OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horticulture/Macrosteles facifrons

Aster Leafhopper :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Macrosteles facifrons |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Simple |
| Diseases vectored: | Aster Yellows, viruses |
The Aster Leafhopper is a small Hopper that feeds on a wide range of hosts, primarily in the Composite family, Asteraceae.

## Description

Green with bright red stripes.

## Symptoms and Signs

Stippling from feeding, but more importantly vectoring Aster Yellows.

## Host plants

* Ambrosia
* Apium
* Aster
* Avena
* Brassica
* Centaurea (Bachelor’s Buttons)
* Chenopodium
* Chrysanthemum
* Cichorium
* Citrullus
* Coreopsis
* Cosmos
* Cucumis
* Cucurbita
* Datura
* Daucus
* Dendranthema
* Echinacea (Coneflower)
* Galium
* Helianthus
* Helichrysum
* Hordeum
* Lactuca (Lettuce)
* Linum
* Lycopersicon
* Matricaria
* Papaver (Poppy)
* Phlox
* Plantago
* Poa
* Polygonum
* Rudbeckia
* Salvia (Sage)
* Scabiosa (Pincushion)
* Solanum
* Solidago
* Sonchus
* Spinacia
* Stellaria
* Tagetes
* Thlaspi
* Triticum
* Vicia
* Viola
* Zinnia

## Control

* Barriers: Row covers
* Alternate hosts: Extremely difficult to control through alternate hosts, due to the vast host range.
# Horticulture/Lunaria annua

Honesty :
| Binomial: | Lunaria annua |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Type: | Biennial |
Annual Honesty (Lunaria annua) is a tall (height about 1 m), hairy-stemmed Biennial plant found throughout Europe. It has large, pointed oval leaves with marked serrations. The common name "Honesty" arose in the 16th century, and it may be due to the translucent seed-pods which are like flattened pea-pods and borne on the plant through winter. In South-East Asia, it is called the Money Plant, because its seed pods have the appearance of silver coins.
# Horticulture/Lycopersicon

Tomatoes :
| Genus: | Lycopersicon ( Solanum) |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Pest issues: | Several |
| Disease issues: | Many |
| Pollination: | Insects, primarily Bumblebees. |
Lycopersicon is a genus which included tomatoes and some species of nightshades. First removed from the genus Solanum by Philip Miller in 1754, its removal leaves the latter genus paraphyletic, so modern botanists usually accept the names in Solanum. The name Lycopersicon is still used by gardeners, farmers, and seed companies.
* Lycopersicon cerasiforme (Cherry tomato) is now Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme
* Lycopersicon esculentum and Lycopersicon lycopersicum (tomato) are now Solanum lycopersicum
* Lycopersicon peruvianum is now Solanum peruvianum
* Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Currant Tomato) is now Solanum pimpinellifolium

## Pests and diseases

Wilt and Blight:
* Phytophthora capsici
# Horticulture/Papaipema nebris

Stalk Borer :
| Binomial: | Papaipema nebris |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Complete |
| Damaging stages: | Larval |
| Generations per year: | 1-2 |
The Common Stalk Borer, Papaipema nebris, is a pest of a very wide range of host plants.

## Description

Caterpillars are brown with a white dorsal stripe, primarily living inside the stalks or twigs of host plants, but migrating between hosts as they grow. Adults are gray moths.

## Symptoms and Signs

Tunnelling of stalks and twigs.

## Ecology

Overwintering as pupae in weedy areas. More problematic in no-till systems, since plowing under provides good control.

