OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Philosophy/Logic

Before we are ready to ask any questions, we must first understand how to go about reasoning about them. The branch of philosophy that covers the study of reasoning is called logic. It stands at the foundation of all philosophical and scientific thinking processes.
Logic is very important. After all, if we want good answers to our questions, we need some way to verify that we didn't make a mistake in our reasoning.
The field of logic has matured to give rise to a very structured way of approaching the art of reasoning, turning it into a science. Even so, of course, interesting questions and problems still remain to be researched. However, for this introductory book, we will cover the basics of correct reasoning, and slowly introduce you to the most structured form of all: formal logic.
This book will only provide an introduction. To read more about formal logic specifically, we recommend advanced readers to check out the related wikibook Formal Logic.

## Table of Contents

* Introductory Material
** Older Pages
*** Preface
*** Logic and Reason
*** Truth and Validity
*** Paradoxes
*** Classical Logic
**** Modes
* Sentential Logic
** Older Pages
*** The Sentential Language (heavily modified) (moved to Formal Logic)
*** |Truth Tables (completely rewritten) (moved to Formal Logic)
*** Building More Complicated Formulas
*** Tautologies and Contradictions
*** Fault Diagnosis
*** Some Properties of the Logical Connectives
*** Nand and Nor
*** A More Formal Approach to Sentential Logic
*** Soundness, consistency, completeness
*** Syntax and semantics
*** Propositional calculus and probability theory
*** Summary for propositional calculus
*** Tableau proofs
* Predicate Logic
* Other Material
** Older Pages
*** Modal Logic
*** Names - Frege, Sinn and Bedeutung
*** Equality - Leibniz's law
*** Definite descriptions - Russell
*** Intensionality, Belief, Scope
*** Truth, Tarski
*** Vagueness
*** Bibliography
** Newer Pages
Introduction to Philosophy · Logic/Logic and Reason →
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Building a Nether Portal

In casual Minecraft, generally players will get a diamond pickaxe, mine 10 obsidian and build a nether portal from that. However since getting diamonds is inconsistent and each obsidian takes around 10 seconds to mine, in a speedrun this is quite slow and a much faster method that only requires a water bucket and some lava. The main idea is to place some water so that lava can be placed to form obisidian in a portal cast. There are two main different areas to build a nether portal in: a lava pool either above or below ground or a magma ravine below which often has lava.

###### Lava Pool

If you're on land, either looking around for a lava pool or digging down for one, this will be the method you will want to use to build a portal and get to the nether.
Here is a simple guide to the most basic nether portal setup, created by former world record holder Cscuile.

###### Magma Ravine

If you've looted a shipwreck/buried treasure and are in an ocean, you may want to enter the nether via an ocean ravine. At the bottom of some ocean ravines are magma blocks which have lava beneath them and if you're crafty you can build a nether portal with it, although this can be awkward with swimming mechanics.
Here is quite a lengthy guide to a few different methods of building a portal in an ocean ravine by T_Wag
Once you've built your nether portal you're headed into the Nether!
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Exiting Nether

When you have enough ender pearls and blaze rods, it's time to leave the nether. If you did classic bartering you likely don't have 10 obsidian so you will have to return to your entry portal to get back to the overworld. If you do have 10 obsidian then you can build a nether portal in the nether which can potentially land you much closer to the stronghold. There are mechanics with how the strongholds generate that determine where you should build your nether portal for optimal distance to the stronghold. Note one block in ther nether corresponds to 8 blocks in the overworld so travelling through the nether is much more efficient.
Once in the overworld you want to craft eyes of ender and follow the direction they go to find the stronghold location. Sleeping in a bed will often save time and be safer as you won't be harassed by hostile mobs. You should try to not throw too many eyes since each eye throw has a 20% chance of breaking. Efficiently finding the stronghold is called triangulation since you want to go away from the direction the eye was thrown a little and throw another eye and the stronghold will be where the two eye throws intersect. This technique takes some practice and only really works when close to the stronghold location. Also note the eyes will go towards 8 ~ 8 within the starting point of the stronghold's chunk. This means you can use the chunk coordinates to triangulate against as well.
← Nether · Stronghold →
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Bastion Strats

