OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Geometry for Elementary School/What next?

Congratulations! You have read through your elementary school geometry areas. That does not mean that your studies of geometry are over! When you get to higher forms, you will come across more complex mathematics, such as deductive geometry. When you get to those areas, don't be afraid! Remember your basics, and anything is possible.
Now that you have finished the entire course, you may want to try out the advanced geometry course, Geometry. Although some topics may be less easy to understand, some are already covered in this book, so you will be revising some of your basics before starting on more difficult topics.
# Geometry for Elementary School/Why are the constructions not correct?

In the previous chapters, we introduced constructions and proved their validity. Therefore, these constructions should work flawlessly. In this chapter, we will check whether the construction are indeed foolproof.

## Testing a construction

* Draw a line ${\overline {AB}}$ of length 10cm.
* Copy the line segment to a different point T.
* Measure the length of the segment you constructed.

## Explanation

I must admit that I never could copy the segment accurately. Some times the segment I constructed was of the length 10.5cm, I did even worse. A more talented person might get better results, but probably not exact.
How come the construction didn't work, at least in my case?
Our proof of the construction is correct. However, the construction is done in an ideal world. In this world, the lines and circles drawn are also ideal. They match the mathematical definition perfectly.
The circle I draw doesn't match the mathematical definition. Actually, many say that they don't match any definition of circle. When I try to use the construction, I'm using the wrong building blocks.
However, the construction are not useless in our far from ideal world. If we use approximation of a circle in the construction, we are getting and approximation of the segment copy. After all, even my copy is not too far from the original.

## Note

In the Euclidian geometry developed by the Greek the rule is used only to draw lines. One cannot measure the length of segments using the rulers as we did in this test. Therefore our test should be viewed as a criticism of the use of Euclidian geometry in the real world and not as part of that geometry.
# Georgia Water/Best Practices
### Quantitative Methods

   * Forecasting
   * Decision Analysis
   * Simulation
   * Statistics

### Water Resources Monitoring

   * Environmental Performance Measurement Project
   * Elements of a State Water Monitoring and Assessment Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 2003. The document recommends the ten basic elements of a State water monitoring program.

### Water Resources Engineering

   * Public works construction management
   * Organizing for Project Management - an online textbook from CMU Civil Engineering Dept.

### Water Conservation

   * Water conservation methods
   * Landscaping - xeriscaping and rain gardens

### Wastewater Management

   * Decentralized Systems

### References

* National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995, Public Law 104-113 (on 3-7-96), Section 12(d)(1) …”all Federal agencies and departments shall use technical standards that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies, using such technical standards as a means to carry out policy objectives or activities determined by the agencies and departments.”
* International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as “ISO 14001: International Management Systems—Specification with Guidance for Use” is a primary "voluntary consensus standards" body, per US-NTTAA.
* Executive Order 13148 (April 2000) requires US federal agencies to use an Environmental Management System (EMS) for improvement.
# Georgia Water/Best Practices/Conservation/Leaks
### Measuring Water Losses

* Computer models to assess water loss
* Metering flows, by zone
* Recording systems

### Pressure Management

* Pressure vs leakage relationships
* Economics of pressure management

### Upgrading the Water Distribution System

* Leak detection and location
* Repair methods
* Rehabilitation methods

### Operations and Staffing

* Staffing needs and qualifications
* Education and training

### References

* Losses in Water Distribution Networks - A Practitioner's Guide to Assessment, Monitoring and Control, by M Farley and S Trow, International Water Association, 2002.
# Georgia Water/Best Practices/Engineering
### Water Engineering Infrastructure

Water Storage and Conveyance
* dams
* intakes
* pipelines
* pumping stations
* reservoirs
* canals
* spillways
* tunnels
Flood Damage Control
* flood control channels
* water detention facilities
Water distribution systems
* Network modeling
* Leak detection
* Leak control
* Water loss reduction
Water treatment
* Membrane treatment processes
* Desalination
* Advanced treatment processes
# Georgia Water/Best Practices/Planning

Best Practices in Water Resources Planning

## Overview of Planning

In general, planning is analysis to identify a "best" set of actions to attain a more desirable future for someone (some intended beneficiary). Planning analyses vary in scope, scale and level of detail, according to:
* who is the intended beneficiary (ex: a country, a community, a business, an individual)
* what types of future conditions are desired
* what range of actions will be considered for attaining the future conditions.

