OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Emotion and Motivation

The emotion and motivation (EM) outcomes look at the reasons for behaviour in sport.
There are two emotion and motivation outcomes:
* EM1: Evaluate theories of motivation in sport.
* EM2: Using one or more research studies, explain the role of goal-setting in the motivation of individuals.
* EM3: Discuss theories relating arousal and anxiety to performance.
Note that any example responses are not necessarily worth full marks, but exist simply to provide an idea of how an example looks.

# EM1

Evaluate theories of motivation in sport.

## Example response

There is no example response yet for this outcome.

## Additional Notes

There are no additional notes yet for this outcome.

# EM2

Using one or more research studies, explain the role of goal-setting in the motivation of individuals.

## Example response

There is no example response yet for this outcome.

## Additional Notes

There are no additional notes yet for this outcome.

# EM3

Discuss theories relating arousal and anxiety to performance.

## Example response

There is no example response yet for this outcome.

## Additional Notes

There are no additional notes yet for this outcome.
# Music Theory/Dance

Dance music is a broad category, generally associated with the club and rave scene.
Major genres of contemporary dance music include House, Techno, Ambient, Trance, Drum and Bass, IDM and Glitch, most of which are frequently divided into sub-genres.
Dance music may be purely instrumental or may employ lyrics. The vocals are sometimes heavily-processed, distorted, or otherwise electronically manipulated above and beyond the norms for other forms of popular music.
Modern dance music shares technical similarities with musique concrète, including the use of sampling, often of "found sounds" other than musical instruments. Though this was once accomplished with the mechanical manipulation of physical tape loops, purpose-built machines or software known as samplers are now used for this purpose. Sampling may be combined with synthesized instruments, or samples of analog or digital synthesizers may be used. Effects such as delay, reverb, and flanging are often applied in very obvious ways.
House and Garage are heavily influenced by disco, and commonly feature repetitive 4/4 beats with heavy, synthesized or sampled bass drums. Drum and bass uses characteristically broken beats, typically in the 160 to 180 beat-per-minute range; distorted, synthesized bass and sub-bass plays a key role.
Dance music has grown in prominence since the 1980s, especially in North America and Europe. Notable artists include Fatboy Slim, Orbital, Basement Jaxx, New Order and Aphex Twin.
# Music Theory/Counterpoint/Species Counterpoint

Species Counterpoint is that method of teaching laid out most famously by Johann Joseph Fux in his treatise Gradus ad Parnassum. Its method relies upon breaking contrapuntal study into five parts for each combination of two, three and four voices. The five parts (or "species") are as follows:
The first species is note-against-note counterpoint.
The second species is two notes against one in the cantus firmus.
The third species is four notes against one in the cantus firmus.
The fourth species is the study of suspensions against a cantus firmus.
The fifth species describes the combination of the four previous species together against a cantus firmus.

## In Two Voices

This is the simplest of possible contrapuntal compositions. It consists of one cantus firmus and one composed "counterpoint" to it.

## In Three Voices

Fux describes three-voice counterpoint as the most perfect because it is the only type in which it is possible to create complete harmonic triads without having to use an extra voice. That is, compositions which use more than three voices end up doubling triadic pitches, like the octave and the third. Put another way, three voice composition is the most perfect because it is the only way to express complete harmonic triads using a minimum of voices.

## In Four Voices

Four voice contrapuntal composition necessarily requires that, at least in harmonic triads, one of the voices be doubled. An exception arises in the creation of dissonant chords, like the dominant seventh chord.

