OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electronics/Conventional Current

Electronics | Foreword | Basic Electronics | Complex Electronics | Electricity | Machines | History of Electronics | Appendix |
An electronic circuit is a system in which electrons flow from a negative terminal of a source, through a load, to the positive terminal. Unfortunately for electronics students, pioneers in the fields of electricity and magnetism believed that positive charge flowed, so many of the conventions in physics and electronics assume that current flows from positive to negative, even though the particles that are moving are actually negatively charged electrons moving from negative to positive. (conventional current is covered in the voltage and current section. should we take it out of here and just leave it there?)
Talking about conventional current here sounds like a good idea. The discussion should include a blurb on the relationship between conventional current and voltage.
If you are having trouble imagining this, consider what happens if you pass helium filled balloons to another person while you both are standing on scales. If the balloons are very large, then the person receiving the balloon actually loses weight and you who gave the balloon gain weight -- as measured by the scales. (This is because the balloons are pulling up on you.) In other words, the person who gives the balloon seems to have received weight and the person who receives the balloon seems to have lost weight. In the same way, when something gives electrons it seems to have received positive charge.
If this all seems confusing, rest assured that you will find a way to think about it that works for you. Many people just ignore the electrons altogether and think of positive charge flowing around. Except in rare cases this is completely fine.
So, different types of negative particles drift from negative to positive, and positive particles drift in the opposite direction, at different speeds in different materials. How to make sense of this? Conventional current. We define current as flowing from positive to negative, and ignore the particles that make it up (for most purposes), paying attention only to the amount of charge flow per unit time, and the speed of the electromagnetic waves. We will sometimes still talk about electrons flowing, since they are the predominant charge carriers in metal, and many circuit components. Just keep these principles in mind.
Current i / I is represented in Amperes / Amps / A and equals x number of y
# Electronics/Decoders and Encoders
## Encoders

Encoders are devices that act on data to transform it in such a way that the data acquires some new characteristics. These characteristics can vary from reduction in length to inclusion of error correction properties to use of security measures. At the most basic level, encoders can be used to reduce the size of data. Consider the following block diagram :
If out of ABCD only one is high at any given time, then we can only have the following possibilities for input : 000, 001, 010, 100. Thus we can make the internal circuit of the encoder in such a way that when it sees 000 it outputs 00, when it sees 001 it outputs 01, when it sees 010 it gives 10 and when it sees 100 it outputs 11
Thus we have effectively reduced the size of the data, by exploiting the fact that all possible combinations of input will never be provided at the input terminals.
The internal circuit of the encoder can be easily derived by using truth tables
Clearly X = A + B and Y = A + C
So the circuit diagram can be :
This scheme can be extended for n inputs.
This was a very basic encoder, it could act only on data when a single line was high. It is possible that multiple lines may be high, in that case one may use priority encoders which assign output based on priority, that is if two lines are high, for example A and C in the previous example, then a priority encoder will, based on a prior decision by the designer, decide to assign output to either C or A thereby assigning it a higher priority.
In some cases we don't want priority encoding, rather when faced with multiple signals, we wish to create a new code for that particular combination as well, and still obtain some reduction in size.
At other times we may wish to modify the incoming code in a manner that allows the receiver to detect any errors that may have crept in during transmission. These topics will be elaborated upon in appropriate topics.
# Electronics/Control Unit

The Control Unit provides the Micro-Instructions that are necessary for the execution of a program. The
micro instruction that should be executed next is decided based on the Current instruction fetched from memory and the bit values off the Various CPU status registers such as Negative, Zero etc.
Of the two CPU architectures in use the RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) and the CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) have different philosophies in this regard where the RISC believes in having a larger number of more simple Micro-instructions and the CISC believes in a smaller number of more complex instructions.

## further reading

* Digital Circuits/Finite State Machines describes low-level detail of state machines in general, which includes control units.
* Microprocessor Design/Control Unit describes some very complicated control units, and how to design your own.
# Electronics/Devices

< Electronics/Expanded Edition
Specific devices made through applying knowledge found in this book.

## Consumer: Basic

* Blender
* Dishwasher
* Food Processor
* Microphone
* Microwave
* Power Supply
* Radio
* Electronics/Refrigerator
* Speakers
* TV

## Consumer: Other

* Christmas Lights

## Industrial

* Electrolysis
* Strain Gage

## Office

* Photocopier

## Other

* Atomic Clock
* Fuel Cell

## Medical

* Dialysis Machine
* EEG
* EKG
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Hermes

Hermes was the god of merchants and traveling, and he was often depicted with a helmet and sandals with wings, and carrying a caduceus. Sly but well-intentioned, he was also the messenger of the gods, and he would often be entrusted with delivering messages to mortals on their behalf. The Roman equivalent is Mercury.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Persephone

A daughter of Zeus and Demeter, Persephone is both the goddess of the underworld as well as grain. The beautiful Persephone was stolen by Hades to be his wife. Demeter, with her child missing, roamed the earth looking for her, abandoning all her other duties. Time passed, the crops would not grow, and humans and animals began to starve. Seeing this, Zeus stepped in to fix the situation. He sent Hermes to order Hades to return Persephone. Hades said that he would gladly let her go. As she was leaving, Hades entreated her to eat a pomegranate. When Persephone later told her mother of her experience, Demeter grieved to learn that Persephone had eaten the fruit, for the laws of Hades state that Persephone then must return for good! Demeter refused to let her daughter go, so Zeus reached an agreement: Persephone would stay with Hades for one-third of the year at a time (which would become winter), and with Demeter for the rest.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Mnemosyne

