OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wikimedia/The History of Wikibooks/Notes
## Very Early History

* Original VfD that started Wikibooks ... look for Organic Textbook
* Reference to original URL of Wikibooks
* Reference to URL of Physics Wikibook. Note the change of the URL to "www.wikibooks.org"
* w:User:Karlwick - Wikibooks founder's page on Wikipedia... and source of considerable early material about start of project.
* meta:User:KarlWick - Karl Wick's page on Meta
* User:Karl Wick - Karl's page here on Wikibooks.
* meta:Science Hypertextbook project Very early predecessor (on an independent wiki!) to Wikibooks. Karl Wick was involved with discussions here and has some other historic information.
* w:User:-- April - Another early contributor to Wikibooks and even had a science textbook that preceded Karl's Organic Chemistry.
* Internet Archive of April's Wiki Later editions of this archive are mainly link spamming as April (and nearly everybody else) stopped maintenance, but the Wiki kept going and was left to vandals.
* w:List of organic chemistry topics - Karl's original Wikibook for chemistry. It still exists!
* meta:Talk:Wikiversity/Old Early naming discussion about Wikiversity.
* Textbook-l Archives
* Announcement establishing the Wikimedia Foundation -- Note the date of original post and compare to creation of Wikibooks.
* Original request to start up Wikibooks as a separate project... including Karl's original e-mail about the topic
* Request for sub-domain by Karl - This contains much of the correspondence he had with Jimbo as evidence of Jimbo's support.
* Google search for "textbook.wikipedia.org", the project's original domain.
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Master List of Ubuntu & Ubuntu-Based Distributions

* Ubuntu
* Xubuntu
* Lubuntu
* Edubuntu
* LinuxMint
* Kubuntu
* Fluxbuntu
* LinKat
* Baltix
* ElementaryOS
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Software

There are lots of software packages inside the Ubuntu repositories; they are divided into categories as follows:
* Main: supported, free
* Restricted: supported, non-free
* Universe: unsupported, free
* Multiverse: unsupported, non-free
You may also add 3rd-party repositories.
To install/remove software packages:
* Click System -> Administration -> Ubuntu Software Centre (enter your password as needed)
* Mark the things you want to install/remove/upgrade/...
* Click apply
If you are using Ubuntu 11.04 or newer, your Ubuntu Software Centre is found in the applications directory.
To install 3rd-party software packages:
* Double-click on the downloaded .deb files
* Click install

## Further reading

* MW: Manual: Running MediaWiki on Debian or Ubuntu
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Master List of Links
## Master List of Links Relating to Ubuntu Linux

Canonical
    http://www.canonical.com Canonical Inc.
Ubuntu & Canonical Supported Derivatives
    http://www.ubuntu.com Ubuntu Project Main Page
    http://www.kubuntu.org Kubuntu
    http://www.xubuntu.org Xubuntu
    http://www.edubuntu.org Edubuntu
    http://www.gobuntu.org Gobuntu (currently re-directs to Ubuntu main page, but is expected to become active soon)
    http://ubuntustudio.org Ubuntu Studio
    http://www.impilinux.co.za Impi Linux
The Ubuntu Community
    http://www.markshuttleworth.com Blog of Mark Shuttleworth: Ubuntu Founder, Creator, & S.A.B.D.F.L.
    https://wiki.ubuntu.com Official Ubuntu Wiki
    http://planet.ubuntu.com Official Ubuntu Project Blog Aggregator
    http://ubuntuforums.org/ Official Ubuntu Forum
    http://ubuntuguide.org/ Ubuntuguide: for over 10 years the premier guide for Ubuntu
    http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Kubuntuguide Kubuntuguide: for over 7 years the premier guide for Kubuntu
Ubuntu on WikiMedia
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_%28Linux_distribution%29 Wikipedia (English language): Ubuntu
    http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ubuntu_Linux Wikimedia Commons: Category:Ubuntu Linux
    http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Linux Wikimedia Commons: Ubuntu Linux
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Ubuntu Variations

The Linux ecosystem is diverse and allows for a multitude of desktop environments to be built for it. Many are packaged in their own flavours of Ubuntu.

