OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Drug Trafficking (Schedule IV)
## Legislation

   Trafficking in substance 5. (1) No person shall traffic in a substance included in Schedule I, II, III or IV or in any substance represented or held out by that person to be such a substance.
   (2) No person shall, for the purpose of trafficking, possess a substance included in Schedule I, II, III or IV.
   Punishment (3) Every person who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) ...<brP>
       (c) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV,
          (i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or
          (ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.
   ... Interpretation (5) For the purposes of applying subsection (3) or (4) in respect of an offence under subsection (1), a reference to a substance included in Schedule I, II, III or IV includes a reference to any substance represented or held out to be a substance included in that Schedule. ...
   – CDSA

## Application

    For principles on Drug Offences Generally, see Drug Offences

### Schedule IV: Barbiturates, Steroids, etc.

Offenders found trafficking in a Schedule IV controlled substance (e.g. Barbiturates and steroids) are liable for either a indictable offence with a maximum penalty of 3 years in jail or summary offence with a maximum penalty of 12 months in jail.

## See Also

* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Offences by Penalty
* Canadian Criminal Law/Appendix/CDSA Schedules
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Extortion
## Legislation

   Extortion 346. (1) Every one commits extortion who, without reasonable justification or excuse and with intent to obtain anything, by threats, accusations, menaces or violence induces or attempts to induce any person, whether or not he is the person threatened, accused or menaced or to whom violence is shown, to do anything or cause anything to be done.
   Extortion (1.1) Every person who commits extortion is guilty of an indictable offence and liable
       (a) if a restricted firearm or prohibited firearm is used in the commission of the offence or if any firearm is used in the commission of the offence and the offence is committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with, a criminal organization, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of
          (i) in the case of a first offence, five years, and
          (ii) in the case of a second or subsequent offence, seven years;
       (a.1) in any other case where a firearm is used in the commission of the offence, to imprisonment for life and to a minimum punishment of imprisonment for a term of four years; and
       (b) in any other case, to imprisonment for life.
   Subsequent offences (1.2) In determining, for the purpose of paragraph (1.1)(a), whether a convicted person has committed a second or subsequent offence, if the person was earlier convicted of any of the following offences, that offence is to be considered as an earlier offence:
       (a) an offence under this section;
       (b) an offence under subsection 85(1) or (2) or section 244 or 244.2; or
       (c) an offence under section 220, 236, 239, 272 or 273, subsection 279(1) or section 279.1 or 344 if a firearm was used in the commission of the offence.
   However, an earlier offence shall not be taken into account if 10 years have elapsed between the day on which the person was convicted of the earlier offence and the day on which the person was convicted of the offence for which sentence is being imposed, not taking into account any time in custody.
   Sequence of convictions only (1.3) For the purposes of subsection (1.2), the only question to be considered is the sequence of convictions and no consideration shall be given to the sequence of commission of offences or whether any offence occurred before or after any conviction.
   Saving (2) A threat to institute civil proceedings is not a threat for the purposes of this section.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 346; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 46; 1995, c. 39, s. 150; 2008, c. 6, s. 33; 2009, c. 22, s. 15.
   – CCC
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Fabricating Evidence
## Legislation

   Fabricating evidence 137. Every one who, with intent to mislead, fabricates anything with intent that it shall be used as evidence in a judicial proceeding, existing or proposed, by any means other than perjury or incitement to perjury is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.
   – CCC
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Failing to Provide the Necessities of Life
## Legislation

   Duty of persons to provide necessaries 215. (1) Every one is under a legal duty
       (a) as a parent, foster parent, guardian or head of a family, to provide necessaries of life for a child under the age of sixteen years;
       (b) to provide necessaries of life to their spouse or common-law partner; and
       (c) to provide necessaries of life to a person under his charge if that person
          (i) is unable, by reason of detention, age, illness, mental disorder or other cause, to withdraw himself from that charge, and
          (ii) is unable to provide himself with necessaries of life.
   Offence (2) Every one commits an offence who, being under a legal duty within the meaning of subsection (1), fails without lawful excuse, the proof of which lies on him, to perform that duty, if
       (a) with respect to a duty imposed by paragraph (1)(a) or (b),
          (i) the person to whom the duty is owed is in destitute or necessitous circumstances, or
          (ii) the failure to perform the duty endangers the life of the person to whom the duty is owed, or causes or is likely to cause the health of that person to be endangered permanently; or
       (b) with respect to a duty imposed by paragraph (1)(c), the failure to perform the duty endangers the life of the person to whom the duty is owed or causes or is likely to cause the health of that person to be injured permanently.
   Punishment (3) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (2)
       (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
       (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 215; 1991, c. 43, s. 9; 2000, c. 12, ss. 93, 95; 2005, c. 32, s. 11.
   – CCC

