# Latin/Lesson 5-Accusative
## Grammar: The Accusative

Lesson Vocabulary :
| Latin | English |
| vendit | he/she sells |
| videt | he/she sees |
| amat | he/she loves |
| cist-a -ae (f.) | box |
| ferox, ferocis (m/f.) | wild |
| ager (m.) | field |
| bell-um (n.) | war |
| serv-us (m.) | slave |
As you learned in the last lesson, the verb 'esse' (to be) usually takes the nominative case, because then the word after it is a complement. Most other verbs take the 'accusative' case.
In a sentence, the accusative is the "what" - in English grammar, this is known as the direct object.
For example: The girl sells the box.
What did the girl sell? The box. Thus, box is the direct object, and when we translate it into Latin:
Example :
| English: | The girl | sells | the box. |
| Latin: | Puella | vendit | cistam. |
| Explanation: | NOMINATIVE | VERB | ACCUSATIVE |
Cistam, then, is in the accusative, because it is the direct object.
Again, when an adjective describes a noun in the accusative case, the adjective must agree in number, case, and gender.
Example :
| English: | The girl | sells | the big | box. |
| Latin: | Puella | vendit | magnam | cistam. |
| Explanation: | NOMINATIVE | VERB | ADJECTIVE ACCUSATIVE | NOUN ACCUSATIVE |
Because Latin uses cases to mark the subject and the object of a sentence, word order does not matter. Consider:
| puer puellam videt | The boy sees the girl |
| puerum puella videt | The girl sees the boy |
| puellam puer videt | The boy sees the girl |
| puella puerum videt | The girl sees the boy |

### Examples of Adjectives Agreeing with the Nominative and Accusative Case

Explanation- The good boy loves the wild dog. :
| Latin: | puer | bonus | amat | canem (acc) | ferocem (acc). |
| English: | [The] boy | good | [he] loves | [the] dog | wild. |
Bonus, a first and second declension adjective, is masculine, nominative, and singular to agree with puer, the word it is describing.
Ferocem, a third declension adjective, is masculine, accusative, and singular to agree with canem. Canem is accusative because it is the object of amat.
Here is an example of plural adjectives:
Explanation- The good boys love the wild dogs. :
| Latin: | Pueri (plur) | boni (plur) | amant (plur) | canes (plur, acc) | feroces (plur, acc). |
| English: | [The] boys | good | [they] love | [the] dogs | wild. |
The words bonus and ferocem become boni and feroces to agree with the plurals pueri and canes.
However, if a girl (puella) happened to love that boy:
Explanation- The good girl loves the good boy. :
| Latin: | Puella | bona | amat | puerum (acc) | bonum (acc). |
| English: | [The] girl | good | [she] loves | [the] boy | good. |
Bonus must become bona in order to modify puella, which is feminine.
Finally, if the girl isn't good, but rather wild:
Explanation- The wild girl loves the good boy. :
| Latin: | Puella | ferox | amat | puerum (acc) | bonum (acc). |
| English: | [The] girl | wild | [she] loves | [the] boy | good. |
Even though puella is first declension, ferox remains third declension. In the same way, a good lion would be bonus leo.

### Exercise 1

* lud-us
* magn-us
* triclīni-um
* bell-um
* puell-a
* serv-us
* ager
* ludum
* magnum
* triclīnium
* bellum
* puellam
* servum
* agrum
* lud-us
* magn-us
* triclīni-um
* bell-um
* puell-a
* serv-us
* ager
* ludos
* magnos
* triclīnia
* bella
* puellas
* servos
* agros
* bon-ī
* bell-a
* triclīni-a
* puell-am
* agr-ōs
* serv-ōs
* puell-ae
* bonus
* bellum
* triclīnium
* puella
* ager
* servus
* puella

