OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spanish/Exercises/Possessive Adjectives

^Lesson 5^

### Rellena los espacios en blanco Fill in the blank

1. Manuel tiene una bicicleta. _____ bicicleta es azul. Manuel no has a bike. His bike is blue.
2. _____ clases son a las nueve de la mañana. My classes are at 9:00 am.
3. Nosotros visitamos a _____ abuelos. We visit our grandparents.
4. Los mexicanos tienen _____ día de independencia el 16 de septiembre. The Mexicans have their independence day on September 16
5. ¿Pueden mostrarme _____ casa? Can you (plural) show me your house?
6. La clase de Señor Ford es fantástica. _____ clase es fantástica. Mr. Ford's (his) class is fantastic.
Soluciones a los ejercicios
^Lesson 5^
# Semiconductors/FET

This page is going to talk about Field Effect Transistors, how they are made, how they operate, and what are their basic characteristics.

## FETs

Field effect transistors (FETs) make use of the electric field induced by a potential on the Gate (G) terminal to create a conducting channel between the Drain (D) and Source (S) terminals.

## FETs vs BJTs

FET are more stable than BJT more linearity less noise, input impedence is very large, output impedance very low compared to BJT's therefore it consumes less power than BJT's
# Semiconductor Electronics/Software
## Software programs used for this book

Inkscape : A vector drawing tool which is used to create most of the diagrams in Semiconductor Electronics.
Speed Crunch : Calculator with which one can perform precise mathematical calculations.

## Programming Languages

* C and C++
* Java

## Electrical Engineering Tools

* Electric
* Ktechlab
* Pspice
* KiCAD
# Semiconductors/Doping

When examining crystals we make a few assumptions about them for simplicity. Such as:
* They are Periodic
* They are symmetrical
* They are infinitely large
* They compose a lattice
Although the infinite claim is a bit sketchy, it is a pretty good approximation as these crystals are often huge compared to distances in the crystal.
Since crystals exist in 3D space, and are periodic, if we move the size of the crystal in one of its axis we are at a corresponding spot. Mathematically we say that we have three linearly independent vectors and can move integer values of them to corresponding places in the lattice.
$\mathbf {r} =u\mathbf {a} +v\mathbf {b} +w\mathbf {c}$

## Unit Cells

If we have a lattice it must be made up of smaller components, the unit cell is the smallest undivisible part of the lattice. And by placing many unit cells together, you can create the whole lattice again. Imagine a large stack of dice, you could say that one die was the unit cell for this crystalline lattice.
There is an infinite number of possible unit cells, but only 14 types of lattice. This can be generalised to 7 crystal classes.
Also there is a minimum size of the unit cell, with its volume being 1 lattice point (atom/molecule/whatever).

### Some Cells and their Packing Fractions
#### Cubic

Imagine a cubic unit cell with one point at each corner. So 8 points in total, but each of these is shared between it and 7 other cubes.
So the amount of lattice points per cell is 8 * 1/8 = 1. We call this the Primitive.
Now if we imagine each point as a sphere which touches its neighbours, then we can define the Packing Fraction as the volume taken up by the points compared to the volume of the cell.
In Cubic cells each sphere will have a radius half the size of the crystal. So we say r = a/2.
$V_{point}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}={\frac {4}{3}}\pi \left({\frac {a}{2}}\right)^{3}$
And there is one per cell, ie the primitive = 1. So:
$PackingFraction={\frac {V_{point}}{V_{cell}}}={\frac {{\frac {4}{3}}\pi \left({\frac {a}{2}}\right)^{3}}{a^{3}}}={\frac {\pi }{6}}$
or 52%

#### Body Centre Cubic

Like a cubic unit cell except has another lattice point directly in its centre.
Primitive = 8 * 1/8 + 1 = 2.
It has a Packing Fraction of 68%.

