OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pronouns
## First person pronouns

| Singular | Plural |
| Subjective: මම (I; mamə) Objective: මා (Me; mā) | Subjective: අපි (We; api) Objective: අප (Us; apə) |

## Second person pronouns

| Singular | Plural |
| Masculine: Subjective: තෝ (You; thō) Objective: තා (You; thā) | Subjective: තොපි/තෙපි (You; thopi/thepi) Objective: තොප (You; thopə) |
| Feminine: Subjective: තී (You; thī) Objective: තා (You; thā) | Subjective: තොපි/තෙපි (You; thopi/thepi) Objective: තොප (You; thopə) |

## Third person pronouns

| Singular | Plural |
| Masculine: Subjective: ඔහු (He; ohu) Objective: ඔහු (Him; ohu) | Subjective: ඔවූහු (They; owūhu) Objective: ඔවුන් (Them; owun) |
| Feminine: Subjective: ඈ/ඇය (She; ǣ/æyə) Objective: ඈ/ඇය (Her; ǣ/æyə) | Subjective: ඔවූහු (They; owūhu) Objective: ඔවුන් (Them; owun) |
| Neuter: Subjective: ඌ (It; ū) Objective: ඌ (It; ū) | Subjective: උන් (It; un) Objective: උන් (It; un) |
| Masculine: Subjective: හේ/හෙතෙම (He; hē/hethemə) Objective: ඔහු (Him; ohu) | Subjective: ඕතුමූ (They; ōthumū) |
| Feminine: Subjective: ඕ/ඕතොමෝ (She; ō/ōthomō) Objective: ඈ/ඇය (Her; ǣ/æyə) | Subjective: ඕතුමූ (They; ōthumū) |
# Singing/Anatomy of the human larynx

This section should discuss what the larynx does when a person is singing.
# Singing/Breathing

After you have the proper posture, the next step is to learn to breathe correctly. Breathe deeply. As you breathe imagine you are smelling a rose and feel your lower back expand. This will help you gather all the air necessary to hold long notes. This will not happen right away but with time you will be doing it.
First start singing the vowels. One good way to understand how to sing correctly is to feel as if you are yawning. If you notice, your throat will expand and allow the air to flow freely. Practice scales from high to low, and low to high without hurting yourself. You want to start easy and build as you practice. If a note is too high for you, don't try it. This will warm up your larynx and allow you to stretch your vocal cords.

## Exercises

Professional singing is done from the diaphragm, so a singer's midriff should move, not their shoulders as though they were panting. One simple exercise is to lie on the ground and place a light book or box on the midriff. This way, you can see the box moving up and down when you are singing correctly.
Once you have been singing for a while, you may want to "improve your range". This means that you wish to be able to hit more notes correctly and without hurting yourself. To do this, simply go through scales as normal, but when you get to the highest note you can hit, flip your head upside down and try to hit that elusive high note. Chances are you will be able to do it!
If you want to hit a low note, do the same as described above except flip your head back instead of forward.
# Singing/Caring for your voice

To ensure the best physical voice:
Do not smoke: It is known that smoking leads to lung or throat cancer. Primary and secondhand smoke that is breathed in passes by the vocal cords causing significant irritation and swelling of the vocal cords. This will permanently change voice quality, nature, and capabilities.
Do not abuse or misuse your voice: Your voice is not indestructible. In every day communication, be sure to avoid habitual yelling, screaming, or cheering. Try not to talk loudly in locations with significant background noise or noisy environments. Be aware of your background noise—when it becomes noisy, significant increases in voice volume occur naturally, causing harm to your voice. If you feel like your throat is dry, tired, or your voice is becoming hoarse, stop talking or get a quick drink of water.
To reduce or minimize voice abuse or misuse use non-vocal or visual cues to attract attention, especially with children. Obtain a vocal amplification system if you routinely need to use a “loud” voice especially in an outdoor setting. Try not to speak in an unnatural pitch. Adopting an extremely low pitch or high pitch can cause an injury to the vocal cords with subsequent hoarseness and a variety of problems.
Minimize throat clearing: Clearing your throat can be compared to slapping or slamming the vocal cords together. Consequently, excessive throat clearing can cause vocal cord injury and subsequent hoarseness. An alternative to voice clearing is taking a small sip of water or simply swallowing to clear the secretions from the throat and alleviate the need for throat clearing or coughing. The most common reason for excessive throat clearing is an unrecognized medical condition causing one to clear their throat too much. Common causes of chronic throat clearing include gastroesophageal reflux, laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, sinus and/or allergic disease.
Moderate voice use when sick: Reduce your vocal demands as much as possible when your voice is hoarse due to excessive use or an upper respiratory infection (cold). Singers should exhibit extra caution if one’s speaking voice is hoarse because permanent and serious injury to the vocal cords are more likely when the vocal cords are swollen or irritated. It is important to “listen to what your voice is telling you.”
If, for some reason, your voice does get hoarse, DO NOT SING UNTIL YOU ARE BETTER! Try to avoid talking too. Drink lots of water, preferably room temperature--as cold water tends to "freeze" the vocal cords, lessening your ability to sing--with lemon in it, to cut through phlegm in your throat. Also you may want to try drinking hot tea with lemon or honey; this usually has the same effect.
# The Written Word/Historical Background
## The First Word

