OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Computer Revolution/Peripherals/Types of Scanners

This is article will have information about the two most common scanners. The information will include; cost, and how its used The four common scanner types are: Flatbed, Sheet-fed, Handheld, and Drum scanners.

## Flatbed Scanners

    Flatbed scanners are some of the most commonly used scanners as it has both home and office functions. The way they scan documents is that a mechanism rolls under the document to obtain the image. For businesses that have a need for high processing abilities, the flatbed scanner can scan any number of documents with a click of a button.

## Sheet-Fed Scanners

    Sheet-fed scanners cost between $300 and $800. This type of scanner works like a flatbed scanner except that the image is fed through the scanner and moves along the beam to be read rather than the beam moving. This type is not useful for books, but only single sheets.
The aforementioned scanner types are the most common types of scanners used in homes and small offices.

## Integrated Scanners

    Integrated scanners are becoming one of the most modern types of scanners when it comes to obtaining images. ATMs feature this type of built-in scanner for check-processing and approval.

## Drum Scanners

    These types of scanners are used mainly for capturing a picture and producing at a very high resolution rate. There are only a few companies that make these scanners, considering the high cost of producing a scanner such as this. It is considered as a tremendous upgrade to a regular flatbed scanner.

## Portable Scanners

    Portable scanner are designed to capture text and other data while you are on the go. The scanner is powered by batteries and once you scan the text, the content is stored on the portable scanner. Once you get home, you can transfer the content to a computer. Transferring to your computer is done by using a cable or a wireless connection.
# Principles of Economics/Trade
## Differences between entities

Different entities will have different possibility curves, which allow for trade to be done. In this case, each society might decide to produce at these two indicated positions because their output is relatively higher for those positions. However, should they choose to have the same output position, that position will be significantly lower than their optimal positions. This is the case for entities that do not trade.

## Trade

Trade between these two entities can be done after they each produce at their optimal (depending on where society wants to allot its resources) and then exchanging goods at a fair ratio. The result of fair exchange is the pink line connecting them. The result is a higher possibility for each society through trade than each can reach without, as shown by the comparison between the center gray point and the pink point.

## Specialization

These different entities can then take actions to specialize in one field. Specialization causes the PPF to take the concave outward form as the graph shows, because choosing to produce more of one good allows one to produce far more combined goods.

## Trade with specialization

Specialization increases the benefits from trade. In these graphs, the benefit is the horizontal and vertical increase from the center gray point to the pink point. The specialized PPF curves are more separate, allowing the societies (or entities in general) to produce at more different positions.
# Principles of Economics/Wage
## Firm's isoprofit line

This purple isoprofit line is more realistic of a firm, for it intersects the production frontier somewhere to the right of the maximum marginal product of labor. The y intercept is the profit to the firm after subtracting costs of hiring labor. However, this amount does not translate to economic profit; in perfect competition the default height of the y intercept (the intermediate profit) is equal to the fixed cost of the firm, with the result that there is no economic profit.

## Labor hired

The point where the highest isoprofit line overlaps with the production frontier is where the firm will produce. Any higher isoprofit line is unattainable and any lower isoprofit line will generate less than optimal profits. The result is that more workers are hired than the one that helps increase profit the most (has the highest marginal product of labor, MPL). The slope of the isoprofit line determines where this position actually is. The right brown point is the position of the firm's labor hired.

## Wage rate

In perfect competition, firms can only afford to hire workers at the same amount of profit they can generate for the firm. Extending the right brown point (position at which hiring stops) gives the wage rate. Supposedly, all firms in the industry are equally productive and thus reach this same point, which brings about labor equilibrium. First, we must multiply the graph, which is in terms of units production in the y axis, to currency (P). This changes the marginal product of labor MPL into marginal revenue product MRP (or marginal revenue of labor MRL). The MRL definition is clearest because in perfect competition it makes clear sense for a firm to hire workers - marginal cost of labor - at the same amount as the marginal revenue of labor.

## Wage loss and surplus

A firm's loss and profit can also be shown through the MPL. Since MRP reflects earnings and the wage rate W* reflects expenses, the firm's surplus is the green area in the graph - the area under the MRP but above W*. The firm's losses is the red area in the graph - the area under W* but above MRP. Since the firm stops hiring at the far right corner of the surplus area, there is no additional loss pass that point. In perfect competition the two areas (loss and surplus) cancel each other out, but with the green area exactly fixed cost larger than the red area.
# Principles of Economics/Supply
## Firm's production position

(Review the section on firm's costs if this looks strange.)
Long term, the firm produces at the point where marginal cost (and hence supply curve) intersects average total cost because at any higher point additional firms enter the industry and at any lower point the firm will earn negative profits (to be discussed later). This position is represented by the green point at Q*, equilibrium quantity. Extending this point to the y axis, we call this price P*, equilibrium price. The firm has to consider its fixed costs, which it satisfies at this level of output and price, along the green supply curve.

