OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Windows Registry Hacks/Hardware Tweaks
## Fixing error messages
### CD-ROM Drive Related Issues

There is a bug in Microsoft Windows XP and Microsoft Windows Vista, that causes the operating system to ignore the presence of installed devices and drivers, following a reboot of the system. An error message occurs as follows following reboot:
Windows cannot load the device driver for this hardware. The driver may be corrupted or missing. (Code 39)
When this error occurs, the CD-ROM drives do not show as available, so it will not be possible to use the drives, even though the CD-ROM drives may have been operating normally during the previous session.

### Uninstalling the device does not fix this error

Uninstalling the drive using the device manager and rebooting the computer does not resolve this error.

## Affected Systems

Microsoft Windows XP Microsoft Windows Vista

## Resolution

In order to resolve this issue, it is necessary to edit the CD-ROM drive class registrykey, using the registryeditor, as follows:
Remove any of the following registry entries against the CD-ROM drive class registrykey:
It is now necessary to reboot the computer in order for the CD-ROM drives to be made visible.
# Windows Programming/windows.h
## windows.h

The primary C header file for accessing the Win32 API is the <windows.h> header file. To make a Win32 executable, the first step is to include this header file in your source code. The windows.h header file should be included before any other library include, even the C standard library files such as stdio.h or stdlib.h. This is because the windows.h file includes macros and other components that may modify, extend, or replace things in these libraries. This is especially true when dealing with UNICODE, because windows.h will cause all the string functions to use UNICODE instead. Also, because many of the standard C library functions are already included in the Windows kernel, many of these functions will be available to the programmer without needing to load the standard libraries. For example, the function sprintf is included in windows.h automatically.

## Child Header Files

There are a number of header files that are automatically included with windows.h. Many of these files cannot simply be included by themselves, because of dependencies. The windows.h header file is actually a relatively small file, that provides conditional inclusion for a number of other header files, definitions of a few important macros, etc.
For a list of child header files visit----------
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows.h

## Additional Header Files

This section will talk about some other interesting header files and libraries that can be included with your project, but which are not included by default with windows.h.

## windows.h Macros

This section will briefly detail some of the changes that the user can make in the windows.h structure at compile time using macros.

### WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN

The WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN macro causes several of the child headers to not be included in the build. This can help to speed up the compilation process.

### UNICODE and _UNICODE

These macros, which we will discuss later, can generally be used interchangeably, but are frequently both defined together. These cause the program to be compiled with UTF-16 encoded strings instead of ASCII encoded strings. UTF-16 is one internationalized encoding based on the UNICODE standard and allows for more characters than the American ASCII encoding, although UTF-8 is often preferred in modern programming.

### WINVER and _WIN32_WINNT

You must set these to a number greater or equal to 0x500 or you will not get some of the useful functions that are in Windows 2000 (and thus in any modern Windows) but were not in Windows 98.

## Next Chapters

* Handles and Data Types
# Windows Registry Hacks/Alphanumerical List of Microsoft Windows Registry Class Identifiers

The *Microsoft Windows Registry* contains a set of Globally Unique Identifier keys.
The following Globally Unique Identifier keys are used as Class Identifiers within the Microsoft Windows registry, and are stored as a subclass of the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID registry subset entry:
# Windows Registry Hacks/Alphanumerical List of Microsoft Windows Registry Installer Component Entries

The *Microsoft Windows Registry* contains a set of Globally Unique Identifier keys that are used as installr component entries within the Microsoft Windows registry. These entries are stored in a subclass of the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Installer\Userdata\5-1-5-18\Components\ registry subset:
# Windows Registry Hacks/HKEY CLASSES ROOT

The *Microsoft Windows Registry* is divided into sets and subsets. The HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT set contains the following subset entries:
* The file extension subset types:
* The class identifiers
* The typelib entries
* Package and vendor specific entries
* Compatibility entries
* Installer entries
* Virtual store entries
# World Cultures/Culture in Africa

