OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GNU C Compiler Internals/GCC Hacks 4 1
## Invoke a block of code from a function as in Ruby

Linux implementation of lists allows to invoke a block of code on each element of the list:
pagelist.c:
list_for_each_prev takes the code in the brackets as a parameter. The trick is to use a macro that rolls out to a for loop whose body becomes the code in the brackets. The goal of this project is to allow programmers to use code blocks in function calls.

## Dereference function results when a structure is returned

C allows one to dereference the return value of a function if it is a pointer to a structure:
If the function returns the structure, not a pointer to it, then a compile-time error is generated:
This extension addresses the problem of dereferencing structures that are return values.

## Use functions to initialize a variable

When a variable is defined and initialized the initializer is constant. You will get an error if you try to use a function, no matter what this function is:
When a variable is used the function it was initialized with is called.

## GCC switches in object file

GCC switches in object fileusage: /usr/local/bin/paster serve [options] CONFIG_FILE [start|stop|restart|status] Serve the described application
If start/stop/restart is given, then it will start (normal operation), stop (--stop-daemon), or do both. You probably want ``--daemon`` as well for stopping.
Options:
[app:main] use = egg:PasteEnabledPackage option1 = foo option2 = bar
[server:main] use = egg:PasteScript#wsgiutils host = 127.0.0.1 port = 80 sudo update-rc.d startup.sh defaults

## Type information at run-time

There is no type information in C language available at run-time. The idea is to allow program to get the names and offsets of a structure's field at run time, the symbolic name of an enum declaration, etc. For example, instead of writing
one could write
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# GNU C Compiler Internals/Creating a Compiler Extension 4 1
## Function overloading in C

The C function overloading extension aims at including a C++ feature to C language which allows use functions with the same name but different argument types. The cfo/test.c example of GEM demonstrates this feature:
are used to add an element to a pool data structure.
The idea behind the implementation of the extension is to rewrite each function declaration so that the new name includes the type information of function's arguments. In the above case, the modified names are ec_aa_add_int_char_ptr and ec_aa_add_int_int. The compilation continues normally with the updated names.
Because of the above modification, the call names need modification as well. The renaming takes into account the types of the arguments so that the appropriate function is called. For example, the compiler will modify
to
Three hooks are used in this extension. Functions cfo_start_decl and cfo_start_function intercept declarations. They call cfo_alias_decl that replaces the name using argument types. To preserve the library code for the programs that do not use CFO extension, the following technique is used. If the function name is encountered first time, an alias is created to its old name so that one can invoke the function using either of them. Thus, the legacy code will use the old name, while the CFO-compiled code will use the type-augmented name. Finally, the declaration name is updated to include type information.
Hook cfo_build_function_call is invoked from the parser when a new function call is found. It replaces the name of callee function with the name that takes into account the types of actual-in arguments.
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# GNU C Compiler Internals/GCC 3.4
## Table of Contents

* GNU C Compiler Architecture. Compilation of an expression
* Compilation of a function
* Function calls
* Stackguard
* GEM Framework
* Function Overloading in C
* Return Address Defence
* Adding Syntactic Sugar
* Improving Code Style
* Security Enhancements
* Links
* Contributors
# Flora of New York/Legends

Plantaceae – subfam. Plantoideae – tribe Planteae – subtr. Plantineae – genus Plantus – subg. Plantus :
| Plantus | Plant | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | 1 |
| Plantus communis | Common plant | Native, Unranked | | | Images |

## Taxon color codes

| NY Status, line 1 | NY Status, line 2 |
| Native | Secure |
| Native | Likely secure |
| Native | Vulnerable |
| Native | Very vulnerable, Rare |
| Native | Threatened |
| Native | Endangered, Especially vulnerable, Possibly extirpated |
| Native | Extirpated, Likely extirpated, No recent reports |
| NY Status, line 1 | NY Status, line 2 |
| Native | Unranked (or none) |
| Introduced | Canada native, US South native, N. America native |
| Introduced | Impersistent, No specimens |
| Introduced | (none) |
| Introduced | Invasive, Moderately invasive, Somewhat invasive, Widespread weed |
| Introduced | Highly invasive |
| Introduced | Very highly invasive |
# Crowdsourcing/Restoration and reuse of images/Keeping everybody happy

