# Levantine Arabic/Printable version

The current, editable version of this book is available in Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection, at
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic

# Pronunciation
## Consonants

| Letter(s) | Romanization | IPA | Pronunciation notes |
| أ إ ؤ ئ ء | ' | [ʔ] | glottal stop like in uh-oh |
| ق | ' g | [ʔ] [g] | glottal stop (urban accent) "hard g" as in get (Jordanian, Beduin) |
| ع | ʕ | [ʕ] | voiced throat sound similar to "a" as in father, but with more friction |
| ب | b | [b] | as in English |
| د | d | [d] | as in English |
| ض | ḍ | [dˤ] | emphatic "d" (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark) |
| ف | f | [f] | as in English |
| غ | ġ | [ɣ] | like Spanish "g" between vowels, similar to French "r" |
| ه | h | [h] | as in English |
| ح | ḥ | [ħ] | "whispered h", has more friction in the throat than "h" |
| ج | j | [dʒ] or [ʒ] | "j" as in jump or "s" as in pleasure |
| ك | k | [k] | as in English |
| خ | ḵ | [x] | "ch" as in Scottish loch, like German "ch" or Spanish "j" |
| ل | l | [l] | as in English |
| م | m | [m] | as in English |
| ن | n | [n] | as in English |
| ر | r | [r] | "rolled r" as in Spanish or Italian; "r" is emphatic unless: - followed by the vowel "e" or "i" - followed by no vowel but preceded by the long vowel "i" |
| س ث | s | [s] | as in English |
| ص | ṣ | [sˤ] | emphatic "s" (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark) |
| ش | š | [ʃ] | "sh" as in sheep |
| ت | t | [t] | as in English |
| ط | ṭ | [tˤ] | emphatic "t (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark) |
| و | w | [w] | as in English |
| ي | y | [y] | as in English |
| ز ذ | z | [z] | as in English |
| ظ | ẓ | [zˤ] | emphatic "z" (constricted throat, surrounded vowels become dark) |

### Formal MSA words

Some letters preserve the original sound in usually formal words from [[w:Modern Standard Arabic].
| Letter(s) | Romanization | IPA | Pronunciation notes |
| ذ | ḏ | [ð] | voiced "th" as in this |
| ق | q | [q] | guttural "k" pronounced further back in the throat |
| ث | ṯ | [θ] | voiceless "th" as in think |

### Additional sounds in loanwords

Some sounds that don't exist in Arabic are rendered as follows:
| Letter(s) | Romanization | IPA | Pronunciation notes |
| ج غ ك | g | [g] | "hard g" as in get |
| ب | p | [p] | "p" as in pen |
| ف | v | [v] | "v" as in vat |

## Vowels
### Short vowels

| Sign | Romanization | Environment | IPA | Pronunciation notes |
| ـَ (Fatḥa) | a | near emphatic consonant | [α] | as in got (American pronunciation) |
| ـَ (Fatḥa) | a | elsewhere | [a~æ] | as in cat |
| ـِ (Kasra) | e / i | before/after ḥ or ʔ | [ɛ] | as in get |
| ـِ (Kasra) | e / i | elsewhere | [e] or [ɪ] | as in kit |
| ـُ (Ḍamma) | o / u | o / u | [o] or [ʊ] | as in full |
The difference between the short vowel pairs "e" and "i" as well as "o" and "u" is not phonemic. The vowel quality is usually "i" and "u" in stressed syllable.
Stressed "i" and "u" merge in North Levantine. They usually become "i", but might also be "u" near emphatic consonants. Syrian tends to pronounce both of them as schwa [ə].

### Long vowels

| Letter(s) | Romanization | Environment | IPA | Pronunciation notes |
| ـَا | ā | near emphatic consonant | [αː] | as in father |
| ـَا | ā | elsewhere | [aː~æː] | as in can |
| ـَا | ā | Imāla in North Levantine | [ɛː~eː] | as in face, but plain vowel |
| ـَي | ē | any | [eː] | as in face, but plain vowel |
| ـَي | ē | in open syllable in Lebanese | /ay/ | as in price or in face |
| ـِي | ī | ī | [iː] | as in see |
| ـَو | ō | any | [oː] | as in boat, but plain vowel |
| ـَو | ō | in open syllable in Lebanese | /aw/ | as in mouth or in boat |
| ـُو | ū | ū | [uː] | as in food |
The long vowel "ā" is pronounced similar to "ē" or even merge to "ē" in North Levantine, when it's not near an emphatic or guttual consonant.
The long vowels "ē" and "ō" have envolved form the MSA diphthongs "ay" and "aw". Those diphthongs are preserved in open syllables in Lebanese.

### Final vowels

Vowels in word final position are shortened. As result more short vowels are distinguished.
| Letter(s) | Romanization | Environment | IPA | Pronunciation notes |
| ـَا ـَى ـَة | a | near emphatic consonant | [α] | as in got (American pronunciation) |
| ـَا ـَى ـَة | a | elsewhere | [a~æ] | as in cat |
| ـَا ـَى | e | Imāla in North Levantine | [ɛ~e] | as in get, but closed vowel |
| ـِة | e | e | [e] | as in get, but closed vowel |
| ـِي | i | i | [i] [e] (Lebanese) | as in see, but shorter merged to "e" in Lebanese |
| ـُه | o | o | [o] | as in lot, but closed vowel |
| ـُو | u | u | [u] [o] (Lebanese) | as in food, but shorter merged to "o" in Lebanese |

### Helping vowels

Helping vowels are optionally inserted in order to simplify pronunciation. They might be marked in romanization as superscript vowels "e" and "o".
The helping vowel is "e" most of the time, but usually "o" if the preceding (usually stressed) syllable has the vowel "o" or "u".
Helping vowels are typically inserted in the following cases:
* Before an initial cluster of two consonants, if the preceding word or prefix doesn't end in vowel
* Between a final cluster two consonants, if the following word or suffix doesn't start with a vowel
* After the first consonant in a cluster of three consonants
* After the second consonant in a cluster of four consonants
* Geminated (doubled) consonants are pronounced as a single consonant if they precede another consonant

## Stress

The stress in Levantine Arabic can be predicted. It might be marked as bold vowel in romanization.
* If the last syllable superheavy (long vowel + final consonant or vowel + final consonant cluster), it takes the stress.
* Else, if the second last syllable is heavy (long vowel or vowel + final consonant) or superheavy, it takes the stress.
* Else, the third last syllable takes the stress, or the first syllable in shorter words.
* Prefixes as well as Hamza al-Waṣl (initial vowel that disappears if the preceding word ends in a vowel) are ignored.