* Algerian Culture
* Kenyan Culture
* Libyan Culture
* Egyptian Culture
* Zimbabwe Culture
* Botswanan Culture
* Namibian Culture
* Nigerian Culture
* Tunisian Culture
* Ethiopian Culture
* Liberian Culture
* South Africa Culture
* Moroccan Culture
# 2ch Chronicle/Anti-Matome Blog Movement

One of 2ch's most controversial community developments in recent years has been the ブログ (Matome Blog), aka アフィ (Affiliate Blog). These blogs were originally volunteer efforts meant to summarize the weekly threads of 2ch for the general population.
Unfortunately, like all good things, these blogs became deeply corrupted when view-count advertising money came into the picture, as they could easily grab eyeballs by sensationalizing 2ch posts and slandering otaku culture. Eventually, the most successful blogs resorted to underhanded tactics, such as making false 2ch threads in a textbook case of yellow journalism, or exploiting the power of viral marketing to gain more cash.
The problem was escalated to an unacceptable extent after the 2013 Credit Card Leaks, which ruined lives by revealing the identities and posting history of many anonymous tripcodes: real or fake. As a result, 2ch users began organizing the 嫌儲 (Anti-Matome Blog Movement), igniting a divisive conflict of corruption, abuse of power, and public shaming against both sides that literally tore 2ch apart.

## ブログ/アフィ (Matome Blog)

ブログ (Matome Blogs), aka アフィ (Affiliate Blogs), are sites designed to summarize the daily events on 2ch's boards. They became popular as a way for the general public of Japan to hear the latest gossip without having to take time to acclimate to the abrasive culture of 2channel's infamous boards.

### Volunteer Efforts

Matome Blogs began out of frustration with the unchanging, spartan design of 2channel, which was beginning to repel a general public acclimating to social media. In addition, 2channel's culture was about as abrasive as 4chan, and took quite a lot of lurking to understand. Finally, there existed a need for news from 2channel to be spread out to the rest of the Internet.
As a result, some bloggers began to summarize news from 2channel as a public service. Aya.shii.org is an example of this early one-man effort.

### Yellow Journalism

Like all good things, the Matome blogs became deeply corrupted when view-count advertising money came into the picture, as they could easily grab eyeballs by sensationalizing 2ch posts and slandering otaku culture. Eventually, the most successful blogs resorted to underhanded tactics, such as manufacturing fake 2ch threads, or exploiting the power of viral marketing to gain more cash. Thus, Matome blogs began to achieve a flavor not unlike that of 9gag or Ebaum's World.
The last major Japanese-language Matome Blog still active is 痛いたいニュース itai News/DQNPlus. There were other major sites (はちま起稿きこう,オレ的てきゲーム速報そくほう＠刃は,やらおん！,ハム速そく,ニュー速そくVIPブログ), but they stopped posting about 2ch when Jim Watkins accidentally translated "All Rights Reserved" to "Redistribution Not Allowed". A fitting punishment.
One of the few English-language Matome Blogs is the infamous Sankaku Complex, known for it's unabashed writing style that pokes fun at otaku culture. (Though they seem to be posting less about 2ch these days, which may indicate a serious population decline on the website.)
* Source: Reddit /newsokur/ - About Matome Blogs
# 2ch Chronicle/2ch Stories
## Famous/Infamous Stories

* Toshiba Warranty Service Claim - A 2channel user gets screwed over by poor service from Toshiba techs, and rants about it on 2ch.
* Densha Otoko
* Chikan Otoko - An innocent 2ch user gets mistaken for a "Chikan" (Train Molester), and manages to survive the experience through a bit of smooth moves and charm, enough to convince the apparent victim, Miss Understanding, to get to know him a bit better.
* Denko

### Criminal Incidents

* Neomugicha Incident
* Sasebo Killer
# 2ch Chronicle/2ch Depictions
## Anime/Manga

* Serial Experiments Lain?
* Lucky Star
* Steins Gate
# 2ch Chronicle/2ch Flash

A small segment of 2ch users produced a massive amount of flash videos and games that satirized certain aspects of their culture, as well as giving a feel of what it was like to be on 2ch in that era.

