OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Forth/Arithmetics

Forth brings along all operators common in mathematics. It uses the reverse Polish notation (RPN) when processing calculations. This means that the operands are entered first and then the operator to be applied to them. The operator . outputs the topmost stack entry on the screen as an integer.

## Simple examples

* 1 2 + . shows 3 ok
* 4 2 - . shows 2 ok
* 1 2 * . shows 2 ok

## More complex examples

* 3 5 + 7 * . <cr> 56 ok interactively places first the number 3 on the stack and then the number 5 on it. The + (an elementary continue operation) is called, adds both values and replaces them on the stack with the result (8). Then 7 is placed on the stack and the result is calculated using *. Finally, the operator . outputs the topmost stack entry on the screen as an integer. With the concluding ok, Forth indicates that the line is processed and the system is ready for new tasks.
# Forth/Command Reference
## Command Reference

| Data stack before execution | word | Data stack after execution | Explanation |
| stack item | . | stack item | stack item is displayed |
| n1 n2 | + | (n1 + n2) | add topmost two numbers and leave result |
| | BYE | | reboot |
| | bye | | reboot |
| | power-off | | shut down |

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 OLPC XO Forth PROM.

## External Links

* http://www.firmworks.com/QuickRef.html
# Forth/Manipulating the Stack

The Parameter Stack
A data structure common to many languages is the stack. A LIFO (last-in first-out) type of stack called the parameter stack (to distinguish it from the return stack) is frequently the implied source and destination for many of the data and arithmetic operations performed in FORTH.
Typical operations will find their input parameters on the stack, usually remove (pop) these inputs, and then place the new results back onto the stack (push).
While FORTH has variables, arrays, strings, and other data structures, the use of the stack is combined with the philosophy of the language to achieve a variety of advantages.
* If a piece of code only uses the stack for its inputs, outputs, and intermediate values, it is inherently re-entrant in almost every case.
* If a piece of code maintains stack parity, that is, neither removes or abandons values on the stack between its beginning and end, then a call to it can be inserted anywhere in a body of code.
* The stack is like a switchyard that can get data to and from anywhere. Data can be switched between all parts of the system by reading it or writing it to the top element of the stack.
* Op codes do not need to use bits to specify register values, instead, two RISC machine style instructions are used in sequence, analagous to LOAD then ADD. These simpler instructions allow efficient implementation.
When you type a number, it goes on the stack. When you type several numbers, they all go on the stack, with the most-recent number on the top of the stack. For example, immediately after typing 7 22 -8 14 9 and hitting ENTER, the stack appears like this:
Many programmers document a word using a stack diagram, with two "pictures" of the stack (with the TOS furthest to the right), before and after the word executes.
SWAP ( ... a b -- ... b a )
DROP ( ... x y z -- ... x y )
DUP ( ... x y z -- ... x y z z )
ROT ( ... a b c d -- ... a c d b )
# Fortran
## Table of Contents
### Introduction

    Why learn Fortran?
    History

### Quick start tutorial

    Hello World
    Fundamentals
    Variables
    Text input and output
    Program flow control
    Subroutines and functions

### In-depth Fortran

    Data types
    Program structure
    I/O statements
    String manipulation
    Structured data
    Memory management & common blocks
    Error catching
    Parallel processing
    Object-oriented programming
    Language overloading and extensions

### Other Fortran related software and tools

    Combining languages
    Generating documentation
    Tools to prettify source code

### Appendix

    Examples of Fortran in action
    Frequently Asked Questions

## External links

* Open Directory - F95/F90 Tutorials
* Eclipse based IDE for fortran
* gtk-fortran, a GTK / Fortran binding

### Compilers

* GNU Fortran
* Intel Fortran Compiler for Linux: a free non-commercial Fortran compiler
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit/Chapter 8

The Hobbit - Chapter 8 - Flies and Spiders

## Plot

Bilbo and the dwarves trek through the forest of Mirkwood. They come across the enchanted stream Beorn warns about and use hooks from their packs to pull a boat toward them. One dwarf Bombur sets the boat adrift and falls into the stream. They pull him out, enchanted by the stream to sleep.
Bombur wakes up, without his memory of the journey. They see elves, but the elves disappear when Bilbo approaches. Bilbo sleeps. he wakes up find himself bound by threads spun by a spider. He manages to free himself and kills the spider with his sword, naming it Sting.
Bilbo finds the dwarves bound as well. He throws stones to scare them off and cuts the webs. Meanwhile, Thorin was taken captive by the Wood-elves feasting in the woods. They take him to their king, who throws him in the dungeon.

