OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Urdu/Transliteration

Transliteration external is a mapping from one system of writing into another. Transliteration attempts to be lossless, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. To achieve this objective transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in a source script which do not correspond with letters in a goal script. Romaji is an example of a transliterating method.
# Urdu/Vocabulary

Urdu is a very soft spoken language. It is not very difficult to learn its Grammar. Many foreigners pick up simple sentences very fast. The only difficulty is to learn new vocabulary and pronounce words clearly. Lists of vocabulary have been sorted by subject to make it easy for a new Urdu speaker to learn the most common words. One should try to speak as often as possible. German, Russian and Chinese speakers will find it difficult to pronounce the words correctly.
LACHARI ✓ book
# Urdu/Vocabulary/Duration

| English | Urdu | Transliteration |
| minute | مناٹ | minat |
| hour | گھنٹا | ghanta |
| day | دن | din |
| week | ھفتا | hafta |
| month | مہینے | mahīna |
| year | سل | sāl, varSha |
# XForms/Address Aligned
## Using CSS to Align Form Fields

Forms are much easier to use if they are aligned. This example uses CSS table structures to align our form. It turns groups into tables, inputs into rows and labels and values into cells.

## Link to XForms Application

Address Aligned

## Discussion

This style sheet only covers the XForms <xf:input> tags. It will need additions if you want to align select, select1, textarea and other controls. A full CSS file for doing this is described later on in this cookbook.
Note that you MUST put inputs inside of a group element for this stylesheet to work.
Also note that the table can grow if the labels get too long.
Note that the display: table properties work in FireFox but may not work in older browsers that do not support table layout.

## Alternative layout strategy using float:left

You can control the width of the label column by the odd interaction of the float:left CSS control and the block display. Basically if you try to control the width of a block it may not work unless you also add the float:left to label.
Here is the CSS that works for this:
Note that some older browsers do not support the child (greater than) selector correctly.
# XForms/Adder
## Motivation

This program demonstrates several different ways to call a web service from a sample XForms application. The example uses both HTTP POST and HTTP GET methods and shows how the results are returned into an instance in the model and how the page can be replaced with the results. The web service it calls is a simple web service that adds two numbers together.

## Link to XForms Application

For the results to be put in the model using FireFox, make sure to add www.sa.kw.ua.sa and xforms-examples.google.com to your XForms white list using the Tools/Options/Security/Allowed Sites menu of FireFox. This is required since our web forms are hosted at one domain but the web services are hosted on another domain.
Load XForms Application
# XForms/Advanced Search
## Motivation

You want a simple search function and a separate advanced search options tab.
# XForms/Best practice

This cookbook identifies example programs that demonstrate best practices. An XForms Best Practice is a specific way of solving a general problem that has been selected from among posible solutions by various authors. There are a variety of reasons for best practices but in general best practices increase program modularity, maintainability and flexibility.
The following logo will appear next to sample programs that constitute a best practice: .
These should also be some reason in each example why this solution is usually preferred by developers over other solutions as well as give some indication of why this may not be appropriate in some situations.
Although a best practice is usually the preferred way of solving a given problem, it is not always the right choice for all circumstances. For example developers frequently put a style sheet in an external file but if you are doing training and want the example to contain the CSS file, there are good reasons to put the CSS file directly in the html header.
# XForms/Address

Here is a simple address form. Note that HTML is the default namespace. We interleave both XForms and HTML tags but the XForms tags have xf as a prefix. We use the HTML fieldset and legend tags to put related form elements in a group. We use the XForms group element to tell us where in the model to get our instance data.

## Link to XForms Application

Load XForms Application

## Discussion

The form labels are not lined up very nicely. This can be done by adding a few lines of cascading style sheet to the program.
Note that the data uses an upper camel case naming convention used in ebXML, ACORD, UBL, GMXDM, NIEM and other US federal naming and design conventions.
# XForms/Annotations
## Motivation

You want to allow users to add rich-text markup to a text area. You want users to be able to use a WYSIWYG editor in the browser.
Adding HTML markup to a text area was not part of the original W3C specification. But a general-purpose "annotation" element is being considered by the W3C. Please see the following link for examples of how a rich-text editor is added to different XForms tools:
http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Forms/wiki/Annotations

## Example

To be done...

## Reference

Although there were frequent discussions about using rich text editors with XForms, the initial article about using FCKeditor with XForms was posted on the IBM Developerworks web site in October 2007 in an article titled Extending XForms to Enable Rich Text Editing by Steve K Speicher and Andy Smith. These instructions with just a few modifications should be attributed to them.
# XForms/Apache

The Apache web server is the most popular web server on the Internet. It provides high-performance web pages serving and is very secure.
By default, the out-of-the box Apache server does not allow users to write files to a web server. This is done for security reasons.
WARNING: The following should only be used on Intranet servers and should be reviewed by security professionals in your organizations.

