OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mario franchise strategy guide/Bosses/Mouser

Mouser is a mouse villain featured in the Super Mario games. He is a minion of Wart and was featured as a sub-boss in Super Mario Bros. 2. His strategy is throwing bombs at his opponents. However, he never seems to do anything about the fact that they can throw the bombs back at him.
Since Super Mario Bros. 2 started out as Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic, Mouser actually made his first appearance there. However, he has not become a major recurring character in the Mario games like Birdo, Shy Guys or Bob-ombs.
Mouser was confronted no more than three times in Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic. The heroes of the game fought him in Worlds 1-3, 3-3, and 5-3. In the second confrontation, Mouser's ears were green instead of pink, and the player had to also deal with a fast-moving Spark circling the perimeter of the chamber where they took on Mouser. In the third confrontation, Mouser was albino-colored and had spikes on the floor of his room. And this time, it took six hits to defeat him - the same number of hits as Wart took to defeat.
Perhaps due to his difficulty and for variety purposes, when Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic became Super Mario Bros. 2, the third confrontation with Mouser was replaced with a battle with Clawgrip. When the game was rereleased Super Mario Advance for the Game Boy Advance in 2001, the addition of Robirdo as the boss of World 3 moved the second battle with Mouser to World 6-3, replacing the second battle with Tryclyde.
Although Mouser was not featured in another Mario game for many years, he has played a big part in the game's marketing. He was a semi-regular on The Super Mario Bros. Super Show, which cast him as Bowser's right-hand minion. John Stocker provided the voice for Mouser, who spoke with a German accent in the series.
Mouser also occasionally appeared in the Super Mario Bros. comic books, which provided a backstory for him. According to the story "A Mouser in the Houser", Mouser was the king of a peaceful race of mice (all of whom looked just like him) living in the tunnels of the Mushroom Kingdom. But he was corrupted by Bowser, and as a result, his now-leaderless subjects now steal vegetables for food. Interestingly, Mouser himself was not as much of a major character in the comics as he was in the cartoon.
# OpenSSL/Error handling

Most OpenSSL functions return 1 on success, and something other than 1 on failure. The failure result is often 0, but some functions like ssl_connect may also return -1 on errors, so it is safest to compare against 1 for success, rather than against 0 for failure.
When an error occurs, more detailed information is stored in the "error queue" (occasionally also referred to as the "error stack" or "error state"), which can contain more than one error code (to record a cascade of errors). The error queue is thread-local (although it is implemented with OpenSSL's home-grown thread local state mechanism, rather than using the OS's mechanism for thread local state).
The simplest thing you can do with the error queue is to print the entire queue. This can be done with ERR_print_errors_fp to print the error queue to a FILE *, or ERR_print_errors to print the error queue to a BIO. Both of these functions empty the error queue after printing it.
Here is an example of how to use a memory BIO to print the error queue to a malloc-allocated string:
On the other hand, printing the error stack to standard error is as simple as:
TODO: explain more fine-grained ways of extracting individual error codes from the error queue, and interpreting them
# OpenSSL/PEM

PEM stands for Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail, it's a standard for a public-key cryptography.

## Syntax

A PEM key must be stored in a file, preferably .pem, beginning and ending by these lines :
In Linux, we can identify the PEM certificates with the file command:

## Conversion

To convert a DER certificate to a PEM one:
# OpenSSL/Initialization
## Initialization

To initialize both libcrypto and libssl:
Or to initialize libcrypto only, without libssl:
Note: OPENSSL_config calls ENGINE_load_builtin_engines, so there is no need to call ENGINE_load_builtin_engines if you call OPENSSL_config (indeed, doing so seems to result in a memory leak).

## Threading

OpenSSL does not have any knowledge of pthreads or Windows threads. Therefore, if your program is multithreaded, you must write callbacks which glue OpenSSL to pthreads or Windows threads (or both, if your program is cross-platform).