## More Than Four Voices

Fux ends his book with the treatment of florid counterpoint (5th species) in four voices. Compositions which treat five or more voices are not much different than those treating four voices (and we know that treating four voices is not much different than treating three). Greater care must be taken in composing in more than four voices because as the texture becomes thicker, so it becomes more prone to error. All rules which apply to four voice writing also apply to all writing beyond four voices. If you write with more than four voices it might turn out strangely because you will have to double up a lot.
# Music Theory/Eastern European

Eastern European Music is best learned by ear. Listen to as many various traditional field or studio recordings to become an expert at a given style. Eastern European Styles include:
* Russian\Baltic
* Balkan (Macedonian,Serbian,Bosnian,Bulgarian,Croatian,Montenegro)
* Transcarpathian
* Transdanubian
* Hungarian
* Romanian
* Romani (Gypsy)
* Klezmer (Jewish)
* Turkish\Caucasian
# Music Theory/Counterpoint/Fugue

A fugue is a technique of contrapuntal writing.
# Music Theory/Dominant substitute

A Substitute for a Dominant 7th is the Tri-Tone substitution. Ex. Key of C. When playing a G7 you could substitute a Db7. The reason why this works is that the two chords share the same guide tones (the 3rd and the 7th of a chord). The major 3rd of G7 is the minor 7th of Db7 and the minor 7th of G7 is the major 3rd of Db7.
# Music Theory/Folk

Music held to be typical of a nation or ethnic group, known to all segments of its society, and preserved usually by oral tradition. Knowledge of the history and development of folk music is largely conjectural. Musical notation of folk songs and descriptions of folk music culture are occasionally encountered in historical records, but these tend to reflect primarily the literate classes' indifference or even hostility.
As Christianity expanded in medieval Europe, attempts were made to suppress folk music because of its association with heathen rites and customs, and uncultivated singing styles were denigrated. During the Renaissance, new humanistic attitudes encouraged acceptance of folk music as a genre of rustic antique song, and composers made extensive use of the music; folk tunes were often used as raw material for motets and masses, and Protestant hymns borrowed from folk music.
In the 17th century folk music gradually receded from the consciousness of the literate classes, but in the late 18th century it again became important to art music.
In the 19th century, folk songs came to be considered a "national treasure," on a par with cultivated poetry and song. National and regional collections were published, and the music became a means of promoting nationalistic ideologies.
Since the 1890s, folk music has been collected and preserved by mechanical recordings. Publications and recordings have promoted wide interest, making possible the revival of folk music where traditional folk life and folklore are moribund.
After World War II, archives of field recordings were developed throughout the world. While research has usually dealt with "authentic" (i.e., older) material not heavily influenced by urban popular music and the mass media, the influence of singer-songwriters such as Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, and Bob Dylan expanded the genre to include original music that largely retains the form and simplicity of traditional compositions.
# Micronations/List of micronationalists

Some micronationalists are:
* Kevin Baugh (President of Molossia)
* Ali-Ali Achsenfree (Sultan of Mustachistan)
* Dennis Wardlow (Prime Minister of the Conch Republic)
* Murt Kennard (President of Whangamomona)
# Micronations/List of past micronations

This is a list of some micronations that have since ceased to exist.
* Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (1860-1862)
* Kingdom of Sedang (1888–1890)
* Kingdom of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (1827-1978)
* Republic of Indian Stream (1832-1835)
* Islands of Refreshment (1811-1816)
* Republic of Rose Island (1968-1969)
* Province of Bumbunga (1976-1999)
* Operation Atlantis (1968-1971)
* Freetown Christiania
* Sultanate of M'Simbati (1959-1980)
* Grand Duchy of the Lagoan Isles
* New Utopia
# Micronations/List of past micronations/Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia

The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia was a micronation that existed from 1888 to 1890. It ceased to exist when its creator was killed in a duel.
# Micronations/List of past micronations/Islands of Refreshment

