OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/Vector/RemovingItems

The erase function removes an iterator-specified item from the vector, but doesn't do anything to that removed item. So if the item-type was a pointer, then you would still be responsible for any manual destruction of the actual object.
To remove all items, use clear.
To remove the last item, use pop_back.
Additional information about removing items from a vector (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/ForwardList

A "forward-list" (an instance of class std::forward_list<>) is a forward-link-only version of a STL list. Its iteration can only use ++ (not --).
Additional information about forward-list (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/Vector

A STL "vector" is a dynamically-resizing array-of-values.
* Construction
* Size
* Equality
* Indexing
* Removing Items
* Inserting Items
* Assignment
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/Vector/Construction

There are many ways to construct a vector, such as initializing it from a literal value using brace-syntax: std::vector<int> veciVar = {0, 11, 22, 33};.
Additional information about vector construction (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/List

A "list" (an instance of class std::list<>) is a doubly-linked-list. A list doesn't provide any random-access indexing. In order to access a particular item, you need to iterate to it.
Additional information about STL lists (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/Vector/InsertingItems

An inserted item does not need to have the exact same item-type as the vector, as long as it can be coerced into the vector's item-type. If there will be coercion, then insertion by emplace will be faster than insert because emplace directly uses a single-parameter-cast-constructor instead of copy-constructing from a compiler-temporary that holds the coerced-value.
To insert as the vector's last item, use emplace_back or push_back.
Additional information about inserting items into a vector (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/StlArray

A "STL-array" (an instance of class std::array<>) has a fixed size that is part of the templated type.
Additional information about STL-arrays (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/Vector/Assignment

One vector can be assigned from another vector, using the = operator.
Additional information about vector assignment (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/Vector/Equality

Operators == and != compare two vector objects. If you want to compare a vector to some other kind of collection, then you need to use the more general std::equal function.
Additional information about vector equality (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Std/Stl/CollectionClasses/SequenceCollections/Vector/Indexing

Both the C-array-operator (veciVar[3]) and veciVar.at(3) allow random access to a vector's items. They differ in how they handle the error of a non-existent item. Because either of them provides a reference to that item, indexing can be used for getting it and for setting it.
A reference is also returned by the special names for the first and last items veciVar.front and veciVar.back.
Additional information about vector indexing (includes interactive examples)
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Evening Primrose

Evening Primrose :
* Description: Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) is a biennial (living for two years) flowering plant growing to 30–150 cm tall. The leaves are lanceolate, 5–20 cm long and 1–2.5 cm broad, produced in a tight rosette in the first year, and spirally on the stem in the second year. The flowers are pale yellow, 2.5–5 cm diameter, with four petals; they are produced on a tall spike from late spring to late summer. They open in the evening, hence the name "evening primrose", and close by the following noon.
* Where found: Throughout most of North America, excluding the desert southwest north to Idaho, and the far northern reaches of the continent.
* Availability: Year-round.
* Use: The large tap root of the first-year plant can be cleaned, peeled and boiled as a vegetable. The roots can grow to the size of a large carrot. The first year plants are easiest to find by locating the second year plants first, and then searching the vicinity for the basal rosettes of the first year specimens. By the second year the roots are too tough to eat.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Gooseberry

Gooseberry :
* Description: The gooseberry is a straggling bush growing to 1-3 meters (3-10 feet) tall, the branches being thickly set with sharp spines, standing out singly or in diverging tufts of two or three from the bases of the short spurs or lateral leaf shoots. The bell-shaped flowers are produced, singly or in pairs, from the groups of rounded, deeply-crenated 3 or 5 lobed leaves. The fruit of wild gooseberries is smaller than in the cultivated varieties, but is often of good flavour; it is generally hairy, but in one variety smooth, constituting the R. uva-crispa of writers; berries' colour is usually green, but there are red variants and occasionally deep purple berries occur.
* Where found: The gooseberry is indigenous in Europe and western Asia, growing naturally in alpine thickets and rocky woods in the lower country, from France eastward, well into the Himalayas and peninsular India. It is a non-native species occurring throughout most of North America.
* Use: Gooseberries are best known for their use in desserts such as Gooseberry Fool and Gooseberry Crumble. In some countries, like Portugal, gooseberries are very appreciated as a beverage, being mostly used mixed with soda, water or even milk. They can be eaten raw, though many species should be cooked down to soften the spines. They are also commonly used in making jelly.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Greenbriar

Greenbriar :
* Description: On their own, Smilax plants will grow as a shrub, forming dense impenetrable thickets. They will also grow over trees and other plants up to 10 m high using its hooked thorns to hang on to and scramble over branches. The genus includes both deciduous and evergreen species. The leaves are heart shaped and vary from 4-30 cm long in different species.
* Where found: Eastern United States
* Availability: Spring, Summer
* Use: The shoots and leaves are delicious eaten raw on the trail or in salads. They can also be boiled and eaten as asparagus and greens.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Milkweed