Being able to get resources from a bastion is one of the most important skills in Minecraft Speedrunning. There are four different types of bastions and they each have random elements to how they spawn and each of them can have multiple different ways to route them depending on how they spawn, how terrain generates and how you approach them. Note that bastions will generate in every nether biome except for the Basalt Delta biome.
What you should be hoping to obtain from a bastion is at least 10 obsidian, one fire resistance potion and 16 ender pearls. Also looking for string can be used to craft wool which can be used to craft beds or glowstone and crying obsidian which can be used to craft respawn anchors. Beds and respawn anchors are useful for the end fight.
There are a lot of useful ways to corral piglins to get them all into one position for quick bartering such as when you break a gold block or chest, all piglins within 16 blocks of you will be aggroed on to you and go towards you but will still be distracted by gold. Note that just opening a chest aggroes piglins with line of sight on you and hitting a piglin aggroes all piglins around you and makes the piglin you hit ignore gold you throw. Understanding piglin mechanics is very useful for efficiently routing bastions.
Note that the guides in these videos are outdated and are missing newer/faster routes/techniques but they will often be better for beginners than the fastest but riskiest routes for top runners. Try seeking out guides to different bastions yourself and practising them and finding out what you're comfortable with in runs.

### Hoglin Stables

Often just called "Stables", this bastion consists of three upper ramparts and two lower ramparts as well as the main section. Here is a guide by EleventyBillion on routing stables.

### Bridge

Bridge is the simplest bastion for newer runners, since the gold blocks are all exposed away from the piglins. Just make sure you don't die to the hoglins in the middle and try to find a spot to barter with as many piglins as possible.

### Housing Units

Housing contains two ramparts and a centre area with housing units around.

### Treasure room

Treasure is probably the most distinctive bastion, consisting of two ramparts and a massive treasure room area separated by lava. While the treasure room has a chest with very good loot and lots of exposed gold, it is generally riskier and slower than using the gold hidden in the ramparts, since the piglins are harder to collect at the bottom of treasure room and you can get mobbed by magma cubes.
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Ender Dragon Fight

You will need to have gathered some resources at some point throughout the run. Minimal resources are some beds which you can use to "one cycle" the dragon. This works since beds explode when you try to sleep with them in the end. This means when the dragon flies to the middle, you place a bed on the bedrock and explode it at the right time, dealing damage to the dragon and pushing it up so you can use another bed to also deal damage and push up the dragon again. This can take a lot of practice and the best runners can consistently kill the dragon in 4-5 beds.
Probably the easiest way to kill the dragon is to have a bow and at least 32 arrows. Then you can shoot arrows at the end crystals to take them down while making sure to not look at the endermen and move away when the dragon shoots dragon breath at you. When the dragon perches you can move around to the side or behind the dragon to enter the fountain underneath the dragon and hit it with an axe or sword until it flies away. If you are not in the fountain when it flies away from the fountain be careful since it will fly towards you, potentially knocking you up into the air. As long as you've shot down every crystal the dragon won't heal. Note that when shooting at the dragon or hitting it with an axe/sword hitting its head does much more damage than hitting its body.
After killing the dragon and you enter the end portal, timing ends and you've completed a speedrun!
There are still many, many advanced, complex and varied strategies left unmentioned here. Check out other guides, resources, streams, runs and discord servers for information on these.
← Stronghold
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Nether Fortresses

Nether fortresses are one of the essential structures since they are the only places you can find blazes, which drop blaze rods, which are essential to beating the game.
Each nether fortress spawns with two blaze spawners or blazes can spawn naturally around the fortress. Each blaze has a one out of two chance of dropping a blaze rod when killed by the player. To be safe, you generally want seven or eight blaze rods but can leave with fewer if you're pushing for time. These tend to be quite dangerous since wither skeletons roam the fortress and blazes can snipe you from quite a long distance.
There are two sections to the fortress: the chest section, which has walls and a ceiling on the corridors and the spawner section, which is more open with the two spawners. The chests can contain some useful stuff such as iron, gold and obsidian but mostly they won't be that useful. You want to find the spawner section since the spawners are generally the faster way to get blazes. The wither skeletons are more than 2 blocks high so blocking off sections of the fortress can be useful to ensure you don't get ambushed by them. If you have a fire resistance potion you should use it since it nullifies all blazes' ranged damage, although they can still melee you if you get too close. If you don't have fire resistance, using a shield can help to protect you although you can still get from behind and the shield doesn't cover your whole hitbox. Otherwise you should try to dodge the blazes' shots since blazes shoot three shots then have a cooldown before firing three shots again. Learning blazes' attacking patterns will help you to kill blazes without dying. Other tips are having plenty of food to regenerate health if you do get hit and using blocks to block blazes' shots.
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Buried Treasure