## Official Editions
### Ubuntu for desktops

    This is the main Ubuntu version, also known as Ubuntu Desktop. All other versions of Ubuntu are based on it. It uses the Unity desktop environment. Recommended requirements are 1 GiB of RAM and 5 GB (minimum) of Hard Drive space.

### Ubuntu Server

    This edition strips the desktop features for server capabilities, and allows you to have a fully working LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) Web Server up and running in less than an hour. It requires at least 192 MiB of RAM and 5 GB Hard Drive space.

## Supported Derivatives

Flavours are listed according to this downloads page.

### Kubuntu

    The KDE spin, featuring KDE versions of software. Emphasizes productivity over general purpose use.

### Mythbuntu

    A Xubuntu spin designed to make building your own DVR (Digital Video Recorder) using the MythTV software suite as easy as possible.

### Lubuntu

    A scaled down variant of Ubuntu that is lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient by using lightweight applications and LXDE, the Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment, as its default desktop environment. It's geared towards low-spec hardware that doesn't have enough resources for all the bells and whistles of the "full-featured" mainstream distributions.

### Ubuntu Budgie

    A spin of Ubuntu using Budgie as its desktop environment (developed for Solus, another Linux distribution).

### Ubuntu GNOME

    Uses the GNOME desktop environment instead of Unity.

### Ubuntu Kylin

    Geared towards Chinese users.

### Ubuntu MATE

    Goes closer to Ubuntu's origins by using the MATE desktop environment.

### Xubuntu

    A lightweight version of Ubuntu that uses the XFCE environment. The standard applications are a 50/50 mix of GNOME and XFCE-centric programs. This version is geared towards older hardware.

### Ubuntu Studio

    An unofficial, community-built Ubuntu derivative geared towards Musicians, Digital Artists/Designers, and Movie Makers.

## Other Derivatives
### Edubuntu

    This version includes applications geared toward education. A KDE version and a GNOME version exists. It is recommended to install the Standard Edition as the website has not been updated to distribute 16.04 LTS images.

## References

* 1 2 https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/SystemRequirements
# Using Ubuntu Linux/Master list of Concise Wisdom

User Space
Web Browser
# Using Wikibooks

The purpose of this book is to guide you through your Wikibooks journey. From becoming a reader to becoming a writer and beyond, each chapter explores what you should know to make the most of your journey.
About The Book What Is Wikibooks Setting Up A User Account Discussion and Consensus Policy and Guidelines
How To Edit A Wikibook Wiki-Markup Cleanup and Maintenance Advanced Techniques Adding Images to Pages
Wikipedian Primer Class Project Guidelines Starting a New Book
Contributing To An Existing Wikibook Starting A New Wikibook Donating a Book to Wikibooks How To Structure A Wikibook Shelves, Categories, and Classifications Attracting Readers Print versions and PDFs
Finding A Wikibook Printing A Wikibook Using A Wikibook In A Classroom Correcting Errors Reviewing Pages
The Roles Of The Wikibooks Administrator Deleting, Undeleting, and Importing Vandalism Advanced Administration Scripting and the MediaWiki API
# UK Constitution and Government/British Monarchs/Henry VII of England

Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty by defeating Richard III, a Yorkist, at the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. During his reign, Henry had to overcome threats to the stability of the English throne. Several pretenders, perhaps most notably Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel both wanted Henry removed from the throne, however Henry overcame these threats. Later, Henry passed many acts, for example acts against enclosure and the prohibition of Liveries.
Henry's son, Henry VIII succeeded him to the throne in 1509 following his death.
# UK Constitution and Government/British Monarchs/Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

