OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/English

Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for English speakers.
| Cocos Malay | English |
| Hai | Hey |
| Selamat datang | Welcome |
| Selamat pagi | Good morning |
| Selamat tenggah hari | Good afternoon |
| Selamat sore | Good evening |
| Selamat malam | Good night |
| Apa kabar? | How are you? |
| Terima kasih | Thank you |
| Jumpa lagi | See you later |
# Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Esperanto

* EN: Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Esperantists.
* EO: Malsupre estas Kokosa Malaja frazlibro por Esperantistoj.
| Bahasa Melayu Cocos | Esperanto |
| Hai | Saluton |
| Selamat datang | Bonvenon |
| Selamat pagi | Bonan matenon |
| Selamat tenggah hari | Bonan tagmezon |
| Selamat malam | Bonan vesperon |
| Apa kabar? | Kiel vi fartas? |
| Terima kasih | Koran dankon |
| Jumpa lagi | Ĝis la revido |
# Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Finnish

* EN: Below is a Cocos Malay phrasebook for Finnish speakers.
* FI: Alla on Cocos Malaiji-sanakirja suomenkielisille.
| Kookossaarten malaiji | Suomi |
| Hai | Moi |
| Selamat pagi | Hyvää huomenta |
| Apa kabar? | Kuinka voit? |
| Terima kasih | Kiitos |
# Cocos Malay travel phrasebook/Authors & Contributors

This list is updated automatically by AuthorsAndContributorsBot. Please do not update it manually.
* Cocos Malay (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Jay Bolero (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Mbrickn (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Slava Ukrajini Heroyam Slava (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfp · rights [change])
* Xania (discuss · contribs · count · logs · block log · rfps · rights [change])
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated methanol

Deuterated methanol (CD$_3$OD), is a form (called an isotopologue) of methanol (CH$_3$OH) in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated methanol is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterium NMR

Deuterium NMR is NMR spectroscopy of deuterium ($^2$D), an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium is an isotope with spin = 1, unlike hydrogen which is spin = 1/2. Deuterium NMR has a range of chemical shift similar to proton NMR but with poor resolution. It may be used to verify the effectiveness of deuteration: a deuterated compound will show a peak in deuterium NMR but not proton NMR.
Deuterium NMR spectra are especially informative in the solid state because of its relatively small quadrupole moment in comparison with those of bigger quadrupolar nuclei such as chlorine-35, for example.

## References

* ↑ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/nmr/techniques/1d/row1/h.html
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Distonic ion

Distonic ions are chemical species that contain both a radical and an ionic site on different atoms of the same molecule. They were first discovered in the gas phase by Michael L. Gross. In recent years there has been a tremendous effort to identify new distonic species, characterize their reactivity, and measure their stability.

## References

* ↑ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "distonic radical cation". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
* ↑ Stirk, Krista M. (1992). "Ion-molecule reactions of distonic radical cations". Chemical Reviews. 92: 1649. doi:10.1021/cr00015a008.
* ↑ Holman, R. (1986). "Mass spectrometry for investigations of gas-phase radical cation chemistry the two step cycloaddition of the benzene radical cation and 1,3-butadiene". Tetrahedron. 42: 6235. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)88085-6.
* ↑ Tomazela DM, Sabino AA, Sparrapan R, Gozzo FC, Eberlin MN (2006). "Distonoid ions". J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 17 (7): 1014–22. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2006.03.008. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Ibrahim Y, Mabrouki R, Meot-Ner M, El-Shall MS (2007). "Hydrogen bonding interactions of pyridine*+ with water: stepwise solvation of distonic cations". J Phys Chem A. 111 (6): 1006–14. doi:10.1021/jp067390h. PMID 17286357. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Bouchoux G, Berruyer F, Hiberty PC, Wu W (2007). "Classical and distonic radical cations: a valence bond approach". Chemistry. 13 (10): 2912–9. doi:10.1002/chem.200600985. PMID 17200931.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated dichloromethane

Deuterated dichloromethane (CD$_2$Cl$_2$) is a form (called an isotopologue) of dichloromethane (DCM, CH$_2$Cl$_2$) in which the hydrogen atoms ("H") are replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated DCM is not a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy as it is reasonably expensive.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated ethanol

Deuterated ethanol (C$_2$D$_5$OD), is a form (called a isotopologues) of ethanol (C$_2$H$_5$OH) in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated ethanol is an uncommon solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/DiI

DiI is a hydrophobic and lipophilic cyanine dye used for scientific purposes, such as single molecule imaging, Fate mapping, and neuronal tracing (as it is retained in the lipid bilayers). Its chemical name is 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, the chemical formula is C$_{59}$H$_{89}$ClN$_2$O$_4$
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Distribution constant

The distribution constant (or partition ratio), is the equilibrium constant for the distribution of an analyte in two immiscible solvents. For a particular solvent, it is equal to the ratio of its molar concentration in the stationary phase to its molar concentration in the mobile phase, also approximating the ratio of the solubility of the solvent in each phase. The term is often confused with partition coefficient or distribution coefficient, and is often represented by K$_D$.

