OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Practical Electronics/Circuits Analysis/Kirchhoff laws

Kirchhoff laws were invented to describe the voltage and current relationship in an electric circuit. These laws are: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
These are terms used specifically in Kirchhoff laws
Node: Node or junction is a point in the circuit where two or more electrical elements are connected. This specifies a voltage level with a reference node in a circuit. (See K1, K2)
Branch: The continuous conducting path between two junctions which contains electrical element in a circuit is referred as branch. (k1 have branches R1-R3 / R1-U2)
Loop: In an electrical circuit a loop is an independent closed path in a circuit that follows the sequence of branches in such a way that it must start and ends with same node and it shouldn’t touch any other junction or node more than once. (See the path of M1 and M2)
Mesh: In an electrical circuit mesh is a loop that doesn’t contain any other loop in its interior. (See M1 , M2)

## Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of currents at any node is zero. Thus the current entering at a node must be equal to sum of current out of the node.
The "general" formulae is $I1+I2=I3+I4+I5$ ,
(Note: The number of currents at note does not necessary amount to 5, maybe less or more)
where I1 and I2 refers to current entering at a node
and
I3 ,I 4 and I5 refers to current exiting at a node

## Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed path is equal to zero that is the sum of source voltages is equal to the sum of voltage drops in a circuit. If the current flows from higher potential to lower in an element, then we consider it as a voltage drop.
If the current flows from lower potential to higher potential, then we consider it as a voltage rise. Thus, the energy dissipated by the current must be equal to the energy given by the power supply in an electric circuit.
There are no general formula of Kirchoff's Voltage Law but based on examples shown, the formula can be described as : $V=V_{R1}+V_{R2}+V_{R3}$
# Practical Electronics/Circuits Analysis
## Circuit Analysis

The resistors and inductors were both using the same formula when they are connected in the circuits See: Parallel and Series Connection

## R.L,C Components

Below is the summary of the three components R , L , and C
    ComponentsSymbolVoltage VCurrent IReactance XImpedance Z ResistorR$V=IR$$I={\frac {V}{R}}$0Z = R CapacitorC$V={\frac {1}{C}}\int Idt$$I=C{\frac {dV}{dt}}$$X={\frac {1}{\omega C}}/_{-}90={\frac {1}{j\omega C}}={\frac {1}{sC}}$$Z=R+X=R+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}$ InductorL$V=L{\frac {dI}{dt}}$$I={\frac {1}{L}}\int Vdt$$X=\omega L/_{-}90=j\omega L=sL$$Z=R+X=R+j\omega L$

## Series Circuit

With three components R, L, C, connected in series we have the following circuits
* Series RC
* Series RL
* Series LC
* Series RLC

## Parallel Circuit

With three components R, L, C, connected in parallel we have the following circuits
* Parallel RC
* Parallel RL
* Parallel LC
* Parallel RLC

## Filters

* Low Pass Filter
* High Pass Filter
* Band Pass Filter

## Oscillators

* Sin Wave Oscillator
* Decreasing Sin Wave Oscillator
* Standing Wave Oscillator
# Practical Electronics/Binary-coded Decimal

Binary-coded Decimal or BCD is a way of representing a decimal number as a string of bits suitable for use in electronic systems. Rather than converting the whole number into binary, BCD splits the number up into its digits and converts each digit to 4-bit binary.
Thus, for example, 345 becomes
This is 3 digits longer than the real binary equivalent of 345, 101011001, but it has several advantages:
* It can easily be used to drive displays, as each digit is encoded separately.
* It allows easy conversion to decimal; true binary to decimal conversion is difficult and gets increasingly difficult as the number gets longer.
* It allows easy scaling by factors of 10
It also has disadvatages:
* It is difficult to perform arithmetic operations (such as adding) on BCD numbers, as it is not as easy to recognise carries, etc.
* It is longer than true binary, and so require more storage space.
Converting binary number (example: 255 is 11111111 binary) to binary-coded decimal (reads as 10, 101,101) can be done by dividing by 10 (decimal). The remainder is the digit starting at the ones place, and the quotient is to be divided by 10 again and the quotient would be the next digit. This step repeats until the quotient is 0. In this example:
To convert from binary-coded decimal to binary, have each "digit" multiplied by 10$^x$ where X is the place value (0 for ones, 1 for tens, 2 for hundreds...) and add all of them all up (2*10$^2$)+(5*10$^1$)+(5*10$^0$) = 255.