Elizabeth II (1926–2022)
Elizabeth II Queen since 1952, Elizabeth was the elder daughter of Albert, Duke of York, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. She initially had little prospect of succeeding to the throne until her uncle, Edward VIII, abdicated in December 1936. Her father then became king and she became heir.
During World War II, she and her sister, Princess Margaret, spent much of their time safely away from the London Blitz, living mostly at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and at Windsor. Early in 1947, she went with her parents to South Africa. After her return, her engagement to her distant cousin Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten (formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark) was announced. The wedding took place in Westminster Abbey on 20 November 1947. On the eve of the wedding, the king conferred various titles on Philip, including Duke of Edinburgh.
In the summer of 1951, the health of King George VI entered into a serious decline. He died the following February, while Elizabeth was in Kenya. Now, queen, she returned home. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on 2nd June 1953.
In November 1953, she and the Duke of Edinburgh made a six-month tour of the Commonwealth. In 1957, after state visits to various European nations, they visited Canada and the United States. During her Silver Jubilee in 1977, she presided at a London banquet attended by the leaders of the 36 members of the Commonwealth, travelled all over Britain and Northern Ireland, and toured overseas in the South Pacific and Australia, in Canada, and in the Caribbean.
Over the course of her reign, the queen has tried to square the circle of a modern monarchy commanding respect in the age of global media. She allowed the televising of the royal family's domestic life in 1970 but had had to deal with its consequences: an insatiable hunger for information. She was known to favour simplicity in court life and was also known to take a serious and informed interest in government business, aside from the traditional and ceremonial duties. Privately she has become a keen horsewoman; she kept racehorses, frequently attended races, and periodically visited the stud farms of Kentucky, U.S. Her financial and property holdings had made her one of the world's richest women.
# Web 2.0 and Emerging Learning Technologies/Timetoast

Main characteristics of TimeToast:
Teaching and learning possibilities
This application can be useful in education as a tool to teach any topic related to time, history, or important events. Not only can it be an interactive source for teaching but it could also be an enjoyable way of learning.
For example, teachers could ask students to create their own timelines by investigating a topic such as the FIFA World Cup (URL: http://timetoast.com/timelines/24318), taking down notes and creating a timeline. They can even design timelines about a book they have read (http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/24852), their own lives, or any topic dealt in class and then share it with the classmates.
Adding new events is as simple as typing a Date and a Description. Short, clear directions are provided in order to help you. We think TimeToast is a very useful tool for creating and/or recording historical events via timelines.
Example links
World War II
http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/15297
Teachers could introduce the Past Tense using the timeline above that is about the main events of the Second World War. In addition, students may learn not only English Language but also History.
Thomas Alva Edison
http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/14462
This timeline is a good example to use for practising the passive voice by telling what was invented by Edison, among other grammatical functions.
FIFA World Cup
http://WWW.timetoast.com/timelines/24318
By learning about the Fifa World Cup students will learn the past tense, countries and nationalities.
Christopher Columbus
http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/6406
Using the timeline about Christopher Columbus students can learn not only History but also English. By describing his life and his trips, the students can practise the Past Tense.
With this application, it is very easy to introduce different topics and would be effective not only for small groups but also for people who work on their own. This simple visual tool can be used with writing and history activities, as well as with social studies. In addition, this application is very easy to use. All buttons do what you expect them to do and include the typical mouse-over description of their function.
# Technology Tools Currently in Development and Beta

Some believe that Web 2.0 is giving way to "Web 3.0" . What is Web 3.0? Some have identified this as the creation of the semantic web, a term coined by Tim Berners-Lee (the inventor of Web 1.0). The semantic web is based on the addition of metadata to Internet- and network-based information, so that systems can be more context-aware. In terms of hardware, mobile technologies and devices continue to improve in terms of being context- and locationally-aware, so that information can be delivered "just in time." Whether it be for education, business, military and other fields, such in-time learning has been a goal for a long time and networks are continuing to grow and evolve.
As environmental sensors begin to be networked, learners can have access to real-time information. For example, my brother-in-law, who was in Californina, was monitoring the changes of the bouy elevation levels in the Gulf when Hurricane Katrina was pummeling his home town. He was experiencing the horror of the storm as he saw 25' elevational changes as the storm surge hit the coast. The real-time monitoring allowed him to be aware of more than FEMA appeared to be monitoring.
This type of real-time data access and the information that can come through mobile devices can bring information to learners about their environment; the history and significance of the place they are located; and allow them to provide real-time feedback on how a relevant object or issue might be improved.
Another candidate for Web 3.0 is immersive online virtual environments (like Second Life). There are already free software tools available for converting 2D Web sites into 3D virtual environments navigable by avatars. This may be part of a growing trend toward visualization of information in virtual environments and augmented reality.
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Index

