OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr getfullpathname

resultCode = Usr FSGetFolderName(fsSpec, folderName$)
Revised August, 2002 (Release 7)
Description - This function returns the name of the folder that contains the file specified by fsSpec.
Note: You will not be able to use this function unless you include the proper header file as follows:
Include "Util_Files.incl"
Example:
Include "Util_Files.incl"
Dim fs As FSSpec
Dim x,name$
name$ = Files$(_FSSpecOpen,,,fs)
x = Usr FSGetFolderName(fs,name$)
Print name$
Do HandleEvents Until 0
See Also FINDERINFO, FILES$; USR SCANFOLDER
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr fsgetfullpathname

USR FSGETFULLPATHNAME(fsSpec,pathName$)
Revised August, 2002 (Release 7)
Description - This function returns the full path name for the file specified by fsSpec. Folder names are separated by colons.
Example:
INCLUDE "Util_Files.incl"
DIM fs AS FSSpec
DIM x,name$ name$ = FILES$(_FSSpecOpen,,,fs) x = USR FSGETFULLPATHNAME(fs,name$)
PRINT name$
DO HANDLEEVENTS UNTIL 0
See Also FINDERINFO, FILES$; USR SCANFOLDER
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr imagefiletopict
## Syntax

USR IMAGEFILETOPICT

## Revised

June 2001 (Release 5)

## Description

Use this simple function to read the contents of a graphic image from the disk and convert it into a picture handle. When you are finished with the handle, you will need to dispose of it using KILL PICTURE. INCLUDE "Subs Image Files.Incl"
PICTURE (0,0), pHndl KILL PICTURE pHndl
PRINT "Could not convert image file."
UNTIL 0 Note: Before you can use this function, you must include it in your project with the following statement: include "Subs Image Files.Incl

## See Also

USR CONVERTIMAGEFILE, USR SAVEIMAGEFILEASPICT
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr movefile
## Syntax

USR MOVEFILE

## Revised

FEBRUARY, 2002 (Release 6)

## Description

This function moves a file from one location to another. If the move is successful, the copy of the file at the original location is erased and the function returns _noErr (zero). If the move fails, a file error code is returned. Example: The following example allows the user to select a file and a new destination before calling the USR MOVEFILE function. INCLUDE "Util_Files.incl"
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr getpict

pictHandle&, = USR GETPICT ({rect|#rectAddr&})
Description - This function captures a picture of a portion of the screen using the screen's current color depth, and returns a handle to the picture. Given the handle, you can then draw the picture (using the PICTURE statement), or save the picture as a "PICT" resource (using the ADDRESOURCE Toolbox routine), etc. The captured picture is bound by the rectangle which is specified in rect (which should be an 8-byte variable such a RECT type), or which is pointed to by rectAddr& (which should be a long-integer expression or a POINTER variable). The rectangle should be expressed in the local coordinate system of the current output window. The captured picture is also limited to the "clip region" of the current output window. Therefore, what actually gets captured is the intersection of the clip region and the specified rectangle. The captured picture is not limited to the visible contents of the window. Whatever is on the screen within the specified rectangle (and within the clip region) will get captured. By appropriately adjusting the rectangle and the clip region, you can capture any part of the screen you want.
Example:
This program captures a snapshot of the entire screen, then displays the snapshot at 1/2 scale in a small window. DIM rect.8, pt.4
sWidth = SYSTEM(_scrnWidth)
sHeight = SYSTEM(_scrnHeight)
WINDOW -1,"",(0,0)-(sWidth/2, sHeight/2), _dialogMovable
HANDLEEVENTS'Let Finder refresh things 'Get screen corner in window's local co-ord's:
CALL SETPT(pt, 0, 0)
CALL GLOBALTOLOCAL(pt) 'Define rect as entire screen, in local co-ord's:
CALL SETRECT(rect, pt.h%, pt.v%, pt.h%+sWidth,pt.v%+sHeight) 'Save window's current clip region:
oldClip& = FN NEWRGN
CALL GETCLIP(oldClip&) 'Set clip region to entire screen:
CALL CLIPRECT(rect) 'Snap entire screen:
h& = USR GETPICT(rect) 'Restore old clip region:
CALL SETCLIP(oldClip&)
CALL DISPOSERGN(oldClip&) 'Draw the little picture:
WINDOW 1'make window visible
HANDLEEVENTS'handle initial refresh event
PICTURE (0,0)-(sWidth/2, sHeight/2), h& DEF DISPOSEH(h&) DO HANDLEEVENTS UNTIL _false This LOCAL FN takes a snapshot of the current window's contents, then pastes the picture onto the clipboard. Note that if the window is hidden or partially obscured, other parts of the screen will appear in the captured picture. LOCAL FN Window2Clip
CALL HLOCK(pictH&)
OSErr = ¬
FN PUTSCRAP(FN GETHANDLESIZE(pictH&),_"PICT",[pictH&])
END FN
See Also PICTURE statement
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/usr handle2btn
## Syntax