### Exercise 2

Determine whether the adjective agrees with the substantive in all three categories: case, gender, number.
| Questions: | Does it Agree? |
| 1. magn-us agr-ōs | True/False |
| 2. magn-a puella | True/False |
| 3. poet-a* bon-us | True/False |
| 4. magn-um serv-um | True/False |
| 5. poet-ae* magn-ae | True/False |
| 6. bell-a magn-a | True/False |
    * Nota bene: Poeta (meaning poet) is a masculine noun, even though it ends in -a.
See table above. Determine whether the adjective (magnus, bonus..) agrees with the substantives (ager, puella, poeta) in both case (nominative, accusative...), gender (masculine, female and neuter) and number (singular and plural).
* False. Magnus doesn't agree with agrōs; in number and case.
    Magnus: Masculine, singular, nominative.
    Agrōs: Masculine, plural, accusative.
* True. Magna agrees with puella.
    Magna: Feminine, singular, nominative.
    Puella: Feminine, singular, nominative.
* True. Bonus agrees with poeta.
    Bonus: Masculine, singular, nominative.
    Poeta: Masculine, singular, nominative.
* True. Magnum agrees with servum.
    Magnum: Neuter, singular, nominative.
    Servum: Neuter, singular, nominative.
* False. Magnae doesn't agree with poetae; in gender.
    Magnae: Feminine, plural, nominative.
    Poetae: Masculine, plural, nominative.
* True. Bella agrees with magna.
    Bella: Neuter, plural, nominative.
    Magna: Neuter, plural, nominative.

## Grammar: The Use of the Accusative

Lesson Vocabulary :
| Latin | English |
| curri-t | he/she runs |
| porta-t | he/she carries |
| specta-t | he/she watches |
| da-t | he/she gives |
| fuisse fuī fuistī (puer) fuit fuimus fuistis fuērunt | to have been I have been you have been (the boy) has been we have been you (pl.) have been they have been |
| Nota Bene: 'fuisse' and all the forms of it, the past tense of 'esse', behaves exactly like the present tense. ||
The newly introduced verbs, ama-t, curri-t, and porta-t take the accusative as the 'object'. Unless specified, any verb you look up in the dictionary will take the accusative, not the nominative. This means that they are transitive verbs, verbs that happen to someone or something, e.g.:
In the examples above, the bold words are the subject of the sentence clause. Because something happens "to" them, they can't be in nominative.

### Grammatical Explanation Using English Sentences

Grammatical Explanation 1 :
| English: | The boy | hits | the car. |
| Explanation: | NOMINATIVE | VERB | ACCUSATIVE |
Grammatical Explanation 2 :
| English: | The girl | hugs | the boy. |
| Explanation: | NOMINATIVE | VERB | ACCUSATIVE |
Grammatical Explanation 3 :
| English: | He who | flees, | deserves | the guillotine. |
| Explanation: | NOMINATIVE | VERB | VERB | ACCUSATIVE |

### Exercise 3: Find the Nominative and Accusative

* The boy is good.
* The girl kisses the boy.
* The boy gives the book.
* The child watches the TV.
* Whom it concerns.
* To the kitchen I run
* I eat the pizza.
* The boy {nom} is good {nom}.
    Puer {nom} est bonus {nom}.
* The girl {nom} kisses the boy {acc}.
    Puella {nom} puerum {acc} basiat.
* The boy {nom} gives the book {acc}.
    Puer {nom} librum {acc} dat.
* The child {nom} watches the TV {acc}.
    Infans {nom} televisorium {acc} videt.
* Whom {acc} it {nom} concerns.
* To the kitchen {acc} I {nom} run.
    Ad culinam {acc} [ego {nom}] curro.
* I {nom} eat the pizza {acc}.
    Pittam {acc} [ego {nom}] edo.
* Puer est bonus.
* Puella puerum amat.
* Puer cistam portat.
* Fīlius virum spectat.
* Ad culīnam currit.
* Puer {nom} est bonus {nom}.
    The boy {nom} is good {nom}.
* Puella {nom} puerum {acc} amat.
    The girl {nom} loves the boy {acc}.
* Puer {nom} cistam {acc} portat.
    The boy {nom} carries the box {acc}.
* Fīlius {nom} virum {acc} spectat.
    The son {nom} watches the man (father?) {acc}.
* Ad culīnam {acc} currit.
    To the kitchen {acc} [he {nom}] runs. (He runs to the kitchen)