## ICs

Several ICs are available to handle BCD counting:
* 4028 - BCD-to-decimal decoder
* 4029 - BCD/true-binary counter
* 4510 - BCD decade counter
* 4511 - BCD 7-segment display driver

## See Also

* Binary
* Hexadecimal
* Decimal-Binary Conversion
* BCD Multifunctional Modular Counter
# Practical Electronics/Bipolar Transistors/NPN Transistor

An NPN Transistor is made by joining one Positive-Typed Semiconductor in between two Negative-Typed Semiconductors. A Semi Conductor device that has three legs Base, Collector, and Emitter forming a bi-junction, namely BE and BC junctions
An NPN Transistor has this symbol. The emitter leg has the arrow pointing outwards.
# Radium SmartChain/Transmission BitTorrentClient RansomWare
## Mac users still impervious to malware? Think again.

On March 7th, the first MAC ransom-ware was discovered on a recent update to the Transmission BitTorrent Client. The malicious software was downloaded 6,500 times before it was uncovered that it was not the real file version. Apple as well as Transmission have since released the correct file update and are now assisting all of the affected community members with removing the malware.

## One-Click Verify Can Help

The Radium Smart-Chain is focusing on assisting open-source groups with securing the distribution of their software. If the Transmission software check-sums were registered on the Smart-Chain, all community members downloading the software could have utilized the One-Click Verify application to get an instant confirmation that the file was malicious.
One-Click Verify does direct comparisons of target file check-sums against the unalterable stored check-sums, which the developing organization publishes on the Radium Smart-Chain.
In this case, 6,500 users could have been spared the terror and frustration of having to remove this malware. The release article does not suggest how many users paid the ransom, but at $400 each One-Click would have been worth the small time investment for Transmission.

## Get Your Files Published!

To the Transition team or any other group reading this, contact Project Radium for details on getting your Check-sums published to the Smart-Chain.
You can read the whole article here: http://www.macrumors.com/2016/03/07/transmission-malware-downloaded-6500-times/
# Radium SmartChain/verify a file

Registered Radium SmartChain users have the ability to publish their files' checksums to the SmartChain to allow their community a fault tolerant, integrity assured solution to safely downloading shareware.
The Smart-Chain acts as an open global repository of all registered Open Source Organizations (OSO's) shareware check-sums, which the organizations voluntarily published for their users. This process is intended to somewhat automate the file integrity verification process, there by providing easy access to PC security best practices and end user productivity benefits.

## Verifying a File Checksum on the SmartChain - Walkthrough

Description: Verifying a file on the SmartChain does not consume any Radon or Radium and can be done on a guest account if you do not have a registered SmartChain ID. Open-Source Organization community members can also request the "One-Click Verify" approach be integrated into their organization's main download page to avoid needing to open the application all together. For this example we will demonstrate the process and the output you will generate with a valid file checksum verification, as well as an invalid file verification.
1.) Start on the "Prove Something" tab in the SmartChain application and select "Check Who Owns a File".
2.) A window will appear, and you should then click on "Select File". This will open a file explorer window and allow you to navigate and select the file you wish to verify.

### Positive Verification Results

3a.) Upon locating the file, select "Open" on the file explorer window, and you will see this output.

### Negative Verification Results

3b.) Upon locating the file, select "Open" on the file explorer window, and you will see this output if the file does not match any published file checksums on the SmartChain.

