OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# C++ Programming/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Statements/Scope/Variables

Variables also reside in a specific scope. The scope of a variable is the most important factor to determines the life-time of a variable. Entrance into a scope begins the life of a variable and leaving scope ends the life of a variable. A variable is visible when in scope unless it is hidden by a variable with the same name inside an enclosed scope. A variable can be in global scope, namespace scope, file scope or compound statement scope.
As an example, in the following fragment of code, the variable 'i' is in scope only in the lines between the appropriate comments:
There are specific keywords that extend the life-time of a variable, and compound statement define their own local scope.
It is an error to declare the same variable twice within the same level of scope.
The only scope that can be defined for a global variable is a namespace, this deals with the visibility of variable not its validity, being the main purpose to avoid name collisions.
The concept of scope in relation to variables becomes extremely important when we get to classes, as the constructors are called when entering scope and the destructors are called when leaving scope.
# C++ Programming/Programming Languages/C++/Code/Statements/Variables/Operators/Conditional Operators
### Conditional Operator

Conditional operators (also known as ternary operators) allow a programmer to check: if (x is more than 10 and eggs is less than 20 and x is not equal to a...).
Most operators compare two variables; the one to the left, and the one to the right. However, C++ also has a ternary operator (sometimes known as the conditional operator), ?: which chooses from two expressions based on the value of a condition expression. The basic syntax is:
If condition-expression is true, the expression returns the value of expression-if-true. Otherwise, it returns the value of expression-if-false. Because of this, the ternary operator can often be used in place of the if expression.
* For example:
The output will be "foo is smaller than 10.".
# DisablingBells/Vimperator

Add this to ~/.vimperatorrc:
javascript liberator.beep = function { return false; }
There's a vb option ("set vb") that replaces the audible bell with a visual bell and a visualbellstyle option that can be set to blank, but when it's set to blank the window still flickers. This is the simplest way I know of to completely remove the bell.
# DisablingBells/iTerm

This will silence the terminal bell in iTerm, and won't replace it with a visual bell. It will still be silenced when connected to remote machines.
* Quit iTerm
* Change the bell setting in Property List Editor
** Open ~/Library/Preferences/net.sourceforge.iTerm.plist in Apple's Property List Editor by navigating to it and double-clicking it in Finder
** Expand Root
** Expand Terminals
** Expand Default
** Click "No" to the right of "Silence Terminal Bell" and change it to "Yes".
** File > Save (Command-S)
** Property List Editor > Quit Property List Editor (Command-Q)
* Open iTerm. The bell should be silenced!

## Notes

* ↑ you need to have XCode installed to get the Property List Editor
* ↑ in version 0.9.6.20090209 the value "Silence Terminal Bell" is gone from the conf file. You need to manually add it as boolean and set it to "true"
# DisablingBells/Ubuntu

There are a number of approaches for a system-wide fix, disable PC speaker beeping.
Approach 1: Disable the kernel module; edit the file /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist (comes into effect after reboot);
Approach 2: set the bell duration to 0 milliseconds, for all ttys. Edit /etc/rc.local (comes into effect after reboot);
Note the approaches here should work with most Linux distributions
Note tips for this page come from http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=422061
# Disaster and WMD Defence Guide

This book is about defending from disasters (not natural unless added later) and WMDs (Weapons Of Mass Destruction).

## Subjects

The events handled in this wikibook include:

### Attacks

* Nuclear
* Biological
* Air
* Ground (Requires military expertise! Only unarmed)

### Leaks

* Gas leaks and attacks
* Radiation leaks

## Preparation

* Itemlist
* How to choose the room or place to shelter in
# Disaster and WMD Defence Guide/Shelter Location

You should primaly take shelter in a CP shelter. If you don't have this option, in case of nuclear leak take cover in an under ground cellar space or in case of a gas leak you should (depending on the gas) take cover in the top floor (don't go to the attic, because attics usually present a lot of "blocking" which will be handled later,