## Analysis

This is the first time they are in real trouble wihout the wisdom and guidance of Gandalf. They had expended all their arrows in their attempt to kill deer for food.
Despite this, Bilbo is more useful than the dwarves thought so. When Bilbo kills the spider, it marks a step of evolution for him. He is conscious of feeling braver than he led to himself to believe.

## Glossary

baying barking. hart male red deer, usually over five years old. hind female red deer. short commons minimal rations. confusticate flabbergast. mirth joy, playfulness. watercourse any waterway, such as a stream or river. quoits a game in which a ring of iron or rope is thrown at an upright pin; similar to the game of pitching horseshoes. thongs a strip of leather or hide.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit/Chapter 9

The Hobbit - Chapter 9 - Barrels Out of Bond

## Plot

After Bilbo and the rest of the dwarves escape the spiders, they are brought blindfolded to the halls of the Elvenking. They refuse to reveal their plan because the elves would demand a share of the prize. Bilbo is still wearing his ring and thus is still invisible. Bilbo talks to them and plots an escape. The elves exchange goods with the population of Lake Town via barrels. News barrels float through a river under the elves' dwelling. Empty ones are sent back to a storeroom. Bilbo decides to exploit it. Bilbo steals the keys form a guardsman, steals it, and employs the plan. He packs each dwarf into an empty barrel before the elves return and thus they are shoved into the river. The trapdoors open and the dwarves sped out along the river to Lake Town.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Timeline

Here, you can find timelines of Tolkien's stories.

## The Hobbit

Click on the image to the right to view the timeline.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/The Hobbit/Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Hobbit - "Over Hill and Under Hill"

## Plot

On their path, they take the right at a fork. As they travel, weather gets colder and the terrain more dangerous. Bilbo wishes for the joy of better weather at home. The dwarves are hopeful of reaching the Lonely Mountain by Durin's Day, but Gandalf is skeptical because he knows that the land they are traveling has become evil and dangerous. The group gets caught in a violent thunderstorm caused by stone giants. They seek shelter and sleep in a cave. Bilbo dreams of a crack in the cave, only to wake and realize it is not fake.
Goblins come in and take the group prisoner. They try to grab Gandalf, but he creates electrical charges, and he disappears.
The Goblins force Bilbo and the dwarves to the cavern of the Great Goblin. The Great Goblin interrogates Thorin and accuses them of being spies, thieves, and murderers. one goblin brings out the sword Thorin brings in. This sword, Orcrist, the globin-cleaver, is well-known among goblins.
The goblins and the Great Goblin get into a rage and move to eat Thorin. Suddenly, the lights go out and the great fire in the chamber throws its sparks onto the goblins. In the darkness and confusion, a great sword flashes and strikes down the Great Goblin. A voice guides the captives out. It is Gandalf, who leads the people through the passages. The goblins follow and one catches up to the dwarf Dori, who is carrying Bilbo. Bilbo falls, hits his head and loses consciousness.

## Analysis

In this chapter, they fight their first real battle. Multiple times, the travelers on this journey do not know what to do without instructions. The swords that Elrond identified for them are crucial for the survival of the expedition since Gandalf's sword Glamdring reclaims its historical role by killing the Great Goblin.
Dori's attempt to help Bilbo represents the dwarves' gradual softening and acceptance of the hobbit.

## Glossary

* tinder: a flammable substance that can be used as kindling.
* flint: material used for producing a spark.
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Gram-negative Rods (GNR)/Legionella spp
## Histology

* Facultative Intracellular Gram-negative bacilli

## Clinical Presentations

* Elderly patients, classically nursing home residents
** Risk Factors: Age, Hx of COPD
* Confusion, high fever, bradycardia
* CXR often unilobar infiltrate that progresses to consolidation
* Often failure to respond to broad spectrum/appropriate antibiotics

### Natural Environments

* Aquatic bodies e.g. lakes, streams, man-made reservoirs, standing water
** "Air conditioners in retirement homes"

## Diagnosis

* Legionella Urine Antigen test (only detects L. pneumophila serogroup 1)
* Sputum or BAL sample for Legionella Cx
* Hyponatremia, thrombocytopenia, elevated LFTs are all suggestive