Islands of Refreshment was the name given to Tristan da Cunha by its self-proclaimed ruler, Jonathan Lambert, in 1811.
In the early 19th century American whalers frequented the neighboring waters and, on December 27, 1810, the Boston ship Baltic put ashore an American named Jonathan Lambert "late of Salem, mariner and citizen thereof" along with one Thomas Currie or Tomasso Corri in his employ, and a third man named Williams. These three were the first permanent inhabitants of Tristan, and they were soon joined by a fourth, Andrew Millet.
Lambert declared himself sovereign and sole possessor of the island group "grounding my right and claim on the rational and sure ground of absolute occupancy". He renamed the main island "Island of Refreshment", Inaccessible Island "Pintard Island" and Nightingale Island "Lovel Island". Five months after arriving, Lambert, Williams and Millet drowned while fishing on May 17, 1812. Currie was joined, however, by two other men, and the three busied themselves growing vegetables, wheat and oats, and breeding pigs.
During the War of 1812, the islands were used as a base by American cruisers sent to prey on British merchant ships. This and other considerations urged by Lord Charles Henry Somerset, then-governor of Cape Colony in South Africa, led the British government to annex the islands as dependencies of the Cape Colony. The formal proclamation of annexation was made on August 14, 1816, partly as a measure to ensure the French could not use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free the deposed Napoleon I of France from his prison on Saint Helena.

## References

* ↑ "Tristan d'Acunha, etc.: Jonathan Lambert, late Sovereign thereof". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. 4 (21): 280–285. Dec 1818.
# Micronations/List of micronationalists/Kevin Baugh

Kevin Baugh is the President of the Republic of Molossia.
# Micronations/List of past micronations/Grand Duchy of the Lagoan Isles

The Grand Duchy of the Lagoan Isles was a micronation based in Britain. It was created in 2005 by school teacher Louis Robert Harold Stephens ("Grand Duke Louis", born 1985) as a class project, and claims as its territory Baffins Pond, in Portsmouth, along with the three tiny islands located within the pond. However, the Grand Duchy does not have a physical presence in, or exercise any authority over the area, and its operations are largely limited to the size. He quit the project and it was re-claimed by the current leaders on November 8th 2019. The land has been renamed to "Nation of Unclean" based after their small youtube channel TVUncleanLogan.(https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPLjPipnD3W3DyxOhShNFAA) The three tiny islands are ruled by an oligarchy of 3 people. The official flag is a purple base with a black and white cross.

## History

Records of Baffins Farm (including the pond) date back to 1194. Since then it has changed hands several times. In the 19th century it was used by local farmers, and in 1912 it became a public park. In 1938 it was saved from demolition, and sold to the City of Portsmouth. Stephens established the Grand Duchy's putative claim to the pond islands on August 16, 2005, after noticing that they were not specifically mentioned in the 1938 land sale contract. He subsequently sent a letter announcing his claim to Portsmouth council, and released a series of banknotes with an ornithological theme. He then quit the project years later. It was then claimed by 3 friends renaming it to "Nation Of Unclean"

## References

* ↑ Ryan, John; Dunford, George; Sellars, Simon (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-730-7.

## External links

Grid Reference: SU 6601-63
* Official Government Website
Coordinates: 50°48′26″N 1°03′23″W﻿ / ﻿50.8072°N 1.0564°W﻿ / 50.8072; -1.0564
# Micronations/List of already existing micronations/The Confederated Empire of Bir Tawil and Territories

The Confederated Empire of Bir Tawil and Territories is an Independent and Sovereign Empire that claims territories in Bir Tawil and the United States and disputed Machias Seal Island. Though they say they are a nation Pursuant to the Montevideo Convention they are classified as a micronation.
They are organized as an Empire with various ranks of nobility that are sold to their Citizens, they also make ID cards and passports and have two chivalric orders.
They also allow businesses to incorporate in their Empire for a 500 dollar filing fee then a license renewal fee every year promising no taxes and that the companies will never have to divulge financial information. Emperor Bryce Ivrea I and his wife are the rulers of the nation.
# Materials in Electronics/Wave-Particle Duality/Electrons as Waves