## Shift_JIS Characters

Just like image macro memes in the English-language internet, complex Shift_JIS art has created an entire culture of characters based on 2ch's (and its predecessor Ayashii World's) rants and ravings.
* We are 2ch's ASCII ART - A quick intro to the whole cast.
* Shii's Song - Shii, sometime called Shii-chan, is often depicted as a female cat in a box, waiting endlessly for “her” love to come back. “She” is a female counterpart of Giko Neko with asterisks on “her” cheeks. This beautiful Shii’s Song video was one of the first to mix English and Japanese in it. As a matter of fact, it may have been one of the first instances to introduce the Japanese Shift-JIS characters to the Western web as early as 2002 (via Newgrounds).
** Know Your Meme: Giko Neko

### Flashbomb Competition

The annual 2ch Flashbomb Competition challenges the greatest flash making teams to create masterpieces of 2ch culture.
* Flashbomb 2004
* Flashbomb 2005
* Sunafesta 2005 - A continuation of the Flashbomb tradition after it shut down unexpectedly.

### Clairvoyance Flash Team

Clairvoyance was a famous team of 2ch flash creators that won many awards for their Flash masterpieces. Amazingly, the Internet Archive has captured and preserved a copy of their flash videos for all time.
* Nightmare City - An eye-popping flash movie series where two AA characters fight to escape from a "fake", cyberpunk city. Won an award at Flashbomb 2005. 4chan users made their own variant inspired by this flash series, 4chan City.
** Nightmare City: Catastrophe - The thrilling sequel, where they finally make an escape.
* Final Fantasy AA Opening - An earlier work by Clairvoyance, an AA Flash adaptation of the story of Final Fantasy. Includes music by TAMusic.

## Thread Drama

* UNIX.swf - This is a monument to a legendary event in 2ch's history. When 2channel was at threat of shutdown, users from the UNIX board worked together to significantly improve 2ch's Perl server-side code, reducing the server strain and saving the site. It is spoken in English with Japanese subtitles, perhaps because Japanese vocalizers did not exist yet.
** YouTube
* IOSYS: Itteyoshi (2005) - satirization of 2ch's default response to the stupidity of newbies. "Itteyoshi" means "go away", and also "kill yourself".
** Danbooru YouTube - Transcript + Translation

## Sources

* Dagobah 2ch Flash Archive
* Penfifteen Flash Archive
# 2ch Chronicle/English Summary Sites
## Sankaku Complex

An infamously biased and inflammatory, but very popular, summary blog.
Nowadays, it seems to have branched off its original purpose as a 2ch translator, and become a general-purpose onsite Anime news blog.
* Sankaku Complex

## Aya.shii.org

Shii's attempt to create a better alternative to Sankaku Complex, with an Anti-Sankaku Pledge and everything.
# 2ch Chronicle/IOSYS/Itteyoshi

IOSYS: Itteyoshi (2005) - A satirization of 2ch's default response to the stupidity of it's newbies. "Itteyoshi" means "go away", but also "kill yourself".

## Translation

Complete English Translation (from Hongfire, via Danbooru)
** Transcript
Full Japanese Transcript.
# A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Paint/Resin