# Negation
## Yes and no

| | Default meaning | Reply to a negative question |
| أيوه 'aywa إيه 'ē (N) / آه 'ā (S) نعم naʕam (formal) | yes | no (agreement) |
| لأ la' | no | yes (contradiction) |
| مبلا mbala | - | yes (contradiction) |

## Negation of verbs

Verbs are negated with the particle ما (ma) preceding the verb and the optional suffix ـش‎ (-š).
| | Examples | Commonly used in | Notes |
| mā + verb | ما كتب ma katab (“he didn't write”) ما بعرف ma baʕref (“I don't know”) | the whole Levant | - the particle ma is stressed |
| ma + verb + -š | ما كتبش ma katab-š ما بعرفش ma baʕref-š | Jordan, Palestine | - ma is unstressed, the stress of the verb is shifting - same form as in Egyptian Arabic |
| verb + -š | بعرفش baʕref-š | Palestine | - ma is unstressed, the stress of the verb is shifting - only used with non-past forms (present, subjunctive) |

### Imperative

In order to negate the imperative, the subjunctive form is used.
| | Verb form | Example |
| Positive | Imperative | نسى nsā (North) إنسى 'insa (South) |
| Negated | Subjunctive | ما تنسى ma tinsa ما تنساش ma tinsā-š / تنساش tinsā-š لا تنسى la tinsa (formal) |

### Pseudo verbs

Pseudo verbs like بدّ (bidd-, “want”) and عند (ʕind-, “to have”) are negated with the partile ما (ma) as well, but usally without the suffix ـش‎ (-š).
* Example
* ما بدّي يّاه ma biddi yyā (“I don't want it”)

## Negation of nouns, adjectives etc.

Nouns, adjectives, adverbs and partiples are negated with the preceding particle مش (miš, in the South sometimes pronounced “muš”) or مو (mu, only in Syria).
As modal verbs like لازم (lāzem, “must”) and ممكن (mumken, “may”) are technically adverbs, they are negated the same way as well.
While particles preceding verbs like عم (ʕam, progressive marker) and رح (raḥ, future marker) are usually negated like verbs (see above), they can be negated with مش (miš/muš) as well.

# Personal pronouns

In Levantine Arabic, pronouns can appear either as independent words or as suffixes, depending on their function.

## Standalone forms

Standalone pronouns are used as subject preceding the verb. When used without a verb the meaning of "to be" is implied.
The pronouns can be omitted when the person is obvious by the conjugation of the verb.
| | Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
| 1st person (I, we) | أنا 'ana | أنا 'ana | نحنا / إحنا niḥna (North) 'iḥna (South) |
| 2nd person (you) | إنت 'inta | إنتي 'inti | إنتو 'intu |
| 3rd person (he, she, they) | هو huwwe | هي hiyye | هن / هنن / هم hinne / hinnen (North) humme (South) |

## Suffix forms

Suffix pronouns have different functions, depending on what kind of word they are attached to:
* Show possession if attached to nouns
* Object if attached to verbs or prepositions
* Subject if attached to conjunctions
| | Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
| 1st person (me, my, us, our) | ـي / ـني -i -y (after vowel) -ni (after verb) | ـي / ـني -i -y (after vowel) -ni (after verb) | ـنا -na |
| 2nd person (you, your) | ـك -ak -k (after vowel) | ـك -ek -ki (after vowel) | ـكن / ـكم -kon (North) -kom (South) |
| 3rd person (him, his, her, them, their) | ـه -o silent after vowel | ـا / ـها -(h/w/y)a (North) -ha (South) | ـن / ـهم -(h/w/y)on (North) -hom (South) |
Some suffix pronouns have a different pronunciation if they are attached to a word ending in a vowel.
The suffix of the 1st person singular has a different form when attached to verb.
The suffix of the 3rd person masculine singular is silent after a vowel, but it has effect on the stress and vowel length.

### Examples (South Levantine)

| | | Nouns, prepositions, conjuctions | Nouns, prepositions, conjuctions | Nouns, prepositions, conjuctions | Nouns, prepositions, conjuctions | Verbs | Verbs |
| | | Consonant | Consonant | Tāʼ marbūṭah | Vowel | Consonant | Vowel |
| Example | Example | بدّ bidd | صاحب ṣāḥeb | مدرسة madrase | أبو 'abu | شفت šuft | شفتي šufti |
| 1st | singular | بدّي bidd-i | صاحبي ṣāḥb-i | مدرستي madrast-i | أبوي 'abū-y | شفتني šufᵉt-ni | شفتيني šuftī-ni |
| 1st | plural | بدنا bid-na | صاحبنا ṣāḥeb-na | مدرستنا madraset-na | أبونا 'abū-na | شفتنا šufᵉt-na | شفتينا šuftī-na |
| 2nd | masculine | بدّك bidd-ak | صاحبك ṣāḥb-ak | مدرستك madrast-ak | أبوك 'abū-k | شفتك šuft-ak | شفتيك šuftī-k |
| 2nd | feminine | بدّك bidd-ek | صاحبك ṣāḥb-ek | مدرستك madrast-ek | أبوك 'abū-ki | شفتك šuft-ek | شفتيك šuftī-ki |
| 2nd | plural | بدكم bid-kom | صاحبكم ṣāḥeb-kom | مدرستكم madraset-kom | أبوكم 'abū-kom | شفتكم šufᵉt-kom | شفتيكم šuftī-kom |
| 3rd | masculine | بدّه bidd-o | صاحبه ṣāḥb-o | مدرسته madrast-o | أبوه 'abū | شفته šuft-o | شفتيه šuftī |
| 3rd | feminine | بدها bid-ha | صاحبها ṣāḥeb-ha | مدرستها madraset-ha | أبوها 'abū-ha | شفتها šufᵉt-ha | شفتيها šuftī-ha |
| 3rd | plural | بدهم bid-hom | صاحبهم ṣāḥeb-hom | مدرستهم madraset-hom | أبوهم 'abū-hom | شفتهم šufᵉt-hom | شفتيهم šuftī-hom |

# Questions
## Interrogative pronouns

| مين mīn | who |
| لمين la-mīn | whose |
| شو šū إيش 'ēš (South) | what |
| لشو la-šu | for what |
| ليش lēš | why |
| أيّ 'ayy أنو 'anū (masc.) أني 'anī (fem.) | which |
| إيمتى 'ēmta | when |
| وين wēn | where |
| لوين la-wēn | where to |
| من وين min wēn منين mnēn | where from |
| كيف kīf شلون šlōn (Syria) | how |
| قدّيش 'addēš | how much |
| كم kam | how many |
| كل قدّيش kull/kill 'addēš كم مرّة kam marra | how often |
In Lebanese the variants ليه (lē, “why”), قدّيه ('addē, “how much”) and إمتى ('imta, “when”) are also common, which are shared with Egyptian Arabic.

## Yes-no questions

In order to turn a statement into a simple yes-no questions, the intonation is rising at the end of the sentence.

