OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strcspn
#### strcspn

| Syntax | #include <cstring> size_t strcspn( const char *str1, const char *str2 ); |
The function strcspn returns the index of the first character in str1 that matches any of the characters in str2.

##### Related topics

    strpbrk - strrchr - strstr - strtok
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/sscanf
#### sscanf

| Syntax | #include <cstdio> int sscanf( const char *buffer, const char *format, ... ); |
The function sscanf is just like scanf, except that the input is read from buffer.

##### Related topics

    fscanf - scanf
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strchr
## strchr

| Syntax | #include <cstring> char *strchr( const char *str, int ch ); |
The function strchr returns a pointer to the first occurrence of ch in str, or NULL if ch is not found.

### Related topics

    strcat - strcmp - strcpy - strlen - strncat - strncmp - strncpy - strpbrk - strrchr -strspn - strstr - strtok
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strcat
#### strcat

| Syntax | #include <cstring> char *strcat( char *str1, const char *str2 ); |
The strcat function concatenates str2 onto the end of str1, and returns str1. For example:
Note that strcat does not perform bounds checking, and thus risks overrunning str1 or str2. For a similar (and safer) function that includes bounds checking, see strncat.

##### Related topics

    strchr - strcmp - strcpy - strncat
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strftime
#### strftime

| Syntax | #include <ctime> size_t strftime( char *str, size_t maxsize, const char *fmt, struct tm *time ); |
The function strftime formats date and time information from time to a format specified by fmt, then stores the result in str (up to maxsize characters). Certain codes may be used in fmt to specify different types of time:
| Code | Meaning |
| %a | abbreviated weekday name (e.g. Fri) |
| %A | full weekday name (e.g. Friday) |
| %b | abbreviated month name (e.g. Oct) |
| %B | full month name (e.g. October) |
| %c | the standard date and time string |
| %d | day of the month, as a number (01-31) with a leading zero |
| %-d | day of the month, as a number (1-31) without a leading zero |
| %H | hour, 24 hour format (0-23) |
| %I | hour, 12 hour format (1-12) |
| %j | day of the year, as a number (1-366) |
| %m | month as a number (1-12). |
| %M | minute as a number (0-59) |
| %p | locale's equivalent of AM or PM |
| %S | second as a number (0-59) |
| %U | week of the year, (0-53), where week 1 has the first Sunday |
| %w | weekday as a decimal (0-6), where Sunday is 0 |
| %W | week of the year, (0-53), where week 1 has the first Monday |
| %x | standard date string |
| %X | standard time string |
| %y | year in decimal, without the century (0-99) |
| %Y | year in decimal, with the century |
| %Z | time zone name |
| %% | a percent sign |

##### Related topics

    gmtime - localtime - time
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/srand
#### srand

| Syntax | #include <cstdlib> void srand( unsigned seed ); |
The function srand is used to seed the random sequence generated by rand. For any given seed, rand will generate a specific "random" sequence over and over again.

##### Related topics

    rand (Standard C Time & Date functions) time
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/strerror
## strerror

| Syntax | #include <cstring> char *strerror( int num ); |
The function strerror returns an implementation defined string corresponding to num. If an error occurred, the error is located within the global variable errno.

### Related topics

    perror
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map obraz

Semasiological map for *obrazъ
R. образ • Blr. абра́з/во́браз • Ukr. образ • Pol. obraz • Ka. òbrôz • LSo. wobraz • USo. wobraz • Cz. obraz • Slk. obraz • Sln. obraz • Cr. obraz • Bo. obraz • Sb. образ • Mk. образ • Bg. образ •
| *obrazъ | Meanings: ‘picture, painting’ ‘manner’ ‘cheek’ ‘face’ ‘icon (religious)’ ‘view, image’ ‘character, figure’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *obrazъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *obrazъ | picture, painting | manner | cheek | face | icon (religious) | view, image | character, figure |
| R. образ | | + | | | + | + | |
| Blr. абра́з/во́браз | | | | | + | + | |
| Ukr. образ | | | | | + | + | |
| Pol. obraz | + | | | | + | + | |
| Ka. òbrôz | + | | | | + | + | |
| LSo. wobraz | + | | | | | | |
| USo. wobraz | + | | | | | | |
| Cz. obraz | + | | | | | | |
| Slk. obraz | + | | | | | | |
| Sln. obraz | | | | + | | | |
| Cr. obraz | | | + | + | | | |
| Bo. obraz | | | + | + | | | |
| Sb. образ | | | + | + | | | |
| Mk. образ | + | | + | + | | | |
| Bg. образ | + | | | + | + | + | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map otъkazъ