USR HANDLE2BTN

## Description

If ctrlRecHandle& is the handle to the Control Record of a FutureBasic-created button or scrollbar, USR HANDLE2BTN returns the ID number of the button or scrollbar (this is the number that your program assigned to the button or scrollbar in the BUTTON statement or SCROLL BUTTON statement). USR HANDLE2BTN returns the ID number regardless of whether the control is in the current output window or in a different window; if the control is in the current output window, then USR HANDLE2BTN is the inverse of the BUTTON& function. If ctrlRecHandle& is not a valid handle to a Control Record, or it's the handle to a control that was created by other means than a BUTTON statement or a SCROLL BUTTON statement, then the value returned by USR HANDLE2BTN is undefined.

## See Also

BUTTON&; USR WPTR2WNUM
# International Relations

The study of International Relations in political science gained strength during the Cold War. Many political scientists feared that the Soviet Union and the United States would launch themselves into a global nuclear war. It was hoped that by studying how countries interact with each other, it would be easier to predict what the reactions of the United States or Soviet Union would be in any given situation, making it easier to avert war.
The study of International Relations has been, until very recently, the study of how states interact with other states. However, the New World Order of the post-Cold War state system has required a redefinition of actors.

## Main Themes

* Liberal International Theory vs. International Realism Theory
* Prologue- An Introduction to International Relations & Strategic Studies.
* Evolution of the Modern State System- Evolution of the Modern State System
* World Politics in the Twentieth Century- World Politics in the Twentieth Century
* Core Concepts of International Relations- Core Concepts of International Relations
* Theories of I.R.- Approaches to International Relations: Theories of I.R.
* Core Concepts of Strategic Studies- Core Concepts of Strategic Studies
* The Use of Force- The Use of Force
* The Causes of War- The Causes of War
* The Making of Foreign Policy- The Making of Foreign Policy
* International Organisations- International Organisations
* Regionalisation- Regionalisation
* World Government Theories- World Governance Theories
* The United Nations- An International Peace-Keeping Organisation?
* The European Union- An "Area of Peace, Security, and Justice".
* Environment and World Politics- Global Warming & Other Natural Threats.
* War and Peace in a Globalised World- Globalisation & its Consequences on World Conflicts.
* International Political Economy- International Political Economy

## Articles

* Japan's Foreign Policy Toward Vietnam 1978-1992

## See also

* Wikiversity:School of Political Science
# International Relations/Evolution of the Modern State System

* Sumerian City State - Ur, Kish, Karsa, Lagash, etc. (30 in number, existed before 2500 B.C.)
* Greek city-states
* Pre-modern states; not nation states but empire-states which did not represent the wishes of the people - Roman empire
* End of 30 years' war, treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and the acknowledgement of other states
* Italian mercantile city states
* French Revolution and development of ideas of self-determination
# Zanzibar

* Zanzibar was a British colony until it merged with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the new country of Tanzania.
* For issues after 1964, see TANZANIA.
1. Universal “Multi-Value” (MV), early 1950s. [$15]
    Frank with simulated perforation outer border, “ZANZIBAR” in panel at top, ornamental designs in panels at sides.
    M# with “U” prefix in small boxes in lower corners.
    Two meters known, U1 and U2.
    TM: DC
    V/F: 0.oo (U1) 00oo (U2)
NOTE: Proofs from Universal “Simplex” meter “S1” exist. This machine possibly was in use for a short time but no used examples have been reported. [$50 for proof]
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Patrick John Golden

More than 150 key articles relevant to Patrick John Golden, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: Patrick John Golden - Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Richard Edmund Butler