#### Face Centre Cubic

This is a close packed lattice, it's like a cubic except all 6 faces have another point at their centre.
Primitive = 8 * 1/8 + 6 * 1/2 = 4
Packing Fraction = 74%
# Semiconductors/Darlington Connections
## Darlington Connections

two transistors connected together so that the current amplified by the first is amplified further by the second transistor. The overall current gain is equal to the two individual gains multiplied together
# Semiconductor Electronics/Semiconductor/Doping

Doping is the process of adding impurities to intrinsic semiconductors to alter their properties. Normally Trivalent and Pentavalent elements are used to dope Silicon and Germanium. When an intrinsic semiconductor is doped with Trivalent impurity it becomes a P-Type semiconductor. The P stands for Positive, which means the semiconductor is rich in holes or Positive charged ions. When we dope intrinsic material with Pentavalent impurities we get N-Type semiconductor, where N stands for Negative. N-type semiconductors have Negative charged ions or in other words have excess electrons in it.

## How Doping Works

Atoms follow a rule called Octet Rule. According to Octet-rule atoms are stable when there are eight electrons in their valence shell. If not, atoms readily accept or share neighboring atoms to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell. In the silicon lattice, each silicon atom is surrounded by four silicon atoms. Each silicon atom shares one of its electron in the valence shell to its neighboring silicon atom to satisfy the octet-rule. A schematic diagram of an intrinsic semiconductor is shown in image right (Figure : Intrinsic Silicon Lattice).
When we pop in a pentavalent element into the lattice. As you can see the image (Figure : N-type) , we have doped the silicon lattice with Phosphorous, a pentavalent element. Now pentavalent element has five electrons, so it shares an electron with each of the four neighbouring silicon atoms, hence four electrons are tied up with the silicon atoms in the lattice. This leaves an extra electron. This excess electron is free to move and is responsible for conduction. Hence N-type (Negative Type) intrinsic semiconductor (silicon in this case) is made by doping the semiconductor with pentavalent element.
To create a P-type semiconductor, all we must do is to pop in a trivalent element into the lattice. A trivalent element has three electrons in its valence shell. It shares three electrons with three neighboring silicon atoms in the lattice, the fourth silicon atom demands an electron but the trivalent atom has no more electron to share. This creates a void in lattice which we call it has hole. Since the electron is deficient, the hole readily accepts an electron, this makes it a P-type (Positive type) extrinsic semiconductor.
As you can see in the image above (Figure : P-type) , we have popped in boron (trivalent element) in silicon lattice. This has created a hole making the semiconductor a P-type material.
The case is no different with Germanium. It behaves the same as silicon; however, some properties differ which makes germanium based devices better in certain applications, while silicon based devices are used in other applications.
# Semiconductor Electronics/Semiconductor

Semiconductors are materials that behave as conductors in certain cases and insulators in certain cases. This makes them ideal for electronics. By making a semiconductor behave like a conductor and insulator alternatively means that we have a switch.
* Group IV of Periodic Table
* Silicon
* Germanium
* Doping
* Semiconductor Behavior
# Semiconductors

This book is part of a series on Electric Circuits:
Circuit Theory Circuit Idea Digital Circuits Practical Electronics Electronics Analogue Electronics Semiconductors Materials in Electronics
This book is an introductory text on semiconductors. This book discusses the theoretical basis for semiconductors, and shows some examples of how semiconductors are used. Later chapters show some of the ways diodes and transistors are used both in digital circuits, and in analog circuits.

## Table of Contents

* Introduction

### Section 1: Fundamentals

* What is a Semiconductor
* Magnetic and Electric Fields
* Doping
* PN Junctions (diodes)
* Diodes from an Engineering Perspective

### Section 2: Transistor Basics

* Introduction to Transistors
* Transistors as Amplifiers
* Transistors as Switches
* Emitter Followers
* Transconductance
* Darlington Connections
* Bootstrapping
* Miller Effect

### Section 3: Field Effect Transistors

* FETs
* Variable Resistance
* Current Sources: JFETs
* MOSFET Transistors
* MESFET Transistors
* CMOSFET Transistors