Not everybody wants images to be restored. Many who want to use an image in a paper or blog post will prefer a cleaned-up version. On the other hand, some researchers are primarily interested in exactly what is removed by image restoration: the texture of the paper, the degradation of an old photograph. Wikimedia Commons' solution to this trade-off is to allow access to multiple versions. This is an example of non-paternalism: giving choices to the user rather than making them on their behalf.
There are two senses in which Commons gives access to multiple versions of a file. A slightly changed file can be uploaded as a new version: the software will show the most recent by default but older versions are still available. "Hyder Khan of Ghazni", shared by the British Library, has nicely vivid colours as a result of digital restoration. The older, unrestored versions are still linked under "File history".
More substantial changes can be uploaded as a separate version with a link back to the original. Freedom to do this comes naturally from the free licences. A major change might be a drastic restoration or it might create a derivative work, for example extracting a portrait of Albert Einstein from a group photo.

#### Tip: finding source images

Within Commons, images are being edited to make derivative versions or combined to make collages, forming a web of related files. To navigate through this web, use the "What links here" button in the left navigation of any page on Commons.
The Commons page for each file shows where the file is embedded on other Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia. Daily view statistics for Wikipedia pages are also public. This data is all machine-readable, allowing the creation of software tools that track total views of a batch of images. This is how the British Museum can demonstrate more than 27,000 uses of its images across Wikimedia by the start of 2014 and how the Archivist of the United States was able to announce one billion hits during 2013 on the National Archives’ content shared through Wikimedia.
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# Crowdsourcing/Restoration and reuse of images/Summing up

Restoration and improvement of digital media are ideal applications for crowdsourcing. Wikis and free licensing can connect media collections with remote institutions or hobbyists who want interesting content to work on. Wikimedia Commons offers these benefits as well as the crucial ability to embed media in Wikipedia pages. To get these benefits, content holders need the courage to open up their content and metadata for editing by others.
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# Crowdsourcing/The Wikipedia way/Progress without a plan

One of the ways an encyclopedia is an ideal project for crowdsourcing is that it is strongly modular: it can be broken down into many individual pieces of work which do not depend on each other. It may seem, though, that the whole process depends on detailed planning to create a structure in which crowdsourcing will be successful. In particular, it might seem that the policies and guidelines that define good work have to exist before people start the work.
In fact, Wikipedia did not turn out like this. Policies and guidelines are created by the same process as the articles: public editing and discussion to consensus, often seeded by a very short statement. These policies and standards have evolved with the articles.
In the course of writing the best content, or handling the most contentious disputes, the community has reached consensus on points of style, scope, user conduct and so on. This consensus can then be cited in similar debates or written up as a policy or guideline. Once an article is badged as a “Featured Article”, representing the community’s best work, it can be used as a model for the development of related articles. So the role of good content in shaping policy is as important as policy’s role in shaping content.
Wikimedia has as its vision statement:
This statement, which reflects both the long-term focus of the project and the moving target it is aimed at, is known by all active contributors and cited as a guiding principle in on-wiki discussions.
Wikipedia’s role is to be a general-audience encyclopedia in the same sense as Britannica. This goal is literally tangible for those generations who grew up with print encyclopedias. Having an "old-fashioned" goal is a plus: projects with too novel a goal restrict their own growth because not enough people can grasp the goal and decide whether it is being achieved. The Wikimedia and Wikipedia goals are made more concrete for contributors when they hear of people benefiting who were previously information-poor, such as the recipients of the One Laptop Per Child project or the use of Wikipedia by schoolchildren in the townships of South Africa.

