# Spanish/Lesson 9

| Lessons: | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 |

## Grammar - Past Participle (el participio)

Spanish uses the past participle primarily for present perfect, past perfect, and other similar times. For -ar verbs form the past participle by adding -ado to the stem. For -er and -ir verbs add -ido:
| Verb | Past Participle |
| hablar | hablado |
| comer | comido |
| vivir | vivido |
If the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in one of the vowels -a, -e, or -o, the i of -ido gets an accent mark:
| Verb | Past Participle |
| caer | caído |
| creer | creído |
| leer | leído |
| oir | oído |
| reir | reído |
There are a few verbs with an irregular past participle:
| Verb | Past Participle |
| abrir | abierto |
| cubrir | cubierto |
| descubrir | descubierto |
| decir | dicho |
| escribir | escrito |
| freír | frito |
| hacer | hecho |
| ir | ido |
| morir | muerto |
| poner | puesto |
| romper | roto |
| satisfacer | satisfecho |
| ver | visto |
| volver | vuelto |
As in English, the past participle can also be used as an adjective for a noun. In that case the ending has to match gender and number of the noun. Example:
| Su barba está afeitada. | His beard is shaved. |
Finally, there are a few verbs with both a regular and an irregular past participle. In this case, the irregular past participle is used as an adjective, while the regular form is used for the verb tenses.
| Verb | Past Participle |
| imprimir | imprimido / impreso |
| ocultar | ocultado / oculto |

## Grammar - Present Perfect (el pretérito perfecto)

The Spanish present perfect is formed by conjugating the auxiliary verb haber (= to have) and adding the past participle of the verb.
| | Present Perfect | English |
| yo | he comido | I have eaten |
| tú | has comido | you have eaten |
| Ud./él/ella | ha comido | you/he/she has eaten |
| nosotros(as) | hemos comido | we have eaten |
| vosotros(as) | habéis comido | you have eaten |
| Uds./ellos(as) | han comido | you/they have eaten |
Here are a few examples of the Spanish Present perfect. Note that in Spanish the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle are never separated:
| Carlos y yo hemos jugado fútbol. | Carlos and I have played soccer. |
| ¿Has hecho tus tareas escolares de español? | Have you done your Spanish homework? |
| Nunca se ha enfermado. | He has never been sick. |

## Grammar - Pluperfect (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto)

The Spanish pluperfect is formed by conjugating imperfect of haber (= to have) and adding the past participle of the verb.
| | Present Perfect | English |
| yo | había comido | I had eaten |
| tú | habías comido | you had eaten |
| Ud./él/ella | había comido | you/he/she had eaten |
| nosotros(as) | habíamos comido | we had eaten |
| vosotros(as) | habíais comido | you (all) had eaten |
| Uds./ellos(as) | habían comido | you/they had eaten |
Here are a few examples of the Spanish pluperfect. It is used to refer to an event that happened before another event in the past. As in the present perfect, the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle are never separated:
| Carlos y yo habíamos jugado el fútbol antes la fiesta anoche. | Carlos and I had played soccer before the party last night. |
| ¿Tu habías venido antes a Mexico? | Had you been to Mexico before? |
| Nunca se había enfermado cuando era un niño. | He had never been sick while he was a kid. |

## El vocabulario (Vocabulary) - Los medios (Media)

Spanish FlagEl Vocabulario Los medios :
Media Vocabulary :
| el artículo la cadena el canal el/la comentarista el/la crítico/a en directo, en vivo la estación de radio, la emisora las noticias el noticiero el/la periodista el periódico la prensa la primera plana la sección deportiva la sección financiera la radio el/la reportero/a la telenovela la revista la televisión el titular la historieta la música | article network channel commentator critic live radio station news newscast journalist newspaper press front page sports section business section radio reporter soap opera magazine television headline comic book music |
| Lessons: | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 |