The first organized alphabet of characters is believed to be mesopotamian Cuneiform. *Still working*
It is also to be considered that in the region of the Shinnar plain about three thousand BC and maybe even earlier, that beer drinkers were partly to blame for the formation of the first notation on clay tablets. Labouring in the fields growing corn and barley along with hops they were given a daily beer allowance by the landowners. Usually among drinkers of alcoholic beverages their ability to count becomes somewhat blurred so they would place several marks on these tablets according to the amount to which each was entitled. These markings lead directly to the aforementioned cunieform.
# The Written Word/Introduction
## Reader's Intro

Welcome to another Wikibook. As you most likely know, Wikibooks are a division of the Wikimedia foundation (a free open-source media project), and they are generated, edited, proofed, and read by online contributors, fans, and scholars. Each book is a labor of love on the part of its many creators because no contributor is paid for their works and no person is held in higher regard than his peers. All wiki products are made for the advancement of knowledge and the spread of intellect. They are free to every person who can access them. Every book is edited to perfection by all the thousands of volunteers who process the ideas contained within them. Now we, the creators, wish to invite you inside this wikibook and to learn about the written word.
Where would we be without the classical science that has evolved to be language and writing? Would we be bone-toting barbarians living in caves and wearing furs? Would we be using sign language? What would we do without the words that are written within this book? The written word has created and destroyed life, instigated wars and the sought peace after, the word has been the epoch of love and the credulity of hate, and the written word has shaped the age we now live in. What happened to create the alphabets of today, and what place will our words take us tomorrow? If you wish to read more, just "open" this wikibook.

## Writer's Manual

Thanks for your interest in contributing to this wikibook, this manuscript is in desperate need of additional content. Please add all content and pictures you can. Thank you.
# The Wrestling Universe

Wrestling is a competitive sport where two, or more, wrestlers physically engage in combat, in an attempt to gain control, by using different techniques, such as takedowns and joint pins to take them down to the ground and achieve a dominant position.
Wrestling has been around for many centuries, possibly even as old as mankind. The only thing that changes is the type of techniques, back then they probably used the most common way to take down their opponents, the grappling of the neck. Now you have these different type of techniques, such as wizzer (defensive move), overhead chops (attack), and clothesline (attack). More techniques in the subpages.
Wrestling nowadays has more than 50 techniques, and more than 5,000 people play this sport. Wrestling is more sophisticated than it was centuries ago.

### Table of Contents

* John Cena
* Accidents and Injuries
* Techniques
* Video Games
* Books
* Videos
# The Written Word
## Table of contents

* Introduction
* What Is A Word?
* Historical Background
* The Book
* What does the word do for you?
# The Written Word/What Is A Word?
## What Is A Word

The Written Word is the basic building block of knowledge. It allows a way to leave information behind, to be read years or decades later. The way you use them, and how effectively, determines how the information is received. Consider this: when we have a math teacher who stands at the front of a classroom and talks in a monotone voice, with absolutely no expression, boredom will ensue, no matter how interested a student is. Compare this to a teacher who is enthusiastic, who explains things in an uptone style, and students will have a difficult time not becoming interested. This is commonly the difference between good and bad writing. This isn't just limited to novels, but to every kind of text. While novels are the ones who most commonly use vivid descriptions and nuances in the writing, it should be noted that the same techniques can be used elsewhere.