## Application
### General Principles for Offences against Children

Offences of violence against children by their parents requires a strong response due to their inability to defend themselves and the fiduciary duty towards them.
The most important factors to consider is the child's exposure to harm and the forseeability of the harm.
* ↑ R v Laberge 1995 ABCA 196 at para 28
* ↑ R. v. Nickel, 2012 ABCA 158 at 34, 35

### Factors

Factors include:
* use of weapon or confinement (Nickel)
* use of potentially harmful substances such as drugs or alcohol (Nickel)
* involvement of third parties (Nickel)
* multiplicity of victims or offences over time (Nickel)
* ↑ R. v. Nickel, 2012 ABCA 158 at 36

### Range

The range for a first time offender where the offence concerns the neglect of the elderly will often be between 4 and 8 months.
* ↑ R. v. Peterson, 2005 CanLII 37972 (ON CA) at 59 c.f. R. v. L.S., 2012 ONCA 203 at 1

## Case Digests

* R v ET, 2012 SKQB 169 - 3 years - aboriginal offender
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Forceable Entry
## Legislation

   Forcible entry 72. (1) A person commits forcible entry when that person enters real property that is in the actual and peaceable possession of another in a manner that is likely to cause a breach of the peace or reasonable apprehension of a breach of the peace.
   Matters not material (1.1) For the purposes of subsection (1), it is immaterial whether or not a person is entitled to enter the real property or whether or not that person has any intention of taking possession of the real property.
   Forcible detainer (2) A person commits forcible detainer when, being in actual possession of real property without colour of right, he detains it in a manner that is likely to cause a breach of the peace or reasonable apprehension of a breach of the peace, against a person who is entitled by law to possession of it.
   Questions of law (3) The questions whether a person is in actual and peaceable possession or is in actual possession without colour of right are questions of law.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 72; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 10; 1992, c. 1, s. 60(F).
   Punishment 73. Every person who commits forcible entry or forcible detainer is guilty of
       (a) an offence punishable on summary conviction; or
       (b) an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years.
   R.S., 1985, c. C-46, s. 73; R.S., 1985, c. 27 (1st Supp.), s. 11; 1992, c. 1, s. 58.
   – CCC

## Ancillary Orders

* s. 110 firearms prohibition (discretionary)

## See Also

* Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Break and Enter
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Failure to Attend Court or Appear
## Legislation

   145. ... Failure to attend court (2) Every one who,
       (a) being at large on his undertaking or recognizance given to or entered into before a justice or judge, fails, without lawful excuse, the proof of which lies on him, to attend court in accordance with the undertaking or recognizance, or
       (b) having appeared before a court, justice or judge, fails, without lawful excuse, the proof of which lies on him, to attend court as thereafter required by the court, justice or judge,
   or to surrender himself in accordance with an order of the court, justice or judge, as the case may be, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction. ... Failure to appear or to comply with summons (4) Every one who is served with a summons and who fails, without lawful excuse, the proof of which lies on him, to appear at a time and place stated therein, if any, for the purposes of the Identification of Criminals Act or to attend court in accordance therewith, is guilty of
       (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years; or
       (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   Failure to comply with appearance notice or promise to appear (5) Every person who is named in an appearance notice or promise to appear, or in a recognizance entered into before an officer in charge or another peace officer, that has been confirmed by a justice under section 508 and who fails, without lawful excuse, the proof of which lies on the person, to appear at the time and place stated therein, if any, for the purposes of the Identification of Criminals Act, or to attend court in accordance therewith, is guilty of
       (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years; or
       (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   ... Idem (6) For the purposes of subsection (5), it is not a lawful excuse that an appearance notice, promise to appear or recognizance states defectively the substance of the alleged offence.
   – CCC
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Failure to Stop or Remain at Scene of Accident
## Legislation

