OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# FCC Technician Class Exam Study Guide - 2014-2018/Subelement T6 Group B

Semiconductors: basic principles and applications of solid state devices; diodes and transistors

## The Question Pool
### Question 1
#### What class of electronic components is capable of using a voltage or current signal to control current flow?

    A. Capacitors
    B. Inductors
    C. Resistors
    D. Transistors
The correct answer is D.

### Question 2
#### What electronic component allows current to flow in only one direction?

    A. Resistor
    B. Fuse
    C. Diode
    D. Driven Element
The correct answer is C.

### Question 3
#### Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch or amplifier?

    A. Oscillator
    B. Potentiometer
    C. Transistor
    D. Voltmeter
The correct answer is C.

### Question 4
#### Which of the following components can be made of three layers of semiconductor material?

    A. Alternator
    B. Transistor
    C. Triode
    D. Pentagrid converter
The correct answer is B.

### Question 5
#### Which of the following electronic components can amplify signals?

    A. Transistor
    B. Variable resistor
    C. Electrolytic capacitor
    D. Multi-cell battery
The correct answer is A.

### Question 6
#### How is the cathode lead of a semiconductor diode usually identified?

    A. With the word cathode
    B. With a stripe
    C. With the letter C
    D. All of these choices are correct
The correct answer is B.

### Question 7
#### What does the abbreviation LED stand for?

    A. Low Emission Diode
    B. Light Emitting Diode
    C. Liquid Emission Detector
    D. Long Echo Delay
The correct answer is B.

### Question 8
#### What does the abbreviation FET stand for?

    A. Field Effect Transistor
    B. Fast Electron Transistor
    C. Free Electron Transition
    D. Field Emission Thickness
The correct answer is A.

### Question 9
#### What are the names of the two electrodes of a diode?

    A. Plus and minus
    B. Source and drain
    C. Anode and cathode
    D. Gate and base
The correct answer is C.

### Question 10
#### What are the three electrodes of a PNP or NPN transistor?

    A. Emitter, base, and collector
    B. Source, gate, and drain
    C. Cathode, grid, and plate
    D. Cathode, drift cavity, and collector
The correct answer is A.

### Question 11
#### What at are the three electrodes of a field effect transistor?

    A. Emitter, base, and collector
    B. Source, gate, and drain
    C. Cathode, grid, and plate
    D. Cathode, gate, and anode
The correct answer is B.

### Question 12
#### What is the term that describes a transistor's ability to amplify a signal?

    A. Gain
    B. Forward resistance
    C. Forward voltage drop
    D. On resistance
The correct answer is A.
# French/Lessons/Level one/Exercises

* People and things
* To be
* Description
* Family
* Recreation
* The house
* Weather
* Travel
* Art
* Science
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Grammar

Level one lessons
People and things · To be · Description · Family · Recreation · The house · Weather · Travel · Art · Science
Lessons :
Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Level one/Test

* People and things
* To be
* Description
* Family
* Recreation
* The house
* Weather
* Travel
* Art
* Science
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
Test Answers

## Grammar
### Verb forms

Name the verb forms for the subject and infinitive specified. (1 point each)
* parler
* finir
* vendre

## Translating
### English to French

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French. (2 points each)
* I eat an apple.
* She washes herself.
* They ski.
* The house is full of life.
* The dog jumps to his owner.

### French to English

Translate these dialogues into English. (14 points total)
    Silvia: Bonjour (le bonjour du matin) Joël, j'espère que tu vas bien ?
    Joel: Oui, bien sûr. Et toi, comment vas-tu ?
    Silvia: Plus ou moins bien, merci. Alors, qu'est-ce que tu as mangé pour le souper hier soir ?
    Joel: J'ai mangé des spaghettis avec des boulettes de viande.
    Silvia: C'était comment ?
    Joel: C'était vraiment excellent et délicieux. Et toi, tu a mangé quoi hier ?
    Silvia: Oh, seulement une salade, c'était tellement ennuyeux.
    Joel: Dommage. Alors, je dois aller au travail, à plus tard !
    Silvia: Oui, au revoir !