## Expression

The ratio of activities of a solute, A in an aqueous/organic system will remain constant and independent of the total quantity of A (hence $[A]_{org}\propto [A]_{aq}$), so at any given temperature:
$(K_{D})_{A}={(a_{A})_{org} \over (a_{A})_{aq}}\approx {[A]_{org} \over [A]_{aq}}$
Distribution constants are useful as they allow the calculation of the concentration of remaining analyte in the solution, even after a number of solvent extractions have occurred. They also provide guidance in choosing the most efficient way to conduct an extractive separation.
Thus, the concentration of A remaining in an aqueous solution after i extractions with an organic solvent can be found using:
$[A]_{i}=\left({V_{aq} \over V_{org}K_{D}+V_{aq}}\right)^{i}[A]_{0}$
(where [A]$_i$ is the concentration of A remaining after extracting V$_{aq}$ millilitres of solution with the original concentration of [A]$_0$ with i portions of the organic solvent, each with a volume of V$_{org}$).

## References

* ↑ Rice, N. M.; Irving, H. M. N. H.; Leonard, M. A. (1993), "Nomenclature for liquid-liquid distribution (solvent extraction) (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)", Pure and Applied Chemistry, 65: 2373, doi:10.1351/pac199365112373
# Traxler Counterattack

8. c3. This move prepares d4 and allow the White Queen to develop along the d1-a4 diagonal.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8
| | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 1 | c3 Bg4 | Qb3 Bb6 | Bxc6 bc6 | h3 h6 | hxg4 hxg5 | d4 Qd7 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Traxler Counterattack

9... Nxf2 Still a complex line, Black captures a pawn and awaits to see if White has any unspotted replies.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. Bxc6 dxc6 8. d3 Ng4 9. Nh3 Nxf2
| | 9 | 10 |
| 1 | Bg5+ Ke8?! | Qh5+ - | +/= |
| 2 | ... Kd7 | Qe2 Qe8 | = |
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# Traxler Counterattack

This is the natural move, defending the f2-pawn. White's king, however, has now committed to the kingside, which can bring some tactical possibilities to Black's play.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8
# Traxler Counterattack

10 Bg5+

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. Bxc6 dxc6 8. d3 Ng4 9. Nh3 Nxf2
| | 10 | 11 |
| 1 | Bg5+ Ke8? | Qh5+ g6 | Qxh7 Qd4 | Qxg6+ Rf7 | Rf1 - | +/- |
| 2 | ... Kd7 | Qe2 Qe8 | Rf1 Nxh3 | =/=+ |
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# Traxler Counterattack
### 7...d6

    Allowing the Queenside Bishop to enter the game, the pawn moving forward now protects e5. The downside is that the exchange on c6 can no longer be taken with the d-pawn opening the d-file for the Black Queen.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8
| | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 1 | c3 Bg4 | Qb3 Bb6 | Bxc6 bxc6 | h3 h6 | hxg4 hxg5 | d4 Qd7 |
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# Traxler Counterattack

8... Ng4 Opening the f-file and attacking f2. Three pieces now aim at f2.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. Bxc6 dxc6 8. d3 Ng4
| | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 1 | Nh3 Nxf2 | Bg5+ Kd7 | Qe2 Qe8 | Rf1 Nxh3 | =/+ |
| 2 | Nxh7 Qd4 | Qd2 Rxf2 | Qg5+ Kf7 | Nd2 Rxg2 | =/+ |
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# Traxler Counterattack

9. Nh3. Not only defending the f2 square but emptying the g5 square and thus threatening the aggressive Bg5 move.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. Bxc6 dxc6 8. d3 Ng4
| | 9 | 10 |
| 1 | Nh3 Nxf2 | Bg5+ Kd7 | Qe2 Qe8 | = |
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# Traxler Counterattack

10... Kd7 Protecting the Queen and avoiding the Qh5 check. This is the correct move. White is now struggling and looks like some inaccurate moves have been played by White to reach this position.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. Bxc6 dxc6 8. d3 Ng4 9. Nh3 Nxf2 Nxf2 10 Bg5+ Kd7
| 11 | 12 |
| Qe2 Qe8 | Rf1 Nxh3 | =/+ |
| Bxd8 Nxd1 | Kxd1 Kxd8 | =/+ |
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# Traxler Counterattack

