OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robotics/Components/Grippers

A 'gripper' is a component of the robot used to manipulate an object loose from the robot itself. This can be a ball it needs to pick up, or the dirty socks it was programmed to find and dispose of. Grippers exist in many varieties ranging from simple; a thong-like design to complex arms.
How complex your robot's gripper has to be depends on what it's supposed to do with it. Picking up a ball requires a different approach than picking up socks.

## Kind of grippers

Grippers are commonly modeled after tools, machines or the human hand. The choice behind a gripper doesn't differ much from the choice of the tool on a excavating machine, forklift, crane or other machine.

## Scoops

* Flat Scoop
* Raised Scoop
Scoops are very simple 'grippers'. These can be flat, flat with raised edges or more complicated shapes. These 'grippers' are easily to control as they can be build with minimal moving parts: being able to move up and down is sufficient for many purposes. Forward Tilting is common too and may be necessary to 'unload' the scoop.

## Tongs

Tongs are more complicated than scoops but allow better control over what is picked up. For example: with a scoop it's very hard to pick up a glass and put it down somewhere else. With a tong-like gripper this is trivial. Otherwise is it much harder to move a ball with a tong than with a scoop.
Tongs differ in the number of fingers and their shape. Most tongs have 2 fingers, one of those could be fixed.

## 'Hands'

Many designs for robot hands have been tried including quite anthropomorphic hands.
Robotics has also led to a renewed interest in the 'design' of the human hand. The asymmetry of the human hand and in particular the fact that a rod like object gripped in the hand naturally falls at about $45^{\circ }$ to the axis of the hand gives much greater flexibility in tool use than a symmetrical design would.

## Degrees of Freedom

Grippers also differ in their degree of freedom. Basically there are 6 degrees of freedom: 3 translations and 3 rotations. See Theoretical Mechanics about these degrees of freedom.
But generally, unless you're building an arm, you wouldn't need all 6 degrees of freedom (DOF). You get one DOF for free on a mobile robot: it can already move forwards and backwards on its own. Although adding gripper movement along this direction will increase your robot's accuracy, it's not really necessary.
How many DOF you need depends on how complicated the movement of your robot has to be. If it only needs to pick up a glass and move towards a goal and put it down again, it would be sufficient to make a gripper that can tilt back (towards the robot).
If you intend that your robot will have to be able to pick up Lego blocks and build a structure with them, you'll need more DOF.

## References

* ↑ The Physiology of the Joints, Volume One (Fifth ed.). Church Livingstone. p. 278. ISBN 0-443-02504-5. ..the tool can only be properly oriented for use when the handle runs obliquely with the axis of pronation-supination {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |chapterurl=, and |origdate= (help)
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Expanded Table of Contents

RAC Attack is a free curriculum and platform for hands-on learning labs related to Oracle RAC (cluster database). We believe that the best way to learn about RAC is with a lot of hands-on experience. This curriculum has been used by individuals at home and by instructors in classes since 2008.

## Part I: Setting Up RAC
### Hardware and Windows Preparation

* Hardware and Windows Minimum Requirements
* Install VMware Server
* Setup Virtual Networks
* Setup Virtual Storage
* Download Oracle Enterprise Linux

### Linux Install

* Create VM
* Prep for OS Installation
* OS Installation
* Wrap-up OS Installation
* Create RAC Attack DVD
* Prep for Oracle

### Create Cluster

* Create Interconnect
* Create Shared Disks
* Copy VM
* Configure Disks
* Configure Node 1
* Configure Node 2
* SSH and CVU

### Grid Install (ASM)

* Setup ASMLIB
* Cluster Verification Utility (ASM)
* Install Grid Infrastructure (ASM)
* Increase CRS Fencing Timeout (ASM)
* Setup ASM

### Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)

* Setup OCFS2
* Cluster Verification Utility (Shared Filesystem)
* 11gR2 Bug Workaround
* Install Grid Infrastructure (Shared Filesystem)
* Increase CRS Fencing Timeout (Shared Filesystem)

### RAC Install

* Install Database Software

### Create Database

* Create DB

### Rolling Patches

* Patching Grid and Database Software

## Part II: Exploring RAC
### Clusterware Testing

* Clusterware and Fencing
* Clusterware Callouts

### Services, Failover and Load Balancing

* Install Instant Client
* Service Failover
* Connection Failover
* Runtime Failover
* Client Load Balancing
* Server Load Balancing