## Market long run supply

In perfect competition, all the firms are more or less equal, in which the combination of their individual supply curves results in another market supply curve identical to them except that it is a multiple as large (stretched). (However, we will continue to show it as the same size.) We can remove everything else about the firm to see just this green supply curve. The 'common' component of the supply curve that textbooks often discuss is the positive-slope half, but we cannot ignore the first component.

## Firm's short run minimum position

The minimum position at which the firm will produce instead of shutting down is shown by this alternative green point along its marginal cost / supply curve, where it intersects average variable cost. If a firm cannot sell for as much as what it costs to produce that additional unit (ignoring the fixed cost, which is unavoidable in the short run), and the units before that are unproductive as well, then the firm will close down and choose to suffer the fixed cost and not incur additional expenses from operating.

## Firm's short and long run positions

Here both short and long run minimum positions for a firm's continued operation are shown. The long run position involves more output, indicating that a firm producing zero profits will produce at a higher level than one that is incurring losses from fixed costs will. It also requires a higher market price at P*, indicating that an industry has to be more profitable than the bare minimum for operating in the short run, in order to be worth it for the firm to not shut down. Producing at the long run position - where marginal cost/supply and hence market price (for supposedly all producers are doing the same thing) equals average total cost, ensures that the fixed costs are covered.
# Principles of Economics/What Is Economics

Economics is a social science that studies how people satisfy unlimited wants with scarce resources.

## Micro and Macro

Microeconomics studies small-scale economies. That is, from the individual level on up to the industry level. Microeconomics is concerned with how consumers (buyers) and producers (sellers) come together to exchange goods and services, how much is produced, what to produce, and the going prices. It focuses on the actions of individuals and firms.
Macroeconomics is the branch that studies large-scale economies. Macroeconomics observes and analyzes how entire countries, full of many industries and consumers, function. It is not simply the sum of many "microeconomics"; many of the concepts are entirely different. Where micro will study a single consumer, a paper-clip manufacturing plant or the airline industry, macro studies the entire economy within which those three exist. Some of the elements of a large economy that macroeconomics considers include inflation, government policies, output growth, and unemployment.

## Themes

Economics involves several recurring themes:
* Trade - buying and selling goods and services
* Models - simple representation of complex situations
* Utility - a measure of people's happiness
* Choices - choosing the best allocation of resources
* Efficiency - maximizing production and profits
* Scarcity - the premise that people only have so much to work with
* Costs - what is lost in order to gain."there is no such thing as a free lunch"
* Money - who has money, access to it, how it is used, etc.
* Consumption - the buyers in the market who form the demand
* Production - the sellers in the market who form the supply
* Rationality - people doing things with good and logical reasoning

## Human Behavior

The field of economics is a social science. This means that economics has two important attributes:
* Economics studies human activities and constructions, and
* Economics uses the scientific method and empirical evidence to build its base of knowledge.
Economics is a semi-concrete social science. We must study human behavior and the choices we make. The assumption that people are rational indicates that the discipline focuses heavily on thinking of what would ideally happen in models. Additionally, we have concrete data—numbers—to work with. Formally, economics is the scientific study of the way in which humans make choices about production, consumption and wealth when faced with scarce resources.
The fact that economics is in several ways an abstract science means that various economists have differing interpretations of models and the way the world works. Furthermore, it is difficult to run experiments on social situations, especially on a scale as large as an entire nation. Therefore, economists rely on extensive mathematical tools, like econometrics, to analyze real world situations that have occurred and use that to forecast future situations.
# Principles of Economics/Types of Goods
## Ordinary goods

Ordinary goods have the indifference curves you have so far seen. As one has more of a good, one obtains less marginal utility from another of that good; the reverse is true for goods that one is relatively lacking. Remember that in these problems the utility results from the use of goods, not how much the goods can be sold for.

## Perfect complements

Perfect complements are goods that are useless without the other. Therefore, having more of a good than is required by the other good brings no benefit whatsoever. This is demonstrated in the graph, where having more of good 1 while holding good 2 constant does not increase utility.

