OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History of Kosovo/Under Serbia

Kosovo, which was a territory of the medieval Serbian state, location of the epic 1389 Battle of Kosovo, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1455. Over the following centuries it developed a very mixed Christian-Muslim population; by the end of the 19th century Albanians had replaced the Serbs as the dominant ethnic group. The loss of Kosovo became a major theme in Serbian national iconography, its myth structuring the basis of the state of Montenegro and later Serbia and its recovery was one of the key goals of the Serbian and Montenegrin states. Serbia & Montenegro regained control of Kosovo in 1912 during the Balkan Wars. The restoration of Serbian rule was opposed by Albania, which instigated a failed invasion attempt of Serbian territory. Serbia lost control of the territory in both of the World Wars, during which many Kosovo Serbs were expelled by armed Albanian groups. During World War II, Kosovo was annexed to Albania, which was at that time a colony of Italy. Serbian control was nonetheless re-established at the end of both wars.
# History of Islamic Civilization

This wikibook concerns about the political, economic, scientific, and cultural developments of the Islamic world throughout the centuries. For the history of Islamic thought, see the History of Islam.
The Islamic civilization is traced back to the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.
* The History of Prophet Muhammad
** Historical backgrounds of the Arabian Peninsula
** Biography of Prophet Muhammad before revelation
** Revelation and the Mecca period
** The Medina period and conquest of Mecca
* The Formative Period of Islam (under the "four righteous Caliphs")
** Early conquests: the Levant, North Africa, Mesopotamia, Persia
** The empire and the establishment of the faith: Suppression of rebels, "false prophets," and the codification of Quran
** The Muawiyah-Ali conflict
* The Classical Period of Islam (Umayyad and Abassid caliphates)
* The Medieval Period of Islam (Mongol conquest and subsequent empires)
* The Ottoman Empire (Conquest of Anatolia, destruction of Byzantium, and colonization of Eastern Europe)
* The Pre-modern Period of Islam (European recovery and colonization)
* The Modern Period of Islam
# History of Kosovo/Location

Kosovo (Albanian: Kosova or Kosovë, Serbian: Косово, Kosovo, Turkish: Kosova; see: Names of Kosovo) is a self-proclaimed, de-facto independent and partially recognized landlocked country in southeastern Europe, disputed by Serbia. It borders Serbia proper to the north and east, Montenegro to the west, and Albania and the Republic of Macedonia to the south. It has a population of just over two million people, predominantly ethnic Albanians, with smaller populations of Serbs, Turks, Romani people, Goranis, Bosniaks, and other ethnic communities. Pristina is the capital and largest city.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Recent history
## Recent history

1979 was a critical year in the Muslim world's relationship with the rest of the world. In that year, Egypt made peace with Israel, the government of Iran was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan began.
Some of the events pivotal in the Muslim world's relationship with the outside world in the post-Soviet era were:
* The Iran-Iraq War
* The 1991 Persian Gulf War
* The 2001 invasion of Afghanistan
* The 2003 invasion of Iraq
* The Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
* The 2005 Prophet Muhammad cartoons controversy
* The 2006 controversy over remarks quoted by Pope Benedict XVI
* The ongoing Darfur conflict
* The ongoing standoff with Iran over its Nuclear program
* The ongoing Terrorism and Indian military actions against Kashmiri people
* The ongoing Second Chechen War
The U.S.-led war on terrorism has been criticized as a war on Islam by majority Muslim countries.
# History of Islam/Modern period/Political Fault Lines
## Political Fault Lines

In Pakistan, a prominent U.S. ally, Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal - an Islamic political party - won local elections in two out of four of the country's provinces and became in mid-2003 the third largest party in the national parliament, their strongest showing up to that point. They had support from urban areas for the first time. See also: Politics of Pakistan
In Kuwait elections in July 2003 returned Islamic traditionalists and supporters of the royal family, while liberals suffered a severe defeat. See also: Elections in Kuwait
In Indonesia, the growth of various groups allied to those considered responsible for the Bali Bombing most of which have previously been invisible, has been marked.[citation needed]
In Iran in 1979, a popular revolution saw the exile of the Shah and the rule going to Ayatollah Khomeini, a cleric from the Shia school of thought. The country has what it claims is a theocratic democracy, and has kept the "revolution" as part of the state's survival and growth.
# Introduction to Software Engineering/Process/Standards

There are a few industry standards related to process improvement models we should mention briefly. For you as a beginner, it is enough to know they exist. However, if you start working for large corporations, you will find that many will follow one or the other of these standards.

