OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Algoid

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the algoid is a type of plant creature.

## Description

The algoid is a colony of algae that appears in the form of a green humanoid.

## Publication history

The algoid appeared in the following publications:
* The first edition Fiend Folio (1981).
* The second edition Fiend Folio Monstrous Compendium supplement (1992).
* The Tome of Horrors (2002) from Necromancer Games.

## References

* ↑ Turnbull, Don, ed. Fiend Folio (TSR, 1981)
* ↑ Williams, Skip, et al. Monstrous Compendium Fiend Folio Appendix (TSR, 1992)
* ↑ Green, Scott; Peterson, Clark (2002). Tome of Horrors. Necromancer Games. p. 6. ISBN 1-58846-112-2.
# Dungeons & Dragons/Monsters/Abrian

In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, the Abrian is an extraplanar Magical Beast. They dwell in the abyss

## Description

Abrians are large, flightless birds which somewhat resemble ostriches. However, they have a pair of small arms (not unlike those of a tyrannosaurus rex or velociraptor) at the front instead of wings. The upper underside of their long neck and their limbs are bare, while the rest of their body has black plumage, with red plumage at the tail and the bases of their strong legs.
The abrians are far more intelligent than they look; actually being as intelligent as any sentient race, and commonly engaging in trade with nomads and traveling merchants. Abrians themselves travel in large flocks.
Abrians are chaotic evil in alignment, typical of a creature of the Abyss.

## Publication history

The abrian first appeared in the second edition Planescape Monstrous Compendium Appendix II (1995). They later appeared in the third edition Fiend Folio (2003).

## References

* ↑ Baker, Rich, Tim Beach, Wolfgang Baur, Michele Carter, and Colin McComb. Planescape Monstrous Compendium Appendix II (TSR, 1995)
# Celestia/Locations
## Introduction

Celestia includes several catalogs of Locations on the Earth and on objects elsewhere in the Solar System. They're short, only containing lists of major features, like the Earth's oceans, continents and capital cities of nations. More extensive catalogs of Locations are available as Addons.
Locations are labeled positions, usually on the surfaces of objects defined in SSC catalog files. They're shown if you select the option "Label Features" in the menu Render / Locations...
When Locations are enabled, you can use Celestia's goto functions to travel to them.
For more information, please see SSC Location
# Celestia/Keyboard Shortcuts

Since there are different GUI clients (GLUT, GTK, QT, WIN32), this is the planned page to document the celestia-cored keyboard shortcuts and client-specific shortcuts.
# Celestia/Render Paths
## Introduction

A Render path is Celestia's way of classifying graphics capabilities. Its different Render paths correspond to different sets of OpenGL functions.
Not all render paths may be available on your computer. A render path will be available only if your computer's graphics software includes the OpenGL functions that it uses. More sophisticated render paths require more recent graphics hardware, but not the most expensive version of a card.
When it is first started, Celestia automatically selects the best render path based on the graphics capabilities advertised by the computer's OpenGL library. However, you can interactively select any available render path. Celestia remembers which path you selected last and will use it when the program is restarted. Choosing another render path may be necessary if there are problems due to bugs in your computer's graphics drivers.
To select an alternate render path, type a Ctrl-V. That is, press the "V" key while holding down the "control" key. This causes Celestia to switch to the next available render path. The name of the newly selected render path will be shown briefly in the lower left hand part of Celestia's window.

## Render Paths under Linux

see the windows it is THE SAME

## Render Paths under MacOS X

Some of the render paths available on computers running MacOS X are
* Basic
* Multitexture
* DOT3+ARB VP
* NV C/VP
* NV C+ARB VP
* OpenGL 2.0

## Render Paths under Windows

Some of the render paths available on computers running Windows are
* Basic
* Multitexture
* OpenGL Vertex Program
* OpenGL Vertex Program/Nvidia combiners (only on Nvidia graphics cards)
* OpenGL 2.0
Celestia can show more and improved "eye candy" when using the later render paths:
* Basic requires OpenGL v1.1.
    It shows the fewest effects. It's available even on systems which have only Microsoft's software support for OpenGL and have no 3D hardware acceleration.
* Multitexture requires OpenGL v1.2.
    It adds NightTextures and the shadow of a planet on its rings.
* OpenGL Vertex Program requires OpenGL v1.4.
    It adds specular highlights on oceans, shaded mountainsides and the shadows of rings on a planet.
* Nvidia Combiners adds a rudimentary haze effect. (Only for Nvidia graphic cards)
* OpenGL 2.0 requires OpenGL v2.0.
    It improves the edges of eclipse and ring shadows, draws the shadows cast by as many as four separate light sources, allows for point sprites, and adds sophisticated atmospheric effects, including cloud shadows on the ground. Haze can be drawn, too, based on Mie and Rayleigh scattering functions. (These scattering functions are available only with Celestia v1.5.0 or later.)