Milkweed :
* Description: Common milkweed is a herbaceous perennial plant growing from a rhizome to 1-2 m tall. The stem is very hairy, and all parts of the plants produce a white latex when broken. The leaves are opposite, simple broad ovate-lanceolate, 7-25 cm long and 3-12 cm broad, usually with an undulate margin and a red-colored main vein. They have a very short petiole and a velvety underside. The flowers are grouped in several spherical umbels with numerous flowers in each umbel. The individual flowers are small, 1-2 cm diameter, perfumed, with five cornate hoods. The seeds are attached to long, white flossy hairs and encased in large pods.
* Where found: Native to most of North America east of the Rockies, with the exception of the drier parts of the Prairies. It grows in sandy soils and appreciates lots of sunlight.
* Availability: Spring, Summer
* Use: The stems, shoots, leaves, flowers, and young pods are all edible after they are boiled in several changes of water. The milky sap tastes bitter and is mildly toxic, but boiling removes it completely.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Day Lily

Day Lily :
* Description: The alternating lanceolate leaves are grouped into fans (a clump also containing the roots and the crown). The crown of a day lily is the small white portion of the stem, between the leaves and the roots. The name "day lily" reflects the fact that the individual flowers last for only one day. The flowers of most species open at sunrise and wither at sunset, to be replaced by another one (sometimes two or none) on the same stem the next day; some species are night-blooming.
* Where found: Originally from Eurasia, native from Europe to China, Korea, and Japan, their large showy flowers have made them popular worldwide
* Availability: Early Spring (shoots), Summer (buds and flowers), All Year (tubers)
* Use: The early shoots make a good addition to a salad. The buds and flowers can be prepared by boiling or be made into fritters. The tubers can also be added to salads or can be prepared like corn-on-the-cob.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cranberry

Cranberry :
* Description: Cranberries are creeping shrubs or vines that grow up to 2 meters long and from 5 to 20 cm. tall. They have slender stems, and small evergreen leaves. They have dark pink flowers with petals that leave the style and stamens exposed and pointing forward. Their fruit is a berry that is larger than the leaves of the plant. It is white when unripe, but is a deep red when it is fully ripe. Cranberries have a very acidic taste.
* Where found: Northeastern US, northern Europe and Asia, and southeastern Canada.
* Use: Cranberries are usually made into compotes or jellies, but are also baked into muffins, scones, or cakes, or other baked goods. They are considered too sour for eating unaccompanied.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Dandelion

Dandelion :
* Where found: Throughout Asia, Europe, and North America
* Availability: Spring, Summer, Fall
* Use: Add the young, tender leaves to salad raw, or boil and eat as greens. The roots can be roasted and ground, and used as a coffee substitute.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Goldenrod

Goldenrod :
* Description: Goldenrods are easily recognized by their golden inflorescence with hundreds of small flower heads. They have slender, usually hairless stems. They can grow to a length between 60 cm and 1.5 m. Their alternate leaves are linear to lanceolate. Their margins are usually finely to sharply serrated.
* Where found: Found in the meadows and pastures, along roads, ditches and waste areas in North America and Europe.
* Use: The flowers can be steeped in boiling water for 10 minutes to make an anise-flavored tea.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Lepidium virginicum

Lepidium virginicum -
Virginia pepperweed :
| Description: Virginia pepperweed's most identifiable characteristic are its racemes, which come from the plants highly branched stem. The racemes give Virginia pepperweed the appearance of a bottlebrush. On the racemes are first small white flowers, and later greenish seedpods. The entire plant is generally between 10 and 50 cm tall. The leaves on the stems of Virginia pepperweed are sessile, linear to lanceolate and get larger as they approach the base. Note that all parts of the plant have a peppery taste. Where found: Throughout the United States. Use: The leaves can be boiled for 10 minutes and used as greens. The seeds make a good substitute for pepper. | Lepidium virginicum |
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Morel mushrooms

Morel Mushrooms :
* Description: Morel mushrooms have a distinctive, sponge-like cap. The cap is heavily and deeply pitted.
* Where found: Moist woods throughout.
* Availability: Spring (usually in May)
* Use: Use as a cooked vegetable or sauté in butter.
* WARNING: When gathering morels, care must be taken to distinguish them from the poisonous false morel (Gyromitra esculenta and others). However, morels are fairly distinctive in appearance.
* Eating False Morels in quantity can be fatal.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3
## 5...Nxc3

This is forced, as Nb6 and Nf6 lost time, and Nb4 lost to Qa4+ Nc6 d5. Now, Black appears to have improved White's center, but weakened the long diagonal when Black plays Bg7. Black will play ...Bg7 and ...c5 soon after.