### Capability Maturity Model Integration

The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is one of the leading models and based on best practice. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced CMM.

### ISO 9000

ISO 9000 describes standards for a formally organized process to manufacture a product and the methods of managing and monitoring progress. Although the standard was originally created for the manufacturing sector, ISO 9000 standards have been applied to software development as well. Like CMMI, certification with ISO 9000 does not guarantee the quality of the end result, only that formalized business processes have been followed.

### ISO 15504

ISO 15504, also known as Software Process Improvement Capability Determination (SPICE), is a "framework for the assessment of software processes". This standard is aimed at setting out a clear model for process comparison. SPICE is used much like CMMI. It models processes to manage, control, guide and monitor software development. This model is then used to measure what a development organization or project team actually does during software development. This information is analyzed to identify weaknesses and drive improvement. It also identifies strengths that can be continued or integrated into common practice for that organization or team.

## External Links

* CMMI Official Website
* Capability Maturity Model at Curlie
* ISO 9000 at Curlie
* Introduction to ISO 9000 and ISO 14000
* ISO 15504 News (isospice)
* Automotive SPICE
# Introduction to Software Engineering/Process/PSP

Template:Introduction to Software Engineering/Top
The Personal Software Process (PSP) is a process for software development that aims to reduce defects in software and increase the accuracy of estimations of development duration.

## Process

The following process is applied to all software development tasks. A task is here defined as a single iteration through this process; the development of most software will comprise a large number of tasks. If a problem description is very small or trivial, a number of different problems can be worked on together as one task.
The input to a task is the problem description.

### Planning

   * Develop a Requirements Statement based on the problem description
   * Write a Task Summary
   * Estimate time for each of the phases (including this one), based if possible on previous tasks

### Development

   * Produce and document a design that solves the problem
   * Review the design
   * Code the design
   * Review the code
   * Run the program
   * Test the program

### Postmortem

   * Write a Task Report
   * Compare estimated times with actual
   * Record and review new duration and defect rates
At every stage apart from the first, any defects discovered must be recorded in the Defect Log, and then fixed.
Documents to be created/updated at each stage of the process. :
| ↓ Phase | Document → | Requirements Statement | Task Summary | Time Log | Defect Log | Design | Task Report |
| Plan | Plan | Y | Y | Y | | | |
| Design | Design | | | Y | Y | Y | |
| Code | Code | | | Y | Y | | |
| Run | Run | | | Y | Y | | |
| Test | Test | | | Y | Y | | |
| Postmortem | Postmortem | | Y | Y | | | Y |

## Artifacts

The following artifacts (or documents, records, etc.) are produced during a PSP process. The images link to PDF versions of the forms.

### Requirements Statement

A simple list of requirements that this task must satisfy. Write these in the present tense, so that they read as true once the task is complete.

### Time Log

| Task | Phase | Start | End | Duration | Notes |

### Design

The design documentation should take whatever form is appropriate, be it text, diagrams, and/or technical drawings.

### Task Report
## References

* ↑ Kendall, Matthew (7 January 2009). "Writing Technical Specifications in the Present".
# LibreOffice/Writer

LibreOffice Writer is a free and open source word processor. Writer's native file format is .odt, the OpenDocument Text format. Saving in native format is always recommended even if you're planning to save it to another Office format like Microsoft Word's .doc format, because this ensures that no formatting would be lost because of .doc's inability to save certain formatting elements.