## Host plants

* Acer
* Alcea
* Ambrosia
* Asparagus
* Aster
* Bellis
* Beta
* Catalpa
* Calendula
* Capsicum
* Centaurea (Bachelor’s Buttons)
* Chrysanthemum
* Cirsium
* Cucumis
* Dahlia
* Delphinium
* Dendranthema
* Fragaria (Strawberry)
* Fraxinus
* Gladiolus
* Gossypium
* Hordeum
* Iris (Iris)
* Lilium
* Lycopersicon
* Medicago
* Monarda
* Paeonia
* Phaeseolus
* Phlox
* Pisum
* Poa
* Prunus
* Rheum (Rhubarb)
* Ribes
* Rosa
* Rubus
* Rudbeckia
* Salix
* Salvia (Sage)
* Sambucus
* Secale
* Solanum
* Spinacia
* Verbena
* Zea
* Zinnia

## Control

* Cultural controls: Control weedy hosts, plowing or tilling.

## References

* University of Vermont Extension, EL 187
* North Carolina State University
* Penn State University
# Horticulture/Pest Profiles

* Slugs
* Snails
# Horticulture/Pest Control Methods

This is a template of sorts...

## Barriers

Barriers prevent the pest from reaching the plant. It is mostly installed by pest control professionals. Termite treatment barrier is the most common form of pest barrier according to www.suburbanpest.com.au.

## Repellents

Repellents are chemicals (or plants containing those chemicals) that make the pest avoid the plant.

## Physical removal

Physical removal means removing the pests by hand, crushing them, blasting them with water, vacuuming them up, etc.

## Trap crops

Trap crops are plants that the pest prefers over the plants you are trying to protect.

## Poisons

Poisons are chemicals that kill the pest. Most poisons are specific.
# Horticulture/Pest Repellents

Pest repellents keep pests away from plants (or in some cases people or pets), without necessarily being lethal to the pest.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# Horticulture/Paulownia tomentosa

Princess Tree :
| Binomial: | Paulownia tomentosa |
| Type: | Large tree |
Paulownia tomentosa (also known as the Empress Tree, Princess Tree or Foxglove Tree; pao tong 泡桐 in Chinese) is a deciduous flowering tree native to central and western China, but invasive in the US .

## Description

It grows to 10-25 m tall, with large heart-shaped to five-lobed leaves 15-40 cm across, arranged in opposite pairs on the stem. On young growth, the leaves may be in whorls of three and be much bigger than the leaves on more mature growth (image comparing large and small trees). The characteristic large size of the young growth is exploited by gardeners : by pollarding the tree and ensuring there is vigorous new growth every year, massive leaves are produced (up to 60cm across). These are popular in the modern style of gardening which uses large-foliaged and "architectural" plants. The flowers are produced before the leaves in early spring, on panicles 10-30 cm long, with a tubular purple corolla 4-6 cm long resembling a foxglove flower. The fruit is a dry egg-shaped capsule 3-4 cm long, containing numerous tiny seeds. The seeds are winged and disperse by wind and water. Pollarded trees do not produce flowers, as these only form on mature wood.

## Growing Conditions

Paulownia tomentosa can survive wildfire because the roots can regenerate new, very fast-growing stems. It is tolerant of pollution and it is not fussy about soil type. For this reason it functions ecologically as a pioneer plant. Its nitrogen-rich leaves provide good fodder and its roots prevent soil erosion. Eventually, Paulownia is succeeded by taller trees that shade it. It cannot thrive in the shade of other trees.
The soft, lightweight seeds were commonly used as a packing material by Chinese porcelain exporters in the 19th century, before the development of polystyrene packaging. Packing cases would often leak or burst open in transit and scatter the seeds along rail tracks. This, together with seeds released by specimens deliberately planted for ornament, has allowed the species to become an invasive weed tree in areas where the climate is suitable for its growth, notably Japan and the eastern United States.

## Uses

In China, an old custom is to plant an Empress Tree when a baby girl is born. The fast-growing tree matures when she does. When she is eligible for marriage the tree is cut down and carved into wooden articles for her dowry, and carving the wood of Paulownia is an art form in Japan and China.

