OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Programming Concepts/Stacks

A stack is an ADT that might involve a dynamic or static implementation. A stack is a last-in-first-out (LIFO) or first-in-last-out (FILO) ADT. Implementations should include two operations, pushing and popping, and a pointer to the top of the stack.
A real life example is a stack of books you might have on your desk:
Let's take a look at a computer implementation of a stack:
* Pushing: Adds a new specified item to the top of the stack
* Popping: Removes the item from the top of the stack.
| State 1 | State 2 | State 3 | State 4 | State 5 |
| Push 'elephant' | Push 'hippo' | Push 'zebra' | Pop | Push 'flamingo' |
| memlocdataTopOfStack 4 3 2 1elephant<-- | memlocdataTopOfStack 4 3 2hippo<-- 1elephant | memlocdataTopOfStack 4 3zebra<-- 2hippo 1elephant | memlocdataTopOfStack 4 3zebra 2hippo<-- 1elephant Note the data isn't 'deleted' The TopOfStack pointer moves to show it is no longer in the stack | memlocdataTopOfStack 4 3flamingo<-- 2hippo 1elephant |
Stacks have several uses:
* Reversing queues (as seen above with the Alphabetised names)
* Performing Reverse Polish Calculations (see ....)
* Holding return addresses and system states for recursive function calls
Exercise: Stacks
Draw the stack after each of the following commands, starting with an empty stack. What does the stack achieve:
Push 'Annabelle'
Push 'Chris'
Push 'Hemingway'
Push 'James'
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
Answer:
Command 1Command 2Command 3Command 4
memlocdataTopOfStack
4
3
2
1Annabelle<--
memlocdataTopOfStack
4
3
2Chris<--
1Annabelle
memlocdataTopOfStack
4
3Hemingway<--
2Chris
1Annabelle
memlocdataTopOfStack
4James<--
3Hemingway
2Chris
1Annabelle
Command 5Command 6Command 7Command 8
memlocdataTopOfStack
4James
3Hemingway<--
2Chris
1Annabelle
Output: James
memlocdataTopOfStack
4James
3Hemingway
2Chris<--
1Annabelle
Output: Hemingway
memlocdataTopOfStack
4James
3Hemingway
2Chris
1Annabelle<--
Output: Chris
memlocdataTopOfStack
4James
3Hemingway
2Chris
1Annabelle
Output: Annabelle
Top of Stack = 0
The stack is empty
This set of instructions used the stack to input data in order and then output it in reverse order
Give the set of instructions required to get from State 1 to State 2 as shown below:
State 1State 2
memlocdataTopOfStack
4
3Sharks<--
2Chalk
1Cheese
memlocdataTopOfStack
4
3Witches<--
2Sand
1Cheese
Answer:
Pop
Pop
Push 'Sand'
Push 'Witches'
If we have an empty Stack what do we set the pointer TopOfStack to?
Answer:
0 or null
Describe the Stack data type:
Answer:
A stack is a First In Last Out or Last In First Out data type
Give two uses for a Stack in a computer:
Answer:
Reversing queues (as seen above with the Alphabetised names)
Performing Reverse Polish Calculations (see ....)
Holding return addresses of recursive function calls :
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Programming Concepts/Trees traversal algorithms for a binary tree

* Exercise: Binary Trees
* Create a binary tree for the following data input:
* 5, 2, 6, 8, 4, 1, 9, 7, 3
* Answer:
* Sorted tree
* Create a binary tree for the following major city input:
* Monaco, Paris, Vatican, Rome, Norwich, Lewisham, New York, Partington
* Answer:
* sorted major global cities. This tree is very right heavy and if you continue Computer Science to University level you would be asked to find ways of balancing trees
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Real Numbers

* Specification link : Floating Point Numbers
* Describe the format of floating point numbers, including the concept of mantissa and exponent and the need for normalisation.
* Only Two’s Complement representation of mantissa and exponent needs to be covered (IEEE standard does not need to be covered)
* Floating point numbers
* Normalisation
* Specification link : Floating Point Numbers
* Explain the limitations of representing real numbers in a computer system, and how errors occur.
* Significant digits
* Precision
* Rounding errors (absolute errors, relative errors)
* Cancellation Error
* Underflow
* Overflow
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Processing and Programming Techniques/Data Representation in Computers/Answers
## Hexadecimal