## Steps to Configure Apache HTTP Server to Enable "PUT" Operations

* Download and install the HTTP Server from apache.org. I am using v2.2.4
* Verify that it is serving up regular xhtml files like you think it should
* Stop the service
* In your httpd.conf uncomment the LoadModule for dav_module and dav_fs_module also uncomment the line "Include conf/extra/httpd-dav.conf" so that the httpd-dav.conf is loaded
* edit conf/extras/httpd-dav.conf and change the 'uploads' alias and directory to be what you want them to be. They should match, of course.
* To authenticate users you can use the htpasswd command line program to create the password and put it in the uploads directory. Of course, you can also disable password protection during the testing phase of your project.

## Sample httpd-dav.conf file

This is what the beginning of my httpd-dav.conf looked like when it was done:

## Restarting Apache

After you make any changes to the Apache config files you must restart Apache using the Apache restart command such as:
or
If you have problems, make sure to check the Apache log file. If you get errors you may not have the permissions set correctly for the folder that your form is writing to.

## Checking the Access Log File

If your forms do not save, you can also check the Apache access log files. They are usually located in a directory such as:
If you see a line such as:
This indicates that you are getting a HTTP 405 error: Method Not Allowed. A 405 status code is returned when the client has tried to use a "request method" such as PUT or POST that the server does not allow. This means you don't yet have your configuration correct and that your XForms will not save its data.

## References

This example was suggested by Aaron Reed from IBM Corporation Austin TX.
# XForms/Application Builder
## Motivation

You want to create a form that captures the specifications of an application that manages data saved from a form.

## Method

Many times the resources needed to create an application are very similar. Many applications need basic operations such as:
* Create a New Record
* Read (view) a Record
* Update a Record
* Delete a Record
* Search for Records
These applications (sometimes referred to as a CRUD application for Create, Read, Update, Delete) are created over and over and frequently a pattern emerges. This pattern can be used as the basis for a specification and we can then build an XForms application to capture that specification.
This example assumes that the user wants to do these operations on a simple form and guides the user through a series of questions. A series of defaults is assumed but the user is allowed to override these defaults when the requirements differ from the standard.
The phrase "convention over configuration" is frequently used to describe a series of built-in assumptions about the default behavior of an application. If the developer of the application knows these conventions a highly functional initial application can quickly be created.
This form starts asking a series of questions, some of which are input fields, some check boxes and some text descriptions. Some input fields are referenced later in the application using binding rules. These binding rules are the conventional behavior of the application.
After the application specification is complete a "Generate Application" function can be executed. This will take the application specification file and execute a series of scripts on the server. Here are a sample of some actions that can be taken by these server-side build scripts. In this example we are using terminology from native XML data stores with XQuery REST interfaces but there are similar actions for RDBMS stores
* Create Default Collections
** data collection for XForms instance data
** edit collection for XForms editors (any forms that lock resources
** views collection for storing read-only views
** search collection for searching form instance data
** schemas collection for XML Schemas
* Create Application Template Files
** edit.xq - XForms editor for new records and updating records (generated form the XML Schema)
** new-instance.xml - default data for a new record
** search-fomn.xq - Generates an XForms application for searching
** search.xq - XQuery for searching records - return an HTML results page
** list-items.xq - A one-line summary of each XForms instance
** view-item.xq - A one-line summary of each XForms instance
As you can see the actions are the creation of server-side collections and files that are parameterized by the form instance.

## Similarities to Ant Build Scripts

The application builder server-side script is similar to Apache build scripts in several ways. With Ant a series of folders and files are created when a build script is executed.
# User-Generated Content in Education/Melissa and Sabrina Placeholder