### Differential Diagnoses
## Management

* Proven, or suspected Legionella PNA requires either:
** Respiratory fluoroquinolone (e.g. Levofloxacin)
** Newer macrolide (e.g. Azithromycin)
NOTE: Both have good lung penetration with potent intracellular activity
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Gram-positive cocci (GPC)
## Medically Significant GPC

* Staphylococcus spp
** Staphylococcus aureus
** Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS)
*** Staphylococcus epidermidis
* Streptococcus spp
** Streptococcus pneumoniae
** Streptococcus viridans
** Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)
** Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)
* Enterococcus spp
Gram Positive Cocci Characteristics :
| Bacteria | Histology | Catalase | Coagulase | Hemolysis | Optochin | Bacitracin |
| Staphylococcus spp | "Grape-like" clusters | Positive | Positive | | | |
| CONS | - | Positive | Negative | | | |
| Streptococcus spp | Pairs and chains | Negative | - | | | |
| S. pneumoniae | Pairs and chains | Negative | - | α-hemolysis | Sensitive | |
| S. viridans | Pairs and Chains | Negative | - | α-hemolysis | Resistant | |
| S. pyogenes | Pairs and Chains | Negative | - | β-hemolysis | | Sensitive |
| S. agalactiae | Pairs and Chains | Negative | - | β-hemolysis | | Resistant |
CONS- Coagulase Negative Staph
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Gram-positive cocci (GPC)/Enterococcus spp
## Medically Significant Enterococci

* Enterococcus faecium
* Enterococcus faecalis
* E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum are typically intrinsically vancomycin resistant
# ID Board Review/Bacterial Diseases/Gram-negative Rods (GNR)/Vibrio Spp
## Medically Significant Vibrio Species

* Vibrio cholerae
* Vibrio parahaemolyticus
* Vibrio vulnificus
# History of video games/Platforms/Terebikko
## History

The Bandai Terebikko was launched in 1988. The system was branded as the See 'N Say Video Phone in the United States.
The system was discontinued in 1994.

## Technology

The Terebikko required a VCR to operate.

## Notable games

* Dragon Ball Z: Gather Together! Goku's World
* Moomin no Sutekina Present
* Sailor Moon S: Kotaete Moon Call
* Soreike! Anpanman: Karada no Naka no Dai Bōken
* Soreike! Anpanman: Yukai nao Tanjōe
* Super Mario World Mario to Yoshi no Bōken Land - A rare example of a licenced Nintendo property on a non-Nintendo system.

## References

* 1 2 "Terebikko / See 'N Say Video Phone • Bandai • 1988 : RAM OK ROM OK". Retrieved 8 November 2020.
* ↑ "Terebikko (GamerRaven #3) - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
* ↑ "Movie Guide Terebikko VHS & Telephone Interactive Feature". Kanzenshuu. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Terebikko". Wikipedia. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
# History of video games/Platforms/Tizen cloud gaming
## History
### Development

A cloud gaming service for Samsung smart televisions running the Tizen operating system was announced on October 26th, 2021 during Samsung Developer Conference 2021. The announcement coincided with some other other gaming technology announcements from Samsung. A major effort was made to improve the developer experience for the platform.
In January 2022 during CES 2022 the system was announced more formally as the Samsung Gaming Hub.

## Technology

Tizen itself is an operating system based on the Linux kernel.
The system acted as a gateway to other services, such as Utomik, GeForce Now, and Google Stadia.
On June 9, 2022 it was announced that Samsung Smart TVs would also support Xbox Game Pass cloud gaming.