Help is available here
* Convert the following bases to their equivalent hexadecimal values
** $8_{16}$
** $A_{16}$
** $10_{16}$
** $1_{16}$
** $5_{16}$
** $F_{16}$
** $AB_{16}$
** $1000\ 0000_{2}\to 80_{16}$
** $0001\ 1101\ 0011\ 1101_{2}\to 1D3D_{16}$
** $AF0BE_{16}$
* Convert the following hexadecimal values to the given base
** $14_{10}$
** $1110\ 0011_{2}$
** $0111\ 0011_{2}\to 115_{10}$
** $1011\ 1110\ 1110\ 0101_{2}$
** $1011\ 1110\ 1110\ 1111_{2}\to 48879_{10}$
* $426174_{16}$
* Hexadecimal numbers are easier for humans to read, understand and remember.

## Negative Binary Numbers

Help is available here
* What are the denary values of the following twos complement numbers?
** $27$
** $-1$
** $125$
** $-103$
** $-72$
* Convert the following numbers into negative numbers written in binary
** $1111\ 1111$
** $1010\ 0000$
** $1000\ 0001$
** $0000\ 1100\to 1111\ 0100$
** $0100\ 0011\to 1011\ 1101$
** $0011\ 0111\to 1100\ 1001$
** $0111\ 1110\to 1000\ 0010$
* Convert the following hexadecimal values to the given base
** $-3$
** $-12$
* Find the answers to the following sums in binary, show your working - not yet finished beyond here (YR 12 please complete!!)
** 0110 1100 - 0000 0111 = 01100101
** 0001 1111 - 0001 0011
** 0111 0111 - 0101 1011
** 23 (hex) - 1F (hex)
** 0001 0010 - 1111 1101

## Binary Fractions

Help is available here
* What are the values of the following numbers where there are 4 numbers before the decimal point?
** 0011.1000
** 0101.0111
** 0110.1100
** EF
** 1001.0011
** 1100.1101 (note: this number is a two's complement number)
* Using 1 byte for each number, with a fixed unsigned decimal point between bits 4 and 5, convert the following denary/decimal numbers into binary or get as close as you can
** 0001.1000
** 1000.1100
** 1001.0011
** 0000.1001
** 1101.1001 (as close as you can get)
* What are the values of the following 16 bit floating point numbers, where the exponent is 6 bits
** 0111 0100 1100 1110
** 0110 0000 0011 1010
** 1011 1100 0100 0001
** 1110 0000 0011 1101
* Normalise the following 16 bit floating point numbers, where the exponent is 6 bits
** 0011 0000 0000 0001
** 0001 1100 0000 1110
** 1101 0110 0100 0010
** 1111 0111 1111 1001
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Programming Concepts/Trees

Connected means that every node is connected to at least one other node. Undirected means there is no direction associated with an edge, i.e. lines are used, not arrows. A cycle is a circuit (a succession of edges that start and end at the same vertex) in which all the edges are different and all the vertices visited are different (apart from the start and end vertex).
A rooted tree is a tree in which one vertex has been designed as the root and every edge is directed away from the root.
* Exercise: Unordered Binary Trees
* For the following tree note the root, leaves and the left sub tree
* Answer:
* Root = 5
* Left subtree = 2, 1, 4, 3
* Leafs = 1, 3, 7, 9
* Exercise: Ordered Binary Trees
* To work out the following you begin at the root of the tree, if the second input is higher than the root it goes too the right of the root, whereas if it is lower than the root it goes to the left. the third input is then used, if it is higher than the root then it gets passed to the right, if there is already a input on this segment of the tree the input is compared with the input that is in there, if it is higher than the input it is passed to the right and if it is lower it is passed to the left, this process continues until all inputs have been dealt with and the tree is complete.
* Create a binary tree for the following data input:
* 5, 2, 6, 8, 4, 1, 9, 7, 3
* Answer:
* Sorted tree
* Create a binary tree for the following major city input:
* Monaco, Paris, Vatican, Rome, Norwich, Lewisham, New York, Partington
* Answer:
* sorted major global cities. This tree is very right heavy and if you continue Computer Science to University level you would be asked to find ways of balancing trees
* Create a binary tree for the following list of animals:
* Elephant, Cat, Dog, Hippo, Giraffe, Lion, Bear
* Answer:
# A-level Computing 2009/AQA/Processing and Programming Techniques
## Contents

