OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/Manual/Automation

This chapter explains the automation features of Usenet Explorer.

## Associate a Watch Filter with a Newsgroup

By associating a Watch Filter with a Newsgroup, you can automatically download attachments of headers that match a filter.
* open the Properties window (Edit > Properties or F5), select the Watch/Auto headers tab
* in the Available watch filters pane, select the watch filter
* in the Newsgroup(s)/Folder pane, select the newsgroup or folder
* click the Add button; the filter will show up in the Watch filters pane
* specify the directory to save the attachments to using the Browse or Default buttons
Now, if headers are downloaded that match the filter, the attachments in the bodies of the messages are saved automatically. Each time new headers are downloaded, additional parts of the attachments are downloaded and saved. There's no need to wait for a posting to complete uploading; it is downloaded automatically when it appears on your news servers.
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/Manual/Configuration

This chapter guides you through the configuration of Usenet Explorer.

### See also

* Getting started from the Selected Help Topics on the Usenet Explorer home page,
* Installeren van Usenet Explorer,
* Usenet Explorer Quickstart: Installatie en setup and
* Usenet Explorer Quickstart: Installation and setup.
← Installation · Configuration →
# Usenet Explorer User's Manual/Features

This chapter lists all features of Usenet Explorer. It describes them globally and refers to more details in other parts of this manual, for instance to the section that explains how to start using the feature, or to the section in the User Interface part.

## Multiserver

TODO

## Collections
### Custom Collections

Custom Collections are ...
# Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Nucleotides
    Nucleic acids are essential for the body for many reasons. First, they are needed for gene replication and transcription into RNA. Second, ATP
# Structural Biochemistry/Nucleic Acid/Connection between monomers
## DNA and RNA Backbone

In macromolecules, such as DNA and RNA, there are linear polymers built and connected together by monomers. These monomers are known as nucleotides, and they consist of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. The chains and bonds between these nucleotides form the backbone of DNA and RNA, and these backbones allow the formation of unique genetic sequences. In DNA and RNA backbones, the monomers are connected by phosphodiester bridges. Specifically, the bridges are formed between the 3'-hydroxyl group of either the ribose sugar in RNA or deoxyribose sugar in DNA, and the 5'-hydroxyl group of the adjacent sugar; essentially called a 3'-5' phosphodiester bond. Chemically, to make this bond, the 3'-hydroxyl group of a sugar undergoes esterification with a phosphate group. That phosphate group then gets attacked by the 3'-hydroxyl group to form the phosphodiester bridge.
Once the phosphodiester bond is established, the backbone needs to be preserved in order to maintain the genetic information of the nucleotide sequence. Thus, no more nucleophilic attacks may occur on the backbone. In order to prevent nucleophilic attacks, the phosphate group on the phosphodiester bond has a negative charge which is used to prevent other nucleophilic species such as hydroxyl groups from attacking. The fact that DNA lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon means that it is more resistant to nucleophilic attacks, and thus, is the more stable hereditary material than RNA is.
# Vibrations of Structures

In ship building and even other places, we need to decide on what load a particular structure will be able to bear. The objective of this course is to find out how to do this with reference to a ship in mind. The load can either be a static load as the dead weight or a dynamic load which causes vibrations. Both are detrimental to the structure and as such must be studied.
To do so in an orderly manner, we will first consider only static load, and then move on to the study of vibrations in general.

