OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5/4. d4

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
This variation counterattacks in the center by challenging the e-pawn, like the Vienna Gambit with 1. e4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. f4 d5. Black's best and by far most common option is 4...fxe4.

## 4. ...fxe4

If Black takes the e-pawn, White's has two main options. 5. Nxe5 wins the pawn back, but runs into complications after 5. ... Nxe5 6. dxe5 c6. Now if the white bishop retreats, Black has 7... Qa5+ winning the e5 pawn and leaving Black better. (Note that in the Deferred Schliemann, because the white bishop is no longer on b5, c6 no longer comes with tempo, so this line is worse for Black. Thus, 5. d4 is the most common response to the Delayed Schliemann.) Thus, the most common line for white is 7. Nc3?!, a piece sacrifice. Play usually follows 7... cxb5 8. Nxe4 d5 9. exd6 Nf6, with an unclear position.
The other option is 5. Bxc6, after which Black enjoys the two bishops in exchange for a worse pawn structure and a white knight on e5 after either recapture on c6. 5... exf3 is less recommended, as after 6. Bxf3 White can quickly castle and place pressure along the e file.

## 4. ... exd4

If Black takes the d-pawn, White's most common move according to Lichess's Master games explorer is e5, pushing the pawn forward and taking control of the f6 and d6 squares.

## 4. ... Nxd4

If Black takes the d-pawn with the knight (which resembles the Ruy Lopez Bird Variation), it hits the bishop on b5, so Nxe5 is not an option. 5. Nxd4 is the most common move, followed by 5. ... exd4 6. O-O c6.

## 4. ... Nf6

If Black plays Nf6, 5. dxe5 is the most common move, followed by 5. ... Nxe4.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f6

The Nürnberg Variation of the Spanish Game is a chess opening that tries to stop White from playing a move that would give White more control over the center of the board. However, this opening has many problems for Black, such as:
- Black makes a move that makes the king’s side weaker and easier to attack. - Black makes a move that stops the knight from moving to a good square where it can defend and attack better. - Black makes a move that makes a hole on the f7 and f6 squares and making them weaker. - Black makes a move that puts the king in danger of being attacked by White’s pieces.
These are some of the reasons why the Nürnberg Variation is not a good opening for Black. White has many ways to use Black’s mistakes and get a better position. For example, one of the ways White can play is: 4.O−O Bc5 5.c3 Nge7 6.d4 exd4 7.cxd4 Bb6 8.Nc3 O−O 9.d5 Ne5 10.Nxe5 fxe5 11.d6 Ng6 12.Qd5+ Kh8 13.dxc7 Qxc7 14.Be3.
In this position, White has a clear advantage, as Black’s king is not safe, White’s pieces are more active, and White has two bishops that can attack from far away.
1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 f6
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/modf
#### modf

| Syntax | #include <cmath> double modf( double num, double *i ); |
The function modf splits num into its integer and fraction parts. It returns the fractional part and loads the integer part into i.

##### Related topics

    frexp - ldexp
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/perror
#### perror

| Syntax | #include <cstdio> void perror( const char *str ); |
The perror function writes str, a ":" followed by a space, an implementation-defined and/or language-dependent error message corresponding to the global variable errno, and a newline to stderr. For example:
If the file called not_found.txt is not found, this code will produce the following output:
If "str" is a null pointer or points to the null byte, only the error message corresponding to errno and a newline are written to stderr.

##### Related topics

    clearerr - feof - ferror
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/memmove
#### memmove

| Syntax | #include <cstring> void *memmove( void *to, const void *from, size_t count ); |
The memmove function is identical to memcpy, except that it works even if to and from overlap.

##### Related topics

    memcpy - memset
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/memcmp
#### memcmp

| Syntax | #include <cstring> int memcmp( const void *buffer1, const void *buffer2, size_t count ); |
The function memcmp compares the first count characters of buffer1 and buffer2. The return values are as follows:
| Return value | Explanation |
| less than 0 | buffer1 is less than buffer2 |
| equal to 0 | buffer1 is equal to buffer2 |
| greater than 0 | buffer1 is greater than buffer2 |

##### Related topics

    memchr - memcpy - memset - strcmp
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/memcpy
#### memcpy

| Syntax | #include <cstring> void *memcpy( void *to, const void *from, size_t count ); |
The function memcpy copies count characters from the array from to the array to. The return value of memcpy is to. The behavior of memcpy is undefined if to and from overlap.

