OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Field Guide/Birds/Coal Tit

Periparus ater (Coal Tit) :
| Coal Tit | Range |
| Description ||
| The Coal Tit, Periparus ater, is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate to subtropical Eurasia and northern Africa. The Coal Tit is 10–11.5 cm in length, and has a distinctive large white nape spot on its black head. The head, throat and neck of the adult are glossy blue-black, setting off the off-white sides of the face (tinged grey to yellow depending on subspecies) and the brilliant white nape; the white tips of the wing coverts appear as two wingbars. The underparts are whitish shading through buff to rufous on the flanks. The bill is black, the legs lead-coloured, and irides dark brown. The young birds are duller than the adults, lacking gloss on the black head, and with the white of nape and cheeks tinged with yellow. The Blue Tit is classified as a Least Concern species on the IUCN Red List (version 3.1). ||
# Field Guide/Birds/Colinus virginianus

Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite Quail) :
* Bobwhite by Louis Agassiz Fuertes
* Description |
* Bird callThe Bobwhite Quail, Northern Bobwhite, or Virginia Quail, Colinus virginianus, is a ground-dwelling bird native to North America. The name derives from their characteristic call.
* The Bobwhite Quail is a member of the group of species known as New World quail. These quail primarily inhabit areas of early successional growth dominated by various species of pine, hardwood, woody, and herbaceous growth. However, quail habitat varies greatly throughout their range which extends from Mexico east to Florida and north into the Upper Midwest and Northeast.
* Bobwhites are distinguished by a black cap and black stripe behind the eye along the head. The area in between is white on males and yellow-brown on females. The body is brown, speckled in places with black or white on both sexes, and average weight is five to six ounces (145-200 grams).
* It forms what are known as "coveys", groups of five to 30 birds, during the non-breeding season (roughly October–April). During the breeding season, typically beginning in mid-April, the Bobwhite coveys dissolve. Social pairs are typically formed between individuals of unknown relationship. These social pairings potentially result in the formation of a mate bond and subsequent female fertilization and egg formation. Eggs are laid at a rate of approximately 1 per day, and they hatch after 23 days. Eggs are normally white with a more pointed end than normal chicken eggs.
* Both males and females can incubate nests, with most nests predominantly incubated by females. If the first clutch of eggs is unsuccessful, a breeding pair (may be the same pair or a different pair as that which led to the previous nesting attempt) will attempt to lay, incubate, and hatch additional clutches. If the clutch is successful, chicks are precocial and will leave the nest approximately 24 hours following hatching. The breeding season continues until mid-October, and successful nesters (females) can potentially lay, incubate, and hatch up to 3 clutches.
* The Bobwhite's song is a rising, clear whistle, bob-Wight! or bob-bob-White! The call is most often given by males in spring and summertime. |
# Calculus/Definition of a Series
## Definition of a Series

A series is the sum of the terms in a sequence.
For a sequence $d$, the series $D$ would be $D=d_{1}+d_{2}+d_{3}...$. This is true for all series, as it follows from the definition. Only adding a sub-sequence is called a partial sum.

## Summation Notation

Purely using the prior definition of a series is possible, but unwieldy. Instead we can again put to use summation notation, which was partially covered in the section on 'integrals'. Some common properties and identities are outlined here.

### Identities

$\sum _{k=0}^{n}{c}=nc$ where $c$ is some constant. $\sum _{k=0}^{n}{k}={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$ $\sum _{k=0}^{n}{k^{2}}={\frac {n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}}$ $\sum _{k=0}^{n}{k^{3}}={\frac {n^{2}(n+1)^{2}}{4}}$

### Properties

$\sum _{k}^{n}{s_{k}}+\sum _{n}^{m}{s_{k}}=\sum _{k}^{m}{s_{k}}$ This is the adding of sums. $j\sum _{k}^{n}{s_{k}}=\sum _{k}^{n}{js_{k}}$ Note that this is essentially the distributive property, so this will work for anything that follows the distributive property, even non-constant terms.
# Engineering Acoustics/Application Websites
## Engineering Acoustics Application Websites