INDEX OF WORD ROOTS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES

## A

a 0
ab 3
acousia 8
ad 3
alb/a 5
algia 8
ap 0
aphia 8
apo 0
archae/o 2
aur/i 6

## B

bi 4
bio 1, 2
brachy/o 6

## C

cardi/o 7
cephal/o 6
chir/o 6
chlor/o 5
chrom/o 5
corpa 6
corpus 6
cyan/o 5
cyst/o 7
cyt/o 2
cyte 7

## D

dactyl/o 6
deci 4
derm 3
deutero 4
di 4

## E

ecto 3
edema 8
electr/o 0
emia 8
encephal/o 6
end/o 3
enne 4
epi 0,3
eschato 4
ex/o 3

## F

fix 1

## G

galuc/o 5
genic 8
geo 2
geustia 8
gram 0
gram 1
gynaec/o 2
gynec/o 2

## H

hemi 4
hepat/o 7
hept 4
hex 4
hyper 0,3
hypo 0,3
hyster/o 7

## I

ic 2
ism 8
itis 8

## L

laryng/o 7
lepsy 8
leuc/o 5
lith/o 2
logist 2
logy 1,2

## M

macro 3
mamm/o 6
mania 8
melan/o 5
meter 0
micro 3
mono 4
multi 4
my/o 0,7
myc/o 2

## N

nephr/o 7
neur/o 7
nigr/o 5
non 4

## O

oct 4
ocul/o 6
oid 8
ology 6,2
oma 8
oo 7
opia 8
opsia 8
opthalm/o 6
or/o 6
orexia 8
osis 8
osmia 8
osphrensia 8
ot/o 6
ovo 7

## P

palae/o 2
patell/o 6
ped/o 6
pent 4
peri 3
phall/o 7
phon/o 1
phone 1
phyt/a 2
pluri 4
pneum/o 7
poly 4
post 0
pre 0, 1
primo 4
pro 3
proto 3
proto 4
pulmin/o 7

## Q

quad 4
quart 4
quint 4

## R

ren/o 7
rhin/o 6
rhodo 5
rub/o 5

## S

semi 4
sept 4
sex 4
some 5
stomat/o 6

## T

tel/e 1
tetra 4
tomy 8
tri 4
trito 4

## U

umbilic/o 6
uni 4

## X

xanth/o 5

## Z

zoo 2
# Unicode

The objective of this book is to maintain a reference to Unicode encoding and anything related to Unicode specification.
This book is necessary because, although the articles here about Unicode reference were removed from Wikipedia and Wikisource, this standard is widely used by IT technologies and a reference is very necessary.

## Introduction

Unicode is an industry standard whose goal is to provide the means by which text of all forms and languages can be encoded for use by computers through a single character set. Originally, text-characters were represented in computers using byte-wide data: each printable character (and many non-printing, or "control" characters) were implemented using a single byte each, which allowed for 256 characters total. However, globalization has created a need for computers to be able to accommodate many different alphabets (and other writing systems) from around the world in an interchangeable way.
The old encodings in use included ASCII or EBCDIC, but it was apparent that they were not capable of handling all the different characters and alphabets from around the world. The solution to this problem was to create a set of "wide" 16-bit characters that would theoretically be able to accommodate most international language characters. This new charset was first known as the Universal Character Set (UCS), and later standardized as Unicode. However, after the first versions of the Unicode standard it became clear that 65,535 (2$^{16}$) characters would still not be enough to represent every character from all scripts in existence, so the standard was amended to add sixteen supplementary planes of 65,536 characters each, thus bringing the total number of representable code points to 1,114,112. To this date, less than 10% of that space is in use.

