# US-MEXICO BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE

This casebook is a case study on the US-Mexico border infrastructure developed by Abdulsalam Dreza, Noah Panchure, Anna Antonio-Vila and Assaf Sametip as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-004 (Synthesis Seminar for Policy & Government) / CEIE 499-002 (Special Topics in Civil Engineering) Fall 2023 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government and the Volgenau School of Engineering, and Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Under the instruction of Professor Jonathan Gifford.

## 1. Introduction
#### 1.1 Historical Overview

* The demarcation of the current United States-Mexico border was solidified in 1848, creating the world's most traversed border, with around 350 million legal crossings each year.
* Stretching approximately 1,954 miles (3,145 kilometers), the border's importance emerged in the 19th century following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821.
* The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluding the Mexican-American War, designated the Rio Grande as the international boundary and transferred vast territories including modern-day California, Arizona, and New Mexico to the United States.

#### 1.2 Importance of Infrastructure

The maintenance and shaping of the U.S./Mexico border are heavily reliant on infrastructure, serving as the backbone for logistical frameworks, technological systems, and physical structures that are essential for the movement of information, goods, and people.
In the broader context of diplomatic and international relations, the infrastructure at the U.S./Mexico border underpins over two centuries of collaborative engagement between the two nations. As of 2023, Mexico stands as the largest trading partner of the United States, with significant trade volumes underscoring the interconnectedness of the two economies. This is reflected in the flow of $263 billion worth of goods and services in just the first four months of the year, a testament to the vital role that border infrastructure plays in supporting and facilitating this immense level of trade. Long-standing agreements like NAFTA and ongoing dialogues such as the HLED are buttressed by the physical realities of infrastructure that make continuous exchange possible, evidencing the interdependence of these neighboring countries.

## 2. Border Dynamics
#### 2.1 Pre-Colonial and Colonial Border Dynamics

The tapestry of the US/Mexico borderlands is woven with the threads of indigenous legacies and the scars of colonial incursions:
Once a fluid landscape, inhabited by tribes with intricate connections to the land, the advent of European colonialism introduced artificial demarcations, severing traditional territories and disrupting native societies. The swath of land that would become the contentious border followed the Mexican-American War, materializing from treaties like Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase, which reconfigured the geography into a rigid national divide. These early impositions of borderlines prefigured the complex interplay of indigenous rights and national sovereignties, shaping the contentious zone that continues to evolve today.

## 3. Border Infrastructure: Physical and Technological Barriers
#### 3.1 Physical Barriers

The evolution of physical barriers at the US/Mexico border reflects the changing policies and challenges of border management:
* The informal beginnings of border demarcation gave way to more formidable barriers in response to concerns about smuggling and illegal crossings in the early 20th century.
* Significant expansions of barrier construction were implemented from the 1990s onward, driven by a series of legislative acts aimed at curbing illegal immigration and bolstering national security.
* As of the latest assessments, the border features a mix of tall fencing, walls, and vehicle barriers, each segment designed to respond to the unique geographical and security requirements of its location.

### Physical Barriers

Physical barriers along the U.S./Mexico border, such as walls, fences, and vehicle barriers, have been central to efforts to deter unauthorized crossings. The border wall at Nogales, shown here, is an example of how such physical structures are complemented by additional security measures like concertina wire.

#### 3.2 Technology and Surveillance

The integration of technology in border surveillance represents a shift towards a 'smart border' approach:
* Autonomous surveillance towers, drones, biometric systems, and quick-response units constitute a multi-layered surveillance infrastructure that works alongside physical barriers to detect and prevent illegal activities.
* The strategic use of these technologies allows for a dynamic response to border incidents and supports CBP in maintaining security with greater efficiency and less manpower on the ground.

#### 3.3 Ports of Entry

Ports of Entry (POEs) serve as the arteries of legal travel and trade between the US and Mexico, underlining the economic and cultural interconnectivity of the two nations:
* The operation of these POEs involves complex layers of security measures to facilitate the flow of people and goods while ensuring compliance with immigration and customs regulations.
* Infrastructure at POEs includes advanced scanning equipment for cargo, dedicated lanes for pre-screened travelers, and facilities designed to manage asylum requests and process immigration documentation.

### Geographical Context

The U.S./Mexico border spans four U.S. states and six Mexican states, encompassing numerous counties with diverse demographics and economies. This map provides a geographical context for the border, illustrating the counties that are directly affected by border infrastructure and policies.

## 4. Impacts of the Border Infrastructure
#### 4.1 Economic Impacts

The economic implications of border infrastructure are multifaceted, with effects on trade, commerce, and the livelihoods of border communities:
* Efficient operation of POEs is crucial for trade, as they are key transit points for billions of dollars worth of goods and commodities that cross annually, supporting millions of jobs in both countries.
* Infrastructure improvements that reduce transit times can lead to substantial increases in trade volume, highlighting the economic significance of border infrastructure investment.

