OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Super NES Programming/How NOT to cause slowdown

Here are techniques to avoid having your game lag:
* Using the direct page for object handling. For most computer systems, object handling is done by copying the object's variables to and from "local" memory to calculate the object's next onscreen position. On the SNES's 65816, on the other hand, the direct page register can point wherever you want, so you can set it to point at an object's variables. Sadly, because this feature wasn't on many CPUs, most SNES programmers didn't use it, and did the slower block copying.
* Semi-unrolled loops. These are loops where the job is done twice per repetition. When in a loop, the CPU uses up a number of cycles counting down and jumping. With semi-unrolled looping, the CPU takes half the time it normally takes to count down and jump. It is almost as efficient as a fully unrolled loop, but with much less effort.
* Inlining a subroutine. If there is a subroutine that is called in a tight loop, you can gain performance by replacing the "jsr" with a copy of the subroutine code. Calling a subroutine takes 12 cycles: 6 to jump, 6 to return.
# Super NES Programming/Homebrew SNES games

After the release of SNES there was great interest in reverse engineering the system to allow for homebrew and backup play. Nintendo fitted the machine with various security measures such as the lock-out chip to prevent unauthorized code running on the machine.
Eventually the homebrew community figured out how games ran on the SNES hardware and were able to bypass the security mechanisms. Companies such as BUNG releases hardware plugins such as Game Doctor SF series. These allow users to not only copy games but also run homebrew developed games to be run on the SNES hardware. Homebrew ROMS could be converted into the Game Doctor SF format and put onto a 3 1/2" floppy. Games as large as 12Mbits could be put fit on floppy disks formatted to 1.6Mbytes.
An alternative device was the Super Flash, by Tototek, allowed for multiple games to be burned into a flash memory chip of cartridge (allowing up to 48Mbits). This chip is the mask rom for the Super Flash development cartridge. The device is easy to use and has a nice user interface on the computer end. Simply plug in the Super Flash cartridge and upload the games you want. This was nice if you wanted to make a SNES game and play it in an actual cartridge rather than a floppy disk.
The legality of homebrew SNES game releases has not been tested in court, and it is debatable whether or not bypassing their security measures would fall foul of modern reverse engineering laws. However essentially homebrew games themselves can be produced legally for the SNES as long as no copyright material is included.
Previously in the 1990s, Nintendo sued Color Dreams for producing NES games without an official license. The outcome was an undisclosed settlement, but Color Dreams continued to produce unlicensed games. The strength of Color Dreams position lies with that they worked around the 10NES lockout chip code rather the illegally duplicating it.

## List of homebrew SNES games

* N-Warp Daisakusen, a recent game for eight players featuring impressive sound and visuals.
# Super Monkey Ball/Similar games

A number of games feature gameplay similar to Super Monkey Ball.
* Neverball - Open source rolling ball game.
* Paperball - Cat themed rolling ball game.
# Super NES Programming/Animated Sprites

This article is for slightly more advanced ASM programmers than the rest of this website.
By default, the SNES is limited to 16kB of sprite patterns, which is the same as: 512 8x8 sprites 128 16x16 sprites 32 32x32 sprites 8 64x64 sprites
As you can see, animated sprites can eat away the available memory pretty quickly. This is where DMA comes in. The only problem is DMA isn't all that fast. You only have time to DMA up to 6kB during v-blank, and even less if you take into account scrolling and OAM updating. For the purpose of this article, let's stick to 4kB.
How do we prevent DMAing over 4kB, regardless of what we throw at the screen? We need to make the system know when to stop, and continue the DMA loading into the next frame. How? My solution is to divide the v-ram into 1kB slots. I chose 1kB, because 1kB happens to be a row of 8 16x16 sprites.
All you have to do is jump to the "update_vram_slot" subroutine during vblank, and use the "change_vram" macro whenever you need to update an animation slot.
For example if you want update slot $0400 in vram from address $98a300 use this macro:
This code isn't limited to just sprite animation, it also can be used for background animation and scrolling.
# Structural Biochemistry/Carbohydrates/Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (Muccopolysaccharides)
Structure
Glycosaminoglycans (formerly known as muccopolysaccharides) are disaccharides consisting of two hexose derivatives in a repeating, un-branched chain. The hexose derivatives are most commonly glucosamine or galactosamine. Along with being a hexose derivative, either a carboxylate or sulfate group is attached to one or both monomers of the disaccharide, giving it a negative charge. Some of the most important glycosaminoglycans include chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronate.
Function
Glycosaminoglycans are essential molecules in the body. They can covalently connect to proteins in order to form proteoglycans. Proteoglycans act more as carbohydrates than proteins as most of their molecular weight is due to glycosaminoglycans (95%). These proteoglycans are integral parts of connective tissue such as tendons and cartilage, they can act as anticoagulants, and they are also a component of the fluid that lubricates joints.
Regulation
Glycosaminoglycans are regulated in the lysosome of the cell by being broken down in stages using specific enzymes. When those enzymes are not present in the lysosome, the undigested fragments build up in the cell, leading to what is referred to as a lysosomal storage disease. The class of lysosomal storage diseases involving glycosaminoglycans is called muccopolysaccharidosis (MPS). The types of MPS range from type 1-10 depending on the enzyme that is not present. This class of diseases can be debilitating and result mental retardation and loss of muscle function.
References
Biochemistry. 5th edition.Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L.New York: W H Freeman; 2002
# StarCraft/Websites
## Official websites