# Verbs
## Tenses

| Tense | Example | Example | Usage |
| past tense | عمل ʕimel | he did / he has done | |
| subjunctive | يعمل yaʕmel | he ... (to) do | - after another verb or pseudo-verb - after conjuctions introducing the subjunctive |
| present tense | بيعمل byaʕmel | he does / he is doing | - general facts - habitual or recurring actions - ongoing actions (instead of present progressive) - future actions (instead of future tense) |
| progressive | عم يعمل ʕam yaʕmel | he is doing | - ongoing actions (not for verbs of motion) |
| future tense | رح يعمل raḥ yaʕmel حيعمل ḥa-yaʕmel | he will do | |
| imperative | عمول ʕmōl (N) بيعمل 'aʕmel (S) | do! | |

### Participles

| Participle | Example | Example | Usage |
| active participle | عامل ʕāmel | (is) doing | - ongoing actions for verbs of motion - current state for verbs of perception |
| passive participle | معمول maʕmūl | (is) done | - expressing the passive voice |

### Compound tenses

| Formation | Example | Example |
| كان (kān) + past tense | كان عمل kān ʕimel | he had done |
| كان (kān) + subjuctive كان (kān) + active participle | كان يعمل kān yaʕmel كان عامل kān ʕāmel | he used to do / he was doing |
| كان (kān) + progressive | كان عم يعمل kān ʕam yaʕmel | he was doing |
| كان (kān) + future tense | كان رح يعمل kān raḥ yaʕmel | he was going to do |

# Verbs/Subjunctive
## Formation

The stem of the subjunctive is usally formed by changing the vowels of the past tense 3rd person singular. It can be predicted for form II-X verbs, however it must be learned for form I verbs.
The given form is the 3rd person singular with the prefix “y-”, other persons are derived from it.
Note that any stressed “i” in an emphatic environment can become “u” in North Levantine.
| Form | Type | Stem vowel(s) | Past | Subjunctive |
| I | regular | a → a | فتح fataḥ | يفتح yiftaḥ |
| I | regular | a → i | مسك masak | يمسك yimsik |
| I | regular | a → u | درس daras | يدرس yidrus (N) / yudrus (S) |
| I | regular | i → a | فهم fihim | يفهم yifham |
| I | regular | i → i (rare) | عرف ʕirif | يعرف yaʕrif, yiʕrif |
| I | defective | i (N) / a (S) → i | حكي ḥiki (N) / حكى ḥaka (S) | يحكي yiḥki |
| I | defective | i → a | نسي nisi | ينسى yinsa |
| I | defective | a → a (rare) | قرا 'ara | يقرا yi'ra |
| I | hollow | a → i | جاب jāb | يجيب yjīb |
| I | hollow | a → u | شاف šāf | يشوف yšūf |
| I | hollow | a → a (rare) | نام nām | ينام ynām |
| I | geminate | a → i | حسّ ḥass | يحسّ yḥiss |
| I | geminate | a → u | حطّ ḥaṭṭ | يحطّ yḥuṭṭ |
| I | geminate | a → a (rare) | ضلّ ḍall | يضلّ yḍall |
| II / Iq | regular | a → a-i | علّم ʕallam | يعلّم yʕallim |
| II / Iq | defective | a → a-i | خلّى ḵalla | يخلّي yḵalli |
| III |
| IV (rare) |
| V / IIq |
| VI |
| VII |
| VIII |
| IX (rare) |
| X |

## Future tense
# Verbs/Present
## Conjugation

The present tense (also called b-imperfect) is formed by adding the prefix بـ (b-/bi-) to the subjunctive form.
The b-prefix is pronounced “b-” if the subjunctive prefix is stressed and “bi-” if its unstressed, resulting in the following conjugation:
| Person | Person | Pronoun | Stressed | Stressed | Unstressed | Unstressed |
| 1st | sg | أنا I | بفهم | bi-fham (N) ba-fham (S) | بجيب | b-jīb (N) ba-jīb (S) |
| 1st | pl | نحنا / أحنا we | منفهم | mni-fham | منجيب | min-jīb |
| 2nd | m | إنت you (m) | بتفهم | bti-fham | بتجيب | bit-jīb |
| 2nd | f | إنتي you (f) | بتفهمي | bti-fham-i | بتجيبي | bit-jīb-i |
| 2nd | pl | إنتو you (pl) | بتفهمو | bti-fham-u | بتجيبو | bit-jīb-u |
| 3rd | m | هو he | بيفهم / بفهم | byi-fham (N) bi-fham (S) | بجيب | bi-jīb |
| 3rd | f | هي she | بتفهم | bti-fham | بتجيب | bit-jīb |
| 3rd | pl | هن / هم they | بيفهمو / بفهمو | byi-fham-u (N) bi-fham-u (S) | بجيبو | bi-jīb-u |
* North and South Levantine differ in the 1st person singular (I) and 3rd person masculine (he) and plural (they).
* When the prefix is stressed, the South Levantine 3rd person masculine is the same as the 1st person singular in North Levantine.
* The 2nd person masculine (you) and 3rd person feminine (she) share the same form.
* In the 1st person plural (we) the prefix becomes assimilated resulting “mn-/min-”, however some speakers pronounce it as “bn-/bin-”.

## Present progressive

The present progressive is formed by the particle عم (ʕam) followed by either the subjunctive or present tense of the verb, depending on the region and personal preference.
It is used to emphasize an ongoing action. It's usage is less frequent as in English, as the present tense itself can be used instead.
The present progressive is not used with verbs of motion, where the active participle is used instead.

# Greetings
## Greetings

The response is usually different than the greeting itself.
| Phrase | Phrase | Phrase | Responses | Responses | Responses |
| هلا! / يا هلا! | hala! / yā hala! | Hi! (informal) | - | - | - |
| مرحبا! | marḥaba! | Hello! | مرحبتين! | marḥabtēn! | Two hellos! |
| مرحبا! | marḥaba! | Hello! | مراحب! | marāḥeb! | Many hellos! |
| أهلا! / أهلا وسهلا! | 'ahlan! / 'ahla w-sahla! | Welcome! | أهلين! | 'ahlēn! | Two welcomes! |
| أهلا! / أهلا وسهلا! | 'ahlan! / 'ahla w-sahla! | Welcome! | أهلان فيك! | 'ahlan fīk(i)! | Welcome to you! |
| السلام عليكم! | as-salāmu ʕalēkom! | Pease be upon you! (muslim greeting) | وعليكم السلام! | wa-ʕalēkom is-salām! | Upon you be peace! |
| صباح الخير! | ṣabāḥ il-ḵēr! | Good morning! | صباح النور! | ṣabāḥ in-nūr! | Morning of the light! |
| مسا الخير! | masa l-ḵēr! | Good evening! | مسا النور! | masa n-nūr! | Evening of the light! |