## Radioactivity weakens

When it goes through material For example 35 cm (14inches) of concrete reduces the radiation levels to 1:50
| 1:50 | 1:100 |
| Concrete 35 cm | Concrete 45 cm |
| Brick 50 cm | Brick 60 cm |
| Solid earth 55 cm | Solid earth 70 cm |
When the distance to the radiating particles grows, half of the radiation is received when a person is within 8 meter radius of the source of radiation.
With time
| Time | Drop |
| 2H | 1:2 |
| 7H | 1:10 |
| 48H | 1:100 |
| 2 weeks | 1:1000 |

## Preparing your shelter

First you need to bring to your shelter or have it ready
* #Are optional
* = Is a Good to have thing
* ! Is a life and death matter
* #Adequet amount of clothes#
* #Toys to keep children occupied #
* !Well preserving food for 2–5 days!
* #Reading #
* !Radio, TV or a Computer! A radio is the best because it's got a simple broadcasting system which is easier to have back up and running after any type of situation. Stay on government channels to receive more accurate info.
* =Personal protection gear =
* =Important medication and Important documents=
* Eating utilities, Plates, forks etc.
* Matches Don't use unless you absolutely need to because they "eat" oxygen
* Auxiliary light source
# Disaster and WMD Defence Guide/Ground

The idea of this part is to tell how to survive from a place like Kosovo
# Discrete Mathematics

$Discrete$
$Mathematics$
Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous.

## Contents

    Introduction

### Introductory discrete mathematics

* Set theory
* Functions and relations
* Number theory
* Logic
* Enumeration
* Graph theory
* Recursion
* Semigroup

### Upper-level discrete mathematics
#### Upper-level set theory

* Axiomatic set theory
* Zermelo-Frankel Axioms
* Topoi

#### Upper-level number theory

* Number representations
* Modular arithmetic
* Polynomials
* Finite fields
* Arithmetic Functions
* Analytic Number Theory

#### Upper-level logic

* Godel's incompleteness theorem
* Second order logic

#### Upper-level Combinatorics
### Abstract algebra
#### Abstract algebraic systems

* Groups
* Lattice theory
* Matroids
* Boolean algebra
* Category theory

#### Algebra over other number systems

* Hypercomplex numbers
* Rings, fields and modules

### Automata

* Finite state automata
* Pushdown automata
* Turing machines
* Cellular automata

### Further problems

* Selected problems

### Unordered pages

* Combinatory logic
* Languages and grammars
* Axiom of choice
* Naive set theory
* Sieve of Eratosthenes
# Castles of England/Nottinghamshire

There are four castles in Nottinghamshire.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Greasley Castle | Castle | 130114th century | Fragmentary remains | Private, farm | Remains incorporated into farm buildings. |
| Halloughton Manor House | Pele tower | 130114th century | Intact | Private | Attached to later building. |
| Newark Castle | Castle | 110112–14th century | Ruins | HC / Newark District Council | Gatehouse, part of curtain wall and a tower remain. |
| Nottingham Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112–13th century | Fragmentary remains | HM Nottingham City Council | Demolished 1651, later mansion on site, much restored 14th century gatehouse remains. |
# Castles of England/Shropshire

There are 17 castles in Shropshire.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Acton Burnell Castle | Fortified manor house | 120113th century | Ruins | EH | Shell, used as a barn in the 18th century. |
| Alberbury Castle | Castle | 120113th century | Fragmentary remains | HAL | |
| Bridgnorth Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112th century | Fragmentary remains | HC | Slighted 1645. |
| Broncroft Castle | Fortified manor house | 130114th | Intact | Private | Renovated 19th century. |
| Cheney Longville Castle | Fortified manor house | 130114–17th century | Part habitable | Private | Building at risk. |
| Clun Castle | Keep and bailey | 120113th century | Fragmentary remains | EH | Ruins of keep built onto side of motte. |
| Hopton Castle | Keep and bailey | 130114th century | Ruins | HC | Knockin Castle Motte and Bailey Mound remains. |
| Ludlow Castle | Keep and bailey | 100111–14th century | Ruins | HC Earl of Powis | One of the great Welsh border castles. |
| Moreton Corbet Castle | Keep | 110112th century | Fragmentary remains | EH | Adjoining ruins of 16th century building. |
| Quatford Castle | Neo-romantic castle | 1830c.1830 | Intact | Private | Nearby are earthwork remains of the medieval Quatford Castle. |
| Red Castle | Castle | 120113th century | Fragmentary remains. | HC | Adapted as feature of Hawkstone Park, 18th century landscape garden. Building at risk. |
| Rowton Castle | Sham castle | 170118–19th century | Intact | Hotel | On site of medieval castle, remodelled 1809–12 by George Wyatt. |
| Shrewsbury Castle | Castle | 110112th century | Rebuilt | HM Shropshire Council | Restored and extended 1642, altered c.1790 by Thomas Telford. |
| Stokesay Castle | Fortified manor house | 120113–14th century | Intact | EH | Restored 19th century. |
| Wattlesborough Castle | Castle | 120113–14th century | Fragment | Private | Near Rowton, keep/tower survives, adjoining Wattlesborough Hall. |
| Whittington Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112–13th century | Fragments | HC Local community | Gatehouse towers survive. |
# Castles of England/Somerset