## References

* ↑ Tom Remaley (2006-06-27). "Princess tree". Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group Least Wanted.
# Horticulture/Permaculture

In the late 20th Century, permaculture started to become used as a design tool by gardeners and farmers as a way to ecologically design gardens. Permaculture had 3 main guiding design ideas:
* Care for all the people.
* Care for the planet.
* Pass on any surplus created in a system. For example, if a wall retains heat, pass on the heat to a plant that needs it; if a plant provides shelter, place it on a wall that needs cooling.

## See also

* Permaculture design
# Horticulture/Persicaria

Smartweeds :
| Genus: | Persicaria |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Type: | Annuals and perennials |
| Light requirements: | Full sun to part shade |
| Weediness: | Weedy |
Smartweeds are a group of plants in the genus Persicaria, which are usually encountered either as wildflowers or as weeds of lawns and gardens. The majority are annuals.

## Description

Plants in this genus have swollen nodes and alternate, simple, spearhead-shaped leaves. The small flowers are held above the foliage on spikes, and are either pink or white. Flowers are borne from late spring through mid autumn, the seeds are likewise white or pink. Plants can be prostrate or bushy, depending on growing conditions and species.

## Ecology

Smartweeds can be aggressive weeds of lawns and gardens, walkways, and patios, growing in both rich and poor soils.

## Uses

Like buckwheat (which is closely related), the smartweeds can be used as a cover crop or green manure source, though self-seeding can become a nuisance if the plants are not mowed down before the seeds mature.
Some species and varieties are also grown as ornamental plants.

## Control

* Pulling: Weeds are easy to pull, however they often root at the nodes when growing along the ground. Stems break away easily, and they will regrow from the crown.
* Pre-emergents (organic): Corn Gluten Meal
* Pre-emergents (synthetic): Pre-emergent herbicides are quite effective.
* Systemic herbicides (synthetic): Contact herbicides can be used, but this will not prevent reseeding.
* Disposal: Plants should not be added to cold compost systems if flowers and/or seeds are present.
# Horticulture/Pest Barriers

Pest Barriers are used in the garden to keep pest animals away from plants. Barriers include everything from electric fences (for large animals) to row covers (for flying insects) to kaolin sprays.
This page is a stub entry in Horticulture. Please see the Manual of Style for guidelines on how to expand it.
# History of video games/Platforms/Halcyon
## History

RDI was a small company based out of Carlsbad, California. The company was headed by Rick Dyer, and had prior experience in the industry, most notably producing Don Bluth's milestone laserdisk arcade game Dragon's Lair.
The Halcyon was set to release in 1985 with the voice controlled console costing either $2,500, or $2,100 and the non-voice enabled console costing $1,800. Though the produced consoles were never sold at retail, up to ten Halcyon consoles exist from kits sent to investors. RDI projected their own first year sales to be 25,000 units sold, though it is impossible to say if this would have actually occurred had the console actually launched.

## Technology

The Halcyon used an 8-bit Z80B CPU clocked at 6 megahertz and had 64 kilobytes of RAM.
The Halcyon could interpret 200 words.

## Released games

* Thayer's Quest
* NFL Football LA Raiders vs SD Chargers

## External Resources

* Video Game Kraken - Halcyon by RDI video systems page.
* Handheld Museum - RDI Halcyon page.

## References

* ↑ Allison, Fraser; Carter, Marcus; Gibbs, Martin (March 2020). "Word Play: A History of Voice Interaction in Digital Games". Games and Culture. 15 (2): 91–113. doi:10.1177/1555412017746305. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
* 1 2 Corporation, Bonnier. Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
* ↑ "10 Crazy Things You Never Knew About Dragon's Lair". TheGamer. 2020-04-20. https://www.thegamer.com/crazy-things-never-knew-dragons-lair/.
* ↑ "RDI Video Systems". Wikipedia. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
* 1 2 Rochefort, Simone de (1 March 2018). "More than a machine: The history of Halcyon" (in en). Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/videos/2018/3/1/17063348/halcyon-rare-console-history. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
* 1 2 "After the prototype PlayStation: six more obscure games consoles" (in en). the Guardian. 7 July 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/07/prototype-nintendo-playstation-obscure-games-consoles-snes-cd.
* ↑ "MGs Game Take: The True Holy Grails of Video Game Hardware - "The Majors" - Beyond the Mind's Eye - Thoughts & Insights from Marriott_Guy". www.rfgeneration.com. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
* ↑ Television Digest, with Consumer Electronics. Television Digest, Incorporated. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
* ↑ "Home Page". Video Game Console Library. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
* 1 2 "Halcyon (console)". Wikipedia. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/Genesis Nomad
## History
### Development

