# Dutch/Lesson 17

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* Advanced level: cycle 5
Lesson 17 ~ Lesson 17
Voorzetselbijwoorden ~ Prepositional adverbs
* • Formation of pronominal adverbs
* • Formation of separable verbs
* • Formation of inseparable verbs

## Advanced level

Welcome to the first lesson of the advanced level of this course. You should have a pretty good understanding of Dutch grammar, a good basis in syntax and a considerable vocabulary by now. This means that you should be able to practice your Dutch on your own through books, websites, videos, TV programs etc. etc.
The advanced level will concentrate on a number of special topics that will deepen your command of the language. This part of the course is the least developed in terms of practice or cultural context and is more aimed at being a reference source for you to come back to when you run into things you do not quite understand when using your Dutch out there on your own.

## Bijwoorden

| Dutch word | translation | prep. | prep. adv. | pron. adv. e.g. | sep. verbs e.g. | insep. verbs e.g. |
| in | in | yes | yes | erin | inrijden | ― |
| binnen | inside | yes | yes | erbinnen | binnenkomen | ― |
| door | through, by | yes | yes | erdoor | doorlopen | doorlopen |
| bij | near | yes | yes | erbij | bijkomen | ― |
| op | on, upon | yes | yes | erop | opkomen | ― |
| open | open | no | yes | ― | opendraaien | openbaren |
| dicht | closed | no | yes | ― | dichtnaaien | ― |
| naast | beside | yes | yes | ernaast | ― | ― |
| over | over | yes | yes | erover | overlopen | overkomen |
| boven | above | yes | yes | erboven | bovenblijven | ― |
| tegen | against | yes | yes | ertegen | tegenspreken | ― |
| zonder | on, upon | yes | yes | erzonder | ― | ― |
| tegenover | opposite | yes | yes | ertegenover | tegenoverstellen | ― |
| voor | for, before | yes | yes | ervoor | vóórkomen | voorkómen |
| achter | behind | yes | yes | erachter | achterstellen | achterhalen |
| achterop | on the back of | yes | yes | erachterop | achteropraken | ― |
| neer | down | no | yes | ― | neerzien | ― |
| beneden | down, dowstairs | yes | yes | erbeneden | ― | ― |
| uit | out (of) | yes | yes | eruit | uitstellen | ― |
| buiten | outside (of) | yes | yes | erbuiten | buitensluiten | ― |
| benevens | next to | yes | no | ― | ― | ― |
| via | via | yes | no | ― | ― | ― |
| sinds | since | yes | no | ― | ― | ― |
| vanwege | bcause of | yes | no | ― | ― | ― |
| onder | under | yes | yes | eronder | onderlopen | ondervragen |
| met | with | yes | no | ― | ― | ― |
| mee | along, with | no | yes | ermee | meemaken | ― |
| langs | along | yes | yes | erlangs | langslopen | ― |
| om | around, in order to | yes | yes | erom | omlopen | omarmen |
| aan | on, at | yes | yes | eraan | aanlopen | aanvaarden |
| af | off | no | yes | eraf | aflopen | ― |
| van | of, from | yes | yes | ervan | ― | ― |
| heen | towards, away | no | yes | erheen | heengaan | ― |
| weer | again | no | yes | ― | weerkeren | weerstaan |
| behalve | except | yes | no | ― | ― | ― |
| gezien | in view of | yes | no | ― | ― | ― |
We have seen two major groups of words in the Dutch language: naamwoorden (nouns, adverbs, pronouns etc.) and werkwoorden (transitive verbs, intransitives, copula's, auxiliaries). The third group that comprises all the rest is known as bijwoorden (adverbs) and again they occur in a number of forms. Unfortunately it is not possible to classify them quite as thoroughly as the other two groups. In fact it is a bit of a miscellaneous rest group, a kind garbage can into which anything is flung that does not fit in the other two.
We have already seen a few groups of words that fall under the denominator bijwoord in the more extensive sense of the word and we will examine a few more
* prepositional adverbs, like in, voor, mee, toe, heen, af etc.
* prepositions like in, op, bij, over, met, tot
* conjunctions (including subjunctions)
* modal adverbs (particles) like wel, maar, eens, ...
* adverbs of place and time, like nu, toen, dan or daar, waar
* interjections, like oh, hoi, ach, dag, nou