Semasiological map for *otъkazъ
R. отказ • Blr. адказ • Ukr. відказ • Cz. odkaz • Slk. odkaz • Cr. otkaz • Bo. otkaz • Sb. отказ • Mk. отказ • Bg. отказ •
| *otъkazъ | Meanings: ‘failure, breakdown’ ‘refusal’ ‘answer’ ‘link, refeernce’ ‘resignation, dismissal’ ‘termination, cancellation’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *otъkazъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *otъkazъ | failure, breakdown | refusal | answer | link, refeernce | resignation, dismissal | termination, cancellation |
| R. отказ | + | + | | | | |
| Blr. адказ | | | + | | | |
| Ukr. відказ | + | + | + | | | |
| Cz. odkaz | | | | + | | |
| Slk. odkaz | | | | + | | |
| Cr. otkaz | + | | | | + | + |
| Bo. otkaz | + | | | | + | + |
| Sb. отказ | + | | | | + | + |
| Mk. отказ | | | | | + | |
| Bg. отказ | | + | | | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map ovokti

Semasiological map for *(o)vokti
R. овощи • Blr. Ø • Ukr. овочі • Pol. owoce • Ka. Ø • Cz. ovoce • Slk. ovocie • Sln. Ø • Cr. voće • Bo. voće • Sb. воће • Mk. Ø • Bg. овощен(овошки) •
| *(o)vokti | Meanings: ‘fruits’ ‘vegetables’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *(o)vokti | Meanings | Meanings |
| *(o)vokti | fruits | vegetables |
| R. овощи | | + |
| Blr. Ø | | |
| Ukr. овочі | + | + |
| Pol. owoce | + | |
| Ka. Ø | | |
| Cz. ovoce | + | |
| Slk. ovocie | + | |
| Sln. Ø | | |
| Cr. voće | + | |
| Bo. voće | + | |
| Sb. воће | + | |
| Mk. Ø | | |
| Bg. овощен(овошки) | + | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map nedelja

Semasiological map for *nedělja
R. неделя • Blr. нядзеля • Ukr. неділя • Pol. niedziela • Ka. niedzela • LSo. njeźela • USo. njedźela • Cz. neděle • Slk. nedeľa • Sln. nedelja • Cr. nedjelja • Bo. nedjelja • Sb. недеља • Mk. недела • Bg. неделя •
| *nedělja | Meanings: ‘week’ ‘Sunday’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *nedělja | Meanings | Meanings |
| *nedělja | week | Sunday |
| R. неделя | + | |
| Blr. нядзеля | | + |
| Ukr. неділя | | + |
| Pol. niedziela | | + |
| Ka. niedzela | | + |
| LSo. njeźela | | + |
| USo. njedźela | + | + |
| Cz. neděle | + | + |
| Slk. nedeľa | | + |
| Sln. nedelja | | + |
| Cr. nedjelja | | + |
| Bo. nedjelja | + | + |
| Sb. недеља | + | + |
| Mk. недела | | + |
| Bg. неделя | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map none

Semasiological map for lubyt
R. любить • Blr. любоў • Ukr. любити • Pol. lubić • LSo. • USo. • Cz. líbit se • Slk. ľúbiť • Sln. ljubiti • Cr. ljubiti, poljubiti* • Bo. ljubiti • Sb. љубити • Mk. • Bg. любя •
| lubyt | Meanings: ‘to like’ ‘to love’ ‘to kiss*’ ‘to make love’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| lubyt | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| lubyt | to like | to love | to kiss* | to make love |
| R. любить | + | + | | |
| Blr. любоў | + | | | |
| Ukr. любити | + | + | | |
| Pol. lubić | + | | | |
| LSo. | | | | |
| USo. | | | | |
| Cz. líbit se | + | | | |
| Slk. ľúbiť | + | + | | |
| Sln. ljubiti | | + | | + |
| Cr. ljubiti, poljubiti* | | + | + | |
| Bo. ljubiti | | + | + | |
| Sb. љубити | | + | + | |
| Mk. | | | | |
| Bg. любя | | + | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map olovo

