# Movie Making Manual/Cinematography/Cameras and Formats/Table of Formats

This Module is part of the Cinematography section of the Movie Making Manual
Please see the Comparison table of cameras for camera details such as sensor size, sensor resolution etc
Click on the links to see the (often excellent) corrospoding article on WikiPedia.

## Part 1

| Name | Media | Intro'd | Developer | raw Mbps* | raw MBps* | real-world MBps* | chroma subsampling | Colour space | recorded res | video compression type | luma sampling freq | b/p/c** | audio encoding | audio channels | audio sampling rate | audio quantisation | audio kbps | digital interfaces |
| VHS*** | tape | 1976 | JVC | analogue | analogue | analogue | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Betamax*** | tape | 1975 | Sony | analogue | analogue | analogue | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| sVHS*** | tape | 1987 | JVC | analogue | analogue | analogue | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Hi8*** | tape | 1989 | | analogue | analogue | analogue | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| BetaSP*** | tape | 1986 | Sony | analogue | analogue | analogue | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| DV | DV tape, miniDV tape | 1995 | | 25 Mbps | 3.1 MBps | 3.7 MBps | 4:1:1(NTSC) 4:2:0(PAL) | | 720x480(NTSC) 720x576/25i/p(PAL) 768x576/25/i/p(PAL) | DCT intraframe MJPEG | | 8 linear | PCM | 2 / 4 | 48 kHz(2ch) | 16 bit | | IEEE1394 |
| DVcam | DV tape, miniDV tape, XDCAM disks | 1997 | Sony | 25 Mbps | 3.1 MBps | 3.7 MBps | 4:1:1(NTSC) 4:2:0(PAL) | | 720x480(NTSC) 720x576/25i/p(PAL) 768x576/25/i/p(PAL) | DCT intraframe MJPEG | | 8 linear | PCM | 2 / 4 | 48 kHz(2ch) | 16 bit | | IEEE1394 |
| XDCAM | XDCAM disks | 2003 | Sony | 25 Mbps | 3.1 MBps | 3.7 MBps | 4:1:1(NTSC) 4:2:0(PAL) | | 720x480(NTSC) 720x576/25i/p(PAL) 768x576/25/i/p(PAL) | DVCam or MPEG IMX | | 8 linear | PCM | 2 / 4 | 48 kHz(2ch) | 16 bit | | IEEE1394 |
| HDV | DV or miniDV tape | 2003 | | 25Mbps | 3.1MBps | 3.7MBps | 4:2:0 | | 1440x1080/25i 720/60p, 720/30p, 720/50p, 720/25p, 1440x1080/60i, 1440x1080/50i | MPEG2 | 74.25MHz 55.7MHz | 8 linear | MPEG1 Audio Layer II | 2 | 48kHz | 16 bit | 384kbps | IEEE1394 |
| DVCpro | tape or P2 | 1997 | Panasonic | 25 Mbps | 3.1 MBps | 3.7 MBps | 4:1:1 | | | MJPEG | | | | | | | | IEEE1394 |
| DVCpro50 | tape or P2 | | Panasonic | 50 Mbps | 6.25 MBps | 7.5 MBps | 4:2:2 | | | MJPEG | | | | | | | | |
| DVCproHD | tape or P2 | | Panasonic | 100 Mbps | 12.5 MBps | 15 MBps | 4:2:2 | | 960x720(0.7MP)p, 1280x1080(1.4MP)p | | | | | | | | | HD SDI |
| BetaSX | tape | 1996 | Sony | | | | 4:2:2 | | | MPEG Main Profile @ Main Level (MP@ML) GOP 2 | | | PCM | 4 | 48 kHz | | | |
| DigiBeta | tape | 1993 | Sony | 90Mbps | | | 4:2:2 | YUV | | DCT compressed component video Intraframe MJPEG | | 10bit | PCM | 4 | 48 kHz | | | SDI |
| MPEG IMX | tape or XDCAM disks | 2001 | | >Betacam SX | | | | CCIR 601 | | MPEG | | | | 8+cue+TC | | | | SDI |
| HDCAM | tape | 1997 | | 144Mbps | | | 4:2:2 | | 1440x1080i 720p | DCT | | 10 bit | | 4 | 48 kHz | 20 bit | | HD SDI |
| HDCAM SR | tape | 2003 | | 440Mbps / 880Mbps | | | 4:4:4(880Mbps) 4:2:2(440Mbps) 2x4:2:2(880Mbps) | RGB | 1920x1080 | MPEG-4 Studio Profile | | | | 12 | | | | dual HD SDI |