#### References

* ↑ Mako-Hill, B. (2012) ‘Almost Wikipedia: What eight early online collaborative encyclopedia projects reveal about the mechanisms of collective action’, Wikimania 2012, George Washington University, Washington DC, 14 July.
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# Cryptids
## Table of Contents
### Starting point

* Introduction

### Humanoid Cryptids

* Mothman
* Lake Worth Monster
    Extraterrestrial Humanoids
* Flatwoods monster

### Animalistic Cryptids

    Ape Like
* Bigfoot
* Yeti
    Aquatic/Semiaquatic
* Lock Ness Monster
* Loveland Frog
* Mokele-mbembe
    Avian
* Thunderbird
    Etc.
* Mongolian death worm
* Dover Demon

### Demonic / Spiritual Cryptids

* Jersey Devil
# Crowdsourcing/The Wikipedia way

Wikipedia and its sister projects differ from a conventionally-managed project in the same way the previous section’s DNA computer differs from a microprocessor. This section introduces some of those differences.
* Division of labour
* Wikipedia, the triumph of crowdsourcing
* Progress without a plan
* The drive for quality
* Summing up
| Previous | Index | Next |
# Crowdsourcing/The Wikipedia way/Summing up

Wikipedia and its sister sites have not come about by planning the expenditure of effort, but by describing in detail the work to be done, labelling it and giving people a variety of ways to contribute, depending on their knowledge, time, skills and confidence. A crucial part of this success comes from a goal which is appealing, attainable in steps, flexible and tangible enough to be understood by, and inspire, a wide audience. If people are to work for free, they need confidence that their work advances a goal that they admire, and that their involvement will have some visible effect.
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# DEF DEBUGNUMBER Statement
## DEF DEBUGNUMBER
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF DEBUGNUMBER (numericExpression)

#### Revised

May 2001 (Release 5)

### Description

This statement opens a small window in the bottom right corner of the screen and displays a numeric value in decimal, hexadecimal, and binary. It waits for your mouse click, then goes away.
DEF DEBUGNUMBER is a perfect solution for programmers needing quick information who do not wish to go through the process of setting up the debugger and do not have the knowledge required to use MacsBug.
DIM x as INT
DIM y as DOUBLE
x = 100
y = 1.234
DEF DEBUGNUMBER(x * y)
Output:
image d/DEF%20DEBUGNUMBER02.gif

### See Also

DEF DEBUGSTRING
# DEF CYCLE Statement
## DEF CYCLE
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF CYCLE (min%, max%, var%)

### Description

Use this statement when you need to cycle the value of an integer variable through a series of consecutive values and then back to the minimum value. The DEF CYCLE statement is equivalent to the following lines:
INC(var%)
IF var% < min% OR var% > max% THEN var% = min%
min% and max% must be short integer values, and var% must be a short integer variable.
# DEF CHANGEDRESOURCE Statement
## DEF CHANGEDRESOURCE
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF CHANGEDRESOURCE(rHndl&)

#### Revised

August, 2002 (Release 7)

### Description

There are probably more potential problems in dealing with the Resource Manager than any other part of the Mac toolbox. One bug in the manager's code is that every time a resource is marked as changed, space is reserved on the disk for a new version without removing any previous requests. So if you change a resource 100 times, then space will be reserved on your hard drive for 100 copies. This becomes a problem because the file size and the number of resources allowed in a single file is finite.
This procedure will only mark a handle as changed (a) it is a resource handle and (b) it is not already flagged as a changed resource.

### See Also

USR REPLACERESOURCE; USR OPENRFPERM
# DEF CREATERESFILE Statement
## DEF CREATERESFILE
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF CREATERESFILE(fileName$)

#### Revised

August 2002 (Release 7)

### Description

DEF CREATERESFILE replaces the obsolete CALL CREATERESFILE which has seen such heavy use in the past. Mac OS X made the call obsolete, but by exchanging the DEF keyword for the optional CALL keyword, you can breath new life into your programs. The DEF version of the call works in all versions of the system software from system 7.x to Mac OS X. If this call is successful, a resource file is created in the current directory. You may set the current directory using FOLDER.
DEF CREATERESFILE may also be used to add a resource fork to an existing file. Creating the resource file does not automatically open it.