### RAC SQL and PLSQL

* Install Runstats
* Sequence Test
* Parallel Query Test
* Scheduler Test
* File Test

### RAC Backups and Recovery

* Setup Backups
* Flashback Database
* Block Change Tracking
* Archived Logs
* Database Backups
* Database Recovery
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Hardware and Windows Preparation
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery

## Hardware and Windows Preparation

* Hardware and Windows Minimum Requirements
* Install VMware Server
* Setup Virtual Networks
* Setup Virtual Storage
* Download Oracle Enterprise Linux
Next: Linux Install
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Increase CRS Fencing Timeout (ASM)

Prev: Create Cluster
* Setup ASMLIB
* Cluster Verification Utility (ASM)
* Install Grid Infrastructure (ASM)
* Increase CRS Fencing Timeout (ASM)
* Setup ASM
Next: RAC Install
These steps are not necessary for a test or production environment. However they might make your VMware test cluster just a little more stable and they will provide a good learning opportunity about Grid Infrastructure.
* Grid Infrastructure must be running on only one node to change these settings. Shutdown the clusterware on collabn2 as user root. [oracle@collabn1 ~]$ ssh collabn2 Last login: Wed Mar 30 14:50:49 2011 Set environment by typing 'oenv' - default is instance RAC1. collabn2:/home/oracle[RAC1]$ su - Password: racattack [root@collabn2 bin]# crsctl stop crs CRS-2791: Starting shutdown of Oracle High Availability Services-managed resources on 'collabn2' CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.crsd' on 'collabn2' CRS-2790: Starting shutdown of Cluster Ready Services-managed resources on 'collabn2' ... ... ... CRS-2793: Shutdown of Oracle High Availability Services-managed resources on 'collabn2' has completed CRS-4133: Oracle High Availability Services has been stopped.
* Return to node collabn1. As the root user, increase the misscount so that CRS waits 1.5 minutes before it reboots. (VMware can drag a little on some laptops!) [root@collabn1 ~]# crsctl get css misscount 30 [root@collabn1 ~]# crsctl set css misscount 90 Configuration parameter misscount is now set to 90.
* Increase the disktimeout so that CRS waits 10 minutes for I/O to complete before rebooting. [root@collabn1 ~]# crsctl get css disktimeout 200 [root@collabn1 ~]# crsctl set css disktimeout 600 Configuration parameter disktimeout is now set to 600.
* Restart CRS on the other node. [root@collabn1 bin]# ssh collabn2 [root@collabn2 bin]# crsctl start crs
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Flashback Database

Prev: RAC SQL and PLSQL
* Setup Backups
* Flashback Database
* Block Change Tracking
* Archived Logs
* Database Backups
* Database Recovery
Next: Home
* Before opening the database, enable flashback database. SQL> alter database flashback on; Database altered. SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL> select flashback_on from v$database; FLASHBACK_ON ------------------ YES SQL> select oldest_flashback_scn,flashback_size from v$flashback_database_log; OLDEST_FLASHBACK_SCN FLASHBACK_SIZE -------------------- -------------- 610425 8192000
* Now, login to collabn2 and startup the database from sqlplus. You will get an error message. collabn2:/home/oracle[RAC2]$ ss SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Mon May 4 09:21:25 2009 SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 318054400 bytes Fixed Size 1299624 bytes Variable Size 142609240 bytes Database Buffers 167772160 bytes Redo Buffers 6373376 bytes Database mounted. ORA-38760: This database instance failed to turn on flashback database SQL> select flashback_on from v$database; FLASHBACK_ON ------------------ YES SQL> select oldest_flashback_scn,flashback_size from v$flashback_database_log; OLDEST_FLASHBACK_SCN FLASHBACK_SIZE -------------------- -------------- 0 16384000
* Interestingly, the database seems to be running alright. Investigate the alert log for error messages. collabn2:/home/oracle[RAC2]$ cdd collabn2:/u01/app/oracle/diag[RAC2]$ cd rdbms/rac/RAC2/trace/ collabn2:/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/rac/RAC2/trace[RAC2]$ less alert_RAC2.log Mon May 04 09:22:07 2009 Errors in file /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/rac/RAC2/trace/RAC2_ora_22856.trc: ORA-38701: Flashback database log 1 seq 1 thread 1: "/u01/app/oradata/RAC/flashb ack/o1_mf_4zxxs99n_.flb" ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory Additional information: 3
* Investigate the alert log on collabn1 – do any error messages appear here? Do any other problems occur? You might have to wait for a few minutes. Check the output of "srvctl status database -d RAC" too.
* Disable flashback database. You do not need to shutdown for the disable operation. SQL> alter database flashback off; Database altered.
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Grid Install (ASM)
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery
Prev: Create Cluster