The Genesis Nomad was originally the Sega Venus, which kept the naming scheme Sega had been using at the time.

### Launch

The Genesis Nomad was released in October of 1995 in North America, a development on the previous Japanese Mega Jet which was a portable Mega Drive without a built in screen.

### Legacy

The Genesis Nomad sold about one million units in North America, the only area where it was released. Around the end of 1996 the Genesis Nomad was discontinued.
The Genesis Nomad is typically either classified as a fourth generation console, or a fifth generation console. The classification of fourth generation console is typically used when viewing the system as a Sega Genesis that happens to be portable, and thus should be in the same generation. The classification of fifth generation console is used when observing its capabilities as a handheld in relation to other handheld systems of the era, which more closely match with fifth generation systems. Chronologically the console was either launched very late in the fourth generation, or rather early in the fifth generation. As a result of these factors, this console tends to be categorized differently under different points of view.

## Technology

The Genesis Nomad has a 3.25" passive matrix LCD which uses composite video internally and tends to ghost.
The Genesis Nomad takes six AA batteries, which can power the Genesis Nomad for about two to three hours.
The Nomad audio is powered by a YM3438 chip and has a single speaker for mono audio, though it has a headphone jack.

## Game Library

The Nomad is essentially a portable Sega Genesis, and plays standard North American region Genesis games. Add on devices like the 32X do not work with the Genesis Nomad.

## Gallery
### Console

* Nomad bottom. The Control 2 Port allows for a second player to connect a controller.
* Nomad top, showing AV out port, game cartridge port, DC in, and power toggle.

### Internals

* Rare for a handheld, the Genesis Nomad contains a high voltage warning.
* The backlight for the Genesis Nomad LCD.
* The PCB still refers to "Venus" instead of the Nomad.

## References

* ↑ "Sega Shows Old Handheld Prototype Publicly For The First Time". Kotaku. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
* 1 2 3 Life, Nintendo (5 November 2014). "Hardware Classics: The Sega Genesis Nomad". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "The 10 Worst-Selling Handhelds of All Time Feature on GamePro.com". web.archive.org. 13 October 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
* ↑ Zell-Breier, Sam (16 October 2020). "There was a Sega Genesis handheld and you probably didn't realize it". Looper.com. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
* 1 2 3 Linneman, John (13 May 2018). "DF Retro: Revisiting Sega's Nomad - the original Switch?". Eurogamer. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "USB-powered Sega Nomad gives you near-endless game time". Engadget. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
* ↑ "Someone Fixed The Genesis Nomad's Biggest Problem". Kotaku. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Huawei Tron
## History

The Huawei Tron was announced in January 2014, coincidentally immediately following the removal of the ban of gaming consoles in China. The system was demonstrated at CES 2014, and was said to have a price point of around $120. However, the console was never released, and is assumed to be vaporware.
Misinformation about the console was common, with many suggesting the console played PS3, Nintendo DS, and PC games.