"Digital Storytelling is the modern expression of the ancient art of storytelling. Digital stories derive their power by weaving images, music, narrative and voice together, thereby giving deep dimension and vivid color to characters, situations, experiences, and insights. Tell your story now digitally."Bold text - Leslie Rule, Digital Storytelling Association
Digital Storytelling is the practice of using computer-based tools to tell stories. Digital stories contain computer-based images, text, recorded audio narration, video clips and/or music. Digital stories can vary in length from two to ten minutes. Students can build stories from personal tales to the recounting of historical events, from exploring life in one's own community to the search for life in other corners of the universe.
Digital Storytelling can be done on the internet through several Web 2.0 sites or through several software applications.
Digital Storytelling Software Applicationstext
PowerPoint is an application that has been used to tell a story or create an application. If you are using PowerPoint 2007, remember to save to a lower version of PowerPoint in order to send to another person or use the Pack and Go feature to send to anyone so that they can open and view your PowerPoint.
Photo Story is another application that is easy to use to tell a story. PhotoStory is a free download from Microsoft at Photostory for Windows. You can also add voice and music to the story. The motion of the photos can create the illusion of a video. It takes a few steps to create a blank slide for credits, information, etc., in Photo Story. However, step-by-step directions ( Adding Blank Slides to a Photo Story.doc or Adding Blank Slides to a Photo Story.pdf) showing how to insert a blank slide along with a web page to assist has been created to make this easier for the user.
A great site to see some of the Web 2.0 Applications that create digital stories is from Alan Levine. He has a wikispace that has links to over 50 sites in which he uses each site to tell the same story of his dog, Dominoe. The site is CogDogRoo. Great to see how the same story can have a different feeling due to the application used. Other Digital Storytelling Links:
Center for Digital Story Telling Dr. Helen Barratt's site on Digital Storytelling in Education, Family and International Educational Uses of Digital Storytelling Tech Head Stories--Digital Storytelling The Elements of Digital Storytelling Digital Storytelling--Using Technology to Tell Stories Digital Storytelling Examples of Digital Stories Digital Storytelling Examples Digital Storytelling Rubric Example UMASS Digital Storytelling Rubric Example Rubrics for Digital Storytelling--Includes storyboard, final digital story, sountrack and reflection activities
# Using SPSS and PASW/Sorting Variables

One of the functions you will often want to perform in the Data View of the Data Editor is sorting by a variable's values, to bring those of similar value together. This can be a very useful when exploring the raw data in your dataset. There are two ways to do this. One is quite simple, the other allows for sorting on more than one variable.
The simple way to sort variable values is to make sure you are looking at the Data View tab. Then scroll to the variable by which you want to sort. Right click on its column heading and a context menu will appear:
At the bottom of the context menu are two sorting options: "Sort Ascending" and "Sort Descending." Choosing the first will move the smallest values to the top of the data set while a descending sort will bring up the largest values. Keep in mind that SPSS automatically (unlike Excel) moves all rows in unison, so you don't need to worry about cases becoming misaligned when sorting.
Sometimes it's useful to sort on multiple variables, which means that SPSS will sort the data set by the values of the first variable, then breaks ties in that sort by sorting on the values of the second variable, and so on.
To sort on multiple variables at once, choose "Data" -> "Sort Cases":
You'll get this dialog window:
The "Sort Order" box allows the choice between Ascending or Descending order once again. On the left is a list of all the variables in the data set. Choose them, the most important sort first, by clicking the variable involved and then the blue arrow, and repeat:
Save your data set after sorting to retain it as the default sorting.
# SPSS Basics
## Starting SPSS

Click the Start button, Programs, the relevant software group, and click on the SPSS 17 icon (we have not yet standardised on the new name for the software). The initial SPSS screen should appear, showing the Data Editor window, with the Data View window on top, and a tab at the foot of the screen giving access to the Variable View window. This is superimposed by a smaller window headed SPSS for Windows which you can temporarily discard by clicking on the Cancel button. You can switch between Data View and Variable View by clicking the appropriate tab.

## Getting help

You can obtain help on SPSS at any time during your SPSS session. Features such as being able to search for specific topics are included. To access the online help system, click on the Help menu and Topics to display the following window:
The Contents panel contains a list of broad topics, represented by icons of books. Double-clicking on any book will expand the contents. Selecting any one of these topics by double-clicking will provide you with the information in that topic.
If you know exactly what you want, or you wish to refer to a statistical term or a specific piece of jargon, you may prefer to use the Index tab. An alphabetic list of terms and topics will appear, and you can enter a term to search for. If too many similar topics are shown, use the vertical scroll bar to view
the rest of the list, and double-click the topic you want.
Use Search to locate a Help topic. Within the Search box, enter a keyword that you would like to find help on. All Help topics that contain the keyword will be displayed, not just topics that begin with that word (as in the Index).