## Cleanup

Not really necessary, since resources will be freed on process termination, but you could do:
# OpenSSL/Notes for contributors

Ideally, the chapters in this wikibook should have a narrative structure. Not quite a tutorial or HOWTO, but not an API reference, either. The book should explain the API, but with a focus on introducing the big ideas, explaining when and why you would want to use a particular function, and show how to use the various API functions together to accomplish real-world tasks.
Although this is the eventual goal, I certainly don't want to discourage anyone from contributing content, especially at this early stage. Once we have content, we can restructure and evolve it to have more of the narrative flow of a book.
The front page of the book is modeled after the Haskell wikibook, although without using templates. (Since the templates make it more complicated, and WikiBooks won't let me create templates, anyway.) All of the pages of the book should be listed in the table of contents. If the number of pages becomes unwieldy for the current structure of the table of contents, we can restructure the table of contents.
# OpenSSL/Hostname validation

* include a link to and explain how to use it and why it's important
* mention that future (not yet released) versions of OpenSSL will have this functionality built in
# OpenSSL/Pre-defined BIOs
## Filter BIOs

* BIO_f_base64
* BIO_f_buffer
* BIO_f_cipher
* BIO_f_md
* BIO_f_ssl

## Source/sink BIOs

* BIO_s_accept
* BIO_s_bio
* BIO_s_connect
* BIO_s_fd
* BIO_s_file
* BIO_s_mem
* BIO_s_null
* BIO_s_socket
# OpenSSL/Random numbers

OpenSSL includes a Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. The functions related to the random number generator begin with the prefix RAND_.
OpenSSL automatically seeds the random number generator from /dev/urandom (on UNIX) or CryptGenRandom (on Windows). So, seeding the random number generator is not necessary unless you are on an exotic platform, or wish to add additional entropy.
It's possible to check whether the random number generator has been successfully seeded by calling:
which returns 1 if the RNG is seeded or 0 if it is not.
The function RAND_poll can be used to reseed the random number generator using the system entropy source (/dev/urandom or CryptGenRandom). RAND_poll is called automatically the first time the random number generator is used, so it is not necessary to call it as part of initialization. (Even though many examples of using OpenSSL do so.) However, for a long-running process, it may be desirable to call RAND_poll occasionally to reseed the random number generator with fresh entropy.
# OpenSSL/Using BIOs

A BIO is an I/O stream abstraction; essentially OpenSSL's answer to the C library's FILE *. OpenSSL comes with a number of useful BIO types predefined, or you can create your own.
BIOs come in two flavors: source/sink, or filter. BIOs can be chained together. Each chain always has exactly one source/sink, but can have any number (zero or more) of filters.
Reading from a BIO can be done with BIO_read and BIO_gets.
Writing to a BIO can be done with BIO_write, BIO_puts, BIO_printf, and BIO_vprintf.
# OpenSSL/Engine architecture

To print a list of engines:
# Organic Chemistry/Alkenes/The pi bond
### π Bonding

In General Chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent electron bonds where two lobes of one involved electron orbital overlap two lobes of the other involved electron orbital. What this means is, when two atoms are sufficiently close and when they each have one electron that is not being shared, the two electron orbits can essentially "overlap" causing a new bond between the atoms. Any atom capable of forming more than one electron can form pi bonds, so it is relatively common to find pi bonds in molecules containing two or more nitrogen or carbon atoms, but one would never find (in nature) pi bonding between hydrogens, halogens or other atoms which prefer to share only one electron.
The Greek letter π in the name refers to p orbitals, since the orbital symmetry of the pi bond is the same as that of the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals most often engage in this sort of bonding, however, d orbitals can also engage in the formation of pi bonds.
Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds (σ bonds) because pi bond orbitals extend further from the positive charge of the atomic nucleus, which therefore requires additional energy. From the perspective of quantum mechanics, this bond weakness is explained by significantly less overlap between what were previously p orbitals due to the parallel orientation of the orbitals. The pi bond by itself is weaker than a sigma bond, but pi bonds are only found in combination with sigma bonds, so the combination of the two bonds is 'stronger (and shorter in length) than either bond would be by itself.