## Contents

* Introduction to vibrations
* Single degree of freedom
* Multiple degrees of freedom
* Continuous structures
* Rayleigh-Ritz method
* Finite element analysis
* Vibration mounts
# Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring
## Contents
### Principles

* Terminology
* Video Standards
* Audio Standards
* Encoding Formats
* Recordable Media (DVD, HD-DVD, DV, VCD, and others)

### Software

* Capture
* Editing
* Filtering
* Transcoding
* Authoring and Burning
* Other

### Hardware

* Capture
* Editing and Authoring

### Techniques

* Capture
* Editing
* Transcoding
* Authoring and Burning
* Other Techniques

### Tutorials

* Converting AVI to MPEG-2 with AviSynth and TMPGEnc Xpress
* Capturing composite NTSC video with VirtualDub
* Inverse telecine for NTSC video
* Basic encoding with TMPGEnc Express
* Basic DVD authoring with DVD-Lab
* Converting telecined PAL content to NTSC and vice versa
# Video Capture, Transcoding, and Authoring/Capturing composite VirtualDub NTSC

Readers are encouraged to comment on the scenarios presented here. Rather than edit the section (unless there is an obvious error), please add the comments in a Notes section following the scenario, for example:

#### Notes

This is an example.
I have a 32-bit Win XP with an Athlon 3200+ and SATA, and this works fine for me. YourNameHere, 20 July 2007

## Scenarios
### Using ATI All-in-Wonder 2006

From Joseph Hall as of 03 May, 2006:
Here is a procedure that works for me.
I have VirtualDub set up the following way:
* Preferences:
* Timing:
* Compression: HuffYUV
My S-video composite output (from a DirecTV box, etc.) is connected to the S-video input of the AIW 2006 dongle. The analog out is also connected to the dongle.
My computer is an Athlon 3400+ X2 running Win XP 64-bit, with 2GB RAM and IDE drives. I run the 32-bit VirtualDub because there is no 64-bit port of HuffYUV (as far as I know). With no other load, or only low-priority background load (such as an "idle" priority TMPGenc batch task), capture generally proceeds fine with no dropped frames and a handful of inserted frames. Some players may not play the resulting AVI-encapsulated HuffYUV stream with perfect A/V sync, but I have learned that the A/V sync is typically fine anyway.
TMPGenc Xpress (4.0) will play the HuffYUV stream with the correct A/V sync in its preview mode (in the clip editor or filter editor). If the A/V sync is correct there, it should be correct after encoding. I can't speak for other encoders at this time, because I am happy with TMPGenc.
A few dropped frames may be okay. If there is a burst of dropped frames, the resulting capture may or may not have good A/V sync. I rarely have dropped frames but every so often I have a source that has a spot that seems to cause dropped frames. Maybe this is because of some peculiarity of those frames that causes HuffYUV to take longer than usual to do the encoding. Several dropped frames in a second or two may not derail A/V sync, but more probably will. Special attention to fragmentation on the recording drive is not necessary in my experience.
Normally I get inserted frames one at a time spaced in intervals of at least a few minutes. A burst of inserted frames may also result in an A/V sync problem, usually due to some other task competing for disk (most likely) or CPU (less likely).
The data rate of the capture depends on the source material. Compression seems to range from about 2.7:1 to nearly 4:1 (on 2.2:1 letterboxed source). 30 GB/hr is a ballpark for capture of a clean but detailed signal from S-video.

#### Notes
## Contributors

Joseph N. Hall
# Structural Biochemistry/Organic Chemistry/Method of Combustion Analysis

Combustion analysis, also called elemental analysis, is one of the oldest analytic methods used to determine the empirical formula of a pure organic compound. A small portion of the compound undergoes combustion in the presence of excess oxygen resulting compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, which is quantitatively analyzed.

## History

Combustion analysis method was invented by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1810 and was later improved by Justus von Liebig, who studied under Gay-Lussac.
Combustion analysis: - The unknown compound is burned in pure O2 in an apparatus that consists of a combustion furnace and chambers containing compounds that absorb either H2O or CO2. All the H in the unknown is converted to H2O, which is absorbed in the first chamber, and all the C is converted to CO2, which is observed in the second. By weighing the absorbers before and after combustion, we find the masses of CO2 and H2O and use them to calculate the masses of C and H in the compound, from which we find the empirical formula. Many organic compounds also contain oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen.
Reference: Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5th ed. 2009.