## References

* ↑ Clark, Mitchell (26 October 2021). "Samsung announces cloud gaming for Tizen TVs, offers no further details" (in en). The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/26/22747063/samsung-cloud-gaming-service-tizen-tv-announcement.
* ↑ Gendron, Will. "Samsung to introduce cloud gaming feature for its Tizen TVs" (in en). Input. https://www.inputmag.com/gaming/samsung-says-its-bringing-cloud-gaming-to-its-tizen-tvs.
* ↑ Pino, Nick (26 October 2021). "Samsung is making a cloud gaming service for its Tizen smart TVs" (in en). TechRadar. https://www.techradar.com/news/samsung-is-making-a-cloud-gaming-service-for-its-tizen-smart-tvs.
* ↑ Bailey, Tom (1 November 2021). "Samsung bringing HDR10+ to gaming in 2022" (in en). whathifi. https://www.whathifi.com/news/samsung-bringing-hdr10-to-gaming-in-2022.
* ↑ "Changing the Daily Life of the Future: SDC21 Experts Discuss Next-Generation Technologies" (in en). news.samsung.com. https://news.samsung.com/global/changing-the-daily-life-of-the-future-sdc21-experts-discuss-next-generation-technologies.
* ↑ Takahashi, Dean (3 January 2022). "Samsung Gaming Hub is a discovery platform cloud games on smart TVs". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2022/01/02/samsung-gaming-hub-is-a-discovery-platform-cloud-games-on-smart-tvs/.
* 1 2 Lyles, Taylor (3 January 2022). "Samsung's Gaming Hub Brings Cloud Gaming to its Smart TVs - CES 2022" (in en). IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/samsung-cloud-gaming-hub-announced-nvidia-geforce-now-google-stadia.
* ↑ "About | Tizen". www.tizen.org. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
* ↑ Perez, Sarah (January 3, 2022). "Samsung’s 2022 Smart TVs to support cloud gaming, video chat and even NFTs". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/03/samsungs-2022-smart-tvs-to-support-cloud-gaming-video-chat-and-even-nfts/.
* ↑ "Xbox Gaming on Your Samsung Smart TV; No Console Required". Xbox Wire. 9 June 2022. https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2022/06/09/xbox-app-for-smart-tvs/.
# History of video games/Platforms/Tomy Kiss Site
## History

The system was announced by August 8, 2000 for release on October 26, 2000. The system had a launch price of 9,980 Japanese yen.

## Technology

The system was a hybrid karaoke and video game system. Tomy intended to develop edutainment software for the device, but it is unknown if this was actually done.

## References

* 1 2 3 "トミー、“フリカラ”が家庭で楽しめるダンスカラオケ機". internet.watch.impress.co.jp. https://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/www/article/2000/0808/tomy.htm.
* ↑ I may have misread this source, so perhaps the release date is October 8, 2000.
* ↑ "Tomy Kiss-Site Ultimate Console Database". ultimateconsoledatabase.com. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
# History of video games/Platforms/TinyPi
## Technology

The system is based on a Raspberry Pi Zero.

## References

* ↑ "TinyPi - World Smallest Raspberry Pi Game Boy-Style Retro Console". Electronics-Lab.com. 19 April 2018. https://www.electronics-lab.com/tinypi-world-smallest-raspberry-pi-game-boy-style-retro-console/.
# History of video games/Platforms/TinyTan BTS Tamagotchi
## History

Preorders for the system began on April 8, 2022.

## References

* ↑ Chen, Jackson (April 8, 2022). "Tamagotchi’s BTS collab is a k-pop obsessive’s dream come true" (in en). Input. https://www.inputmag.com/tech/tamagotchi-bts-collab-k-pop-toys.
* ↑ Chin, Monica (8 April 2022). "Keep BTS in your pocket with new TinyTan Tamagotchi" (in en). The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/8/23016467/bts-tinytan-tamagotchi-bandai-handheld-game-preorder.
# History of video games/Platforms/Texas Instruments TI-99/4A
## History

The Texas Instruments TI-99/4 was released in 1979 at a cost of $1,150.
The improved Texas Instruments TI-99/4A was released in June 1981 at a cost of $525.
Despite costing less than $100 by fall of 1982, and by being promoted by then popular comedian Bill Cosby, the TI-99/4A was severely challenged in the market by fierce competition in the low end segment, and by the video game crash of 1983.
Production of the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A ended in 1984 with about 2.5 million systems sold.

## Technology
### Compute

The Texas Instruments TI-99/4A is powered by the 16-bit TMS9900 processor clocked at three megahertz.
A TMS 9918 or TMS 9929 handles video processing.
The TI-99/4A has 16 kilobytes of RAM and 16 kilobytes of video RAM.

### Hardware

The TI-99/4A has 26 kilobytes of ROM.

## Gallery
### Details

* The TI99/4A with cartridge on top.

### Accessories

* Texas Instruments Program Recorder and cassette tape.
* Program Recorder side with labeled parts.
* Disk Controller Card.
* RS-232 Interface Card.
* 32 kilobyte memory expansion card.

## References

* 1 2 "Full Page Reload". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* 1 2 Pollack, Andrew (19 June 1983). "THE COMING CRISIS IN HOME COMPUTERS (Published 1983)". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 4 "Texas Instruments TI-99/4A computer". oldcomputers.net. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* 1 2 3 "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
* ↑ "Texas Instruments Model 994A Personal Computer". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
# History of video games/Platforms/Tomy Data Battle
## History

1995 saw the release of the Tomy Data Battle handheld game console.