## Goodbye

| Phrase | Phrase | Phrase | Responses | Responses | Responses |
| باي! / يلّا باي! | bāy! / yalla bāy! | Bye! (informal) | - | - | - |
| بخاترك! | b-ḵātrak/ek! | Goodbye (Leaving person) “With your permission!” | مع السلامة! | maʕ is-salāme! | Goodbye (Remaining person) “Go safely!” |
| مع السلامة! | maʕ is-salāme! | Goodbye (Remaining person) “Go safely!” | الله يسلّمك! | 'alla ysallmak/ek! | Goodbye (Leaving person) “May God keep you safe!” |
| تصبح على خير! | tiṣbaḥ ʕala ḵēr! | Good night! “May you morning on goodness!” | تلاقي الخير! | tlā'i l-ḵēr! | “May you encounter goodness!” |
| تصبح على خير! | tiṣbaḥ ʕala ḵēr! | Good night! “May you morning on goodness!” | وإنت من أهله! | w-'inta/i min 'ahlo! | |

# Adverbs
## Degree

| شويّ šwayy | a litte, a bit |
| كتير ktīr | very |
| أنجق 'anja' / بالكاد bil-kād | hardly, barely |
| عالآخر ʕal-'āḵer / عالخالص ʕal-ḵāles | totally, extremely |
| لألله la-'alla | “to Allah” |

## Frequency

| دايمًا dāyman | always |
| كتير مرّات ktīr marrāt | often |
| مرّات marrāt | sometimes |
| عادةً ʕādatan / بالعادة bil-ʕāde | usually, normally |
| قليل ما 'alīl-ma | seldom, rarely |
| بالمرّة bil-marra / أبدًا 'abadan | never, not at all (negated phrase) |

## Modality

| يمكن yimken / بلكي balki | maybe, perhaps |
| أكيد 'akīd / بالتأكيد bit-ta'kīd | certainly, definitely, for sure |
| طبعًا ṭabʕan / بالطبع biṭ-ṭabᵉʕ | of course, naturally |

## Time

| هلّا halla / halla' (most common), هسّا hassa (South) regional: هلقيت hal'ēt (Jerusalem), إسّا 'issa (Galilee) | now |

# Countries
## Phrases

| Masculine | Feminine | Translation |
| إنت من وين؟ 'inta min wēn? من وين إنت؟ min wēn 'inta? | إنتي من وين؟ 'inti min wēn? من وين إنتي؟ min wēn 'inti? | Where do you come from? |
| أنا من الأردن 'ana min il-'urdon | أنا من الأردن 'ana min il-'urdon | I'm from Jordan. |
| أنا أردني 'ana 'urdoni | أنا أردنيّة 'ana 'urdoniyye | I'm Jordanian. |
| وين ساكن؟ wēn sāken? | وين ساكنة؟ wēn sākne? | Where do you live? |
| ساكن في عمّان sāken fi ʕammān | ساكنة في عمّان sākne fi ʕammān | I live in Amman. |

## Countries
### Arab countries

| Country | Country | Nationality (masculine) |
| - | Arab | عربي ʕarabi (plural without suffix) |
| الجزاير il-jazāyer / الجزائر il-jazā'er | Algeria | جزايري jazāyri / جزائري jazā'iri |
| مصر maṣr | Egypt | مصري maṣri |
| الإمارات il-'imārāt | The Emirates | إماراتي 'imārāti |
| العراق il-ʕirāq | Iraq | عراقي ʕirāqi |
| الأردن il-'urdon | Jordan | أردني 'urdoni |
| لبنان libnān (N) / lubnān (S) | Lebanon | لبناني libnāni / lubnāni |
| المغرب il-maḡreb | Morocco | مغرب maḡrebi / muḡrabi |
| فلسطين falasṭīn | Palestine | فلسطيني falasṭīni |
| السعودية is-suʕūdiyye | Saudi Arabia | سعودي suʕūdi |
| سوريا sūrya / sūriyya | Syria | سوري sūri |
| تونس tūnes | Tunesia | تونسي tūnesi |
| اليمن il-yaman | Yemen | يمني yamani |

### Americas

| Country | Country | Nationality (masculine) |
| الأرجنتين il-'arjentīn | Argentina | أرجنتيني 'arjentīni |
| برازيل brāzīl | Brazil | برازيلي brāzīli |
| كندا kanada | Canada | كنداوي kanadāwi |
| كولومبيا kōlōmbya | Colombia | كولومبي kōlōmbi |
| المكسيك il-maksīk | Mexico | مكسيكي maksīki |
| أميركا 'amērka / أمريكا 'amrīka | United States (coll.) | أميركاني 'amērkāni (plural without suffix) |

### Asia

| Country | Country | Nationality (masculine) |
| الصين iṣ-ṣīn | China | صيني ṣīni |
| الهند il-hind | India | هندي hindi |
| إندونيسيا 'indōnīsya | Indonesia | إندونيسي 'indōnīsi |
| إيران 'īrān | Iran | إيراني 'īrāni |
| اليابان il-yābān | Japan | ياباني yābāni |
| باكستان bākistān | Pakistan | باكستاني bākistāni |
| تركيا turkiyya | Turkey | تركي turki (plural: أتراك 'atrāk) |

### Europe

| Country | Country | Nationality (masculine) |
| فرنسا fransa | France | فرنساوي fransāwi |
| ألمانيا 'almānya | Germany | ألماني 'almāni (plural without suffix) |
| إيطاليا 'īṭālya | Italy | إيطالي 'īṭāli |
| روسيا rūsya / rūsiyya | Russia | روسي rūsi |
| إسبانيا 'isbānya | Spain | إسباني 'isbāni (plural without suffix) |
| بريطانيا briṭānya | United Kingdom | بريطاني briṭāni |

## Nationalities

Nationalities are formed from the country names by adding the Nisba suffix. The definite article is removed if present.
| Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
| ـي‎ -i | ـيّة‎ -iyye | ـيّين‎ -iyyīn |
Many countries end in ـيا‎ (-ya). This ending is replaced by the Nisba suffix. In many cases the plural form has no suffix at all.
Examples of deriving nationalities from countries :
| Country | Nationality | Nationality | Nationality | Case |
| Country | Masculine | Feminine | Plural | Case |
| لبنان libnān | لبناني libnāni | لبنانيّة libnāniyye | لبنانيّين libnāniyyīn | suffix added |
| الأردن il-'urdon | أردني 'urdoni | أردنيّة 'urdoniyye | أردنيّين 'urdoniyyīn | suffix added, definite article removed |
| سوريا sūrya | سوري sūri | سوريّة sūriyye | سوريّين sūriyyīn | -ya replaced by the suffix |
| ألمانيا 'almānya | ألماني 'almāni | ألمانيّة 'almāniyye | ألمان 'almān | -ya replaced by the suffix, plural without suffix |