## Word Theory

According to Wiktionary, a word is a distinct unit of language with a particular meaning
In the classical Roman form of writing, each word is formed by a series of characters. The Roman classical alphabet is as follows:
| a,A | b,B | c,C | d,D | e,E | f,F | g,G | h,H | i,I | j,J | k,K | l,L | m,M | n,N | o,O | p,P | q,Q | r,R | s,S | t,T | u,U | v,V | w,W | x,X | y,Y | z,Z |
Each character is designed to make a specific sound when pronounced. And when the sounds are placed together they make the noises that the human brain translates as "words". Specific groupings of characters can be placed together to form sounds, that without the grouping, would take too many characters and would be tedious to write. Letters make sounds according to the others that surround them in words. For example, the letters "c" and "h" when placed together make the sound "cha" but spelling is still just "ch".
Writing and Speaking are opposites, but they are opposites that attract. Most people that write also know how to speak and vice versa, but take one skill away and the other will quickly deteriorate. People who cannot write rarely speak well, and people who cannot speak (not counting a prohibitive disease) are rarely good writers.
# The Young Person's School Music Cirriculum

Miniature Lessons:

## Percussion

Percussion is when one object vibrates against another object or is shaken by humans. Examples include the drums, castanets and maracas.

## Classical Music

There are many great classical composers, like Mozart, and Beethoven.

## World Music

World music incorporates musical styles from around the world.

## Synth and Bass

Synths and bass are often used together to create modern music.
CRITICAL THINKING: Do you think synths and bass sound good together? Why or why not? Write three sentences telling why or why not.

## Around the World!

Music is played all over the world, such as in Japan, where people like to play the drums mightily, or in Mexico where maracas are often played.
CRITICAL THINKING: Why do you think music is played everyhere in the world? Write 5 sentences telling why.
IDENTIFY: What instruments are played in at least two counties? List at least two.
# The Wrestling Universe/John Cena

John Cena is a wrestler on the raw brand of the WWE. His finishing wrestling move is the F-U and he also does the five knuckle shuffle. He used to be on Smackdown! He used to have a spinning shiny championship WWE title belt. He was born in West Newbury, Massachusetts.
John Cena is among the most recognizable WWE wrestlers of the 2010's and 2020's, having been in movies such as The Marine, and has even been the subject of several memes,as in this.
# The Wrestling Universe/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Wrestling_Universe

# John Cena

John Cena is a wrestler on the raw brand of the WWE. His finishing wrestling move is the F-U and he also does the five knuckle shuffle. He used to be on Smackdown! He used to have a spinning shiny championship WWE title belt. He was born in West Newbury, Massachusetts.
John Cena is among the most recognizable WWE wrestlers of the 2010's and 2020's, having been in movies such as The Marine, and has even been the subject of several memes,as in this.
# Small and Medium Enterprises and ICT
## Table of Contents

* List of Acronyms
* Foreword
* Overview
* Concepts and Definitions
* SME Adoption of ICT
* General Policy Framework for ICT Adoption by SMEs
* Specific Policy Recommendations for Governments
* Suggestions for Further Reading
* Works Cited
* Notes
* About the Author

## Information

This book is donated by UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) to the community. The original publication is by:
   Author: Vadim Kotelnikov (Foreword by Kim Hak-Su) © UNDP-APDIP, APCICT, 2007, 27 pages ISBN 978-974-8283-93-7
This wikibook is available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons Attribution License 2.5

## Notes

Numbers that are just placed in the middle of the sentence are citations, and should be linked to the Notes page. Do not delete these citation numbers! Use the {{smeictcite}} template to link them instead.
# Small and Medium Enterprises and ICT/About the Author

Vadim Kotelnikov has been providing international business consultancy and training services in more than 50 countries since 1990. He holds a number of positions, including President of Global Incubator of Venture and Innovation Strategies, USA; CEO of Ten3 East-West,Russia;Principal of Ten3 NZ Ltd.,New Zealand and Ten3 Consulting, Germany; Director General and Board Member of Congress Prominvest, Russia; Board Member at Indiaco, India; and Advisor for International Center for Scientific and Technological Information. He is also the inventor, author and founder of ‘Ten3 Business e-Coach’, which is an inspirational business e-coaching resource for business leaders, venturepreneurs, innovators, business consultants, and trainers.
# Small and Medium Enterprises and ICT/List of Acronyms