### Two or More p-Orbitals Can Form a π-Bond

Atoms with double bonds or triple bonds as found in nature always have one sigma-type bond and the rest pi-type bonds. Pi bonds result from parallel orbital overlap: the two combined orbitals meet lengthwise and create more diffuse bonds than the sigma bonds. No commonly-occurring natural substance has more than three bonds to another atom, and if there are three bonds it is safe to assume that the three bonds consist of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.
It is important to note that atoms will not generally form more bonds than predicted by their place in the Periodic Table of Elements. Electrons in pi bonds are also often referred to as "pi electrons".
# Organic Chemistry/Analytical techniques/Elemental analysis

Elemental analysis is the process for determining the partial or complete chemical formula for a substance. Most commonly, it involves the complete combustion in air or oxygen of the substance and then quantifying the amount of elemental oxides produced. In the case of organic compounds, the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and the hydrogen to water. From these, the percent carbon and percent hydrogen in the substance can be found and compared with a proposed chemical formula for the substance at hand.
Element test: Put a small amount of the solid into a small piece of Na metal then roll it around the solid, followed by introduction into a fusion tube. The tube is heated with a gentle flame at a slow rate (in order not to evaporate N$_2$ present in solid) then strong heating till the bottom of the tube become red hot. The tube is then put in a beaker containing a minimal amount of water then heated, cooled, filtered and the filtrate divided into three parts.
1. Test for nitrogen: The filtrate and ferrous sulfate are boiled and cooled and dilute sulfuric acid is added. If green or blue color occurs the solid contain nitrogen.
The chemistry behind what happened: Na+C+N --> NaCN FeSO$_4$+NaCN gives Fe[CN]$_2$ Fe[CN]$_2$+4NaCN give the complex Na$_4$[Fe(CN)$_6$] ferrous oxidizes to ferric by the acid so 3Na$_4$[Fe(CN)$_6$]+4Fe$^{3+}$ --> Fe$_4$[Fe(CN)$_6$]$_3$
2. Test for sulfur: The filtrate is exposed to dilute acetic acid and lead acetate, yielding a brown or black precipitate.
The chemistry behind what happened: Na+S --> Na$_2$S Na$_2$S +Pb(CH$_3$CO$_2$H)$_2$ yields lead sulfide, a black precipitate.
or: The filtrate and sodium nitro prusside yield a violet color
Na$_2$S+Na$_2$[Fe(CN)$_5$NO] --> Na$_4$[Fe(CN)$_5$NOS] = violet color
3. Test for chlorine:
a) In the absence of N or S: The filtrate is exposed to dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate. Formation of a white precipitate suggests the presence of chlorine.
b) In the presence of N and/or S :
The filtrate is exposed to dilute sulfuric acid then boiled to 1/3 initial volume and cooled. Formation of a white precipitate after the addition of dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate suggests the presence of chlorine.
Equations:
NaCN+AgNO$_3$ --> AgCN white ppt Na$_2$S+AgNO$_3$ gives Ag$_2$S black ppt In the presence of N or S these two precipitates may interfere with the white colour of the result of the chlorine test. Therefore dilute sulfuric acid is added because in the presence of N or S: Na$_2$S+ dilute H$_2$SO$_4$ gives H$_2$S gas NaCN+ dilulte H$_2$SO$_4$ gives HCN gas
There is no interference with the white colour expected from the chlorine test in solid.
# Organic Chemistry/Analytical techniques

* Elemental analysis
* Chromatography
* Spectroscopy
# Isometric Pixel Art/Other Boxes

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Wondering what you can do with that silly old box? Here's some examples.

## Skyscraper!

Make the Y axis lines longer and check it out! It's now a skyscraper!

## Chessboard!

Make the boxes black and white and make a chessboard!

## Table!

Make a rectangle composed out of boxes (2 x 3 should do)
Make a "flattened" box (less X axis)to make the table top.
Then erase the middle lines in the front of the rectangle.
Turn the three lines on the outside into legs and erase all the lines on the bottom.
A table! Yay! Perfect for fancy dinner parties. Well, maybe not yet.
First we have to talk about detailing.
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# Isometric Pixel Art/Shading the Box

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Isometric boxes, even if they're made of straight lines, can be made prettier through the use of shading.
Here we will learn about light sources and why the heck they're so important. If you leave off light sources, the whole picture will be off. So without further ado...