### See Also

DEF OPEN; OPEN; USR OPENRFPERM
# DEF DEBUGSTRING Statement
## DEF DEBUGSTRING
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF DEBUGSTRING (stringExpression)

#### Revised

May 2001 (Release 5)

### Description

This statement opens a small window in the bottom right corner of the screen and displays a string. It waits for your mouse click, then goes away.
DEF DEBUGSTRING is a perfect solution for programmers needing quick information who do not wish to go through the process of setting up the debugger and do not have the knowledge required to use MacsBug
LOCAL FN fred
DEF DEBUGSTRING("The program made it into FN Fred")
END FN
FN fred
Output:
image d/DEF%20DEBUGSTRING02.gif

### See Also

DEF DEBUGNUMBER
# DEF DISPOSEH Statement
## DEF DISPOSEH
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF DISPOSEH(handle&)

### Description

If handle& represents a valid handle to a relocatable memory block, this statement disposes of the block, and sets the value of handle& to zero (handle& must be a long-integer variable or a HANDLE variable).
If handle& does not represent a valid handle, the statement sets the value of handle& to zero, but otherwise does nothing.

#### Note

Never use DEF DISPOSEH on a resource.

### See Also

DEF CLEARHANDLE; KILL FIELD; DISPOSEHANDLE Toolbox routine: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Memory/Memory-73.html; Inside Macintosh: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos8/mac8.html; Memory: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Memory/Memory-2.html
# DEF BUTTONHELPSHOW Statement
## DEF BUTTONHELPSHOW
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF BUTTONHELPSHOW ( showHideFlag )

#### Revised

October, 2002 (Release 8)

### Description

Because Help tags are indeed less intrusive than Help balloons that they replace in Carbon, Apple has decided that their default behavior is popping up on screen as time permits. On the other hand, Help balloons are turned off by default. However, you or your end-user may wish to act upon that behavior.
DEF BUTTONHELPSHOW lets you control the display of Help tags in Carbon or Help balloons in PPC. If showHideFlag is zero the Help messages are no longer displayed, any other value for this parameter will cause the reappearance of the Help tags on screen, as soon as the system determines it is time to do so.
An additional step is required for non Carbon applications in order to display the help balloons associated with buttons created in FutureBASIC: you must call DEF BUTTONHELPDISPLAY at an appropriate time, i.e. when the mouse enters the button area.
You must include "Subs Help tags.Incl" in your project to make this command available to your program.

### See Also

DEF BUTTONHELPSETTEXT; DEF BUTTONHELPDISPLAY
# DEF <just> BOX Statements
## DEF <just>BOX
### Statements

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF {CBOX|LBOX|RBOX} ({rect | #rectAddr&}, stringVar$)

### Description

Draws the text in stringVar$ (using the current font, size, style, etc.) within the rectangle specified by rect (which should be an 8-byte variable such as a RECT type) or pointed to by rectAddr&.
No frame is drawn around the rectangle. If the rectangle is not wide enough to contain the entire string, then the string is automatically wrapped around to the next line, at word boundaries.
Each line of text is either Centered, Left-justified or Right-justified within the rectangle, depending on which variant of the statement you use.
No text is ever drawn outside of the rectangle; if the rectangle is not big enough to contain the entire string, then the text is clipped.

#### Example

image res/cd.gif CD Example: DEF jBOX.BAS

#### FB Lite Behavior

When you use the "FB Lite" runtime, the DEF <just>BOX statements switch to the Graphics Window before executing.

#### Note

To draw rectangle-bounded text that will redraw itself automatically (during a window refresh), use a static edit field (see the EDIT FIELD statement).