## Technology

Early demonstration units were based on a NVIDIA Tegra 4 SOC, though the NVIDIA K1 was considered. The system had 2 gigabytes of RAM. The system had either 16 or 32 gigabytes of storage space. This storage could be expanded with a MicroSD card slot, located on the bottom of the unit.
The system ran Android 4.2.3.
The console had a USB 3.0 port. The Tron had also had radios for Wi-Fi ac and Bluetooth 3.0.
The console drew 12 volts of DC power at 2 amps.
The console had a uniquely styled circular motif, including a circular touchpad on the controller. Planned case colors included white and black.
A model number of TRON MediaQ 560 was assigned to the device.

## Games

* Dead Trigger 2
* Red Blade

## References

* ↑ "China's TCL throws hat into nation's emerging console gaming market" (in en). PCWorld. 28 January 2014. https://www.pcworld.com/article/2091980/chinas-tcl-throws-hat-into-nations-emerging-console-gaming-market.html.
* 1 2 Osawa, Juro (13 January 2014). "Huawei Pushes into Living Room With Game Console". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-31962.
* 1 2 "Huawei Unveils Android-Based Tron Game Console" (in en). PCMAG. https://www.pcmag.com/news/huawei-unveils-android-based-tron-game-console.
* ↑ "List of microconsoles". Wikipedia. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
* 1 2 3 "Can Huawei's Android Console Play PS3 Games? Chinese Media Think So" (in en-us). Kotaku. https://kotaku.com/can-huaweis-android-console-play-ps3-games-chinese-me-1500072093.
* 1 2 "Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem". www.techinasia.com. https://www.techinasia.com/first-chinese-game-console-huawei-tron.
* 1 2 3 4 "Huawei’s Tron Android gaming console, hands-on with China’s answer to Ouya". SlashGear. 8 January 2014. https://www.slashgear.com/huaweis-tron-android-gaming-console-hands-on-with-chinas-answer-to-ouya-08312429/.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 McEntegart, Jane (January 13, 2014). "Huawei Tron: Hands-on With a Tegra 4 Android Console" (in en). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/huawei-tron-console,25720.html.
* ↑ Savov, Vlad (8 January 2014). "Huawei's Tron console will let you kill Android zombies on the cheap" (in en). The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/8/5288576/huaweis-tron-android-console-hands-on.
# History of video games/Platforms/HyperScan
## History

Mattel previously released the Intellivision in 1980, and did not make a proper console following it for some time.
The HyperScan was demonstrated at San Diego Comic-Con in 2006. Prior to release there was some skepticism about the console, mostly concerned with the console trying to do too many things at once.
The HyperScan was released in 2006 and cost $69.99 with an X-Men game and six associated cards as a pack in. A two player value pack was also available, which contained two controllers.
The HyperScan was discontinued in 2007.

## Technology
### Compute

The HyperScan is powered by a 32-Bit Sunplus SPG290 system on a chip clocked at 108MHz.
The HyperScan had 16MB of DDR DRAM.

### Storage

Games were stored on UDF CD-ROMS, with 96 Byte 13.56MHz RFID cards serving as save devices.

## Game library

* X-Men
* Ben 10
* Interstellar Wrestling League
* Marvel Heroes
* Spider-Man

## Gallery
### HyperScan Console

* Console front, showing controller ports and power button.
* Console rear, with USB and Power In.
* HyperScan with IO cable.
* HyperScan open, with disk tray closed.
* HyperScan open, with disk tray open.

### HyperScan Internals

* HyperScan Motherboard
* HyperScan Motherboard

## Trivia

The HyperScan processor belongs to the same family of SunPlus processors commonly used in plug n play and clone consoles such as the Vii.

## External Resources

* Video Game Kraken - Matell Hyperscan page.