   Failure to stop at scene of accident 252. (1) Every person commits an offence who has the care, charge or control of a vehicle, vessel or aircraft that is involved in an accident with
       (a) another person,
       (b) a vehicle, vessel or aircraft, or
       (c) in the case of a vehicle, cattle in the charge of another person,
   and with intent to escape civil or criminal liability fails to stop the vehicle, vessel or, if possible, the aircraft, give his or her name and address and, where any person has been injured or appears to require assistance, offer assistance.
   Punishment (1.1) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) in a case not referred to in subsection (1.2) or (1.3) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   Offence involving bodily harm (1.2) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) knowing that bodily harm has been caused to another person involved in the accident is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.
   Offence involving bodily harm or death (1.3) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life if
       (a) the person knows that another person involved in the accident is dead; or
       (b) the person knows that bodily harm has been caused to another person involved in the accident and is reckless as to whether the death of the other person results from that bodily harm, and the death of that other person so results.
   Evidence (2) In proceedings under subsection (1), evidence that an accused failed to stop his vehicle, vessel or, where possible, his aircraft, as the case may be, offer assistance where any person has been injured or appears to require assistance and give his name and address is, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, proof of an intent to escape civil or criminal liability. ...
   – CCC

## Application
### Principles

Failing to stop at a scene of an accident where there were injuries or death inflicted has been found to be a serious personal injury offence and therefore not eligible for a conditional sentence.
Where there was no accompanying charge for dangerous driving or the like, it is not appropriate to sentence for the accused's conduct in operating the motor vehicle that resulted in the accident.
* ↑ R. v. Dhaliwal, 2012 MBQB 155 R. v. Schmitt, 2011 ONCJ 546 R. v. Foley, 2010 NSSC 449
* ↑ R. v. Wieczorek 2010 ONCJ 582 at para 46 and 47 R. v. Camiré 2010 QCCA 615

### Factors

Primary Factors
* whether there are injuries
* prior vehicle-related record
* consumption of alcohol
* erratic or dangerous driving
* efforts to cover up or avoid detection
# Canadian Criminal Sentencing/Offences/Flight from a Peace Officer
## Legislation

   Flight 249.1 (1) Every one commits an offence who, operating a motor vehicle while being pursued by a peace officer operating a motor vehicle, fails, without reasonable excuse and in order to evade the peace officer, to stop the vehicle as soon as is reasonable in the circumstances.
   Punishment (2) Every one who commits an offence under subsection (1)
       (a) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years; or
       (b) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction.
   Flight causing bodily harm or death (3) Every one commits an offence who causes bodily harm to or the death of another person by operating a motor vehicle in a manner described in paragraph 249(1)(a), if the person operating the motor vehicle was being pursued by a peace officer operating a motor vehicle and failed, without reasonable excuse and in order to evade the police officer, to stop the vehicle as soon as is reasonable in the circumstances.
   Punishment (4) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (3)
       (a) if bodily harm was caused, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years; and
       (b) if death was caused, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life.
   – CCC

## Application
### Principles

This offence will often attract a sentence that will be consecutive to other convictions that arise out of the same interaction.
* ↑ R. v. Roberts, 2005 ABCA 11; R. v. Mozylisky, 2009 SKCA 94; R. v. Akapew, 2009 SKCA 137

### Factors

Primary Factors
* whether there were pedestrians or other vehicles on the road
* condition of the road at the time
# Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 16