General Acoustics
* The Acoustical Society of America
* General Concepts
* Engineering Tool Box Calculators for any kind of situation in Acoustics
Earth Sciences
* Oceanography
* Products and Services for Oceanography Research
* Surface Reverberation Experiment
* EAI Products and Technology
Engineering
* Architectural Acoustics and Lighting Definitions and Concepts
* Room Acoustics Explanation
* Vibration and Shock PDF
* Acoustical Porous Material Recipes
Life Sciences
* EAI Medical
* Explanation of Bioacoustics
* Bioacoustics on Fish
* Pyschoacoustics and Music Perception PDF
Arts
* Concert Hall Acoustics Good PDF
* 5.1 Surround Sound Treatment Article
* Studio Basics Article
* Acoustic Artist Very interesting art
* Guitar Acoustics
* Music and Psychoacoustics
Back to the Main Page
# Engineering Acoustics/Acoustic wave solution in Cartesian coordinates

The one dimensional acoustic wave equation is described by the following second order partial differential equation.
${\frac {\partial ^{2}P}{\partial x^{2}}}={\frac {1}{C_{o}^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}P}{\partial t^{2}}}$
It can be solved using separation of variables also known as the Fourier method. Suppose the pressure is the product of one function only dependent on space and another function only dependent on time.
$P(x,t)=X(x)T(t)$
Substituting back into the wave equation
$X''T={\frac {1}{C_{o}^{2}}}XT''$
${\frac {X''}{X}}={\frac {1}{C_{o}^{2}}}{\frac {T''}{T}}=-\lambda ^{2}$
This substitution leads to two homogeneous second order ordinary differential equations, one in time and one in space.
$T''+C_{o}^{2}\lambda ^{2}T=0$
$X''+\lambda ^{2}X=0$
The time function is expected to be dependent on the angular frequency of the wave.
$T=Ce^{j\omega t}$
Substituting and solving for the constant which is define as the wave number, K.
$-\omega ^{2}+C_{o}^{2}\lambda ^{2}=0$
$K^{2}=\lambda ^{2}={\frac {\omega ^{2}}{C_{o}^{2}}}$
The wave number is an important quantity relating the angular velocity of the wave to its propagation speed in the medium. It can be expressed in different forms.
$K={\frac {\omega }{C_{o}}}={\frac {2\pi f}{C_{o}}}={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}$
where $f$ is the frequency in hertz and $\lambda$ is the wavelength.
The second differential equation can be solved using the wave number. The spacial function is given a general form.
$X=Ce^{jrx}$
Substituting and solving for $r$.
$-r^{2}+K^{2}=0$
$r=\pm K$
The solution of the 1-D acoustic wave equation is obtained.
$P(x,t)=(C_{1}e^{jKx}+C_{2}e^{-jKx})e^{j\omega t}$
The real and imaginary parts of the solution are also solutions to the 1-D wave equation.
$P(x,t)=C_{1}cos(\omega t+Kx)+C_{2}cos(\omega t-Kx)$
$P(x,t)=C_{1}sin(\omega t+Kx)+C_{2}sin(\omega t-Kx)$
Using phasor notation, the solution is written in more compact form.
$\mathbf {P(x,t)} =\mathbf {P} e^{j(\omega t\pm Kx)}$
The actual solution is recovered by taking the real part of the above complex form. The value of the constants above is determined by applying initial and boundary conditions. In general, any function of the following form is a solution for periodic waves.
$P(x,t)=f_{1}(\omega t+Kx)+f_{2}(\omega t-Kx)$
and similarly, for progressive waves,
$P(x,t)=f(ct+x)+g(ct-x)$
$P(x,t)=f(\xi )+g(\eta )$
where $f$ and $g$ are arbitrary functions, that represent two waves traveling in opposing directions. These are known as the d'Alembert solutions. The form of these two functions can be found by applying initial and boundary conditions.
# Engineering Acoustics/Authors