* Data Representation in Computers Questions Answers
* Machine Level Structure
* Machine Operation and Assembly Language
* Programming Concepts
* Operating Systems
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Wigwag Code

In order to send Morse Code via wigwag flag, one must obviously first learn Morse Code. See section a for details. Second, one must know how to transmit dots and dashes with the wigwag flags. The sender holds two flags, one in each hand. The "rest" position is both flags straight up. To send a dot, the flag on the right is lowered straight out to the right and then raised again. To send a dash, the left flag is lowered straight out to the left and then raised again.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Woodworking Tools/Coping saw

Coping saws are very useful for removing bulk. A carving can often be roughed in with a coping saw, and once the shape is cut out, knives, chisels, and gouges can be used to clean it up and do the final shaping. Coping saw blades can be sharpened with a triangle file, though they are cheap enough that they ore more frequently replaced when dull.
The blade can be installed on the coping saw so that it cuts on either the pull stroke or the push stroke. Experiment to see which you like better. To make a cut, clamp the piece to a bench or hold it firmly with your free hand or knee. Align the blade with the pencil mark you have made which will guide the cut. Gently work the saw up and down to make the cut. You may have difficulty at first, and this does take a little practice to master. But once you have it down, it is not all that difficult. Follow the line until the cut is complete.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Woodworking Tools/Gouge

A gouge is a chisel with a curved blade. If pushed along a piece of wood, it would plow out a U-shaped channel. Gouges are sharpened with a slipstone, which is a whetstone with a curved edge.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Woodworking Tools/Chisel

A chisel is best used with a mallet. Chisels can be used for removing great quantities of wood. They can cut across the grain or slice along its length. Chisels are sharpened much the same way as knives, but the angle is a bit steeper, ranging from 20° to 35°. Often they are sharpened at two angles, such as 25° for most of the length of the blade, and 35° near the edge. This allows the blade to be resharpened by only honing a small portion near the cutting edge.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Woodworking Tools/Knife

The primary tool for wood carving is a carving knife. You can use a pocket knife as well, and many people do. To sharpen a knife, hold the blade at about a 15° angle and scrape it along a whetstone as if you were trying to shave off a thin layer of the stone. Be sure to sharpen both sides.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational/Visual Media Critique

Visual Media Critique :
| Vocational North American Division | Skill Level 2 |
| Vocational North American Division | Year of Introduction: 2016 |
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Woodworking Tools/Plane

A hand plane is a tool for shaping wood. Planes are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber.
Hand Planes are one of the most satisfying tools to operate. Clamp the wood securely to a bench, and then push the plane along the grain. The blade should be adjusted so that it takes a thin shaving off the plank. A sharp, well adjusted plane will remove a continuous shaving the entire length of the board. Pay attention to how the grain runs - if the grain dives into the board, make sure the plane's blade does not break the shaving off below the surface. If this happens, try planing in the other direction (see illustration).
Once the blade has been removed from a plane, it can be sharpened in the same fashion as a chisel. It should be sharpened frequently, as this will greatly improve its performance.
A plane should be stored on its side to respect the blade. You should also be very careful to not plane into a nail or a screw, as doing so will put a nasty notch in the blade.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Woodworking Tools/Rasp

A rasp is a woodworking tool used for shaping wood. It consists of a point or the tip, then a long steel bar or the belly, then the heel or bottom, then the tang. The tang is joined to a handle, usually made of plastic or wood. The bar has had sharp teeth cut or hammered into it, and it’s important to note that rasps can be left or right handed. Rasps generally cut more coarsely than files. They are useful for rapidly removing wood from curved surfaces. They remove less wood than a drawknife, so they are easier to control. Even though rasps leave very coarse finishes, the cut-away areas can be easily smoothed with finer tools, such as files.
There are several types and shapes of rasps. There is a half round, round and flat. The several types of rasps are bastard, cabinet and wood (finest to coarsest). All these varieties can be used to make different shapes.
A similar tool to a rasp is a surform file; it has coarse, individual teeth like a rasp for cutting wood. The difference being that the surform has a small hole near each of the teeth to allow shavings to pass through and prevent clogging. Surform tools come in different styles and shapes including file-plane, round file and shaping/shaving tools. The highest quality rasps are forged from steel for strength and each of the teeth is individually hammered into to the surface in a process called stitching.
# A-level French
## Table of Contents