## Contents

* Introduction, installation and familiarization with LibreOffice Writer
* Configuring the editor
* The user interface
* Working with text
* Configuring pages
* Print, Send Fax, and E-mail
* Introduction to Styles
* Working with Styles
* Working with Graphics
* Working with Tables
* Working with Templates
* Mail Merge
* Creating Tables of Contents, Index and Bibliography
* Working with Fields
* Using Forms
* Mathematical Objects
* Keyboard Shortcuts
* Problems
* Links-Resources
# LibreOffice/Writer/Introduction, installation and familiarization with LibreOffice Writer

The Writer is the word processor of LibreOffice. In addition to the usual features a word processor (spelling, thesaurus, hyphenation, automatic correction, find and replace, automatic generation of tables of contents and indexes, mail merge, etc.), Writer has these important features:
* Models and methods,
* Strong style layout including frames,
* Columns and tables,
* Embedded or linked graphics, spreadsheets and other objects,
* Embedded design tools,
* Templates,
* Recording changes in the revisions,
* Integration with databases and database literature,
* Export to PDF, including bookmarks;
and many more features that are covered in detail in the Guide Writer.
The user interface: the main Writer workspace is shown in Figure.The menus and toolbars are described in Chapter 4 (Menus and Toolbars). Other features of the Writer interface are covered in this chapter.
# LibreOffice/Writer/Introduction to Styles
## Why Styles Are Important

Using styles in your Writer documents allows for easier revisions, especially for longer documents greater than one page. Direct formatting of headers is not encouraged because it makes it more time consuming if you want to change the look of repeating elements of that document (headers, page numbering, paragraph style).
Using Heading styles rather than direct formatting you can use the Navigator (F5) to select a Section, and then using drag-and-drop, move that subsection to another part of the document. Without styles, one would have to carefully select the text that you want to move, then select Cut from the menu, then move the cursor to the insertion point. Errors could happen and some of the moved text may be lost.

## Using Pre-Defined LibreOffice Styles

You should use, whenever possible, the predefined styles included in LibreOffice Writer for your document.
Some styles, such as Heading1, Heading2, will help LibreOffice Writer create a "Tagged PDF" when it comes time to export to a PDF. Writer will build an outline view that is usable in the PDF document, for navigation purposes between Chapters and Sections.
# Libreboot

Welcome to the BASLQC Libreboot Wikibook, a manual dedicated to installing a Free/Libre Open Source BIOS on select laptops.

## Supported Laptops
### ThinkPads

* ThinkPad X60
** Libreboot/Hardware Flashing/ThinkPad X60
* Libreboot/ThinkPad T60
** Libreboot/Hardware Flashing/ThinkPad T60
* Libreboot/ThinkPad X200
** Libreboot/Hardware Flashing/ThinkPad X200

### Macbooks

* Macbook 2,1

## Sources

* Libreboot Website
* Coreboot Website
# LibreOffice/Calc/Excel Compatibility and Problems

LibreOffice Calc cannot properly work with Microsoft Excel's xlsm files.
LibreOffice Calc and Microsoft Excel often compute slightly different results.
expect (often invisible) deviations between results from Calc and Excel as they:
- apply different rounding to input values,
- apply different rounding / 'snap-to-zero' to results,
- calculate sheets / ranges / operands in different orders:
while excel works 'by row' first top row from left to right and than that downwards row by row.
calc (mostly?) operates 'by column'.
As the results of some operations sometimes depend on the order of operands, differences show up.
(there are differences between 'floating point math' and 'school math'! fp-math with limited precision is not! associative)
E.g. the sum of this stack will be correct in Calc (0,52) but wrong in Excel (0,51953125):
while the results are opposite (Calc wrong) for the following:
[edit 2023-09-25] some time back LO Calc implemented another summation algorithm ( Kahan / Neumaier / AVX ) and avoids some of above problems, be aware that now
[/edit]
The results of Calc still vary due to other influences, e.g. for 'SUM' the first 'non-zero' summand is reserved and calculated last to spot a probability that a small result should be zero. This may vary from function to function and is partly affected / broken by empty cells within the operand stack. Thus expect unpredictable 'fuzzy' results already in Calc itself.
The deviations are mostly much smaller and go unnoticed as the results are rounded to 15 digits for display, but the 'value' of the cell is not corrected accordingly and the deviations may cause boosted errors in downstream calculations. They don't only affect extreme values as chosen for the sample above but also normal 'allday' calculations. The classic sample is '=1234 + 0,12 - 1234' resulting in '0,1199999999999xx' with >=13 decimals digits display. Depending on the order of operands Calc and Excel fail differently.
(compared LibreOffice Calc dev. 7.2 / Microsoft Excel 2010 64-bit)
[bs - 2021-03-12, edited 2021-04-28]
# LibreOffice/Calc/Introduction, terminology and familiarization with LibreOffice Calc

