Optimal State Feedback Synthesis

## Related LMIs

Full State Feedback Optimal H_inf LMI

## External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
* LMIs in Control Systems: Analysis, Design and Applications - by Guang-Ren Duan and Hai-Hua Yu, CRC Press, Taylor & amp; Francis Group, 2013.

## Return to Main Page:

LMIs in Control: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LMIs_in_Control
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Optimal control systems/Hinf-optimal Dynamic output Feedback control

Discrete-Time H∞-Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback Control
In this section, a Dynamic Output feedback controller is designed for a Continuous Time system, to minimize the H$_∞$ norm of the closed loop system with exogenous input $w_{k}$ and performance output $z_{k}$.

## The System

Continuous-Time LTI System with state space realization $(A,B,C,D)$
             ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}&=Ax+B_{1}w+B_{2}u\\z&=C_{1}x+D_{11}w+D_{12}u\\y&=C_{2}x+D_{21}w+D_{22}u\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices: System $(A,B_{1},B_{2},C_{1},C_{2},D_{11},D_{12},D_{21},D_{22}),X_{1},Y_{1},Z,,X_{2},Y_{2}$
Controller $(A_{c},B_{c},C_{c},D_{c})$

## The Optimization Problem

The following feasibility problem should be optimized:
$\gamma$ is minimized while obeying the LMI constraints.

## The LMI:

Solve for $A_{n}\in {R^{n_{x}*n_{x}}},B_{n}\in {R^{n_{x}*n_{y}}},C_{n}\in {R^{n_{u}*n_{x}}},D_{n}\in {R^{n_{u}*n_{y}}},X_{1},Y_{1}\in {S^{n_{x}}},and\gamma \in {R_{>0}};$ that minimize ${\mathcal {J}}(\gamma )=\gamma$ subject to $X_{1}>0,Y_{1}>0,$ ${\begin{aligned}\\{\begin{bmatrix}N_{11}&A+A_{n}^{T}+B_{2}D_{n}C_{2}&B_{1}+B_{2}D_{n}D_{21}&Y_{1}^{T}C_{1}^{T}+C_{n}^{T}D_{12}^{T}\\*&X_{1}A+A^{T}X_{1}+B_{n}C_{2}+C_{2}^{T}+B_{n}^{T}&X_{1}B_{1}+B_{n}D_{21}&C_{1}^{T}+C_{2}^{T}D_{n}^{T}D_{12}^{T}\\*&*&-\gamma \mathbf {1} &D_{11}^{T}+D_{21}^{T}D_{n}^{T}D{12}^{T}\\*&*&*&-\gamma \mathbf {1} \end{bmatrix}}&>0,\\{\begin{bmatrix}X_{1}&\mathbf {1} \\*&Y_{1}\end{bmatrix}}&>0,\\\end{aligned}}$
where $N_{11}=AY_{1}+Y_{1}A^{T}+B_{2}C_{n}+C_{n}^{T}B_{2}^{T}.$ The controller is recovered by
${\begin{aligned}&A_{c}=A_{k}-B_{c}(1-D_{22}D_{c})^{-1}D_{22}C_{c}\\&B_{c}=B_{k}(1-D_{c}D_{22})\\&C_{c}=(1-D_{c}D_{22})C_{k}\\&D_{c}=1+D_{k}D_{22})^{-1}D_{k}\\\end{aligned}}$
where, ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}A_{k}&B_{k}\\C_{k}&D_{k}\end{bmatrix}}&={\begin{bmatrix}X_{2}&X_{1}B_{d2}\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}^{-1}({\begin{bmatrix}A_{n}&B_{n}\\C_{n}&D_{n}\end{bmatrix}}-{\begin{bmatrix}X_{1}AY_{1}&0\\0&0\end{bmatrix}}){\begin{bmatrix}Y_{2}^{T}&0\\C_{2}Y_{1}&1\end{bmatrix}}^{-1}\end{aligned}}$ and the matrices $X_{2}$ and $Y_{2}$ satisfy $X_{2}Y_{2}^{T}=1-X_{1}Y_{1}$. If $D_{22}=0$, then $A_{c}=A_{k},B_{c}=B_{k},C_{c}=C_{k},$ and $D_{c}=D_{k}$.
Given $X_{1}$ and $Y_{1}$, the matrices $X_{2}$ and $Y_{2}$ can be found using a matrix decomposition, such as a LU decomposition or a Cholesky decomposition.