* Nouns
* Verbs
** Present
** Passé Composé
** Imperfect and Pluperfect
** Future
** Conditional
** Subjunctive
** Simple Past
** Use of avoir
** Use of être
** Use of faire
** Use of aller
* Other parts of speech
** Adjectives
** Adverbs
** Prepositions
# A-level English/Wise Children/Model Answers
## Exam Tips

* Underline Key Words in the title of your exam. If it's: "Describe the importance of..." then underline "importance". It may sound a bit obvious, but doing this means you won't accidentally misread the question or forget what it's about.
* Every paragraph should contain the word "importance" or "vital" or any other synonym of importance, that's what's going to get you full marks.
* Make a statement, a quotation (not "quote", examiners don't like that), then explain. Do this for every paragragh. Don't write, for ages, an introduction about Angela Carter's life or the importance of other characters - this is not important.
* Paragraph structure is the basis for a good essay: - P.E.E.E.E
P - Point. Make your point clearly and in a straight forward manner.
 E - Evidence. Supply evidence for your point (a short quotation or close textual reference)  E - Explanation. Remember the novel is written for a purpose. Explain this purpose; why has Carter written this, what's her motivation?
 examine the quotes relevance to the whole novel, language, structure etc.) Make a link to the next piece of evidence.  E - Evidence. Support your previous point, evidence and explanation with a another quote or close textual reference.
 Try to flow through your argument to the end of the paragraph, and develop your point as you go.
 E - Evaluation. Evaluate the point with its evidence as a whole. Make an observation about the quotes as a group, analyze Carters intent and purpose.
 Further analyze the devises and techniques she uses and why. Make a short link to the next paragraph.
* Focus on the character they want. Focus on his importance, both explicitly and implicitly.
* Apply this knowledge to any other question you may get.
* Sophisticated expression of points being made.
* Answer the question; don't forget what it's about! If you get a question on roles, the best technique is to outline each role and its significance, and only then look for an example from the text. That way you don't ramble on about a quotation which isn't relevant.
# A-level English/Wise Children/References to People and Books in Wise Children
## Famous People

* Charlie Chaplin: "Old Charlie, hung like a horse"
* Lewis Carroll: "Lewis Carroll saw her, sent her an inscribed copy of Alice, invited her to tea and got her to slip her frock off after the crumpets"
* Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers: "Fred and Ginger," referring to the signed photos that Dora has on her mirror in her bedroom. First names are only given, shows how close they were.

## Books poems

* "What does the robin do then poor thing" is a line taken from the children's poem The North Wind Does Blow
* Dora quotes Jane Austen's line "Let other pens dwell on guilt and misery" from Mansfield Park.
* "Nobody could say the chance girls were going gently into that good night" A quote from a poem by Dylan Thomas (In reference to old age)
* "It was a dreary time" from Coleridge's 'The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner'- " It was a weary time"

## Songs

* At several points in the novel lines from "I Can't Give You Anything But Love (Baby)" by Jimmy McHugh and Dorothy Fields are quoted:
"I can't give you anything but love, baby, That's the only thing I've plenty of, baby"
The line "Dream awhile, scheme awhile" is also quoted from this song
* The Song "It's Only a Paper Moon" is quoted on numerous occasions. The first few lines of this song are said during the filming of 'The Dream':
"Say, it's only a paper moon, sailing over a cardboard sea, but it wouldn't be make believe, if you believed in me" This song was originally written by Billy Rose, Harold Arlen and E.W. Harburg. The song has been performed by Nat King Cole and Ella Fitzgerald
* "When the Moon Shines Bright on Charlie Chaplin" is sung by Grandma Chance the day that Dora and Nora are born
* Tiffany sings "My little sister Lilly is a whore in Piccadilly. And my mother is another in the Strand" during Tristram's gameshow.
This song "My Sister Lily" this is Number 150 in Paul Woodford's large collection of air force songs "Hash Hymns II" (Honolulu, Hawaii, 1994). It is sung to the melody of the song "Do Ye Ken John Peel."
* Gorgeous George sings the patriotic song "Rose of England" . The music for this song is by Ivor Novello from "Crest of the Wave" .The words from Christopher Hassall.
* Peregine and Irish sing Finnigans Wake together drunk .
* The song 'My Heart Belongs to Daddy' is misquoted in the line: "While teeing off a game of golf, I may make a play for the caddy. But when I do, I don't follow through, 'Cause my heart belongs to daddy". This song was written by Cole Porter.
* Carter quotes the song "The Way You Look Tonight"
* The song "Is You Is Or Is You Ain't (My Baby) is described as being the Hazard theme song.
# A-level English/Wise Children/Post-Modernism