* Official StarCraft Site, part of Blizzard Entertainment's Home Page
* Battle Net StarCraft Site, forum for Battle.net players

## Major fansites

* Starcraft.org, online fan fiction and artwork forum, and more
* Starcraft Legacy, host of stories, clips, maps, mods, and more
* Pro Gaming Tour, professional competition organization
* World Gaming Tour, professional competition organization
* Supreme StarCraft
* Team Liquid
* Staredit Network
* Gosu Gamers
* Yaoyuan.com, a game replay database for StarCraft

## Smaller fansites

* Creepcolony's Skillful Starcraft
* Scfreak
# Star Fox: Assault/Characters/Aparoid Queen

The Aparoid Queen is the main villain of Star Fox: Assault. She is the leader of all the Aparoids, and nests inside of the Aparoid Homeworld. Her main goal is to infect every being on the universe with Aparoidation.

## Backstory

It is unknown when the Aparoid Queen first appeared, but it is known that a sole Aparoid destroyed an entire Cornerian fleet seventeen years before the events in Star Fox: Assault, so it is likely that the Aparoid Queen existed before that, it's origin is unknown.
The Aparoid Homeword is not in the Lylat System, but Aparoids are known to appear on planets by some kind of gate, and to reproduce very fast due to spawners.

## Events of Star Fox: Assault

The Aparoid invasion to the Lylat System was very fast and so, the Cornerian army was decimated when Aparoids attacked the capital city of Corneria.
The Star Fox team slowed the invasion by destroying spawners and killing several Aparoids on Katina, Fichina, Sauria, Corneria, Cornerian Federation Orbital Gate, and other planets and locations.
The Cornerian Federation of Scientists discovered that the Aparoids were succesptible to apoptosis and that the Aparoids would never be destroyed if the Aparoid Queen was alive and creating more Aparoids, so they prepared the Cornerian Federation Orbital Gate to transport the Star Fox team to the Aparoid Homeworld and launch an special apoptosis program to the queen.
The Star Fox team started an invasion to the Aparoid Homeworld, they managed to destroy the barrier generators that blocked the way to the Homeworld Core and the Aparoid Queen.
Star Fox went into the core of the planet where they eliminated the homeworld, along with the Queen and her army, by use of Beltino Toad's apoptosis program.
# Star Fox: Assault/Characters/Aparoid

Aparoids are insect-like creatures that are part machine and part life form and are the main villains in the latest installment in Star Fox: Assault.