## Prepositions and prepositional adverbs

Prepositions are often hard to translate exactly because which one is used in which case often differs between the languages.
Historically, prepositions developed from adverbs that were put before an object to clarify the meaning of a case ending. Later they supplanted the use of the case endings completely.
In Dutch many prepositions have an—often identical—adverbial form, the prepositional adverb, that occurs either as part of a separable verb or as the prepositional part of the pronominal adverb or simply by itself. As we have seen both of those compounds play a considerable role in Dutch grammar. Thus the separation between prepositions and adverbs is not as sharp in Dutch as it is in some other languages. In a sense Dutch is a rather adverbial language: adverbs play a major role.
Another role that prepositional adverbs sometimes play is that of complement of a copula (predicate):
    De licht is aan en blijft aan
    De bal is uit.
However, there are also prepositions that are just that: prepositions and not adverbs. They are historically from a later date and have often resulted from nouns or participles that got used as prepositions. They cannot be used to form pronominal adverbs, separable verbs or predicates.
Conversely, there are adverbs that never became prepositions, but they do get used to form compound verbs, pronominal adverbs and predicates, e.g. af:
    pronominal adverb: eraf - er niet af
    separable verb: afschieten - hij schoot af
    predicate: het is nog niet af
Below is a list of the most common prepositions and prepositional adverbs to give an idea how they are used. The table gives an overview of the various roles that prepositions and their adverbs can play.
There is a number of forms that were formed by prefixing be- and often end in -(e)n, cf.
    in - binnen
    uit - buiten
    over - boven
    ne(d)er - beneden
English has a few comparable forms like before, between, beside, below and behind

### IN, BINNEN

In translates mostly as its cognate in
       hij woont in dat huis - he lives in that house
       hij gelooft in spoken - he believes in ghosts
Its identical adverb in often occurs pronominal replacement: erin, daarin (in it, in there) etc. as well as in separable verbs as will be shown below.
Notice that Dutch does not have an equivalent of into but uses in as prepositional adverb to express the concept of movement 'into' something.
An alternative is to use binnen which often translates into inside
    hij is binnen - he is inside
    binnenlopen:
       e.g. Hij liep het huis binnen. ‘’He entered the house.’’
    binnen twee minuten - within two minutes
To emphasize movement naar can be added:
    hij liep naar binnen - he walked in
    hij liep er naar binnen - he entered it
Notice that Dutch grammar has no hangups about ending sentences in 'prepositions'. A word like binnen is not considered a preposition unless it actually precedes a noun. Otherwise it is an adverb and there is no law against ending a sentence in an adverb...
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erin, hierin, daarin, waarin, ergens in, nergens in, overal in, ergens anders in, nergens anders in
* erbinnen, hierbinnen, daarbinnen, waarbinnen
* Separable verbs
* inademen
* e.g. Ik adem in. I breathe in.
* inlopen
* e.g. Hij loopt het huis in. He walks into the house.
* Notice that Dutch uses the preposition in to denote a state of rest, but the prepositional adverb to denote movement:
* in het huis - in the house
* het huis in - into the house
* The prepositional adverb is usually part of a separable verb:
* hij liep het huis in <- het huis inlopen.
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### UIT, BUITEN

uit is represented by out of or from
    uit dit erts wordt goud gewonnen - out of this ore gold is produced
    hij komt uit Utrecht - he is from Utrecht
buiten usually means outside
    buiten de stad - outside the city
    hij is buiten - he is outside
    hij ging naar buiten - he went ouside'
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* eruit, hieruit, daaruit, waaruit
* erbuiten, hierbuiten, daarbuiten, waarbuiten
* Separable verbs
* Both uit and buiten have separable verbs. Uit often means off in these.
* e.g. uitdraaien:
* Hij draaide de radio uit. He turned the radio off.
* e.g. uitdoen:
* Zij deed het licht uit. She switched off the light.
* Zij deed haar jas uit. She took her coat off.
* Buiten often means out in verbs:
* e.g. buitensluiten - to lock out
* Inseparable verbs
* none