## OpenGL Versions

To find out what version of OpenGL the graphics drivers on your computer claim to support, select Celestia's Help menu. The entry "OpenGL Info..." will list details about your computer's graphics hardware and software.
# ETD Guide/Students/Protecting intellectual property and how to deal with plagiarism

Protecting against plagiarism may involve specific steps as explained below, in addition to action in accord with the discussion above in section ETD Guide:Universities - Plagiarism.
First, there is software available to detect plagiarism, or, in simple terms, similar copies. Stanford's SCAM software, and other software developed in Australia and other locations, discussed in the digital library literature and elsewhere, is available. This software can compare two documents, finding sections that are identical or similar (e.g., up to within simple substitution changes). If such software were to be widely run, it could ascertain for each new work if there were an ETD previously submitted that is very "close". While determined authors might defeat such software, more refined software could be developed to highlight cases where even such protection efforts were involved.
Second, it should be noted, as stated in section ETD Guide:Universities - Plagiarism, that if a work in made widely available, it is more likely that someone, seeing a new ETD that involves plagiarism, would detect that situation. In effect, as more and more ETDs are made accessible, there is a larger community monitoring abuses.
Third, since it is known that ETDs are often read by many more people than would read a paper dissertation, there is a strong psychological pressure to discourage plagiarism. One aspect of this is that students are aware of dire penalties if plagiarism is detected - they may be removed from their degree program and forever disgraced. Another aspect is that faculty working with students on ETDs, being aware that many might read the work, are likely to be more diligent than with paper works with regard to checking the validity and quality of results reported. In other words, it becomes more likely that faculty will carefully study ETDs that have their name on them as advisors or examiners. In particular, it is exceedingly unlikely that a student would be able to write about work they had not done, without that being detected.
In summary, detection by machines or people, and the threat of severe penalties, are likely to discourage students from even considering plagiarism with regard to ETDs.
Next Section: Naming standards: file names; unique Ids
# ETD Guide/Students/Integrating multimedia elements

Inaccessible dead media has little value. Students who are incorporating moving images, audio and live data streams into their ETDs should not underestimate the work involved in managing these resources. How these resources are created, and the form and format they are created in, will determine how your ETD can be managed, used, preserved, and even re-used in the future.
When your ETD enters a networked electronic environment, it does not exist in isolation. It becomes part of a boundless resource space in which descriptions of the work and its components (metadata) need to be in an internationally recognized form if the work is to be accessible.
Inter-operable standards that will allow for this metadata to be understood by everyone (even machines) are now available. However, the application of these standards requires a new form of collaborative relationship between you, the creator, and indexing initiatives such as the NDLTD.
This means that you, the creator, have to take responsibility for describing each layer or 'object' of content as an independent entity capable of being accessed and manipulated in its own right. From its conception, a compound digital resource should be seen as a composition of objects in an encoding architecture that expresses the spatial and temporal relationships between these objects.
* These objects may be audio (mono or stereo) and visual (2D or 3D) or text.
* They may also be composed from several sources.
* They may be simultaneously acquired, processed, transmitted and used in real time.
If, in the future, the encoding of these objects is to be decoded, the metadata must include format information. In the interests of interoperability, it is good practice to select formats from the list of Internet Media Types (MIME values) whenever possible (this list is a registry where there is a procedure for adding new types, if necessary). Available [on-line]
http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types/media- types/
An important (proposed) standard that multimedia content providers should investigate is the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL). This standard will allow hypertext creators to define and synchronize multimedia elements (video, sound, still images) for web presentation and interaction. Available [on-line]
http://www.w3.org/AudioVideo/
Next Section: Providing metadata – inside, outside documents
# ETD Guide/Students/Local support

The ADT Program is an Australian university libraries initiative. The library at the ADT member institution provides local support. Support to academics and students is varied and depends on the levels of expertise of the individuals involved in the submission process. The levels of support offered include:
* provision of workstation/s, including software, in the library dedicated to the submission process plus library technical support as appropriate to aid students to submit and convert files into PDF
* provision of basic instructions and information for students wanting to submit theses independently. See example of this at The University of New South Wales: http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/theses.html#dep
* library technical expertise to entirely do the submission & conversion process on behalf of students
* provision of information via the library's website, pamphlets, presentations, formal letters & information for faculties, schools, graduate committees, academic staff and students about the local ADT Programs. The sharing of this information by the ADT member institutions as well
* broader support at the institutional level - sharing expertise, knowledge and information as appropriate
All library support is seen as part of the normal university scholarly process and is provided free of any charge.
Next Section: Typical workflow, local policies and procedures
# ETD Guide/Students/Overview: writing with word processors and structured editors