## Current Method

The current method for combustion analysis is passing the combustion gases through a chromatography (gas chromatography) column, which detects the carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen gas by thermal conductivity.
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen (CaHb) or carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CaHbOc) is burned completely to form H2O and CO2. The products are drawn through two tubes. The first tube absorbs water, and the second tube absorbs carbon dioxide.

## Finding Empirical Formulas

The number of moles of each combustion product must be determined in order to find the empirical formula of the compound. The steps:
* Weigh the sample being analyzed and place in the apparatus above.
* Sample undergoes combustion.
* Weigh the two tubes beforehand.
* In each of the tubes, there is a substance that absorbs only water and only carbon dioxide.
* The increased mass in the water tube is the mass of the water absorbed, and the increased mass in the carbon dioxide tube is the mass of the carbon dioxide absorbed.
* Calculate the mass of carbon from the mass of the trapped carbon dioxide.
* Calculate the mass of hydrogen from the mass of the trapped water.
* If there is oxygen, calculate the mass of oxygen by subtracting the mass of carbon and hydrogen from the total mass of the original sample.
* Now, use these mass to calculate the empirical formula of the pure organic compound sample.

## Reference

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_analysis
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac
* http://preparatorychemistry.com/bishop_combustion_analysis.htm
* Frederic L. Holmes (1963). "Elementary Analysis and the Origins of Physiological Chemistry". Isis 54 (1): 50–81.
Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5th ed. 2009.
# Structural Biochemistry/Organic Chemistry/Method of Trans Esterification
## Trans Esterifcation

This is an organic reaction for the preparation of esters. Instead of Fischer esterification (ester synthesis through carboxylic acid and alcohol) trans-esterification method allows R-substituent to exchange from an alcohol to the ester and vice versa. This is made possible through the use of acid or base catalysts.

### Acid Catalyzed Trans-Esterification

Strong acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric acids can be used to catalyze the reaction.
Mechanism: In acidic conditions, protonation occurs at the carbonyl and enables a partial positive carbon. This is where the alcohol attaches and then deprotonated by another alcohol. The formation of a tetrahedral complex occurs and an -OR’ group will be protonated due to acidic conditions. It will leave and form a new ester with the R substituent from the alcohol.

### Base Catalyzed Trans-Esterification

Bases can be used to catalyze the reaction (for example, K2CO3 or NaOH).
Mechanism: In basic conditions, deprotonation of the alcohol occurs and enables a strong nucleophile to attack the partial positive carbonyl carbon. In response to the new attachment, electrons move from the double bonded oxygen to form a negative charge on the oxygen. To stabilize the tetrahedral complex, the lone pairs of electrons reform and force the OR’ group to leave. The remaining product is an ester with a new R-substituent, and a negatively charged OR’.

### Importance of Trans-Esterification

Biodiesel is an ester product that is made possible by trans-esterification. It starts out with triglyceride and excess methanol to form methyl-esters and glycerol. This process is used to make bio-fuel. However, because it is found in oils of food products, it isn’t the best way to mass-produce because of food scarcities. It is a good alternative to fossil fuel and a lot of fast food restaurants convert their cooking oil into useable bio-fuel.

### References

Otera, J;Transesterification.Chem.Rev.1993. 93,1449-1470 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/cr00020a004
"Biodiesel Synthesis." (n.d.): 1-3. Web. http://faculty.northseattle.edu/tfurutani/che238_2006/biodiesel.pdf
# Structural Biochemistry/Organic Chemistry/Important Organic Reactions in Biochemistry
## Organic Reactions in Biochemistry

Biochemistry has a very close relation with organic chemistry, as a good amount of reactions within the body occur through organic reactions. Thus, it is important to look at some of the important Biochemical molecules and the reactions surrounding them through the perspective of organic chemistry. Through the formation of peptide Bonds, long polypeptide chains form which then can fold into proteins.