## Reading comprehension
### Fill in the blank

Fill in the blanks in these conversations. Note: Every blank is one word. (1 point each)
    _______-vous ici?
    Oui, j'etudie ici. ___ nom de ____ ecole est Shri K . H . V . V . Mandir.
    Quel est votre nom ?
    Je __________ Raj.
    Il y a _____ livre.

## Vocabulary
### Matching

Match the French words with their English definitions. (1 point each)
Level one lessons
People and things · To be · Description · Family · Recreation · The house · Weather · Travel · Art · Science
Lessons :
Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Introductory/Test answers

* Introduction
* The alphabet
* Greetings
* Formal speech
* Numbers
* Dates
* Telling time
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Grammar
### Verb forms

Name the verb forms for the subject and infinitive specified. (1 point each)

## Translating
### English to French

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French. (2 points each)
1. What day is today? Quel jour est-il, aujourd'hui?
2. How are you? Comment ça va?
3. What is your name? Comment vous appelez-vous? (formal) also accept: Comment t'appelles-tu? (informal)

### French to English

Translate these dialogues into English. (14 points total)
1. Bonjour! Quel est ton nom? Hello. What is your name? (informal)
2. Je m'appelle Jacques. Comment vous-appelez? I am Jacques. What is your name? (formal)
3. Je m'appelle Henri. Comme ςa va?
My name is Henri.How are you?
4. Pas mal. Et toi, comment ça va? Not bad. And you, how are you?
5. Trés bien, merci. À demain Jacques! Very good, thanks! Until tomorrow Jacques!
6. À demain Henri. Until tomorrow Henri.

## Reading comprehension
### Fill in the blank

Fill in the blanks in these conversations. Note: Every blank is one word. (1 point each)

## Vocabulary
### Matching

Match the French words with their English definitions. (1 point each)
Introductory lessons
Introduction · The alphabet · Greetings · Formal speech · Numbers · Dates · Telling time
Lessons :
Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Level four

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Contents

=== L'histoire ===

### Slavery under Napoleon · L'esclavage sous Napoléon

    Lecture guidée · L'esclavage sous Napoléon

### Algerian War of Independence · Guerre d'indépendance algérienne

    Lecture guidée · Guerre d'indépendance algérienne
=== Les lumières et le mouvement réaliste ===

### Candide (or Optimism) · Candide, (ou l'Optimisme)

    Lecture guidée · Extrait de Candide, (ou l'Optimisme) de Voltaire

### Dreams of a Solitary Walker · Rêveries du promeneur solitaire

    Lecture guidée · Extrait des Rêveries du promeneur solitaire, de Rousseau

### Boule de Suif

    Lecture guidée · Extrait de Boule de Suif, par Guy de Maupassant
=== La poésie française ===

### The Flowers of Evil · Les Fleurs du Mal

    Lecture guidée · Poèmes extraits des Fleurs du Mal de Baudelaire

### Tomorrow at Dawn · Demain, dès l'aube

    Lecture guidée · Poème de Victor Hugo
=== Grammar ===

### Review · Exercises · Test

Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Level three/Test

* Vacations
* Work
* Health
* Money
* Youth
* Adolescence
* Historical France
* Revolutionary France
* Modern France
* Current events
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Grammar
### Verb forms

Name the verb forms for the subject and infinitive specified.

## Translating
### English to French

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

### French to English

Translate these dialogues into English.

## Reading comprehension
### Fill in the blank

Fill in the blanks in these conversations. Note: Every blank is one word.