### DOOR

door is a cognate of through and often corresponds to it:
    Het licht valt door het raam. The light shines through the window.
In many cases the correct translation is by particularly when it is used with the passive voice:
    Hij is door de wol geverfd. lit. He has been dyed by the wool. (He is a veteran, old hand.)
Together with heen the meaning is through and through or passage through:
    Hij stak de naald door het vel heen. He stuck the needle (all the way) through the skin.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erdoor, hierdoor, daardoor, waardoor, ergens door, nergens door, overal door, ergens anders door, nergens anders door
* Dat is nergens anders door te vervangen
* That cannot be replaced by anything else.
* Separable verbs
* e.g. dóórhakken:
* Hij hakte de knoop door. He cut the knot through.
* Inseparable verbs
* doorzíén:
* e.g. Hij doorzag de list. He saw through the ruse.
* Notice that the separable version has stress, the inseparable one does not.

### BIJ

Although the word is cognate of by it often is used rather differently. It indicates a location slightly to the side of something.
    Schiphol ligt bij Amsterdam - Schiphol is near Amsterdam
    bij de les blijven - stay with the lesson
    bij slecht weer - in the case of bad weather
    het is bij vijven - it is around five o'clock
    hij bleef erbij - he stuck to it
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erbij, hierbij, daarbij, waarbij, ergens bij, nergens bij, overal bij, ergens anders bij, nergens anders bij
* Separable verbs
* e.g. bijkomen:
* Hij kwam eindelijk bij. He finally regained consciousness.
* bijwerken:
* Ik heb het bijgewerkt. I have updated it.
* Inseparable verbs
* none

### OP

Although cognate of up it usually translates as on or upon
    hij is op vakantie - he is on vacation
    het boek ligt op de tafel - the book lies on the table.
    op je gezondheid - a toast to you health (not : up your .. etc.)
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erop, hierop, daarop, waarop, ergens op, nergens op, overal op, ergens anders op, nergens anders op
* Dat past nergens anders op. That doesn't fit on anything else.
* Separable verbs
* e.g. opnemen:
* Hij nam op. He picked up, answered (the phone); he recorded; he absorbed.
* ophoepelen:
* Ach , hoepel toch op! Ow, get lost!, lit. to hoop up; to get lost
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### NAAST

naast translates mostly into next to, beside
    Jan en Elly wonen naast John en Heleen. Jan and Elly are the neighbors of John and Heleen.
    Zij wonen ernaast.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* ernaast, hiernaast, daarnaast, waarnaast, ergens naast, nergens naast, overal naast
* Separable verbs
* None.
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### OVER

over translates mostly as it identical cognate:
    hij vloog over het koekoeksnest - he flew over the cuckoo's nest
It can also translate as about
    hij praat veel over auto's. He talks a lot about cars.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erover, hierover, daarover, waarover, ergens over, nergens over, overal over, ergens anders over, nergens anders over
* Hij praat nergens anders over. He talks about nothing else.
* Separable verbs
* e.g. overlopen:
* Het bad liep over. The bathtub overflowed.
* Inseparable verbs
* e.g. overzien
* Ik overzag het slagveld. I oversaw the battlefield.

### BOVEN

boven translates as its cognate above
    hij zette er een punt boven: he put a dot above it.
Its identical adverb usually means up, upstairs
    hij is boven : he is upstairs
To indicate movement Dutch uses naar
    hij liep naar boven - he went upstairs, he went up the hill etc.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erboven, hierboven, daarboven, waarboven, ergens boven, nergens boven, overal over
* Hij woont hierboven. He lives above here.
* Separable verbs
* none
* Inseparable verbs
* none

### TEGEN

tegen usually translates as against
    hij was tegen dit wetsvoorstel - he opposed this proposition
    de fiets stond tegen de muur - the bike stood against the wall
but:
    hij zei tegen haar - he said to her
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* ertegen, hiertegen, daartegen, waartegen, ergens tegen, nergens tegen, overal tegen, ergens anders tegen, nergens anders tegen
* Separable verbs
* e.g. tegenwerken: to thwart, to work against
* Hij werkte me altijd tegen. He always blocked me.
* tegenkomen - to encounter, to run into
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### ZONDER

zonder means without
    hij drinkt koffie zonder suiker
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* It did not have an adverbial form but increasingly pronominal adverbs like waarzonder are used.
* Separable verbs
* None.
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### TEGENOVER

tegenover means on the opposite side of.
    Het hotel staat tegenover het conferentiecentrum. The hotel is opposite the conference center.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* ertegenover, hiertegenover, daartegenover, waartegenover
* Separable verbs
* e.g.: tegenoverstellen - put against, balance, add an objection
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### VOOR

