# Science: A Field Of Wonder/About The Laboratory
## Basic Laboratory Tools

How do you make scientific investigations? To be reliable and accurate, scientific investigations need data to help prove or disprove a hypotheses. In order to gather appropriate data, the following laboratory equipment and their uses are presented below.
Heating Instruments :
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| Bunsen burner | A source of heat when nonluminuous flame is needed for experiment work | https://store.schoolspecialty.com/OA_HTML/xxssi_ibeGetWCCImage.jsp?docName=F1635011&Rendition=Large |
| tripod | A stand with three legs used for supporting the wire gauze and container with liquid to be heated | https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/original/products/13266/14343/CE-TRIPOD5__70828.1503517910.jpg?c=2&imbypass=on |
| iron stand | This is used to support the setup for the heating process. | https://marslabph.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ironstand.jpg |
| alcohol lamp | It is a source of heat in the laboratory. | https://www.3riversarchery.com/mm5/graphics/00000001/5376_341x500.jpg |
Containers :
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| beaker | This is a deep, wide-mouthed, cylindrical vessel with a pouring lip. It is used for measuring large quantities of liquid; it also serves as a container of boiling liquid mixture. | https://pim-resources.coleparmer.com/item/l/cole-parmer-3450352-griffin-low-form-beaker-glass-250-ml-12-pk-3450352.jpg |
| Erlenmeyer flask | This is a flat-bottomed flask that has a wide bottom and a narrow mouth or opening. | https://www.labdepotinc.com/admin/uploads/ac070527l_medium.jpg |
| test tube | This is used to contain small amounts of solution for boiling or for storage. | https://5.imimg.com/data5/AU/DY/MY-957949/laboratory-glass-test-tubes-500x500.jpg |
| Florence flask | This is a round-bottomed flask used as a container for boiling liquid solution. | https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/original/products/13038/16907/CE-FLOR500__65671.1522703167.jpg?c=2&imbypass=on |
Measuring Device (Mass) :
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| platform balance | This is used for weighing materials accurately in various containers or vessels. | https://www.mrmprecision.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Harvard-Trip%C2%AE.jpg |
| top loading balance | This is used for weighing materials electronically | https://www.dataweigh.com/media/11904/entris-top-loader.png |
Measuring Device (Liquid Volume) :
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| graduated cylinder | This is used for measuring the volume of liquids | https://www.brandtech.com/wp-content/uploads/glass_cylinder_new.jpg |
| pipette | This is used for measuring a small volume of liquid direct from the reagent bottle | https://cdn7.bigcommerce.com/s-ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/500x659/products/12140/15341/CE-PIPE05A__25042.1503517926.jpg?c=2 |
| dropper | This is used in transferring and measuring small amount of liquid | https://www.aromatools.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/1800x/6beb0238d6dd6cb8069692f5b293db57/9/1/9157f.jpg |
Measuring Device (Length) :
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| tape measure | A tape or thin flexible metal, marked at intervals for measuring length | https://s.hswstatic.com/gif/tape-measure-1.jpg |
| meterstick | A one-meter long ruler that is usually marked off in centimeters and milimeters | https://cdn.krafttool.com/images/product/medium/SLM39.JPG |
Measuring Device (Temperature) :
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| thermometer | This is used for measuring temperature | https://nelsonjameson.com/secure/images/products/1011578.jpg |
Measuring Device (Time) :
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| stopwatch | This is a special watch with buttons that start and stop. It is used to measure the amount of time to do an activity. | https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1rXz8QVXXXXadXpXXq6xXFXXXu/Laboratory-professional-Stopwatch-countdown-Timer.jpg_350x350.jpg |
| Laboratory Equipment | Description/Use | Illustration |
| test tube rack | A framework of wooden or metal bars for supporting the test tubes when not in use or while waiting for the reaction of reagents to take place. | https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/original/products/11734/16286/ce-ttrack4__89156.1503517951.jpg?c=2&imbypass=on |
| watch glass | A crystal used for observing a small amount of sample that is undergoing reaction. | http://www.capitolscientific.com/core/media/media.nl?id=59756&c=1250437&h=4ccdc350132ab41e5038 |
| test tube holder | A strong metal wire used to hold test tubes. | https://4.imimg.com/data4/BV/IF/MY-16630388/test-tube-holder-500x500.jpg |
| mortar and pestle | This set is used for pounding and grinding solid substances into powder form. | https://slimages.macysassets.com/is/image/MCY/products/2/optimized/2725842_fpx.tif?op_sharpen=1&wid=500&hei=613&fit=fit,1&$filtersm$ |
| funnel | This is used for pouring liquids or powders into containers with small opening and for holding the filter paper during filtration. | https://pim-resources.coleparmer.com/item/l/pyrex-6140-65-6140-glass-funnel-65-mm-top-dia-62-ml-6-pk-3456051.jpg |
| wire gauze | This is used to regulate the heat of the glame when used in heating. | https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/500x659/products/13125/14331/CE-GAUZE4__94252.1503517909.jpg?c=2 |
| clay triangle | This is used to support the crucible for direct heating. | https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/original/products/11320/13772/CE-TRIAN25__84696.1503517900.jpg?c=2&imbypass=on |
| evaporating dish | A porcelain dish in which a solution may be evaporated to leave the dissolved substance as a residue | https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/original/products/12072/14358/CE-EVAPDSH__23331.1503517910.jpg?c=2&imbypass=on |