## Vocabulary
### Matching

Match the French words with their English definitions.
| mouche | lightning |
| le plancher | hoax |
| le rein | star |
| le roi | the floor |
| la abeille | thunder |
| avouer | ugly |
| l'etoile | lightning |
| la foudre | confess |
| l'éclair | star (rock star) |
| le tonnerre | kidney |
| la vedette | king |
| la supercherie | bee |
Level three lessons
Vacations · Work · Health · Money · Youth · Adolescence · Historical France · Revolutionary France · Modern France · Current events
Lessons :
Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Level one/Test answers

* People and things
* To be
* Description
* Family
* Recreation
* The house
* Weather
* Travel
* Art
* Science
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Grammar
### Verb Forms

Name the verb forms for the subject and infinitive specified. (1 point each)
je parle I speak tu parles you speak il/elle/on parle he/she/we speak nous parlons we speaks vous parlez you speak ils/elles parlent they speak
je finis tu finis il/elle finit nous finissons vous finisez ils/elles finissent

## Translating
### English to French

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French. (2 points each)
1. Je mange une pomme. I eat an apple
2. Elle se lave. She do washing
3. Ils font du ski. (Ils skiient) They are doing sking.
4. La maison est pleine de vie. The house is full of life
5. Le chien saute sur son propriétaire.The dog jump on his owner.

### French to English

Translate these dialogues into English. (14 points total)
Silvia: Good morning Joel, I hope you're doing well.
Joel: Yes, of course. And you? How are you doing?
Silvia: More or less well. Well, what did you eat for dinner yesterday evening?
Joel: I ate spaghetti and meatballs.
Silvia: How was it?
Joel: It was truly excellent and delicious. And you, what did you eat yesterday?
Silvia: Oh, just a salad. It was fairly boring.
Joel: A shame. Well, I have to go to work. 'Til later!
Silvia: Yes, goodbye!

## Reading Comprehension
### Fill in the Blank

Fill in the blanks in these conversations. Note: Every blank is one word. (1 point each) ete le l' je m'appelle
un

## Vocabulary
### Matching

Match the French words with their English definitions. (1 point each)
Level one lessons
People and things · To be · Description · Family · Recreation · The house · Weather · Travel · Art · Science
Lessons :
Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Level one

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Contents
### People and things · Les gens et les choses

    Grammar · Gender of nouns, definite and indefinite articles, liaison
    Vocabulary · People, expressions

### To be · Être

    Grammar · Subject pronouns, introduction to verbs, être, de , à
    Vocabulary · Places, expressing agreement, jobs , nationalities , countries

### Description · La description

    Grammar · Adjectives, demonstrative adjectives
    Vocabulary · Adverbs expressing degree, common adjectives, colors

### Family · La famille

    Grammar · Avoir, possession, possessive adjectives , questions
    Vocabulary · Immediate family, extended family , numbers

### Recreation · Récréation

    Grammar · -er verbs, le, la, and les, lui and leur
    Vocabulary · Places, sports, games, instruments

### The house · La maison

    Grammar · Habiter, faire, me, te, nous, and vous
    Vocabulary · Streets and houses, housework, rooms and furniture

### Weather · Le temps

    Grammar · Negation, aller, à
    Vocabulary · Common weather, rain and snow

### Travel · Les voyages

    Grammar · -ir verbs, prendre, de , possessive adjectives
    Vocabulary · Traveling, directions

### Art · L'art

    Grammar · Regular -re verbs, beau, nouveau, and vieux
    Vocabulary · Museums, music, plays

### Science · La science

    Grammar · Questions, conjunctions, lui and leur
    Vocabulary · Science, astronomy, scientists , elements

### Review · Exercises · Test

Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Level three

Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Contents
### Vacations · Les vacances

    Grammar · Geographic prepositions, perfect tenses, simple future of regular verbs
    Vocabulary · Travel, international travel, nationalities

### Work · Le travail

    Grammar · Irregular past participles review, conjugated verb + infinitive review
    Vocabulary · Companies, blue-collar, white-collar, service, government, the office, office supplies

### Health · La santé

    Grammar · Simple future of irregular verbs, adverbs, commands
    Vocabulary · Visiting the doctor, emergencies, medicine, the dentist, health-care

