OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Flora of New York/TOC-Apiales

| Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Subtribe | Genera | G | T |
| Apiales | Araliaceae | Aralioideae | Hedereae | — | Hedera (English ivy) | 1 | 1 |
| Apiales | Araliaceae | Aralioideae | Aralieae | — | Aralia (spikenard, sarsaparilla, angelica tree) Panax (ginseng) Eleutherococcus (five-leaved aralia) | 3 | 8 |
| Apiales | Araliaceae | Hydrocotyloideae | — | — | Hydrocotyle (water pennywort) | 1 | 5 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Saniculoideae | Saniculeae | — | Sanicula (sanicle, black snakeroot) Eryngium (eryngo, coyote thistle) | 2 | 7 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Oenantheae | — | Sium (water-parsnip) Cicuta (water-hemlock) Cryptotaenia (honewort) Ptilimnium (mock bishop-weed, herb-william) Lilaeopsis (grasswort) Oxypolis (cowbane, stiff cowbane, water dropwort) Berula (water parsnip) | 7 | 8 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Scandiceae | Scandicinae | Osmorhiza (sweetroot, sweet-cicely) Chaerophyllum (chervil) Anthriscus (chervil, cow parsley) | 3 | 6 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Scandiceae | Daucinae | Daucus (wild carrot, Queen Anne's lace) | 1 | 1 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Scandiceae | Torilidinae | Torilis (hedge parsley) | 1 | 1 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Careae | — | Carum (caraway, anise) Aegopodium (goutweed, ground elder) | 2 | 2 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Pimpinelleae | — | Pimpinella (burnet-saxifrage) | 1 | 2 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Coriandreae | — | Coriandrum (coriander) | 1 | 1 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Apieae | — | Apium (celery) Anethum (dill) Foeniculum (fennel) Levisticum (lovage) Petroselinum (parsley) | 4 | 4 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Tordylieae | — | Heracleum (cow parsnip, hogweed) Pastinaca (parsnip) | 2 | 4 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | Selineae | — | Taenidia (yellow pimpernel) Zizia (golden Alexanders) Angelica (angelica) Ligusticum (licorice-root) Thaspium (meadow-parsnip) Aethusa (fool's parsley) Peucedanum (masterwort) | 7 | 11 |
| Apiales | Apiaceae | Apioideae | (unplaced) | — | Conioselinum (hemlock-parsley) Erigenia (pepper-and-salt) Conium (poison hemlock) | 3 | 3 |
# Flora of New York/TOC-Acorales & Alismatales

| Clade | Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Genus | Common names | # |
| alismatid monocots | Acorales | Acoraceae | — | — | Acorus | sweetflag | 2 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Orontioideae | Orontieae | Orontium | goldenclub | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Orontioideae | Symplocarpeae | Symplocarpus | skunk cabbage | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Lemnoideae | — | Spirodela | duckmeat | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Lemnoideae | — | Lemna | duckweed | 5 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Lemnoideae | — | Wolffia | watermeal | 3 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Aroideae | Calleae | Calla | callalily | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Aroideae | Peltandreae | Peltandra | arrow-arum | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Aroideae | Arisaemateae | Arisaema | Jack-in-the-pulpit | 5 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Aroideae | Arisaemateae | Pinellia | pinellia | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Araceae | Aroideae | Pistieae | Pistia | water-lettuce | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Tofieldiaceae | — | — | Triantha | tofieldia, false asphodel | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Hydrocharitaceae | Hydrocharitoideae | — | Egeria | waterweed | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Hydrocharitaceae | Hydrocharitoideae | — | Hydrocharis | frogbit | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Hydrocharitaceae | Hydrocharitoideae | — | Limnobium | spongeplant | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Hydrocharitaceae | Anacharidoideae | — | Elodea | waterweed | 3 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Hydrocharitaceae | Hydrilloideae | — | Najas | waternymph, naiad | 8 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Hydrocharitaceae | Hydrilloideae | — | Hydrilla | water-thyme | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Hydrocharitaceae | Hydrilloideae | — | Vallisneria | eelgrass | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Butomaceae | — | — | Butomus | flowering rush | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Alismataceae | — | — | Sagittaria | arrowhead | 9 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Alismataceae | — | — | Alisma | water-plantiain | 12 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Alismataceae | — | — | Helanthium | burhead | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Scheuchzeriaceae | — | — | Scheuchzeria | rannoch-rush | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Juncaginaceae | Juncaginoideae | — | Triglochin | arrowgrass | 2 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Ruppiaceae | — | — | Ruppia | ditch-grass | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Zosteraceae | — | — | Zostera | eelgrass | 1 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Potamogetonaceae | — | Potamogetoneae | Potamogeton | pondweed | 36 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Potamogetonaceae | — | Potamogetoneae | Stuckenia | fineleaf pondweed | 2 |
| alismatid monocots | Alismatales | Potamogetonaceae | — | Zannichellieae | Zannichellia | horned pondweed | 1 |
# Falconry/Diet
## Diet