Richard Edmund Butler was a career public servant, principally within the federal Postmaster-General's Department. Commencing as a telegraph messenger in 1941, he rose steadily through the ranks, undertaking tertiary studies during his employment and qualifying as an accountant. He concluded with the PMGD at a very senior level. Fluent in several languages, he was appointed to a position with the International Telecommunications Union. He became Deputy Secretary General ad interim, then was appointed to the position on a permanent basis. In 1983 he was appointed Secretary General, the first and only Australian to hold the position. He retired in 1989 and returned to Australia. In his "retirement" he remained active and influential, accepting a number of board appointments, particularly those able to progress his passion for developing communication services in developing countries. A summary biography has not yet been prepared however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Richard Edmund Butler - More than 10 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Richard Edmund Butler - Nothing uploaded as yet
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Peter Robert Challen
### Peter Robert Challen

Frank Randell Bradley was an early wireless experimenter, holding callsign 3ZK Sandringham (later A3ZK, OA3ZK, VK3ZK) from as early as 1923, through to 1930. The Wireless Regulations were altered in 1924, requiring examinations in telegraphy skills and wireless reception and transmission theory. While his position within the Postmaster-General's Department would likely have permitted an exemption, he took the examination and was awarded Amateur Operator's Proficiency Certificate No 2, being the first in Victoria. He relocated to Sydney for his employment from 1931 and in accordance with the regulations of the day, was allocated callsign 2JB (VK2JB). He does not seem to have been prominent in amateur radio circles during the 1920s and 1930s, but this requires further research. Amateur radio operations were closed down in 1939 with the commencement of hostilities for the Second World War. At the conclusion of the war, after a period, amateur radio again commenced, however Bradley did not reapply for a licence.
Bradley was born in South Australia and was educated there at the School of Mines and the University of Adelaide. He excelled academically with strong results in all subjects. He commenced with the Postmaster-General's Department in the usual way as a telegraph messenger. He transferred to Melbourne about 1920 for promotion within the PMGD, concluding there in 1930 as Superintendent of Telegraphs. Another transfer to Sydney occurred in 1931 for a further promotion within the PMGD. In 1946 he transferred to Brisbane as Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Queensland, a position formerly held by James Joseph Malone.
A comprehensive biography of Peter Robert Challen has not yet been prepared, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Transcriptions and Notes - Peter Robert Challen - More than 20 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Peter Robert Challen - Nothing uploaded as yet
* Frank Randell Bradley's 1934 article on the History of the Electric Telegraph in Australia - Essentially complete excepting formatting
* Work-in-progress of Wikipedia Article on Peter Robert Challen - Just started
In the National Library of Australia's Trove website, more than 300 articles (Newspapers & Gazettes) have been tagged as "Peter Robert Challen" (search publictag:Peter Robert Challen)
A search in Trove on "P. R. Challen" identifies more than 700 articles, the majority of which refer to Peter Robert Challen, those tagged to date are a quick review to identify the most important for this Wikibook. Articles transcribed for Notes are tagged: "Wikibooks - Challen". Articles reviewed and considered either duplicates of other articles or not of sufficient importance for inclusion are tagged: "Wikibooks - Challen Not"
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Raymond Cottam Allsop
## Raymond Cottam Allsop

Raymond Cottam "Ray" Allsop was an early wireless experimenter, holding callsign XCA Randwick from as early as 1911, being amongst the first 20 experimental licences issued by the Postmaster-General's Department. Allsop continued with wireless experiments after amateur licences again commenced to be issued following conclusion World War 2 hostilities from 1922. His postwar callsign was 2YG (later A2YG, OA2YG, VK2YG) through to 1930. His callsign lapsed in the early 1930s. Again, when amateur licensing recommenced in 1946, Allsop took out a licence and was allocated VK2AYG (1946), later VK2NA 1961 and finally the very appropriate VK2BL in the late 1960s.
In the early 1920s he was the principal of a wireless business, but this failed in 1923 and Ray entered voluntary bankruptcy. This proved only a brief setback for the pioneering genius. He was active with the Wireless Institute of Australia (NSW Division). In late 1923, when a group of Sydney traders formed a consortium to operate Australia's first "A" class station 2SB (soon 2BL), Allsop was appointed chief engineer. The station struggled with finances, during the great depression, and eventually failed. Ray took on a roll which brought him into the popular arena: Associate Technical Editor with the ubiquitous "Wireless Weekly." In the 1930s he developed the Raycophone system of synchronised sound and video on film which proved a commercial success. He served during World War 2 as Engineering Lieutenant and developed radar and submarine detection systems. He nominally retired in 1945, but took an appointment with the Australian Broadcasting Control Board in 1953, resigning the following year. He was awarded a Coronation Medal in 1937 and was made an Officer of the British Empire in 1971.