## Conclusion:

The Continuous-Time H∞-Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback Controller is the system $(A_{dc},B_{dc},C_{dc},D_{dc})$

## Related LMIs

Discrete Time H∞ Optimal Dynamic Output Feedback Control
Continuous Time H2 Optimal Dynamic Feedback Control

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/Click here to continue/Optimal control systems/Hinf-Optimal Observer

$H\infty$-Optimal observers yield robust estimates of some or all internal plant states by processing measurement data. Robust observers are increasingly demanded in industry as they may provide state and parameter estimates for monitoring and diagnosis purposes even in the presence of large disturbances such as noise etc. It is there where Kalman filters may tend to fail. State observer is a system that provides estimates of internal states of a given real system, from measurements of the inputs and outputs of the real system. The goal of $H_{\infty }$ -optimal state estimation is to design an observer that minimizes the $H_{\infty }$ norm of the closed-loop transfer matrix from w to z.

## The System

Consider the continuous-time generalized plant $P$ with state-space realization
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}&=Ax+B_{1}w,\\y&=C_{2}x+D_{21}w\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices needed as input are $A,B_{1},B_{2},C_{2},D_{21},D_{11}$.

## The Optimization Problem

The observer gain $L$ is to be designed such that the $H\infty$ of the transfer matrix from w to z, given by
    ${\begin{aligned}T(s)=C_{1}(s1-(A-LC_{2}))^{-1}(B_{1}-LD_{21})+D_{11}\\\end{aligned}}$
is minimized. The form of the observer would be:
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {\hat {x}}}=A{\hat {x}}+L(y-{\hat {y}}),\\{\hat {y}}=C_{2}{\hat {x}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The LMI: $H_{\infty }$ Optimal Observer

The $H\infty$-optimal observer gain is synthesized by solving for $P\in \mathbb {S} ^{n_{x}},G\in \mathbb {R} ^{n_{x}\times n_{y}}$, and $\gamma \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}$ that minimize $\zeta (\gamma )=\gamma$ subject to $P>0$ and
       ${\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}PA+A^{T}P-GC_{2}-{C_{2}}^{T}G^{T}&&PB_{1}-GD_{21}&&C_{1}^{T}\\\star &&-\gamma 1&&{D_{11}}^{T}\\\star &&\star &&-\gamma 1\end{bmatrix}}<0\\\end{aligned}}$

## Conclusion:

The $H_{\infty }$ -optimal observer gain is recovered by $L=P^{-1}G$ and the $H_{\infty }$ norm of T(s) is $\gamma$.

## Implementation

Link to the MATLAB code designing $H\infty$- Optimal Observer
https://github.com/Ricky-10/coding107/blob/master/HinfinityOptimalobserver

# External Links

* LMI Methods in Optimal and Robust Control - A course on LMIs in Control by Matthew Peet.
* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# Pinyin/Effect

An effect is a change that somebody or something causes in somebody or something else.
xiaohyihng shih moourern huoh moouwuh daaozhih lihngyigeh moourern huoh moouwuh d gaaibiahn.
# Pinyin/Egypt

Search Egypt
Egypt is in the north of Africa. It borders the Arabian Peninsula to the northeast. It has a Mediterranean coast to the north and a Red Sea coast to the east. Egypt is a large country but a large portion of it is desert. Most people live in areas around the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and along the Nile River. This includes the cities of Cairo, Alexandria, Aswan, and Port Said. Not many people live in the desert. Egypt has an area 1,002,450km2 with a population about 90,000,000.
Egypt zaih Feizhou beeibuh. ta d dongbeeibuh jieraang Arab Bahndaao, beeibuh shih Dihzhong Haai haai`ahn, dongbuh shih Horng Haai haai`ahn. Egypt shih dahguor dahn dahbuhfehn shih shamoh. duoshuh rern zhuh zaih Dihzhong Haai her Nile Her yarn`ahn dihqu. baokuoh Cairo, Alexandria, Aswan, her Said Gaang. heen shaao rern zhuh zaih shamoh. Egypt miahnji 100'2450km2, rernkoou yue 9000'0000.
# Pinyin/Eighth

See also
# Pinyin/Edible

See also
# Pinyin/Egyptian

Search Egyptian
# Pinyin/Edge

The edge is the outside limit of an object.
bianyuarn shih wuhtii d waihweir.
# Pinyin/Election

See also
# LPI Linux Certification/Configuring RAID
## Detailed Objective (204.1)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Software raid configuration files and utilities
Terms and Utilities:
* mdadm.conf
* mdadm
* /proc/mdstat
* partition type 0xFD
# LPI Linux Certification/Configure USB Devices
## Configure USB Devices
### Detailed Objective

Weight: 1

#### Description

    Candidates should be able to activate USB support, use and configure different USB devices.
* Key knowledge area(s):
** Identify and load the correct USB driver module.
** Demonstrate knowledge of the USB layer architecture and the modules used in the different layers.
* The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
** lspci
** xHCI modules
** lsusb
** /etc/usbmgr/
** usbmodules
** /etc/hotplug
** udev configuration files, utilities and documentation