# Colours

| Singular | Plural | |
| لون lōn | ألوان 'alwān | colour |
Basic colours are "defect" adjectives. They have a special feminine and plural form.
| Masculine | Feminine | Plural | |
| أحمر 'aḥmar | حمرا ḥamra | حمر ḥumᵒr | red |
| أصفر 'aṣfar | صفرا ṣafra | صفر ṣufᵒr | yellow |
| أخضر 'aḫḍar | خضرا ḫaḍra | خضر ḫuḍᵒr | green |
| أزرق 'azra' | زرقا zar'a | زرق zirᵉ' (N) / zurᵒ' (S) | blue |
| أسود 'aswad | سودا sōda | سود sūd | black |
| أبیض 'abyaḍ | بیضا bēḍa | بیض bīḍ | white |
Other colours are Nisba adjectives derived from nouns.
| Masculine | Feminine | |
| بردقاني burd'āni أورانج 'ōrãnj (Leb.) | بردقانية burd'āniyye | orange |
| نهدي nahdi / ليلكي lēlaki موف mōv (Leb.) | نهدية nahdiyye ليلكية lēlakiyye | purple |
| بنفسجي banafsaji | بنفسجية banafsajiyye | violet |
| زهري zahri / زهر zahᵉr | زهرية zahriyye | pink |
| بني binni | بنية binniyye | brown |
| رمادي ramādi سكني sakani (S) | رمادية ramādiyye سكنية sakaniyye (S) | grey |
| كحلي kuḥli | كحلية kuḥliyye | navy blue |
| خمري ḫamri | خمرية ḫamriyye | dark red |
| فضي fiḍḍi | فضية fiḍḍiyye | silver |
| دهبي dahabi | دهبية dahabiyye | gold |
As أرانج ('ōrãnj) and موف (mōv) are loanwords, they are invariable and don't have a feminine form.

# Clothes
## Clothes

| تياب tyāb أواعي 'awāʕi | clothes |
| توب tōb | garment, item of clothing |
| قميص 'amīṣ كنزة kanze (N) | shirt, blouse |
| بلوزة blūze | blouse |
| بنطلون banṭalōn | trousers, pants |
| صبّاط ṣubbāṭ (N) كندرة kundara (S) | shoes (pair of) |

## Washing and ironing

| غسيل ḡasīl | laundry; washing |
| نشّافة naššāfe مجفّف mjaffef (N) | clothes dryer |
| مكوى makwa مكواي mikwāy | iron |
| جحش كوي jaḥš kawi | ironing board |
| غسّالة ḡassāle | washing machine |

# Family

| عيلة ʕēle | family |

## Core family

| أب 'abb بي bayy (Leb.) | father | إم 'imm | mother |
| بابا bāba | dad | ماما māma | mom |
| أخ 'aḫḫ خي ḫayy (Leb.) | brother | إخت 'iḫt (N) أخت 'uḫt (S) | sister |
| إخوة 'iḫwe إخوات 'iḫwāt (N) | brothers; siblings | خيات ḫayyāt (N) خوات ḫawāt (S) | sisters |
| ابن ibᵉn / ولد walad | son | بنت binᵉt | daughter |
| ولاد wlād | sons; children | بنات banāt | daughters |
| أبي 'abi (Syr.) بيي bayyi (Leb.) أبوي 'abūy (S) | my father |
| أخي 'aḫi (Syr.) خيي ḫayyi (Leb.) أخوي 'aḫūy (S) | my brother |

## Grandparents and grandchildren

| جد jidd سيد sīd | grandfather | جدة jidde ست sitt | grandmother |
| جدو jiddo | grandpa | تيتا tēta | grandma |
| حفيد ḥafīd | granson; grandchild | حفيدة ḥafīde | granddaughter |
| أحفاد 'aḥfād | gransons; grandchildren | حفيدات ḥafīdāt | granddaughters |

# Numbers
## Cardinal numbers
### 0-2

The numbers one and two have a masculine and a feminine form. As the singular and dual form of the noun already imply the number, those numbers are only used with a noun in order to stress it. In that case the numbers follow the noun like an adjective.
| | | Masculine | Feminine |
| 0 | ٠ | صفر ṣifᵉr | صفر ṣifᵉr |
| 1 | ١ | واحد wāḥad | واحدة waḥde |
| 2 | ٢ | تنين tnēn | تنتين tintēn |

### 3-99

The numbers 3 to 19 have two forms as well, one used independently and one preceding a noun. The noun is plural only after the numbers 3 to 10. After numbers larger than 10 the singular is used.
| | | Independent | Before noun (attributive) |
| 3 | ٣ | تلاتة tlāte (N) talāte (S) | تلات / تلت tlāt / tlat (N) talat / tlat (S) |
| 4 | ٤ | أربعة 'arbaʕa | أربع 'arbaʕ |
| 5 | ٥ | خمسة ḫamse | خمس ḫamᵉs |
| 6 | ٦ | ستّة sitte | ستّ sitt |
| 7 | ٧ | سبعة sabʕa | سبع sabᵉʕ |
| 8 | ٨ | تمانية / تمانة tmāne (N) tamanye (S) | تمن tman / tmin (N) taman / tman (S) |
| 9 | ٩ | تسعة tisʕa | تسع tisᵉʕ |
| 10 | ١٠ | عشرة ʕašara | عشر ʕašᵉr |
| | | Independent | Before noun (attributive) |
| 11 | ١١ | حدعش/ادعش ḥdaʕš | حدعشر/ad3sh ḥdaʕšar |
| 12 | ١٢ | تنعش tnaʕš | تنعشر tnaʕšar |
| 13 | ١٣ | تلتّعش t(a)lattaʕš | تلتّعشر t(a)lattaʕšar |
| 14 | ١٤ | أربعتش 'arbaʕtaʕš | أربعتشر 'arbaʕtaʕšar |
| 15 | ١٥ | خمستعش ḫamᵉstaʕš | خمستعشر ḫamᵉstaʕšar |
| 16 | ١٦ | ستّعش sittaʕš | ستّعشر sittaʕšar |
| 17 | ١٧ | سبعتعش sabᵉʕtaʕš | سبعتعشر sabᵉʕtaʕšar |
| 18 | ١٨ | تمنتعش t(a)mantaʕš | تمنتعشر t(a)mantaʕšar |
| 19 | ١٩ | تسعتعش tisᵉʕtaʕš | تسعتعشر tisᵉʕtaʕšar |
| 20 | ٢٠ | عشرين ʕišrīn |
| 30 | ٣٠ | تلاتين t(a)lātīn |
| 40 | ٤٠ | أربعين 'arbaʕīn |
| 50 | ٥٠ | خمسين ḫamsīn |
| 60 | ٦٠ | ستّين sittīn |
| 70 | ٧٠ | سبعين sabʕīn |
| 80 | ٨٠ | تمانين t(a)mānīn |
| 90 | ٩٠ | تسعين tisʕīn |

### 100 and above

| 100 | ميّة miyye | pronounced as “mīt” before a noun |
| 200 | ميتين mītēn | dual of ميّة (miyye) |
| 300 | تلت ميّة t(a)lat-miyye | attributive form + ميّة miyye |
| 400 | أربع ميّة 'arbaʕ-miyye | attributive form + ميّة miyye |
| attributive form + ميّة miyye ||
| 1,000 | ألف 'alf | |
| 2,000 | ألفين 'alfēn | dual of ألف ('alf) |
| 3,000 | تلت آلاف t(a)lat t-ālāf | attributive form + t + آلاف (ālāf) |
| 4,000 | أربع آلاف 'arbaʕ t-ālāf | attributive form + t + آلاف (ālāf) |
| attributive form + t + آلاف (ālāf) ||
As ألف ('alf) is technically a noun, the numbers 11,000-999,000 are created with attributive form of the number followed by ألف ('alf, singular).