There are different schools of thought when it comes to feeding falconry birds. Some Europeans feed meat based on its nutritional value to control how hungry the bird is. They feed additional roughage, such as fur, so the bird can digest properly. Some Americans feed their birds whole food such as mouse or quail, reducing the need for supplements and additional roughage. All birds of prey used in falconry eat a strictly carnivorous diet.
In all cases, a bird's diet is carefully measured to control its weight. Weight determines how hungry the bird is and how lazy it will act. A bird that is "fat," or has a higher weight, will be more likely to fly away or not hunt. A bird that is somewhat underweight will act aggressively, and a bird that is severely underweight will have health problems.
# Falconry/Housing
## Housing

A falconry bird is usually housed in a mews. Mews in the US have to be inspected for compliance with federal and state laws. These laws ensure the that the facilities meet what is required to safely and humanely house a bird of prey. In the UK the only law concerned requires the bird to be able to spread its wings in all directions, however in practice a much greater space is needed to avoid conditions such as bumblefoot and depression. This lack of laws in the UK is the source of much concern among raptor keepers.
# F Sharp Programming/Solutions/Recursion
## Faster Fib Function

The following function calculates the nth number in the Fibonacci sequence:
The function above is neither tail-recursive nor particularly efficient with a computational complexity O(2$^n$). The tail-recursive form of this function has a computational complexity of O(n). Re-write the function above so that its tail recursive.
You can verify the correctness of your function using the following:

### Solution

Examine the first 10 numbers in the Fibonacci sequence:
Each number in the sequence is the sum of two numbers above it. If we hold the values of the previous two fib numbers in accumulating parameters, then we can calculate then next fib number very easily.
The accumulator variables acc1 and acc2 correspond to fib(n - 1) and fib(n - 2) respectively.
We can test this function in fsi:
# Falconry

Training raptors (birds of prey) is a complex undertaking. Books containing hundreds of pages of information and advice by experienced falconers are still rudimentary at best. Many important details vary between individual raptors, species of raptors and between places and times. Unfortunately, without mentoring by an experienced falconer, raptors may be illegally taken and kept, and can be harmed by uneducated pseudo-falconers. Rather than attempt to train a raptor using only internet resources and books, it is wise to find experienced falconers and volunteer or apprentice with them.

## Content

* Equipment
* Housing
* Diet
* Manning
* Relationship Between Falconer and Bird
* Wild Birds
* Imprinted and Non-Imprinted Captive Birds
* Training Hawks
* Telemetry
* Pitfalls

## Suggested reading and sources

* "North American Falconry And Hunting Hawks" by Hal Webster and Frank Beebe
* Care And Management Of Captive Raptors, Arent & Martell, University of Minnesota's Raptor Center
* History of Falconry
* Understanding the Bird of Prey, Nick Fox, Hancock House ISBN 0-88839-317-2
* Falconry and Halking, Phillip Glasier, Bastford, ISBN 0-7134-8407-1
# Falconry/Manning
## Manning

Raptors are not "tamed" in training, they are manned. Even birds bred for several generations in captivity are not "tame" in the way that selectively bred domestic animals are. Hawks are manned - acclimated to the world of man - by being exposed to different things in a controlled manner. See below in the section The Training of Hawks for a detailed explanation of manning and training.
# Falconry/Imprinted and Non-Imprinted Captive Birds
## Imprinted Vs. Non-Imprinted Captive Bred Birds

Birds taken from the nest as a downy bird still unable to fly (fledgling) are called 'eyas', or the plural, 'eyasses'. In addition to wild-taken eyas hawks, all captive bred hawks taken at this same stage are properly referred to as 'captive-bred eyas' hawks. Eyas hawks can be the best or the worst of the hawks - they will never learn to fear man as the passage or the haggard bird has and are therefore difficult to lose; but likewise from this very lack of fear they may never learn 'respect' for the falconer. This results in eyas hawks sometimes becoming 'food-aggressive', constantly screaming for food or attention or being unnecessarily 'footy' (to grab aggressively at the falconer). Vigilant care regimes must be followed to prevent these bad behaviours in the eyas hawk.
Today experienced falconers know how to rear an imprint so that it has few or none of these undesirable behaviors, but it is time-consuming and requires unswerving dedication for a period of about three months. During that time, the eyass is not allowed to ever become truly hungry, and in nearly constant company and visual range of human beings, so that the arrival of food is not specifically associated with the arrival of humans. This bird is still very much imprinted on humans, but not Food-imprinted, so the human is not considered something to be screamed at or attacked when hungry. In order to further assure that such correlations are not made, when it becomes ambulatory, some will take the bird to a separate room/area and allow it to "find" a plate of food, rather than having that food delivered to its face for it, as a parent bird would do. Finally, the young eyass is allowed to wander about at Tame Hack and enjoy more autonomy than would be possible with a chamber or parent-reared bird (owing to that the bird's affinity towards humans will keep it relatively close by, an affinity lacking in the chamber/parent reared eyass.) This provides the imprint eyass with an opportunity to learn to use its wings and develop musculature as well as the ability to fly in adverse conditions—advantages that the chamber-raised bird does not have.
In the United States, the law requires that all hybrid raptors must be either imprinted or sterilized before they can be free-flown.
# Fundamental Digital Electronics/Digital DeMultiplexing
## Digital demultiplexers