We have seen that electrons can be observed to act like waves by diffracting through narrow slits. This page will deal with the derivation of the electron's properties from the value of the wavelength. We will consider a situation where electrons of a known energy from an electron gun are diffracted through a grating, and the wavelength deduced as before.
Although this page deals only with results obtained through experimental methods, the same results can be obtained from relativity, but the derivation is beyond the scope of this book. A diagram of the set-up is shown below. Note that the scale is very much exaggerated - the crystal spacing is minute compared to the distance to the screen.
By varying the voltage, V, of the electron gun, we find, empirically, that:
       $\lambda \propto {\frac {1}{\sqrt {V}}}$
We also know the following relation about the velocity, v, of electrons produced by electron guns:
       $v={\sqrt {\frac {2eV}{m}}}$
where
   * e is the charge on an electron
   * m is the mass of an electron
Therefore, velocity is proportial to the square root of the voltage:
       $v\propto {\sqrt {V}}$
This means that
       $\lambda \propto {\frac {1}{v}}$
Since the mass is constant (neglecting relativity), we can bring it out of the constant of proportionality and say that
       $\lambda \propto {\frac {1}{mv}}$
We call the remaining constant of proportionality Planck's Constant, or h:
[de Broglie's Relationship]
       $\lambda ={\frac {h}{mv}}={\frac {h}{p}}$
where p is momentum. Plank's Constant is very useful, and it turns up in all aspects of quantum physics and therefore also in electronics.
Sometimes it is convenient to use the wavenumber, rather than the wavelength:
       $p={\frac {h}{2\pi }}k$
We also sometime use ħ, which is called the Reduced Planck's Constant or Dirac's Constant and is given by:
       $\hbar ={\frac {h}{2\pi }}$
We therefore get:
       $p=\hbar k$
The values for h and ħ are:
   * $h=6.63\times 10^{-34}{\mbox{ J s}}$
   * $\hbar =1.05\times 10^{-34}{\mbox{ J s}}$
Wave and Particle Properties :
| Property | Particle | Wave |
| Momentum | $mv\,$ | $\hbar k$ |
| Kinetic Energy | ${\frac {mv^{2}}{2}}={\frac {p^{2}}{2m}}$ | ${\frac {\hbar ^{2}k^{2}}{2m}}$ |

## Uncertainty

In fact, if we were to slow the electron beam down until only one electron was fired at a time, the diffraction fringes still build up, one dot at a time, implying that the solitary electron diffracts through both slits and interferes with itself.
# Materials in Electronics/The Hole

The hole is a carrier of positive charge. It is named "hole" because it equivalent to an empty space in the lattice of the conductor where an electron could be. It has the same charge as the electron, but positive. Therefore, the holes move in the same direction as conventional current:
Holes do, however, have a different mass, and a different time between colllions and therefore a different mobility, called the hole mobility, μ$_h$. This is given by:
       $\mu _{h}={\frac {e\tau _{h}}{m_{h}}}$
To properly model current flow, we should take both electron and hole flow into account:
       $\sigma =e\left(n\mu _{e}+p\mu _{h}\right)$
where
* n is the electron density in m$^{-3}$
* p is the hole density in m$^{-3}$
       $\sigma =n{{e^{2}\tau _{e}} \over {m_{e}}}+p{{e^{2}\tau _{h}} \over {m_{h}}}$
where
* τ$_e$ is the electron scatering time in s
* τ$_h$ is the electron scatering time in s
* m$_h$ is the mass of a hole in kg
# Materials in Electronics/Confined Particles/Parity
## Parity in 1 Dimension

Parity is one dimension is essentially a statement of the wavefunction's "evenness" or "oddness". This is how the wavefunction behaves when it is reflected about the point x=0:
| $\psi \left(x\right)=\psi \left(-x\right)$ | $\psi \left(x\right)=-\psi \left(-x\right)$ |
| Even Parity | Odd Parity |
Parity is important in scenarios such as the 1D finite square potential well. Because the well is symmetrical about its midpoint, it follows that the electron's probability density is also symmetrical about the midpoint (i.e. even). Recall that the probability density is given by the wavefunction multiplied by its conjugate. The statement of the evenness of the porobability is therefore:
       $\psi \left(x\right)^{*}\psi \left(x\right)=\psi \left(-x\right)^{*}\psi \left(-x\right)$
The theory of even and odd functions shows that either an odd or even function multiplied by itself yields an even function, but a linear compination will not. Therefore, this condition can only be fulfilled if the wavefunction parity is either even or odd. It cannot be fulfilled if the wavefunction parity is a linear combination of even and odd functions, as this kind of combination produces neither an even or odd function.
    Generally speaking, any wavefunction must have a definite parity with respect to the symmetry of the physical system
# Materials in Electronics/The Electron

This page introduces the basic properties of the electron, the most important particle in electronic physics. This page introduces only what is necessary for the rest of this book to build on. for more detailed information, see the suggested further reading at the end of the page.