### Phosphodiester Bonds

A phosphodiester bond is a bond between a two pentoses and a phosphate group through esterification. It is formed by strong covalent bonds, in which the phosphate groups that are bonded together are negatively charged, so that they repel nucleophilic species like they hydroxide ion. This protects the phosphodiester bonds from hydrolytic attack, unlike with most other esters. These bonds are an important part of all life and make up the backbone of nucleic acids(including DNA and RNA). The phosphodiester bond links the 3’ end of a strand of DNA to the 5’ end of another strand by bonding the hydroxyl group of the 3’ end of the sugar to the hydroxyl group of the 5’ end of the other sugar. Because of the free 2’ hydroxyl group in the sugar groups, the phosphodiester bonds between two ribonucleotides can be broken through the process of alkaline hydrolysis.

#### Phosphodiesterases

Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds and repair DNA sequences.

#### DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerases are enzymes that help to catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds through the reaction:
(DNA)n + dNTP <=> (DNA)n+1 + PPi
In this formula, dNTP is deoxyribonucleotide and PPi is pyrophosphate ion.

## References

1. Berg, Jeremy M. (2007). Biochemistry, 6th Ed., Sara Tenney. ISBN0-7167-8724-5.
# Wine
## Contents

* The Vine
* Types of Wines
* The Art and Science of Winemaking
* Wine Regions
* Wine Tasting and Evaluating
* Food and Wine Pairing
* Wine Myth and Lore
* When and How to Drink
* Serving
* Storage
* Glossary
* Vintage Guides

## See Also

For information on wine making, see DIY Wine.
# Windows XP/Windows-key Shortcuts

Are you a user who finds reaching for the mouse an annoying action? If so, then consider keeping your fingers on the keyboard to accomplish the same objectives by using the keyboard shortcuts listed below.

## Windows Key + E

    Opens the Explorer window.

## Windows Key + D

    Brings the desktop to the foreground. If you repeat the keyboard combination, it returns the desktop to the background and the open windows will return to their original state.

## Windows Key + F

    Displays the Search Result window.

## Windows Key + L

    Locks your Windows computer (Windows XP or higher)

## Windows Key + M

    Minimizes all open windows to display the Desktop.

## Windows Key + R

    Displays the Run command. (try that and type in OSK - just in case you have no keyboard)

## Windows Key + F1

    Displays the Help and Support Centre window.

## Windows Key + Pause/Break

    Displays the Systems Properties dialog box.

## Windows Key + Tab

    Cycles through the buttons on the Task Bar. To activate the selected button on the Task Bar, press the Enter key.

## Alt + Tab

    Toggles or switches between open windows.

## Alt + F4

    Closes the active window.
# Windows XP/Security Fundamentals
## What is computer security? And why should I care?

Computer security is the control of access to resources and the steps taken to achieve this.

## Why do I need it?

This book will not delve into the sociological reasons for computer security but will touch on practical reasons by example. Pretend that someone called Joe buys a personal computer to use the Internet on and the concept of computer security does not exist. Any time Joe connects to the Internet, everybody else using the Internet at the same time would have total access to Joe's computer not only severely compromising Joe's privacy but also risking the working integrity of his computer.
In short if you either care at all about your computer working or any data you enter into it you need your computer to be as secure as possible.

### Users

In Windows XP in order to use the operating system you must login as a user. Each user has information stored in a database (SAM). For each user the database must store a username, a password and at least one group. With these two pieces of information one can login to the operating system.