##### Related topics

    memchr - memcmp - memmove - memset - strcpy - strlen - strncpy
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/memset
#### memset

| Syntax | #include <cstring> void* memset( void* buffer, int ch, size_t count ); |
The function memset copies ch into the first count characters of buffer, and returns buffer. memset is useful for intializing a section of memory to some value. For example, this command:
...is a very efficient way to set all values of the_array to zero.
The table below compares two different methods for initializing an array of characters: a for loop versus memset. As the size of the data being initialized increases, memset clearly gets the job done much more quickly:
| Input size | Initialized with a for loop | Initialized with memset |
| 1000 | 0.016 | 0.017 |
| 10000 | 0.055 | 0.013 |
| 100000 | 0.443 | 0.029 |
| 1000000 | 4.337 | 0.291 |

##### Related topics

    memcmp - memcpy - memmove
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/mktime
#### mktime

| Syntax | #include <ctime> time_t mktime( struct tm *time ); |
The mktime function converts the local time in time to calendar time, and returns it. If there is an error, -1 is returned.

##### Related topics

    asctime - ctime - gmtime - time
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/memchr
#### memchr

| Syntax | #include <cstring> void *memchr( const void *buffer, int ch, size_t count ); |
The memchr function looks for the first occurrence of ch within count characters in the array pointed to by buffer. The return value points to the location of the first occurrence of ch, or NULL if ch isn't found. For example:

##### Related topics

    memcmp - memcpy - strstr
# C++ Programming/Code/Standard C Library/Functions/pow
#### pow

| Syntax | #include <cmath> double pow( double base, double exp ); |
The pow function returns base raised to the expth power. There's a domain error if base is zero and exp is less than or equal to zero. There's also a domain error if base is negative and exp is not an integer. There's a range error if an overflow occurs.

##### Related topics

    exp - log - sqrt
# CAT-Tools/MemoQ/Conflicts
## Skype plugin for Firefox

This plugin will make you unable to perform cut-paste in the translation grid, by interfering with the clipboard.

## Spyware Doctor

Spyware Doctor blocks access to the setting files of MemoQ, and although MemoQ can run while Spyware Doctor is enabled, it may be unable to write certain files to disk.

## Panda security software

You probably have to disable Panda security software [temporarily] if you want to work with MemoQ. Similar problems will arise if working with other security software with rigid firewalls. This problem is therefore not only related to Panda Software.

## NOD32 security software

The MemoQ server does not work together with NOD32 if IMON is enabled.
To disable IMON:
Please go to NOD32 Control Center (down by the clock) > IMON > Quit. Now a reboot is necessary.
After rebooting, the icon should be gray.
ESET support response to Kilgray developers:
The next version of NOD32 will be sans IMON. It's being totally eliminated from the program for this very reason.
In 1992, when NOD32 was introduced, very few programs operated at the Winsock level. Today, in addition to Google and Microsoft, 100's of other developers are creating software in this manner. That would be fine, except for the fact that any app that operates here needs the top spot in the stack, and only one program can have it.
As it is now, it can't be enabled at all on a server.
IMON was just the first layer of defense, a supplement. The strengths of NOD32 are AMON, which scans every file that performs an action, as it performs that action and the advanced heuristics which is stopping 90%+ of all new threats, before a definition is even written.
By quitting IMON now, you'll not only allow both programs to operate together, but you'll also lose no coverage.
# CAT-Tools/MultiTrans

A computer-aided translation tool, developed by a canadian company, MultiCorpora
# CAT-Tools/Heartsome CAT Bundle

Heartsome CAT Bundle is a collection of platform-independent tools based in XML Standards: XLIFF, TMX, TBX and SRX.
The programs are written in Java and can be used on Windows, Linux and Mac OSX.
Heartsome CAT Bundle components:
    XLIFF based editor with all the capabilities required to translate documents in different formats. Documents are converted to XLIFF for translation and then converted back to the original format. Imports and exports Translation Memories using TMX format.
    Translation Memories editor and alignment tool.

## Links

* Heartsome's main web site
* Heartsome Software Screens and Videos Gallery
# CAT-Tools/MemoQ/Activation
## The activation logic of memoQ

In the activation logic of memoQ a serial number is not the 'code', it is just your ID card. Every user can apply for a serial number either through memoQ or via email.
Serial numbers carry licenses, i.e. specific time-limited permissions to use different products/product functionality. When you apply for a demo version, you get two licenses automatically, a never-expiring memoQ 4Free license and a 90-day memoQ Network license. If you buy a license, you get an additional license to your existing serial number. So if you suspect there is a new license for you, click Update licenses online in the Help / Activation dialog.
If a firewall prevents you from activating online, you can Retrieve activation data for sending in e-mail and send it to Kilgray's info address.