### Section 4: Amplifiers

* Op-Amps
* Inverting and Non-Inverting
* Current Sources
* Integrators and Differentiators
* Comparators and Schmitt Trigger
* Feedback Theory and Feedback Amplifiers

### Section 5: Regulators and Rectifiers

* Zener Diode
* Three Terminal Regulators
* Switching Regulators

### Section 6: Digital Circuits

* TTL
* CMOS
* Logical Gates
* Tri-State Devices
* Open Collector Devices

### Section 7: Opto-electronic Device

* Photodiode
* Phototransistor
* LED

## Resources and Licensing

* Resources
# Spanish/Lesson 11

| Lessons: | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 |
This page or section of the Spanish book is a stub. You can help Wikibooks by expanding it.

## Vocabulario

| la plaza | plaza |
| el parque | park |
| la fuente | fountain |
| las flores | flowers |
| el café | café or coffee |
| la calle | road |
| la avenida | avenue |
| la acera | sidewalk |
| los árboles | trees |
| el césped | grass/lawn |
| la gente | people |
| el perro | dog |
| caminar | to walk |
| andar | to walk |
| oír | to hear |
| oler | to smell |
| ver | to see |
| correr | to run |
| sentarse | to sit |
* Por ejemplo (for example)
    ¿Por qué no vamos al parque? Why don't we go to the park?
    La fuente es linda. The fountain is beautiful.
    Hay mucha gente en el parque hoy. There are a lot of people in the park today.
| Lessons: | 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 |
# Sport Innovation/Active Network Sports Event Management Software/Facebook

The Active Facebook wall is used for a varied range of communication; Active posting news about diet, event, training programs, individual members asking questions about Active services they have bought or questions concerning equipment. Seemingly the wall is an overall platform for contact, questions and a place for sharing experiences. Active "likes" a range of major sport event corporations, for example Ironman, as well as different medias such as news corporations, lifestyle magazines, tour and event organizers, sport nutrition companies, sport leagues and other Active groups.
This seems to be yet another Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platform for Active, in that they promote some of their training programs by linking to a page offering a range of training programs. Furthermore a payment membership is offered, giving subscribers discounted prizes on the networks prizes. Link to another SaaS portal - the shopping community Schwaggle (facebook link) is provided.
Other links/ features provided:
* Active YouTube channel
* Careers - internal Active (global) job portal
* Mobile phone apps
* Training videos explaining exercises
* Feedback platform (Q/A, ideas, appreciations)
* etc.
Active Network in Action - Event management SaaS
# Sport Innovation/Activeglobal.com

Activeglobal.com is the global ready to use site for both participants and event organizers, however, predominantly for the former. Standard links such as "Site Map", Contact, About Us, is provided as well as a possibility to sign up for the active newsletter.
One of the main features of the site, is a search option for future participants looking for an event. Considering time, type or area of the event, users can customize their search. The range of countries to be chosen from seems to be global, indicating that Activeglobal.com activities and services covers the entire globe. A smaller feature, is that offered to organizers that is not currently using the Activeglobal.com services. Opportunities are listed under what seems to be the main event organizer advantages; ; the exposure an event can achieve by Activeglobal.com and the effectivity and ease of registration using the Active.com software, i.e. Software-as-a-Service.
Having used the search function before, on future visits, the page lists coming events in the users area. Furthermore, a directory is provided listing the top global cities using Active network, and the top cities offering the range of sports the users previously have stated interest in. Browse options is also provided.
Besides from the options already mentioned, Activeglobal.com offers a range of tools applicable and of possible interest to the active individual.
* Articles of a wide range of topics concerning exercise etc.
* Search tool to find results in Active network events
* Search option to find standardized training programmes for the novice to the veteran athlete(Wikibook link)
* Users forums/blogs for discussion of a broad range topics in some way related to an active lifestyle.
* Dating site for active singles
* Calculators applicable to plan running pace, diet etc.(Wikibook link)
Main Active Network Wikibookpage
# Sport Innovation/Activeglobal.com/Calculators

