# Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Table of contents

Table of Contents for Print Version

## Chapter 1 Chemicals

Page Number
14 Objectives
14 Elements and atoms
15 Compounds and molecules
16 Chemical reactions
16 Ionisation
16 Organic and inorganic compounds
17 Carbohydrates
18 Fats
19 Proteins
20 Summary
21 Test Yourself
21 Websites
22 Answers

## Chapter 2 Classification

23 Objectives
24 Naming and classifying animals
24 Naming animals
24 Classification of living organisms
25 The animal kingdom
26 The classification of vertebrates
27 Summary
28 Test yourself
28 Websites
29 Answers

## Chapter 3 The Cell

30 Objectives
30 The cell
32 The plasma membrane
32 How substances move across the plasma membrane
32 The cytoplasm
32 Diffusion
33 Osmosis
35 Active transport
37 Golgi apparatus
38 Lysosomes
38 Microfilaments and microtubules
38 The nucleus
38 Chromosomes
39 Cell division
40 Summary
41 Test yourself
42 Websites
43 Answers

## Chapter 4 Body Organisation

44 Objectives
44 The organisation of animal bodies
45 Epithelial tissues
47 Connective tissues
49 Muscle tissues
50 Nervous tissues
50 Vertebrate bodies
50 Body cavities
51 Organs
51 Generalised plan of the mammalian body
52 Body systems
53 Homeostasis
53 Directional terms
54 Summary
55 Test yourself
56 Websites
57 Answers

## Chapter 5 The Skin

58 Objectives
59 The skin
60 Skin structures made of keratin
60 laws and nails
60 Horns and antlers
61 Hair
62 Feathers
63 Skin glands
64 The skin and sun
64 The skin and temperature regulation
66 Summary
66 Test yourself
67 Websites
67 Answers

## Chapter 6 The Skeleton

69 Objectives
70 The vertebral column
71 The skull
71 The ribs
72 The forelimb
73 The hindlimb
74 The girdles
74 Categories of bones
74 Bird skeletons
75 The structure of long bones
76 Compact bone
77 Spongy bone
77 Bone growth
77 Broken bones
78 Joints
78 Common names of joints
79 Locomotion
79 Summary
80 Test yourself
81 Websites
82 Answers

## Chapter 7 Muscles

83 Objectives
83 Muscles
83 Smooth muscle
84 Cardiac muscle
84 Skeletal muscle
84 Structure of a muscle
85 Summary
85 Test yourself
86 Websites
87 Answers

## Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System

Blood
89 Objectives
89 Plasma
90 Red blood cells
91 White blood cells
92 Platelets
92 Transport of oxygen
92 Carbon monoxide poisoning
92 Transport of carbon dioxide
92 Transport of other substances
93 Blood clotting
93 Serum and plasma
93 Anticoagulants
93 Haemolysis
94 Blood groups
94 Blood volume
94 Summary
95 Test Yourself
95 Websites
96 Answers
The Heart 96 Objectives
97 The heart
97 Valves
98 The heartbeat
98 Cardiac muscle
99 Control of the heartbeat
99 The coronary vessels
Blood circulation
Objectives
102 Blood circulation
103 Arteries
103 The pulse
103 Capillaries
104 The formation of tissue fluid and lymph
104 Veins
105 Regulation of blood flow
105 Oedema and fluid loss
105 The spleen
106 Important blood vessels
106 Blood pressure
107 Summary
107 Test yourself
108 Websites
108 Answers

## Chapter 9 Respiratory System

109 Objectives
109 Respiratory system
110 Diffusion and transportation of oxygen
111 Diffusion and transportation of carbon dioxide
111 The air passages
111 The lungs and pleural cavities
112 Collapsed lung
112 Breathing
112 Inspiration
112 Expiration
113 Lung volumes
113 Composition of air
113 The acidity of the blood and breathing
114 Breathing in birds
114 Summary
114 Test yourself
115 Websites
116 Answers

## Chapter 10 Lymphatic System

117 Objectives
117 Lymph and the lymphatic system
119 Other organs of the lymphatic system
119 Summary
120 Test yourself
121 Websites
121 Answers

## Chapter 11 The Gut and Digestion

122 Objectives
122 The gut and digestion
122 Herbivores
122 Carnivores
122 mnivores
122 Treatment of food
124 The gut
125 Mouth
125 Teeth
126 Types of teeth
126 Dental formula
127 Oesophagus
128 Stomach
128 Small intestine
129 The rumen
129 Large intestine
130 Functional caecum
130 Gut of birds
131 Digestion
131 The liver
133 Summary
134 Test yourself
134 Websites
135 Answers

## Chapter 12 Urinary system

137 Objectives
137 Haemostasis
138 Water in the body
138 Maintaining water balance
139 Excretion
139 The kidneys and urinary system
140 Kidney tubules or nephrons
140 Processes occurring in the nephron
141 The production of concentrated urine
142 Diabetes and the kidney
143 Other functions of the kidney
143 Normal urine
143 Abnormal ingredients of urine
144 Excretion in birds
144 Summary
144 Test yourself
146 Websites
146 Answers

## Chapter 13 Reproductive System

148 Objectives
148 Reproductive system
149 Fertilisation
149 Sexual reproduction mammals
149 The male reproductive organs
150 The testes
151 Semen
151 Accessory glands
151 The penis
151 Sperm
152 The female reproductive organs
153 Ovaries
153 The ovarian cycle
153 The ovum
154 The oestrous cycle
154 Signs of oestrous or heat
155 Breeding seasons or breeding cycles
155 Fertilisation
156 Development of the morula and blastocyst
156 Implantation
156 Pregnancy
157 Hormones during pregnancy
157 Pregnancy testing
157 Gestation period
158 Signs of imminent birth
158 Labour
158 Adaptations of the foetus
158 Milk production
159 Summary
160 Test Yourself
161 Websites
162 Answers

## Chapter 14 Nervous System

164 Objectives
165 Coordination
165 The nervous system
165 The neuron
166 Connections between neurons
167 Reflexes
167 Conditioned reflexes
167 Parts of the nervous system
168 The central nervous system
168 The brain
169 The forebrain
170 The cerebellum
170 The spinal cord
170 The peripheral nervous system
171 Spinal nerves
171 The autonomic nervous system
172 Summary
173 Test Yourself
174 Websites
174 Answers

## Chapter 15 The Senses

176 Objectives
176 The sense organs
177 Touch and pressure
177 Pain
177 Temperature
177 Awareness of limb position
177 Smell
178 Taste
178 Sight
179 The structure of the eye
180 How the eye sees
181 Colour vision in animals
181 Binocular vision
182 Hearing
183 How the ear hears
183 Balance
184 Summary
185 Test Yourself
185 Websites
186 Answers

## Chapter 16 Endocrine System

188 Objectives
188 The endocrine system
189 Endocrine organs and hormones
189 The pituitary gland and hypothalamus
190 The pineal gland
190 The thyroid gland
191 The parathyroid gland
191 The adrenal gland
192 The pancreas
192 The ovaries
192 The testes
192 Summary
194 Test Yourself
194 Websites
194 Answers
Homeostasis and Feedback Control
194 Summary of homeostatic mechanisms
194 Temperature control
194 Water balance
195 Maintenance of blood volume after blood loss
196 Acid/base balance
197 Summary