## Grid Install (ASM)

* Setup ASMLIB
* Cluster Verification Utility (ASM)
* Install Grid Infrastructure (ASM)
* Increase CRS Fencing Timeout (ASM)
* Setup ASM
Next: RAC Install
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/File Test

Prev: Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* Install Runstats
* Sequence Test
* Parallel Query Test
* Scheduler Test
* File Test
Next: RAC Backups and Recovery
Our second PL/SQL test will look at the UTL_FILE package. With any PL/SQL operations on RAC you must be aware that the code could execute on any node where its service lives. This could also impact packages like DBMS_PIPE, UTL_MAIL, UTL_HTTP (proxy server source IP rules for example), or even DBMS_RLS (refreshing policies).
* Login to RAC1 as sh and create a file that we can try reading later. collabn1:/home/oracle[RAC1]$ sqlplus sh/sh@RAC1 create directory orahome as '/home/oracle'; declare fl utl_file.file_type; begin fl := utl_file.fopen('ORAHOME','data.txt','w'); utl_file.put_line(fl, 'Some sample data for an oracle test.', TRUE); utl_file.fclose(fl); end; /
* Exit SQLPLUS. At the prompt, copy this command to connect to the RAC service as sh again and attempt to read the file you just wrote. Run this command 10-20 times in a row. (Cut-and-paste is recommended.) What happens? Why? sqlplus -S sh/sh@RAC <<EOF declare fl utl_file.file_type; data varchar2(1024); begin fl := utl_file.fopen('ORAHOME','data.txt','r'); utl_file.get_line(fl, data); utl_file.fclose(fl); end; / exit; EOF
# RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home/Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
## RAC Attack - Oracle Cluster Database at Home (e)

    Overview
    Planning Your Time
    Events
    Creating Printed Lab Handbooks
    Local Manual of Style
    Bullpen (Newly Contributed Content)
    Expanded Table of Contents

#### Part I: Setting Up RAC

* Hardware and Windows Preparation
* Linux Install
* Create Cluster
* Grid Install (ASM)
* Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)
* RAC Install
* Create Database
* Rolling Patches

#### Part II: Exploring RAC

* Clusterware Testing
* Services, Failover and Load Balancing
* RAC SQL and PLSQL
* RAC Backups and Recovery
Prev: Create Cluster

## Grid Install (Shared Filesystem)

* Setup OCFS2
* Cluster Verification Utility (Shared Filesystem)
* 11gR2 Bug Workaround
* Install Grid Infrastructure (Shared Filesystem)
* Increase CRS Fencing Timeout (Shared Filesystem)
Next: RAC Install
# Text & Translation

Meter - Sapphic Strophe
| Line | Latin text | English translation |
| 1 | Furi et Aureli comites Catulli | Furius and Aurelius, companions of Catullus, |
| 2 | sive in extremos penetrabit Indos | Whether he will enter among the distant Indians, |
| 3 | litus ut longe resonante Eoa | Where the shore far and wide by a resounding eastern |
| 4 | tunditur unda | Wave is struck, |
| 5 | sive in Hyrcanos Arabesve molles | Or among the Hyrcanians or the soft Arabians |
| 6 | seu Sagas sagittiferosve Parthos | Or among the Sacae or the arrow-bearing Parthians |
| 7 | sive quae septemgeminus colorat | Or among the waters which |
| 8 | aequora Nilus | The seven-fold Nile colors, |
| 9 | sive trans altas gradietur Alpes | Or whether he walks across the high Alps, |
| 10 | Caesaris visens monimenta magni | Seeing the monuments of great Caesar, |
| 11 | Gallicum Rhenum horribile aequor ulti | The rough Gallic Rhine water and the dis- |
| 12 | mosque Britannos | -tant British, |
| 13 | omnia haec quaecumque feret voluntas | All these things, whatever the will |
| 14 | caelitum temptare simul parati | Of the heaven-dwellers should bear, prepared to try together, |
| 15 | pauca nuntiate meae puellae | Announce to my girl a few |
| 16 | non bona dicta | Not-good words. |
| 17 | cum suis vivat valeatque moechis | May she live and fare well with her adulterers, |
| 18 | quos simul complexa tenet trecentos | Three hundred of whom she holds in an embrace at the same time, |
| 19 | nullum amans vere sed identidem omnium | Truly loving none, but again and again all of their |
| 20 | ilia rumpens | Groins bursting. |
| 21 | nec meum respectet ut ante amorem | Let her not await, as before, my love, |
| 22 | qui illius culpa cecidit velut prati | Which has fallen due to her infidelity, just like |
| 23 | ultimi flos praetereunte postquam | A flower of the furthest end of the meadow, after |
| 24 | tactus aratro est | It has been touched by a passing plow. |