Students in ME 513: Engineering Acoustics started this Wikibook, Engineering Acoustics, during the fall semester 2005. Some pages of this book contain author credits.
Since then, other and anonymous users have contributed to this book.
# Cherokee/Inflection Tree

The inflection tree shows the possible inflections for the general Cherokee verb, first branching out at the selection of the stem. There are up to (and typically exactly) five possible stems for each verb, which should be memorized for each verb. More detail on this can be found on other pages. [Note: provide specific link.] The stem options are indicated as the bold headings followed by Roman numeral identifiers in parentheses. Below each stem are listed its subsequent options for inflection.
| Stems | Present (I)  Present Continuous Completive (II)  Remote Past  Experienced Non-Experienced Future Future Future Imperative Absolute Future (Including Certain Imperative) Future Perfect Nominalizations Resultative Deverbal Perfect Nominal Stem Changes Various Derivations Incompletive (III)  clade Immediate (IV)  Present Imperative Immediate Past Irrealis Immediate Future Infinitive (V)  NOM Predicative Obligatory clade NOM2 Infinitive (Including Potential) Location Noun DVB? ? |

### Present (I)

Present (Continuous)

### Completive (II)

(Remote) Past
* Experienced
* Non-Experienced
Future Imperative
Absolute Future (including Certain Imperative)
Future
Future Perfect
Various Derivational Inflections
Actual/Normal DVB (vvqi) Nominalization (Type CMP) (BMA 459 but doesn't recognize tonic): Resultative Noun or Adjective (tonic)
"Perfect Nominal" (u/judoorange123, BMA 459 but fails to distinguish from actual/normal DVB nominalization) (-vvhi/-vvqi, SH and atonic)

### Incompletive (III)

Habitual
(Remote) Past Progressive
* Experienced
* Non-Experienced
Absolute Future (including Certain Imperative)
Future Progressive
Agentive Noun (with NOM and SH)
* Subtype (Uchihara 365): General Nominalization (without SH)
Actual/Normal DVB (vvqi) Nominalization (Type INC): Action Noun (SH on vv, tonic)

### Immediate (IV)

Present Imperative
Immediate Past
Irrealis Immediate Future

### Infinitive (V)

NOM
* Predicative (bare usage): "for you to drink"
* Obligatory (with superhigh)
* Instrumental Noun (with SH) (including DVN-CAU-NOM (BMA 461))
** Subtype (Uchihara 365): General Nominalization (without SH)
NOM2
* Infinitive (including Potential usage): "your singing"
* Location Noun
DVB?? (which one? see tonicity) ??? does this exist as BMA passingly declared?
# Cherokee/Lesson 9
### Expressing Feelings and Emotions With Verbs Instead of Adjectives

Some expressions that would be phrased in English like "I am tired," for example, rather use a single verb in Cherokee meaning "to be [a certain feeling/emotion]" instead of a combination of a verb (like "to be" in English) with an adjective. These feeling and emotion verbs should be simply memorized.

### Vocabulary

tired
happy
sad
excited
angry
jealous, envious
disappointed
# Cherokee/Lesson 2

* Note: You must be using Cherokee Unicode Supported Fonts to view this site. Information on obtaining and installing Cherokee Unicode Fonts for Windows 2000 and Windows XP is available on the Cherokee Unicode page. Mac OS X from version 10.3 (Panther), Windows Vista and some Linux Operating System's include default support for displaying the Cherokee Language in syllabary.