## Changing the serial number

If, for any reason, you entered the wrong serial number, you can still change it; however, this requires a bit of technical wizardry.
To delete the serial number under version 3.x and 4.x, please do the following:
* Check whether you can see Hidden files and folders. If not, open the Control Panel, select Folder options and on the View tab enable showing hidden files and folders.
* Under C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\memoQ, delete License11.dat, License12.dat and License13.dat. If you are using Windows Vista, these files are found under C:\ProgramData\memoQ.
* Start memoQ again, and enter your new serial number.
To delete the serial number under version 2.x, please do the following:
* Check whether you can see Hidden files and folders. If not, open the Control Panel, select Folder options and on the View tab enable showing hidden files and folders.
* Under C:\Documents and Settings\(your username)\Application Data\memoQ, delete License01.dat and License02.dat
* Start memoQ again, and enter your new serial number.
Important note: If you have active licenses tied to your original serial number, make sure to copy and save the serial so you can revert to it later. memoQ will not allow you to request a second serial number on the same computer.

## Using memoQ on a different computer

memoQ's activation scheme uses the serial number to tie licenses to a particular physical computer. This means that if you enter the same serial number after installing memoQ on a different computer, the activation server will say No valid licenses when you hit Update licenses online.
But what happens if you buy a new PC? You can enter your existing serial number and update your licenses, provided that a certain amount of time has passed since you last updated your licenses on your original computer.
If you purchased a license, the activation scheme also allows you to install memoQ on more than one computer (so that you can use it in the office and on your laptop as well). When installing memoQ on the second computer, make sure that you change the extra number at the end when you type your serial number. By default, the extra number is "1"; on the second computer, use "2" instead.
# CAT-Tools/Memsource

Memsource is a cloud-based translation environment with features including Translation Memory, Terminology Management, Quality Assurance, Public APIs and more.
Memsource was founded in 2010 by David Canek, its current CEO. Memsource Cloud was then launched for the general public in the beginning of 2011. With the stable growth each year, the number of users reached 40, 000 users by the year 2015.

## Business Model

Memsource is provided as software as a service with editions ranging from free or charge (Personal, Developer, Academic), editions for freelance translators (1+Freelancer) to editions for Translation agencies and Enterprises.

## Supported file formats

Below you will find the list of file formats supported by Memsource. You can learn more by visiting official Memsource websites.
* doc, .docx, .dot, .dotx, .docm, .dotm, .rtf, .ppt, .pptx, .pot, .potx, .pptm, .potm, .xls, .xlsx, .xlt, .xltx, .xlsm, .xltm
* htm, .html
* idml (.indd), .icml, .mif (version 8 and above only), .svg
* ttx (pre-segmented), .sdlxliff
* xml, .xhtm, .xhtml, Android .xml
* xliff (1.2),.xliff (2.0), .xliff for WordPress, tmx
* dita, .ditamap
* pdf
* catkeys, .csv, (Magento).csv, .dbk, .desktop, (Mozilla).DTD, .epub, (Joomla).ini, .json, .lang, .Plist, .po, .properties, (Java).properties, .resx, .srt, .strings, .sub, .ts, .txt, .wiki, .yaml
* zip

## Workbenches

Memsource Cloud offers 2 independent yet interconnected translation workbenches – Memsource Web Editor and Memsource Desktop Editor.
* Memsource Web Editor is a trully online workbench that is run directly from the environment of Memsource Cloud. Therefore it does not require any installation.
* Memsource Desktop Editor is a locally installed workbench that can be downloaded free of charge and runs on Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems. Only the file being translated is stored locally, resources such as Translation Memory, Term Base or Machine Translation remain located in Memsource Cloud.

## References

* Memsource Testimonials
* Memsource and SDL Comparison
* Memsource reached 1 billion words
* Memsource User Manual
* ↑ https://www.memsource.com/en
# CAT-Tools/MemoQ

MemoQ is an integrated localization/translation environment that optimizes the productivity of translation and localization. In the MemoQ ILE, all translation resources are only a mouse-click away resulting in an ergonomy never seen before.
MemoQ is designed to provide an optimal environment for translators and project managers, with useless keystrokes and file operations eliminated. It is a one-stop environment with every tool integrated in the most transparent manner.
MemoQ is an easy-to-use concept-oriented system. Although the look and feel is somewhat similar to that of Déjà Vu, things like a semi-WYSIWYG translation grid, access to remote translation memories and term bases, a cutting-edge aligner and homogeneity analysis in the statistics module make it match the older brother.

## Wish list

MemoQ wish list: what users want to be implemented. Please add your request and your name.

## Activation

Common activation issues with MemoQ.
Conflicts with other software.