## Generic Problem to be Solved

In general, planning analyses are initiated because someone (possibly the intended beneficiary) perceives that planning is needed. That is, someone perceives a "problem" (that the future condition is not likely to meet expectations) or someone perceives an "opportunity" (that the future condition could be better if some actions were taken).

## Types of Planning
### Comprehensive MultiSector Regional Planning

* Energy planning
* Transportation planning
* Recreation planning
* Biodiversity planning
* Forest planning
* Food planning
* Economic planning
* Urban planning

### Integrated Regional Water Resources Planning

* River basin planning
* State water plans

### Single-Purpose Regional Water Resources Planning

* Water supply
* Wastewater treatment
* Water quality and nonpoint source management
* Flood management and storm damage reduction
* Navigation
* Fish and Wildlife
* Recreation
* Hydropower generation

### Water Project Planning
## References

* "Review Procedures for Water Resources Project Planning," Panel on Peer Review, Committee to Assess the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Methods of Analysis and Peer Review for Water Resources Project Planning, National Research Council (USA), 2002.
* "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Planning: A New Opportunity for Service", Coordinating Committee, Committee to Assess the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Methods of Analysis and Peer Review for Water Resources Project Planning, National Research Council (USA), 2004.
* Urban Planning
* Websites for Futures Research
# Georgia Water

Note: "Georgia Water" is the shorthand book name and refers to the United States state.

## Table of contents

* Policies
* Laws
* Management Programs
* Information
* Planning
* Best Practices
* Statewide Plan
* Regional Plans
** Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers
** Satilla, Suwannee and St. Marys Rivers
** Oconee, Ocmulgee and Altamaha Rivers
** Flint and Ochlockonee Rivers
** 7.6. Chattahoochee River
** Coosa, Tallapoosa, Tennessee Rivers
** Georgia Coastal Area (Floridan Aquifer)
* References
* External Links
# Georgia Water/Best Practices/Management
## Management Programs

* Environmental Management Systems (newsletter - USEPA sponsored - note: info here needs to be unbundled)

### Ground Water Management

"Groundwater management must take into consideration:
* protecting the quality of the resource from degradation by human activities;
* regulating land use to protect recharge areas;
* exploring options for artificial recharge and conjunctive use; and
* establishing sustainable depletion rates for aquifers." (Viessman, 1997, p.3)

## References

* Viessman, Warren Jr. (Associate Dean of Engineering, University of Florida), "Integrated Water Management," Water Resources Update, Universities Council on Water Resources, Issue No. 106, Winter 1996.
# English-Hanzi/What is cholesterol?

Special:search/cholesterol prefix:English-Hanzi/
Cholesterol is a fatty substance which is mainly made in the body when the liver breaks down saturated fats in food. This cholesterol then passes into the blood.
胆固醇 是 一种 脂肪 物质，当 肝脏 分解 食物 中 的 饱和脂肪 时 主要 在 体内 形成。然后 这种 胆固醇 进入 血液。
# English-Hanzi/What happens if I don’t get enough vitamin C?

Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin C deficiency is rare in the United States and Canada. People who get little or no vitamin C (below about 10 mg per day) for many weeks can get scurvy. Scurvy causes fatigue, inflammation of the gums, small red or purple spots on the skin, joint pain, poor wound healing, and corkscrew hairs. Additional signs of scurvy include depression as well as swollen, bleeding gums and loosening or loss of teeth. People with scurvy can also develop anemia. Scurvy is fatal if it is not treated.
维生素C 缺乏 在 美国 和 Canada 是 罕见 的。人们 几乎 没有 或 几乎 没有 维生素C（每天 低于 约 10毫克）可以 得到 坏血病。坏血病 引起 疲劳，牙龈炎症，皮肤 上 的 小 红色 或 紫色 斑点，关节 疼痛，伤口 愈合 不良 和 螺旋形 头发。坏血病 的 其他 迹象 包括 抑郁症 以及 肿胀，牙龈 出血 和 牙齿 松动 或 脱落。坏血病 的 人 也 可以 出现 贫血。如果 不 治疗，坏血病 可以 致命。
# English-Hanzi/What is calcium and what does it do?

Special:search/calcium prefix:English-Hanzi/
Calcium is a mineral found in many foods. The body needs calcium to maintain strong bones and to carry out many important functions. Almost all calcium is stored in bones and teeth, where it supports their structure and hardness.
钙 是 许多 食物 中 发现 的 矿物质。身体 需要 钙 来 维持 强壮 的 骨骼 和 执行 许多 重要 的 功能。几乎 所有 的 钙 储存 在 骨骼 和 牙齿，它 支持 其 结构 和 硬度。
# English-Hanzi/What happens to my body if I eat too much sodium?