The Calc is the spreadsheet processor of LibreOffice. In addition to the usual features a spreadsheet, Calc has these important features:
* Models and methods,
* Strong style layout including frames,
* Embedded or linked graphics, spreadsheets and other objects,
* Embedded design tools,
* Templates,
* Recording changes in the revisions,
* Integration with databases and database literature,
* Export to PDF, including bookmarks;
and many more features that are covered in detail in the Guide Calc.
The user interface: the main Writer workspace is shown in Figure.The menus and toolbars are described in Chapter about Menus and Toolbars. Other features of the Calc interface are covered in this chapter.
# Libreboot/Download Binaries
## Download Libreboot

* Download the latest Libreboot Binaries.
* Open a Terminal and navigate to the Downloads folder (or wherever else)
* Extract the Libreboot folder: tar -xvf libreboot_bin.tar.gz
* Navigate to the libreboot_bin folder: cd libreboot_bin

## Install and Make Dependencies

The flashrom and bucts programs require a few dependencies. Install them automatically with the Libreboot builddeb scripts.
* For DEB-based distros (Trisquel, Ubuntu, Debian, etc):
* sudo ./deps-trisquel
* For Arch-based distros (Parabola, Arch Linux, etc):
* sudo ./deps-parabola
* Other Linux distros will need to find the corresponding dependencies on their own.
Next, we actually have to build flashrom and bucts from source code. The Libreboot developers have made a nice build script that does this automatically:
# Introduction to Nanotechnology

We need to make sure our page doesn't turn into this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_impact_of_nanotechnology
We need to find a way to approach the topic differently

## Background

[Be sure to talk about nanoparticles here]
Check this out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gthbjjvotug
Really helpful/interesting and if you watch it, you're 1/4 done with our sts hw for next week :)
[General introduction to nanotechnology as a field.]
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v8n2/schummer.html
http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v6/n10/full/nnano.2011.169.html

## Social Perspectives
# Applications of Nanoparticles
## Nanomedicine

[Introduce nanomedicine, talk about drug delivery
"Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology." (wiki)
[What will happen if nanoparticles are left in our body? The fear is that beacuase they're so small, they will get in between cell walls and build up in areas where we don't want them.]
http://www.understandingnano.com/medicine.html

## Personal Care Products
### Sunscreen

http://allaboutskinlightening.net/2011/05/are-nanoparticles-in-sunscreen-safe.html
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nanoparticles-in-sunscreen

### Cosmetics

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090326162747.htm
http://www.rodale.com/nanoparticles-and-cosmetics http://www.foe.org/pdf/nanocosmeticsreport.pdf

### Antimicrobial Bandages
## Food Industry

http://www.understandingnano.com/column-food.html
# LMIs in Control/pages/Positive Orthant Stability

Positive Orthant Stabilizability
The positive orthant stability of a linear system refers to the property of the system states being real and positive for all $t\geq 0$ and decaying down to zero over time. In this section, the feasibility problem for systems to be positive orthant stable, and the stabilizability conditions to make the system positive orthant stable will be covered.

## The System

Consider a linear state-space representation of a system as:
    ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}(t)&=Ax(t)+Bu(t)\end{aligned}}$
where $x(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ and $u(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{r}$ are the system state and the input vector respectively. A and B are system coefficient matrices of appropriate dimensions.

## The Data

Number of states n and number of control inputs r need to be known. Moreover, the system matrices A,B are also required to be known.