## Theory table

| 6 | 7 | |
| bxc3 Bg7 | Nf3 c5 | = |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3/6. bxc3/6...Bg7
## 6...Bg7

With this move, Black occupies the long diagonal with his bishop and prepares the vital break ...c5.

## Theory table

| 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| Nf3 c5 | Rb1 O-O | | = |
| Bc4 O-O | Ne2 c5 | O-O Nc6 | = |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3/6. bxc3/6...Bg7/7. Bc4
## 7.Bc4

This move places the bishop on a good, active post. However, the drawback is that Nf3 will become unplayable, since Bg4! will put unbearable pressure on d4. It's either Be2/Nf3, Bc4/Ne2 or Bc4/Nf3/h3. In this setup, the bishop will be more active, while in the other setup, the knight will be so. That other setup has increasingly popular since the 1980's.

## Theory table

| 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| Bc4 c5 | Ne2 O-O | O-O Nc6 | = |
| Bc4 O-O | Ne2 c5 | O-O Nc6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3/6. bxc3/6...Bg7/7. Bc4/7...c5
## 7...c5

This pawn lever also tries to attack the center. Since the center is potentially opening, white is well advised to move his king out of danger with 8.Ne2 followed by O-O.

## Theory table

| 7 | 8 | 9 | |
| Ne2 O-O | O-O Nc6 | Be3 Qc7 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Indian Defence
### 3...Bg7

The Bishop moves to its ideal square, bearing down on the central dark squares. Black has so far kept the options open by not committing a central pawn move. White can now take control of e4 ready for occupation or develop in a more passive way, the most common is to play g3 and fianchetto the kingside Bishop.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nf3 Bg7
| 4 |
| Nc3 d6 | e4 O-O | Be2 e5 | = |
| g3 | | | |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.

## External links

* 365Chess. 1.d4. Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7
* chessgames. 1.d4. Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3/6. bxc3
## 6.bxc3

With this forced recapture he strengthens his center, but his queenside is weak.

## Theory table

| 6 | 7 | |
| bxc3 Bg7 | Nf3 c5 | = |
# Indian Defence
### 3. Nf3

White develops a piece and continues their fight for the central dark squares. This Knight's development, while solid, prevents White's option of playing f3 or f4 and thus gives up options of the aggressive Four Pawns Attack by requiring f4 and the Samisch, which requires f3.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nf3
| | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| King's Indian Defence | Nf3 Bg7 | Nc3 d6 | e4 O-O | Be2 e5 | = |
| King's Indian Defence | ... d6 | Nc3 Bg7 | | | See line above |
| Grunfeld Defence | ... d5 | Nc3 Bg7 | cxd5 Nxd5 | e4 Nxc3 | = |
| King's Indian with c5 | ... c5 | d5 Bg7 | Nc3 O-O | e4 d6 | ∞ |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3/6. bxc3/6...Bg7/7. Nf3
## 7.Nf3

This move starts a piece setup that has become increasingly popular since the 1980's. White moves his Knight to an active place. The drawback is that the bishop will have to settle for the passive e2-square, else Bg4 would be strong.

## Theory table

| 7 | |
| ... c5 | = |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3/6. bxc3/6...Bg7/7. Nf3/7...c5
## 7...c5

This move is the key pawn lever, taking advantage of the diagonal. Note that the long diagonal is weak. Without this lever, d4 would be indestructible and the Grunfeld defense would be unsound. White has played four moves, the most theoretical being 8.Rb1.

## Theory table

| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Rb1 O-O | Be2 cxd4 | cxd4 Qa5+ | Bd2 Qxa2 |
| Be2 Nc6 | | | |
| h3 O-O | Be2 cxd4 | cxd4 Nc6 | Be3 |
| Bb5+ | | | |
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5/4. cxd5/4...Nxd5/5. e4/5...Nxc3/6. bxc3/6...Bg7/7. Nf3/7...c5/8. Bb5

This check is an attempt to provoke concessions by Black who has three options now. Clearly the main move is 8...Nc6, which develops the knight on its best square but allows complications after 9.d5.
8...Bd7 9.Be2 leads to a slightly better position for White who profits from the fact that the pressure on d4 has been reduced for the moment.
8...Nd7 places the knight on a passive square. There will be no serious pressure against d4 now, and White should have the better chances thanks to his pawn centre.

## 8.Bb5+

This check is fine since Black cannot block with ...c6, and thus should play Nd7. If Black wants a dull, equal position with no dynamic energy, he can play Bd7. Black is fine here.
# Petrov's Defence: Cochrane Gambit

White attacks a bit too early. Black has an effective way to block the attack: 5...d5 (White cannot recapture the pawn without dropping a part of his offensive potential).
Other correct moves (but probably less effective) are 5...Ke8 and 5...Be6. In these lines, White can weaken Black position even more.

# Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nxf7 Kxf7 5. Bc4+
| 5 |
| ... d5 | =/+ |
| ... Be6 | = |
| ... Ke8 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Petrov's Defence: Cochrane Gambit

g6 prepares a fianchetto. Black will leave the e file open and builds another kind of defence with the bishop on g7. But we may wonder if this will resist a White pawn advance on the king side. Most games have continued with the natural developing move, Nc3.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nxf7 Kxf7 5. d4 g6
| | 6 |
| Main line | Nc3 - | = |
| | Bc4+ - | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d6/4. Nf3/4...Nxe4/5. Nc3
## 5. Nc3

This move continues the main line of the Petrov's defence. Black can trade knights to double White's pawn or retreat their knight to f6.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Petrov's Defense

The Classical Attack in the Petrov is the most popular continuation to Black's natural 4...Nxe4. The overwhelmingly popular 5...d5 defends the knight and defends the center; White will attempt to attack Black's e4 knight and attack Black's d5 pawn with Bd3 and c4 respectively while Black will defend against White's ideas with all their might.
As mentioned above, 5...d5 is almost 20 times more popular than the second most popular move, 5...Be7, which often transposes into the main lines of the Classical Attack. Most Petrov lines have a higher than average draw percentage due to the highly symmetrical positions in the opening.

# Theory Table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nf3 Nxe4
| | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| Main Line | ... d5 | Bd3 Be7 | O-O Nc6 | = |
| Marshall Variation | ... ... | ... Bd6 | O-O O-O | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Petrov Defence: Cochrane Gambit

White must act quickly. If he loses too much time, Black will be able to put his king in security.
White has a few weapons which must be used carefully and not be wasted. Three main options are available.
    5. d4
    5. Nc3
    5. Bc4+

# Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nxf7 Kxf7
| | 5 |
| Main line | d4 - | = |
| | Nc3 - | = |
| | Bc4+ - | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Petrov's Defence: Cochrane Gambit

Black's priority is to organize his defence and to counter White's attack. Therefore, 5...Nxe4 is bad (moreover, White can win the knight with 6. Qh5+ g6 7. Qd5+).
There are three strategies to build comfortably the defence:
    5...c5 tries to regain space by attacking the center from the queen side.
    5...Be7 is a first step toward an "artificial castling". This prepares Re8 and Kg8.
    5...g6 prepares a fianchetto. Black will leave the e file open and builds another kind of defence with the bishop on g7. But we may wonder if this will resist a White pawn advance on the king side.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Nxe5 d6 4. Nxf7 Kxf7 5. d4
| 5 |
| ... c5 | = |
| ... Be7 | = |
| ... g6 | = |
| ... Nxe4 | +/- |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...Nxe4
## 5...Nxe4

This is a grave mistake, allowing White to win back the piece. Other moves were better.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* ↑ Lakdawala, Cyrus. The Petroff, Move by Move. Gloucester Publishers Limited, 2015
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d6/4. Nxf7/4...Kxf7/5. d4/5...c5
## 5...c5

This move destroys White's center using the c-pawn. It also avoids Nxe4? Qh5+ when Black will lose a piece and still have an exposed King.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* ↑ Lakdawala, Cyrus. The Petroff, Move by Move. Gloucester Publishers Limited, 2015
# CAT-Tools/Visual-Localize
## About Visual Localize

Visual Localize is a specialized tool for translating software and adapting the graphical user interface (GUI). Visual Localize is not a machine translation tool. Visual Localize as a computer aided translation (CAT) tool will help a human translator to translate software files using the internal database. In addition to this Visual Localize will help to prevent typical errors (e.g. truncated texts, non-unique usage of accelerators, ...) during the translation of software. Using a WYSIWYG editor to display all control elements on dialogs and menus allows the translator to see the context. Visual Localize enables translators to translate software applications (various software specific modules such as EXE, DLL (Win32 / .NET), OCX, XML, CHM, INI, RC, RESX, RESOURCES,.. etc.) into any language.

## Links

Visual-Localize Homepage
# CAT-Tools/Trados/FAQ

How to clean up a file created with Trados without using the "Clean up"-option?
# CAT-Tools/Virtaal

Virtaal is a CAT tool built on the Translate Toolkit. It aims to be easy to use yet powerful.
Features include:
* Translation Memory integration
* Terminology highlighting
* Placeable handling
A number of formats are supported natively including: XLIFF, Gettext PO, TMX, TBX, QT Linguist and Wordfast TM. Other formats are supported by the Translate Toolkit through conversion to XLIFF or Gettext PO making a wide range of localisation formats available to translators.

## External links

* Virtaal website
* Virtaal 0.3.0 demo