In most people, the kidneys have trouble keeping up with the excess sodium in the bloodstream. As sodium accumulates, the body holds onto water to dilute the sodium. This increases both the amount of fluid surrounding cells and the volume of blood in the bloodstream. Increased blood volume means more work for the heart and more pressure on blood vessels. Over time, the extra work and pressure can stiffen blood vessels, leading to high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. It can also lead to heart failure. There is also some evidence that too much salt can damage the heart, aorta, and kidneys without increasing blood pressure, and that it may be bad for bones, too.
在 大多数 人 中，肾脏 难以 应付 血液 中 过量 的 钠。随着 钠 累积，身体 保持 高 水 含量 以 稀释 钠。这 增加了 围绕 细胞 的 液体 的 量 和 血流 的 血液 体积。增加 血量 意味着 心脏 的 工作量 更多 和 血管 受到 的 压力 更大。随着 时间 的 推移，额外 的 工作 和 压力 可 使 血管 硬化，导致 高血压，心脏病 发作 和 中风。它 也 可 导致 心力衰竭。还有 一些 证据 表明，太多 的 盐 可以 在 不 增加 血压 的 情况 下 损坏 心脏，主动脉 和 肾脏，也 可能 对 骨骼 有害。
# English-Hanzi/What is vitamin B12 and what does it do?

Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the body’s nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all cells. Vitamin B12 also helps prevent a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia that makes people tired and weak.
维生素B12 是 一种 营养，有助于 保持 身体 的 神经 和 血细胞 健康，并 帮助 制造 DNA（所有 细胞 的 遗传 物质）。维生素B12 还 有助于 防止 称为 巨细胞性 贫血 的 一种 类型 的 贫血，该 贫血 使 人 疲劳 和 虚弱。
# English-Hanzi/What is thiamin and what does it do?

Thiamin (also called vitamin B1) helps turn the food you eat into the energy you need. Thiamin is important for the growth, development, and function of the cells in your body.
硫胺素（也 称为 维生素B1）有助 把 食物 变成 需要的 能量。硫胺素 对 身体 的 生长，发育 和 细胞 功能 很 重要。
# English-Hanzi/What happens if I don’t get enough calcium?

Special:search/calcium prefix:English-Hanzi/
Insufficient intakes of calcium do not produce obvious symptoms in the short term because the body maintains calcium levels in the blood by taking it from bone. Over the long term, intakes of calcium below recommended levels have health consequences, such as causing low bone mass (osteopenia) and increasing the risks of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
不足 的 钙 摄入量 在 短期 内 不会 产生 明显 的 症状，因为 身体 通过 从 骨骼 中 取得 维持 血液 中 的 钙 水平。长期 低于 推荐 水平 的 钙 摄入量 会 有 健康 后果，例如 引起 低骨量（骨质 减少）以及 增加 骨质疏松症 和 骨折 的 风险。
Symptoms of serious calcium deficiency include numbness and tingling in the fingers, convulsions, and abnormal heart rhythms that can lead to death if not corrected. These symptoms occur almost always in people with serious health problems or who are undergoing certain medical treatments.
严重 的 钙 缺乏 的 症状 包括 手指 麻木 和 刺痛，抽搐 和 异常 心律，如果 不 纠正，可能 导致 死亡。这些 症状 几乎 总是 发生 在 有 严重 健康 问题 的 人 或 正在 接受 某些 医疗 的 人 身上。
# English-Hanzi/What is sodium to my body?

Sodium is a mineral that is essential for the life. It is regulated in the body by the kidneys, and it helps to control the body’s fluid balance. It also helps to send nerve impulses and affects muscle function.
钠 是 对 生命 至关重要 的 矿物质。它 在 体内 被 肾脏 调节，帮助 控制 体液 平衡。它 还 帮助 发送 神经 脉冲 控制 肌肉 功能。
# English-Hanzi/What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a lung infection.
It affects the tiny airbag of the lungs, called alveoli. When suffering from pneumonia, the airbag is inflamed and filled with liquid, making breathing difficult.
肺炎 是 一种 肺部 感染。
它影响肺部的微小气囊，称为肺泡。患有肺炎时，气囊发炎并充满液体，使呼吸困难。
# English-Hanzi/What is vitamin A and what does it do?