## Numbers

| 1 | ᏌᏊᎢ | saquui |
| 2 | ᏔᎵ | tali |
| 3 | ᏦᎢ | tsoi |
| 4 | ᏅᎩ | nvgi |
| 5 | ᎯᏍᎩ | hisgi |
| 6 | ᏑᏓᎵ | sudali |
| 7 | ᎦᎵᏉᎩ | galiquogi |
| 8 | ᏧᏁᎳ | tsunela |
| 9 | ᏐᏁᎳ | sonela |
| 10 | ᏍᎪᎯ | sgohi |
| 11 | ᏌᏚᎢ | sadui |
| 12 | ᏔᎵᏚᎢ | talidui |

## Days of the week

| Monday | ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎢ | unadodaquonvi |
| Tuesday | ᏔᎵᏁᎢᎦ | talineiga |
| Wednesday | ᏦᎢᏁᎢᎦ | tsoineiga |
| Thursday | ᏅᎩᏁᎢᎦ | nvgineiga |
| Friday | ᏧᏅᎩᎶᏍᏗ | tsunvgilosdi |
| Saturday | ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ | unadodaquidena |
| Sunday | ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬᎢ | unadodaquasgvi |
# Cherokee/Lesson 3
### Word Order

Word order is quite flexible in Cherokee.
Place the most salient (important/new) information at the beginning of the sentence.

### Negation

Use irrealis yi- prefix along with hla (not)

### "When"

Use irrealis yi- prefix by itself.

### Conjunctions
#### And

(1) ale, OR
(2) -hno suffix after second element
# Cherokee/Lesson 1

* Note: You must be using Cherokee Unicode Supported Fonts to view this site. Information on obtaining and installing Cherokee Unicode Fonts for Windows 2000 and Windows XP is available on the Cherokee Unicode page. Mac OS X from version 10.3 (Panther), Windows Vista and some Linux Operating System's include default support for displaying the Cherokee Language in syllabary.

## Lesson 1: Basic Greeting

Perhaps this lesson should be expanded.

### Dialogue

    Jane: ᎣᏏᏲ, ᏙᎯᏧ? o-si-yo, to-hi-tsu? (English: hello, how are you?)
    John: ᎣᏍᏓ, ᏂᎯᎾ? o-s-da, ni-hi-na? (English: good, and you?)
    Jane: ᎣᏍᏓᏛ o-s-da-dv (English: good)
    John: ᎰᏩ! ho-wa! (English: alright!)
    Jane: ᎦᏙ ᏕᏣᏙᎠ? Ga-do de-tsa-do-a? (English: What is your name?)
    John: ᏣᏂ ᏓᏆᏙᎠ tsa-ni da-gwa-do-a (English: I am called John)
    Jane: ᎭᏢ ᎯᏁᎳ? ha-tlv hi-ne-la? (English: Where do you live?)
    John: ᏓᎵᏆ ᏥᏁᎳ. da-li-gwa tsi-ne-la (English: I live in Tahlequa)

### Exercise

Unless you have printed this out, get a clean piece of paper. Without looking at the top, fill in the Cherokee words. (In syllabary as far as you remember, and in Latin)
    Jane: (1)_______________ (hello, how are you?)
    John: (2)_________________ (good, and you?)
    Jane: (3)________ (fine) (in reply to the second person)
    John: (4)_______ (alright!)
Answers: Here are the answers for questions 1-4: (1) ᎣᏏᏲ, ᏙᎯᏧ? o-si-yo, to-hi-tsu (2) ᎣᏍᏓ, ᏂᎯᎾ? o-s-da, ni-hi-na? (3) ᎣᏍᏓᏛ o-s-da-dv (4)ᎰᏩ! ho-wa!

## Notes for those who correct the book

* ᎣᏏᏧ (O-si-tsu) mean "I am fine"
* ᏂᎾ (ni-na) or ᏂᎯᎾ (ni-hi-na) for And You?
* ᏓᏆᏙᎠ da-gwa-to-a or ᏓᏆᏙ 'da-gwa-do
# Cherokee/Lesson 10
### Vocabulary

review of speak/talk etc. verbs
language, speech, etc. nouns
ask
explain
teach (and learn)
persuade
describe
order/command
tease, joke
converse, speak with each other, chat
communicate, indicate, convey
let someone know something
# Cherokee/Lesson 4

do
happen
like
want
speak/talk/say etc.
have AN (practice with dog, cat, etc.)
# Cherokee/History