8... Bg4 Threatens the White Queen but also the f3 square as one possibility for Black is to find a weakness in the light squares around Black's King.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4
| | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 1 | Qb3 Bb6 | Bxc6 bxc6 | h3 h6 | hxg4 hxg5 | d4 Qd7 |
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# Traxler Counterattack

10... Ke8? This move is a mistake as it allows white get the advantage after Qh5+.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
    1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. Bxc6 dxc6 8. d3 Ng4 9. Nh3 Nxf2 Nxf2 10 Bg5+ Ke8
| | 11 | 12 |
| 1 | Qh5+ g6 | Qxh7 Qd4 | Qxg6+ Rf7 |
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5/3. e4/3...e5
## Fanta Countergambit

This is quite a joke, and has mostly been rarely played!
1.g4 g5 2.f4?? f5?? 3.e4?? e5??

## Statistics

1683 games. White Win Rate: 32%. Draw Rate: 30%. Black Win Rate: 38%.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. h3
## 1. h3 · Clemenz Opening

This opening move achieves nothing in terms of development or control of the center. However, this can actually be used as an effective waiting move, though 1. Nf3 is clearly better. Also, if White knows a lot of theory for both sides, this can be useful. 1. h3 also blocks a possible …Bg4 by Black. This may be quite a playable opening despite being inferior to many other openings (like 1. e4, 1. d4, etc). Because it is inferior, and most players want to exploit their first move advantage, however small it may be, as White, this is rarely played. Transpositions are possible, albeit not usual. Black can now exploit the fact that White has wasted time by playing in the centre, or by gaining a slight lead in development.

### Black's responses

* 1... e5 is a solid, sensible move, which places pressure on d4 and f4. Now the strange 2. a3?! is the Global Variation, and if 2... d5 is played after that, it transposes to the creepy-crawly formation of the Anderssen Opening (1. a3). However, the best follow-up for White after 1... e5 is 2. c4, transposing into the King's English Variation of the English Opening. 2. d4 can be tried too, transposing into a "reversed" Scandinavian Defense, also playable.
* 1... d5 is another fine move, with similar ideas to the previous one. This is best followed by 2. d4, 2. f4, or 2. c4, all moves that give White a portion of the centre. 2. b4 is unusual but interesting. Another interesting (though very likely inferior) option is 2. g4 transposing to the Killer Grob Attack.
* 1... f5 is not recommended, as White can play 2. d4, transposing into the Korchnoi Attack of the Dutch Defense (another way to try to exploit kingside weaknesses created by Black, but Black has enough resources to withstand it after 3. g4 [the original plan after h3, especially after 3... d5. Black gets at least their fair share of the chances, so White has to exploit the weaknesses later on in the game]). Nevertheless, it is playable as long as Black is careful.
* 1... c5 is an unexplored option. It would lead to uncharted territory in the Sicilian Defense after 2. e4.
* 1... Nf6 is a good response. If White plays 2. d4 or 2. c4, the game could take upon a character typical of the King's Indian Defense.
* 1... Nc6 is an interesting option, simply developing a piece. This is probably playable as well.

## Statistics

No stats as 1. h3 occurs rarely among serious chess players.

## All possible Black's moves

| Quick Navigation | Na6 a6 a5 | b6 b5 | Nc6 c6 c5 | d6 d5 | e6 e5 | Nf6 f6 f5 | g6 g5 | Nh6 h6 h5 |

## References

* Eric Schiller (2002). Unorthodox Chess Openings (Second Edition ed.). Cardoza. ISBN 1-58042-072-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...f5
## 1...f5 - Alessi Gambit

This offbeat, dubious gambit attacks the g4 pawn immediately, but allows White to take the pawn with 2. gxf5.

### Advantages of 1...f5:

* Puts opponent off their comfort zone.
* Unknown, relatively surprising.
* Confuses lots of players.
* Can be tricky.
* Goes out of known theory.

