OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# French/Vocabulary/Food

* Colors
* Fruit
* Vegetables
* Animals
* Family
* Food
* Drink
* Dates, time, and numbers
* Hotels
* Nations
* Phrases
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## How to say you're hungry part 1

* J'ai faim - I am hungry
* Tu as faim - Are you hungry?
* Qu'est-ce que tu veux ? - What do you want?
* Tu veux ? - You want?

### Conversation

Zakhair: Je sors, tu as faim ? James: Oui. Zakhair: Qu'est-ce que tu veux ? Des fraises ? James: Non, une pomme.

### Food (Masculine)

* un hamburger - a hamburger
* un hot dog - a hot dog
* un steak - a steak
* un sandwich - a sandwich
* un poisson - a fish
* un bonbon - a sweet
* un œuf - an egg
* un ananas - a pineapple
* un melon - a melon
* un raisin - a grape
* le chocolat - the chocolate
* le pain - the bread
* le fromage - the cheese
* le fruit - the fruit

### Food (Feminine)

* Une crêpe
* Une omelette - an omelette
* Une glace - an ice cream
* Une frite - a chip(UK)/ French fry(USA)
* Une salade - a salad
* Une fraîse - a strawberry
* Une pêche - a peach
* Une framboise - a raspberry
* Une banane - a banana
* des pâtes - some pasta "pâte" is always feminine plural
# French/Vocabulary/Family

* Colors
* Fruit
* Vegetables
* Animals
* Family
* Food
* Drink
* Dates, time, and numbers
* Hotels
* Nations
* Phrases
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Nouns

| English | French | IPA |
| family | la famille | /la famij/ |
| father | père | /pɛʁ/ |
| dad, daddy | papa | /papa/ |
| mother | mère | /mɛʁ/ |
| mom, mommy, mum | maman | /mɑmɑ̃/ |
| parents / relatives | les parents | /lɛ paʁɑ̃/ |
| sister | sœur | /sɶʁ/ |
| brother | frère | /fʁɛʁ/ |
| siblings | la fratrie | /la fʁa.tʁi/ |
| children | les enfants | /lɛ‿zɑ̃fɑ̃/ |
| baby | le bébé | /lə bebe/ |
| son | fils | /fis/ |
| daughter | fille | /fij/ |
| husband | mari | /maʁi/ |
| husband / male spouse | époux | /epu/ |
| wife | femme | /fam/ |
| wife / female spouse | épouse | /epuz/ |
| grandmother | grand-mère | /gʁɑ̃mɛʁ/ |
| grandfather | grand-père | /gʁɑ̃pɛʁ/ |
| grandson | petit-fils | /pə.ti.fis/ |
| granddaughter | petite-fille | /pə.tit.fij |
| uncle | oncle | /ɔ̃kl/ |
| aunt | tante | /tɑ̃t/ |
| nephew | neveu | /nəvø/ |
| niece | nièce | /njɛs/ |
| cousin (male) | cousin | /kuzɛ̃/ |
| cousin (female) | cousine | /kuzin/ |
| stepdaughter | belle-fille | /bɛl.fij/ |
| stepfather / father-in-law | beau-père | /bo.pɛʁ/ |
| stepmother / mother-in-law | belle-mère | /bɛl.mɛʁ/ |
| stepbrother / brother-in-law | beau-frère | /bo.fʁɛʁ/ |
| stepsister / sister-in-law | belle-sɶur | /bɛl.sɶʁ/ |
| stepson | beau-fils | /bo.fis/ |
| half-brother | demi-frère | /dəmi.fʁɛʁ/ |
| half-sister | demi-sɶur | /dəmisɶʁ/ |
| son-in-law | gendre (beau-fils) | /ʒɑ̃dʁ/ (/bo.fis/) |
| daughter-in-law | bru (belle-fille) | /bʁy/ (/bɛl.fij/) |
| godfather | parrain | /paʁɛ̃/ |
| godmother | marraine | /maʁɛn/ |
| godson | filleul | /fijɶl/ |
| goddaughter | filleule | /fijɶl/ |