### Auto detection of new USB Devices

The program that gets executed when a new hardware is connected is hotplug.
The /etc/hotplug directory contains the script that must be executed each time a device gets inserted or removed.
The hotplug program is also started at boot time to initialize all the connected devices. /etc/init.d/hotplug

### List USB Devices

To verify your devices have been detected, use lsusb.
Example:
To display a graphical view of the connected USB devices, use usbview

### USB Drivers

Every detected USB device will be mounted in the /proc/bus/usb filesystem and can be accessed with the appropriate application.
Each USB device will be viewed through a filename like /proc/bus/usb/001/005 .
To check if the appropriate driver has been loaded for a USB devices, use usbmodules.
Examples:
The default modules to be loaded are /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/modules.usbmap.
The mapping is stored in the file /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/modules.usbmap.
All the drivers are stored in the directory /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/kernel/drivers/usb/.

### USB Applications

Many applications exist for many different devices. It is sometimes time consuming to make them work. An application that can be used for a digital camera is gphoto2.
Common options:
    --debug: See what is the problem when talking to the camera.
    --print-usb-usermap: Store the output in /etc/hotplug/usb.usermap in order for the application to support your camera.
    -P: Download pictures.
Example:

### Exercises

USB:
* Check if you can detect a digital camera.
* View the camera device information.
* Take a picture and download it into a system with gphoto2.
* Configure your own device (HD, camera, mouse, keyboard,...)
* Exercises results
# LPI Linux Certification/Configuring An NFS Server
## Detailed Objectives (209.2)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* NFS version 3 configuration files
* NFS tools and utilities
* Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets
* Mount options on server and client
* TCP Wrappers
* Awareness of NFSv4
Terms and Utilities:
* /etc/exports
* exportfs
* showmount
* nfsstat
* /proc/mounts
* /etc/fstab
* rpcinfo
* mountd
* portmapper
# LPI Linux Certification/Configuring PCMCIA Devices
## Detailed Objective

Weight: 1
Description:
Candidates should be able to configure a Linux installation to include support for mobile computer hardware extensions. This objective includes configuring those devices.
* Key knowledge area(s):
** PCCard and PCMCIA
** PCCard and PCMCIA configuration files, tools and utilities
* The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
** /etc/pcmcia/
** *.opts
** cardctl
** cardmgr
# LPI Linux Certification/Configure client side DNS
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent
# LPI Linux Certification/Configuring A Router
## Detailed Objectives (212.1)

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities.
* Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.
* Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6)
* Port redirection and IP forwarding.
* List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address.
* Save and reload filtering configurations.
Terms and Utilities:
* /proc/sys/net/ipv4/
* /proc/sys/net/ipv6/
* /etc/services
* iptables
* ip6tables

## Configuring a router
### Overview

Description: The candidate should be able to configure ipchains and iptables to perform IP masquerading, and state the significance of Network Address Translation and Private Network Addresses in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, listing filtering rules, and writing rules that accept or block datagrams based upon source or destination protocol, port and address. Also included is saving and reloading filtering configurations, using settings in /proc/sys/net/ipv4 to respond to DOS attacks, using /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward to turn IP forwarding on and off, and usingtools such as PortSentry to block port scans and vulnerability probes.
Key files, terms, and utilities include:

### Configuring a router

There are numerous steps you should take to configure a router connected to insecure networks like the Internet First of all, identify what services you need, and have a policy of blocking everything else ! This minimize your exposure to security breaches.
Common steps for routers are :
Log all dropped/rejected packets (and limit the rate at which you log, to avoid logfiles size explosion) Use NAT whenever you can – unroutable addresses are more difficult to hack Define a default policy for TCP/UDP block ports answers: drop/reject/reset ?
Dropping isn't really helpful, scanners nowadays detect it easily. Rejecting may still show that a firewall is blocking access, resetting acts as if nothing is listening (i.e the « normal » way)
Unless you know you need it, drop (and log + limit) all ICMP packets except the most useful : dest-unreachable, time-exceeded and echo-reply
Protect against known attacks, i.e : anti-spoofing of IP addresses, disable source_route packets, disable icmp_redirect, log « martians » IP addresses (i.e addresses which appear on an interface they don't belong to), disable syn_cookies, disable ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification), disable TCP timestamps, ICMP broadcasts and ICMP bogus errors
# LPI Linux Certification/Configuring A Samba Server
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-2 Version 4.5)
Weight: 5
Description: Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Samba 4 documentation
* Samba 4 configuration files
* Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons
* Mounting CIFS shares on Linux
* Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names
* User-Level, Share-Level and AD security
Terms and Utilities:
* smbd, nmbd, winbindd
* smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
* samba-tool
* net
* smbclient
* mount.cifs
* /etc/samba/
* /var/log/samba/
# LPI Linux Certification/Control Mounting And Unmounting Of Filesystems
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 3
Description:
Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removeable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