### Resources

A comprehensive biography of Raymond Cottam Allsop has not yet been prepared, however the following resources have been assembled in preparation:
* Research - Raymond Cottam Allsop - Summary of research to date
* Transcriptions and Notes - Raymond Cottam Allsop - More than 70 transcriptions and notes
* Photos, QSL cards and other graphics - Raymond Cottam Allsop - Nothing uploaded as yet, but several QSL cards held
* Incubator of Wikipedia Article on Raymond Cottam Allsop - Coming real soon now!

### Internet Material

Jan Brazier's biography of Allsop in the Australian Dictionary of Biography is most professional, if tantalisingly brief (as required by ADB style).
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Peter Kennedy
## Transcriptions and Notes

More than 50 key articles relevant to Peter Kennedy, mainly from the NLA's Trove Digitised Newspapers have been transcribed for ease of reference here: Peter Kennedy - Transcriptions and Notes
# History of wireless telegraphy and broadcasting in Australia/Topical/Biographies/Raymond Cottam Allsop/Research

To date all research has been very largely limited to NLA's Trove, and further to Trove, Newspapers & Gazettes
In the National Library of Australia's Trove website, 217 articles (Newspapers & Gazettes) as at 7 August 2021 have been tagged as "XCA-2YG-2AYG-2NA-2BL - Raymond Cottam Allsop" (searching publictag:XCA will be sufficient to locate all tagged articles)
The main searches used to identify articles for tagging are as follows:
* With word "VK2YG" (zero hits relevant to Ray)
* With word "Allsop", category "Family Notices" (not yet fully researched)
* With phrase "Raymond Cottam Allsop" and without "Publictag:XCA" (not yet fully researched)
* With phrase "R. C. Allsop", States "New South Wales" & "Victoria (not yet fully researched)
* With phrase "Ray Allsop", State "Queensland", from 1900 (not yet fully researched)
* With words "Allsop" and "Wireless", from 1900 (not yet fully researched)
Key articles relating to Allsop and wireless, also Allsop's family history, have been identified for text correcting and inclusion in Transcriptions and Notes - Raymond Cottam Allsop. Articles transcribed for Notes are tagged: "!Wikibooks XCA-2YG" (10+ articles). Articles reviewed and considered either duplicates of other articles or not of sufficient importance for inclusion are tagged: "!Wikibooks XCA-2YG Not" (10+ articles).
# Horticulture/Leaf Vegetables

Leaf vegetables and grown for their edible foliage. Most are picked young, so successive plantings are often used to extend the season.
Outline:
* Growing methods
** Growing in soil
** Growing in flats
* Harvesting
** One crop harvesting
** Cut-and-come-again harvesting
** Cooling and storage
Leaf vegetable plants:
* Lettuce
* Pac Choi
* Mustard Greens
# Horticulture/Leaf Spots

Leaf Spots :
| Type: | Fungi and Bacteria |
Leaf Spots are circular lesions found on the leaves of plants, caused by either bacteria of fungi.

## Symptoms and Signs

Initial infections are small, circular spots, usually with a differently colored zone on the outer edge. Severe cases cause distorted leaves or blight.

## Life Cycle

Spores or bacteria overwinter on fallen leaves or buds. Growth is favored by moist conditions on the leaf surface.

## Host Range

Most of the pathogens are quite selective.

## Controls

* Cultural Controls: Prune or thin to allow good air circulation.
* Physical Removal: Clean up thoroughly in the autumn to reduce the amount of spores.
* Chemical Controls (synthetic): Neem Oil, Copper-based Sprays
# Horticulture/Leaf Cuttings

Procedure
Possible problems
Some gels, and powders
Hydroponic cloning systems
# Horticulture/Lepidosaphes ulmi

Oystershell Scale :
| Type: | Insect |
| Binomial: | Lepidosaphes ulmi |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Metamorphosis: | Incomplete |
| Damaging stages: | Nymph through adult |
| Vulnerable stages: | Crawlers |
Lepidosaphes ulmi also known as oystershell scale are Scale Insects that is a pest on woody plants. The small insects attach themselves to bark and cause injury by sucking the tree's sap, this metabolic drain on the plant may kill a branch or the entire tree.