There are 11 castles in Somerset.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes ([../Key/]]) |
| Banwell Castle | Neo-romantic castle | 1848c.1848 | Intact | Restaurant | Architect not known. |
| Beckington Castle | | 160117th century | Rebuilt | Company HQ | Medieval remains incorporated in later building. |
| Dunster Castle | Castle | 120113–19th century | Rebuilt | ENT | Existing house dates largely from c.1571, with 18–19th century alterations. |
| Farleigh Hungerford Castle | Enclosure castle | 130114–15th century | Ruins | EH | On high ground above the River Frome. |
| Newton St Loe Castle | Fortified manor house | 130114th century | Fragment | Bath Spa University | Large tower and gatehouse, altered 16–17th century. |
| Nunney Castle | Quadrangular castle | 13731373 | Ruins | EH | Towers originally had conical roofs, north wall collapsed 1910. |
| Stogursey Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–12th century | Fragmentary remains | Landmark Trust | 160117th century house built within remains of castle. |
| Sutton Court | Fortified manor house | 130114–15th century | Fragment | Private apartments | Short length of embattled wall and a tower survive, incorporated in large house, restored 19th century. |
| Taunton Castle | Shell keep | 120113th century | Restored | HM | Now houses Somerset County Museum, Castle Hotel incorporates remains of an outer gatehouse. |
| Walton Castle | Sham castle | 16151615–20 | Restored | Private residence | Restored as private house 20th century. |
| Wells Bishop's Palace | Fortified palace | 120113–15th century | Substantially intact | HH Church of England | Adjacent to cathedral, residence of the Bishop of Bath and Wells. |
# Castles of England/Northamptonshire

| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes ((Key) |
| Astwell Castle | Fortified manor house | 140115th century | Fragment | Private, farm | Gatehouse survives alongside 17th century house. |
| Barnwell Castle | Rectangular castle | 1266c.1266 | Ruins | Private | |
| Fotheringhay Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112th century | Earthworks | HC | Scene of trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587. |
| Rockingham Castle | Motte and bailey | 120113–19th century | Rebuilt | HH | 13th century gatehouse survives, largely rebuilt 16th century, remodelled 1660 and by Salvin in 19th century. |
| Thorpe Waterville Castle | Castle | 130114th century | Fragment | Private | Great hall with fine open roof survives, altered for use as a barn.< |
# Castles of England/South Yorkshire

There are two castles in South Yorkshire.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Conisbrough Castle | Keep and bailey | 110112th century | Ruins | | EH | Cylindrical keep 95 ft high, castle ruinous by time of Civil War and so escaped slighting. |
| Tickhill Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–14th century | Fragmentary remains | | Private | Ruined gatehouse and parts of curtain walls remain. |
# Castles of England/Oxfordshire

There are seven castles in Oxfordshire.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Bampton Castle | Quadrangular castle | 1315c.1315 | Fragment | Private | Lower part of gatehouse and short stretch of curtain wall survive, incorporated into later house known as Ham Court. |
| Broughton Castle | Fortified manor house | 130114–15th century | Intact | HH | Remodelled 15–18th centuries. |
| Hanwell Castle | Castellated house | 140115–16th century | Fragment | Private | Large surviving tower of unfortified building. |
| Oxford Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–12th century | Fragment | Hotel | Motte and the unusual, possibly Saxon, St. George's Tower. |
| Rotherfield Greys Castle | Fortified manor house | 130114th century | Fragment | ENT | Two towers and section of wall survive, close to Greys Court. |
| Shirburn Castle | Quadrangular castle | 1378c.1378 | Rebuilt | Private | Originally stone, largely rebuilt in brick c.1720, remodelled 19th century in Gothick style, 19th century working drawbridge. |
| Wallingford Castle | Motte and bailey | 100111–13th century | Fragmentary remains | HC | Slighted 1652, impressive earthworks remain. |
# Castles of England/Rutland

