# Applied Science AQA/Bonding and Structure
## Topic Title
### Setting Applied context

Materials scientists are involved in the applications of existing materials to new contexts, and the developments of new materials such as graphene-based nanomaterials. They need a knowledge and an understanding of the structures of those materials and the type and strength of forces present.
* Syllabus Content
* •    formulas for common cations
* •    formulas for common anions (sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, hydroxide)
* •    deducing formulas for ionic compounds
* •    ionic bonding and ionic crystal lattices in terms of strong electrostatic forces of attraction
* •    a covalent bond as a shared pair of electrons
* •    multiple bonds, neutral molecules, non-conductors and weak intermolecular forces of attraction
* •    metallic bonding
* •    structures of:
* •    ionic crystal lattices typified by sodium chloride, magnesium oxide
* •    metallic lattices typified by magnesium
* •    covalent structures typified by iodine, methane, carbon dioxide
* •    giant covalent structures (macromolecular), eg diamond, graphite, graphene, fullerene
* •    predicting types of bonding for compounds given their typical properties and vice versa • typical properties based on the type of bonding, particles present and forces between particles
* •    common physical properties of materials related to their structure and bonding, to include:
* •    electrical conductivity
* •    melting point and boiling point
* •    volatility
* •    solubility in water
* •    non-polar solvents
* •    drawing diagrams to represent: • a named ionic lattice
* •    a generalised metallic lattice
* •    an alloy
* •    giant covalent structures, including silicon, graphite, graphene.

### Exploration of key ideas (must be original text, not C&P) – level checked by AQA

In general, point students towards the approach to take, as opposed to just giving them information.

#### Concept 1

explanation 1

#### Concept 2

explanation 2

#### Concept 3

explanation 3

#### Concept 4

explanation 4

### Study Task

Work to do to understand this topic e.g. research, analysis

### Careers and Organisations

Carry out some research into these jobs in this area. (Feel free to add other jobs you find.)
| Research these roles: | What are the benefits of this role to society? | What organisations would employ someone in this role?  (Where would they work?) | What would someone in this role have to do within the organisation? | What scientifically-related skills do they need to have?  What techniques do they need to have mastered? | What experience is needed to undertake this role and its responsibilities within an organisation? | What other science personnel will they work with in their organisation. |
| Job 1 | | | | | | |
| Job 2 | | | | | | |

### Relevant practical/s

– relating to criteria skills

### Quick questions

Example:
quick questions
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### Exam-style questions

– can we use old AQA qs… e.g. from more than 5 years ago? With Examiner comments
click to reveal answer

### Links

to other sections within this book
to good external websites (including AQA website, wikipedia, relevant applications / companies) - also considering links in spec

### References / Bibliography

of recommended text books
including mapped refs to existing books
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