## Let's Begin!

First draw a cube and pick your colors, each getting gradually lighter. There should be at least three, but you can toss in a fourth one if you want to do the last step (entirely optional). Shadows are usually less saturated than the other colours, but here i have kept the saturation high for stylistic purposes. Now pick your light source. I chose the upper right corner and drew a sun there to remind me where it is.
Flood-fill the spot that's facing away from the light source the most, in this case, the side I've labeled "1". Side "2" should have your next darkest color, and then side "3" should be lightest.
Swapping the light source should also swap your colors on the box. I put the sun in the left corner and mirrored the box to make it face the light source.
If you want to make it look a little different, take color number four and draw on all the black bits that ARE NOT touching the edge. The edges should remain black.
Hey, you did it!
Of course you can experiment with different positions for the light source. Remember to practice with the "sun" in different places so you get the hang of shifting the colors.
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# Isometric Pixel Art/Making a Box

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## 's the different methods of making this box. There are a couple different ways of putting it together:

* The Puzzle Piece Method (Recommended for this Tutorial): Make the separate lines (the x, y, and z axis) and put them together like a puzzle using copy and paste to duplicate the lines. Good for uniformity and if you aren't making different length of your lines.
* The Line by Line Method: Create each line individually. Good if you don't like using copy and paste or if your shape is not uniform (like a person or animal) but is extremely easy to mess up.
* (Not Recommended for this Tutorial)Pixel by Pixel Method: Pros: Makes for really good quality pictures with unparallel uniformity, if done right. Cons: Takes an extremely LONG TIME.

## Math? IN ART?

That's right! We are going to do a quickly lesson in geometry. For your pixel line lengths, I suggest them being multiples of each other (ex: 2 x 2 = 4; 2 x 3 = 6). This makes it look more like a real cube. Also, we must remember that the lines must be of equal length for it to be a real cube. Isometric lengths make this really hard to do, because each axis has a different scale (ex: The X axis (up and down)compared to the Y axis (left to right)are equal, but they are both different from the Z axis (forward and backward)). Eyeball it and find out what looks right to you.
* The "Golden Rule" of Isometric Pixel Art is that for every 2 pixels in the Z axis (front to back) there is one pixel for the X or Y axis (up and down, left and right). Although this may not always work for every single thing you draw isometrically, it is the general rule so remember it!

## Let's Begin!

Congratulations! You've just made your first isometric drawing!
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# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/History: Babylonians and Persians

Much of the Jewish population had been in exile in Babylon until 539 BCE, when Cyrus II, King of Persia and Media, conquered Babylon, and allowed peoples formerly conquered by Neo-Babylonian Empire to rebuild their temples. A small group of Jews, under the leadership of Zerubbabel(Zerubbavel), returned to Judaea to rebuild the Temple, which was ultimately finished under King Darius. Following the initial return, two waves of return happened, one under Ezra the Scribe, another under Nehemiah(Nechemiah), and Jerusalem was rebuilt.
Jewish traditions held that during the Persian period, the 24 Books of Hebrew Bible(Jews counted the 12 Prophets as one book, Ezra and Nehemiah as one and the two Chronicles as one) were finalized, although modern scholars believed that it happened much later. It was during this period when the Yehudim vs Goyim dichotomy was fully established. Overall, Judaea functioned as a self-governing province of Persian Empire during the period.
It was during this period when Aramaic began to be spoken among Jews, although Hebrew would remain the Jewish language for centuries.
It was during this time when the use of the term "Palestine" for the entire area now part of either Israel or Palestinian Territories began to appear. Herodotus mentioned in his The Histories that
   "These Phoenicians dwelt in ancient time, as they themselves report, upon the Erythraian Sea, and thence they passed over and dwell in the country along the sea coast of Syria; and this part of Syria and all as far as Egypt is called Palestine. "
The term, of course, wasn't used by the inhabitants themselves, but the term Syria Palaistini, alongside other terms, continued to be used by Greco-Roman writers, until it finally became official in 135 CE.