And as for that...: A što se toga tiče
Achoo!: Apćiha!
A pleasant journey: Sretan put (lit. Happy/lucky path/trip/way)
Awesome!: Zakon! or Fora! (lit. Law! or Joke!), Super!, Mrak!
Anyhow...: Bilo kako bilo,... (lit. It was as it was) or U svakom slučaju... (lit. In any case...)
But still...: Ipak...
Incredible!: Svaka čast (lit. Every honor) or Nevjerojatno!
I don't know: Ne znam
I'm cold: Zima mi je (lit. "Winter is to me"), hladno mi je
Good for you: Blago tebi (lit. Treasure to you)
You're welcome: Nema na čemu or Molim (polite, reply to "thank you")
Never!: Nikada! or Ni u ludilu (Not even in madness)
Good night: Laku noć (lit. Easy night)
Goodbye: Zbogom (lit. With god) or Doviđenja (lit: until [the next] seeing) shorter: bok (bye! Hi!)
Welcome!: Dobrodošli!
What are we going to do?: Što ćemo?
Ow!: Joj! (can also be used as "wow")
Uh-oh: O-o or Ajoj
Yeow!: Jao! (Note: The phrase Jao meni would mean "poor me")
Good luck: Sretno (lit. Lucky)
Never mind: Nema veze (lit. No link)
Leave me alone: Pusti me na miru (lit. Leave me on peace)
To put an end to...: Stati na kraj... (lit. To step on the end of...)
Do your best: Daj sve od sebe (lit. Give everything from you)
Shut up!: Začepi! (lit. cork), Kuš!
I swear: Časna riječ (lit. Honorable word) or Kunem se
Die!: Umri! or Crkni!
After all...: Na kraju krajeva... (lit. On the end of the ends)
Get lost!: Briši! (lit. wipe), Gubi se!, Nosi se! (lit. Carry yourself!)
In your dreams!: Malo sutra! (lit. A little tomorrow)
Cheers: Živjeli (lit. Pl. live) or U zdravlje (lit. Into the health)
Hurry!: Požuri
    Quickly!: Brže (lit. faster)
C'mon: Hajde or Daj (come on already!)
Bless you: Nazdravlje (lit. On health)
... by itself: ... samo od sebe (lit. alone of itself)
On the spot: Na licu mjesta (lit. on the face of the place)
No (sarcastically): Kako da ne (lit. How that no)
Oh god!: Bože!, Bože sačuvaj (lit. God preserve), Bože dragi (lit. dear God)
When pigs fly:Kad na vrbi rodi grožđe (lit. when willow gives birth to grapes)
Yeah, right! (sarcastic): Da, baš! or Možeš si misliti! (lit. You can think (so))
It's raining: Kiši or Pada kiša (lit. The rain is falling)
It's raining cats and dogs: Lijeva k'o iz kabla (k'o is the abbreviated pronunciation of 'kao')
We're here: Tu smo (lit. here we are) or after a trip Stigli smo (lit. we came)
This way!: Ovuda!
I can't wait: Jedva čekam (lit. I'm barely waiting)
Shoo!: Iš!
Shoo! (for cats): Šic!!!
Shoo! (for dogs): Marš!!! (also means: march)
Yuck!: Fuj! or Bljak!
Tit for tat: Milo za drago (lit. Dear for dear)
Here, kitty, kitty: Mic, mic!
That's right!: Tako je! (lit. It's like that)
True: Istina (lit. Truth)
Oh, my!: Ajme (meni)! or Ajoj!
Well... Err...: Ovaj... Pa...
Wow!: Opa!
Next Lesson
# Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 17

With : S (or sa)
On : Na
Up : Gore
Down : Dolje
Left : Lijevo
Right : Desno
Under : Ispod
Over: Preko (can also mean "beyond"), but better is iznad (above)
Upon: Nad
Beneath: Pod
Above: Iznad
Next Lesson
# Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 19

Format: English form Croatian male form Croatian female form

## A

Albanian Albanac Albanka

## B

Bulgarian Bugar
Bugarka

## D

Danish Danac Dankinja

## E

English Englez Engleskinja

## F

French Francuz Francuzkinja

## G

German Nijemac Njemica

## T

Italian Talijan
Talijanka
# Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 6

Colors: Boje
Black: Crna
White: Bijela
Green: Zelena (Zelje means: cabbage)
Blue: Plava, more rarely modra
Red: Crvena
Yellow: Žuta
Pink: Ružičasta (Ruža means: rose)
Brown: Smeđa
Orange: Narančasta
Gray: Siva
Purple: Ljubičasta
Beige: bež
Dark blue: Tamnoplava
Next Lesson
# Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 18