## Table of Contents

* Character reference
* Encodings
* Implementations
* Versions
* List of useful symbols
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Numbers
## Lesson 4 - Numbers

| English | Latin | Greek | Examples (Latin) | Examples (Greek) |
| one | uni- | mono- (only), heno- | uniform, unicode | monotheism, henotheism |
| two | bi- | di- | bimetal, bisexuality | diatomic molecule |
| three | tri- | tri- | trigonometry | trigonometry |
| four | quadr-, quart- | tetra- | quadratic, quartic | tetragon |
| five | quint- | pent- | quintessence, quintic | pentagon, pentagram |
| six | sex- | hex- | sextic, sextant | hexagon, hexagram |
| seven | sept- | hept- | septuplets | heptagon |
| eight | oct- | oct- | octagon | octagon |
| nine | non- | enne- | nonagon | enneagram |
| ten | deci- | deca- | decimal | decagon |
| many | multi-, pluri- | poly- | multicellular, pluripotent | polygamy, polygon |
| half | semi- | hemi- | semicircle | hemisphere |
| first | primo- | proto- | primordial | protium, proton |
| second | | deutero- | | deuterium |
| third | | trito- | | tritium |
| last | | eschato- | | eschatology |

#### root

    -sect : section, cut apart
How would you write the words with these meanings?
* To cut something into three parts.
* Half of a circle. ( Use the Latin)
* trisect
* semicircle
# Understanding the National Certificate of Educational Achievement/Introduction

NCEA is split up into multiple levels. NCEA Level 1 is typically done by year 11 students, NCEA Level 2 by year 12 students and NCEA Level 3 by year 13 students. There are also scholarship exams available, usually open to year 13 students.

## The Basics

NCEA unlike the previous School Certificate qualification is gained by earning credits. These credits may be earned internally (in class or assessed and marked by teachers at the school) or externally (assessed at end-of-year examinations). There are two types of standards that may be met in order to gain credits: Achievement Standards (A.S.) and Unit Standards (U.S.). Achievement Standards may be achieved at 3 levels: Achieved, Merit and Excellence. Unit Standards can only be Achieved or Not Achieved.

## NCEA Level One

To pass NCEA Level One students require 80 credits including 10 literacy (English) credits and 10 numeracy (maths) credits.

## NCEA Level Two

Level Two requires 60 credits at level 2 or above plus 20 credits at any level.

## NCEA Level Three

Level Three requires 60 credits at level 3 or above plus 20 credits at level 2 or above.

## Scholarship

NCEA offers scholarship exams. In these the top 3% for each subject will receive $500 for every year they are at a New Zealand University. The top 0.3% for each subject receive $2000 for every year they are at a New Zealand university.

## Endorsements

Students are able to get an endorsement with their certificate. If 50 or more of the credits gained at one level are gained from assessments where the student achieved at a Merit or Excellence level than they will get NCEA endorsed with Merit. If they get 50 or more at Excellence level then they get NCEA endorsed with Excellence.
# Understanding Scientific Terms/Special Suffixes
## Special Suffixes

Most of these suffixes denote action or a condition.

### Suffixes

    -mania : madness
    -edema or -oedema : swelling
    -itis : inflammation of
    -lepsy : seizure
    -naut : sailor (aeronautics, astronaut)
    -oma : tumor
    -tomy : cut
    -ism : condition
    -osis : abnormal condition
    -emia : blood condition
    -genic : forming
    -algia : pain
    -oid : like, resembling

### Senses

    -opia : vision
    -opsia : vision
    -acousia : hearing
    -osmia : smell
    -osphrensia : smell
    -aphia : touch
    -geustia : taste
    -orexia : appetite
# When It Hits the Fan/Personal Strategies and Know-how/Navigation
## Navigation skills

Survival situations are resolved by finding one's way to safety. This requires some navigation or movement:

### Celestial navigation

    using the sun and the night sky

### Reading a map

    particularly a topographic map together with a compass