OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Literary Criticism/Reading Plays

| ←Reading Novels | Literary Criticism Reading Plays | Reading Poetry→ |
The most important thing to remember when studying a play is that most plays were not written to be read but to be performed in front of an audience. It is important to pay attention not just to what is said by characters, but to whom, to who else on stage can overhear this and to how other characters would react. Also pay attention to stage directions and to implicit directions in what characters say so that you can form a mental picture of what characters are doing. Consider how characters' lines might be spoken differently by different actors and how this would affect the meaning.
A good exercise is to look at a play from the perspective of a director, a casting director, a props and scenery manager, a costume-team leader or a lighting engineer. Think about the decisions that all these different people would make in order to bring the script to life on the stage. It is very difficult to understand how plays work as theatre without having first-hand experiences of performances, so if it is at all possible, you should see a live performance of the play that you are studying. Failing this, watching film versions of the play is also helpful. Seeing more than one production is a good way to understand how different directors can interpret the same script in very different ways and will help you to start thinking about what you would do in their position.
# Literary Criticism/Reading Poetry

| ←Reading Plays | Literary Criticism Reading Poetry | Schools of Criticism→ |
Poetry is one of the oldest art forms; together with music and some religion, poetry is found in every human culture. And poetry is often found combined with music and religion in most cultures.
A pragmatic definition of poetry is that it is rhythmic speech with heightened meaning. This is, poems follow some kind of meter and the words are especially meaningful.
To understand a poem, we must appreciate its genre, its form, and its meaning.
There are many poetic genres. Each genre deals with different themes and each has different conventions that we must be aware of. Epic poetry tells stories with great deeds, often connected with war. Lyrical poetry is highly personal, focusing on the emotions of the poet from a subjective point.
A poem can take many forms. The form is determined by the rhythmic patterns of each verse, and how we put these verses together. The form of a poem gives sets the mood of the poem through the musicality that it imprints on the poem. Different languages associate certain rhythmic patterns with different moods and genres, and it is good to be aware of these.
The semantic meaning of the poem centers on its poetic image, which is achieved through descriptions and figures of speech. Rhetoric has classified many figures of speech, and understanding the most used in poetry helps to discuss the topic with others.
Also important to know is that the meaning of a poem is often indefinite. That is, there are -and if it is a good poem, should be- a multitude of interpretations from which a reader may make meaning.
# Literary Criticism/Schools of Criticism

| ←Reading Poetry | Literary Criticism Schools of Criticism | Formal Literary Criticism→ |
Schools of literary criticism are particular approaches to literary criticism.
# MCEM Part A Study Guide
## Table Of Contents
### Preparing for the MCEM

* Applying for the MCEM
* Courses for the MCEM
* Books for the MCEM
* Sample Question Banks for the MCEM

### Anatomy

* Upper Limb
* Lower Limb
* Thorax
* Abdomen
* Head and Neck
* Central Nervous System
* Cranial Nerves

### Physiology

* Basic cellular physiology
* Respiratory physiology
* Cardiovascular physiology
* Renal physiology
* Gastrointestinal physiology
* Endocrine physiology

### Microbiology
#### Part A: Principles of Microbiology

* Section 1: Natural and Innate Immunity
* Section 2: Mechanisms of Disease
* Section 3: Controlling Infection
* Section 4: Principles of Investigation
* Section 5: Principles of Immunisation

#### Part B: Specific Pathogen Groups

* Section 1: Streptococci and Staphylococci
* Section 2: Tuberculosis
* Section 3: Clostridial infection
* Section 4: Neisseria
* Section 5: Pertussis
* Section 6: Klebsiella and enterobacteriae
* Section 7: Gram-negative gastrointestinal disease
* Section 8: Legionella
* Section 9: Pseudomonas
* Section 10: Chlamydia
* Section 11: Herpes simplex and zoster
* Section 12: HIV
* Section 13: Hepatitis
* Section 14: Measles, mumps and rubella
* Section 15: Respiratory viruses
* Section 16: Gastrointestinal viruses
* Section 17: Yeasts and Fungi
* Section 18: Worms
* Section 19: Malaria
* Section 20: Final notes
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Evidence Based Medicine
## Definition of Evidence Based Medicine