Semasiological map for *olovo
R. олово • Ukr. олово • Pol. ołów • LSo. wołoj • USo. wołoj • Cz. olovo • Slk. olovo • Sln. Ø • Cr. olovo • Bo. olovo • Sb. olovo • Mk. олово • Bg. олово •
| *olovo | Meanings: ‘lead’ ‘tin’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *olovo | Meanings | Meanings |
| *olovo | lead | tin |
| R. олово | | + |
| Ukr. олово | + | + |
| Pol. ołów | + | |
| LSo. wołoj | + | |
| USo. wołoj | + | |
| Cz. olovo | + | |
| Slk. olovo | + | |
| Sln. Ø | | |
| Cr. olovo | + | |
| Bo. olovo | + | |
| Sb. olovo | + | |
| Mk. олово | + | |
| Bg. олово | + | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map otьcь

Semasiological map for *otьcь
R. отец • Blr. айцец • Ukr. отець • Pol. ojciec • LSo. wóśc • USo. wótc • Cz. otec • Slk. otec • Sln. oče • Cr. otac • Bo. otac • Sb. otac • Mk. отец • Bg. отец •
| *otьcь | Meanings: ‘father’ ‘forefather’ ‘author’ ‘Father (eccl)’ ‘godfather’ ‘grandad, grandpa’ ‘clergyman, priest’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *otьcь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *otьcь | father | forefather | author | Father (eccl) | godfather | grandad, grandpa | clergyman, priest |
| R. отец | + | | | | + | + | + |
| Blr. айцец | | | | | | | + |
| Ukr. отець | | | | | | | + |
| Pol. ojciec | + | | + | + | | | |
| LSo. wóśc | | + | | | | | |
| USo. wótc | | + | | | | | |
| Cz. otec | + | | + | + | | | |
| Slk. otec | + | | | + | | | |
| Sln. oče | + | | | + | | | |
| Cr. otac | + | | | + | | | |
| Bo. otac | + | | | + | | | |
| Sb. otac | + | | | + | | | |
| Mk. отец | | | | + | | | + |
| Bg. отец | | | | | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map nagl

Semasiological map for *naglъ
R. наглый • Blr. наглы • Ukr. наглий • Pol. nagły • Ka. Ø • LSo. nagły • USo. nahły • Cz. náhlý • Slk. náhly • Sln. nagel • Cr. nagao • Bo. nagao • Sb. нагао • Mk. нагло • Bg. нагъл •
| *naglъ | Meanings: ‘sudden’ ‘naughty’ ‘fast, quick’ ‘vehement, hasty’ ‘steep, sloping’ ‘arrogant’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *naglъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *naglъ | sudden | naughty | fast, quick | vehement, hasty | steep, sloping | arrogant |
| R. наглый | | + | | | | |
| Blr. наглы | + | | | | | |
| Ukr. наглий | + | | + | | | |
| Pol. nagły | + | | | | | |
| Ka. Ø | | | | | | |
| LSo. nagły | | | | + | + | |
| USo. nahły | + | | | + | + | |
| Cz. náhlý | + | | | | | |
| Slk. náhly | + | | | + | | |
| Sln. nagel | + | | + | + | | |
| Cr. nagao | + | | | + | | |
| Bo. nagao | + | | | + | | |
| Sb. нагао | + | | | + | | |
| Mk. нагло | | | | + | | |
| Bg. нагъл | | + | | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map obyvatělь

Semasiological map for *obyvatělь
R. обыватель • Blr. абывацель • Ukr. обиватель • Pol. obywatel • Cz. obyvatel • Slk. obyvateľ •
| *obyvatělь | Meanings: ‘everyman, middlebrow’ ‘citizen’ ‘inhabitant’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *obyvatělь | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *obyvatělь | everyman, middlebrow | citizen | inhabitant |
| R. обыватель | + | | |
| Blr. абывацель | + | | |
| Ukr. обиватель | + | | |
| Pol. obywatel | | + | |
| Cz. obyvatel | | | + |
| Slk. obyvateľ | | | + |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# False Friends of the Slavist/Map obъchodъ

Semasiological map for *obъchodъ
R. обход • Blr. абход • Ukr. обхід • Pol. obchód • Cz. obchod • Slk. obchod • Sln. obhod • Cr. obhod • Bo. obhod • Sb. обход • Mk. обход • Bg. обход •
| *obъchodъ | Meanings: ‘bypass, detour’ ‘shop, store’ ‘celebration, festival’ ‘procession’   no such word (For areas without shading there is no information yet.) |
| *obъchodъ | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings | Meanings |
| *obъchodъ | bypass, detour | shop, store | celebration, festival | procession |
| R. обход | + | | | |
| Blr. абход | + | | | |
| Ukr. обхід | + | | | |
| Pol. obchód | | | + | |
| Cz. obchod | | + | | |
| Slk. obchod | | + | | |
| Sln. obhod | + | | | + |
| Cr. obhod | + | | | + |
| Bo. obhod | + | | | + |
| Sb. обход | + | | | + |
| Mk. обход | + | | | |
| Bg. обход | + | | | |
| < Index of semasiological maps | < False Friends of the Slavist Homepage |
# CORBA Programming/Concepts
## Object Definition