## Adjectives

| English | French | IPA |
| married | marié(e) | /maʁje/ |
| single | célibataire | /selibatɛʁ/ |
| divorced | divorcé(e) | /divɔʁse/ |
| separated | séparé(e) | /sepaʁe/ |
| widowed | veuf/veuve | /vɶf/, /vɶv/ |
| kind | sympa | |
| cute | mignon(ne) | |
| funny | rigolo | |
| happy | heureux (-euse) | |

## Verbs

| English | French | IPA |
| to marry | marier, épouser | /maʁje/, /epuze/ |
| to separate | se séparer | /sepaʁe/ |
| to divorce | divorcer | /divɔʁse/ |
| to adopt | adopter | /adɔpte/ |

## Relationships

| English | French |
| to have a good relationship with (someone) | avoir un bon rapport avec (quelqu'un) |
| to get on well with (someone) | s'entendre bien avec (quelqu'un) |
| to get on poorly with (someone) | s'entendre mal avec (quelqu'un) |
| he annoys me | il m'énerve |
| he drives me crazy | il me rends fou |
| to love (someone) | aimer (quelqu'un) |
Colors · Fruit · Vegetables · Animals · Family · Drink · Food · Dates, time, and numbers · Hotels · Nations · Phrases
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Vocabulary/Phrases

* Colors
* Fruit
* Vegetables
* Animals
* Family
* Food
* Drink
* Dates, time, and numbers
* Hotels
* Nations
* Phrases
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Common phrases

| Translation | Phrase | IPA | Pronunciation | Literal meaning |
| French | français | /fʁɑ̃sɛ/ | (frah$^{(n)}$-seh) |
| hello | bonjour | /bɔ̃ʒuʁ/ | (boh$^{(n)}$-zhoor) | good day |
| good-bye | au revoir | /o ʁəvwaʁ/ | (oh ruh-vwahr) | to the seeing-again |
| please | s'il vous plaît | /sil vu plɛ/ | (seel voo pleh) | if it pleases you |
| thank you | merci | /mɛʁsi/ | (mehr-see) |
| you're welcome | je vous en prie, de rien | /ʒə vu zɑ̃ pʁi/ | (zhuh voo zah$^{(n)}$-pree, duh ree-ah$^{(n)}$) | I beg you of it, (It's) nothing |
| that one | cela | /səla/ | (suh-lah) |
| this one | ceci | /səsi/ | (suh-see) |
| how much? | combien | /kɔ̃bjɛ̃/ | (koh$^{(n)}$-bya$^{(n)}$) |
| English | anglais | /ɑ̃glɛ/ | (ah$^{(n)}$-gleh) |
| yes | oui | /wi/ | (wee) |
| no | non | /nɔ̃/ | (noh$^{(n)}$) |
| sorry | pardon excusez-moi | /paʁdɔ̃/ /ɛkskyze mwa/ | (pahr-doh$^{(n)}$) (ehk-skew-zay mwah) |
| I don’t understand | Je ne comprends pas | /ʒə nə kɔ̃pʀɑ̃ pa/ | (zhuh nuh koh$^{(n)}$-prah$^{(n)}$ pah) |
| where's the toilet? | Où sont les toilettes ? | /u sɔ̃ le twalɛt/ | (oo soh$^{(n)}$ lay twah-leht)$^8$ | Where are the toilets? |
| generic toast | Santé ! Tchin-Tchin ! (familiar) | /sɑ̃te/ /ʧɛn-ʧɛn/ | (sah$^{(n)}$-tay) (chehn-chehn) | Santé ! = Health! |
| Do you speak English? | Parlez-vous anglais ? | /paʀle vu ɑ̃glɛ/ | (pahr-lay voo ah$^{(n)}$-gleh) |
| Excuse me, I don’t speak French very well. | Pardonnez-moi, mais je ne parle pas très bien français | /paʁdɔne mwa mɛ ʒə nə paʁlə pa trɛ bjɛ̃ frɑ̃sɛ/ | (pahr-dohn-ay mwah meh zhuh nuh pahrl pah treh bya$^{(n)}$ frah$^{(n)}$-seh) | Pardon me, but I do not speak very well French. |