#### 4.2 Social Impacts

Social impacts of border infrastructure are deeply felt in border communities and extend to broader demographic and cultural trends:
* The presence and nature of barriers can influence migration patterns, community cohesion, and cross-border family ties, making it a pivotal factor in the socio-cultural dynamics of the region.
* Efforts to secure the border must balance enforcement with the legitimate economic and social needs of border communities, ensuring that security measures do not unduly disrupt local lives and economies.

#### 4.3 Environmental Impacts

The environmental consequences of border infrastructure are a subject of ongoing concern and debate:
* Border enforcement activities and infrastructure can have deleterious effects on wildlife habitats, migration patterns, and local ecosystems, necessitating careful environmental planning and mitigation strategies.
* Water resource management is particularly challenging in the border region, where the infrastructure intersects with delicate desert ecosystems and cross-border waterways, making bilateral environmental cooperation imperative.

## 5. Modern issues and Future Directions
#### 5.1 The Wall Debate: A Historical and Political Battleground

The concept of the wall has risen and fallen like the tides of political rhetoric and public sentiment:
Embroiled in partisan agendas, the wall has oscillated between a symbol of steadfast security and a monument to divisive politics, with administrations drawing lines in the sand that extend far beyond the physical barriers. Scrutiny over the wall’s effectiveness has become a recurring chapter in the broader narrative of national security, immigration reform, and humanitarian concern, with each twist and turn prompting a reevaluation of its role in the American saga. The ongoing discourse encompasses the fabric of economic, environmental, and ethical threads, each one pulling at the seams of policy and public opinion, and unraveling new challenges for the future of border integrity and human dignity.

#### 5.2 Technology and Privacy: Surveillance in the Balance

The modern era introduces a digital dimension to the age-old dilemmas of border security:
Technological advancements offer a double-edged sword, sharpening the capabilities for surveillance while potentially cutting into the rights to privacy, casting long shadows of concern across communities living in the border’s embrace. The debate rages over the invisible boundaries set by digital monitoring, questioning the balance between protective oversight and invasive scrutiny, and whether the pursuit of security justifies the pervasive gaze of government. As drones soar and cameras peer, the effectiveness of such measures is weighed against the backdrop of civil liberties, with each innovation prompting a reexamination of the principles that guard not just borders, but the freedoms of those within them.

#### 5.3 Migrant Narratives: The Human Cost of Borders

The border is more than a line; it's a nexus of human journeys, each marked by hope, hardship, and the search for a better life:
The multitude of reasons that propel migrants towards the border – from the ashes of conflict to the promise of opportunity – narrates a complex story of human migration, challenging the monolithic views often portrayed. The demographics of migration reveal a kaleidoscope of individual faces and stories, defying uniform classification and demanding a nuanced understanding of the migrant experience. Humanitarian concerns rise like a tide against the barriers, with each policy and physical fortification shaping the currents that carry migrants through perilous passages, leaving an indelible mark on the conscience of nations. Diplomacy and international relations ebb and flow around the policies of the wall, where each stone laid

## 6. Upcoming Infrastructure Proposals
#### 6.1 Future Projects and Considerations

Looking forward, border infrastructure proposals continue to evolve with changing policy priorities and technological advancements:
* Anticipated projects include further enhancements to POE facilities, increased integration of renewable energy sources into border operations, and the application of AI to streamline customs processes.
* Considerations for future projects not only encompass security and efficiency but also community impact and environmental sustainability, reflecting a holistic approach to border infrastructure development.

#### 6.2 Technology's Role

Technological innovation is set to further redefine the landscape of border security and management:
* Predictions for future surveillance involve the greater use of autonomous systems, AI-driven analytics, and remote sensing technologies to maintain a robust yet less obtrusive security presence.
* The expansion of digital infrastructure aims to not only enhance surveillance but also improve the speed and accuracy of biometric identification processes at POEs, optimizing both security and traveler experience.

#### 6.3 Diplomatic Avenues

The future of border infrastructure is inextricably linked to the diplomatic relations between the US and Mexico:
* Upcoming treaties and international collaborations will need to address the shared challenges of border security, migration management, and environmental conservation.
* Enhanced bilateral cooperation is essential to manage the border effectively, with initiatives aimed at harmonizing security protocols and facilitating cross-border communication and response.

## 7. Conclusion and Reflections
#### 7.1 Modern Border Implications

Reflecting on the transformation of the US/Mexico border, certain trends and constants emerge:
* Despite changes in technology and policy, the border remains a testament to the complex interplay of national security interests, humanitarian concerns, and the forces of globalization.
* The border has consistently adapted to the shifting demands of its role as a frontier between two of the world's largest trading partners, while also serving as a symbol of the challenges and opportunities of international borders in the modern world.