## Quitting SPSS

Before we start looking at data organisation, it is important to know how to exit from SPSS. The process is similar to quitting from most other Windows applications:
Select File from the main SPSS menu bar, and then Exit.
SPSS will ask you if you want to save any unsaved files. At this point there should not be any need to save any work, but consult the relevant sections of this workbook on saving files if there are any open files.
Restart SPSS so that you can continue with the rest of this workbook.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Understanding the Variable View

The Variable View tab is another tab in the Data Editor window in addition to the Data View tab, which was discussed in the last chapter. Again, you can select between the tabs at the bottom left corner of the Data Editor Window:
In Variable View, the rows correspond to variables, not cases. This view does not show raw data but rather metadata, information/settings/characteristics of the variables included in the data set. The metadata of two variables:
The columns provide information about the various characteristics of the variables. The "name" column with part of the "type" column:
There are 10 metadata columns total. Each explained:
| Column | What it Means |
| Name | The variable's name. Older versions of SPSS were limited to 8 character names. New versions of SPSS are not, but lengthy descriptions better belong in the Label column. |
| Type | The data type of the variable. There are 8 options: Numeric, Comma, Dot, Scientific notation, Date, Dollar, Custom currency, and String. Most variables that beginning users will encounter will be either Numeric or String. Numeric variables are numbers that either map to a value (e.g., 1=Catholic) or are the value of interest (height=73 inches). String numbers are text and can only be treated as such. As a result, very few manipulations can be performed on them. |
| Width | This column indicates the number of characters available for the variable values. |
| Decimals | This column allows you to control the number of numerals after the decimal place. |
| Label | This column allows you to provide a more extensive description of the variable. |
| Values | This column allows you to provide a key for what the numbers of a numeric variable may represent (e.g., 1=Catholic, 2=Protestant). |
| Missing | This column allows you to indicate which values mean missing. Values marked as missing are excluded from analyses in SPSS. |
| Columns | This column indicates the total number of columns a variable's values may have. |
| Align | This column indicates the alignment of the variable in the Data View, viz., Left, Right, or Center. |
| Measure | This last column indicates the level of measurement of the variable, viz., Nominal, Ordinal, or Scale. See next page. |
Every variable in your data set should have all columns that are relevant for it filled out. An example of an irrelevant column would be "Values" for an ID column, as that has a unique value in each row.
# Using SPSS and PASW/Understanding the Output Window

Whenever you run an analysis in SPSS, the results will automatically open in the Output Window.
Often, when the Output Window first opens, SPSS will still be shown to be Processing... your requests. Once the analysis is complete, the Output Window will display the results, e.g.,
The above is an Output Window after descriptive statistics were run on a variable “age”. The window includes menu bar tooling to edit, save, and print results, as well as a left panel with a special hierarchical tree of links to the output in the main panel that allows you quick output navigation. That left panel again:
“Output”, the root of the tree, represents the whole output window. If your SPSS preferences are set as ours were to "include Syntax in the log" (next page), “Log” will be the next item, pointing to your "Using SPSS and PASW/SPSS syntax", i.e. the SPSS language commands that produced your output. The next item, “Frequencies”, indicates that a frequencies analysis was conducted. Included first in that are the "statistics", i.e., the mean, median, and mode of the variable “age”:
Next comes the frequencies table, reporting the absolute number of each age found in our study participants:
Finally, because of the /HISTOGRAM NORMAL portion of our Syntax, a histogram of the variable “age” is given, complete with normal curve:
Thus, the Output Window serves two purposes. It presents the results of your analyses, and keeps a record of everything you've done (if you turn on the syntax; see next page).
Chapter contributed by Kimberly Duggan.
# Creating Labels for Variables and Values
## Variable Labels

SPSS variable names are restricted as to length and allowable characters. The length available is dependent upon the value of the UNICODE parameter. Most users will probably not wish to change this themselves and since the default allows 64 character variable names for English and other single byte languages and 32 characters for two byte languages, this is generally enough. Bit it is not always convenient to give variables human friendly names, however long. For this reason SPSS allows the users to create labels for variables. A label is created by filling in the appropriate label row in variable view. The label rather than the variable name will be used by default for output and can be set as the display for variable view by selecting view → value labels from the menus.

## Value Labels

Let us suppose that we have a variable representing eye colour. We have called the variable iColour, given it the lable Eye Colour and we have coded observations as follows
| iColour | Code |
| Brown | 1 |
| Blue | 2 |
| Green | 3 |
| Other | 4 |
Coding categorical data as numbers is elegant but the user may find it easier for data entry and reading data to have the lexical values available. This can be done using the values dialog. In the appropriate row, put the cursor in the values cell and click on the expand dialog button (three dots). In this dialog you enter pairs of values and labels for values. After adding a value and its label, remember to click add before you add another or close the dialog. When you have done, SPSS saves a list of {value,label} pairs that you have specified and can apply them for output and display. As a bonus, after creating variable names you automatically create a drop down data entry menu for the variable if you are in vale labels view.