## Plot of Star Fox: Assault

The aparoids are capable of infecting other life forms and machines and transform them into aparoids. The game calls this infection Aparoideation. Pigma Dengar was the first character in the series to become infected after he stole an apariod core memory from Fox McCloud. The infection caused Pigma to meld with a machine in the Asteroid Belt and become that level's boss. The aparoids also infected General Pepper, the commander-in-chief of the Cornerian Military and most of the Cornerian Army. The General was saved by Peppy Hare after his ship was destroyed by Fox McCloud. Pigma, however, did not survive the infection.
Large aparoids contain a core memory that contains instructions as well as information on contacting the Aparoid homeworld. General Pepper learned of the location of the Aparoid Homeworld from the core memory recovered by Fox from the remains of Pigma.
The aparoids are led by the Aparoid Queen on their home planet. The aparoid queen believes that all things in the universe exist for the aparoids to infect and that becoming an aparoid is not infection, but is evolution.
Due to them being part machine, aparoids can have programs executed within them and were ultimately destroyed by Star Fox through the use of an apoptosis program coded by Beltino Toad. All aparoids are networked together, as once Fox executed the self-destruct program in the aparoid queen, all of the aparoids and their home planet were destroyed.

## Influences

Many fans have claimed that the Aparoid are very similar to the Borg from Star Trek, continuing Star Fox 64's numerous references to other sci-fi works. Some fans also speculate that they are similar to the Invid from the Robotech series and the Zondar race from Gaogaigar. The Aparoids also bear a startling similarity to the Zerg from Starcraft. A commonality behind all these fictional races is the concept of a group mind, a common troupe in science fiction. Read more about this concept on Wikipedia.
# Star Fox: Assault/Characters
## Star Wolf
### Wolf O'Donnell

The leader of Star Wolf.

### Leon Powalski
## Other

* Aparoid Queen
# Star Fox: Assault/Introduction
## Introduction

Star Fox: Assault is an entry in the long-running Star Fox series of video games for Nintendo consoles.

## History
### Launch

The game was released in North America on February 14th, 2005 for the Nintendo GameCube, late in the life of the system. However, it was available early for rental at Blockbuster Video stores starting on February 1st as a promotion.

### Development

Star Fox: Assault was co-developed by Namco and partially returned to the series' space-combat roots after Star Fox Adventures. It was shortly followed by the portable title Star Fox Command in 2006.

### Legacy

Both Assault and Command saw tepid positive reception, leading to the series into a long hiatus. Though Star Fox 64 3D an enhanced rerelease of Star Fox 64 for the Nintendo 3DS, was released in 2011, a fully original entry in the series wouldn't be released after Command until Star Fox Zero in 2016, around a decade later. Thus Star Fox: Assault represents an interesting window into the state of the franchise prior to it's hiatus.
# StarCraft/Tutorial

Before the campaign actually gets under way the game provides an optional tutorial at the beginning of the Terran campaign. The requirements of the tutorial are quite simple and designed to simply get you familiar with the basics of unit movement, resource gathering, and construction. The objectives read: Construct 3 Supply Depots and Construct a Barracks. When the game starts you will notice that you have a small number of SCVs and sixteen marines. Get to work immediately gathering the provided minerals with the SCVs and begin construction of a few more. Continue putting the SCVs to work mining as they appear. Before advancing onto the next level, definitely practice coordinating efforts as efficiently as possible; you will learn much about economy management by doing so.
It is very difficult to lose the tutorial and you will never have to face an enemy attack. You should practice rotating marines to avoid losing any HP; you should be able to consistently defeat all of the Zerglings without getting a single Marine injured.
As you get past 100 minerals pull one of the SCVs off of mining in the mineral field and send it over to begin building a supply depot. You can build it anywhere around your base although to avoid clutter it is recommended you try to build it away from your SCVs working. In order to construct a supply depot select your SCV and click on the basic build button at the bottom of the command selection screen in the bottom right corner. The Supply depot will then appear in gold in that same window for you to select and place. Two more Supply Depots will be required before you will fulfill that requirement. After you have the supply depots wait for 150 minerals and construct the barracks in a similar manner wherever you like. Once the Barracks are completed you will be greeted with the mission completed screen.
# Star Fox: Assault
## Table of Contents
### Gameplay

* Introduction
* Characters
** Aparoid
** Aparoid Queen
* Walkthrough
* Multiplayer
* Unlockables

### Meta

* About
# Star Fox: Assault/About
## History of this Wikibook

This Wikibook was created on September 11th, 2005. It was deleted on May 13th, 2006, and later replaced with a redirect to StrategyWiki.
This Wikibook was restored to it's 2006 state on June 29th, 2021.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Syns so ye please to here me playn