#### 7.2 Way Forward

The path ahead for US/Mexico border relations requires a balanced approach that acknowledges the multifaceted nature of the border:
* A forward-looking perspective considers not just the imperatives of border enforcement, but also the potential for the border to act as a conduit for cultural exchange and economic synergy.
* The pursuit of a harmonious future for US/Mexico relations hinges on the capacity of both nations to craft border policies that reflect mutual respect, shared interests, and a commitment to the well-being of border communities and ecosystems.

### Border Security and Military Involvement

The role of the Department of Defense (DoD) in supporting the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) efforts to secure the U.S./Mexico border has been a subject of discussion and legislative action. Here, the CBP Provost testifies before a committee, highlighting the collaborative efforts between the DoD and CBP in border security and infrastructure management.

## References

* ↑ “Border Security: Understanding Threats at U.S. Borders,” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, February 21, 2013.
* ↑ Truett, Samuel. "Fugitive Landscapes: The Forgotten History of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands." Yale University Press, 2006.
* ↑ Meier, Matt S., and Gutierrez, Margo. "The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia." Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.
* ↑ "Strengthening Economies and Shoring Up Infrastructure Development Along the U.S.-Mexico Border," U.S. Department of State, accessed April 2023, https://www.state.gov/strengthening-economies-and-shoring-up-infrastructure-development-along-the-u-s-mexico-border/.
* ↑ "U.S. Relations with Mexico," U.S. Department of State, accessed April 2023, https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-mexico/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20the%20United%20States,active%20land%20ports%20of%20entry.
* ↑ Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. "An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States." Beacon Press, 2014.
* ↑ "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo." U.S. National Archives, 1848. | "Gadsden Purchase." U.S. Office of the Historian.
* ↑ Leza, Christina. "Handbook on Indigenous Peoples’ Border Crossing Rights between the US and Mexico." Native Alliance without Borders, 2020.
* ↑ Dunn, Timothy J. "The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978-1992: Low-Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home." University of Texas Press, 1996.
* ↑ Nevins, Joseph. "Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond: The War On "Illegals" and the Remaking of the U.S.–Mexico Boundary." Routledge, 2010.
* ↑ Haddal, Chad C. "Border Security: The Role of the U.S. Border Patrol." CRS Report for Congress, 2010.
* ↑ Sullivan, Mark P., and Maureen Taft-Morales. "Mexico-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress." CRS Report for Congress, 2020.
* ↑ O'Rourke, Ronald, and Michael F. Martin. "U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications." Congressional Research Service, 2012.
* ↑ Wilson, Christopher E., and Erik Lee. "The State of the Border Report: A Comprehensive Analysis of the U.S.-Mexico Border." Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2013.
* ↑ Martinez, Oscar J., "Troublesome Border." University of Arizona Press, 2006.
* ↑ McDonnell, Timothy. "A Wall in the Wild: The Disastrous Impacts of Trump's Border Wall on Wildlife." National Geographic, 2019.
* ↑ Kelly Lytle Hernandez. "Migra! A Border Patrol History." UC Press, 2010.
* ↑ “Border Security: Understanding Threats at U.S. Borders.” U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2019.
* ↑ “The Border Wall: Costs and Controversies.” Congressional Research Service, 2021.
* ↑ “Balancing Border Security and America’s Privacy Rights: The Privacy Implications of Homeland Security Technologies.” Congressional Testimony, 2003.
* ↑ “Surveillance at the Border and the Fourth Amendment: A Matter of High Tech Trespass.” Stanford Law Review, 2020.
* ↑ “Eyes in the Sky: The Domestic Use of Drones for Surveillance.” ACLU, 2021.
* ↑ “OPPORTUNITY and EXCLUSION: A Brief History of U.S. Immigration Policy.” American Immigration Council, 2000.
* ↑ “Changing Patterns of Migration to the U.S.” Migration Policy Institute, 2020.
* ↑ “The Wall: The Real Costs of a Barrier between the United States and Mexico.” Brookings Institution, 2017.
* ↑ Selee, Andrew. "Vanishing Frontiers: The Forces Driving Mexico and the United States Together." PublicAffairs, 2018.
* ↑ Varady, Robert G., et al. "Transboundary Adaptive Management to Reduce Climate-Change Vulnerability in the Western U.S.–Mexico Border Region." Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 12, no. 6, 2009.
* ↑ Frittelli, John. "Border Security: Key Agencies and Their Missions." CRS Report for Congress, 2009.
* ↑ Staudt, Kathleen. "Violence and Activism at the Border: Gender, Fear, and Everyday Life in Ciudad Juarez." University of Texas Press, 2008.
* ↑ Nevins, Joseph. "Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the "Illegal Alien" and the Remaking of the U.S.–Mexico Boundary." Routledge, 2002.
* ↑ Payan, Tony. "The Three U.S.-Mexico Border Wars: Drugs, Immigration, and Homeland Security." Praeger Security International, 2006.