OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Optics/Authors

Faraaz Damji (Frazzydee) will try and expand this book.
Eric Husman is working on some related wikipedia entries which may be imported to this book
Cesar Cusatis will try to write a short note about this insteresting topic.
JoeyPhoton will help out with the book and anything related to optics, as based on their optics courses.
# Opticks Developer Guide/Sample Plug-ins

The source code for plug-in development consists of the class definitions for all of the interface classes between Opticks and the plug-in, the class definitions for the plug-in base classes, a module definition file, and the default ModuleManager C++ source code.
The plug-in library contains compiled code that must be linked with the plug-in at compile time. The library contains the implementation of the plug-in base classes. The library's base filename is 'PlugInLib'. The library has been compiled for Windows and Solaris. The exact name of the library file depends on the naming conventions for the different operating systems. For Windows, the library is PlugInLib.lib and for the Solaris operating systems, the library is libpluginlib.a. Regardless of the operating system being used, this library must be statically linked into the plug-in.
The toolkit contains five sample plug-ins in a single module. One of the five sample plug-ins is only available on the Windows platform. The sample module and plug-in source code are contained in the /Toolkit/SamplePlugIns directory. They demonstrate a variety of functionality that plug-in may need to implement. The module contains full source code for all plug-ins and a project file for Microsoft Visual Studio 2005.
Plug-In Types
# Optics/Huygens’ Principle

Huygens' Principle recognizes that each point of an advancing wave front is in fact the center of a fresh disturbance and the source of a new train of waves; additionally, the advancing wave as a whole may be regarded as the sum of all the secondary waves arising from points in the medium already traversed. This view of wave propagation helps better understand a variety of wave phenomena, such as diffraction.
Fermat's Principle, the principle of least time, can be derived from it.
# Mathematics for Chemistry/Statistics
## Definition of errors

For a quantity $x$ the error is defined as $\Delta x$. Consider a burette which can be read to ±0.05 cm$^3$ where the volume is measured at 50 cm$^3$.
* The absolute error is $\pm \Delta x,\pm 0.05~{\text{cm}}^{3}$
* The fractional error is $\pm {\frac {\Delta x}{x}}$, $\pm {\frac {0.05}{50}}=\pm 0.001$
* The percentage error is $\pm 100\times {\frac {\Delta x}{x}}=\pm 0.1$%

## Combination of uncertainties

In an experimental situation, values with errors are often combined to give a resultant value. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how to combine the errors at each stage of the calculation.

### Addition or subtraction

Assuming that $\Delta x$ and $\Delta y$ are the errors in measuring $x$ and $y$, and that the two variables are combined by addition or subtraction, the uncertainty (absolute error) may be obtained by calculating
${\sqrt {(\Delta x)^{2}+(\Delta y)^{2}}}$
which can the be expressed as a relative or percentage error if necessary.

### Multiplication or division

Assuming that $\Delta x$ and $\Delta y$ are the errors in measuring $x$ and $y$, and that the two variables are combined by multiplication or division, the fractional error may be obtained by calculating
${\sqrt {({\frac {\Delta x}{x}})^{2}+({\frac {\Delta y}{y}})^{2}}}$
# Mathematics for Chemistry/Plotting graphs
## The properties of graphs

The most basic relationship between two variables $x$ and $y$ is a straight line, a linear relationship.
$y={\rm {m}}x+{\rm {c}}$
The variable $m$ is the gradient and $c$ is a constant which gives the intercept. The equations can be more complex than this including higher powers of $x$, such as
$y={\rm {a}}x^{2}+{\rm {b}}x+{\rm {c}}$
This is called a quadratic equation and it follows a shape called a parabola. High powers of $x$ can occur giving cubic, quartic and quintic equations. In general, as the power is increased, the line mapping the variables wiggles more, often cutting the $x$-axis several times.