Buried Treasure spawns in beach biomes randomly and are easiest to find using a buried treasure map which can be obtained from a shipwreck or ocean ruins. A useful thing to know is that buried treasure always spawns at chunk coordinates 9 ~ 9. This means if you press f3 and next to "Chunk: " you have the first and third coordinates equal to 9 and you are over the X on the map, the treasure will be below you. This can save time since the map isn't perfectly accurate to the block. Buried treasure contains lots of valuable loot, including iron, gold, diamonds, cooked cod/salmon and tnt so can be very useful if it doesn't take too long to find. Once you have obtained this loot, you should be ready to build a nether portal to enter the nether.
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Classic Bartering

Classic bartering is a beginner strategy for obtaining ender pearls and is generally not as fast as bastion routing.
It consists of just mining nether gold ore for gold nuggets then crafting gold ingots and bartering these with stray piglins and hoping for two ender pearl trades. In the version 1.16.1, there is around a 4.73% for four to eight pearls from each gold ingot and you would prefer to have more than 12 pearls so on average you will need two ender pearl barters to have enough to beat the game. Stray piglins will only spawn in the nether biomes of Nether Wastes and Crimson Forests and they tend to wander so it can be useful building a pit or putting them in boats so they stay in place while bartering so you can mine more gold or look for a fortress. Be careful since piglins will attack you when you mine nether gold ore even if you have gold armour on. You can give them gold ingots to distract them or simply run/kill them.
Note that with this strategy you will tend to only obtain pearls and not much potions of fire res/obsidian/string/crying obsidian/glowstone and other useful items that would be obtained in a bastion strategy. This means it is generally slower and more linear.
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Introduction

Speedrunning is the art of completing a game in as little time as possible. Minecraft is a sandbox block building and survival game. This book fuses the two to act as a strategy guide to speedrunning Minecraft Java Edition.
In the 2010's both Minecraft and speedrunning gained massive popularity in the gaming community, and as a natural result Minecraft speedrunning gained popularity. Minecraft is almost unique among freeform games for having an ending, and as a result beating Minecraft is usually defined as defeating the final boss known as the Ender Dragon. (Minecraft has 2 more bosses, but they don’t count for the any% category, but they do count for the “all bosses” category)
# Minecraft Speedrunning/Nether

The nether is the most important but also most dangerous part of your speedrun. You will need to fight dangerous mobs and navigate some structures to obtain the resources you need to beat the game. The main things you will need to obtain are ender pearls and blaze rods. There are two strategies for obtaining ender pearls: classic bartering or bastion strats. To obtain blaze rods, you must go to a fortress and kill blazes.
* Classic Bartering
* Bastion Strats
* Nether Fortresses
← Overworld · Exiting Nether →
# Minecraft resource gathering/Authors & Contributors

This list is updated automatically by AuthorsAndContributorsBot. Please do not update it manually.
* Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Mbrickn (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* L10nM4st3r (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Tgregtregretgtr (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Gifnk dlm 2020 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* BEANS X2 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Jerryy147 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Numberguy6 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Vanished user 098323 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Garfieldcat1978 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* 1234qwer1234qwer4 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* User1042 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Xania (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Name Pun (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Kittycataclysm (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* Quinlan83 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* SandololDaGrate (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Slava Ukrajini Heroyam Slava (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Atcovi (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
* NightWolf1223 (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* NotTheDefault (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* R. Henrik Nilsson (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Red-back spider (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Gddghffg (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Wd-Ryan (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Mrjulesd (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
# Minecraft resource gathering/Clay

Clay can be found in riverbeds, lake floors and in shallow oceans, and can be mined with a shovel (or your fist if you fancy drowning) to get clay balls, which can be smelted into bricks, or crafted back together into clay blocks, which can be smelted into terracotta.
It may help to use a potion of water breathing or enchant your helmet with respiration if you plan to mine clay in large quantities.
If you use Silk Touch, it drops the clay block.
# Minecraft resource gathering/Diamond
## Introduction

Diamonds are one of the most sought-after resources in Minecraft, and is one of the rarest ores. It can be crafted into armor and tools, such as pickaxes.