## Perfect substitutes

Perfect substitutes are goods that exactly substitute for one another at a certain ratio. Having relatively more of a good does not reduce marginal utility because there is no 'relatively more'; you have the same amount of the one substitutable (combined) good.
Ordinary goods often fall in between these two extremes. It's easy to imagine a mostly complementary set of goods to have curve with a rather pointy edge, while a mostly substitutable set of goods would have a curve that is barely bent.
# Principles of Economics/What Kind Of Economist

It is helpful to ask yourself some questions and see what interests you most to gain a better grasp of what kind of economics you want to study. Of course, being an economist in no way means choosing solely to become either a macroeconomist or a microeconomist, but some people will find one field more interesting than the other.
So, in an attempt to help you learn a little bit about economics and a little about yourself, here is a brief list of questions that ought to aid you in your quest for economic knowledge:
Which of the following interests you more?
* How the stock market works?
* What do we mean when we call a company a monopoly? Why did Microsoft get so much attention surrounding this word?
* Is a federal budget deficit considered harmful to an economy? Why or why not?
* Why do dentists make large salaries?
* What factors affect the economic hardships faced by developing African countries?
* How do we measure living standards?
* What exactly is inflation? How do we stop it? Should we?
* Why are name brand products more expensive than their generic equivalents?
* What causes prescription drug prices to be so expensive?
* How does a firm maximize its profits?
Of the preceding questions, 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 are macroeconomic questions, and 2, 4, 8, 9 and 10 are microeconomic questions. This list of questions is not comprehensive and shouldn’t be used to discourage you from exploring one side of economics over the other. There are so many facets to each discipline that it would be unfair to proverbially judge a book by its cover. This questionnaire is just a tool to help focus your own personal interests in economics.
# Principles of Finance
## Table of Contents
### Introduction

    What is Finance
    History
    Branches of Finance
    Prerequisites
    How to use this book?

### Section 1 Introductory Concepts
#### Chapter 1 The Basics

       An Overview on Money
       Principle of Relative Valuation
       Role of a CFO and Finance Managers
       Is Accounting and Finance one and the same?

#### Chapter Financial Markets and Institutions

       Stock Markets
       Bond Markets
       Money Markets
       Derivatives Markets
       Foreign Exchange Markets
       Determinants of Interest Rates
       The Federal Reserve System
       Commercial Banks
       Regulation of Commercial Banks

#### Chapter 2 The Time Value of Money

       Introduction to Time Value of Money
       The concept of returns
       The Present Value of Money, Net Present Value and Discounting
       The Opportunity Cost of Capital
       The effect of compounding and Future Value
       Summary

#### Chapter 3 Applications of Time Value of Money

       How to make Investment Decisions?
       All about Perpetuities
       Annuity
       Summary

### Section 2 Investments and Returns
#### Chapter 4 Bonds

       Rate of Returns: Varying and Annualized
       The Yield Curve
       Valuing Bonds
       The Yield to Market Curve
       Advanced Concepts of Bonds
       Summary

#### Chapter 5 Risk and Return

       What is Risk?
       Types of Risk
       Risk Management
       Summary

#### Chapter 6 Corporate Finance

       Weighted Average Cost of Capital
       Beta and its Uses
       Return on Equity
       Modigliani & Miller
       Project Valuation
       Growth Opportunity
       Computation or Table Lookup

#### Chapter 7 Portfolio Theory

       Efficient-Market Hypothesis
       Modern Portfolio Theory
       Capital Asset Pricing Model
       Arbitrage pricing theory
       Correlation Among Securities
       Optimal Market Portfolio
       Summary

### Section 3 Market Theory
## Authors
### Minor Contributions

* Venkatesh Sridhar
* Patrick Felton
* Numerous Wikipedia authors whose work was copied here.
# The History of Microsoft/Table of Contents

* Beginnings (1975-1981)
* MS-DOS and Windows (1981-1993)
* The Internet, 32-bit, and Antitrust laws (1993-2000)
* Modernization and 64-bit (2000-2012)
* Diversity and Rebranding (2012-Present)
* Appendix: List of Microsoft Applications
# The History of Trench Wars/About the Author
## About Epinephrine

   I, Epinephrine have been a player of Subspace since February 1997. I’ve been a long-time participant in Pro League among other SVS zones, and as such I believe I have a unique perspective of Trench Wars as a veteran of the game, never seeing it from the perspective of a clueless new player but actually witnessing the evolution of the zone from its humble beginnings to its current glory.
   As a player in Trench Wars since August 1999, I was captain of the squad Elusive, and was a Trench Wars Moderator from November 1999 until February 2001. After the dissolution of Elusive I quit the zone for a long time but was later convinced to return and join the squad Vulch after a real life meeting with Crown of Thorns and friends.
   From my history in Trench Wars, I believe I possess a unique inside knowledge of the game, and so drawing information from my many friends and acquaintances in the most influential positions of the zone including Crome, Crown of Thorns, and DoCk>, and also possessing a love of writing and history, I decided to write this all out.
   It’s been a long time project of mine, and I hope that I’ve been able to teach you something about the zone, and if I didn’t at least entertain you.
   Thank you,
       Epinephrine
← The Future · Special Thanks →
# The History of Trench Wars

The History of Trench Wars, written primarily by Epinephrine covering the history of Trench Wars in the game Subspace from December 1995 to March 2002.
This historical account offers insight into an early online gaming subculture, and may be of use to those studying gaming history or the history of 1990's and early 2000's internet culture.