### Esther: Real or not?

Jewish scriptures recorded that Esther, a Jew from the Tribe of Benjamin, became the wife of King Xerxes I of Persia and saved the Jewish people. No gentile sources mentioned that, although sources about Persians were scarce anyway. The classical sources only recorded only one wife of Xerxes, Amestris, daughter of Octans. Nevertheless, most of the details about the Persian court in the Book of Esther were consistent with the contemporary records.
* ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_Herodotus_(Macaulay)/Book_VII
* ↑ The Hebrew name "Achashverosh" is a variant of the Aramaic form of the name Xerxes.
# Israel and the Palestinian Territories/History: Herodians

Romans detached 11 Hellenistic cities in Southern Levant, all but one of which were East of the River Jordan, from the Jewish dominion and granted them autonomy under overall Roman jurisdiction.
After Caesar’s victory over Gnaeus Pompeius, Hyrcanus became Ethnarch of Judaea while Antipater became the Procurator of Judaea. Antipater’s sons, Phasael(Fasa’el) and Herod(Horedos), became governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively. Later, Antigonus, son of Aristobulus, was popped up as King amidst a Parthian invasion. Herod fled to Rome, and was installed as king by the Romans.
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt, was in conflict with Herod for some reason, and she was given Jericho by Marcus Antonius. Jericho was only restored to Herod after the Actium, in which Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra VII were defeated and later committed suicide.
Herod was known for being a massive builder. He built massive projects, include enlarging the Holy Temple and building the city of Caesarea Maritima, as well as many other forts and palaces. He was also known for his cruelty, having killed all Hasmoneans, include his own wife, and several of their sons, and was reported by the writers of the Gospels for ordering all male children under two to be killed in Bethlehem.
Herod’s domains were divided between his sons after his death, and in 6 CE, the domain of Herod Archelaus was annexed by Roman Empire as Province of Judaea.
# Isometric Pixel Art/Introduction

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## An Introduction

Pixel art is anything drawn in the medium of computer pixels, usually created one pixel at a time. Because of this, pixel drawings are usually done on a small scale to save time.
Isometric pixel art is the use of pixel art in an isometric viewpoint. Alternate or exaggerated perspective is rarely used in isometric pixel art, as it complicates the drawing process.

## Drawing Programs

The are numerous computer graphic programs available today. Because of the relatively simple process of creating pixel art, one need not be picky about what they use to create it.
* MS Paint will generally work well, though it lacks several features (translucency, layers) that more complex programs may provide
* Photoshop or other programs of the sort (Paintshop Pro, GIMP, Krita) work well, though their line tools may use vectors or otherwise complicated methods of drawing. Many features (such as automatic anti-aliasing) must be turned off in order to pixel with these programs.
* Programs designed specifically for creating pixel art are also available, such as mtPaint, GrafX2, and ASEPRITE. The latter is commercial, but open-source.
* Pixen is a great free app for Mac users.
* Pixelesque is a good pixel art editor for Android and Android-compatible systems(CyanogenMOD, Replicant). It is limited to art of 64x64 pixels or smaller.
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# Isometric Pixel Art/Other Shapes

Now that you've shaded a cube, you can make other shapes (cones, rectangles, spheres) and shade them too.
Cones
Star the cone by drawing a flat-ish oval shape on the ground. Give the oval a center of one, and use the center to make the point of the cone. Connect the outermost sides of the oval to the point, and there's your cone. To shade it, use your four colors and the sun, add spots where the light is brightest.
Rectangles
Similar to cubes, just lengthen one side and shade it according to the sun's position. In the example, I added two colors on the same face of the rectangle that is facing the side, to give some depth as to where the sun is.
Spheres
For this, I drew a circle, then the sun, and shaded it by using lighter colors for the area closer to the sun. The example is shaded in a circular shape to give off that 3D look, and show it's a sphere.