"Evidence based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research."
ASSESS the patient: clinical problem or question arises from the care of the patient
ASK the question: Construct a well built clinical question derived from the case (PICO)
ACQUIRE the evidence: Select the appropriate resource(s) and conduct a search (eg. Cochrane, PUBMED)
APPRAISE the evidence: Appraise that evidence for its validity (closeness to the truth) and applicability (usefulness in clinical practice)
APPLY it to the patient: integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, patient preferences and apply it to practice

## Application of Statistics in Scientific Medical Practice

Incidence
Prevalence
Relative Risk Reduction
Absolute Risk Reduction
Numbers Needed to Treat
2x2 Table:
Sensitivity: Probability of a positive test result given the patient has the condition. A high sensitivity indicates relatively few false negatives and is useful for ruling out disease. (SnOut)
Specificity: Probability of a negative test result given the patient does not have the condition. A high sensitivity indicates relatively few false positives and is useful for ruling in disease.(SpIn)
Positive Predictive Value
Negative Predictive Value

## Principles of Critical Appraisal

Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context.

## Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Study Methodologies

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials Case-Control Cohort

## Clinical Audit

Its pretty much impossible not to mention the role of clinical audit in evidence based practice

## External Links

Bromley MCEM Statistics Lectures
# MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Sparse Matrices

A Sparse Matrix is a matrix that mostly contains zeros. In MATLAB, sparse matrices contrast regular ones in the way they are stored, such that memory is used more efficiently for matrices that are sparse.
A regular matrix can be converted to a sparse matrix using
Sparse matrices are very common in engineering purposes. This is useful for manipulation as most of the matrix has a value of 0.
# MATLAB Programming/Vector and Matrices/Special Matrices
## Special Matrices
### Matrix of ones

We can create matrix consists using the functions ones with m numbers of rows and n numbers of columns

### Matrix of zeroes

We can create matrix consists using the functions zeros with m numbers of rows and n numbers of columns

### Identity Matrices

An identity matrix is a square matrix in which each of the elements of its diagonal is a 1 and each of the other elements is a 0. An identity matrix is used for following purposes: (a) To verify whether any two given matrices are inverses of each other. A and B in examples below are inverse to one another
(b) To find the inverse of a matrix
Note 1: Not every inverse matrix can use have identity matrix Note 2: Command "eye(n)" can be used to create identity matrix in a flash, n is the size of matrix
(c) To find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Eigenvalue is defined as a scalar associated with a given linear transformation of a vector space and having the property that there is some non-zero vector which when multiplied by the scalar is equal to the vector obtained by letting the transformation operate on the vector.
Let say we have a matrix A as followed:
$\mathbf {A} ={\begin{bmatrix}1&4\\3&2\\\end{bmatrix}}.$
To find lambda, we need to know the equation for finding eigenvalue with following formula : $|A-\lambda I|=0$ But MATLAB provided a simple way to find eigenvalue using command "eig"

### Magic Square Matrices

A magic square is basically where the sum of the elements in each column and the sum of the elements in each row are the same and there are no repeating numbers. We can create a magic square use this command M=magic(n). The order n must be a scalar greater than or equal to 3 in order to create a valid magic square.
For more info, can refer to this well written Wikibooks on this topic: Puzzles/Luoshu Squares
For example , we can create a magic square with matrices 5 by 5
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Anatomy/Lower Limb
## Hip joint & gluteal region
### Muscles

| Muscle name | Action | Nerve supply |
| Gluteus maximus | Extends and laterally rotates thigh at the hip | Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2) |
| Gluteus medius | Abducts and medially rotates thigh at the hip; keeps pelvis level when opposite leg is in swing phase of walking | Superior gluteal nerve (L5+S1) |
| Gluteus minimus | Abducts and medially rotates thigh at the hip; keeps pelvis level when opposite leg is in swing phase of walking | Superior gluteal nerve (L5+S1) |
| Piriformis | Laterally rotates thigh at the hip; extends thigh from flexed position | Branches of anterior rami of S1+S2 |
Piriformis, obturator internus and quadratus femoris act synergistically around the hip joint. They:
* Stabilise the femoral head in the acetabulum.
* Laterally rotate the thigh at the hip.