* ←My loue ys lyke vnto theternall fyre || width="200" align="right" | Yf in the worlde there be more woo→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 53r
f. [53r] 1 Syns so ye please to here me playn 2 & that ye do reioyce my smart 3 me lyst no longer to Remayn 4 to suche as be so overthwart 5 but cursyd be that cruell hart 6 & whyche hathe pro{p2}curyd a careles mynd 7 ffor me & myn vnfaynyd smart 8 & forcythe me suche fautes to fynd 9 more than to muche I am assuryd 10 of thyn entent wherto to trust 11 A spedles proffe I haue enduryd 12 & now I leue yt to them that lust ffinis

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H6. The speaker resolves to turn away from the lady, whose cruel heart has rejected him and rejoiced at his pain. In his study of Wyatt's lyrics, Winifred Maynard notes that this poem's ability to be sung to the tune of "fforget not yet the tryde entent" (54v) testifies to Wyatt's competence at writing quatrains.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 229.
* ↑ Winifred Maynard. "The Lyrics of Wyatt: Poems or Songs?" The Review of English Studies 16.61 (1965): 4.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Take hede be tyme leste ye be spyede

* ←Front Matter || width="200" align="right" | O cruell causer of vndeserrved chaynge→
* The Devonshire Manuscript 2r
f. [2r]
1 Take hede be tyme leste ye be spyede s$^1$ 2 yo$^r$ lovyng Iyes cane {n'} not hide 3 at last the trwthe will sure be tryde therefore take hede 4 for Som ther be of crafite Kynde 5 thowe yow shew no parte of yo$^r$ mynde 6 sewrlye there Ies ye $^{cantenot}$ nott blynde therefore take hede for in lyke case there sselv of dyveris skools 7 ffor in lyke case ther selves ha hathe bene 8 & thoʒtthought ryght sure none had theym sene 9 but it was not as thye did wene$^2$ therefore take hede 10 all thowgth theye be of dyvers skoolles {es} 11{es} use & will can yose all craftye toolles 12 at leynthe thye prove them selfs bott fooll therefor take 13 yff theye myght take yow in that trape 14 theye wolde sone leve yet in yo$^r$ lape 15 to love vnspyed ys but a happe therefore th take hed
TTh W$^3$

## Notes & Glosses

1. The shape of the "s" mark suggests that it was made by Margaret Douglas.
 2. "Wene" means to think, surmise, or consider.
 3. Th W: This is a designation, perhaps of authorship, by an unidentified hand.

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poem was entered by H1 and is unique to this manuscript. An adaption of this poem appears as a ballad in a later Elizabethan manuscript, British Library Harley MS 7578 (fol. 116v), entitled "Tak hede by tym whiles youth doth Rayn." John Milsom suggests that this adaptation is a moralization of Wyatt's poem.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed., Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems (London: Penguin, 1978), 151.
* ↑ John Milsom, "Songs and Society in early Tudor London," in Early Music History: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Music, ed. Iain Fenlon, vol. 16 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 267.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Tanglid I was yn loves snare

* ←Mye love toke skorne my servise to retaine || width="200" align="right" | lengre to muse→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 79v
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 80r
f. [79v] 1 Tanglid I was yn loves snare 2 opprest wich{w+t+} payne tormen{_e} te wich{w+t+} care 3 of grefe right sure of Ioye full f bare 4 clene in dispaire bye crueltye 5 but ha ha ha full well is me 6 for I am now at libretye 7 the wofull dayes so full of paine 8 the verye night all spent in vayne 9 the labo$^r$ lost for so small gayne f. [80r] 10 to wryt them all yt will not bee 11 but ha. ha. ha. &c 12 ----- $^1$ 13 Everye thing that[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{th}+t+}]] faire dothe sho 14 {p'}{_e} when prof is made yt previthe not soo 15 but to$^r$nithe mirthe to bittre woo. 16 wiche in this case full well I see 17 but ha. &c 18 ----- $^2$ 19 To grete desire was my guide 20 and wanton{_o} will went bye my syde 21 hope rulid still. and made me byde 22 of loves craft thextremitye the extemity 23 but ha. 24 ----- $^3$ 25 with{w+t+} faynid wo$^r$des{es} with{w+t+} ware but winde 26 to long delayes I was assind 27 her wylye lokes{es} my wittes{es} ded blinde 28 thus as she wolde I ded agree 29 but ha. c 30 ----- $^4$ 31 was never birde tanglid yn lyme 32 that brake awaye yn bettre tyme 33 then I that Rotten bowis ded clyme 34 and had no hu$^r$te but scapid fre 35 now ha ha ha. full well is me 36 for I am nowe at libretye fs