### Permissions

Permissions define what resources may be accessed through Windows. Even for the most trivial tasks Windows XP requires access to computer resources. These resources are defined as "objects" and it is these "objects" that Windows XP screens access for. Common examples of objects include a file on a hard disk or the ability to add new users. Access to these objects is restricted to certain users or groups. Every time a user requests a resource or tries to perform an action Windows checks the ACL (Access Control Lists) to see if that particular user is allowed to, if for example the user is not allowed, access will be denied. Permissions are a fundamental concept in Windows XP and almost every other operating system.
# Wine/Food and Wine Pairing

Wine has always been a drink to match with food. An ideal pairing of the wine's unique characteristics can help make a truly memorable meal.
Some examples of wine and food pairings include:
* Riesling with a spicy dish. The sweetness and acidity of the wine matches perfectly with the spice in the food.
* Hearty red, such as cabernet sauvignon with steak or lamb. Always a classic - the two are a classic combination.
* Sauvignon blanc with a fish; the clean taste of sauvignon blanc matches well with a simply prepared fish dish.
The following table will show some of the styles of wines, the styles attributes and finally a classic food match. The next section will describe additional matches that can be made for specific types of food.
| Wine | Style | Food Match |
| Sauvignon Blanc - Bordeaux White | Clean taste, moderate acidity | Simple Fish Dishes, as an aperitif |
| Cabernet Sauvignon - Hearty Red | Deep flavor, some tannins, ripe fruit | Roasted, grilled meat |

## Cheese and wine

| Cheese | Wine |
| Asiago | Cabernet Sauvigon, Merlot, Shiraz |
| Bleu | Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Zinfandel |
| Brie | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Sparkling wine, Ice Wine |
| Cheddar | Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Shiraz |
| Gouda | Riesling, Beaujolais, Merlot, Zinfinadel |
| Gruyere | Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz |
| Monterey Jack | Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Beaujolais, Merlot |
| Parmigiano Reggiano | Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Carbet Sauvignon, merlot, Shiraz |
| Swiss | Sauvignon Blanc, Beaujolais, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir |
Generally, the stronger the cheese, the stronger the wine should be.
# The Ten Commandments/The Commandments: Then And Now

This book is written in English, which is just one of many languages in a vast family of Indio-European tongues. it is very odd in that w:Otto Jespersen claimed it lacks any proper grammar, there is no gender and therefore a huge vocabulary to compensate.
We tent to think English is a new language, but of course it was greatly influenced by Christianity, which tried to impose Latin, even though much of its scripture was written first in Hebrew and then Greek. Thanks to the Islamic invasion of Iberia, many Christian universities built on Arabic academic principles - without centers of excellence such as Baghdad, Fez and Granada we Europeans would know little of the ancient Greek and Roman literature or culture.
So the ten commandments have come down to us Anglophones through many different routes, and do get a bit distorted in translation, but fortunately, in England in the 17th Century there was a massive review of ancient scripture in its oldest available form known as the w:King James Version which can be difficult to read so now there are several interpretations including the w:Modern English Version.
In the oldest Hebrew book of w:Exodus there are already two slightly different versions with a few extra commandments, but for convenience, let's stick to the basics shown on the first page. They come in three sections: the first religious bit about the relationship between God and mankind, and then like a sandwich between the divine and mortal there is the social section (keep one day sacred, for prayer, work six days, honor elders) the last bit deals with relationships between us humans (don't cheat, nor steal, nor kill etc).
Exodus really marks a transition from ancient religions which were all about empire building, and more modern attempts to live in harmony with people who are not like us. Instead of US and THEM it introduced the idea that the tribe whose adventures it described were part of a larger scheme that included all of Creation which was made by an omnipotent divinity which we humans can not understand and must not either name or describe - but of course that does not stop us from trying: God of Love, Most Gracious, Most Merciful....
The great thing about the ten commandments is its simplicity and elegance - we can learn it almost as soon as we can talk, and understand its meaning long before we are old enough to deliberately commit the sins it forbids!
In 1948 the United Nations tried to update this Decalogue for the modern world, which is now published as the w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights. That is just an aspiration but in Europe has been made into a series of legal codes such as [the [w:Fourth Geneva Convention]] and the w:European Convention on Human Rights, but those are really for lawyers and courts to enforce. The ten commandments are a personal (and hopefully permanent) commitment available to everybody who wants a decent life, no matter which language, religion or any other distinction we may have imposed on us by our governments or any other powerful people who may tempt or force us to do otherwise!