## Titles

* Do not forget to laison if saying Mesdames et Messieurs /me.dam z‿e me.sjø/ (may-dam-zay-maysy$^{uh}$ew).

## V: Asking for the day/date/time
# =Physical and mental health
## Expressing opinions

Colors · Fruit · Vegetables · Animals · Family · Drink · Food · Dates, time, and numbers · Hotels · Nations · Phrases
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# States Of Matter

This experiment will demonstrate three of the four basic states of matter. The states of matter which an object or substance takes on is based on the temperature of that subject. Matter has four basic states that can occur in nature. The lowest temperatures generate solids which make up the majority of physical objects on earth. The next state, with slightly higher temperature required is liquids. Liquids are also very common on earth. The next state of matter is the gases which require even more heat that liquids. The air we breath is made up entirely of gases The final state of matter is a plasma. Plasmas require temperatures far beyond the norm for earth-bound objects. The only truly common example of a plasma on earth is fire. In this experiment we will deal with gases, liquids, and solids.

## The Experiment

For this lab we will use water to demonstrate the states of matter. Remember all the following steps when writing a laboratory report.
* Read the entire section before writing your own report
* Follow procedure (see section 1.1)
* Be very careful to observe all reactions that occur within the experimental system
* If you have any questions about anything that is asked of you in this text ask your instructor for help
First, gather your materials together
* One Pyrex™ beaker of at least a 75ml volume
* Several ice cubes
* One glass stirring rod
* One gas/alcohol burner with a stand or a hot plate
* Thermometer
Ice is the solid state of water, liquid water is the liquid form, and water vapor is the gaseous form. The goal of this experiment will be to find the temperatures at which water changes state from a solid (ice) to a liquid (liquid water) to a gas (water vapor-as liquid water boils). You will use your materials to change the state of the water and to record the temperatures that you measure.

### procedure

First take the ice cubes and place them in the Pyrex™ beaker. Place the thermometer in the tube in contact with the ice. Then, placing the beaker on top of the burner stand, light the burner, and begin to heat the cubes. You should start to see the ice melting slowly. Record the temperature displayed on the thermometer every thirty seconds until the water has completely evaporated from the beaker. When you are finished with this experiment; extinguish your beaker and cleanup your lab area.

# Vocabulary and Questions

solids are the common form of physical objects on earth; they are object that are neither in a liquid or gaseous form.
# 2.3 The Density of A Solid

Density calculations for regular solids are very simple. As with all density calculations, you need to know both the volume of the object, and its mass. Finding the volume of regular solids (solids of a recognizable form: cube, rectangular prisim, etc..) is very easy because you can measure the sides and calculate the volume using a formula (see apendix: Formulae). Finding the Volume of an irregular solid is more difficult. You must use water displacement to find the volume of an irregular solid. (for instructions see chapter 1.4: Experimentation). For this experiment, take the objects your teacher gives you, and find their density by using the formula D=M/V.

## Calculating and converting

When converting densities (a mass divided by a cubic length (such as kg/m$^3$)), remember to include the cubic nature of the length.
Q: How many cubic meters in a cubic kilomter?
A: While a kilometer is 1000 (1x$^3$) meters, a cubic kilometer is equivalent to one million cubic meters (1x10$^9$ m$^3$), because there are three sides of 1000 meters that make a cubic kilometer, and volume is calculated from length x length x length, or in this case 1000 x 1000 x 1000 = 1x10$^9$.