## Important Note

Just because a the verification process provides a negative result does not mean the file is malicious, it simply indicates that the original file has not been published to the SmartChain. Also, just because a file verification provides a positive result, do not assume that file is the most recent version available.
Organizations will be responsible for making sure the most recent versions are published, we believe there is an opportunity for the community to contribute and keep things updated and allow the SmartChain to be as effective as possible and always be the go-to source for Open-Source file integrity verification.
Please reach out to someone in the Project Radon Slack Channel with any issues or questions!
Guide created by SmartChain user boardwalk, feel free to donate RADS if this was useful. XyTKQq3JLPH8ZAY1rKucK1xJenLZEJUZ3E
# Radium SmartChain/SmartChain Verify Docs
## Overview

SmartChain Verify allows you to verify any downloadable file with as little as: copy, paste, click. This documentation will cover the usage of SmartChain Verify, the SmartChain Verify API, and the application of SmartChain Verify Links.

## Usage

To use SmartChain Verify, simply enter a direct download link. A direct download link is a link to a file download which does not go through redirects or any other interruptions.
If you forget the http/https prefix of the link, SmartChain Verify will attempt to fix the link. While it is likely that SmartChain Verify will be able to fix the link, it is recommended to include the proper prefix to avoid any undesired results.

## Registering a File

Please use the below tutorial for registering a download on SmartChain Verify.

### How to record a file on the SmartChain
## Link/Button Utility

If you would like to provide a SmartChain Verify download link to a file that you host for your users, you may use the following utility:

## API
### Base URL:

https://api.verify.software/api?url=

### CURL Example:

{"message": "File successfully verified by a verified user.", "code": 0, "data": {"username": "tm2013", "verified": true, "title": "radiumd-1.4.2.1.exe", "timestamp": 1467084970, "timestamp_utc": "2016-06-28 03:36:10", "user_verified": true, "block": 558321}, "error": false}

### Python Example

{"message": "File successfully verified by a verified user.", "code": 0, "data": {"username": "tm2013", "verified": true, "title": "radiumd-1.4.2.1.exe", "timestamp": 1467084970, "timestamp_utc": "2016-06-28 03:36:10", "user_verified": true, "block": 558321}, "error": false}
# Radium SmartChain/Transmission BitTorrent Ransomware Case
## Mac users still impervious to malware? Think again.

On March 7th, the first MAC ransom-ware was discovered on a recent update to the Transmission BitTorrent Client. The malicious software was downloaded 6,500 times before it was uncovered that it was not the real file version. Apple as well as Transmission have since released the correct file update and are now assisting all of the affected community members with removing the malware.

## One-Click Verify Can Help

The Radium Smart-Chain is focusing on assisting open-source groups with securing the distribution of their software. If the Transmission software check-sums were registered on the Smart-Chain, all community members downloading the software could have utilized the One-Click Verify application to get an instant confirmation that the file was malicious.
One-Click Verify does direct comparisons of target file check-sums against the unalterable stored check-sums, which the developing organization publishes on the Radium Smart-Chain.
In this case, 6,500 users could have been spared the terror and frustration of having to remove this malware. The release article does not suggest how many users paid the ransom, but at $400 each One-Click would have been worth the small time investment for Transmission.

## Get Your Files Published!

To the Transition team or any other group reading this, contact Project Radium for details on getting your Check-sums published to the Smart-Chain.
You can read the whole article here: http://www.macrumors.com/2016/03/07/transmission-malware-downloaded-6500-times/
# Radium SmartChain/Record A Text Note
## Recording a SmartChain Text Note

