# Kapampangan/Pronouncing Kapampangan
## Part A: Pronouncing Kapampangan words in this book

This first lesson is essential for you to be able to pronounce the words that we have printed in this book. Here we will learn a few basic words, and how to pronounce them.

### Consonants

Most consonants are pronounced like in English. But a few have a specific behaviour:
* r is rolled and pronounced in the same manner as the Spanish, Italian and Russian pronounce it, but not like in English nor like in French.
* dy is pronounced like in English Jack
* sy is pronounced like in English shine
* ts is pronounced ts, like in English tsar, but sometimes drifts into a pronunciation that sounds more like tch like in English cheer. You will be understood however, if you always pronounce ts.
* ng is pronounced like in the English word sing. But beware, this sound can appear at the beginning of a word, not only the middle or the end.
* The glottal stop, that we indicate with an apostrophe ' is pronounced in the same way as the t is pronounced in Estuary English in words like bottom (bo'om), Britain (bri'ain} or that (tha'). However a glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it's in the middle of a sentence.

### Vowels

There are 5 vowels:
* a similar to English father
* i similar to English machine, but shorter like bit when not stressed.
* u similar to English loop but shorter like book when not stressed.
* e similar to English bed
* o somewhere between English forty and English dog
When they are not stressed, i and e are nearly interchangeable: there are many words that can be pronounced and written using either of the two vowels, for example, king can be pronounced and written keng, íni can become íne. Also o and u are frequently interchangeable if unstressed: nukarín can be pronounced and written nokarín, kumustá can be pronounced and written komustá, etc. Although we try to use a consistent spelling in this book, there is currently no consensus on the spelling for unstressed vowels and it may be that this book sometimes contains both possible spellings.
Before the arrival of the Spanish, Kapampangan had three vowel sounds: /a/, /i/, and /u/; This was expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish words.

### Stress

Each word with more than one syllable is stressed in a specific way: the stress either falls on the last syllable, or on the penultimate syllable. If it is on the penultimate syllable, it is accompanied by a lengthening of the stressed vowel. We indicate the stress in this book with the following sign above the vowel of the stressed syllable: ’ Please note that the stress is usually not written in texts or websites, however, we indicate it in every word, since this is the only way that you can learn to pronounce each word correctly.

## Part B: Application

Here is an example for each of these specific sounds in a simple word. Note the stress location.
| Kapampangan word | Translation | Hear it | English-like pronunciation | IPA pronunciation | Comment |
| reló | wristwatch | Listen (help·info) | rrEh-loh | [rɛ:'lo] | Remember to roll the r-s as in Spanish |
| dyip Eng. | jeep | Listen (help·info) | jip | [dʒip] | Same as English Jack |
| syémpre | of course | Listen (help·info) | shEh-m-prreh | ['ʃɛ:mprɛ] | Same as English shame |
| tsa | tea | Listen (help·info) | ts-ah or tch-ah | [tsa] or [tʃa] | Same as English tsar or drifting to chat |
| ngan | everyone | Listen (help·info) | ng-an | [ŋan] | Same as English singing |
| yátu' | world | Listen (help·info) | yAh-tu + end of word t in Estuary English | ['ja:tuʔ] | Glottal stop: Remember to stop abruptly at the end of the word. |
| óbra Span. | work, job | Listen (help·info) | O-brrah | ['o:bra] | The o is somewhere between dog and forty |
| uktúbri Span. | October | Listen (help·info) | uk-tU-brri | [uk'tu:bri] | The second u is like loop |
You can click on the sound file to here a native speaker pronounce the word. You can note that there is no stress indicated for ngan, tsa and dyip. This is because there is only one syllable (vowel) and therefore there is no need to indicate it.
You can now even answer when asked what you would like for a drink: - syémpre, tsa! Tea, of course!

## Part C: Exercises

Given the rules described above, pronounce the following words:
| ngéni | now |
| yélu | ice |
| syam | nine |
| réni | these |
| dyéli | jelly |
| tsinélas | slippers |
Solutions

## Part D: Summary

In this lesson you have learned how to pronounce each vowel and consonant of the Kapampangan language. You have a also learned the following words:
| ngéni | now | dyip | jeep |
| yélu | ice | syémpre | of course |
| syam | nine | tsa | tea |
| réni | these | ngan | everyone |
| dyéli | jelly | yátu' | world |
| tsinélas | slippers | óbra | work |
| reló | wristwatch | uktúbre | October |
Try to remember these words, they will be useful later for constructing sentences.

## Part E: IPA sound charts
### Consonant chart

When the written convention is different from the IPA, the IPA version is indicated between square brackets.
| | | Bilabial | Dental / Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Stops | Voiceless | p | t | | k | ' [ʔ] |
| Stops | Voiced | b | d | | g | |
| Affricates | Voiceless | | | ts [ts] drifts into [tʃ] | | |
| Affricates | Voiced | | | dy [dʒ] | | |
| Fricatives | Fricatives | | s | sy [ʃ] | | |
| Nasals | Nasals | m | n | | ng [ŋ] | |
| Laterals | Laterals | | l | | | |
| Flaps | Flaps | | r | | | |
| Semivowels | Semivowels | w | | y [j] | | |
Note that all the stops are unaspirated.

### Vowels chart

| In writing | pronounced if stressed and not final | pronounced unstressed | Description |
| a | a: | a | open front unrounded |
| e | ɛ: | ɛ | open mid-front unrounded |
| i | i: | ɪ | close front unrounded |
| o | o: | o | close-mid back rounded |
| u | u: | ʊ | close back unrounded |
There are two diphthongs; /oɪ/, and /iʊ/, which we simply write oi and iu.
Continue to Greeting