### Sciatic nerve

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body, measuring 2 cm in breadth, and is the continuation of the flattened band of the sacral plexus.
It passes out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis muscle. It descends between the greater trochanter of the femur and the tuberosity of the ischium, and along the back of the thigh to about its lower third, where it divides into two large branches, the tibial and common peroneal nerves. This division may take place at any point between the sacral plexus and the lower third of the thigh.
In the upper part of its course the nerve rests upon the posterior surface of the ischium, the obturator internus and gemelli, and the quadratus femoris; it is covered by the Glutæus maximus. The course of the sciatic nerve can be indicated by a line from a point midway between the outer border of the ischial tuberosity and the posterior superior angle of the greater trochanter to the upper angle of the popliteal fossa.
The thick muscles of the gluteal region are commonly used as a site for intramuscular injection. However, care must be taken to avoid the sciatic nerve when giving such injections, as it can be accidentally damaged if care is not taken to avoid it. IM injections can be safely administered in the gluteal region well away from the sciatic nerve by:
* dividing the buttock into four imaginary quadrants, and staying within the upper outer quadrant
* drawing an imaginary line between the posterior superior iliac spine and the greater trochanter, and staying superolateral to this line
# MATLAB Programming/Vectoring Mathematics

[MATLAB Programming\|/MATLAB Programming]m]
Chapter 1: MATLAB ._.
    Fundamentals of MATLAB
    MATLAB Workspace
    MATLAB Variables
    *.mat files
Chapter 2: MATLAB Concepts
    MATLAB operator
    Data File I/O
Chapter 3: Variable Manipulation
    Numbers and Booleans
    Strings
    Portable Functions
    Complex Numbers
Chapter 4: Vector and matrices
    Vector and Matrices
    Special Matrices
    Operation on Vectors
    Operation on Matrices
    Sparse Matrices
Chapter 5: Array
    Arrays
    Introduction to array operations
    Vectors and Basic Vector Operations
    Mathematics with Vectors and Matrices
    Struct Arrays
    Cell Arrays
Chapter 6: Graphical Plotting
    Basic Graphics Commands
    Plot
    Polar Plot
    Semilogx or Semilogy
    Loglog
    Bode Plot
    Nichols Plot
    Nyquist Plot
Chapter 7: M File Programming
    Scripts
    Comments
    The Input Function
    Control Flow
    Loops and Branches
    Error Messages
    Debugging M Files
Chapter 8: Advanced Topics
    Numerical Manipulation
    Advanced File I/O
    Object Oriented Programming
    Applications and Examples
    Toolboxes and Extensions
Chapter 9: Bonus chapters
    MATLAB Benefits and Caveats
    Alternatives to MATLAB
    [MATLAB_Programming/GNU_Octave|What is Octave= (8) hsrmonic functions]
    Octave/MATLAB differences
MATLAB is a vector programming language. The most efficient use of MATLAB will involve taking advantage of the built-in capabilities for manipulating data instead of using constructs such as loops.

## Basic Math

Most arithmetic operators will work as expected on vectors:
Likewise, all of these operations can be done with matrices for the expected results.
Most MATLAB functions, such as sin or log, will return a vector or matrix of the same dimensions as its input. So to compute the sine of all the integers between 0 and 10, it suffices to run
and the returned vector will contains ten values.