Among software offered on the Active site is calculators applicable for individuals wanting information on their current state of body composition, nutrition and fitness. All calculations are done by ticking boxes, (for example gender) and/or by entering a numeric value (body weight or desired finish time on a certain running distance). The basis for each calculation is stated on the sites, as well as any disclaimers, for example calculated caloric needs applies for "healthy, non-pregnant adults 19 and older. Athletes may require a higher caloric intake to maintain their current weight" Active (2011). The seven different calculators covers two main aspects:
    - Body Fat
    - Body Mass Index (BMI)
    - Caloric Needs
    - Ideal Weight
    - Nutrition
    - Pace - how fast you should run to finish a certain distance in a certain time
    - Target Heart Rate - at what pulse frequency you should be exercising to gain a certain response
Main Active Network Wikibookpage
# Sport Innovation/Active Network in Action - Event management SaaS

Active Network Australia offer sports management software that is "easy for administrators, coaches, players and parents" [1]. For over 10 years, Active Network has provided sports management software and online sports registration tools to coaches and administrators.
The easy-to-use programs along with information consolidated in one place which is accessible 24/7 make it a very attractive software solutions package for sports clubs and organisations. Furthermore, sports clubs are able to download data and create reports as well as print out contact lists for parents and submit statistics to headquarters.
Activeglobal.com, the international webpage of Active Network, has millions of visitors each month searching and signing up for activities, competitions, tournaments, leagues, clubs within their communities. If a sports club or organisation utilise Active Network Australia, its logo and name will feature on Activeglobal.com. This potentially can grow participation in a club exponentially as parents and players notice them on the international website.
The main features of Active Network Australia include:
* Online Registration
* Custom Reporting
* Email Marketing Tools
* Social Media Integration
* Free Event Listing on Active.com
Sport administrators and clubs can carry out a free trial of the Active Network software solutions by creating an account on the website. This is a valuable tool allowing people to 'try before they buy'.
The sports management solutions offered by Active Network Australia are:
* League Management Software
* Tournament Management Software
* Football Management Software
* Rugby Management Software
* Sports Club Software
* Cricket Management Software
* Tennis Tournament Software
* Online Registration Forms
* Sports Event Management Software
* Running Event Management Software
The summary table provides an overview of all of the sports management software solutions offered by Active Network Australia.
Many sporting organisations and sporting events are successfully applying the Active Network sport management solutions. They include Tennis Australia, Triathlon Australia, Ironman as well as charity runs and walks such as 'Walk the Walk', 'Girls on the Run' and 'Race for the Cure'.
A feasibility analysis of Active Network is also provided.

## References

* The Active Network (2011). What we do. Retrieved from www.activenetwork.com.au/
# Sport Innovation/Activeglobal.com/Training Programmes

Activeglobal.com training programmes is a simple webpage, introducing ActiveTrainer, Activeglobal.com' training tools, offering standardizes programs to athletes of all levels of 5, 10, 15, 21,5 (half marathon) and 42,5 kilometer running, as well as recovery programs (mix of walking and running training including aerobic, anaerobic and cross-training workouts). Furthermore, the ActiveTrainer software also offers training plans targeted triathlon events of different length (sprint, Olympic, half-ironman and ironman).
Other than the training programs, informations on the different features included in the training software, is shown.
These includes:
* Training calendar - graphically scheduling the workouts per day, week etc.
* Shoe tracker - logs distance done at each pass to the worn shoes - thus enabling the athlete the know when to replace shoes.
* Training reports - helps visualize the daily weight, pulse, sleep etc.. Also compares actual and planned workout
* Training tools - easy to use calculator to find; desired pace to complete competition in a set time, Body Mass Index(BMI) etc.
* Routes map - function enabling athlete to keep track of a range of courses, regardless of distance and discipline
* Trainning communities - platform shared with others where questions, answers, training tip can be shared. Also offers access to multilevel training blogs.
Main Active Network Wikibookpage
# Sport Innovation/Background of Under Armour