## Ordinal numers

| Masculine/ before noun | Feminine | |
| أول 'awwal | أولى 'ūla | first |
| تاني tāni | تانية tānye | second |
| تالت tālet | تالتة tālte | third |
| رابع rābeʕ | رابعة rābʕa | fourth |
| خامس ḫāmes | خامسة ḫāmse | fifth |
| سادس sādes | سادسة sādse | sixth |
| سابع sābeʕ | سابعة sābʕa | seventh |
| تامن tāmen | تامنة tāmne | eight |
| تاسع tāseʕ | تاسعة tāsʕa | ninth |
| عاشر ʕāšer | عاشرة ʕāšra | tenth |
| آخر 'āḫer | | last |
Ordinal numbers can either precede or follow the noun. When preceding the noun, the masculine singular form is used without the definite article.
There are no ordinal numbers above 10, instead the cardinal numer is used following the noun.
Examples:
| Before noun | After noun | |
| أول مرة 'awwal marra | المرة الأولى il-marra l-'ūla | the first time |
| – | المرة العشرين il-marra l-ʕišrīn | the 20th time |
| آخر مرة 'āḫer marra | – | the last time |

## Fractions

| Singular | Plural | |
| نص nuṣṣ | أنصاص 'anṣāṣ | half |
| تلت tilᵉt (N) / tulᵒt (S) | تلات tlāt | third |
| ربع ribᵉʕ (N) / rubᵒʕ (S) | رباع rbāʕ | quarter |
| خمس ḫimᵉs (N) / ḫumᵒs (S) | أخماس 'aḫmās | fifth |

# Time

| وقت wa'ᵉt | time |

## Units of time

| يوم yōm | إيام 'iyyām (N) / أيام 'ayyām (S) | day |
| ليلة lēle | ليالي layāli | night |
| ساعة sēʕa / sāʕa | ساعات sēʕāt / sāʕāt | hour; clock |
| دقيقة da'ī'a | دقايق da'āye' | minute |
| ثانية sānye (N) / ṯāniye (S) | ثواني sawāni (N) / ṯawāni (S) | second |
ساعة (sēʕa/sāʕa) is one of the few word that is often pronounced with "ē" even in South Levantine. I doesn't only mean "hour" but also "clock" or "watch".

## Time of the day

| نهار nhār | daytime |
| صبح subᵒḥ | morning |
| ضهر ḍuhᵒr | noon |
| بعد الضهر baʕd iḍ-ḍuhᵒr | afternoon |
| مسا masa (m) | evening |
| ليل lēl | nighttime |
| نص الليل nuṣṣ il-lēl | midnight |

## Telling time

When telling the time you literally say "the hour is" (الساعة is-sēʕa / is-sāʕa) followed by the feminine (1-2) or independent (3-12) form of the number for the hour.
The minutes can be expressed by their exact number or by a fraction (half, third, quarter) of an hour. The word for minute (دقيقة da'ī'a) is only used for numbers larger than 10.
For fraction that are nearer to the next hour, they are substracted from it using the word "except" (إلا 'illa).
Question:
| قديش الساعة؟ 'addēš is-sēʕa | What time is it? |
Examples:
| Fraction | Minutes | |
| الساعة تنتين is-sēʕa tintēn | الساعة تنتين is-sēʕa tintēn | 2:00 |
| الساعة تنتين وخمسة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamse | الساعة تنتين وخمسة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamse | 2:05 |
| الساعة تنتين وعشرة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ʕašara | الساعة تنتين وعشرة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ʕašara | 2:10 |
| الساعة تنتين وربع is-sēʕa tintēn w-rubᵒʕ/ribᵉʕ | الساعة تنتين وخمستشر دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamᵉstašar da'ī'a | 2:15 |
| الساعة تنتين وتلت is-sēʕa tintēn w-tult/tilt | الساعة تنتين وعشرين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ʕišrīn da'ī'a | 2:20 |
| الساعة تنتين وتلت is-sēʕa tintēn w-nuṣṣ | الساعة تنتين وتلاتين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-talatīn/tlātīn da'ī'a | 2:30 |
| الساعة تلاتة إلا تلت is-sēʕa talāte/tlāte 'illa tult/tilt | الساعة تنتين وأربعين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-'arbaʕīn da'ī'a | 2:40 |
| الساعة تلاتة إلا عشرة is-sēʕa talāte/tlāte 'illa ʕašara | الساعة تنتين وخمسين دقيقة is-sēʕa tintēn w-ḫamsīn da'ī'a | 2:50 |

# Date
## Days

| يوم yōm | day |
| إيام 'iyyām / أيام 'ayyām | days |
| اليوم il-yōm | today |
| مبارح mbēreḥ / mbāreḥ | yesterday |
| أول مبارح 'awwal mbēreḥ/mbāreḥ | day before yesterday |
| بكرة bukra | tomorrow |
| بعد بكرة baʕd bukra | day after tomorrow |
| بعد تلات إيام baʕd tlāt 'iyyām (N) بعد تلت ايام baʕd talatt iyyām (S) | in three days |
| قبل ... إيام 'abᵉl ... (')iyyām من ... ايام min ... (')iyyām | ... days ago |
مبارح (mbēreḥ/mbāreḥ) is one of the few words that is often pronounced with "ē" even in South Levantine.
In South Levantine the numbers have a special form before a few words including the plural form of "days" and "months". A "t" sound is added and the hamza is removed from the next word.