# Connotations of The Text

Catullus 11 is an untitled poem by Catullus, typically believed to be the last of the Lesbia poems. The meter is Sapphic strophe. Catullus 11 also touches on the historical events occurring at the time it was written. The various geographical references in the poem can easily be interpreted as the known borders of the Roman Empire during Catullus's lifespan.

# External Links

* Catullus 11 A Translation of Catullus 11
* Carmina Wikibooks Original Sources on Catullus
# External Links

* Catullus 110 A Translation of Catullus 110
* Catullus 110 Another Translation of Catullus 110
# The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus
## Introduction

* Preface
* The Life of Catullus

## Appendices

* Meters Used By Catullus (May 13th, 2007)
* About The Authors
* Bibliography
# Text And Translation

Meter - elegiac couplet
| Line | Latin text | English translation |
| 1 | Multās per gentēs et multa per aequora vectus | Carried through many nations and many seas, |
| 2 | adveniō hās miserās, frāter, ad īnferiās, | I arrive, Brother, at these miserable funeral rites, |
| 3 | ut tē postrēmō dōnārem mūnere mortis | So that I might bestow you with the final gift of death |
| 4 | et mūtam nēquīquam alloquerer cinerem. | And might speak in vain to the silent ash. |
| 5 | quandoquidem fortūna mihī tētē abstulit ipsum. | Since Fortune has stolen you yourself from me, |
| 6 | heu miser indignē frāter adēmpte mihi, | Alas, wretched brother stolen undeservedly from me, |
| 7 | nunc tamen intereā haec, prīscō quae mōre parentum | Meanwhile, however, receive now these flowing with much |
| 8 | trādita sunt trīstī mūnere ad īnferiās, | Brotherly weeping, these which in the ancient custom |
| 9 | accipe frāternō multum mānantia flētū, | Of our parents were handed down as a sad gift for funeral rites, |
| 10 | atque in perpetuum, frāter, avē atque valē. | And forever, Brother, hail and farewell. |

# Connotations of the Text

Elegiac couplets were mainly used for love poetry; however, Catullus uses them here to try to express how deep his love for his brother was.
This Poem was written while Catullus was on a sight-seeing journey on his way home from Bithynia. He went via Troad where his brother had died and wrote the poem addressed to him. This is one of several poems in which Catullus tries to cope with the loss of his brother, who had drowned. The last words, "Hail and Farewell", are among Catullus' most famous.

# External Links

Catullus 101 Translation of Catullus 101
Catullus 101 Another Translation of Catullus 101
# The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus/105

MENTVLA conatur Pipleium scandere montem:
Mentula tries to climb the Pipleian mount:
# Text And Translation

Meter - Elegiac distych
| Line | Latin text | English Translation |
| 1 | Iucundum, mea vita, mihi proponis amorem | My life, you promise me that this love |
| 2 | hunc nostrum inter nos perpetuumque fore. | of ours, among us, will be pleasant and everlasting. |
| 3 | Di magni, facite ut vere promittere possit, | Great gods, make it that she is able to promise truly, |
| 4 | atque id sincere dicat et ex animo, | And that she may say it sincerely and from her heart, |
| 5 | ut liceat nobis tota perducere vita | That we might be allowed to extend |
| 6 | aeternum hoc sanctae foedus amicitiae. | This life-long pact of holy-friendship our whole life. |

# Connotations of the Text

This is the poem Catullus himself chose as the 109th segment of his published set of poems. It is addressed to Catullus's mistress Lesbia. This poem joins the ranks of the many others that demonstrate his conflicting feelings for Lesbia.

### Line 1

* mea vita - lit. my life
This translates literally to "my life" but a more natural English translation would be "my love" or "my dear". It pertains to the common cliché that one's love becomes their whole life - and is as relevant today as in the time of Catullus.

# Vocabulary
### Line 2

* fore - the future infinitive of the verb to be, sometimes seen as "futurunesse" lit: to be about to be.