Details regarding a variety of approaches to use in preparing ETDs are found in subsequent parts of section 3.2. In all cases, there is a writing phase and a conversion phase, so that an archivable form is produced. The writing phase should allow authors to efficiently and effectively capture their research results in a form that will be understandable by others. The conversion phase should take the written work and use it to create PDF and/or SGML/XML.
Authors preparing an ETD must learn about electronic publishing to succeed in their task. In the future, costs may decrease on structured editors and other software that directly yields SGML/XML. Meanwhile, a small number may invest (their money and time) in such as SoftQuad’s Author/Editor. But today, most authors learn about word processing, since it is commonly used for other writing tasks, such as letters, reports, papers, articles, and books. Word is the most common word processor. Word Perfect is somewhat popular. FrameMaker is a more costly package, harder to learn, but quite powerful, and used in professional writing efforts. LaTeX is popular with mathematicians, scientists, and engineers who deal with mathematical notation, proofs, equations, etc.
From word processing systems such as these, it is relatively easy to prepare PDF files. It also is possible to prepare SGML or XML. However, this latter typically requires a good deal of pre-planning, work on conversion, and final editing/checking to make sure the archival form correctly conveys the author’s intent.
Some of these efforts yield metadata for ETDs as a byproduct, either directly or in connection with a conversion effort. Thus, if “TEI-lite” (drawn from work on the Text Encoding Initiative) is employed, metadata can be produced from the document by analyzing the header portion. Generally, however, authors prepare a metadata record for their ETD by filling in some type of form, entering in suitable information into a database from which the desired representation can be generated as needed. The metadata, as well as other forms, may carry a description regarding copyright and other intellectual property right management issues.
In addition to writing, authors may convey their results using multimedia devices. Special tools are often employed to prepare graphic aids, animations, or musical compositions. Other tools support conversion of photographs, video, music, and other formats. In some cases, multimedia content can be included with the rest of the work, as when images are included in a PDF file. Regardless, international standards for the various media types, as well as their combinations, should be followed so archivable works result; otherwise these parts of an ETD may become lost to interested readers in the distant future. We aim to avoid such losses whenever possible, through training, following best practices, and building upon recent work on ETDs, as documented below.
Next Section: Writing in word processing systems
# ETD Guide/Students/Learning from other ETDs

Documents are often prepared in a similar form to that of prior documents. Students are encouraged to go to http://www.theses.org and follow links found there to other ETDs. Of particular interest should be the set of Notable ETDs found at that site. Modeling one’s work after these may be an effective strategy as long as local requirements are satisfied (see above). In its Fall 2001 meeting, the NDLTD Steering Committee decided to pursue this strategy, giving awards for the best masters and for the best doctoral ETDs. Once these are identified, they will be linked in with the above-mentioned Notable ETD section.
Next Section: How to prepare an ETD? (approaches)
# ETD Guide/Students/Preparing a PDF document

A popular page representation scheme, a published de facto standard developed by Adobe is the Portable Document Format, PDF. Adobe provides the Acrobat Reader free of charge (and promised it into the foreseeable future), which will read current as well as previous versions of PDF. It is downloadable at http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html. Adobe also provides tools for creating, annotating, and manipulating PDF documents, through its own word processing software, printer drivers, and distilling from PostScript. The whole suite is called Adobe Acrobat and is actually available with version 5. Adobe’s Acrobat software, installed on a Windows or Macintosh platform allows most suitable documents to be converted to PDF in moments. From word processors such as Word, WordPerfect, and Framemaker, each document portion can be “printed” to the Distiller printer driver, yielding a PDF file. The Distiller converts PostScript files to PDF files. Acrobat software allows multiple PDF files to be assembled into larger PDF files by inserting documents or deleting pages in an existing PDF file.
It is also possible to produce PDF documents on UNIX systems. However, the latest version of Acrobat Distiller that was available for certain UNIX platforms such as Solaris or HP-UX was version 3.1. Authors writing in LaTeX can use ghostscript to produce PDF files. But in order to obtain readable PDF documents, issues of used fonts, used conversion scripts, etc. have to be considered.
To avoid problems for future readers, authors should embed all fonts in their documents (when that is allowed). Otherwise, software displaying or printing PDF content will attempt to find a similar font and extrapolate from it, which may cause serious problems.
Similarly, authors should use so-called “outline” fonts as opposed to bitmap fonts, so that display and printing can proceed to scale characters as required. Thus, when using TeX or LaTeX, the bitmap fonts commonly found in a standard installation should not be used.
PDF-Tools:
* Acrobat (http://www.adobe.com)
* Ghostscript (http://archiv.leo.org/pub/comp/general/typesetting/tex/support/ghostscript/ or http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost) and Viewer Tool ghostview (http://archiv.leo.org/pub/comp/general/typesetting/tex/support/ghostscript/gnu/ghostview/)
* NikNak (http://www.niknak.de/is/5dorder.htm)
* XPDF (http://www.footlabs.com/xpdf)
* Magellan/ Drake (http://bcl-computers.com)
* Gemini (http://www.iceni.com)
* Omnipage (http://www.scansoft.com)
Next Section: From LaTeX
# Celestia/Why Celestia
## Why would anyone want to use Celestia?