## Technology

The system is powered by 4 AA batteries.

## References

* ↑ "Data Battle | Virtual Simulation by Tomy – The Video Game Kraken". Video Game Kraken. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
* ↑ "データバトルを知っていますか？" (in ja). データバトル保存会. 2 October 2019. https://dbps.hatenablog.com/entry/2019/10/03/001507.
* ↑ "起動できない『トミー データバトル』を修理！（原因は電池の液漏れ）" (in ja). よぴかりさん. 14 July 2022. https://yopikarisan.com/i-tried-to-repair-tomy-data-battle/.
# International Service Learning Study Abroad Handbook/PART 2: Introduction

Although you may be traveling to various destinations in your study abroad programs, there are different matters that are important to be aware of in preparation for your departure. If you plan to travel internationally your passport, visa, and immunizations are perhaps the most important pre-departure aspect to take care of. To be safe it may be wise to have your passport in your possession at least two weeks in advance. If you have previously obtained your passport make sure that it will not expire within six months of your departure date.
You may want to brush up current events, local customs, and sources of communication before you arrive at your destination. It may be necessary to be aware of the current political situation, know the areas that are more dangerous to travel in and be prepared. Oftentimes people are sure that they will be able to use a cellphone or a computer to communicate with home, but it might be a good idea to have back up plans. Being aware of where the embassy for your own country is located in the counties you will be visiting in case of an emergency is important. Before you depart to another country it is advised and will benefit you if you alert your country's embassy.
Health is a primary concern when traveling anywhere. Be aware of your personal well-being, consult your health insurance about leaving the country, and be aware of your destinations health care services. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is an excellent source for your use for any country you might be traveling. Following the link http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/ to their site, which will allow you to see the vaccinations you will need, health precautions to take, and different diseases on high alert in your area of travel.
There is a vast array of living situations in which any traveler may find themselves, but for any that you may come across there are things to consider such as the water sources, access to electricity, privacy, sanitation, etc. Often when you are traveling you may be staying with a family or a host and it is important to respect them and tell them all their food is good even if it's not what you're used to.
Using sources like: http://www.greenpassport.us/ and http://www.travelchannel.com/Places_Trips?intcmp=hp_nav_places-trips may be helpful tools in being prepared for your upcoming international travel.
# Introduction to Astrophysics/Galaxies:Shapes and Evolution

The three main types of galaxies are elliptical (E), irregular (I), and spiral (S).
Galaxies are typically found in clusters. These clusters are categorized as regular or irregular. Regular clusters contain mainly E galaxies, and are large, dense, and spherical. These clusters have formed from many collisions, causing the S galaxies to become E galaxies. Irregular clusters are thin and have no symmetry. They contain mostly S galaxies.
# Introduction to Astrophysics/Historical Context/Early Views

Astrophysics is widely used by all the space centres to know the arrival of new planets and to know more about a particular planet.for ex: to know the capacity of the planet and what are all the resources available there and also to check whether there is any existence of life. Astrophysics is a very important subject for exploration of the universe.
# Introduction to Astrophysics/Astronomical Constants

Speed of light: c = 2.99792458 × 10$^8$ m s$^{-1}$ Gravitation Constant: G = 6.6742(10) × 10$^{-11}$ m$^3$ kg$^{-1}$s$^{-2}$ Mass of Sun: M$_{sun}$ = 1.99 × 10$^{30}$ kg Luminosity of Sun: L$_{sun}$ = 3.83 × 10$^{26}$ J s$^{-1}$ Radius of Sun: R$_{sun}$ = 6.96 × 10$^8$ m 1 astronomical unit (AU): 1.496 × 10$^{11}$ m 1 light year (ly): 9.461 × 10$^{15}$ m = 0.307 pc 1 parsec (pc): 3.086 × 10$^{16}$ m = 3.26 ly Solar effective temperature: T$_{eff}$ = 5777 K Hubble Constant: H$_0$ = 70.1±1.3 kms$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ Cosmological Constant: |Λ|≤10$^{-51}$ m$^{-2}$ Cosmic background radiation = 2.725(1) K Mass of Earth: M$_e$ = 5.97370(76) × 10$^{24}$ kg Radius of Earth: R$_e$ = 6.378136 × 10$^6$ m

## External links

* NIST Physical Constants