* Wise Children could also be seen as post-modern in the way that no distinction is made between high and low culture. The high and low are brought together at the end of the novel.
* the author is making the reader WORK to understand the novel and takes an active role in the interactive text. Carter invites the reader into the novel as 'the fourth guest to the table'. Frequently employing a direct address narrative style, "There's Big Ben, see?"
# A-level English/Wise Children/Understanding the complex family tree

Nora and Dora Chance are the illegitimate daughters of Melchior Hazard officially known as the daughters of Peregrine (Perry) Hazard . Their mother is apparently Pretty Kitty, who died in childbirth; there are implications that Grandma Chance is their actual mother, but it isn't said outright that she is. Dora says 'Nature over nurture, ducky' when talking about their similarities with Grandma Chance.
Melchior and Perry Hazard are the sons of Estella and Ranulph Hazard, although questions are raised as to whether Ranulph is their real father, and whether Melchior and Perry are in fact the sons of Cassius Booth ('Horatio').
Saskia and Imogen Hazard are the daughters of Melchior's first wife, Lady Atlanta Hazard, née Lynde (aka Lady A or Wheelchair). They are legally Melchior's daughters but biologically the result of an affair Lady A had with Perry.
Tristram and Gareth Hazard are the offspring of Melchior and his third wife, Lady Margerine. Although Dora even suggests that these children may not be Melchiors. Gareth had an affair with an unknown woman and produced the two twins, one boy and one girl (described as a first in the family). Nora and Dora adopt the twins at the end of the novel.
Tiffany is Nora and Dora's goddaughter. Her mother is Brenda, her grandmother is Mavis, and her greatgrandmother is 'Our Cyn'. Grandma Chance took Our Cyn in when she was 14.
* Note how the paternity of three sets of twins (Melchior and Peregine, Tristram and Gareth, and Saskia and Imogen) is questioned. In Contrast, Dora refutes suggestions over who is her mother and she also knows who is the mother of Tristram and Gareth's baby.
* The line "a father is a hypothesis but a mother is a fact" sums up the above paragraph.
# America's Army: Special Forces/M203 Grenade Launcher

This weapon is very good for long range fire/suppression. When using it, fire at larger groups of enemy to get many kills or injure many people. Or, fire at enemy in strategic positions because the large blast is good for taking out men in hard to reach spaces. Third best use of this weapon is to fire at enemy snipers. Even if you don't hit them, they know they are targeted and spotted and they take a CEM drop. Take them out with your next shot.
~ETG
The 203 is a very deadly weapon when used correctly. When using long range and you see the enemy running, aim ahead of them to account for the time for the round to reach them. Learn how far up you have to aim to compensate for the arc. And also remember that the 203 will not explode at close ranges that don't allow the fuse to arm.
[LB]Chewy - www.lostbattalion.us 24.30.165.113 08:57, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
# America's Army: Special Forces/M82 Sniper Rifle

See also: Barrett M82
* Extreme power, one shot to the body is enough to kill
* Use the bipod when firing
* Fire at the end of breathing cycle
* Don't even try to use it at close ranges
Edit from DarkSeedious: If an enemy has caught you with your sniper rifle out and you can read his name on your screen, you may want to consider not changing to the M9 and instead moving up close and firing when the rifle is pointed roughly in his direction(there is no crosshair for the m82). Make sure you can see his name before shooting, and don't even think about scoping at very close ranges.
Warning! Firing loses the scope, so if you miss the first shot you might want to consider moving to another position. The gun's recoil is strong, so you can only shoot once before you have to re-align the scope.
{FoM}Gurkbuster Edited by: DesertFox352
Code for gun: mpcheat changeclass sniper/mpcheat class s
# America's Army: Special Forces/MILES

MILES is a safe non-lethal combat training system designed to introduce soldiers to warfare by simulation. A soldier carries MILES eye-safe lasers mounted on M16 or M249 and MILES Grenades. Within MILES battles, only smoke grenades are live.
A hit is signified by a beep and death is announced by continuous beeping and the soldier must sit down and remove his helmet.