### Equivalencies

When comparing certain metric cubic volumes, they will be equivalent when both units for length and mass are changed together. So in this case 1 kg/m$^3$ will equal 1 g/cm$^3$.
# Data

Data is information gathered from experimentation. Data can be any type of info that relates to the experiment. Data is usually classified as one of the following types.

## Qualitative

Qualitative data is data that deals with the qualities of the things obseved. Qualitative data records such things as:
* Color
* Shape
* Texture
* Opacity
* Odor
* Sound

## Quantitative

Quantitative data is data that records a number that represents a measurement. Quantitative data is usually a number followed by a label that describes which type of measurement it is. Quantitative data includes measurements such as:
* Length
* Mass
* Volume
* Density
* Concentration
* Solubility

# Organizing Data

Data is most useful in science when it is organized into a recognizable format. Formatting allows very fast reading and easy use in drawing conclusion.

## Tables and Charts

Tables are graphical ways of representing data. Data represented in tables can be organized to allow ease of access and to permit faster reading. For example, if one was testing tab water contamination, you would have columns of various contaminants and rows for the location from which the water was obtained. Below is an example of a table:
| Object | Color | Material |
| Bar | Mettallic | Iron |
| Stick | Brown | Wood |
As can be seen from the table, it is possible to organize data in such a way as to allow fast reading with minimal work. Tables are more useful for larger sets of data and this was just an example.
# Introduction to Philosophy/Zen Buddhism

Zen Buddhism states that in order to live a happy life, one needs to be free from unimportant desires, and focus more on 'important' aspects of life, such as nature, children, etc. Thich Nhat Hanh, a highly respected Zen Buddhist monk, noted that in order to be truly happy, one needs to have the ability to derive pleasure from any experience. An example he gave involved appreciating a toothache. He stated that "Suffering from your toothache you get enlightened: you say: "It’s wonderful not to have a toothache." So, how to enjoy your non-toothache? Just remember the time when you had a toothache. Suffering plays a very important role in helping you to be happy. That is why even what you call suffering, loneliness, meaninglessness, sadness, fear and despair can be wonderful, because it is thanks to them that you have an opportunity to discover what freedom, stability, friendship, interbeing and love are."
Thich Nhat Hanh also taught that one should be happy with what they have, and appreciate their well-being in order to ever achieve true happiness.

## Notes

* http://www.plumvillage.org/teachings/DharmaTalkTranscripts/summer98/1998%20July%2020%20%20Questions%20and%20Answers.htm

## Reference and further reading

* Zen Buddhism at Wikipedia.
# Density

Density is possibly one of the most useful properties when studying matter. Each substance has a unique density. Density is determined by using the "density formula". The density formula is as follows: D=M/V or Density equals Mass over (divided by) Volume. Density is the amount of matter that can be placed in one cm$^3$ of space. The following section discusses the uses of density and the density formula.

## Using the Formula

The variables of the density formula can be rearranged to solve the equation for different measurements. The density formula is capable of solving for Mass when Density and Volume are known, Volume when Density, and Mass are known, and Density when Mass and Volume are known.
* D=M/V (Density equals Mass over Volume)
* M=VxD (Mass equals Volume times Density)
* V=M/D (Volume equals Mass over Density)

## As a property

All substances have different densities although two densities may be similar and even undetectably different by some instruments, all densities are different because in each substance, the atoms are packed together in a different way. Solids are the most dense, because their atoms are packed closest together. Liquids are less dense then solids, and gasses are the least dense.

# Vocabulary and Questions

* Density is a measurement of the amount of a substance that can fit into one cubic centimeter of space
* Density Formula D=M/V: Density equals mass over volume
* Variables are placeholders in an equation that represent a number that is not yet known

## Covering the Reading

* If copper has a density of 8.96 g/cm$^3$ how much mass would a piece with a volume of 34cm$^3$ have?
* If a material has a mass of 52.457 g and a volume of 13.5cm$^3$, then what is the density of the material?