## Per Element Operations

Operators such as the carrot (^) or multiplication between vectors may not work as expected because MATLAB sees vectors the same as any other matrix, and so performs matrix power and matrix multiplication. All operators can be prefixed by a . to make it explicit that an operation should be performed on each element of the matrix. For example, to compute the differences of the sine and cosine function squared for all integers between 1 and 4, one can use:
as opposed to
which results from MATLAB's attempt to square a 1x4 vector using matrix multiplication.
Using .* or ./ allows one to divide each element of a matrix or vector by the elements of another matrix or vector. To do this, both vectors must be of the same size.

## Converting Loops to Vector-based mathematics

Since MATLAB is a vector language, an artificial algorithm such as
can be done far more efficiently in MATLAB by working with vectors instead of loops:
Internally, MATLAB is of course looping through the vectors, but it is at a lower level then possible in the MATLAB programming language.
# MATLAB Programming/char

"char" is used to convert numbers and cells to character arrays, i.e. strings. It uses the standard ASCII codes. Matlab R12.1 on Windows gives the following output for this code:

### Output

Warning: Out of range or non-integer values truncated during conversion from double to character.
@import ( reference ) '@wikimedia/codex/mixins/link.less';
.my-custom-link { .cdx-mixin-link; }
# MCEM Part A Study Guide/Anatomy/Cranial Nerves

I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens VII: Facial VII: Vestibulocochlear IX: Glossopharangeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory XII: Hypoglossal
# Nursing Study Guide/Care of Haematological Needs
## Care for client with immune impairment

* Isolate client and provide gloves, gown and masks for visitors and health workers to reverse barrier (protect client)
* Prioritize care to minimize disruption to clients environment, clean procedures first.
* Use single room if CRP >15 Pressuruized room if client CRP>60
* Avoid introduced food, gifts and flowers
* Allocate daily cleaning
* Select diet with high lactobacillus and good food safety (eg no icecream because of the bacteria count)
* Eliminate fresh salads and unpeeled fresh fruits or vegetables.
* Deep breathing and coughing to avoid stagnation.
* Provide client with mask for ambulation outside room.
* Observe and protect skin (prevent breakdown)
* Observe fastidious hygiene measures and five moments of hand hygiene.
* Mouth care and disinfectant mouthwash
* Monitor IV site and Consider Central line to prevent peripheral thrombophlebitis.
* Four hourly vital signs.
* Continue until white cell count is in normal range (ANS Absolute Neutrophile count >1500 cells per microliter)
* ICNP diagnosis 10022996 Immunologic Impairment or equivalent

### References

* International Classification for Nursing Practise browser
* ICNP maps to other codes
* Australian immunization schedule
# Nursing Study Guide/Care of Endocrine Needs

The type and range of nursing intervention will depend on the gland affected. Most hormone imbalances occur as deficiency, but some as excess. Clients with hormonal problems may be suffering from severe body image distress as a result of their perceived 'deficiency'. Some clients will accept monitoring of their condition which may range from occasional blood assay to hourly pin-prick or urine testing. Nurses have a pivotal role in health screening, during assessment of clients undergoing the care of nursing services.

## Diabetes

By far the most common endocrine disorder, affecting the majority of people in retirement and over-represented in Aboriginal populations.

### Symptoms

* Polydipsia - excessive thirst
* Polyuria - excessive urine production
* Polphagia - excessive hunger and eating
Diabetes management should be deployed with concern for long term complications as well as immediate relief. Impaired circulation is a common problem for patients with diabetes. Circulatory conditions can cause tissue hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Neuropathy associated with diabetes reduces ability to sense pressure. As a result, patients with diabetes may experience trauma, especially to the feet, without realizing it. Diabetic ulcers heal more slowly because of the poor circulation. The wounds are prone to infection because of the high levels of sugar in circulation, and immunocompromise may also be present. Necrosis of the toes and feet, leading to amputation, are common enough that regular podiatrist appointments are usual.
Diabetes also leads to renal failure and glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye), leading to blindness.