Typical binders include synthetic or natural resins such as acrylics, PVA, polyurethanes, polyesters, melamines, epoxy, or oils. There are different kinds of binders: those that simply "dry", and those that undergo polymerisation reactions. Binders that dry form a solid film when the solvent evaporates. Those which polymerise form irreversibly bound networked structures, which will not redissolve in the solvent.
In oil-based paint, curing takes the form of oxidation, for example oxidation of linseed oil to form linoxin to create a varnish. Such oils are called siccative oils. 'Boiled' linseed oil has been treated to make it oxidise faster. Solvents and siccative catalysts can be added for this purpose.
Other common cured films are prepared from crosslinkers, such as polyurethane or melamine resins, reacted with acrylic polyester or polyurethane resins, often in the presence of a catalyst which serves to make the curing reaction proceed more quickly or under milder conditions. These cured-film paints can be either solvent-borne or waterborne.
Gloss paints contain alkyd resins. The monomers react to form a branched polyester. Typical monomers are benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic (phthalic) acid and propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol).
| Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic (phthalic) acid. | Propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol). |
Emulsion paint is a water-based emulsion of solid monomers: ethenyl ethanoate (vinyl acetate, PVA monomer) and/or propenoate (acrylic) esters. Americans call this latex paint, although latex rubber is not an ingredient. When the water evaporates, the monomer undergoes addition polymerisation to form a solid film. The polymer itself resists water (and typically some other solvents). Residual surfactants in the paint as well as hydrolytic effects with some polymers cause the paint to remain susceptible to softening and, over time, degradation by water.
| Methyl acrylate (methyl propenoate) - an acrylic ester. | Poly vinyl acetate. | Vinyl acetate (1-acetoxyethylene, acetic acid ethenyl ester or ethenyl ethanoate). |
Epoxy resin paints are highly chemically resistant and tough.
Nitrocellulose resin is used in car touch-up spray paint and in wood finishing.
Bitumen-based paints are highly water resistant.

## References

* ↑ The Essential Chemical Industry (1985) Polytechnic of North London
* ↑ ibid.
# A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Fibres

Fibre or fiber is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. Fibers are of great importance in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding tissues together. Human uses for fibres are diverse. They can be spun into filaments, thread, string or rope. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are often used in the manufacture of other materials.
Fibres used by man come from a wide variety of sources.
* Natural fibres include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. They can be classified according to their origin:
** Vegetable fibres are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin: examples include cotton, linen, hemp, jute, flax, ramie and sisal. Plant fibers serve in the manufacture of paper and cloth.
** Animal fibres consist largely of particular proteins. Instances are silk, sinew, catgut and hair (including wool).
** Mineral fibres comprise asbestos, the only naturally occurring mineral fibre.
* Man-made fibres may come from natural raw materials or from synthetic chemicals.
** Many types of fibre are manufactured from natural cellulose, including rayon, modal, and the more recently developed Lyocell. Fibreglass and optical fibre, which are made from purified natural quartz, are also man-made fibers that come from natural raw materials.
** Synthetic fibres are a subset of man-made fibres, which are based on synthetic chemicals (often from petrochemical sources) rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. Such fibres are quite often made from nylon, polyester, or acrylic polymers, although pure polyacrylonitrile fibres are used to make carbon fibre. More exotic fibres have strong bonding between polymer chains (e.g. aramids), or extremely long chains (e.g. Dyneema or Spectra). Elastomers can even be used, e.g. spandex.

## See also

Cellulose-based fibres
Amide and protein fibres
Synthetic fibres (not nylon)

## Notes

* ↑ The spelling fibre is used in Commonwealth countries, and is sometimes used in the United States as well.

## Sources

w:Fiber
# A-level Applied Science/Colour Chemistry/Paint/Catalysts

A catalyst is a chemical which makes a chemical reaction go faster, but is not itself used up in the reaction.
In paints, catalysts speed up the formation of polymers from the resin.
Cobalt or manganese naphthenate are used in gloss paints to accelerate the polymerisation of the alkyd resin.
Siccatives (Paint and Ink Driers) are metal carboxylates ('soaps') used to accelerate the drying process in, for example, linseed oil. The metal can be a transition or a group II metal and the carboxylate can be naphtenate, 2-ethyl hexanoate (widely known as 'octoate') or C$_7$-C$_{11}$ salts.
Cobalt (II) octoate is the most reactive and most commonly used siccative. It catalyses the oxygen uptake and accelerates peroxide formation. Cobalt octoate causes a surface film to form rapidly. Other 'auxiliary' driers are added which either reduce the activity of cobalt (e.g. zinc octoate) or enhance the drying of the interior of the paint (e.g. lead octoate).
Retardants may be added to artists' acrylic paint to slow the drying process. Retardants are essentially 'negative catalysts' - slowing down a reaction rather than speeding it up.