This preposition has two meanings, one corresponds to English for
       Dat is voor jóú. That is for you
But with a different stress pattern is means before either in place or time or in favor of
       Hij is vóór jou. He is before you (in line e.g.)
       Hij stemde vóór de motie. He voted in favor of the motion
Used as an adverb, it often gets an ending -en:
       Hij liep naar voren. He walked to the front.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* ervoor, hiervoor, daarvoor, waarvoor, ergens voor, nerges voor, overal voor, ergens anders voor, nergens anders voor
* Hij wilde overal voor stoppen. He wanted to stop for everything.
* Separable verbs
* voorlichten - to inform, to apprise
* vóórkomen - to occur
* Inseparable verbs
* voorkómen - to prevent

### ACHTER

Achter is mostly translated as behind. Some dialects, e.g. in Zeeland and West Flanders have a form bachten in the meaning of behind but it is not considered part of standard Dutch.
       Hij stond achter de tafel. He stood behind the table.
As adverb it can also translate into back:
       Hij keek naar achter. He looked back
In that meaning it often gets an ending -en:
       Hij liep naar achteren. He walked to the back.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erachter, hierachter, daarachter, waarachter, ergens achter, nergens achter, overal achter, ergens anders achter, nergens anders achter
* Het kan overal achter zitten. It could be hidden behind anything.
* Separable verbs
* e.g. achterstellen - to discriminate, to marginalize
* Deze groep is eeuwen lang achtergesteld. This group has been marginalized for centuries.
* Inseparable verbs
* e.g. achterhalen
* Ik achterhaalde de waarheid. I retraced the truth.

### ACHTERIN

achterin translate mostly into in the back of
    Achterin de auto liggen nog wat boodschappen - In the trunk of the car there a still a few groceries
It is often used as an adverb together with in:
    Het lag achterin in de auto
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* None
* Separable verbs
* None
* Inseparable verbs
* None

### ACHTEROP

achterop is mostly used to indicate the passenger seat of a bike and is used as an adverb. As a preposition it falls apart. (See lesson 23.)
    achter op de fiets - on de back of the bike
    met z'n meisie achterop - with his girl on the back
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* none
* Separable verbs
* e.g. achteropraken: to run behind, to lose advantage
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### NE(D)ER, BENEDEN

The form beneden can be used as preposition in the meaning of below, under underneath, south of
    beneden de rivieren - south of the rivers (i.e. Rhine, Meuse etc.)
    beneden de Iridiumlaag vind je dinosaurusbotten - below the Iridium layer you find dinosaur bones
With naar it indicates downward movement:
    hij viel naar beneden - he fell down
The form neer (<neder) is not used as a preposition but occurs as an adverb with the meaning of down in separable verbs.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* neer: none
* beneden: hierbeneden, daarbeneden
* Separable verbs
* beneden: none
* neer:
* e.g. neerzien op:
* Hij zag neer op die mensen. He looked down upon these people.
* neerzitten bij:
* Hij zat bij de pakken neer. He surrendered to resignation. (He gave up.)
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### BEZIJDEN

bezijden is comparable to besides but occurs mostly in the expression.
    bezijden de waarheid - aside of the truth (i.e. not true)
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* none
* Separable verbs
* none
* Inseparable verbs
* none

### BENEVENS

benevens is a rather formal alternative to naast (besides, next to).
    benevens de aandelen is er het huizenbezit - besides the stocks is there the real estate
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* none
* Separable verbs
* none
* Inseparable verbs
* none

### ONDER

onder is the cognate of under and has similar applications:
    de hond ligt onder de tafel - het dog lies under the table
It can also be used in the meaning of among:
    onder professoren - in the circle of professors
Used as adverb it can get an ending -en
       Het is van onderen wit. It is white on the bottom side.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* eronder, hieronder, daaronder, waaronder, ergens onder, nergens onder, overal onder, ergens anders onder, nergens anders onder
* Ligt het nergens anders onder? Isn't is hidden underneath anything else?
* Separable verbs
* e.g. óndergaan:
* De zon gaat onder. The sun sets.
* Inseparable verbs
* e.g. ondergáán:
* Hij ondergaat een operatie. He undergoes surgery.