### Management

Referral for diabetes education and dietetics. A cochrane study showed short term benefit from specialist diabetes nursing. There may be some benefit from Cinnamon bark

## Thyroid disease

Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disease. Excessive Thyroxine secreted by cancer is most often treated surgically, in which case hypothyroidism is the result and supplemental treatment with thyroxine required. Iodine deficiency goitre was once common in inland peasant farmers, but this is less an issue due to iodized salt and improved nutrition generally. Thyroid function Test is part of a routine medical work-up and few cases are missed in industrial societies.

### Symptoms

Thyroid hormones regulate the body metabolism and changes to this function are expected in illness
* sleep
* libido
* apetite
* activity
* mood
A Goitre is a large soft thyroid mass which forms as the body adapts, to concentrate sufficient electrolytes to manufacture adequate thyroid hormones, in response to dietary lack of Iodine. Exopthalmos is the protrusion of the eyes in Hyperthyroidism. Mood alterations are sometimes misdiagnosed as Endogenous depression or mania depending on the direction of affective deflection.

### References

* ↑ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2/abstract
Essentials of Critical Care Nursing
# Nursing Study Guide/Care of Neurosensory Needs
## Eye care

Eye care can replace the client's own reflex to blink and weep. Eye care aims to keep the exposed conjunctiva moist, preventing tissue damage.
* Observe hand-hygiene procedure.
* Explain your intentions to client, regardless of their perceptual ability to give them adequate warning.
* Use a kidney dish or absorbent material over client's cheek to catch drips.
* Use a fresh wipe for each stroke, use sterile isotonic irrigation fluid.
* Always wipe from medial (inner) to lateral (outer) eye, mimic the natural flow of tears to cleanse the eye.
Lubricants or artificial tears are commonly instilled to prevent dehydration of the conjunctiva, some preparations may require authorization by nurse practitioner or other prescriber. Common medications are anti-biotics, anti-inflammatory, anti-glaucoma drugs. Each client should have their own container where possible. Nurses should consider removing contact lenses from clients unable to perform their own eye care over a period of days to prevent conjunctivitis. In unconscious or anaesthetized clients, it is usual to nurse clients with eyes closed or taped shut. Document care on completion, including adverse findings & discard materials correctly.

## Ear Care

Permanent hearing loss occurs from long exposure to excessive noise. Ear plugs or occlusive headphones are advised for any client in a noisy activity, such as power tools or drum kit. Some clients may experience an accumulation of cerum in the external canal. Nurses should advise clients that a cerum softener may be advantageous in dislodging the 'potato'. Clients may be advised to us a gentle stream of warm water, such as tilting their own head in the shower to loosen the ear wax. It is highly dangerous to insert anything into the auditory meatus and if these measures are not successful, then a referral is required (eg. for ear syringe treatment by a suitably trained and insured practitioner). Most clients with hearing aids, or their relatives, will be able to replace the aids after nursing hygiene measures.

## Neurological observations

Consist of vital signs with Glascow coma scale (0=deceased - 15=alert), pupil and motor strength determination.
There is reliable evidence that
* The Glasgow Coma Scale can be used as an effective tool to assess neurological status and has a higher inter-rater compatibility with experienced staff.
* It is important not to take any aspect of the neurological assessment in isolation.
Joanna Briggs Institute publication JBI2150 'Neurological assessment'

## Care of unconscious client

Use a Waterlow Scale to help assess for pressure-sore risk. Jane Johnson (1994) British Journal of Nursing October 13, 1994 page 926
# Nursing Study Guide/Care of Reproductive Needs
## Sexuality in Aged Care

Contraception and Abortion
# Macroeconomics/Government Finances
## Definition of different economists

* According to Adam Smith, "Public Finances is an investigation into the nature and principles of the State revenue and expenditure".
* According to Prof. Hugh Dalton, "Public finance is one of these subjects, which line on the border line between economics to politics. It is concerned with the income and expenses of public authorities with the adjustment of one to another".
1. Government Expenditure
* ↑ Ahuja,H.L.(2004), Advanced Economics Theory, India:S Chand And Company, New Delhi.