Demultiplexers take one data input and a number of selection inputs, and they have several outputs. They forward the data input to one of the outputs depending on the values of the selection inputs. Demultiplexers are sometimes convenient for designing general purpose logic, because if the demultiplexer's input is always true, the demultiplexer acts as a decoder. This means that any function of the selection bits can be constructed by logically OR-ing the correct set of outputs.
    Example: A Single Bit 1-to-4 Line Demultiplexer

### List of ICs which provide demultiplexing

The 7400 series has several ICs that contain demultiplexer(s):
    S.No.IC No.FunctionOutput State 1 74139 Dual 1:4 demux. Output is inverted input 3 74156 Dual 1:4 demux. Output is open collector 4 74138 1:8 demux. Output is inverted input 5 74154 1:16 demux. Output is inverted input 6 74159 1:16 demux. Output is open collector and same as input

## References

    Multiplexer
# Fundamental Digital Electronics/Fundamental Logic Gates

From previous chapters there are 8 fundamental Digital Logic Gates
    Basic Logic GatesSymbolMathematical FormulaTruth Table BufferQ = AA Q 0 0 1 1 NOTQ = NOT AA Q 0 1 1 0 ANDQ = A . BA B Q 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 NANDQ = NOT(A . B)A B Q 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 ORQ = A + BA B Q 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 NORQ = NOT(A + B)A B Q 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 XORQ = A + BA B Q 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 XNORQ = NOT(A + B)A B Q 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
# Fundamental Specifications for Steel Construction

The design of steel structures as dictated by modern building codes is governed by various steel specifications. Each specification applies to certain types of construction and is adopted in certain jurisdictions. While the details of each specification are unique, the underlying fundamental concepts are fairly consistent.
The purpose of this volume is to compile those elements of a steel design specification that are fundamental to physics and/or materials sciences and are commonly accepted by the major steel specifications. The final goal of this project is to provide a document that over time will serve as a baseline that will lead to greater agreement between the adopted steel specifications. Also, this document will provide a good basis for education by focusing on fundamentals rather than the details of a specific specification.

## Table of contents

* General Provisions
* Stability
* Tension
* Compression
* Flexure
* Shear
* Materials
* Fatigue
* Fire Resistance
* Connections
* Durability
* Working Stress Design
* Limit State Design
* Method of Structural Analysis
* Combined Forces
* Fabrication & Erection
* Imperial Standards
* Indian Standards (IS 800:2007)
* South African National Standards (SANS 10162-1:2011)
# Fundamental Specifications for Steel Construction/Tension
## Tensile Yielding

The limit state yielding on the gross cross section shall be considered to prevent uncontrolled elongation.
* $P_{n}=F_{y}A_{g}$

## Tensile Rupture

The limit state rupture on the net effective cross section shall be considered. Local yielding around net sections is allowed provided the resulting member elongations are not detrimental to the structure.
* $P_{n}=F_{u}A_{e}$

## Definitions

* $F_{y}$ = specified minimum yield stress (ksi, MPa)
* $F_{u}$ = specified minimum tensile strength (ksi, MPa)
* $A_{g}$ = gross area of cross section (in$^2$, mm$^2$)
* $A_{e}$ = effective net area of cross section, as reduced for holes and shear lag effects at connections (in$^2$, mm$^2$)
# Fundamental Digital Electronics/NAND Logic
## Logic NAND

NAND gates are one of the two basic logic gates (the other being NOR logic) from which any other logic gates can be built. Due to this property, NAND and NOR gates are sometimes called "universal gates". However, modern integrated circuits are not constructed exclusively from a single type of gate. Instead, EDA tools are used to convert the description of a logical circuit to a netlist of complex gates (standard cells) or transistors (full custom approach).