## Safety Devices

Safety devices are used to protect yourself when working inside the laboratoryroom. Common examples of safety devices are as follows:

### Laboratory Gown or Apron

A laboratory gown is worn to protect the skin and clothing from spills.

### Safety Goggles

These are worn in the laboratory to protect the eyes from harmful and toxic substances.

### Gloves

These are used to protect the hands from contact with harmful substances, broken glass, and hot objects.

## Safety Symbols

The following safety symbols will appear in the laboratory experiments to emphasize additional important areas of caution. Learn what they represent so you can take the appropriate precautionary measures.

### Electric Shock

This indicates that electrical outlets should not be touched when hands are wet.

### Disposal

This means that used chemicals must be properly disposed of in specific containers.

### Poison

This means that the substance is harmful, deadly, and should not be touched, tasted, or inhaled.

## Common Laboratory techniques
### Heating a Substance in a Test Tube

When you are heating a test tube
* always use a test tube holder.
* always hold the test tube at an angle like in figure shown below
* never point a test tube of liquid being heated to yourself or to your classmates.
* distribute the heat at the bottom of the test tube by passing the sides of the test tube up and down along the flame.

### Measuring Volume

The volume of a liquid is measured by using a graduated cylinder. A graduated cylinder is marked in milliliters (mL). It measures small amounts like 10mL or large amounts like 100mL.
In reading the volume of liquid in a graduated cylinder, place the setup on a flat surface. At eye level, read the lower meniscus.

## Laboratory Safety Measures

Safety and environmental consciousness is vital in doing laboratory activities. Always consider your own, your co-workers, and the environment's safety.
* Read the laboratory instructions of the experiment carefully before you start working on the experiment. Listen for further instructions from the teacher.
* Regard all waste disposals as a potential safety and environmental risk. Dispose of solid and liquid wastes properly. Ask your teacher how.
* Wear appropriate protective apparel such as gloves, laboratory gowns or aprons, and safety goggles.
* Take care of all equipment and apparatus. Clean them after use.
* Know all emergency and fire procedures. Become familiar with safety signs and symbols.
* Never taste a chemical or solution unless told to do so.
* Do not eat or drink in the laboratory.
* Report immediately any breakage of glassware or equipment to the teacher or laboratory assistant for proper disposal.
* Do not touch electrical outlets and gas cocks if not needed in the experiment.
* Never work inside the laboratory room unless supervised by the teacher or the laboratory staff.