### Practice

Plot $x^{2}-1$ between -3 and +2 in units of 1.
Plot $x^{2}+3x$ between -4 and +1 in units of 1.
Plot $2x^{3}-5x^{2}-12x$ between -5 and +4 in units of 1.
# Mathematics for Chemistry/Introduction

This book was initially derived from a set of notes used in a university chemistry course. It is hoped it will evolve into something useful and develop a set of open access problems as well as pedagogical material.
For many universities the days when admission to a Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science or even Physics course could require the equivalent of A-levels in Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics are probably over for ever. The broadening out of school curricula has had several effects, including student entry with a more diverse educational background and has also resulted in the subject areas Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics becoming disjoint so that there is no co-requisite material between them. This means that, for instance, physics cannot have any advanced, or even any very significant mathematics in it. This is to allow the subject to be studied without any of the maths which might be first studied by the A-level maths group at the ages of 17 and 18. Thus physics at school has become considerably more descriptive and visual than it was 20 years ago. The same applies to a lesser extent to chemistry.
This means there must be an essentially remedial component of university chemistry to teach just the Mathematics and Physics which is needed and not too much, if any more, as it is time consuming and perhaps not what the student of Chemistry is most focused on. There is therefore also a need for a book Physics for Chemistry.

## Quantitative methods in chemistry

There are several reasons why numerical (quantitative) methods are useful in chemistry:
* Chemists need numerical information concerning reactions, such as how much of a substance is consumed, how long does this take, how likely is the reaction to take place.
* Chemists work with a variety of different units, with wildly different ranges, which one must be able to use and convert with ease.
* Measurements taken during experiments are not perfect, so evaluation and combination of errors is required.
* Predictions are often desired, and relationships represented as equations are manipulated and evaluated in order to obtain information.
# Pinyin/Granola

Search Pinyin granola
Granola uses oats, nuts and honey as ingredients, a food made by baking. It is a kind of health food. Granola can often be eaten as breakfast or snack. It although originated in the U.S., it is, however, quite popular in Japan. Furthermore, besides loose content, granola is often made into bars, for convenient eating.
Granola shì yīzhǒng yǐ yànmàipiàn, jiānguǒ, fēngmì zuòwéi yuánliào, jīngguò hōngkǎo érchéng de shíwù. Tā shì jiànkāng shípǐn de yīzhǒng. Granola jīngcháng bèi dàngzuò zǎocān huò língshí shíyòng. Tā suīrán qǐyuán yú Měiguó, dàn zài Rìběn děng dìfāng yě pō shòu huānyíng. Lìngwài, chúle sǎn-zhuàng de bāozhuāng fāngshì wài, Granola yě jīngcháng zhìchéng bàng-zhuàng yǐ fāngbiàn shíyòng.

## Varieties

The common flavors of granola include nuts, chocolate, etc. Granola has many varieties and most are low in calories and low in fat.
Zhǒnglèi
Granola chángjiàn de kǒuwèi yǒu gānguǒ, chocolate děngděng. Granola zhǒnglèi hěnduō, dàbùfèn yǐ dī calorie hé dī zhīfáng wéizhǔ.
# Pinyin/Great event

See also
# Pinyin/Grave

See also
# Pinyin/Greatest
## Adjective

* greatest: the biggest in size or quantity
** zuih dah d: chiicuhn huoh shuhliahng zuih dah
* greatest: highest in quality
** zuih weeidah d: suhzhih zuih gao d
# Pinyin/Grass

See also
# Pinyin/Gravity

Gravity or gravitation is the force that makes objects to attract each other.
yiinlih huoh wahnyoouyiinlih shih wuhtii huhxiang xiyiin d lihliahng.
# Pinyin/Grape

See also
grape
A grape is a fruit that grows on a vine and is often used to make wine.
purtaor shih terngleih shengzhaang d shuiiguoo, jingcharng yohnglair niahngjiuu.
# Pinyin/Grapefruit

See also
A grapefruit is a fruit closely related to the orange. It has a thick skin and juicy inside. It is sour and bitter.
Xīyòu shì yǔ chéngzi xiāngjìn de shuǐguǒ. pí hòu, duōzhī, wèidào yòu suān yòu kǔ.
# Past LSAT Explained/PrepTest 41

LSAT PT 41 Sect II EXPL 1 police 2 endangered species 3 research grant 4 court 5 emotion 6 seismic shock 7 insurance 8 psychic ESP 9 film historian 10 volunteerism 11 business accounting
12 origin of life 13 ethics 14 dialect 15 brand 16 morality 18 tropsphere stratosphere 19 polio oral polio vaccine inactivated polio vaccine
20 child care
21 court system
22 pesticide farm export
23 neuroscience theta brain wave
24 consumer advocate manual
25 workforce
26 education
# Past LSAT Explained/PrepTest 34