## References

* ↑ "HyperScan RFID-Enabled Game Console" (in en). Tom's Hardware (The Editors of Tom's Hardware). July 26, 2006. https://www.tomshardware.com/picturestory/213-hyperscan-rfid-enabled-game-console.html.
* ↑ Schiesel, Seth (20 July 2006). "It’s a Game, It’s a Toy, It’s Mattel’s Big Gamble (Published 2006)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/20/arts/20matt.html.
* ↑ "The Most Unusual Video Game Consoles" (in en). PCMAG. https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-most-unusual-video-game-consoles. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
* 1 2 "Hyperscan™ Video Game System". m.service.mattel.com. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
* 1 2 3 "Industry First Hybrid Video Gaming System Launches for Tweens -- New HyperScan(TM) Game System Combines Card Collecting and Video Gaming to Create All New Category of Play" (in en). www.businesswire.com. 20 July 2006. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20060720005749/en/Industry-First-Hybrid-Video-Gaming-System-Launches-for-Tweens----New-HyperScan-TM-Game-System-Combines-Card-Collecting-and-Video-Gaming-to-Create-All-New-Category-of-Play. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
* ↑ "Card Games - Mattel HyperScan". retrostuff. 31 December 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
* 1 2 "Mattel Hyper Scan - Game Console - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
* ↑ "SunPlus: The biggest chip company you've never heard of". Retrieved 1 November 2020.
* 1 2 "HYPERSCAN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT". Retrieved 25 October 2020.
* ↑ "SunPlus: The biggest chip company you've never heard of". Retrieved 1 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/HG Series
## History
### Background

The HG501 and the HG503 were handheld gaming consoles used in the US prison system. The HG503 cost $35.

### Development

These consoles were developed by Clear-Tunes.

## References

* ↑ "The PRISON ISSUED Game Console". Retrieved 18 September 2021.
* ↑ "What will it be like to play games in prison?". https://electrodealpro.com/what-will-it-be-like-to-play-games-in-prison/.
* ↑ "Fascinating Look at HG-501 and HG-503, Two Prison-Issue Game Consoles for Inmates". TechEBlog. 31 December 2021. https://www.techeblog.com/hg501-hg503-prison-issued-game-console/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Hasbro P-O-X
## History

1 million units were sold in the test market phase. The system was to cost $25 US Dollars.

## Technology

An RF protocol was used for system communication.

## References

* ↑ "P-O-X by Hasbro – The Video Game Kraken". http://videogamekraken.com/p-o-x-by-hasbro.
* ↑ Goldman, Abigail (20 February 2001). "Hasbro Hopes Virus-Killing Game, Pox, Is Infectious". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-20-fi-27670-story.html.
* ↑ Nardi, Tom (6 July 2022). "Hacking The RF Protocol Of An Obscure Handheld Game". Hackaday. https://hackaday.com/2022/07/06/hacking-the-rf-protocol-of-an-obscure-handheld-game/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Hasbro Toaster VR
## History
### Development

The Toaster VR was under development from 1992 to 1995 with an expected launch in 1996.

### Legacy

Hasbro spent millions of dollars developing the Toaster VR before deciding to cancel the project.
The Hasbro Toaster VR is remembered as a potentially industry changing product that was not launched in favor of safer bets in the market.

## Technology

The Hasbro Toaster VR would have been a 3D oriented system.
An unspecified VR system being made by Hasbro at the time, potentially the Toaster, used three ARC cores for processing.

## References

* ↑ "Hasbro Toaster VR [Cancelled 1992 Virtual Reality Console] - Unseen64". Unseen64: Beta, Cancelled & Unseen Videogames!. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* 1 2 "Your Engineering Heritage: The Long Road to Consumer Virtual Reality, Part II". IEEE-USA InSight. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
* ↑ "VR Shop - Hasbro Toaster Review - Buy Now, UK". The VR Shop. 17 December 2015.
* ↑ . https://www.eetimes.eu/arc-from-3d-game-chips-to-licensable-risc-processor/.
* ↑ Hamill, Jasper (26 September 2018). "Secrets of lost Nintendo console revealed by British gaming pioneer" (in en). Metro. https://metro.co.uk/2018/09/26/secrets-of-lost-nintendo-console-revealed-by-british-gaming-pioneer-who-led-its-design-7980023/.