A CORBA object is defined using the CORBA IDL programming language. CORBA IDL is pure definitions language, like, for example, UML. You only define the external interface and then choose an implementation language to actually implement your object.
There are many implementation languages available. The OMG defines language mappings for Ada, C, C++, C++11, COBOL, Java, Lisp, PL/1, Python, Ruby and Smalltalk. And there might be more.
However, some implementation languages make it easier than others to implement CORBA objects. In order to implement a CORBA object, the implementation's language needs to have a set of features which include object orientation, modules (packages or namespaces), and generics (templates or dynamic typing). If a language lacks any of those vital features, they have to be emulated. The language mapping provides those emulation layers for you, but it does not mean they are easy to use.
The differences are actually so large that it might be better to learn a new programming language with an easy mapping than use a known language with a particularly difficult mapping.
Another nice feature of the CORBA concept is that you don't need to use the object with the same programming language as the one the object is implemented in. So client and server may use different programming languages.
# CORBA Programming

CORBA stands for Common Object Request Broker Architecture. The original idea was to create a single universal standard for how objects across different platforms, programming languages, and network protocols can communicate with each other in a seamless manner. For example, an application developed on say a Sun Workstation running Unix under the programming language C needs to communicate by virtue of some well defined standard interface (the accepted contract) to an Intel-based PC running Windows 2000 developed under Pascal. Without such a standard both sides need to negotiate all the details including the transport protocols.
The CORBA standard defines general interface standards that can be supported by different programming languages. It also defines the quality and robustness of the communication, error handling, and recovery. The standard does not cover implementation details, but only specifies the general interface language (IDL) used across all supported languages, exception handling specification, a special transport protocol called IOP that sits on top of TCP/IP, as well as the specific programming language mappings. Using the IDL, an implementation for the specific platform-dependent object is generated which can be compiled using the supported language.

## Table of Contents

* Concepts
* The Echo Examples
* The Server
* The Client

## See also
### Wiki

* Wikipedia:CORBA
* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Libraries/Distributed/PolyORB
* ACE+TAO Opensource Programming Notes

### Object Management Group

* Ada Language Mapping Specification
* Interface definition language

## Authors and Contributors

This Wikibook has been written by:
* Martin Krischik (Contributions)
# CORBA Programming/Echo

The following chapters describe the implementation of a simple CORBA object using PolyORB and Ada. While the functionality is very simple the design itself is more extensive using modules, PolyORB's logging facility and meta classes giving you a better view of what is really needed in a client/server application.
While knowledge of programming in Ada in particular is not needed, you should have knowledge of object oriented programming in general.
* Object
* Meta Object
# CORBA Programming/Echo/Object

The echo object is a simple object with only one method. This method takes a single string parameter and returns that string unchanged.

## CORBA IDL definition

Any CORBA object needs to be defined in CORBA's Interface Definition Language (IDL). The IDL syntax is based on C/C++ including the use of the C preprocessor. Hence we need the usual protection against a double include:
Next we define a module name. While not strictly needed for such a small example it is a good practice never to pollute the global namespace with classes and to use modules instead.
A class is called an "interface" in CORBA IDL. This should not be mixed up with interfaces in Ada or Java. A CORBA interface is the public part of the class — the part of the class you can interface with.
As said, we define just one method. It takes a string called Message as input parameter and returns a string as result.

## Ada Specification

Before you download the specification below you should try to call the following PolyORB command. It will generate an implementation template for you.
Most CORBA implementations will generate specification and implementation template files for the chosen implementation language. Which implementation languages you can choose from depends on your ORB. In our case it is Ada.
The CORBA module (Test) and class (Echo) is mapped to an Ada package hierarchy — this is the normal way to do object oriented programming in Ada. The CORBA language mapping always tries to map close the implementation language. The Echo hierarchy contains several child packages which are fully generated and need no attention. Only the child package "Impl" contains the actual implementation of our Echo class and needs editing.
The type Object contains any data our class might want to store. However, all data stored is private, in fact all data in CORBA objects are private.
The Echo function is specified as a normal primitive operation to a normal Ada class. If you are interested to know how Ada classes are declared you can read Ada Programming/Object Orientation.
Here, in the private section of the package, we could now declare data members for our class. However our simple echo class needs no data, so we just declare a "null record". If you are interested to know what it would look like with data members you can read Ada Programming/Types/record.