Form 2LSS52

## Section 1 Reading Comprehension

Passage 1 Social Science authoritarian regime and political change

### Question 1

Main idea

#### 'l;hyh jkl kj
### Question 6

Passage 2 Humanity Blues and Spirituals
* African American Culture

### Question 11

Passage 3 Natural Science Evolution and Lamarck's Hypothesis Jean Lamarck Escherichia coli

### Question 13

* laissez-faire
* minimum wage

### Question 18

Passage 4 Law
* United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
* Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status
* United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee (UNHCR)

### Question 26
## Section 2 Logical Reasoning
### Question 1

* impute
* Ad hominem

### Question 3

* vegetarian
* eggplant
* zucchini casserole

### Question 10

* Learning disability

### Question 12

IDENTIFY This is a Strengthen/Weaken question.
READ This passage introducessynesthesiacs who defies the traditional notion of senses.
ANALYZE
(A) Correct If this is true, the synesthesiacs' response that suggest their ability to transcend the usual boundaries is no longer reliable. Because they cannot express what they are sensing, we cannot base our conclusion on their reponses.
(B) Incorrect. The existence of the sixth sense is irrelevant. The passage concerns with the five senses known and how those of the synesthesiacs differ from those of normal people.
(C) Incorrect. Whether their experiences form a pattern or not does not matter.
(D) Incorrect. This may in fact strengthen the argument by providing some historical basis for synesthesia.
(E) Incorrect. Some side fact that do not really impact the argument.
CHOOSE
Response (A) weakens the argument by invalidating the synesthesiacs responses.

### Question 16

IDENTIFY This is an Assumption question. This question tests your ability to grasp technical aspects of photography and camera. READ
The author is trying to lead us to believe that the difference in the lense resolutions don't matter.
ANALYZE
To find the answer, it is helpful to negate each choice and see whether it negatively impacts the argument. (A)Incorrect. The definition does not really matter.
(B)Correct. This must be assumed. If this is not assumed, then the difference in resolution does matter since it determines the deficiencies of available film. We would need to worry about the resolution of the lenses when we buy a camera.
(C)Incorrect. Even if this is not true, the effect will be uniform on all the films. It does not weaken the argument.
(D)Incorrect. So what? Photographic technique is outside the scope.
(E)Incorrect. Only is the key here. Even if there are many important factors beside these two, the argument may still make sense. Why? Because those other factors may be same for all cameras and films so they are constant (fixed).
CHOOSE (B) is the best answer.

### Question 19

Antacid

### Question 22

capital punishment

### Question 24

IDENTIFY This is a Parallel Reasoning question.
READ Some key words are
* unbeknownst
* mincemeat pie
* denigrate
ANALZE
CHOOSE
# Past LSAT Explained/PrepTest 39

December 2002 Form 2LSS54

## Section I Analytical Reasoning
### Question 19

Which could be a complete & accurate list of the fish selected:
(a) 3 J, 1 K, 2 M: If she selects M, she must also have 2O and 1P.
(b) 1J, 1K, 1M, 3O: Cannot have K and O.
(c) 1J, 1M, 2O, 1P: This is the correct answer.
(d) 1J, 1N, 1O, 2P: Cannot have only 1O; must have 2.
(e) 1M, 1N, 2O, 1P: Cannot have M and N.

### Question 20

If she does not select P, what could she select:
Since P is required to select O, M, and N, that leaves J, K, and L. Option (a) J and K is the only option which includes ONLY J, K, or L.

### Question 21

There is no limit to the number of fish Barbara can select, so the only thing to consider in this question is Not Laws. If she wants as many types fish as possible, she needs to select O, since M, N, and P all require the selection of O. If she selects K, she cannot select O, so the species she cannot select is K.

### Question 22

The question asks which must be false.
(a) Barbara selects 4 fish, at least one is J: She can select 4 J fish.
(b) 4 fish, at least one L: Again, she can select 4 L.
(c) 3 fish, at least one is M: If she selects M, she must select O and P, and if she selects O, she must have 2. Therefore, (c) is the correct answer, because she cannot select M without having at least 4 fish.
(d) 3 fish, at least one is O: She can select 2 O and 1 P.
(e) 3 fish, one is P: Same scenario as in answer (d).