## Attach a filesystem

The mount command serves to attach the file system found on some device to the big file tree.
If the device or directory is listed in /etc/fstab you can use the following:
Normally only root has the privilege to mount devices unless it is specified in the /etc/fstab file. Examples:

## Detach a filesystem

To detach a filesystem from the file tree, use umount.
A busy filesystem cannot be unmounted.
* Open files
* Working directory of a process.
Examples:

## File system information

The file /etc/fstab contains all the file systems and related information that will be used when doing a mount -a. (Boot time)
The file /etc/mtab is maintained by the kernel and keeps track on what is or isn't mounted. The /etc/fstab format is:
Common options:
    ro: read only
    noauto: Don't mount automatically
    exec: Can execute binary on the filesystem
    suid: Allow to setuser bit
    user: Allow a user to mount/unmount it
    unhide: hidden file visible
    async: All operations will be done asynchronously
    default: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async

## Exercises

* Exercises results
* Create a line in /etc/fstab that allows any user to access the floppy disk. Check that you can mount the floppy and can create a file with touch.
* Do the following manipulation:
** Create a ext2 file system on the floppy.
** Mount the floppy.
** Copy all the files /etc/*.conf into the floppy.
** Unmount it. What's happening?
** Mount it back and check that all the files are there.
** Issue the following command:
** Tar cvf /dev/fd0 /etc/*.conf
** Try to mount it back. What's happening?
** Use tar to view the contents of the floppy.
# LPI Linux Certification/Create, Monitor And Kill Processes
## Detailed Objectives

(LPIC-1 Version 5.0)
Weight: 4
Description:
Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.
Key Knowledge Areas:
* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

## Create processes

A running application is a process. Every process has: a process ID, a parent process ID, a current directory PWD, a file descriptor table, a program which it is executing, environment variables (inherited from its parent process), stdin, stdout, stderr (standard error), and possibly even more (optional) traits.
Bash is a program that when it is executed becomes a process. Each time you execute a command in a shell a new process is created. Except for the built-in shell command. They run in the shell context. Use type to check if a command is a built-in shell command.
Example:

## Monitor processes

To monitor the processes in real-time, use top.
RSS is the total amount of physical memory used by the task. SHARE is the amount of shared memory used by the task. %CPU is the task's share of the CPU time. %MEM is the task's share of the physical memory. Once top is running it is also possible to execute interactive commands:
* Type N to sort tasks by pid.
* Type A to sort tasks by age (newest first).
* Type P to sort tasks by CPU usage.
* Type M to sort tasks by memory usage.
* Type k to kill a process (NOTE: You will be prompted for the process' pid).
Once the system is up and running from a terminal it is possible to see which processes are running with the ps program.
To display a long format of all the processes in the system, use the following:
The ps program will display all the processes running and their PID numbers and other information. To see a long format of the processes in your login session, use:

## Kill processes

The ps program will display all the processes running and their PID numbers. Once the PID is known, it is possible to send signals to the process:
* SIGSTOP to stop a process.
* SIGCONT to continue a stopped process.
* SIGKILL to kill a process.
The program to send a signal to a process is called kill.
By default a process is started in the foreground and it is the only one to receive keyboard input. Use CTRL+Z to suspend it.
To start a process in the background use the &.
In a bash process it is possible to start multiple jobs. The command to manipulate jobs is jobs.
When bash is terminated all processes that have been started from the session will receive the SIGHUP signal. This will by default terminate the process.
To prevent the termination of a process, the program can be started with the nohup command.

## Exercises

1. How can you control CPU usage for PID 3196
* Exercises results
# Pinyin/Origin

See also
# Pinyin/Orthography

See also
Orthography is the writing method of the standard form of a word.
zhehngcirfaa shih ciryuu d biaozhuun xirngzhuahng d xieefaa.
# Pinyin/Originated From

See also
# Pinyin/Orbit

See also
# Pinyin/Organism

Search Pinyin organism
An organism is a living thing.
yooujitii jiuhshih shengwuh.
It is easy to recognise a living thing, but not so easy to define it.
rehnshir shengwuh rorngyih, dahn heen narn xiah-dihngyih.
Animals and plants are organisms obviously.
dohng-zhirwuh mirngxiaan shih yooujitii.
Organisms are a living part of the environment.
yooujitii shih huarnjihng d shengwuh buhfehn.
Rocks and sunshine are non-living things of the environment.
shirtour her yarngguang shih huarnjihng d fei-shengwuh.
# Pinyin/Originate

to begin to exist or appear for the first time
shooucih kaishii curnzaih huoh chuxiahn
# Pinyin/Organize

See also
# Pinyin/Order

See also
# Pinyin/Ordered

See also