Mnemosyne, "memory", was the mother of the nine Muses by Zeus.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Hephaestus

Haphaestus was the god of fire and smithing, forger of great weapons and devices. Among these, the golden dogs of Alconoo, the Aetan bulls, the golden maidens that served him, and Pandora, the first woman.
Haphaestus was lame and considered the ugliest of the gods, but his skill and prowess at the forge was renowned. Aphrodite became his wife, but she would often be unfaithful.
Hephaestus was the son of Zeus and Hera (of Hera alone according to some versions). The Roman equivalent is Vulcan.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Hera

Hera was the sister and wife of Zeus. She was raised by Ocean and Tethys. Considered as a guardian of women and goddess of marriage, she was stern and jealous, and often angry because of her husband's numerous affairs with other women. Most stories about Hera describe her acts of revenge for her husband's infidelities.
The deceitful way Zeus tricked Hera into marrying him was an omen of the discord that continued throughout their marriage. After courting Hera to no avail, Zeus resorted to trickery by changing into a disheveled cuckoo. Hera took pity on the bird, holding it to her breast to keep it warm. Zeus then reverted to his normal form, and took advantage of Hera's surprise by raping her. Hera then married Zeus as a way to hide her shame.
Hera's sacred animals are the cow and the peacock. Argos is Hera's favorite city.
Hera sliced off her hand to please Zeus and to make him stop having affairs with other women / goddesses.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Pan

Pan is the Mesopotaimian god of the city. He appears as half-man, half-dog. Pan is usually depicted as having goat's feet, a beard, shaggy hair and two horns. In addition, he usually wears a lynx-pelt. Symbols associated with Pan are: woods. pastures and the syrinx (a type of flute).
The words "paning" and "pan tard" both contribute from his name. Some Christians view Pan as Satan. In Roman mythology, Pan is referred to as Faunus.
There are three different origin stories which explain the birth of Pan. In the first, Pan is the son of Zeus and Hybris. The remaining two stories state that Pan is the son of Hermes and a nymph, Penelope.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Hades

Hades ("unseen"), the god of the underworld, was the oldest son of the Titans Cronos and Rhea. He had three older sisters, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera, as well as two younger brothers, Poseidon and Zeus. After the Olympian gods, led by Zeus, overthrew the Titans, the three brothers drew lots to determine where each would rule. Zeus got the sky, Poseidon got the seas, and Hades received the underworld, the unseen realm to which the dead go upon leaving the world.
Hades ruled the House of the Dead, also called Hades. Besides Heracles, the only other living persons who ventured to the Underworld were all heroes: Odysseus, Aeneas (accompanied by the Sibyl), Orpheus, and Theseus.
He is married to Persephone, daughter of Demeter, who spends half of each year in the underworld and half in the upper world. Some depictions of Hades say that he tricked her, by offering her pomegranate seeds from one of the trees of his realm. By doing this she would be trapped to Hades forever as no man may have food from the underworld and then leave. Though a detail he may have forgotten was how the other gods would react. It is said that many other gods were angered by this and so it was agreed upon that Persephone would stay in the underworld for half the year while being let out for the rest of the year. While she is in the underworld her mother (Demeter) mourns her giving earth winter.

## Misconceptions

Contemporary depictions of Hades sometimes depict him as an evil god. His actual depiction in Greek myth is much more nuanced.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Helios

Helios was widely known as the personification of the Sun, which rode across the sky in a chariot during the day.
# Greek Mythology/Gods/Zeus

Zeus was the son of Cronos and Rhea. Zeus took away his father's position on the Throne of Eternity. Cronos heard a prophecy that one of his sons was going to depose him, so he started eating all his children. When the sixth child, Zeus, was born, Rhea replaced Zeus with a stone when he was about to be eaten. When Cronos became aged, Zeus came out of hiding and gave Cronos a magic potion to drink. Cronos vomited up the stone and the other five undigested gods and goddesses: Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Hestia, Demeter. Out of gratitude, the other gods made Zeus the leader of all immortals. Zeus' domain was the mountain tops and clouds from where he could survey all creation. He married his elder sister Hera and because Zeus had many love affairs with other goddesses and mortals Hera became jealous. From that jealousy came an abundance of divine wrath upon the mortals.

## Names of Zeus

Zeus had many names. Here are some of them:
* God
* Zeus of the Aegis
* Zeus the Cloud Gatherer
* Zeus of the Wide Brows
* Father Zeus
* Son of Cronos
* Lord of Hera
* Zeus of the Thunderbolt
* Father of Gods and Men
* Zeus on High
* The Sky Dweller
* The Olympian
* Jupiter (In Roman Mythology.)
# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/How to Use This Book/Explanation of Book Components
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# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/How to Use This Book/Posting an Article and Posting a Picture
## Posting an article

* Donovan, age 3.
Here's a link to a webpage that lists the codes for lots of different colors

## Here are some websites that you can find pictures free of copyright

Wikimedia Commons
Creative Commons
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