## Critical Thinking

* Are there any other variables that the density formula can be rearranged to solve? why or why not?
# Introduction to Physical Science
## Contents

* Introduction

### Chapter 1

* Chapter 1
* 1.1 Procedure
* 1.2 Data
* 1.3 Graphs and Charts
* 1.4 Experimentation
* 1.5 The SI System
* 1.6 Matter and Energy
* 1.7 (Experiment) States of matter

### Chapter 2

* 2.1 What are properties?
* 2.2 Density
* 2.3 (Experiment) Density of a Solid
* 2.4 (Experiment) Density of a Liquid
* 2.5 (Experiment) Density of a Gas
* 2.6 Solubility
* 2.7 (Experiment) Solubility of a Solid
* 2.8 (Experiment) Solubility of a Gas
* 2.9 (Experiment) Melting Point
* 2.10 (Experiment) Boiling Point

### Appendix

* A.0 Formula
* A.1 Practice Problems Set 1
* A.2 Practice Problems Set 2
* A.3 Practice Problems Set 3

## Suggested Re-Structure
### Chapter 1: Experimentation

* What is Science?
** Chapter 1 Introduction
* Experiments
** Procedure
** Before an Experiment
** During an Experiment
** After an Experiment
* Data
** Qualitative Data
** Quantitative Data
* Charts
** Bar Graphs
** Line Graphs
** Histograms
* Vocabulary
* Questions
* Review
* Worksheets
* Assesment

### Chapter 2: Measurement

* What are measurements?
** Dimensions
** Measuring Tools
** Questions_measurement
* The SI System
** Lenth
** Mass
** Volume
** Time
** Surface Area
** Temperature
** Irregular Measurements
** Questions_SI
* Water Displacement
** Questions_water_displacement

### Chapter 3: Matter

* What are Matter and Energy?
* Matter
** States of Matter
*** Solids
*** Liquid
*** Gas
*** Plasma
** Parts of Matter
*** Atoms
*** Protons
*** Neutrons
*** Electrons
** Elements
*** Atomic Number
*** Atomic Weight
*** Isotopes

### Chapter 4: Energy

* Energy
** Types of Energy
*** Kinetic Energy
*** Potential Energy
*** Thermal Energy
** Examples of Energy
*** Heat
*** Light
*** Motion
*** Noise
** Energy Transfer
*** Radiation
*** Convection
*** Conduction

## Making Contributions

Look at Guide For IPS authors before contributing
* Check the "tasks" lists in the discussion pages to find editing work
* Check the talk in the discussion pages and add your opinions
* Start work on a new section or suggest edits in the "tasks"
* Collect resources for Fact-Checks or add Graphics to modules

## Citing Contributions

If you have made contributions to this Wikibook and would like to have formal credit for being an author, please add your name to the list below:
* All IPS authors
# Horticulture/Rubus pensilvanicus

Wild Blackberry :
| Binomial: | Rubus pensilvanicus |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Type: | Bramble |
Rubus pensilvanicus (Pennsylvania Blackberry or Wild Blackberry), is a thorny bramble native to eastern North America.

## Description

The canes are green at first but then turning dark red, usually ridged, with copious straight spines. The leaves are compound, usually bearing 5 or 7 leaflets. The flowers are white with large petals, bourne in mid-spring. The fruits are large aggregates of black drupelets, thich are somewhat sweet and often used for jams and jellies.