### MET/ME(D)E

met usually means with.
    hij gaat met zijn vrouw naar Canada - he goes to Canada with his wife
Its adverbial form is mee (or originally: mede).
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* met: none
* mee: ermee, hiermee, daarmee, waarmee, ergens mee, overal mee, nergens mee, ergens ander mee, nergens anders mee
* mede: hiermede, daarmede, waarmede
* Separable verbs
* met: none
* mee:
* e.g. meegaan:
* Hij ging mee. He joined.
* Hij ging mee met haar. He accompanied her.
* The older adverb mede still occurs in verbs or a rather formal register, e.g.:
* mededelen - to communicate, to announce
* Er werd medegedeeld dat zij onslagen werden. It was announced that they were fired
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### NAAR, TOT, TOE, HEEN, WEER

naar translates mostly as to or at:
    hij kijkt naar het schilderij - he looks at the painting
    hij kijkt ernaar - he looks at it.
    hij gaat naar Kaapstad - he is going to Cape Town
In the sense of to rather than at naar is often reinforced by adding the adverb toe:
    hij gaat naar Kaapstad toe
In pronominal replacement the addition is mandatory:
    hij gaat ernaartoe
Alternatively, however, one can say:
    hij gaat erheen - he is going there
heen is an adverb that indicates movement. It does not occur as preposition but there are separable verbs:
    heengaan - to leave (usually permanently)
    hij ging heen - he left
Its opposite is weer (from: we(d)er- that means back or again)
    heen en weer - back and forth
It occurs in separables like:
    weerkeren
       hij keerde weer - he came back
       de wederkomst - the second coming
It is related to with as in withstand and forms inseparable verbs as in English:
    weerstaan - withstand
toe is the adverbial form of the preposition tot that mostly means until or to:
    dit is geldig tot het eind van de maand - this is valid until the end of the month
    dit dient tot versterking van de dijk - this serves to reinforce the dyke
    dit is waartoe het dient - this is the purpose it serves
Another meaning of toe is closing, narrowing. Somewhat archaic is:
    doe dat eens toe - please would you close that
It also occurs in expressions like:
       af en toe - occasionally, now and then
and it occurs in a separable verb like:
    zich toespitsen - become more acute - coming to climax
       e.g. Het geweld spitst zich toe. The violence is exacerbating.
A leftover of the old case system are expressions like
    tot bloedens toe -- until blood was flowing
    tot vervelens toe -- ad nauseam
Notice that the verb appears as a genitive case: bloedens, vervelens. Although uncommon this genitive is still somewhat productive.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* naar: ernaar, hiernaar, daarnaar, waarnaar, ergens naar, nergens naar, overal naar, ergens anders naar, nergens anders naar
* naartoe: ernaartoe, hiernaartoe, daarnaartoe, waarnaartoe, ergens naartoe, nergens naartoe, overal naartoe, ergens anders naartoe, nergens anders naartoe
* heen: erheen, hierheen, daarheen, waarheen, ergens heen, nergens heen, overal heen, ergens anders heen, nergens anders heen
* weer: none
* tot: none
* toe: ertoe, hiertoe, daartoe, waartoe
* Separable verbs
* naar: none
* naartoe: none
* heen: e.g. heenbrengen - to take away
* weer: e.g. weerkeren - to return
* tot: none
* toe: e.g. toedoen - to close; to contribute to its cause, to be complicit
* Inseparable verbs
* weer: e.g. weerstaan - to withstand