## Ada Implementation

Now we know what the CORBA object looks like in Ada we have to actually implement the object. The implementation is a little more extensive than needed — using PolyORB logging facility to produce diagnostic output.
# CLIL

This book was created to collect pages about CLIL activities.
CLIL means Content and Language Integrated Learning: in other words it's a teaching method where a second language is used to teach other subjects.

## Earth science

High School Earth Science

## Plate Tectonics

* Inside Earth
* Continental Drift
* Seafloor Spreading
* Theory of Plate Tectonics

### Interesting video on Youtube

BBC Geography - Plate Tectonics (Evans Woolfe Media): breve ma ben fatto -
PLATE TECTONICS (BrainPop): cartone animato, ma carino
The Plate Tectonics Revolution: Crash Course Geography #19: bello anche se parla veloce (2021)
Continental Drift - (Mike Sammartano):
Plate Tectonics (Mike Sammartano): un po' datato ma ben fatto
Plate Tectonics Theory Lesson - Cary Graham: non recente ma chiaro
La teoria della tettonica a placche | Geografia di livello A | OCR, AQA, Edexcel - SnapRevise: più dettagliato di altri e recente (2021)

## Volcanoes

* Volcanoes useful links
* The world's main volcanoes
# CORBA Programming/Client

The following packages are only initialized but not used otherwise.
initialize packages
Initialize logging from configuration file.
Log Message when Level is at least equal to the user-requested level for Facility.
Forward declarations.
Retrieve meta object reference from name server.
Run a little test.
Create echo object
Sending message
Printing result
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/99 - Claim for Refugee Protection
## IRPA Section 99

Section 99 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads:

### Section 99(3): A claim for refugee protection made by a person inside Canada may not be made by a person who is subject to a removal order

Section 99(3) of the Act provides that a claim for refugee protection made by a person inside Canada may not be made by a person who is subject to a removal order. A claim may, however, be made by someone who is already a permanent resident, provided that they are not subject to a removal order at the time that they make the claim.

## References

* ↑ Huang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2023 FC 1491 (CanLII), at para 29, <https://canlii.ca/t/k14ql#par29>, retrieved on 2023-12-15.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/98 - Exclusion — Refugee Convention
## IRPA Section 98

Section 98 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act reads:

### Commentary

See RPD Rules: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/About
## Text of the provision

The preamble to the rules details the process by which they came into force and provides for the authority for the rules:
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/Canada's international obligations and the interpretation of the Rules
## International standards

One of the most significant obligations owed by States is non-refoulement, which prohibits them from returning refugees, and certain migrants, directly or indirectly to a country where they would be at risk of persecution or of particular, predefined, harms. A consequence of a State’s non-refoulement obligation is a ‘duty of independent inquiry’. Such a duty requires States to identify individuals in need of protection before returning or transferring them to a third country.
The UNHCR Handbook is considered highly influential in how refugee adjudication should be approached, even if its clauses are not, in and of themselves, law in Canada. The following comment about how the task of refugee status determination should be approached is instructive: "Since the examiner’s conclusion on the facts of the case and his personal impression of the applicant will lead to a decision that affects human lives, he must apply the criteria in a spirit of justice and understanding and his judgement should not, of course, be influenced by the personal consideration that the applicant may be an “undeserving case”."

## References

* ↑ UNHCR, UNHCR Intervention before the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the case between C, KMF, BF (Applicants) and Director of Immigration, Secretary for Security (Respondents) (31 January 2013) para 74 http://www.refworld.org/docid/510a74ce2.html accessed 6 January 2019.
* ↑ Azadeh Dastyari, Daniel Ghezelbash, Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures, International Journal of Refugee Law, eez046, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez046
* ↑ Canadian Council for Refugees v R, 2007 FC 1262 (CanLII), [2008] 3 FCR 606, par. 208, <http://canlii.ca/t/1tz0l#par208>, retrieved on 2020-03-22 (decision overturned at the Federal Court of Appeal on other grounds).
* ↑ UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020], para. 202.