## Description

White scales.

## Symptoms and Signs

Scales are clearly visible.

## Host plants

* Acer (Maples)
* Cornus (Dogwoods)
* Hydrangea
* Ilex (Hollies)
* Lonicera (Honeysuckles)
* Salix (Willows)

## Control

* Physical removal: Can be plucked off if the infestation is caught early.
* Pesticides: Imidicloprid
* Organic pesticides: Neem and oil on crawlers

## References

* Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet
# Horticulture/Laying Out a Garden Bed

* Gridding
* Marking the edges
* Irrigation, lighting, and drainage
* Placement of plants
# Horticulture/Leucanthemum vulgare

Oxeye daisy :
| Binomial: | Leucanthemum vulgare |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Type: | herbaceous perennial |
| Light requirements: | full sun |
| Bloom season: | spring |
The oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare, syn. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) also known as the marguerite is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia. It is one of a number of plants to be called by the common name daisy. It is also sometimes called moon daisy or dog daisy.

## Description

It is a perennial prostrate herb with small flower head (not larger than 5 cm) that consists of about 20 white ray flowers and numerous yellow disc flowers, growing on the end of the stem. The stem is mostly unbranched and sprouts laterally from a creeping rootstock.
The leaves are darkgreen on both sides. The basal and middle leaves are petiolate, obovate to spoon-shaped, and serrate to dentate. The upper leaves are shorter, sessile and borne along the stem.
It produces an abundant number of flat seeds without pappus. It spreads also vegetatively by rooting underground stems.

## Uses

The oxeye daisy is a typical meadow flower, growing in a variety of plant communities such as dry fields, meadows, but also under scrubs, open-canopy forests and waste places. It thrives in a wide range of conditions and prefers heavy and damp soils. It was introduced in parts of North America, Australia and New Zealand, where it is now a common weed displacing native plant species in some areas. It is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments. However, in North Carolina it is planted on roadsides by the highway department.
The un-opened buds can be marinated and used in a similar way to capers. The game "He loves me, he loves me not" ("effeuiller la marguerite" (in French)) is associated with this flower.

## References

* ↑ "Wildflowers Find Favor With Highway Gardeners" article by Felicity Barringer in the New York Times August 29, 2007
* ↑ Ox-eye Daisy Capers at Forbes wild foods. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
* Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

## Gallery

* Leucanthemum vulgare
* Ox-eye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare
* Leucanthemum vulgare
* Ox-eye daisies in Germany
* Close-up of an ox-eye daisy with a spittlebug
* A close-up of the flowers
# Horticulture/Lichen
## Uses

Lichen are mostly used to add a feeling of age to a place (because of how slowly they grow), and are an indicator of clean air (because they are vulnerable to air pollution). They can also add gentle or striking colors in unlikely places.
They are particularly well-suited to:
* rock gardens
* stone walls
* stone borders
* roofs
* tree bark (either living or dead – lichen doesn’t damage trees)
Because lichen can survive for long periods without water, they are well-suited to xeriscaping.

## Cultivation

How to grow lichen: if an environment is conducive to lichen, it will eventually grow. If it is not, then it is difficult to force it. Naturally, it will grow very slowly, on the order of millimeters per year, but with nutrients it can grow much faster – you don’t need to wait centuries to have lichen-covered walls.
If there is lichen in the area, or you have reason to think that it could grow (say, it used to grow), you can encourage the grow as follows:
* Put nutrients on porous rock, and it’ll grow rapidly.
* Add ground up lichen, and it’ll grow instantly.
* Yogurt and sugar water work as nutrients.
Specific recipes:
* lichen slurry/milk shake
    1:50 lichen to yogurt, such as 10 ml ground up lichen + 500 ml natural yogurt
* spray sugar water weekly
    1:40 sugar to water, such as 5 ml sugar + 200 ml water or 100 ml sugar + 4L water.
    Even w/o adding lichen, one should see results after a month or so.

## See also

* Lichen
* Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Lichens, Liverworts & Mosses