### TUSSEN

tussen means mostly between
    tussen Maryland en Noord-Carolina ligt Virginia. Between Maryland and North Carolina lies Virginia
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* ertussen, hiertussen, daartussen, waartussen, ergens tussen, nergens tussen, overal tussen
* Separable verbs
* e.g. tussenvoegen - to insert.
* Er was een spatie tussengevoegd. A space had been inserted
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### VAN, AF

van translates mostly into of and from:
    van verse tomaten is een heerlijke soep te bereiden - a delicious soup can be made of fresh tomatoes
    het westen van het land - the west of the country
    hij komt van ver - he comes from far
    hij viel van zijn stoel - he fell off his chair
When a downwards motion or fall is implied as in the latter case, the adverb af (cognate of off) can be added:
    hij viel van de trap - he fell off the stairs
    hij viel eraf - he fell off
    het water komt van die berg af - the water comes from that mountain
       het komt ervanaf - it comes off of it
af does not occur as proposition, but is part of separable verbs:
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* van: ervan, hiervan, daarvan, waarvan, ergens van, nergens van, overal van, ergens anders van, nergens anders van
* af: eraf, hieraf, daaraf, waaraf
* Separable verbs
* van: none.
* af : e.g. afvallen - lose weight, fall off (sailing)
* Inseparable verbs
* none.

### AAN

aan has various translations such as to, at, on or is implied in an English verb. It typically implies a touching or reaching until contact is made.
    Zij plakten een affiche aan de muur - They stuck a poster on the wall
    Hier komt deze laag aan de oppervlakte - Here this layer reaches the surface
    Aan deze feiten valt niet te twijfelen - These facts can not be doubted
    Er valt weinig aan te doen - There is little we can do about it
    Wat is er aan de hand? - What is at hand? What is happening?
    Hij zit aan het schilderij - He is touching the painting
    Hij zit eraan - He is touching it
    Nergens aan zitten! - Hands off!
A prepositional object with aan replaces an indirect object:
    Hij gaf hem een book - He gave him the book
    Hij gaf een boek aan hem - He gave a book to him
af is the opposite of aan in:
    af en aan - off and on
But uit can also be the opposite:
    Is het licht aan of uit? - Is the light on or off?
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* eraan, hieraan, daaraan, waaraan, ergens aan, nergens aan, overal aan, ergens anders aan, nergens anders aan
* Separable verbs
* e.g. aankomen - to arrive, gain weight
* Hij is gisteren aangekomen. He arrived yesterday.
* Hij is tien kilo aangekomen. He gained 10 kilos.
* Inseparable verbs
* e.g. aanbidden - to worship
* In het Oude Egypte werd de god Horus aanbeden. In Ancient Egypt the god Horus was worshipped.

### OM

om can mean around:
    hij deed een nieuwe band om de velg - he put a new tire around the rim
    om de burcht ligt een gracht - there is a moat around the castle
In this meaning it is often reinforced with heen:
    er ligt een gracht om de stad heen
    er ligt een gracht omheen
It can also have less literal meaning of about, because of, for:
    dit werd om onduidelijke redenen afgelast - this was cancelled for unclear reasons
There are separable verbs:
    omdoen - wrap around
       e.g. Zij deed een sjaal om. She put a shawl around her neck.
Under German influence om can also imply change, inversion.
    hij liet zich ompraten - he allowed himself to be persuaded to change his mind
    wegomlegging - detour
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erom, hierom, daarom, waarom, ergens om, nergens om, overal om, ergens anders om, nergens anders om
* Hij gaf nergens om. He did not care about anything
* Separable verbs
* e.g. ómwentelen - to roll over, roll away
* e.g. ómdoen -wrap around
* Zij deed een sjaal om. She put on a shawl
* Inseparable verbs
* e.g. omhélzen - to embrace
* Zij omhelsden elkaar. They embraced each other.

### LANGS

langs evokes a parallel position or motion and is mostly translated by along.
    langs de rivier loopt een weg - there is a road along the river
    hij liep erlangs - he passed by it
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* erlangs, hierlangs, daarlangs, waarlangs, ergens langs, nergens langs, overal langs, ergens anders langs, nergens anders langs
* Separable verbs
* e.g. langskomen - drop by
* Hij kwam gisteren langs - He dropped by yesterday
* Inseparable verbs
* None.

### MIS

As in English this adverb conveys the meaning of 'wrong', 'flawed'. It is not used as a preposition. Its antonym is raak.
* Compounds
* Pronominal adverbs
* none
* Separable verbs
* e.g. mísschieten - to shoot and miss
* Hij schoot mis. He missed the target
* Inseparable verbs
* e.g. misléíden - to mislead
* e.g. misvórmen - to warp, to disfigure

## Appendix

* 1 2 mostly limited to the South