## The Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative charge, equal to –1.60217646×10$^{-19}$ C. Current, or the rate of flow of charge, is defined such that one coulomb, so 1/–1.60217646×10$^{-19}$, or 6.24150974×10$^{18}$ electrons flowing past a point per second give a current of one ampere. The charge on an electron is often given as -e. note that charge is always considered positive, so the charge of an electron is always negative.
The electron has a mass of 9.10938188×10$^{-31}$ kg, or about 1/1840 that of a proton. The mass of an electron is often written as m$_e$.
When working, these values can usually be safely approximated to:
       -e = -1.60×10$^{-19}$ C
       m$_e$ = 9.11×10$^{-31}$kg

## Further Reading

* Electron at Wikipedia
# Materials in Electronics/Wave-Particle Duality

Electrons, although classically considered to be particles, can be shown to behave like waves as well. This is extremely important as it allows a whole new approach to analysing the behaviour of electrons. The so-called two-slit experiment demonstrates the wave-like properties of the electron:
Once we have seen that electrons can behave like waves, we can begin to derive their properties:
# Java Persistence/TopLink

TopLink is one of the leading Java persistence products and JPA implementations. TopLink is produced by Oracle and part of Oracle's OracleAS, WebLogic, and OC4J servers.
As of TopLink 11g, TopLink bundles the open source project EclipseLink for most of its functionality.
The TopLink 11g release supports the JPA 1.0 specification. TopLink 10.1.3 also supports EJB CMP and is the persistence provider for OracleAS OC4J 10.1.3 for both JPA and EJB CMP. TopLink provides advanced object-relational mapping functionality beyond the JPA specification, as well as providing persistence for object-relational data-types, and Enterprise Information Systems (EIS/mainframes). TopLink includes sophisticated object caching and performance features. TopLink provides a Grid extension that integrate with Oracle Coherence. TopLink provides object-XML mapping support and provides a JAXB implementation and web service integration. TopLink provides a Service Data Object (SDO) implementation.
TopLink provides a rich user interface through the TopLink Mapping Workbench. The Mapping Workbench allows for graphical mapping of an object model to a data model, as allows for generation of a data model from an object model, and generation of an object model from a data model, and auto-mapping of an existing object and data model. The TopLink Mapping Workbench functionality is also integrated with Oracle's JDeveloper IDE.
TopLink contributed part of its source code to become the JPA 1.0 reference implementation under the Sun java.net Glassfish project. This open-source product is called TopLink Essentials, and despite a different package name (oracle.toplink.essentials) it is basically a branch of the source code of the TopLink product with some advanced functionality stripped out.
TopLink contributed practically its entire source code to the Eclipse Foundation EclipseLink product. This is an open source product currently in incubation that represents the path forward for TopLink. The package name is different (org.eclipse.persistence) but the source code it basically a branch of the TopLink 11g release. Oracle also contributed its Mapping Workbench source code to the project. The TopLink Mapping Workbench developers also were major contributors to the Eclipse Dali project for JPA support.
TopLink was first developed in Smalltalk and ported to Java in the 90's, and has over 15 years worth of object persistence solutions. TopLink originally provided a proprietary POJO persistence API, when EJB was first released TopLink provided one of the most popular EJB CMP implementations, although it continued to recommend its POJO solution. TopLink also provided a JDO 1.0 implementation for a few releases, but this was eventually deprecated and removed once the JPA specification had been formed. Oracle and TopLink have been involved in each of the EJB, JDO and EJB3/JPA expert groups, and Oracle was the co-lead for the EJB3/JPA specification.
* Oracle TopLink Home
* Oracle TopLink Documentation Home
* Oracle TopLink Forum
* Oracle TopLink Wiki