NOTE: "aest" in 11,12,...,19 is pronounced as "ajst"
0 - nula
1 - jedan 2 - dva 3 - tri 4 - četiri 5 - pet 6 - šest 7 - sedam 8 - osam 9 - devet 10 - deset 11 - jedanaest 12 - dvanaest 13 - trinaest 14 - četrnaest 15 - petnaest 16 - šesnaest 17 - sedamnaest 18 - osamnaest 19 - devetnaest 20 - dvadeset 21 - dvadeset (i) jedan 22 - dvadeset (i) dva 30 - trideset 40 - četrdeset 50 - pedeset 60 - šezdeset 70 - sedamdeset 80 - osamdeset 90 - devedeset 100 - sto, stotina 101 - sto jedan, stotinu jedan 200 - dvjesto (the most common), dvjesta, dvije stotine 300 - tristo (the most common), trista, tri stotine 1000 - tisuću
1001 - tisuću (i) jedan 1000000 - milijun 1000000000 - milijarda
<–– Back to contents page
# Croatian/Main Contents/Level 1/Lesson 2

You must know that Croatian is very hard to learn because most of the words can have different forms and then sound like other ones. But you're in for a pleasant surprise.
Croatian is well suited for the Roman alphabet, and its pronunciation is therefore quite easy to master. It does possess noun cases, and the verbs inflect rather liberally, but the learner will get used to these new concepts rather quickly.

## Vocabulary and Useful Phrases

| English | Croatian |
| I | Jâ |
| You (sing.) | Tî |
| He | Ôn |
| She | Òna |
| It | Òno |
| We | Mî |
| You (pl.) | Vî |
| They | Òni (òne, òna) |
| Good morning | Dobro jutro |
| Good afternoon | Dobar dan |
| Good evening | Dobra večer |
| Good night | Laku noć (Easy night) |
| Thanks | Hvala |
| Goodbye (formal) | Zbogom, Doviđenja ('till seeing) |
| You're welcome | Nema na čemu |
| Here you are | Izvoli |
| You're welcome | Molim* |
| Bye | Bok, Ciao (from Italian) |
| Dog | Pas |
| Cat | Mačka |
| Man | Muškarac |
| Woman | Žena (also means: wife) |
| Yes | Da |
| No | Ne |
| My name is... | Zovem se..., or Moje ime je... |
| Water | Voda |
| Food | Hrana |
| I love you | Volim te |
| Next | Sljedeći |
| Fool | Budala or Glupan |
| Hello, hi | Zdravo (also means healthy), bok |
*"Molim" can also mean "what?" or "please"

## The nominative case of Masculine and Feminine nouns
### Singular/Jednìna

Masculine nouns in the nominative case usually do not have a fixed ending. Student, Pilot, Profesor are all Masculine nouns.
Feminine nouns have a fixed ending. If the Student is female, the noun would change to Studentica. The fixed ending is ica, or occasionally, just an a is there, like Škola/Plaža.
Neuter nouns end with -o or -e. Neuter nouns can't be changed to Masculine or Feminine usually.
| Muški rod (Masculine) | Ženski rod (Feminine) | Srednji rod (Neuter) |
| Stùdent | Student + ica = Stùdentica | Víno |
| Pròfesor | Profesor + ica = Profesòrica | Jáje |

### Plural/Množina

Masculine nouns when plural, add -i onto the end of the word, although if masculine nouns of one syllable ending end with a "hard consonant", -ovi is added instead of -i, like Gradovi (towns). The singular is Grad (towns)
Feminine nouns when plural, replace the -a, and add -e onto the end of the word.
Neuter nouns when plural replace the -o or -e and add -a onto the end of the word. Some nouns insert -en- between the stem and the plural, like ramena (shoulders). Also, some nouns in Neuter only exist in plural form, such as Vrata (door), Novine (newspaper). Finally, some nouns have an irregular plural, meaning they don't always end with -a in plural form, such as Uho (ear) = Uši (ears) or Oko (eye) = Oči (eyes)
| Muški rod (Masculine) | Ženski rod (Feminine) | Srednji rod (Neuter) |
| Student + i = Studenti | Student + ica - a + e = Studentice | Vino - o + a = Vina |
| Profesor + i = Profesori | Profesor + ica - a + e = Profesorice | Jaje - e + a = Jaja |
| Pìlōt + i = Piloti | Škôl + a - a + e (Škol + e = Škole) | Ȉme + na = Imena |
Next lesson