## Part2

| Name | Media | Intro'd | Developer | raw Mbps* | raw MBps* | real-world MBps* | chroma subsampling | Colour space | recorded res | video compression type | video compression ratio | luma sampling freq | b/p/c** | audio encoding | audio channels | audio sampling rate | audio quantisation | notes |
| HD uncompressed | DDR | | | 1492 Mbps | 187 MBps | 234 MBps | 4:4:4 | | 1920x1080(2.1MP)/24p | none | 1:1 | | 10 log/lin | | | | | |
| 2k | DDR | | | 2294 Mbps | 286 MBps | 344 MBps | 4:4:4 | RGB / XYZ | 2048x1556(3.2MP) | none | 1:1 | | 10 log/lin | none | 0 | | | |
| 4k | DDR | | | 6370 Mbps | 796 MBps | 956 MBps | 4:4:4 | | 4096x2160(8.9MP) or 4520x2540(11.5MP) | none | 1:1 | | 10 lin/log | none | 0 | | | |
| 6k | DDR | | | | | | 4:4:4 | | | none | 1:1 | | 10 lin/log | none | 0 | | | |
| 8k | DDR | | | | | | 4:4:4 | | | none | 1:1 | | 10 lin/log | none | 0 | | | |
| D1 | 19mm tape | 1987 | Sony | | | | | CCIR 601 | | uncompressed | 1:1 | 4:2:2 | | PCM | | | | |
| D3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| D5 | D3 tapes | 1994 | Panasonic | | | | | | | uncompressed component video | uncompressed | | | | | | | |
| D5 HD | | | | 250 Mb/s | | | | | 1035/1080/720/i/p /24/25/30/59.94/60 | intra-frame | 4:1 | | | Uncompressed | 4 | 40 kHz | 20 bit | |
| Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) | Encrypted hard disk | 2005 | | ~190 Mbps | ~24 MB/s | | 4:4:4 | XYZ | 2k 24p | JPEG2000 | | | 12 | uncompressed | | | | 128 bit AES encryption |
| 35mm neg *** | celluloid | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 35mm print *** | celluloid | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Human Eye*** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Part 3

| Name | Media | Intro'd | Developer | raw Mbps* | raw MBps* | chroma subsampling | Colour space | recorded res | video compression type | video compression ratio | b/p/c** | audio encoding |
| DNxHD | | | Avid | 220(10-bit 6:1) 145(8-bit 7:1) | | 4:2:2 | | | | 7:1 - 4:1 | 8/10 bit | |
| CineForm Intermediate (CFHD) | | August 2003 | CineForm | Variable | Variable | 4:2:2 | 601 and 709 | Upto 2048x1556 | Wavelet | Variable (average 6:1) | | |
| DVD | Optical disk | 1996 | | | | 4:2:0 | | | MPEG-2 | | | 48kHz, PCM, DTS, MP2, Dolby Digital (AC-2) |
| MPEG-2 | | | MPEG | | | | | | | | | |
| HD DVD | | | Microsoft | | | | | | | | | |
| Blu-ray | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Quicktime | | | Apple | | | | | | | | | |
| MPEG-4 | | | MPEG | | | | | | | | | |
| MPEG4-AVC | | | MPEG | | | | | | | | | |
| WM9 | | | Microsoft | | | | | | | | | |
| Real Media | | | Real | | | | | | | | | |
Notes
* Constant bitrate unless otherwise stated
** b/p/c = bits per pixel per colour channel
*** Obviously, these analogue formats can't be measured absolutely in these terms. These estimates provide an interesting comparison to the electronic formats.