APCICT Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development APCTT Asian and Pacific Centre for the Transfer of Technology APDIP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASP Application Service Provider B2B Business-to-Business B2C Business-to-Customer BTM Business Technology Management CRM Customer Relationship Management EAI Enterprise Application Integration EBPM Enterprise-wide Business Process Management ERP Enterprise Resource Planning GDP Gross Domestic Product ICT Information and Communications Technology IDC International Data Corporation INSME International Network for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises IT Information Technology KCCI Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry KM Knowledge Management NEDA National Economic and Development Authority NPO National Productivity Council OBIS Online Business Information Service PC Personal Computer POS Point-of-Sale RPM Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing SAAS Software as a Service SCM Supply Chain Management SME Small and Medium Enterprise TIME IS Technology Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship Information Service UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific VOIP Voice Over Internet Protocol
# UMD PDE Qualifying Exams/Jan2006PDE
## Problem 4

* A weak solution of the biharmonic equation,
* $\left\{{\begin{aligned}\Delta ^{2}u=f,&x\in U\\u={\frac {\partial u}{\partial \nu }}=0,&x\in \partial U\end{aligned}}\right.$
* is a function $u\in H_{0}^{1}(U)$ such that
* $\int _{U}\Delta u\Delta v\,dx=\int _{U}fv\,dx$ for all $v\in H_{0}^{1}(U)$.
* Assume that $U$ is a bounded subset of $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ with smooth boundary and use the weak formulation of the problem to prove the existence of a unique weak solution.

### Solution

Consider the functional $B[u,v]=\int _{U}\Delta u\Delta v=\int _{U}fv$. $B$ is bilinear by linearity of the Laplacian. Now, we claim that $B$ is also continuous and coercive.
$|B[u,v]|=\left|\int _{U}\Delta u\Delta v\right|\leq \|\Delta u\|_{L^{2}(U)}\|\Delta v\|_{L^{2}(U)}\leq \|\Delta u\|_{H_{0}^{1}(U)}\|\Delta v\|_{H_{0}^{1}(U)}$ where the first inequality is due to Holder and the second is by the definition of the Sobolev norm. And so $B[u,v]$ is a continuous functional.
To show coercivity, we use the fact that by two uses of integration by parts, $\int _{U}u_{ij}u_{ij}=-\int _{U}u_{i}u_{ijj}=\int _{U}u_{ii}u_{jj}$ which gives
${\begin{aligned}\|u\|_{H_{0}^{1}(U)}^{2}=&\int _{U}u^{2}+\sum _{j=1}^{n}\left(|{\frac {\partial }{\partial j}}u|^{2}\right)+\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}\left(|{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial i\partial j}}u|^{2}\right)\,dx\\=&\int _{U}u^{2}+|\nabla u|^{2}+\sum _{i,j=1}^{\infty }\left(|u_{ii}u_{jj}|^{2}\right)\,dx\\\leq &\int _{U}0+0+|\Delta u|^{2}\leq B[u,u]\end{aligned}}$
which establishes coercivity.
Thus, by the Lax-Milgram Theorem, the weak solution exists and is unique.

## Problem 6

* This problem has a typo and can't be solved by characteristics as it is written.
# UMD PDE Qualifying Exams/EvansCh2
## Problem 1

* Write an explicit formula for a function $u$ solving the initial-value problem
* $\left\{{\begin{array}{r l}u_{t}+b\cdot Du+cu=0&{\text{ in }}\mathbb {R} ^{n}\times (0,\infty )\\u=g&{\text{ on }}\mathbb {R} ^{n}\times \{t=0\}.\end{array}}\right.$
* where $c\in \mathbb {R}$ and $b\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ are constants.

### Solution

Consider characteristics $(x(s),t(s))=(x_{0}+bs,s)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$. Also, for any $x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n},t\in \mathbb {R}$, consider $z(s)=u(x+sb,t+s)$. Then taking a derivative gives
${\dot {z}}(s)=Du(x+sb,t+s)\cdot b+u_{t}(x+sb,t+s)=-cz(s)$
where the last inequality is a result of the original PDE. The above ODE can be solved and we get $z(s)=z(0)e^{-cs}$
Finally, any point $(x,t)$ is connected to the characteristic curve $(x_{0},0)$ where $x_{0}=x-tb$ and hence
$u(x,t)=g(x-tb)e^{-ct}$.
# UMD PDE Qualifying Exams

This is a compilation of problems and solutions from past Partial Differential Equations qualifying exams at the University of Maryland Mathematics Department.