### See Also

EDIT FIELD
# DEF CHECKONEITEM Statement
## DEF CHECKONEITEM
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF CHECKONEITEM(menuID%, itemID%)

### Description

Places a checkmark next to the specified item in the specified menu, and unchecks all other items in that menu. The menu ID number is assigned by the MENU statement, or by a Toolbox routine that creates the menu, or by the resource that defines the menu. The item ID corresponds to the item's position in the menu (the item just under the menu title is item #1). Note that gray "dividing lines" in menus are also counted as menu items.
Use an itemID% value of zero to uncheck all items in the menu.

#### Example

image res/cd.gif CD Example: DEF CHECKONEITEM.BAS

#### Note

Do not set itemID% to a menu item which has a hierarchical submenu attached to it.

### See Also

MENU statement; SETITEMMARK Toolbox routine: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Toolbox/Toolbox-157.html
# DEF CLEARHANDLE Statement
## DEF CLEARHANDLE
### Statement

✔ Appearance ✔ Standard ✔ Console

### Syntax

DEF CLEARHANDLE(handle&)

### Description

If handle& is a valid handle to a relocatable memory block, this statement sets all of the bytes in the block to zero. If handle& is not a valid handle, the statement does nothing.

### See Also

DEF DISPOSEH; Inside Macintosh: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos8/mac8.html, Memory: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Memory/Memory-2.html
# Handbook of Management Scales/Commercial uncertainty
## Commercial uncertainty (= technological uncertainty) (composite reliability = 0.91)
### Description

Survey items were developed from commonly accepted theoretical definitions and were partially influenced by the efforts of other researchers. The authors used past research to obtain general insights about the constructs as opposed to specific items. Business school professors and doctoral students who were familiar with the literature on which the empirical measures were based or who had expertise in survey design critically assessed the content validity of each item. The instrument was then pilot-tested with 30 responses from executives who had been involved in similar types of partnerships. Results from the pilot sample enabled the authors to purify the measures.

### Definition

Commercial uncertainty refers to the uncertainty associated with the commercial success of a technology.

### Items

* It was questionable whether this technology would be a commercial success.
* Our firm was confident that this technology would achieve our market goals. (R)
* We were certain this technology would meet our technical expectations. (R)
* We were certain this technology would meet customer demands. (R)
* It was not clear whether this technology would work as it was intended technologically.
* Our firm was confident that this technology would perform as it was originally designed. (R)

### Source

* Steensma/Corley (2000): On the performance of technology-sourcing partnerships: The interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1045-1067.
# Handbook of Management Scales/Change initiation - Resistance to change
## R - Resistance to change (α = 0.844) (Tornjanski, 2019)
### Description

Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Authors have formalized earlier qualitative assessment into measurement construct aiming at certifying Beckhard and Harris's change model empirically. Fourth component in Beckhard and Harris's change formula, i.e. “R”, refers to resistance to change. Accordingly, second-order construct depicted in text below refers to assessment of change resistance.

### Definition

Resistance to change has been found as the biggest limitation to successful change (Al-Haddad & Kotnour, 2015; Cudanov et al., 2019; Tornjanski, 2019). Resistance to change definition can be found at the following link: https://www.newfoundations.com/OrgTheory/Bolognese721.html

### Items

Component "R" (1 - Completely disagree; 5 - Completely agree):
* I do not like change and I have negative attitude regarding it
* When I was informed about change, I have felt tense and discomfort
* Change of plan is nightmare for me
* I do not change my attitude easily

### Source

* Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
* Tornjanski, V. (2019). PREDICTING AN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE SUCCESS USING QUANTITATIVE BECKHARD AND HARRIS’S CHANGE MODEL. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338385603_PREDICTING_AN_ORGANIZATIONAL_CHANGE_SUCCESS_USING_QUANTITATIVE_BECKHARD_AND_HARRIS'S_CHANGE_MODEL
* Beckhard, R. F., & Harris, R T. (1987).Organizational Transitions: Managing complex change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
* Al-Haddad, S., & Kotnour, T. (2015).Integrating the organizational change literature: a model for successful change.Journal of Organizational Change Management, 28(2), 234-262. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-11-2013-0215.