### Question 23

If you diagrammed potential selections in Question 21, that diagram should have the answer for question 23: minimum of 1 fish, maximum of 5. (M or N, O, P, J, L). It is a maximum of five because you cannot select K and O, or M and N, which leaves 5 options without any Not Laws.

## Section II Logical Reasoning
### Question 12

IDENTIFY
This is a Conclusion question.
* Liberty
READ
Politician proposes a principle for restricting individual liberty.
ANALYZE
CHOOSE (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

### Question 19

* animal testing

### Question 20

* productivity

### Question 24
## Section III Reading Comprehension

* Mexican art
* muralism
* Rivera
* José Clemente Orozco
* David Alfaro Siqueiros
* Mexican revolution

### Question 08

* fairy tale
* Hansel and Gretel
* Bruno Bettelheim
* child psychology
* psychoanalysis

### Question 16

* blackbody radiation
* photoelectric effect
* Max Planck
* Albert Einstein

### Question 23

Canadian copyright law Internet fair use

### Question 28
## Section IV Logical Reasoning
### Question 16

* Cezanne
* modernist
* Francoise Cachine

### Question 26

Lesile Judd Ahlander, "Mexico's Muralists and the New York School." 1979 by The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States.
Barbara Kantrowitz, Andrew Cohen, and Melinda Liu, "My Info is NOT Your Info." 1994 by Newsweek, Inc.
Thomas S. Kuhn, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894-1912. 1978 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Marina Tatar, Off with Their Heads!: Fairy Tales and the Culture of Childhood. 1992 by Princeton University Press.
# Past LSAT Explained/PrepTest 36

December 2001 Form 1LSS50

## Section I Logical Reasoning
### Question 01

Joanna: The only way for a company to be successful, after emerging from bankruptcy, is to produce the same goods or services that it did before going bankrupt. It is futile for such a company to try to learn a whole new business.
Ruth: Wrong. The Kelton Company was a major mining operation that went into bankruptcy. On emerging from bankruptcy, Kelton turned its mines into landfills and is presently a highly successful waste-management concern.
Ruth uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in countering Joanna's argument?
(A) She Presents a counterexample to claim.
(B) She offers an alternative explanation for a phenomenon
(C) She supports a claim by offering a developed and relevant analogy
(D) She undermines a claim by showing that it rests on an ambiguity
(E) She establishes a conclusion by excluding the only plausible alternative to that conclusion
Answer: In this question, Joanna advances a principle about business that her interlocutor, Ruth, attempts to refute. Making a claim about businesses, she proposes the following principle: that if a company emerges from bankruptcy, the only way for it to emerge successfully is to produce the same goods as it did before bankruptcy. The reasoning that underlies this argument, as stated by Joanna, is that, presumably, it will be too hard for a company emerging from bankruptcy to start over and produce all new goods and services, so their best bet is to stick to what they were doing before.
In order to refute this principle, there are several techniques that one could employ. One could, for example, provide a counterexample which could undercut the principle. And this is precisely what Ruth does. She argues that this principle is false by referencing the Kelton Company, a company that went through bankruptcy but emerged very successfully by changing what they used to do. Thus, the answer is A.
This is a fairly easy question

### Question 26
## Section II Reading Comprehension
### Question 28
## Section III Analytical Reasoning
### Question 24
## Section IV Logical Reasoning
### Question 26

Steven Keeva, "Defending the Revolution." Copyright Time by ABA Journal.
# Past LSAT Explained/PrepTest 44

October 2004 Form 1LSS51 Directions

## Section I Reading Comprehension

Passage 1 Law 469 Words
* CAW Legal Services Plan

### Question 01

This is a main idea question.
(A) Incorrect.
(B) Incorrect.
(C) Incorrect.
(D) Incorrect.
(E) Correct.

### Question 02

This is a purpose question.
(A) Incorrect.
(B) Incorrect.
(C) Incorrect.
(D) Correct.
(E) Incorrect.

### Question 07

* historiography
* Chinese American
* Asian American studies

### Question 17

This is a purpose question.

### Question 20

Passage 4 Humanity
* Rita Levi-Montalcini
* Nerve growth factor
* Modernist Movement
* Frank Lloyd Wright
* Otto Wagner

### Question 21

This is a main idea question.

### Question 27

This is a purpose question.