## Old Exams

A compilation of old exams is located here:
PDE Exams

## PDE Exams

* January 2013
* August 2012
* January 2012
* August 2011
* January 2011
* August 2010
* January 2010
* August 2009
* January 2009
* August 2008
* January 2008
* August 2007
* January 2007
* August 2006
* January 2006
* August 2005
* January 2005

## Evans Solutions

* Solutions to select problems from Partial Differential Equations: Second Edition by Lawrence C. Evans.
* Evans Chapter 2
# UMD PDE Qualifying Exams/Aug2010PDE
## Problem 1

* A superharmonic $u\in C^{2}({\bar {U}})$ satisfies $-\Delta u\geq 0$ in $U$, where here $U\subset \mathbb {R^{n}}$ is open, bounded.
* (a) Show that if $u$ is superharmonic, then
* $u(x)\geq {\frac {1}{\alpha (n)r^{n}}}\int _{B(x,r)}u\,dy\quad {\text{ for all }}B(x,r)\subset U$.
* (b) Prove that if $u$ is superharmonic, then $\min _{\bar {U}}u=\min _{\partial U}u.$
* (c) Suppose $U$ is connected. Show that if there exists $x_{0}\in U$ such that $u(x_{0})=\min _{\bar {U}}u$ then $u$ is constant in $U$.

### Solution
#### (a)

Test
# UMD PDE Qualifying Exams/Jan2011PDE
## Problem 1

* Consider the conservation law
* $u_{t}+f(u)_{x}=0,\quad {\text{ in }}\mathbb {R} \times (0,\infty ),$
* where $f\in C^{1}(\mathbb {R} )$.
* (a) Define an integral solution of the PDE
* (b) Derive the jump (Rankine-Hugoniot) condition satisfied by a piecewise smooth integral solution $u$ across a $C^{1}$ curve where this $u$ has a discontinuity.
* (c) Find an integral solution to the PDE when $f(u)=u^{2}+u$ with $u(x,0)=1$ if $x<0,$ $u(x,0)=-3$ if $x>0$.
# What You Should Know About Medicines/Why Medicines?

What You Should Know About Medicines
Medicine is a substance (not a device) that is used in treatment of conditions of the human body. Medicines are used to relieve pain, prevent progression of disease or alleviate the symptoms of conditions. In the area of infectious disease, they may cure the illness. Examples where medications allow resumption of normal body functions would be treatment of diabetes, thyroid deficiencies, or sex hormone deficiencies.
Medicines in the United States today are prescribed by experienced clinicians, whose ability to prescribe is subject to state licensing laws. In most states they include Doctors of Medicine, Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, and Doctors of Podiatric Medicine (Physicians), Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, and in rare cases, Pharmacists themselves. All clinicians have undergone training, though Physicians have had the most extensive training in a medical school, and have developed an extensive body of knowledge expanded over the years.
# What is Communism/Commune

Communes are a concept older then communism, but one related to it.
# What is Communism/Class Consciousness

Class consciousness refers to the ability of a person to recognize their class status in society.
# What is Communism/History of Communism- how people tried to achieve a communist society
## The Communist Manifesto

In 1858 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.

## Russian Revolution

In 1917 political upheval in Russia leads to the foundation of the first major nation governed by a communist party.
# What is Communism

| From each according to his ability, to all according to his need (from each according to his ability, to each according to his need) --Karl Marx The Communist Star | Have you ever desired a society with no rich and no poor? Communism is an ideology that desires that no rich and no poor are there. So that, it is not the case where some throw cake on each others face for fun, and others die of starvation! Communism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims to create a communist society. A communist society is a society, where everything is produced excess. There is no private property (means of production) and so, everyone gets his/her due share from the production. Thus there is no class and no need for money and state. Contents.... Introduction Class Struggle Class Consciousness Classless Society Communist Society Commune Why or why not socialism World Revolution History of Communism- how people tried to achieve a communist society |
# What is Communism/Class Struggle

Class struggle refers to the tension felt between different economic classes, particularly between the lower classes (often referred to as the proletariat), and the middle and upper class (often referred to as the bourgeoisie).
# What is Communism/Classless Society

A classless society is a society that eliminates the use of classes.
# What is Communism/Communist Society

A communist society seeks to end exploitation of labor, classes, and other aspects of society antithetical to communism.