## Notes & Glosses

1. The second line of the refrain is assumed to be here.
 2. The second line of the refrain is assumed to be here.
 3. The second line of the refrain is assumed to be here.  4. The second line of the refrain is assumed to be here.

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H8. The speaker rejoices because of his new-found freedom from the lady’s cruelty. Rebholz suggests that Serafino's Fui serrato nel dolore may have inspired Wyatt's laughing refrain and sense of entanglement. The grafted and rotten bough image is a common image in courtly love poetry. For other examples of this image in the manuscript, see “Yff reason govern fantasye" (45v), “This rotyd greff will not but growe” (47v), and “Nowe fare well love and theye lawes forever” (75r).
After each stanza, H8 increasingly abbreviates the two-line chorus from the first four words (“but ha. ha. ha”) to the first two.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 262-63.
* ↑ ibid., 515.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Sum summ say I love sum say I moke

* ←O myserable sorow withowten cure || width="200" align="right" | my hart ys set not remove→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 58v
f. [58v] 1 Sum summ{_m} say I love sum say I moke 2 summ{_m} say I can not my selfe refrane 3 Sum say I was wraped in mynin a whoman semoke smock 4 sun some say I hau plesure{r'}sun I hau payn some 5 yt yet on my fayth yf $^{yow}$ wel be lewf me 6 non knw so wel as I wher my shwe grewe me$^{1,}$$^2$

## Notes & Glosses

1. The rhyme is ababcc: mock, refrain, smock, pain, believe me, grew me.
 2. This may be a riddle, referring to a specific occurrence. It matches the mood of love and mockery with the mention of unveiling, disguise, and cross-dressing.

## Commentary

Possibly written in H1.1's hand, this poem remains unattributed. The poem describes hidden motives that are interpreted differently by different people (“some say”). Although the reference to being wrapped in a woman’s smock may be metaphorical, this image could also refer to a specific incident that may have been known to the members of the coterie.
Six poetic lines appear on eight graphical lines and the rhyme scheme is ababcc: mock, refrain, smock, pain, me, me. The placement of the text, the break in the lines, the repetition of words, and other factors suggest that this poem may have been composed and recorded simultaneously.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Sum tyme I syghe sumtyme I syng

* ←As power & wytt wyll me Assyst || width="200" align="right" | Pacyence of all my smart→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 20v
f. [20v] 1 Sum tyme I syghe sumtyme I syng 2 Sumtyme I lawghe . sumtyme mornynge 3 as one in dowte thys ys my ssayyng 4 have I dysplesyd yow in any thyng 5 Alake what aylythe you to be grevyd 6 Ryght sory am I that ye be mevyd 7 I am yo$^r$ owne yf trewthe be prevyd 8 & by yo$^r$ Dyspleasure as one myschevyd 9 When ye be mery than am I glad 10 When ye be sory than am I sad 11 Suche gra{gA}ce or fortune I wold I had 12 yow for to plese how euer{u'} I were bestad 13 When ye be mery why shuld I care 14 ye are my Ioye & my wellfare 15 I wyll you love I wyll not spare 16 into yowre pre{p'}sens as farr as I dare 17 All my poore hart & my love trew 18 Whyle lyff Dothe last I gyve yt yow 19 & yow to ser[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{s}8}]] ve with{w+t+} ser[[The Devonshire Manuscript/Appendix_I:_Paleographic_Features|{{s}8}]] vys Dew 20 and neuer{u'} to change yow for no new$^1$ R$^2$fynys

## Notes & Glosses

1. There is a resonance with the wording in "Hey Robyn Ioly Robyn tell me" on 24r.
 2. It is possible that the character on the left is in the hand of Lady Margaret Douglas.

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H2. The poem describes the speaker's doubt of his or her lover returning.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed., Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems (London: Penguin, 1978), 271.