## Uses

While rarely planted, the wild blackberry does provide showy flowers and fruits, and is attractive to songbirds and other wildlife. Like all Rubus species, it can serve as a host to diseases that can affect the cultivated types.
# Horticulture/Rudbeckia

Black-eyed Susans, Coneflowers :
| Genus: | Rudbeckia |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Type: | Herbaceous perennials |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to light shade |
| Water requirements: | Drought tolerant |
| Pest issues: | Rare |
| Disease issues: | Some |
| Weediness: | Some species can be very weedy |
| Pollination: | Insects |
Rudbeckia is one of at least four genera in the family Asteraceae whose members are commonly known as coneflowers; the others are Echinacea, Dracopis and Ratibida.
A large number of species have been proposed within Rudbeckia, but most are now regarded as synonyms of the limited list given below. Several of these currently accepted species have several accepted varieties. Some of them (for example the Black-eyed Susan, R. hirta), are popular garden flowers, distinguished for their long flowering times. There are many cultivars of these species as well.

## Description

They are herbaceous, mostly perennial plants (some annual or biennial) growing to 0.5-3 m tall, with simple or branched stems. The leaves are spirally arranged, entire to deeply lobed, 5-25 cm long. The flowers are produced in daisy-like inflorescences, with yellow or orange florets arranged in a prominent, cone-shaped head; "cone-shaped" because the ray florets tend to point out and down (are decumbent) as the flower head opens.

## Species

* Rudbeckia alpicola Showy Coneflower
* Rudbeckia auriculata Eared Coneflower
* Rudbeckia bicolor Pinewoods Coneflower
* Rudbeckia californica California Coneflower
* Rudbeckia fulgida Orange Coneflower
* Rudbeckia glaucescens Waxy Coneflower
* Rudbeckia graminifolia Grassleaf Coneflower
* Rudbeckia grandiflora Rough Coneflower
* Rudbeckia heliopsidis Sunfacing Coneflower
* Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan
* Rudbeckia klamathensis Klamath Coneflower
* Rudbeckia laciniata Cutleaf Coneflower, Green-head Coneflower
* Rudbeckia maxima Great Coneflower
* Rudbeckia missouriensis Missouri Coneflower
* Rudbeckia mohrii Mohr's Coneflower
* Rudbeckia mollis Softhair Coneflower
* Rudbeckia montana Montane Coneflower
* Rudbeckia nitida Shiny Coneflower
* Rudbeckia occidentalis Western Coneflower
* Rudbeckia pinnata Grey-headed Coneflower
* Rudbeckia scabrifolia Roughleaf Coneflower
* Rudbeckia serotina
* Rudbeckia speciosa Showy Coneflower
* Rudbeckia subtomentosa Sweet Coneflower
* Rudbeckia texana Texas Coneflower
* Rudbeckia triloba Brown-eyed Susan

### Uses

Many species are used in prairie restorations and for ornamental use. Used by domestic stock for forage. An abundance of these plants on a rangeland indicates good health.

## Propagation

Division or seed.

## Pests and diseases

Rudbeckia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including w:Cabbage Moth and w:Dot Moth.
# Horticulture/Rudbeckia fulgida

Orange Coneflower :
| Binomial: | Rudbeckia fulgida |
| Type: | Herbaceuous perennial |
| Light requirements: | Full sun |
| Water requirements: | Drought tolerant (but may wilt in heat) |
| Pest issues: | Minor, but deer browsing can be a problem |
| Disease issues: | Leaf spot is common |
| Bloom season: | Early summer through autumn |
| Weediness: | Can be very weedy |
| Pollination: | Insect |
Rudbeckia fulgida, commonly known as Black-eyed Susan or Orange coneflower, is a perennial plant native to eastern North America.
In the garden, this plant spreads aggressively by both rhizomes and seed.
The ripe seed is a favorite food of finches in winter.

## Description

Stems are hairy, ridged, and dark green. Leaves are dark green, sparsely but rouchly haired, simple, with sparsely serrate margins.
Flowers are heads, with black disk florets and bright orange ray florets, borne singly on stems that extend above the foliage.

## Maintenance

Controlling the spread is the most common issue. Dividing out from the edges can control the vegetative spread. Deadheading can control the seeding, but if growing to attract winter birds, the seeds need to be left on the plant.

## Propagation

Easily propagated by division.