# Lombard/Auxiliary verbs

* The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography

## What are auxiliary verbs?

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used to construct compound tenses of verbs as already explained with regard to tenses. Compound tenses are constructed by placing the auxiliary verb conjugated in the corresponding simple tense before the past participle.
There are two possible auxiliary verbs: vesser and havé. The auxiliary verb is vesser (►conjugation) for the majority of intransitive verbs or in reflexive, passive or impersonal form, havé (►conjugation) for transitive verbs in the non-impersonal active form and for some of the intransitive verbs. The following paragraphs show the conjugations of auxiliary verbs in the simple tenses in Milanese and Bergamasque dialects, for the other dialects, please refer to the consultation of the Lombard language dictionary:
* vesser (conjugation)
* havé (conjugation)
In many dialects, for the construction of the passive form, the verb vegnì (►conjugation) can replace the verb “vesser”.
The verb andà with the meaning of “to have to be” / “to need to be” (+ past participle) is used similarly to auxiliary verbs, but only in the finite modes excluding the imperative.
If the auxiliary verb is “vesser” and the subject is plural, the past participle must also be plural. If the auxiliary is “havé” the past participle is always used in the singular.

## Vesser
### Milanese dialect

Vesser :
| | Present indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Presente subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Conditional | Present imperative |
| Mi | son(t) | seri | saroo | sia | fudess / fudessi / fussi / fuss | sariss / saria / sariss | - |
| Ti te | see(t) | seret | saree(t) | siet | fudesset / fusset | sarisset / sariet | siet! |
| Lu l' /lee l' | è | era | sarà | sia | fusset | sariss / saria | sia! |
| Nun | sem | serom | sarèm | siom / siev | fudessom / fussom | sarissom /sariom | sèm! |
| Vialter | sii | serov | sarii | siov / siev | fudessov / fussov | sarissov / sarissov | siov! |
| Lor (i) | inn | eren | sarann | sien | fudessen / fussen | sarissen / sarien | sien! |
| infinitive | gerund | past participle |
| vesser | essend(o) | stad |
* ↑ the “t” is put berfore a vowel
* ↑ the “t” is put berfore a vowel
* ↑ the “t” is put befeore a vowel
* ↑ the “o “ is euphonic, it is placed when it is requested by phonetics

### Bergamasque dialect

Vesser :
| | Present indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Conditional | Present imperative |
| Me | sò | sere / sive | saroo | sies / sees | foeuss / foeudess | saress | - |
| Te ta | see(t) | seret / sivet | saree(t) | siet | foeus / foeudes | saresset | ??? ! |
| Lu l' /lee la l' | è | era / iva | sarà | sies / sees | foeuss / foeudess | saress | sia! |
| Noter an | sè | era / iva | sarà | sies / sees | foeuss / foeudess | saress | sè! |
| Vialter | sii | siref / sief | sarii | siev / sighev | foeussev / foeudessev | saressev | siev! |
| Lor i | è | era | sarà | sies / sees | foeuss / foeudess | saress | sies /sees! |
| infinitive | gerund | pasta participle |
| vesser | - | stacc |
* ↑ the “t” is put before a vowel
* ↑ the “t” is put before a vowel
* ↑ gerund doesn’t exist in bergamasque dialect

## Havé
### Milanese dialect

Havé :
| | Present indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Conditional |
| Mi | hoo | havevi | havaroo | habia | havessi | havariss / havaria / havarissi |
| Ti te | hee(t) | haveva | havaree(t) | habiet | havesset | havarisset / havariet |
| Lu l' /lee l' | ha | haveva | havarà | habia | havess | havariss / havaria |
| Nun | hem | havevom | havarèm | habiom | havessom | havarissom / havariom |
| Vialter | havii / hii | havevov | havarii | habiov | havessov | havariov / havarissov |
| Lor (i) | hann | haveven | havarann | habien | havessen | havarissen / havarien |
| infinitive | gerund |
| havé | havend(o) |
Talking about auxiliary verbs, indicating the the imperative and the past participle of the verb "havé" is not necessary, they exist when the verb to have is used in the form "havégh" with the meaning of "to possess" but they never serve when the verb " havé" plays the role of an auxiliary verb.
* ↑ can be abbreviated to "heri"
* ↑ the “t” is pu8t before a vowel
* ↑ the “t” is put before a vowel
* ↑ the “o “ is euphonic, it is placed when phonetics requires it
Attention: In Lombard the verb "havé" in the pure form is used only as an auxiliary verb. The verb "havé" when instead used with the meaning of “to possess” must be preceded by the particle “ghe” (or "ga " depending on the dialect) for the indicative, subjunctive and conditional moods and imperative (excluding 2nd person singular) or followed by the same particle “-gh” (or -ga depending on the dialect) in the form of a suffix in the remaining cases. (example: present tense: mi gh'hoo, ti te gh'heet, lu el gh'ha...; imperative habigh tì, gh'habia lu ....; infinitive havégh)

### Bergamasque dialect

Hì / Hvì :
| | Present indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Conditional |
| Me | hoo | hive / here | havaroo | habie | hess | havress |
| Te ta | hee(t) | hivet / heret | avaree(t) | habiet | hesset | havresset |
| Lu l' /lee l' | ha | hiva / hera | havarà | habie | hess | havress |
| Noter an | ha | hiva / hera | havarém | habie | hess | havress |
| Vus | hii | hivev / hiref | havarii | habieghev | hessev | havressev |
| Lor i | ha | heva / hera | havarann | habie | hess | havress |
| infinitive | gerund |
| hi / hvi | - |
It is not necessary to indicate the imperative and the past participle of the verb "hì", they exist only when the verb is used in the form "hìga / hvìga" with the meaning of "to possess". Unlike western Lombard, in Bergamasque dialect, as in all eastern Lombard dialects, the verb as an auxiliary is still used in the form "hvìga" / "hìga" (corresponding to "havégh" in western Lombard), i.e. with the particle "ghe".
* ↑ la “t” si mette prima di vocale
* ↑ la “t” si mette prima di vocale
* ↑ gerund doesen't exist in Bergamasque dialect