## The Feasibility LMI

An LTI system is positive orthant stable if $x(0)\in \mathbb {R} _{+}^{n}$ implies that $\forall t\geq 0,x(t)\in \mathbb {R} _{+}^{n}$. Moreover, as $t\rightarrow \infty$, $x(t)\rightarrow 0$. This is possible if and only if the following conditions hold:
       ${\begin{aligned}A_{ij}&\geq 0,\forall i\neq j,\\\exists P&>0{\text{ s.t. }}PA^{\top }+AP<0,\end{aligned}}$
The above LMI feasibility is the positive orthant stability criteria. To convert it into a positive orthant stabilizability check, the problem can be modified so that we check if ${\dot {x}}=(A+BK)x$ is positive orthant stable. As $K$ is also a design variable here, the second inequality in the above LMI will result in bilinearity. A simple change of variables can overcome that to result in the following LMI feasibility problem for checking positive orthant stabilizability of the LTI system:
       ${\begin{aligned}{\text{Find }}Q,Y&{\text{ subj. to:}}\\&Q>0,(AQ+BY)_{ij}\geq 0,\forall i\neq j,\\&{\text{ s.t. }}QA^{\top }+AQ+BY+Y^{\top }B^{\top }<0,\end{aligned}}$
If the above LMI is feasible, the LTI system is stabilizable with controller $K=YQ^{-1}$.

## Conclusion:

The feasibility of the above LMIs guarantees that the system is positive orthant stable if the first LMI is feasible or stabilizable with a controller if the second LMI holds.

## Implementation

To solve the feasibility LMI, YALMIP toolbox is required for setting up the feasibility problem, and SeDuMi is required to solve the problem. The following link showcases an example of the feasibility problem:
https://github.com/smhassaan/LMI-Examples/blob/master/Positive_Orthant_LMI.m

## External Links

A list of references documenting and validating the LMI.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
# LMIs in Control/pages/Peak to Peak norm

LMIs in Control/pages/Peak to Peak norm
Peak-to-peak norm performance of a system

## The System

Considering the following system:
       ${\begin{aligned}{\dot {x}}=Ax+Bu\\z=Cx+Du\\\end{aligned}}$
Where $x(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is the state signal, $u(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ is the input signal, and $z(t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{p}$ is the output. When given an initial condition $x(0)=0$, the system can be defined to map the output and input signals for the peak-to-peak performance.
       ${\begin{aligned}||T||_{\infty ,\infty }:=\sup \limits _{0<||u||_{\infty }<\infty }{\frac {||z||_{\infty }}{||u||_{\infty }}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The Data

The matrices $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ are the only data sets required for this optimization problem.

## The Optimization Problem

Consider a continuous-time LTI system, $G:L_{2e}\to L_{2e}$, given that: $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ $A\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}$, $B\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times m}$, $C\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times n}$, and $D\in \mathbb {R} ^{p\times m}$. Given that the matrix $A$ is Hurwitz,The peak-to-peak norm of $G$ is given as:
       ${\begin{aligned}||T||_{\infty ,\infty }:=\sup \limits _{0<||w||_{\infty }<\infty }{\frac {||z||_{\infty }}{||u||_{\infty }}}\\\end{aligned}}$

## The LMI: Peak-to-Peak norm

There exists a matrix $P\in \mathbb {S} ^{n}$ and $\gamma$, $\epsilon$, $\mu \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}$, where the following constraints are used: $\min \mu$
       ${\begin{aligned}P<0\\{\begin{bmatrix}A^{T}P+PA+\gamma P&PB\\B'P&\epsilon I\end{bmatrix}}&<0\\{\begin{bmatrix}\gamma P&0&C^{T}\\0&(\mu -\epsilon )I&D^{T}\\C&D&\mu I\end{bmatrix}}&>0\\\end{aligned}}$
Since this optimization has $\gamma P$ in the constraints, this does make this optimization bi-linear. attempting to solve this LMI is not feasible unless some type of substitute is implemented to the variables $\gamma P$.

## Conclusion:

The results from this LMI will give the peak to peak norm of the system:
       ${\begin{aligned}\sup \limits _{0<||u||_{\infty }<\infty }{\frac {||z||_{\infty }}{||u||_{\infty }}}<\mu \end{aligned}}$

## Implementation

* Peak-to-Peak Norm Example

## External Links

* LMI Properties and Applications in Systems, Stability, and Control Theory - A List of LMIs by Ryan Caverly and James Forbes.
* LMIs in Systems and Control Theory - A downloadable book on LMIs by Stephen Boyd.
* Linear Matrix Inequalities in Control - A downloadable book on LMIs by Carsten Scherer and Siep Weiland