### Disadvantages of 1...f5:

* Weakens kingside.
* Sacrifices pawn for no apparent reason.
* White can get a good position if they know that they are doing.
* Does not contribute to development.
* Even if we develop (Nf6, Bg7, Qe7, O-O, Bf5, Nc6, O-O-O), White can keep up and consolidate their one pawn advantage.
1.g4 f5
# Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5
## Pepsi Countergambit

This is quite a joke, and has mostly been rarely played!
1.g4 g5 2.f4?? f5??
# Chess Opening Theory/1. h3/1...e5
## 1. ...e5

Black plays the most common continuation. They can obtain a slight advantage by playing obvious developing moves, as White has merely wasted time and has allowed Black to get a larger portion of the centre than they would normally obtain.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| a3 d5 | c4 c6 | cxd5 cxd5 | d3 Nc6 | =+ | | |
| ... ... | d3 c5 | e4 Nf6 | =+ | | | |
| ... ... | e3 Be6 | d4 Nc6 | =+ | | | |
| c4 Nc6 | d3 Nf6 | a3 d5 | cxd5 Nxd5 | Nf3 Bd6 | Nbd2 O-O | =+ |
| ... ... | ... ... | ... ... | ... ... | ... ... | e4 Nde7 | =+ |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...e5/2. f3/2...Qh4
## Fool's Mate
## 2...Qh4#

White has played a very poor move and allowed Black the quickest possible checkmate in the opening game of chess. Mate in two moves. The mate almost never occurs in practice but is commonly known among chess players because it is the fastest possible.
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## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. g4/1...g5/2. f4/2...f5/3. e4
## Sprite Countergambit

This is quite a joke, and has mostly been rarely played!
1.g4 g5 2.f4?? f5?? 3.e4??
# Crowdsourcing/In practice/Defining progress: geographical data

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is “an open initiative to create and provide free map data to anyone who wants them”. Its maps are built from imports of existing free databases and from individuals using widely available GPS devices and software. OSM presently has one and a half million registered users and about 30% of registered users have made at least one edit. The “Open” means both an open process of gradual improvement and that the resulting geodata is open for use in other web sites and apps.
OSM is not a Wikimedia site and its output looks very different from Wikipedia, but as a community has striking similarities with Wikipedia which underlie its success.
* There is an overarching, easily-understandable goal.
* Existing things such as Ordnance Survey maps can serve as a tangible model of the goal, even though the content of OS cannot be copied.
* The goal allows scope for individual choices and judgements (for instance, in interpreting what it means to document all the features of a particular area).
* There is still a strong limit on individual judgement and hence disagreement (because the map has to reflect real, notable geographical features).
* People may make very different contributions, but the direction of progress is clear. It is verifiable that the map is becoming more accurate and detailed.
* Users retain legal ownership of contributions but apply a free licence (CC-BY-SA and an open data licence) to allow reuse.
* The free licence and hosting by a nonprofit foundation show contributors that they are working for the public good.
* The technology makes each contribution record publicly visible, so people can build reputations. Particularly productive or disruptive users will stand out.
* It is technically possible to insert pranks or hoaxes, but those will be visible to the other contributors and can be undone.
* Coverage is uneven, reflecting the distribution of the required technologies and the interests of contributors.
* If it had waited to be “finished” before being published, it would not exist in a useful form. Releasing the incomplete product to the public has been crucial in getting them to improve it.
* There are leaderboards for contributors and users can build up showcases of badges and awards, but game-like rewards are not central to the site and many contributors ignore them.
As well as encouraging casual users to edit, OSM’s interface also puts a high priority on exporting and reuse. Too much control and scarcity would be counter-productive: the ease of getting data out gives people confidence to put their data in. Free reuse has led to the ubiquity of OSM in ever more applications and devices, which in turn gives the public a stake in its quality.
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# Crowdsourcing/Restoration and reuse of images/Contextualisation

Getting digital content reused in research and education is partly about giving it a useful context, which could be an article explaining its significance, or a worksheet that describes an educational use. Contextualisation is potentially an enormous amount of work, unless you realise that academics and informal learning communities seek photographs, diagrams and other media for their materials. They will provide the context if the media are suitable and if the barriers to doing so are minimal.
Lowering the barriers for these audiences means lowering the legal barrier by giving them permission in advance to copy and reuse: this is what free licensing achieves. It also means putting content where they are looking for it. These are arguments for sharing through Commons in addition to the content holder’s own site.
Wikipedia articles are the clearest example of a context that brings digital media to a large audience, and this is a key reason for sharing material via Commons. Just because an image is relevant to a topic does not necessarily mean it can be embedded in the Wikipedia article. This will come down to the consensus of Wikipedians working on that article about how many images are needed and which have sufficient relevance, technical quality, and aesthetic appeal. If you have a portrait of a historical figure whose Wikipedia article lacks a picture, then there will be no problem adding it. On the other hand, if you have an image related to Henry VIII of England, getting it into that already-developed article is going to require discussion with the article's contributors.

#### References

* ↑ Poulter, M. (5 December 2013) "What Wikimedia can do for digitised content" Jisc Digitisation and Content Programme blog
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