## Combined Gates
### NOT

A NOT gate is made by joining the inputs of a NAND gate. Since a NAND gate is equivalent to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate, joining the inputs of a NAND gate leaves only the NOT part.
Truth Table :
| Desired Gate | NAND Construction |
| Truth Table Input AOutput Q 01 10 ||

### AND

An AND gate is made by following a NAND gate with a NOT gate as shown below. This gives a NOT NAND, i.e. AND.
Truth Table :
| Desired Gate | NAND Construction |
| Truth Table Input AInput BOutput Q 000 010 100 111 ||

### OR

If the truth table for a NAND gate is examined or by applying De Morgan's Laws, it can be seen that if any of the inputs are 0, then the output will be 1. However to be an OR gate, if any input is 1, the output must also be 1. Therefore, if the inputs are inverted, any high input will trigger a high output.
Truth Table :
| Desired Gate | NAND Construction |
| Truth Table Input AInput BOutput Q 000 011 101 111 ||

### NOR

A NOR gate is simply an OR gate with an inverted output:
Truth Table :
| Desired Gate | NAND Construction |
| Truth Table Input AInput BOutput Q 001 010 100 110 ||

### XOR

An XOR gate is made by connecting four NAND gates as shown below. This effectively represents the formula: "(A NAND (A NAND B)) NAND (B NAND (A NAND B))".
Truth Table :
| Desired Gate | NAND Construction |
| Truth Table Input AInput BOutput Q 000 011 101 110 ||

### XNOR

An XNOR gate is simply an XOR gate with an inverted output:
Truth Table :
| Desired Gate | NAND Construction |
| Truth Table Input AInput BOutput Q 001 010 100 111 ||

## External links

* Using Logic Gates
# Fundamental Digital Electronics/Combinational Gates

Following the Invert and the Morgan Laws logical gates can be combined to form new gates

## Buffer

    Y = is NOT NOT A or Y = A
    A B 0 0 1 1

## NOT Gate

    Y = is NOT A
    A B 0 1 1 0

## NAND Gate

    Y = is NOT A
    A B 0 1 1 0

## NOR Gate

    Y = is NOT A
    A B 0 1 1 0

## XNOR Gate

    Y = is NOT A
    A B 0 1 1 0
# Fundamental Specifications for Steel Construction/Compression
## Flexural Buckling

* $P_{n}=F_{n}A_{e}$
For $F_{y}/F_{e}\leq 2.25$
* $F_{n}=(0.658$$^{(Fy/Fe{\displaystyleF_{y}/F_{e}})}$)$F_{y}$
For $F_{y}/F_{e}>2.25$
* $F_{n}=0.877F_{e}$

### Sections Not Subject to Torsional or Torsional-Flexural Buckling

* $F_{e}$ = π$^2$E/(KL/r)$^2$

## Definitions

* $F_{c}r$ = flexural buckling stress (ksi, MPa)
* $F_{e}$ = elastick buckling stress (ksi, MPa)
* $F_{y}$ = specified minimum yield stress (ksi, MPa)
* $F_{u}$ = specified minimum tensile strength (ksi, MPa)
* $A_{g}$ = gross area of cross section (in$^2$, mm$^2$)
* $A_{e}$ = effective net area of cross section, as reduced for holes and/or local buckling effects (in$^2$, mm$^2$)
# Fundamental Specifications for Steel Construction/General Provisions

Structural steel is a structural material that has the ability to majorly resists or withstands the forces of tension (as compared to forces of compression that is majorly being resisted by concrete) in a Structure. It is a material that possess high strength, ductility, stiffness, and toughness.

## Analysis of cross section

The determination of the strength of a member under a particular limit state shall consider the applicable states of stress within the cross section under the imposed axial, shear, flexural and torsional loadings. The cross section may be analyzed under the combined state of stress or interaction equations may be used to combine member strengths or stress levels as applicable.

### Constitutive Relationship (Stress-Strain)

In general, for each limit state considered within the provisions of this specification, the constitutive relationship between element stress and engineering strain shall be assumed to take to form a three part curve with a linear portion up to the yield strain, a perfectly plastic portion from the yield strain to the onset of strain-hardening, and a strain-hardening portion up to the point of ultimate stress or the rupture strain. For limit states not involving rupture, the strain-hardening portion may be neglected to from an elastic-plastic model. For certain flexural limit states involving high strains and for plastic analysis, the elastic and strain-hardening portions may be neglected to form a rigid-plastic model.

## Load and load combinations

Member loads, responses, or stresses shall be combined using applicable load combinations from the applicable building code. The selected load combinations shall account for statistical variations in loading and/or incorporate factors of safety in a manner consistent with the design methodology used.

## Limit states

The nominal strength of a section shall be limited so that no applicable strength or serviceability limit state shall be exceeded under the applicable load combinations.
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# Galileo's Science/Mechanics

Galileo had made his most important contributions to mechanics.He introduced the three laws of falling bodies which utterly refutes the Aristotlean view of motion and provides the very basis of Newton`s laws of motion.He proved that the distance $d\,$ traveled by any object falling from zero $(0)\,$ initial velocity is $d={\frac {gt^{2}}{2}}$
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