This tutorial begins assuming you have the SmartChain (version 2.4) downloaded and installed already with a connected wallet and a registered username. You will also need Radon to support the Publishing of the Text Note - the current rate is 1 Radon per 40 bytes of text. For information regarding registration or obtaining Radon, please visit the [Registration Walkthrough] and the [Radium Decay Walkthrough]
1.) Open the SmartChain and select your username. Then select the "Prove Something" Button as circled below, which brings you to the Known Text Notes Screen shown in Step 2.
2.) Select the "Secure Text Note in Blockchain" and the "Craft Your Text Note" Window will appear.
3.) The Text Note window will auto-populate your username as the publishers name. You can apply a title for your text note and fill out the text note you need recorded. Once you have your note crafted to your liking, you can run the built-in Cost Calculator to get an idea of the exact cost and compression ratio that will be applied to your note. When you are satisfied with your note and costs, select "Place in Blockchain!"
4.) Two confirmation windows will appear. One is to confirm the title and the user you are acting as, and the other is to confirm the costs that are going to be applied to the balances of your SmartChain user account. These are your last chances to review your entries before publishing to the SmartChain. Please review closely.
5.) Upon submission the note will not immediately show up in the SmartChain. As previously noted, it runs 4 blocks behind the Radium Blockchain so you will need to wait a few minutes for your text note to appear. When it appears you can inspect the published text note and select "View Document" to review the published note.
6.) Inspecting the note shows the exact time and date of the recording, as well as the User who recorded it, what block of the SmartChain the note was published in, and the exact text that was entered.
Please reach out to someone in the Project Radon Slack Channel with any issues or questions!

## Notes

The SmartChain functionality is undergoing rapid development at the moment and the steps of this guide may change or be slightly altered. If you see any discrepancies please notify the project group in the Project Radium Slack channel so we can make the appropriate updates.

## FAQ

For questions about installing the SmartChain and registering a username, please visit this page: Radium SmartChain/registration walkthrough
For questions about decaying Radium into Radon, please visit this page: Radium SmartChain/Radium Decay Tutorial
Guide created by SmartChain user boardwalk
# Radium SmartChain/oneclickverify

One Click Verify is a decentralized open-source information security tool to verify file check-sums against the published check-sums added to the Radium Smart-Chain by software providers. The Smart-Chain acts as an open global repository of all registered Open Source Organizations (OSOs) file check-sums, which are voluntarily published by their respective organizations. This process is intended to help automate the file integrity verification process, thereby providing easy access to PC security best practices and increase end user productivity.

## How to use the Radium SmartChain One-Click Verify Application

To download the One-Click Verify application please visit our Bitcoin Talk Announcement page. There is a working version for Windows and Ubuntu (nautilus being the main requirement), but the Python script should work for any distribution.
1.) First, download the One-Click Verify application for the desired operating system.
2.) Execute the installer and select install on the next window prompt.
3.) Select the desired location for the install and confirm it.
4.) When the install is complete you will receive this message.
You can now One-Click Verify any file that is published onto the Radium SmartChain.

## Verifying a file with One-Click.

(NOTE: To see the functionality in action, simply right click any file available for download on a webpage. Since only Radium software has been published to the SmartChain, to get a positive result you should try to verify the Radium software on the ANN.)
1.) The target file to verify. For this example we will verify the One-Click verify application, since it has been published to the Smart-Chain.
2.) Right Click the target file and select "Verify File with SmartChain".
3.) Now you will see the prompt gathering the files' hash and begin to contact the SmartChain servers. You will get one of two possible results.

### Result 1: SmartChain Verification Success!

This shows a successful file checksum verification.

### Result 2: SmartChain Verification Failed!

This shows an unsuccessful file checksum verification.

## Notes

At this phase, there is a limited number of files published to the SmartChain so this functionality only produces successful results for organizations that have been vetted and registered with the SmartChain.
Please reach out to someone in the Project Radon Slack Channel with any issues or questions!
Guide created by SmartChain user boardwalk, feel free to donate RADS if this was useful. XyTKQq3JLPH8ZAY1rKucK1xJenLZEJUZ3E
# Radium SmartChain/registration walkthrough
## Radium Wallet & SmartChain User Guide