The Cherokee most likely arrived in present-day Tennessee, the Carolinas, Alabama, and Georgia 3,000 years ago from the Great Lakes region, isolating themselves from the rest of the Haudenosaunee. During the Trail of Tears, most of the Cherokee (16,000) were forcibly removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) from1836 to 1839, along with their slaves, resulting in around 4,000 (likely more) deaths. Other Native American groups were also relocated during this time. Today, the Cherokee Nation is one of the three federally recognized tribes of Cherokee, located on nearly 7,000 square miles of land in northeastern Oklahoma, the capital being Tahlequah. The other two tribes are the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, also headquartered in Tahlequah, and the Eastern band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), located in western North Carolina.
The residential school system in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and Canada caused many indigenous children to lose their mother tongue, as teachers discouraged and even punished students for speaking any language but English. The Cherokee were no exception. For example, the Cherokee Boarding School in Cherokee, North Carolina operated from 1890 to 1954. Some elders today (and certainly many in their parents’ generation) were former students at such boarding schools. As the school system instilled a sense of shame for speaking Cherokee, many elders refrained from passing down the language to their children, instead raising them speaking English.
# English-Hanzi/Father

Father is a male parent of an animal.
父亲 是 动物 的 雄性 父母。
# English-Hanzi/Fiber

Fiber is a substance in food. It helps digestion. It keeps the intestines to work, and helps the food to go through the body quickly.
纤维 是 食物 中 的 物质。它 帮助 消化。它 保持 肠道 工作，并 帮助 食物 快速 穿过 身体。
# English-Hanzi/Flavor

Special:search/flavor prefix:English-Hanzi/
Flavor is a taste or smell.
味道 是 一种 味觉 或 嗅觉。
# English-Hanzi/Flesh

Flesh is the soft substance under the skin.
肉 是 皮下 的 软性 物质。
# English-Hanzi/Flow

A flow is a continuous movement of something in one direction.
流动 是 某事物 在 一个 方向 的 连续 运动。
# English-Hanzi/February

February is the second month of a year.
二月 是 一年 的 第二个 月。
# English-Hanzi/Festival

A festival is a day or a period of days that is used for celebration.
节日 是 用来 庆祝 的 日子。
# English-Hanzi/Flower

Special:search/flower prefix:English-Hanzi/
Flower is a colorful reproductive structure that is used to produce fruit.
花 是 一种 用来 产生 果实 的 彩色 生殖 结构。
# English-Hanzi/Fat

Special:search/fat prefix:English-Hanzi/
Fat is a substance in many foods. There are three kinds of fats including unsaturated fats, saturated fats, and trans fats. Saturated fats and trans fats are harmful to the body.
脂肪 是 许多 食物 中 的 一种 物质。有 三种 脂肪，包括 不饱和脂肪，饱和脂肪，和 反式脂肪。饱和脂肪 和 反式脂肪 对 身体 有害。
# English-Hanzi/Fish sauce

Special:search/fish sauce prefix:English-Hanzi/
Special:search/high blood pressure prefix:English-Hanzi/
Fish sauce contains a lot of salt. Eating too much fish sauce can cause high blood pressure.
鱼露 含有 很多 盐，吃太多 鱼露 可 导致 高血压。
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 4

Today in 1998 Google, Inc. was incorporated.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 7

Today in 2004 Wikimedia Commons was launched, an important repository for (remotely) educational media files that often goes unnoticed in the shadow of its big sister project, Wikipedia.
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# FreedomBox for Communities
## Introduction

FreedomBox for Communities is a creative adaptation of the FreedomBox server software and other free software servers for use in community Wi-Fi networks. The goal is to build community-owned and community-maintained wireless networks that can reduce dependence on both the centralized telephone networks as well as the cloud services provided by big Internet companies. It is a combination of hardware and free software that can provide for all the digital needs of a community. It also helps in keeping the data private and within the community and thus can be used in situations where data privacy is critical, like in hospitals and law firms.