## References

* ↑ The Essential Chemical Industry (1985) Polytechnic of North London
* ↑ http://www.innovachemicals.com/siccatives.htm
* ↑ Painting with acrylics - h2g2 article.
# A-level Geography/AS OCR Geography/Urbanisation in LEDCs

Since the 1950's the majority of LEDCs have been transformed from Rural to Urban societies. Many have switched from supporting themselves through agriculture to earning a wage from factory work or service job.
This was a typical social/economical upheaval in the 20th century.
Urbanisation in MEDC has slowed whereas in LEDCs it has increased dramatically. However this is not true everywhere. For example in 1980 - Latin America slowed down, yet Asia and Africas urbanisation continued.
Big megacities in LEDCs are São Paulo, Brazil and Mexico City, Mexico.
Causes of Urbanisation in LEDC
* Rapid populational growth, for example, in 1950, Kenya had a population of 5.4 million, by 1995 it had risen to 28.3 million.
* Modernisation of technology, in agriculture, this signifies that fewer workers were needed on the farms, leading many to move to the cities in search of opportunities.
* General pull factors for LEDC Cities. Cities provided a chance for higher standard of living, more and better job opportunities, easier access to services and infrastructures (entertainment, health and transportation for instance).
# A-level Graphic Products
## Exam Boards

* AQA
* Edexcel
# A-level Geography/AS OCR Geography/Population, patterns, process and change
## Factors affecting birth rate

* Pro-natalist policies and Anti-natalist policies from government
* Existing age-sex structure
* Social and religious beliefs - especially relation to contraception
* Female literacy levels
* Economic prosperity (when the economy is doing well families can afford to have more children).
* Poverty levels – children can be seen as a economic resource in developing countries as they can earn money.
* Infant Mortality Rate – a family may have more children a countries IMR if high as it is likely some of those children will die.

## Factors affecting a countries death rate

* Nutrition levels
* Standards of diet and housing
* Access to clean drinking water
* Hygiene levels
* Levels of infectious diseases
* low levels of education

## Limitations of the Demographic Transition Model

* When the model was put forward there was a lack of available data in Europe
* Only based on Europe – So will it apply to the developing world?
* Does not show the causes of changes in birth rates and death rates
* Only a general model – why not apply to specific places. While it can be used to predict population change it may not be completely accurate

## Types of population pyramid

While all countries' population pyramids differ, three types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.
Stationary pyramid – A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.
Progressive pyramid – A Pyramid with a high birth rate and a high death rate.
Regressive pyramid – A declining birth rate and a low mortality rate.
# A-level Graphic Products/Edexcel/Unit 1 :Portfolio of Creative Skills

This is the coursework section of AS-level.
* 60% of AS course
* 30% of full GCE

## Contents

* Product investigation
* Product design
* Product manufacture
# A-level Geography/AS Edexcel Geography/Natural Hazards Introduction

A natural hazard differs from a natural event, and a natural disaster. A natural event is a naturally occurring physical occurrence. A hazard is a natural event that has the possibility to cause loss of life or economic damage. A natural disaster is when a natural event does cause loss of life and damage to property.
What makes something a natural disaster? The Swiss reinsurance company define a disaster as an event which causes 20 deaths or insurance damage of at least $16.2 million. This was in 1990 however, and the numbers will be affected by inflation. (In 2015 $16.2 = $29 538 785.00) Interestingly, we can see that a human life is worth roughly $1 476 939.25.
Natural hazards usually fall into one of two categories.
* Geophysical hazards are natural hazards that occur as a result of the earth’s tectonic processes (Earthquakes and Volcanoes)
* Hydrometerological hazards occur as a result of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature
* Geomorphic hazards can be both geophysical or hydrometerological hazards. These could be associated with tectonic events, or climatic conditions. Avalanches and Landslides are examples of these
# A-level Geography/AS OCR Geography
## General Topics

* Population, patterns, process and change
* Key Terminology

## Physical Geography

* Cold environments
* Hydrology
* Lithosphere
* Ecosystems
* Atmospherics

## Human Geography

* Population
* Settlement
* Urbanisation in LEDCs
* Urban Growth in MEDCs
* Land Use Models

## Statistics Paper

* Investigation Paper