Special:search/vitamin prefix:English-Hanzi/
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in many foods. Vitamin A is important for normal vision, the immune system, and reproduction. Vitamin A also helps the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs work properly.
维生素A 是 天然 存在 于 许多 食物 中 的 脂溶性 维生素。维生素A 对于 正常 视力，免疫系统 和 繁殖 是 重要 的。维生素A 也 有助于 心脏，肺，肾脏 和 其他 器官 正常 工作。
# GCSE Modern History

This book covers the period 1919-1991 as this is what is covered in most specifications. It is not specific to any exam board, so check with yours to see what topics you need to know.

## The peace treaties after the first World War

    The Big Three
    The Treaty of Versailles
    The Consequences of Versailles
    The Other Treaties

## The League of Nations

    Structure of the League
    The Humanitarian Work of the League
    The League in the 20s
    The Failure of the League

## The causes of the Second World War

    Hitler
    Appeasement
    Build-up to World War II

## The Origins of the Cold War

    Yalta and Potsdam
    Ideological Differences
    The West's Actions
    Berlin Blockade

## The Cold War

    The Korean War
    The Arms Race
    Cuba
    The Vietnam War
    Détente and Refreezing

## Eastern Europe and the Cold War

    Hungary
    Czechoslovakia
    The Berlin Wall
    Solidarity
    Gorbachev

## The United Nations

    Structure of the UN
    The Humanitarian Work of the UN
    The UN's Role in International Relations
    The Congo Incident

## Depth Study: The USA 1919-1941

    The USA in the 1920s
       The Boom
       Society in the 1920s
       Prohibition
    The Wall Street Crash
    The New Deal
# GCSE Modern History/The Failure of the League
## Why did the League of Nations fail?

There were a number of factors that led to the league failing, such as:
* They had no troops, so its decisions were often not respected by countries as they knew there would be no consequences.
* Decisions were slow, making it less effective.
* Economic sanctions did not work, especially because countries such as the USA, USSR and Germany were missing.
* The leading members often put their interests before those of the League, making it less effective.
* The treaties it had to uphold were seen as unfair in many countries.
* The Manchurian Crisis (1931-33) saw the League fail to deal with Japan invading Manchuria, undermining the League and showing how it was powerless to stop an attack similar to this one.
* The Abyssinian Crisis in 1935 saw the League fail to deal with Italy invading Abyssinia, which was the final blow for the League and consequently destroyed its credibility.
# GCSE Modern History/Appeasement

Throughout the 1930s, Britain and France let Hitler do what he wanted, hoping that he would stop making demands and war would not happen. This policy was known as appeasement.

## Why did Britain and France follow a policy of appeasement?

Britain and France has a number of reasons for following this policy, some of them were:
* The Depression was happening, so their economic problems had a higher priority.
* They were glad that Hitler was standing up to Communism.
* They did not want to repeat the horrors of the First World War.
* Britain believed that the British Empire would not support them in a war. The USA would also not have supported them in a war.
* They were not ready for war, and hoped to buy time to develop their armies.
* At this point, many people saw that the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh on Germany, and were sympathetic to them.

## Why was appeasement a failure?

With hindsight, we can see that appeasement was bad for a number of reasons:
* It encouraged Hitler to be more aggressive and take bigger gambles - e.g. Poland.
* It allowed Germany to grow too strong.
* It put too much trust in Hitler's promises.
* It scared the USSR who then signed the Nazi-Soviet pact because of it.
# GCSE Modern History/Détente and Refreezing

In the 1970s, tension between the two superpowers relaxed. This period was known as détente.

## Why did the Cold War thaw in 1970s?

* At the Helsinki conference in 1975 all countries recognized the borders set out at the end of the Second World War (including Germany/Berlin).
* The Vietnam War ended.
* Nuclear testing damaged the environment and cost a fortune. Anti-nuclear movements supported détente.
* The leaders held regular summit meetings.
* American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts shook hands in space.
* Both had extremely advanced weapons, and were spending large sums of money to develop them. They realised that this money could be better spent elsewhere.
* SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) 1 was signed, and progress was being made towards a SALT 2.