## Tips and Tricks

Tips and Tricks for working with MemoQ:
* Establishing the backup procedure for MemoQ
* Purge older translations from the TM
* Working with TTX files using MemoQ 2.0 - alternate workflow
* Translating a docx file (Word 2007) using MemoQ
* Changing a TTX file source/target language using MemoQ 2.x and above
* Showing spaces and other special characters
* Entering non-breaking spaces
* Getting rid of codes in Word documents
* Disable case conversions in "Translation Results"
* Filter out unwanted languages
* Reducing increased size of RTF files converted from DOC format containing images
* Using MemoQ postcardware and MemoQ Translator Pro (full version) on the same computer
* Avoiding hangs when copying large blocks of source to target
* Using auto-translatables for number format conversion

## FAQ

Frequently asked questions; installation and usage issues.
* Operating systems
* File formats
* Installation issues
* Miscellaneous

## AutoHotKey scripts for memoQ

AutoHotKey scripts for memoQ: Collection of user-created AHK scripts for memoQ.
# Jobava London

Sometimes referred to as the Rapport-Jobava System. This opening serves as a good surprise weapon against unprepared opponents, and in the worst case, equalizes. White often plans to threaten a knight fork on the c7 square after Nb5, usually played on the fourth or fifth move. Black typically challenges the center immediately with 3...c5 and trades their c-pawn for White's e-pawn. Alternatively, Black often plays the 3...a6 Anti-Jobava to control the b5 square or the natural 3...e6 development move. Black may also attempt 3...Bf5, developing the light-squared bishop before playing 4...e6, but it gives White an opportunity to launch a pawn storm with a tempo on the bishop through a well-timed g4 push (usually after White plays f3 or Ne5, protecting the g4 square).

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1. d4 Nf6 2. Nc3 d5 3. Bf4
| 3 | 4 |
| ... c5 | e3 cxd4 |
| ... a6 | e3 e6 |
| ... e6 | Nb5 Na6 |
| ... Bf5 | f3 e6 |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nd2

Nd2 is a weak move by White where Black can play 2...e5, the dubious Lazard Gambit, hoping that White falls into the trap 3. dxe5 Ng4 4. h3?? Ne3.
The most principled response by Black is 2...d5.
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
# Indian Defence
### 2.Nf3

White develops a piece to its ideal square and keeps his options open. This move also is important for controlling the center.
This position is also often reached via the move order 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.d4

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3
| 2 |
| ... e6 | = |
| ... g6 | = |
| ... c5 | = |
| ... d6 | = |
| ... b6 | = |
| ... d5 | = |
| ... b5 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Queen's Pawn Opening

White's main options:
* 3. c4 - Direct transposition to Queen's Gambit.
* 3. e3 - Often signals a move toward the Colle System, though it can still transpose back to QG.
* 3. g3 - The fianchetto is quieter but will either transpose or tend toward a Catalan.
* 3. Bg5 - The Torre Attack. If white's plan is to double black's pawns by exchanging the bishop for the f6 knight, this is independent. Otherwise it should transpose into typical QGD lines.
A move like 3. Nc3 is certainly not bad, but it doesn't put much pressure on black. White's c-pawn plays a key role in control of the center, and moving the knight to c3 earlier usually allows black easy equality. Also 3. Bf4 can be played, leading into the London System.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d5
| | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Queen's Gambit | c4 e6 | Nc3 e6 | Nf3 Be7 | = |
| Colle System | e3 - | Nf3 - | Bd3 - | = |
| | g3 c6 | Bg2 Bf5 | O-O e6 | = |
| London System with an early Nf3 before Bf4 | Bf4 | | | = |
| Torre Attack | Bg5 Ne4 | Bf4 c5 | e3 Qb6 | = |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Torre Attack

The Torre Attack is not often seen at top level, as statistically doesn't give white much more than equality. However, if black does not play accurately, white can get a dangerous kingside attack.
e6 is most common, although statistically gives white the better chances, and plays into whites goals for the Torre. Perhaps best for black is the dynamic c5.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d5 3. Bg5
* 3
* Bg5 e6
* ... Ne4
* ... Nbd7
* ... c6
* ... c5
* ... Bf5
* ... g6
* ... Bg4
* ... h6
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Pirc
## 2...g6
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.d4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6
| | 3 |
| King's Indian | Nf3 d5 | to 2.Nf3 g6 3.Nc3 |
| | e4 | |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# 3. Bh6 - Egg Gambit

3. Bh6, Sacrifices a bishop and shred&weaken the kingside.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Batsford Chess Openings 2 (1989, 1994). Garry Kasparov, Raymond Keene. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
# Polish Defence Deferred
### 2...b5

With this move, Black prevents White from playing c4 and prepares his queen's bishop to be fianchettoed.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
1.d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 b5
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.

## References

* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
# Queen's Pawn Game
## 2...c5
## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation. .
    1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 c5
| | 3 |
| English, Symmetrical, Benoni Formation | c4 e6 | to 2.c4 c5 3.Nf3 |
| Old Benoni | d5 b5 | |
When contributing to this Wikibook, please follow the Conventions for organization.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
* Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.