The products of Under Armour Performance Apparel have become the top choice of athletes around the world to wear under their uniforms or during workouts. Under Armour was developed by athletes for athletes. It all began in 1996 with college football player Kevin Plank, who designed a T-shirt to draw sweat away from the body and into a lightweight microfiber fabric. Under Armour has engineered the ultimate Moisture Transport System in sports performance apparel that slides over your body like a second skin to keep you cool, dry, and light throughout the course of a game or workout. The sports performance gear became a sensation when they kept football players at the University of Maryland, Georgia Tech, and Arizona State University dry and comfortable during practices and games. Under Armour is now a well known product and taken over the sports world. As it is a sponsor and supplier for many professional, collegiate and high school sports teams around the world. Football, baseball, soccer, hockey players, as well as NASCAR drivers and Olympians use Under Armour products during sporting events.
Next: IMG & Under Armour in Combine360 deal
# Structural Biochemistry/Metabolites

Gene regulation is often affected by variations stemming from the chromatin. A multitude of mechanisms play roles in gene regulation, including “regulation of the core transcription machinery, recruitment of the transcriptional activators or repressors, and altering chromatin structure via post-translational covalent modification of histone proteins.” Yet the most studied and proven mechanism roots from variations of chromatin architecture. Recent research has pointed to a variety of metabolic molecules to be responsible for modulation of genes. Some key metabolic regulators found were: Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, SAM and alpha-KG.
In a landmark study by Kaochar et al., acetylation was found to play a major role in histone modifications, which ultimately leads to gene transcription.

## History

In 1964, Allfrey et al. found that the acetylation of the histone tails facilitated access to DNA for transcription by neutralizing the positive charge of lysine side chains. This is due to the fact that many transcription factors interact directly with the acetylated lysines. A significant correlation was found between the ability of a protein to acetylate histones and activate transcription.

## Mechanism

The wide range of post-translational modifications of histone proteins allow chromatins to take on a variety of structures. This, in turn, contributes to the cell’s ability to control gene expression.

## References

* ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22944281
# Structural Biochemistry/Mercury
## Overview

Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and its scientific name is hydrargyrum. A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metal that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature. With a freezing point of −38.83 °C and boiling point of 356.73 °C, mercury has one of the narrowest ranges of its liquid state of any metal.
Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, mercury switches, and other devices though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favor of alcohol-filled, galinstan-filled, digital, or thermistor-based instruments. It remains in use in scientific research applications and in amalgam material for dental restoration. It is used in lighting: electricity passed through mercury vapor in a fluorescent lamp produces short-wave ultraviolet light which then causes the phosphor in the tube to fluoresce, making visible light.

## Reference

Senese, F. "Why is mercury a liquid at STP?". General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
# Structural Biochemistry/RIG-1-Like Receptors (RLR)
## References

Bowzard, J. B. PAMPer and tRIGer: Ligand-Induced Activation of RIG-1. Trends in Biochem. Sci. 2011, 36.
# Sublime Text Handbook/WorkInProgress

Fold arrows – Supplementing the code folding support in the last beta, there are now buttons in the gutter to collapse text using the mouse. By default, the fold buttons will fade from view unless the mouse is over the gutter, however this is configurable using the fade_fold_buttons file setting. The fold buttons, and the space reserved for them in the gutter, can be removed with the fold_buttons file setting.
# Suburb Garden Town
## Chapters

* Metroland
* The Town
* Living Standards
* Lead-up to War

## Authors

* Terence Kearey
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/BuffCurrLineHi
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# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/BuffCursPos
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# Sublime Text Handbook/Introduction
## Overview

This is a handbook for using the Sublime Text Editor. (aka Sublime Editor)
Sublime Editor is written by Jon Skinner.
# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/BuffCodeFold
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# Sublime Text Handbook/ConceptIndex/KsQuickPanel
## Overview

Provide an autocomplete dialog box or interface that allows the user to quickly type in substrings of editor commands or file names, and then choose one.

## Features

* MRU Fast Open recently used files
* MRU Editor commands

## Examples

* Komodo Edit "Fast Open" (screencast)

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