### Line 5

* liceat - an impersonal verb that requires a dative. "liceat nobis" literally translates as "it may be permissable for us".

### Line 6

* foedus, -eris; n - pact; bond; treaty

# External Links

Catullus 109 Translation of Catullus 109
Catullus 109 Another Translation of Catullus 109
# The Physics Problem Solver/Thermodynamics/Pressure and Temperature

If 5.60kg of ice were initially at −3.5∘C, how much energy would be taken to warm it to melting point and then melt it?
# Text & Translation

| Line | Latin Text | English Translation |
| 1 | Cum puero bello praeconem qui videt esse, | What should one who sees an auctioneer with a fair boy, |
| 2 | quid credat, nisi se vendere discupere? | believe, but that he is intending to sell himself? |

# Connotations of The Text
### Line 1

praeconem - auctioneer
The joke here is that Juventius is selling himself to an auctioneer. i.e. at the best price he can get for his services.

### Line 2

vendere - to sell [himself]
Catullus suspects that his friend Juventius has been eloping with other men, as is mentioned in Poem 24 and Poem 81. Young boys were permitted to satisfy older men but a boy who sold himself was nothing more than a whore.

# External Links

* Catullus 106 A Translation of Catullus 106
* Catullus 106 Another Translation of Catullus 106
# Super Mario Bros./Characters

* Mario
* Luigi
* Princess Toadstool
* Mushroom Retainers
* Bowser
# Super Mario Bros./Characters/Mushroom Retainers

Mushroom Retainers are found at the ends of non-final castles when Mario defeats Bowser's imposters.
# Super Mario Bros.

Editor's note: This guide was imported from StrategyWiki, and the images on the subpages are yet to be added.
Super Mario Bros. is one of the most influential games ever released in the history of video games. It was first published on the Famicom in Japan, and on the Nintendo Entertainment System around the world. It was the number one selling Famicom game released in 1985, selling approximately 6,810,000 copies in its production cycle, over four times as many as the next best selling game, Soccer. It was largely credited with reviving the depressed video game market in the United States, which had plummeted around 1983.
Super Mario Bros. is the first installment of the Super Mario series. Although it was not the first side-scrolling platform game (Namco's Pac-Land preceded Super Mario Bros. by one year), it was by far the most popular, and arguably influenced the genre's success for many following years to come.

## Table of contents

* Characters
** Mario
** Luigi
** Princess Toadstool
** Mushroom Retainers
** Bowser
* Gameplay
* Techniques
* Secrets
* Enemies

### Walkthrough

* World 1
* World 2
* World 3
* World 4
* World 5
* World 6
* World 7
* World 8
* World -1
* Coin Rooms

### Meta

* Versions
* History
* About
# Super Mario Bros./Characters/Bowser

Bowser is the primary antagonist of Super Mario Bros..
# Super Mario Bros./Characters/Luigi

Luigi is the brother of Mario.
# Saxophone/The keys with sharps

The first thing to know about scales is that they are extremely important to memorize. This may seem daunting, but will help playing, intonation, embouchure, and technical skill immensely.
when learning scales with sharps, some basic knowledge is required. 1. The order of sharps, which is F C G D A E B. This is the order of sharps in the key signature, so basically it shows that (in most cases) you may not have a key signature containing any sharp unless it has the previous sharp in it as well 2. Knowledge of EVERY fingering full range on the saxophone 3. # means Sharp
The first scale is C major, it contains no sharps or flats, and the notes are C D E F G A B C, and its arpeggio is C E G C G E C.
The second scale is G Major, with one sharp and its notes are G A B C D E F# G, whose arpeggio is G B D G D B G
The third scale is D major, with two sharps, F# and C#, and notes are D E F# G A B C# D, arpeggio is D F# A D A F# D
The fourth scale is A major with three sharps, F#, C#, and G#, whose notes are A B C# D E F# G# A
# Saxophone/Resources
### Books

* Bumke, G. (1926) Saxophon Schule Benjamin
* Lang, R. (1971) Altissimo Register Lang
* Londeix, J. (1989) Hello Mr. Sax Alphonse Leduc, Paris
* Nash, T. (1946) High Harmonics Leeds Music Corp.
* Rascher, S. (1941) Top-Tones for the Saxophone Carl Fischer, New York
* Rousseau, E. High Tones (?)
* Teal, L. (1963) The Art of Saxophone Playing Summy-Bichard
* Melissa Malde, Mary Jean Allen and Kurt Alexander Zeller What Every Singer Needs to Know about the Body