### Money · L'argent

    Grammar · Personal pronouns review, present conditional, pronouns with commands
    Vocabulary · Forms of money, payment, handling money, going to a bank

### Youth · Jeunesse

    Grammar · Imparfait, possessive pronouns, stem-changing verbs review
    Vocabulary · Games and toys, French children's poems, songs, and stories

### Adolescence · L'adolescence

    Grammar · Imparfait vs. passé composé, pronominal verbs review, plus-que-parfait
    Vocabulary · Pop culture, mass media, part-time jobs

### Historical France · L'histoire

    Grammar · Passé simple of regular verbs, interrogative pronouns
    Vocabulary · Farming and peasant life, noble life, the king, the rennaissance, the reformation

### Revolutionary France · Révolution

    Grammar · Passé simple of irregular verbs, relative pronouns (qui, que, dont)
    Vocabulary · Enlightenment, French Revolution, Democracy, Napoleonic Era, post-Napoleon France, Industrial Revolution

### Modern France · La France moderne

    Grammar · Past conditional, comparative & superlative, asking questions review
    Vocabulary · The 20th century, 20th century advancements and changes

### Current events · L'actualité

    Grammar · Future perfect, demonstrative pronouns, If...
    Vocabulary · News, the European Union, social problems, government, politics

### Review · Exercises · Test

Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# French/Lessons/Level three/Exercises

* Vacations
* Work
* Health
* Money
* Youth
* Adolescence
* Historical France
* Revolutionary France
* Modern France
* Current events
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts

## Grammar

Level three lessons
Vacations · Work · Health · Money · Youth · Adolescence · Historical France · Revolutionary France · Modern France · Current events
Lessons :
Introductory · Level one · Level two · Level three · Level four
French :
Lessons · Vocabulary · Grammar · Appendices · Texts
# Culinary Arts/Beverage

| Beverages | Baco, por Caravaggio |
# Culinary Arts/Basics/Nutrition/The Basics/Water

Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; including urine and feces, sweating, and by water vapour in the exhaled breath. Therefore, it is necessary to adequately rehydrate to replace lost fluids. Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration.[32] However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source.[33] The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods."[34] More recent comparisons of well-known recommendations on fluid intake have revealed large discrepancies in the volumes of water we need to consume for good health.[35] Therefore, to help standardize guidelines, recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) documents (2010): (i) Food-based dietary guidelines and (ii) Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes (ADI).[36] These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with “desirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed.”
For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2.0 L/day for adult females and 2.5 L/day for adult males. These reference values include water from drinking water, other beverages, and from food. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food.[37] Water content varies depending on the type of food consumed, with fruit and vegetables containing more than cereals, for example.[38] These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
The EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity.[36] Pregnant and breastfeeding women require additional fluids to stay hydrated. The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day.[36] To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women. Dehydration and over-hydration - too little and too much water, respectively - can have harmful consequences. Drinking too much water is one of the possible causes of hyponatremia, i.e., low serum sodium.
# Culinary Arts/Introduction

| Introduction | Đorđe Milovanović, Still-life with Bread , 1877, National Museum of Serbia |
| Introduction | {{{caption}}} |
Culinary arts, in which culinary means “related to cooking”, are the cuisine arts of food preparation, cooking, and presentation of food, usually in the form of meals. Table manners ("the table arts") are sometimes referred to as a culinary art. The ultimate goal of this art form is to create a dining experience. Expert chefs are responsible for producing this experience by preparing meals that are as pleasing to the eye as they are to the palate. To do this they are required to have knowledge of not only food science but also nutrition, diet and even a little psychology.
This book is about the fundamentals required to create that experience. We are going to explore the chef’s knowledge and techniques. A domestic chef, i.e., a non-professional culinary enthusiast, is unlikely to reach the level of a professional chef but we can learn enough to make our everyday dining an experience. This is one of those times where it is not about the destination but about the trip.
We will not be concerned too much about the professional environment except to see how that translates into making our kitchen functionally professional. Professional kitchens have a large staff with each person performing a definite set of tasks. In the domestic kitchen the meals are usually prepared by a single individual or at most a couple. Being a domestic chef means being literate in all the tasks that must occur to prepare the experience.
# From Lamer to Hacker/Introduce