## Section II Logical Reasoning
### Question 01

IDENTIFY
This is a flaw question.
* tide
* Bay of Fundy

### Question 02

This question is a Must Be True question.
When searching for the correct answer, look for an answer that has the weakest burden of proof. You find that in answer choice E. The operative word "sometimes" lowers the threshold of necessary evidence to make it true. In the prompt you find that at least one (some) therapy is equally effective and are less risky.
Answer: E

### Question 24
## Section IV Logical Reasoning
### Question 26

* Marsha Kideckel, "Pre-Paid Legal Plans: Legal Help for Less or Less Help?" Copyright October 1989 by Canadian Lawyer.
* Patty Limerick, "American Landscape Discovered from the West." Copyright 1992 by the Journal of American History.
# Mega Man Battle Network/BattleChips/DarkChips

This is the Dark Chips Guide to find Dark Chips for using Chaos Union Guide for only:
MegaMan Battle Network 5: Team Protoman: Chaos Union Soul Guide:
Dark Sword Z- buy at SciLab Front near the entrance to the Docks- 500 Zennys Chaos Union: Proto Chaos Soul
Dark Thunder M- SciLab Front to get all 5 quiz answers correct from Mr. Quiz Chaos Union: Magnet Chaos Soul
Dark Torando T- buy at Oran Island Old Mine 6- 500 Zennys Chaos Union: Gyro Chaos Soul
Dark Meteor F- buy at the Docks near the boat- 3,000 Zennys Chaos Union: Napalm Chaos Soul
Dark Circle Gun R- get in Nebula's Dark Chip Factory Chip Maker Computer Chaos Union: Search Chaos Soul
Dark Recovery H- get for free at End Area 2 but it a test from the Heal Navi Chaos Union: Meddy Chaos Soul
That Chaos Union Souls only in MegaMan Battle Network 5: Team Protoman
# Mega Man Battle Network/Combat Basics

Combat in MegaMan Battle Network is done through the use of a 6-by-3 grid, with each square in the grid being called a panel. Each panel has either a red or blue border, denoting which player can use it. There is never at any time a panel that can be used by both sides at the same time. Against the computer, the player will always be on red-bordered panels.
The objective is to reduce the hit points of the opposing side to zero. Against the computer, the player may face up to three viruses, or a boss navi with several obstacles.

## Panel Types

There are many different types of panels in Battle Network. They are:
* Cracked Panels - these panels become broken when someone steps off the panel. Having the correct Type or program, you can go over it.
* Broken Panels - these are impassible panels. The panel will regenerate to a normal panel over time. Having the correct Soul or program, you can go over it.
* Holes - another impassible panel, but they don't look broken. Instead they are missing. They are there at the beginning of the battle and cannot be changed EVER. Some Giga-chips need these to work. Not many Chips make Holes.
* Grass Panels - These panels have grass on them. Plantman and the Wood Type from MMBN 3 will gain health. They are destroyed when cracked, destroyed, or burnt, or a terrian changing chip is used.
* Ice Panels These annoying panels make you slip. They look shiny blue. When you step on one, you move across it until you hit a wall, or a dry spot. They are destroyed when fire is applied to it, cracked, destroyed, or you use a terrian changing chip is used. Having the correct Type or program, you can go over it.
* Fire/Lava Panels Another annoying one. Having the correct Soul/Type or program, you can go over it, but most likely, you'll want to get rid of them. They take up 10 (20 if you have the wrong Soul/Type) 50HP(100 if you have a WoodStyle) if you step on them, but they disappear. They are destroyed with Water, Cracked, Destoryed, and Terrian Chips. A barrier will allow you to walk on them.
* Metal Panels These cannot be destroyed by anything but Terrian Change Chips like LavaStg.
* Poison These slowly seep at your health, totally disregarding the Barrier or Invis chip you may use. They don't do Elemental damage, and they are annoying. Also some viruses make poison gas and some glitches may do the same thing.

## Buster and Charge Shots

Regardless of the navi you are using (most likely MegaMan), each navi will have a buster attack that is done by pressing the B button and a charged attack that is done by holding down the B button for a longer period of time. With MegaMan, the MegaBuster will only do one point of damage initially and have a long cooldown and charge time. The attacks can be made more powerful through PowerUps in Battle Network and Battle Network 2 and with Navi Customizer parts in later games.