This guide was created for the Radium Community to assist with the installation and synchronization of the Radium Wallet and Radium SmartChain Clients. By the end of this walk-through, you will have accomplished these goals:
* Develop a basic understanding of what the Radium SmartChain is and the purpose it serves.
* Install Radium Wallet & Sync with the SmartChain
* Register a SmartChain username
* Switch SmartChain Users

# Registering a SmartChain Username

Description: Registering a username on the SmartChain allows for easy target account identification by name as opposed to the typical wallet address. This is done by linking your wallet addresses public key to a registered SmartChain Username.
1.) To register your username with the SmartChain, you first must have 5 Radon in your associated account address in order to submit the registration. With the Radon in the desired SmartChain address, enter the SmartChain as the user you are going to register (the picture below does not have a Radon Balance, you should have 5 Radon in order to register your SmartChain Identity.)
2.) On the next screen, select the Register button. If your address does not have enough Radon at this point, it will throw a prompt stating that. Also check out, [How to get Radon] if you have questions.
3.) A registration window will appear for you to enter the desired username and any comment you would like to add identifying the account holder. Fill these in and select Register.
4.) Confirm the Username you want to register
5.) Acknowledge and accept the cost of this procedure.
6.) Congratulations! Now you have an account on the SmartChain.
7.) If you would like to have a Verified account, send the SmartChain lead developer a PM on bitcointalk at this handle - JJ12880. He performs a manual verification and sets your account status to Verified. For now there is no vetting process for individuals on the SmartChain, but as organizations look to register they will have a more rigorous registration process to prove their identity.

## Switching Users

Description: You may need to switch users are some point, or you may want to register a second account on the SmartChain. This can be accomplished without shutting down the SmartChain Client.
1.) To Switch Users go to File > Switch Users and you will go back to the Address Selection Screen
Please reach out to someone in the Project Radon Slack Channel with any issues or questions!
Guide created by SmartChain user boardwalk, feel free to donate RADS if this was useful. XyTKQq3JLPH8ZAY1rKucK1xJenLZEJUZ3E
# Radium SmartChain/Record A File

Registered Radium SmartChain users have the ability to publish their files' checksums to the SmartChain, providing their community a fault tolerant, integrity assured solution to safely downloading their shareware.
The SmartChain acts as an open global repository of all registered Open Source Organizations (OSOs) shareware check-sums, which the organizations voluntarily published for their users. This process is intended to somewhat automate the file integrity verification process, there by providing easy access to PC security best practices and end user productivity benefits.

## Publishing a File on the SmartChain - Use Case

Description: Publishing files requires Radon and Radium of various amounts, depending on the candidate files. For this walkthrough it will be assumed that the reader has already installed the SmartChain and Radium Wallet, as well as, registered a SmartChain username. If you have not, please visit the [Registration Walkthrough] first for a head start.
1.) The first step for publishing a file on the SmartChain is to enter the SmartChain and go to the "Prove Anything" tab from the main SmartChain UI. From there select the "Prove you own a file" button.
2.) A window will pop up, choose the "Select File" button circled below to open up a browser to locate and select the file in question.
3.) Once you select the file and hit the "Open" button on the browser window, you will be presented with a window looking similar to this. At this point the file has been hashed and you should see the confirmations that you see below. Be sure that you selected the correct file, and apply an appropriate File Title, if desired. Then select the "Prove It!" button.
4.) A window will appear confirming the cost of publishing this file to the SmartChain. If you have all of the specifics correct, and accept the costs, select the "Yes" button.
5.) The file will then be compressed, and some other checks will be applied to the details before the file is then sent to the SmartChain as a SmartTransaction.
6.) After the SmartTransaction has received a minimum of 4 confirms, anyone will be able verify the origin of your file, by using [One-Click-Verify] or manually through the [Verify a File] function of the SmartChain
Please reach out to someone in the Project Radon Slack Channel with any issues or questions!
Guide created by SmartChain user boardwalk, feel free to donate RADS if this was useful. XyTKQq3JLPH8ZAY1rKucK1xJenLZEJUZ3E