## Contents

* Writer's Note
* Pre-History
* Early History
* The Dark Days
* The Archaic Age
* The Renaissance
* The Golden Age
* The Modern Era
* The Future
* About the Author
* Special Thanks
# The History of Microsoft

The Complete History of Microsoft(R), from April 1975 to May 2014.
Table of Contents
# The History of Trench Wars/Special Thanks

   I would like to send out the deepest of thanks to Crome, my editor and a major contributor to this history. He has always been a great competitor of mine and once we were mortal enemies, but now I’m happy to call him my friend.
   Also thanks to Crown of Thorns, 2Dragons, and The Voodoo Child, who answered some of my questions and originally contributed to this history with information that I needed. Thank you to DoCk> for providing a long early history of which I managed to get a lot of information out of. Thank you to The Luggage for turning my original history into PDF and PS formats.
   Thanks to those who replied to my original post with more facts that I had left out including Dantax, Blood Axe, Louis XV, Vykromond, Sky, Eric is God, Path of Daggers, Jacen_Solo, and Live-Wire.
   Finally thanks to all of those people who have made Trench Wars such a fun and interesting place to play in all these years.
← About the Author
# Question Bank for High School Science/Physics
## Solved Question Papers

* DPMT Physics 2005
** Solutions
* AIEEE Physics 2003
** Solutions
* Test Page
# Question Bank for High School Science/Biology
## Solved Question Papers

CBSE PMT Solved Paper 2007

## Topic Wise quizzes

* Draw and name any three warning signs on laboratory chemicals and apparatus.
* What is a microscope?
* Draw a well labelled diagram of light microscope.
* List types of microscope
# Question Bank for High School Science/Chemistry
## Solved Question Papers

* AIEEE Chemistry 2003
# Question Bank for High School Science/Mathematics
## Solved Question Papers

* AIEEE Mathematics 2003
# Question Bank for High School Science

This book is meant to be a repository of questions in
* Physics
* Mathematics
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Economics
The sole purpose of this book is to develop content through freely available questions and collaborating on their solutions. This book can thus be a feeder for all other textbooks that are present on wikibooks!
For now, I am not concentrating so much on the presentation as the content. Once there is enough here, I'd look forward to a more collaboration here!

### Contributors

* Mr. Bansal
# The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past/Light World

During Link's time, the vast Light World included a variety of terrain and climates, ranging from a desert in the southwest to a swamp in the south to foreboding mountains in the north. Society centered around Hyrule Castle, near the center of the land. Bridges and well-traveled paths connected the different areas, and innkeepers, shopkeepers, blacksmiths, and lumberjacks plied their trades in Hyrule, much as they did in neighboring lands at the time.
* Hyrule Castle: Hyrule's royal family occupied Hyrule Castle, which was built of huge stones quarried by Hylian subjects.
* The Lost Woods: The Lost Woods are inhabited by pesky thieves who prey upon any travelers who happen into the area.
* Kakariko Village: Cottages line the quaint cobbled streets in this village, and a large weathercock stands in its park.
* Eastern Palace: The architecture of the Eastern Palace is modest in comparison to Hyrule Castle. It is guarded night and day by Armos Knights.
* The Great Swamp: Crumbing ruins in the Great Swamp attest to the existence of an earlier civilization there.
* The Desert of Mystery: A stone monument that leads to the entrance of the Desert Palace is inscribed with ancient pictographs.
* Lake Hylia: In some places, Lake Hylia is very shallow, but in others it is too deep to measure. Unpredictable currents and Zora's Spawn make it unsafe for most swimmers.
* Death Mountain: The highest point in Hyrule is Death Mountain in the north. Mountain climbers come from all over to test their skills here, but few have reached the summit.
# Structured Query Language/Performance

← Data Control Language | Glossary →

## Result set column

It is not recommended to use * in a SELECT clause, due to performance issues. You should only return columns you want to use. As a consequence, you should replace any count(*) by a count on one column only.

## Avoid the value expressions

Whenever it is possible, avoid the use of value expressions in the WHERE clause like this:
It forces the rDBMS to compute the value for each line, which is very expensive. You should rather compute yourself the values with literals (0 + 60 in this case):

## Index

If you often select records sorting or filtering by a given column, you may add an index on this column. The database behavior should not change. The index may make query faster. However, don't add useless indexes as it makes insertion a little bit slower.
The exhaustive syntax of the CREATE statement for the indexes is as follows:
The keyword UNIQUE indicates that all the group of values in the columns must be distinct.
# Structured Query Language/Return Codes

The return code of programms calling the IBM database DB2 is stored in the field SQLCODE of its SQLCA area. You can find a detailed explanation of SQLCODE's meaning at: DB2 return codes.
During the initial phase of the SQL standard SQLCODE was a part of it. But over time it was replaced by the more detailed SQLSTATE.