## Weeks

| أسبوع 'usbūʕ / جمعة jumʕa | week |
| أسابيع 'asābīʕ / جمع jumaʕ | weeks |
| هالأسبوع hal-'usbūʕ هادا/هيدا الأسبوع hāda/hayda l-'usbūʕ | this week |
| الأسبوع الجاي il-'usbūʕ il-jāy | next week (lit. "the coming week") |
| الأسبوع الماضي il-'usbūʕ il-māḍi | last week (lit. "the past week") |

## Days of the weeks

| الأحد il-aḥad | Sunday |
| التنين it-tanēn / il-ᵉtnēn | Monday |
| التلاتا il-talāta | Tuesday |
| الأربعا il-'irbʕa (N) / il-'arbʕa (S) | Wednesday |
| الخميس il-ḫamīs | Thursday |
| الجمعة il-jumʕa | Friday |
| السبت is-sabᵉt | Saturday |

## Months

In colloquial speech, the names of the months are often replaced by cardninal numbers.
| Number | Month name | |
| | شهر šahᵉr | month |
| | أشهر 'ašhor | months |
| 1 | كانون التاني kānūn it-tāni | Janurary |
| 2 | شباط šbāṭ | February |
| 3 | أذار 'azār / أدار 'adār | March |
| 4 | نيسان nīsān | April |
| 5 | أيار 'ayyār | May |
| 6 | حزيران ḥazīrān | June |
| 7 | تموز tammūz | July |
| 8 | آب 'āb | August |
| 9 | أيلول 'ēlūl | September |
| 10 | تشرين الأول tišrīn il-'awwal | October |
| 11 | تشرين التاني tišrīn it-tāni | November |
| 12 | كانون الأول kānūn il-'awwal | December |

## Seasons

| فصل faṣᵉl | season |
| ربيع rabīʕ | spring |
| صيف ṣēf | summer |
| خريف ḫarīf | autumn |
| شتا šite (N) / šita (S) | winter |

## Years

| سنة sine (N) / sane (S) | year |
| سنين snīn | years |

# Body

| جزم jizᵉm | body |

## Head

| راس rās | head |
| شعر šaʕᵉr | hair |
| وجّ wijj (Leb.) / وشّ wišš (Syr.) وجه wujᵉh (S) | face |
| جبين jbīn جبها jabha | forehead |
| منخار minḫār (N) / munḫār (S) أنف 'anᵉf | nose |
| تمّ timm (N) / tumm (S) | mouth |
| لسان lsān | tongue |
| فكّ fakk | jaw |
| دقن da'ᵉn | chin |
| Singular | Plural | |
| عين ʕēn f. | عيون ʕyūn عينين ʕīnēn (Pal.) | eye |
| حاجب ḥājeb | حواجب ḥawājeb | eyebrow |
| جفن jifᵉn | جفون jfūn | eyelid |
| رمش rimᵉs (N) / ramᵉš (S) | رموش rmūš | eyelash |
| دانة dāne (Leb.) إدن 'idᵉn f. (Syr.) دان dān f. (S) | دانين dānēn (Leb.) أدان 'adān (Syr.) دنين dinēn (S) | ear |
| خدّ ḵadd | خدود ḫdūd | cheek |
| سفّة šiffe | سفّات šiffāt | lip |
| سنّ sinn | سنان snān | tooth |

## Neck down

| رقبة ra'abe | neck |
| حلق ḥalᵉ' | throat |
| كتف kitᵉf | shoulder |
| ضهر ḍahᵉr | back |
| صدر ṣudᵉr (N) / ṣidᵉr (S) | chest, breast |
| بطن baṭn | belly, abdomen |
| صرّة ṣirra (N) / ṣurra (S) | belly button |

## Organs
# Weather
## Basic terms

| طقس/جوء | ṭaʔs/jo2 | weather |
| دنيا | dinya/dunya | world |
| كيف/شلون الطقس/الجوء اليوم؟ | kif/shlon alta2s/jo2 alyom? | How is the weather today? |
| الطقس/الجوء... | iṭ-ṭaʔs ... | The weather is ... |
| الدنيا ... | id-dinya/dunya... | It's ... |
الطقس (iṭ-ṭaqs) is followed by an adjective (hot, cold, sunny etc.).
الدبيا (id-dinya) is used as a dummy subject like “It's ...” in English. It can be followed by a verb (raining, snowing etc.), or a noun corresponding to an adjective (heat = hot, sun = sunny etc.).

## Temperature

| حرارة harāra | temperature |
| درجة daraje | degree(s) |
| درجات darajāt | degrees (after number 3-10) |
| Noun | Adjective | Adjective of feeling | |
| شوب šōb حرّ ḥarr | مشوّب mšawweb حارّ ḥārr | شوبان šōbān | hot |
| دفا dafa | دافي dāfi | دفيان dafyān | warm |
| برد bard | بارد bāred | بردان bardān | cold |
In order to express someone's sensation of the temperature, special adjectives with the ending “-ān” are used.
Examples: :
| الدنيا شوب اليوم. | id-dinya šōb il-yōm | It's hot today. |
| الشمس حارّة. | iš-šams ḥārra | The sun is hot. |
| أنا شوبان. | 'ana šōbān | I'm feeling hot. |
| قدّيش درجة/درجات الحرارة؟ | ʔaddēš darajet/darajāt il-harāra? | What's the temperature? |
| خمسة وعشرين درجة. | ḵamse w-ʕišrīn daraja | (It's) 25 degrees. |
| خمس (درجات) تحت الصفر. | ḵams (darajāt) taḥt iṣ-ṣifr | (It's) 5 (degrees) below zero. |

## The sky

| سماء sama2 | sky | Verb (past) | Verb (present) | Adjective | |
| شمش šams (f) | sun | شمّس šammas | بشمّس bišammes | مشمّس mšammes | sunny |
| غيم ḡēm | clouds | غيّم ḡayyam | بغيّم biḡayyem | مغيّم mḡayyem | cloudy |
| شتى šita (m) | rain | شتّى šatta | بشتّي bišatti | مشتّي mšatti | raining |
When used with a verb, الدنيا (id-dinya) can be omitted as long as the verb is not the only remaining word in the sentence.
States like “sunny” and “cloudy” can be expressed by verbs well, which have the meaning of “to be ...” or “to become ...”.
Examples: :
| غيّمت الدنيا. | ḡayyamat id-dinya | It's cloudy. (“The world became cloudy.”) |
| السما مغيّمة. | is-sama mḡayyme | The sky is cloudy. |
| (الدنيا) عم بتشتّي. | (id-dinya) ʕam bitšatti | It's raining. |
| شتّت مبارح. | šattat mbāreḥ | It rained yesterday. |

# House

| بيت bēt / دار dār | house, home |

## Appliances

| جلّاية jallāye | dishwasher |
| فريزر frīzar تلّاجة tallāje (N) | freezer |
| تلّاجة tallāje برّاد barrād (N) | fridge, refrigerator |
| فرن furn | oven |
| راديو rādyo | radio |
| تلفزيون talfizyōn | TV |
For appliances related to clothes (washing machine, iron etc.) see →Clothes.