There is one castle in Rutland.
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes (Key) |
| Oakham Castle | Motte and bailey | 110112–13th century | Fragment | | HC / Rutland County Council | Aisled great hall built 1180–1190 survives, with some remains of curtain walls, probably site of Saxon burh. |
# Emacs/Why to use Emacs
## The editor that will never die

IDEs that you use may have a limited life span due to the death of the company that makes the tool, or the language it is designed for. Even upgrades to the IDE you use can make not be to your liking. Emacs is far less likely to suffer this problem:
* Since emacs is Free software, it is harder to kill
* It has already been around for a long time
* It has many committed users, many of whom are ”locked in” by their customisation
* Many of these users are programmers who are used to making Free software contributions
* Emacs is extensible, meaning, any hot new feature will be implemented for it as an extension.
# Emacs/The Emacs Lisp Package Archive

The Emacs Lisp Package Archive, ELPA, makes it easy to download and install packages for emacs. The official site of ELPA is at http://tromey.com/elpa/.

## Getting started with ELPA
### Installing the package manager

In Emacs 22 and above, the necessary modules are already present to install the package manager from a small bootstrap script. Simply copy and paste the following code in to a *scratch* buffer and execute it with C-j if you're in lisp interaction mode, C-x C-e otherwise.
The package manager should install itself.
If you are using Emacs 21, you will need to have the wget utility available. Execute the following code:
# Emacs/Emacs philosophy

Designers of UNIX tools often talk about the UNIX philosophy: "A tool should do one thing and one thing well". UNIX developers love their succinct, powerful, command-line tools that they can string together in myriad ways.
And then there's Emacs, a tool which despite its laudable UNIX roots has been mocked for its sprawling natural: the sarcastic vi user sitting next to you may well come up with hackneyed lines about your use of an Eight-meg Memory use Constantly Swapping operating system with a mediocre editor implemented on top of it.
And yet, I would argue that Emacs does indeed represent the UNIX philosophy quite well.

## The missing maxim: extensibility

I would argue that the early UNIX philosophers forgot to add something to their guide. Something that is so implicitly true for command line tools that it's easy to miss, but becomes a lot more visible when you use things that are interactive.
What they should have said is: "Do one thing well... and also be Turing complete"
What do I mean you say!? How can a tool both do only one thing and also everything? Well, the thing is... it's all well and good doing one thing well, but your actions don't exist in isolation, your tool has to interact with other tools to achieve your overall task.
At the command line this is easy, if you want your grep command to send mail, you just pipe into mail like so
grep root /etc/shadow | mail dave@haxxor.net
But once you start doing things interactively things become difficult. Input and output cease to be simple streams of characters, but a complicated interleaving pattern of events.
In this landscape the analogue of the pipe becomes the application scripting language. And to truly satisfy the UNIX philosophy you have to be highly extensible. And so we meet:

## EMACS: the turing complete text editor

And this is how we are to understand emacs. A text editor that tries to be as simple as possible in the UNIX philosophy, but also highly extensible.
Now extensibility is hardly something that only emacs offers. Many tools have plugin frameworks and scripting. But emacs is slightly different:
* Its scripting language, emacs lisp, is simple to use, with many forms of interaction with the editor implemented as language-level features
* As many features as possible are implemented using this extensibility language
* Numerous features are provided to help you interact with emacs lisp, and moreover normal day-to-day activities encourage you to interact with emacs lisp.
Emacs is an editor with extensible scripting at its core, not merely provided as an afterthought that only plugin writers understand.
# How do I do X in emacs

People use emacs for a range of activities. So whatever you want to do, there's a chance that someone has already done it. Your first point of call for extending emacs should probably be emacswiki, which lists emacs extensions that you can use for different activities.
It may also be worth checking MELPA and ELPA, the emacs package archives directly, since useful packages can go undocumented on emacswiki. If you find nothing there you might like to search github directly.