No, no, this is not another article where he talks about the hacking in a humorous way. Here you will find some useful information for this to be a hacker in the sense of the ability of information technology. A hacker should general know:
* English, especially technical
* A few programming languages (including the most popular as C++ and Python)
* Operating systems, particularly Linux (good to start with might be Linux Mint).
* And of course the Internet.
It is also worth noting that a good IT specialist is able to use the right tools for specific tasks. Sam I use vi / emacs / visual studio / ms-word. When you do something in five minutes, because it is a failure / backup / whatever, you do not have time to think through what you do but you do. How do I console to replace the old Unix complicated piece of text to another in many places in many files - I use emacs, as I quickly edit the configuration file, or analyze the data in xml, or how no emacs - I use vi. How do I deal with xmlem on Windows, then I use internet explorer, notepad ++, or Visual Studio - ideally does preety print and checks the syntax without any additional plug-ins. How do I make an outline - again emacs - org-mode, I want to use the shell is simply I use it - or bash, or Powershell, or csh. Gone are the days when there were two editors plus a third unused. More and more software is no alternative better or worse in specific tasks. Much more important than perfect knowledge of one of them is the knowledge of at least the functionality of others to quickly whenever you need them to be able to use. From that depend on earnings (considerable), some of this depends also on family life. It's fun to be closed in a secure integrated environment right? I like it too, but unfortunately the reality it seeks in a completely different direction. Diversity and inconsistencies. Good computer specialist knows in this chaos move freely. Is it a Mac or on Linux or on the elevator ... To win the one who is able to quickly adapt. Nowadays they decide seconds. Personally, I like eg. Vim, but that did not hate I also use other tools as needed.
# Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe/Chapter 85

The headline of the October 15, 1947 Birmingham News reads, "One Armed Quarterback Leads Team to Fifth Straight Victory." Stump is quarterback for his high school. He has made 33 of 37 attempted passes in the season. The article goes on to say that he is also on the baseball and basketball teams. He is quoted as saying his Aunt Idgie taught him everything he knows about football.

## Analysis

Stump has overcome his disability and become a star player in not one, but three sports. He rightly credits Idgie. She is responsible not only for his skill in football, but for teaching him that he could overcome his disability and enjoy life. He learned this the day she took him to Eva's and played ball with the three-legged dog.
← Chapter 84 · Chapter 86 →
# From Lamer to Hacker

* From Lamer to Hacker
* Here you know all, what should can hacker in the sense of skill.
* Practice part
* Intro
* Computers for Beginners
* Linux
* Open Source apps
* mobile open source apps
* Free Software Foundation
* Main
* Webdev
* HTML
* XHTML
* CSS
* XML
* JavaScript
* Python
* more
* App dev
* Java
* C or C++
* Assembly
* version control
* Git - more in doc
* CVS
* Subversion
* other books
* Community
* stack overflow
* stack exchange for non-programming discuss
* Extra
* A moment of entertainment - CrackMe
* computer security
* Bibliography
* Theoretical part
* Intro
* Hardware
* basic
* How it's made
* Proc (PL)
* video card
* disks
* Operating Systems
* general
* Own distribution linux
* Run
* Windows
* Linux
* Linux family
* Debian
* Arch Linux
* Gentoo
* Slackware
* other independent
* non-linux based
* Shells
* Bash
* csh
* PowerShell
* Internet
* Computer network
* Ports (list)
* OSI
* physical address
* IP adress
* Address Resolution Protocol
* Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
* Encapsulation
* fragmentation
* Datagram
* ICMP
* UDP
* multiplexing
* TCP/IP model
* TCP segment
# From Lamer to Hacker/Bibliography

* Linux running - GNU GDL
* Own distribution linux - CC NC-SA 2.0, MIT