# Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 10/10.3.1

Differentiated Instruction: Teaching to Meet All Students' Needs
by Will Memery

## Learning Targets

Upon completion, the reader should understand the following:
1. A definition of differentiated instruction and its elements.
2. How differentiated instruction can be applied in the classroom and its usefulness as a teaching tool.

## Introduction

In a traditional classroom, all students are required to learn via the same teaching method, create meaning the same way, and show their understanding of the material they have been taught through the same testing methods. However it is highly unlikely that all students respond in the same manner to traditional teaching and testing methods. Tomlinson asserts,
This same rule likely applies to students across all subjects and grade levels. Differentiated instruction allows teachers to adapt their methods to account for students of different learning abilities and styles, and can help these students learn and be tested in a way that is more appropriate for them.

## What is differentiated instruction?

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* For examples of ways that these elements can be differentiated, click here: .
"Differentiated instruction is matching instruction to meet the different needs of learners in a given classroom" (Kosanovich, Ladinsky, Nelson, & Torgesen, 2007, p. 1) . It is important for teachers to consider the different ways that they can adapt their teaching to encourage understanding among students. Varying techniques and finding new ways to keep students interested in classroom material are key to student participation and learning.
Therefore differentiated instruction can be applied in a variety of ways. Different mediums can be explored (i.e. movies or technology as opposed to strictly reading assignments), different teaching methods can be used (group work or games as opposed to lecture), and different assessment methods can also be used (presentations or projects as opposed to standard tests). Given the variety of methods that teachers have at their disposal, it will certainly take time and effort to determine which one works best for a particular student, but if this effort is taken students will likely be better able to relate to the material being taught.

## How can teachers differentiate?

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It is virtually impossible to tailor a classroom to suit every student, especially in schools with large classes and a variety of different types of learners. However there are methods to determine the types of learners in a classroom and develop learning goals that will give every student the best chance of succeeding. These methods include:
1. Pre-assess students at the outset of the year to begin understanding their interests, preferred ways of learning, and fundamental skills. Use teacher-made surveys on interest, attitude about the subject, and learning preferences.
2. Pre-assess at the outset of each unit to determine what students know, understand, and can do related to the topic before the unit begins.
3. Meet with small groups in class.
4. Use multiple presentation/teaching modes.
5. Scaffold reading success.
6. Use differentiated homework.
7. Encourage learning and expressing learning in varied ways (Tomlinson, 2005, p. 3).
Students can also assist each other through differentiated instruction. Methods such as peer teaching (students teaching each other), reading buddies (students helping each other create meaning in texts), and buddy studies (students working in pairs or groups on a project) are effective ways for students to assist one another (Theroux). These methods benefit all students involved, both the ones being taught or helped and the ones teaching or helping. It is also important to consider that "[s]tudent’s readiness varies depending on personal talents and interests, so we must remain open to the concept that a student may be below grade level in one subject at the same time as being above grade level in another subject" (Theroux). Therefore it is important to determine a student's abilities in each individual subject rather than assuming their skill in one subject applies to all subjects.
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* For a chart illustrating the differentiated instruction process, click here .
The evaluation and grading process can also be adapted in a differentiated instruction classroom. A test is not always the most effective method of evaluating a student's understanding of course material, since some students do not perform well on tests in general. Hall states, "Assessments may be formal or informal, including interviews, surveys, performance assessments, and more formal evaluation procedures" (Hall). While standardized testing is necessary, a student's success on a standardized test depends on the student's understanding of course materials. Varied methods of testing may be more effective to evaluate this understanding and help a teacher determine if a student needs additional help with course material.

## Differentiated Instruction in Practice

Differentiated instruction is a useful tool for teachers of all age groups. An example of its use is provided by the Florida Center for Reading Research, where teachers of grades K-3 use Guided Reading and Skills-Focused Lessons in Reading First schools. The two methods are very different, and each is designed to help students with specific reading needs. The first is Guided Reading.
While Guided Reading can be used to help students understand the content of texts, Skills-Focused Lessons are used to improve students' word comprehension.
The Guided Reading method gives the instructor the ability to work individually with students to monitor reading and then evaluate and address problems that they might have with specific reading skills. The Skills-Focused Lesson allows the instructor to group students according to difficulties they are having and create a lesson (i.e. a game) which will improve these skills. It is important for teachers to understand the areas in which their students need the most help and tailor their lesson plans to fit these students. Some students may need more help with reading comprehension, while some may need more help with word recognition and pronunciation. Some students may need help in both of these areas. The use of differentiated instruction can help teach students the specific skills they need, and this theory can be applied across grade levels and subjects.

## Conclusion

Teachers must be able to adapt their curriculum to accommodate students' learning needs. It is vital to first identify these needs and then create varying lesson plans that cause students to look at material in different ways. By doing so students will have a greater chance of comprehending material and will feel more confident in their abilities as learners. "Use the old analogy of getting into a house when teaching students: the easiest way into a house is through the front or back door, but you can also get into a house by using a window, crawlspace, or chimney. Be prepared to offer alternative teaching methods for children who don’t learn in a conservative manner" (Tkatchov & Pollnow, 2008, p. 2).

## Multiple Choice Questions

1. Differentiated instruction focuses on the needs of the
A. classroom.
B. individual student.
C. school.
D. teacher.
2. Students in any given classroom generally
A. have the same academic abilities.
B. have the same academic interests.
C. learn in the same way.
D. vary greatly in learning preference and interests.
3. A 6th grade math teacher wants to evaluate the learning preferences of his new students. What would be the most effective method to do so?
A. Base new students on previous year's students.
B. It is not beneficial to assess new students.
C. Use a standardized test to assess knowledge.
D. Use a teacher made survey to assess interest and preference.
4. During the first week of school, a 3rd grade Language Arts teacher determines that her students vary widely in reading ability. Many have difficulty with grade appropriate texts, while some read at grade level and others read at a far higher level. What method could the teacher use to assure that all students are learning?
A. Assign easier texts to the class.
B. Direct class lectures toward the weaker readers.
C. Divide students into groups and use scaffolding to help the weaker group, while the stronger groups work on more advanced texts.
D. Make homework more difficult so weaker readers will concentrate harder on text.
Answers:
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. C

## References

Hall, T. (2002). Differentiated Instruction. Wakefield, MA: National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://www.cast.org/publications/ncac/ncac_diffinstruc.html.
Kosanovich, M., Ladinsky, K., Nelson, L., & Torgesen, J. (2007). Differentiated Reading Instruction: Small Group Alternative Lesson Structures for All Students. Guidance Document for Florida "Reading First" Schools. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/34/ea/4d.pdf.
Theroux, P. (2004). Strategies for Differentiating. Alberta, Canada: www.enhancelearning.ca. Retrieved February 22, 2009, from http://members.shaw.ca/priscillatheroux/differentiatingstrategies.html.
Tkatchov, O., & Pollnow, S. (2008). High Expectations and Differentiation Equal Academic Success. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/3e/6a/01.pdf.
Tomlinson, C. A. (1995). Differentiating Instruction for Advanced Learners in the Mixed-Ability Middle School Classroom. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/29/b2/de.pdf.
Tomlinson, C.A. (2005). Differentiating Instruction: Why Bother? Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/29/95/06.pdf.
Tomlinson, C. A. (2000). Differentiation of Instruction in the Elementary Grades. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/57/74.pdf.
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