## Furniture

| فرشة farše تخت taḵt | bed |
| كومودين kōmōdīn (N) كمدينا komodīna (S) | bedside table, nightstand |
| مكتبة maktabe | bookshelf |
| كرسي kursi | chair |
| خزانة ḵazāne | closet, wardrobe; cupboard |
| مكتب maktab طبقة ṭab'a (N) | desk |
| سفرة sufra (N) صفرة ṣufra (S) | dining table |
| جرور jarūr (N) جرّار jarrār (S) | drawer |
| جوارير jawārīr | chest of drawes |
| صوفا ṣōfa كنباية kanabāye | sofa, couch |
| طاولة ṭāwle | table |
| سكملة skamle | small coffee table |

## Rooms

| غرفة ḡurfe / أوضة 'ōḍa | room |
| حيط ḥēṭ / جدار jidār | wall |
| باب bāb | door |
| شبّاك šubbāk | window |
| أرض 'arḍ | floor |
| سقف sa'ef | ceiling |
| غرفة النوم ḡurfet in-nōm | bedroom |
| حمّام ḥammām | bathroom |
| غرفة السفرة ḡurfet is-sufra | dining room |
| مطبخ maṭbaḵ | kitchen |
| صالون ṣālōn غرفة القعدة ḡurfet il-'aʕde | living room |

# Verbs motion

This article is in South Levantine.
The present progressive is not used for verbs of motion. An ongoing motion is expressed by the active participle instead.

## Direction of movement

| Past tense | Past tense | Present tense | Present tense | Active participle | Active participle | English |
| راح | rāḥ | براح | birūḥ | رايح | rāyeḥ | to go; to depart |
| أجا | 'aja | بيجي | bīji | جاي | jāy | to come; to arrive |
| رجع | rijeʕ | برجع | birjaʕ | راجع | rājeʕ | to return, to go/come back |
| روّح | rawwaḥ | بروّح | birawweḥ | مروّح | mrawweḥ | to return home |
| فات | fāt | بفوت | bifūt | فايت | fāyet | to enter, to go/come in |
| دخل | daḵal | بدخل | yūdḵol | داخل | dāḵel | to enter, to go/come in |
| طلع | ṭileʕ | بطلع | biṭlaʕ | طالع | ṭāleʕ | to go/come out |
| طلع | ṭileʕ | بطلع | biṭlaʕ | طالع | ṭāleʕ | to go/come up; to get into (vehicle) |
| نزل | nizel | بنزل | binzal | نازل | nāzel | to go/come down; to get off (vehicle) |

## Way of motion

| Past tense | Past tense | Present tense | Present tense | Active participle | Active participle | English |
| مشى | maša | بمشي | bimši | ماشي | māši | to walk |
| ركض | rakaḍ | بركض | burkoḍ | راكض | rākeḍ | to run |
| ركب | rikeb | بركب | birkab | راكب | rākeb | to ride (bike, bus etc.) |
| ساق | sā' | بسوق | bisū' | سايق | sāye' | to drive (vehicle) |
| سبح | sabaḥ | بسبح | bisbaḥ | سابح | sābeḥ | to swim |
| طار | ṭār | بطير | biṭīr | طاير | ṭāyer | to fly |
| رقص | ra'aṣ | برقص | bur'oṣ | راقص | rā'eṣ | to dance |

# Verbs perception

The present tense is rarely used for verbs of perception, when they have a passive meaning (eg. “to hear”). A current perception is expressed by the active participle instead.
Some of those words can also have an active meaning (eg. “to listen”) depending on the context.
| Past tense | Past tense | Present tense | Present tense | Active participle | Active participle | English |
| شاف | šāf | بشوف | bišūf | شايف | šāyef | to see |
| تطلّع | tṭallaʕ | بتطلّع | bitṭallaʕ | - | - | to look |
| تفرّج | tfarraj | بتفرّج | bitfarraj | - | - | to look; to watch |
| سمع | simeʕ | بسمع | bismaʕ | سامع | sāmeʕ | to hear; to listen |
| حسّ | ḥass | بحسّ | biḥess | حاسس | ḥāses | to feel |
| عرف | ʔiref | بعرف | biʔref, biʔraf, byaʔref | عارف | ʕāref | to know |
| فهم | fihem | بفهم | bifham | فاهم | fāhem | to understand |

# Emotions

Many emotions can be described by a stative verb. They usually have a related adjective ending in ـان (-ān), which acts like an active participle.

## Emotions

| Past tense | Present tense | | Adjective | |
| فرح (fireḥ) | بفرح (bifraḥ) | to be happy, glad | فرحان (farḥān) | happy, glad |
| انبسط (inbasaṭ) | بنبسط (binbaseṭ) | to enjoy, have fun | مبسوط (mabsūṭ) | happy, pleased |
| حزن (ḥizen) | بحزن (biḥzan) | to feel sad | حزين (ḥazīn), حزنان (ḥaznān) | sad |
| زعل (ziʕel) | بزعل (bizʕal) | to be angry, annoyed to be upset, distressed | زعلان (zaʕlān) | angry, annoyed upset, distressed |
| - | - | - | كئيب (ka'īb) | gloomy, depressed |
| قلق ('ile') | بقلق (ni'la') | to become worried to be concerned | قلقان ('al'ān) | worried, concerned |
| خاف (ḵāf) | بخاف (biḵāf) | to be afraid, scared | خايف (ḵāyef) | afraid, scared |
| خجل (ḵijil) | بخجل (biḵjal) | to be embarrassed, ashamed | خجلان (ḵajlān) | embarrassed, ashamed |
| تحمّس (tḥammas) | بتحمّس (bitḥammes) | to be enthusiastic, excited | متحمّس (mitḥammes) | enthusiastic, excited |
| حسد (hasad) | بحسد (biḥsed) | to envy, be envious | حاسد (hāsed) | envious |
| غار (ḡār) | بغار (biḡār) | to be jealous | غيران (ḡērān) | jealous |

## The body

| Past tense | Present tense | | Adjective | |
| تعب (tiʕeb) | يتعب (bitʕab) | to become tired | تعبان (taʕbān) | tired; unwell, sick |
| نعس (niʕes) | بنعس (binʕas) | to feel drowsy, sleepy to dose, nod off | نعسان (naʕsān) | sleepy, drowsy |
| جاع (jāʕ) | بجوع (bijūʕ) | to be hungry | جوعان (jūʕān) | hungry |
| شبع (šibeʕ) | بشبع (bišbaʕ) | to become full, satisfied to become fed up | شبعان (šabʕān) | full (eating), satisfied |
| عطش (ʕiṭeš) | بعطش (biʕṭaš) | to be/become thirsty | عطشان (ʕaṭšān) | thirsty |
| برد (barad) | ببرد (bubrod) | to become cold to catch a cold | بردان (bardān) | feeling cold |
| دفي (difi) | بدفى (bidfa) | to warm up | دفيان (dafyān) | feeling warm |
| - | - | - | شوبان (šōbān) | feeling hot |

# Templates

This article lists templates used in the Levantine Arabic Wikibook