## Why did the Cold War freeze again in the 80s?

* The USA boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics. In retaliation, the USSR and eastern Europe boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.
* SALT 2, a USA-USSR agreement to limit nuclear weapons, collapsed because relations between the two countries had deteriorated too far.
* There was a revolution in Iran. The new leader was anti-American and anti-Communist, both superpowers were worried.
* Jimmy Carter criticised the USSR's suppression of dissidents in the USSR and eastern Europe.
* New nuclear weapons were being developed by both the USA and USSR.
* There were civil wars in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Angola where the USA and USSR funded opposing sides.
* Ronald Reagan was elected president. He funded the Strategic Defense Initiative ('Star Wars') and took a tougher line on the USSR. He called the USSR the 'Evil Empire' and was more very anti-Communist.
* The USSR was fighting for the pro-Soviet government in Afghanistan. The USA was supporting opponents of the government.
# GCSE Modern History/The Big Three

The Big Three after World War One. These were the main politicians in the winning countries. They all went to the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles.

## Who Were The Big Three

The Big Three consisted of three main politicians Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain) and Woodrow Wilson (USA).

### Clemenceau

Clemenceau was popular in France and was the prime minister up until the election after the negotiations. He has the nickname 'The Tiger' for his aggressive political beliefs. His aim was to cripple Germany so that it could never start a war again. As the agreed terms of the Treaty of Versailles were not seen as harsh enough by the people of France, he was not voted in at the next election.

### Lloyd George

Lloyd George was the British Prime minister. He wanted a settlement that was just and, similar to the views of Wilson, would create a lasting Peace. However, he was pressured by the people of Britain to be less lenient than he would have wanted to be. He feared that another war would start if the terms were too harsh.

### Wilson

Wilson was the president of America. He was the most liberalistic of the three. He wanted a settlement that was not too hard on Germany. His other main aim was to create a League of Nations. This was set up, but due to congress not ratifying the treaty of versailles, the USA never joined. When Wilson introduce a separate bill to join to congress it was refused by 43 to 39. He suffered a stroke and stepped down from being president, which has been put down the stresses of his campaign to join the league.
# GCSE Modern History/The Other Treaties

There were a number of other treaties that dealt with the other defeated countries.

## Treaty of St Germain (1919)

This treaty dealt with Austria. The terms were:
* Bohemia and Moravia taken to form the new state of Czechoslovakia.
* Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia taken to form the new state of Yugoslavia.
* Galicia given to Poland.
* Some land lost to Italy.
* Austria's army was restricted to 30,000 men, and it could not unite with Germany.

## Treaty of Neuilly (1919)

* Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Austria and Hungary.
* Lost access to mediterranean sea.
* Pay £100 Million in reparations.

## Treaty of Trianon (1920)

* Transylvania from Hungary to Romania
* Slovak and Ruthenian territory to Czechoslovakia
* Slovenian and Croatian territory to Yugoslavia
* 3 Million Hungarians ended up living in other countries
* Economy suffered so never paid reparations

## Treaty of Sevres (1920)

* Turkey lost control of the Dardanelles Strait which became an international waterway.
Many of these territorial losses were insignificant, as Turkey had already lost control of them. This treaty forced them to accept this fact though.
Italy complained that they got very little, and felt that they should receive more land. However, Britain cited that Italy joined the First World War on Germany's side, and changed when Britain was winning. This was one of the reasons that Italy joined the Axis alliance, against Britain, in the Second World War.
# GCSE Modern History/The Humanitarian Work of the League

Humanitarian work was one of the areas that the League was most successful in.

## Social problems

Many agencies and commissions worked to reduce social problems. Some of their successes include:
* Freed more than 200 000 slaves.
* Brought death rate in the construction of the Tanganyika railway in Africa from 50% to 4%.
* Organized raids against slave owners/traders.
* Blacklisted four large companies involved in illegal drug trading.

## Health

The Health Committee, later renamed to the World Health Organization (WHO), did lots of work to improve health around the world. It provided mosquito nets to the most at risk countries. In doing this; it vastly reduced the number of deaths from malaria per year. The league also prevented leprosy. This is considered one of the best successes that the league had.

## Transport

The League made an international highway code that was adopted by many member countries.

## Refugees

The Refugees Committee worked to bring refugees back to their homes. Over 400 000 war prisoners were taken back to their homes by the Refugees Committee.

## Working conditions

The International Labour Organization campaigned for better working conditions around the world. Some of its successes include:
* Banned poisonous white lead from paint.
* Limited the hours small children could work.
* Resolution for maximum 48-hour week and 8-hour day passed, but lots of member countries didn't adopt it.