## Location

Diamonds are found deep underground (levels 5 to 12 are best for in version 1.16 and below, while after 1.17, the best place to find them is -20 to -64).

## Methods

To mine diamonds, you will need an iron, diamond, or netherite pickaxe (2 or more are recommended, in case one breaks), food, and torches to keep mobs from spawning. It’s recommended to bring a water buckets (in case you fall into lava, a common incident while mining), a crafting table, a shovel for removing dirt and gravel, and a sword and armour in case mobs come. If you are further into the game, you may enchant your tool with "Fortune" (maximum level Fortune III) which gives more diamonds per ore mined (Maximum of 4 items per block of ore mined).
# Minecraft resource gathering/Charcoal

Charcoal is a renewable fuel and crafting ingredient obtained by smelting logs. In most recipies that would require coal, charcoal can be used as a substitute. This makes it most valuable in the early game, when coal is scarce.

## Obtaining

You get Charcoal by smelting logs in a furnace. You can use any source of fuel, such as planks (a sensible choice if you have access to lots of wood), coal or charcoal, and even lava buckets or blaze rods.

## Uses

Charcoal is in many cases, a valid alternative to coal. It can be used as fuel, with each charcoal smelting 8 items. However, you can’t craft charcoal blocks like you can coal blocks.
Also, it’s used in the crafting recipes of campfires, fire charges, torches, and soul torches, as an alternative to regular coal.
# Minecraft resource gathering/Coal
## Obtaining

Coal is found underground on any level and can be mined with any pickaxe. If you use a pickaxe enchanted with Silk Touch, it will drop the ore, which is pretty useless except for decoration. If your pickaxe is enchanted with fortune, you will get multiple pieces of coal.
Coal can also drop from the dangerous Wither Skeleton.

## Uses

Coal can be used as a fuel. One piece of coal can smelt 8 items. However a Block Of Coal (crafted with 9 coal) can smelt 80 items. Blocks of coal can also be used as decoration. If you like the way they look, you might want to use charcoal, blaze rods, or lava as your primary source of fuel instead.
# Minecraft resource gathering/Concrete

Concrete cannot be found naturally in Minecraft. The only way to obtain it is to make it. Here's how.

## Concrete powder

There are only three ingredients to craft Concrete Powder: 4 Sand, 4 Gravel, and any color of dye.

## Turning it into concrete

You need to put the concrete powder in water to get concrete. And you're done!
# Minecraft resource gathering/Copper
## Finding copper

Copper is found underground in the form of copper ore veins. Copper ore generates between layers -16 to 112 of the overworld, although it spawns more frequently in the Dripstone Caves biome.
Copper also generates as a part of copper ore veins, which are rare underground terrain features that are made up of copper ore, granite and raw copper blocks. They generate above layer 0

## Mining copper

Players must mine copper with a stone, or higher quality, pickaxe. Mining the block with a wooden pickaxe will destroy the block without giving any copper ore.
Each copper ore drops between 2 and 4 copper.

## Refining copper

When a copper ore block is broken, it will drop Raw Copper, which will have to be smelted to be turned into copper ingots.

## Crafting recipes that use copper

Putting nine copper ingots in a square using a crafting table will craft a block of copper, while three copper ingots arranged in a vertical line will craft a lightning rod, and putting an amethyst shard and two copper ingots together in a vertical line will craft a spyglass.

## Versions

Copper ore was officially added to Minecraft in the Caves & Cliffs update (1.17).

## References

* ↑ "Minecraft - Caves & Cliffs: Part I - 1.17.0 (Bedrock)". Retrieved 10 January 2022.
# Knots/Loop knots

The word "loop" has two different senses when used in reference to knots.
* A loop is one of the fundamental structures used to tie knots. Specifically, it is a full circle formed by passing the working end over itself. See knot terminology description image.
* A loop is a knot used to create a closed circle in a line.

## Loop knots

* Adjustable grip hitch
* Alpine butterfly
* Bowline
* Bowline on a bight
* Figure-eight loop
* French bowline (Portuguese bowline)
* Lariat knot (Bowstring knot/Honda knot)
* Man harness knot
* Taut-line hitch
* Triple bowline
* Triple crown knot
* Water bowline
* Yosemite bowline