## Reading existing libraries

* Check load-path variable to find where files included from.

## Writing functions that can be executed from Emacs

* Use of (interactive) to make the function callable
# Energy Efficiency Reference/Tips

    This "Tips" page is the local manual style (WB:LMOS) for the Energy Efficiency Reference wikibook.
Below you'll find some tips for contributing to this wikibook.
* Check your links to make sure they are pointing the correct place, and if you need examples look at past work.
* Keep formatting consistent and clean. We want the explanations clear for everyone (not just the author!)
* If you can't figure out the wiki code, check out the local help pages or the ones at the MediaWiki wiki.
# Energy Efficiency Reference/Solar/Solar Water Heating

Solar thermal is a technology that harnesses the sun's energy by using it to heat up a working fluid (i.e. water, oil), then utilizing the hot fluid for process heating, turbine-generate power and a number of other uses.

## Example Assessment Recommendation

* Solar Hot Water - installed for pool use at university recreation center

## Necessary Info (example)

* Heat source: steam
* Steam cost: $0.017 per pound of steam (60 psi)
* Average ambient (indoor) temperature: 85.5 °F
* Lap pool water temperature: 80.5 °F
* Lap pool surface area: 4,500 sq ft
* Dive pool water temperature: 83.5 °F
* Dive pool surface area: 1,800 sq ft

## Additional Resources

* American Solar Energy Society
* The Solar Hygrogen Civilization, by Roy McAlister
* Solar Hot Water Systems, by Tom Lane
* Solar Energy Industries Association
* Energy Star
* Tax Incentives Assistance Program
* Rating Certification Corporation
* DeBebord, David, "Getting Better Acquainted With Solar Water Systems", PM Engineer August 2008
* Solar Thermal Energy, Wikipedia article
# Engineering Acoustics/Mechanical Modeling of the Ear
## Mechanical Modeling of the Ear

There are three main parts of the human ear; the Outer, Middle, and Inner ear.

### The Middle Ear

The Middle Ear is an air filled cavity that converts the mechanical energy input from the tympanic membrane into hydraulic energy. The middle ear contains three bones:
* Bones of the Middle Ear
* Malleus
* Incus
* Stapes
# Engineering Acoustics/Moving Resonators
## Moving Resonators

Consider the situation shown in the figure below. We have a typical Helmholtz resonator driven by a massless piston which generates a sinusoidal pressure $P_{G}$, however the cavity is not fixed in this case. Rather, it is supported above the ground by a spring with compliance $C_{M}$. Assume the cavity has a mass $M_{M}$.
Recall the Helmholtz resonator (see Module #9). The difference in this case is that the pressure in the cavity exerts a force on the bottom of the cavity, which is now not fixed as in the original Helmholtz resonator. This pressure causes a force that acts upon the cavity bottom. If the surface area of the cavity bottom is $S_{C}$, then Newton's Laws applied to the cavity bottom give
$\sum {F}=p_{C}S_{C}-{\frac {x}{C_{M}}}=M_{M}{\ddot {x}}\Rightarrow p_{C}S_{C}=\left[{\frac {1}{j\omega C_{M}}}+j\omega M_{M}\right]u$
In order to develop the equivalent circuit, we observe that we simply need to use the pressure (potential across $C_{A}$) in the cavity to generate a force in the mechanical circuit. The above equation shows that the mass of the cavity and the spring compliance should be placed in series in the mechanical circuit. In order to convert the pressure to a force, the transformer is used with a ratio of $1:S_{C}$.

## Example

A practical example of a moving resonator is a marimba. A marimba is a similar to a xylophone but has larger resonators that produce deeper and richer tones. The resonators (seen in the picture as long, hollow pipes) are mounted under an array of wooden bars which are struck to create tones. Since these resonators are not fixed, but are connected to the ground through a stiffness (the stand), it can be modeled as a moving resonator. Marimbas are not tunable instruments like flutes or even pianos. It would be interesting to see how the tone of the marimba changes as a result of changing the stiffness of the mount.
For more information about the acoustics of marimbas see http://www.mostlymarimba.com/techno1.html
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