# Korean/Alphabet

* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* Reading and writing —
* Course •
* Principles of Orthography •
* Essential Pronunciation Rules •
* Advanced Pronunciation Rules
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2단계: High beginner •
* 3단계: Low intermediate •
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar

## Introduction

The Korean alphabet, known commonly as Hangul in English but as Hangeul in the official standard Romanization rule (한글, "great script"), is considered one of the most efficient and logical writing systems in the world. While most modern alphabets evolved from earlier hieroglyphics or ideographs, 한글 (Hangeul) was created specifically to make it easy to read and write the Korean language.
Although the characters of 한글 (Hangeul) may appear to be ideograms like the traditional Hanja (한자, 漢字), they really form an alphabet. Each block character represents one syllable and is made up of individual jamo (자모), much like the letters in the Latin alphabet. 한글 (Hangeul) is easy to learn because it has only 24 basic jamo.
    See Wikipedia's entries on Hangul and Hanja for more about the history and design of the Korean writing systems.

## Consonants

Below are the consonant (자음) letters of the Korean alphabet. You don't need to memorize them yet because individual lessons will cover each letter in detail. For now, just be aware that the Korean alphabet has ten basic consonants and nine variations on them:
Consonant jamo :
| Basic 예사소리 | Letter (jamo) | ㄱ | ㄴ | ㄷ | ㄹ | ㅁ | ㅂ | ㅅ | ㅇ | ㅈ | ㅎ |
| Basic 예사소리 | Romanization Pronunciation | g or k or | n | d or t or | r or l or | m | b or p or | s | - or ng silent or | j or ch or | h |
| Aspirated 거센소리 | Letter (jamo) | ㅋ | | ㅌ | | | ㅍ | | | ㅊ | |
| Aspirated 거센소리 | Romanization Pronunciation | k [kʰ] | | t [tʰ] | | | p [pʰ] | | | ch [ʨʰ] | |
| Tense 된소리 | Letter (jamo) | ㄲ | | ㄸ | | | ㅃ | ㅆ | | ㅉ | |
| Tense 된소리 | Romanization Pronunciation | gg or kk [k͈] | | dd or tt [t͈] | | | bb or pp [p͈] | ss [s͈] | | jj [ʨ͈] | |
Notice that some consonants have two different pronunciations (e.g. ㄱ pronounced as /g/ or /k/ depending on context). Some of the alternative sounds in pronunciation of the basic consonant letters are their sound value as the final jamos when they are not altered by the initial jamo of the next syllabic character. ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ ㅎ has [t] sound as the final. Also, some are "aspirated" and some are "tense". Those details and more are explained in Essential Pronunciation Rules.

## Vowels

There are 21 letters used to represent vowels: six basic vowels, nine combinations of those six basic vowels (which originally were all pronounced as diphthongs), and six vowels with an extra short dash representing the initial y [j] sound.
Vowel jamo :
| Letter (jamo) | ㅏ | ㅑ | ㅓ | ㅕ | ㅗ | ㅛ | ㅜ | ㅠ | ㅡ | ㅣ |
| Romanization Pronunciation | a | ya [ja] | eo | yeo [jʌ] | o | yo [jo] | u [u] | yu [ju] | eu | i |
| Letter (jamo) | ㅐ | ㅒ | ㅔ | ㅖ | ㅚ | | ㅟ | | ㅢ |
| Romanization Pronunciation | ae | yae [jɛ] | e | ye [je] | oe [wø] | | wi [wi] | | ui [ɰi] |
| Letter (jamo) | ㅘ | | ㅝ |
| Romanization Pronunciation | wa [wa] | | wo [wʌ] |
| Letter (jamo) | ㅙ | | ㅞ |
| Romanization Pronunciation | wae [wɛ] | | we [we] |

## End of introduction

To learn how to read, write, and pronounce each Korean letter, proceed to the Read, Write, and Pronounce Korean course.
* Other languages...
* Learn Korean (Introduction)
* Reading and writing —
* Course •
* Principles of Orthography •
* Essential Pronunciation Rules •
* Advanced Pronunciation Rules
* Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
* 2단계: High beginner •
* 3단계: Low intermediate •
* 4단계: High intermediate •
* 5단계: Low advanced •
* 6단계: Advanced
* Grammar