## Chapters

* About This Book
* Introduction to FreedomBox
* FreedomBox Setup
* Network Setup
** Network Configuration
** Internet connectivity using a Point-to-Point Wireless Link
** Internet connectivity using an ADSL Modem
** Wi-Fi Towers
** Wi-Fi Roaming
** Performance Measurement
* Services Setup
** Messaging and VOIP
** Media Streaming
** Digital Library
** Offline Wikipedia
** Wiki
** More Use Cases (Social Network, Microblogging, Discussion Board)
* Maintenance
** Remote Connection
** Monitoring Client
** Monitoring Server
** Maintenance Team
** Building Disk Images
** Troubleshooting Guide
# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 30

Today is International Translation Day. It was established on the birthday of the christian patron saint of translators, which shows a different face of translation than that of building bridges: language as an instrument of power. Christians are particularly interested in translation and are very active in the field of dying languages. When big empires met a foreign culture, history shows repeating patterns of trying to subject the others to the own culture.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 5

Today in 1983 the term “hacker” entered mainstream media when Newsweek headlined: “Beware: Hackers at play”. It led to the introduction of six bills on computer crime in the U.S. congress.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 6

Knowledge is open if anyone is free to access, use, modify, and share it Today in 2006 the first official release version (1.0) of the Open Definition was published.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 8

Today is International Literacy Day.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 9

Today in 2007 the English edition of Wikipedia reached 2 Million articles and was the biggest Encyclopedia of all times. It is a flagship of a wave of reintroduced user interactivity branded the “Web 2.0”.
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# Free Knowledge Culture Calendar/September 3

Today in 1995 eBay was founded as AuctionWeb. It was a convincing pioneer in the commercialization of the Web and is a very successful survivor of the dot-com stock market bubble.
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# GIMP/Blending Exposures

Digital Cameras are limited in their abilities to capture scenes with a large dynamic range. They are especially prone to blown out highlights, losing all detail in bright areas. This How to will demonstrate a method for capturing pictures and then processing them with the gimp to create a picture with more dynamic range that a normal picture. This will involve taking the picture and then combining them back into one picture using the gimp.

## Auto Exposure Bracketing

We will use Auto Exposure Bracketing to create 3 differently exposed pictures. The first picture will be a normal exposure, the second one will be an underexposure containing the highlights, and the third one will be an overexposed picture containing the shadows.
You will need a tripod or another stable surface. It is very important that the camera does not move a single nanometre during the 3 exposures. Compose the frame in the viewfinder, then activate auto exposure bracketing. Then take the 3 pictures without moving the camera in between shots, preferable with a remote to avoid pressing the shutter button.
The results should look like this:

## Editing With The Gimp

Open the middle exposure picture. From the File menu, select Open as Layers (default shortcut Ctrl+Alt+O) and shift-click to select both the dark and the bright exposure variants of the picture. This will add two layers, which you might want to rename to "light" and "dark" for example.
My images aren't perfectly aligned. Not sure why, maybe it has something to do with my tripod being on soft ground. Show only the underexposed and regular layer, and set the underexposed layer to partial transparency. Then zoom to 800% and move the underexposed layer until it is aligned with the regular exposure. Tap the arrow keys to move the layer one pixel at a time. You can try temporarily setting the mode of the dark layer to Divide or Difference; this will give strong contrast at unaligned edges (a high opacity will make the effect stronger). Repeat on the overexposed layer.
Now duplicate the background layer.
Now use the threshold tool on the duplicated layer to make the overexposed areas pure white (<Image> Tools>Color Tools>Threshold...).
Add a layer mask to the underexposed layer. Cut the threshold that you just created and paste it onto the layer mask. (The layer mask is the rectangle in the layer dialogue to the right of the layer thumbnail.) With only the underexposed layer and regular layer, it should look like this:
The image looks rough at this point. To fix this select the layer mask and apply a Gaussian blur to it. I used a radius of 50px. The needed strength of the Gaussian blur will depend on the image so experiment with this value. This will ease the transition between the 2 images. It should now look like this:
Repeat with the overexposed image. The final image should look like this:
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