* Celestia is free. There are no charges or fees of any kind ever, and everything, including the source code, is open source, meaning that every part of it can be scrutinized, modified, and built on your own.
* You can explore the universe. Celestia allows you to travel throughout the solar system, stars, and galaxies in three dimensions. It shows the objects as they are in real time. You can go forward or back thousands of years as it can predict the trajectory of many different objects, or slow down time to a crawl. You can accurately view positions of objects from the Earth's position, or leave its confines should you wish.
* It's easy to use. You can easily explore anything from the scale of tiny asteroids to massive galaxies with simple controls and a simple interface.
* It's expansive. The default version of Celestia contains over 100,000 stars, 10,000 galaxies, the Solar System and its planets, moons, and dozens of smaller bodies.
* It's expandable. If Celestia doesn't have what you want to see, you can easily download and install hundreds of different add-ons created by the community, covering everything from high-resolution textures to new stars and planets, and even fictional systems from sci-fi franchises.
* It can be educational. Many people, such as Frank Gregorio, have made comprehensive lesson plans for educating and entertaining curious minds.
* You can customize it however you want. Celestia easily allows you to build your own worlds and creations, making it useful for everyone from artists to astronomers.

## Why not use some other program?

Free and open source:
* Gaia Sky
* Stellarium
* OpenSpace
* WorldWide Telescope
Free and closed source:
* Orbiter
* NASA's Eyes
Commercial:
* SpaceEngine
* Universe Sandbox
* Starry Night
All of the above software titles are useful in their own right. However, Celestia is open-source, meaning it is open to all kinds of collaboration and improvement from anybody, and it allows thorough journeys to the planets, their moons, the stars, asteroids, comets, and galaxies — all in one place, and while being quite light on processing power. These visits are up-close and personal and in vivid detail with exceptional graphics and animations. If it's missing in Celestia, you can install any of hundreds of add-ons that include spacecraft, nebulae, and others, and see what they look(ed) like in space.

## What can't Celestia do?

* Telescope control
* 180 degree field of view
* Sound (prior to recent builds of 1.7.0)
* 3D stereoscopic or anaglyph viewing
# Cell Biology/Authors
## Contributors to Cell Biology

Mark Dalton
Amie Kim
Emperorbma
Theresa Knott
Allen Llew
Magnus Manske
Marshman
JW Schmidt
Karl Wick
Odhiambo Siangla
Read-write-services (Richard)
Grant Robinson
Cybergoth
Monk$_{talk}$
# Cell Biology/Cell division/Cell Mass and Growth Rate

Researchers from the University of Illinois are using a new type of microsensor to track the mass of individual colon cancer cells and their divisions. The cancer cells they studied grew faster as their mass increased, rather than showing a steady growth during the cell cycle.
The microsensor consists of a tiny suspended platform (50 microns wide) made out of silicon and on a chip that contains hundreds of sensors. The scale vibrates at a particular frequency that changes relative to the mass on the scale; the heavier the mass, the lower the sensor’s resonant frequency.
The researchers culture the cells on the chip similarly to how scientists grow cells in a dish. From this, data can be collected from many cells at once, as well as individual cellular measurements. Furthermore, cells can be imaged by microscopes while on the sensor so cells can be tracked visually while mass measurements are recorded. Our understanding about cellular division and growth may have many applications to drug development, basic biology, and the study of cancer.

## References

Kidong Park, Larry J. Millet, Namjung Kim, Huan Li, Xiaozhong Jin, Gabriel Popescu, N. R. Aluru, K. Jimmy Hsia, and Rashid Bashir. Measurement of adherent cell mass and growth. PNAS, November 10, 2010 DOI:10.1073/pnas.1011365107