OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery/Physical Examination of Cardiac Patients
## Physical Examination

Physical examination of the cardiac patient, and the cardiac surgical patient, should include thorough evaluations of the cardiac, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. For the latter two processes, please consult the respective WikiBooks, Wikipedia pages, and medical texts.

### THE CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSICAL EXAM

The cardiovascular physical exam consists, generally, of indirect arterial blood pressure measurement (in both arms and in at least one lower extremity), evaluation of central and peripheral arterial pulses, inspection of the patient, palpation of the precordium, and auscultation. Many clinicians and texts will begin the entire physical examination with inspection; others include arterial blood pressure measurement and pulse evaluation in the vital sign assessment, which is normally conducted prior to the physical examination.

#### Arterial Pulsation

During clinical examination, the arterial pulsations are normally measured with the patient supine (the head of the examination table should also be tilted upwards by 30-45 degrees) at the carotid arteries, the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries, the femoral arteries, the popliteal arteries, the posterior tibial arteries, and the dorsalis pedis arteries. Care should be taken in palpation of confirmed stenosed carotid arteries.
The arterial pulse consists of the anacrotic limb (the rapid upstroke of pulsation,) and the relaxation phase, which often ends at an incisura (a small increase in arterial pressure due to increased retrograde resistance resulting from aortic valve closure.

#### Arterial Pressure

Arterial blood pressure is the measure of lateral force on the arterial walls during the cardiac cycle. The measurement is influenced by arterial end-diastolic volume, blood viscosity, left ventricular ejection velocity, and stroke volume. Note that these factors can also be represented as the mean arterial pressure (MAP) = Cardiac output (CO) X Total peripheral resistance (TPR). Cardiac output is equal to the heart rate multiplied by stroke volume in mL, and TPR is related to blood volume/rheologic properties and peripheral arterial/arteriolar tone. With aging, the mechanical properties of arterial walls change, becoming less compliant, and thus resulting in increased pressure per voxel of blood.
To be continued
# Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery/Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is the commonest arrhythmia that occurs in human , it affects 1%of the population world wide . It is wisely recognised due to thromboembolism complicating it's presence .
Pathophysiology
Many theories were advocated , however the most acceptable theory is the presence of re-entry circuits in left atrium around origin of pulmonary veins . This theory has affected the management in the electrophysiology lab .
# Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery/Atherosclerotic Disease
## Arterial Biology in the Healthy Patient
### The Artery

Normal arteries are comprised of three layers. The intima is the layer closest to the arterial lumen; it is comprised of a single layer of endothelial cells and functions both metabolically and mechanically as a barrier. The media is located immediately outside the intima, separated by the internal elastic lamina (an elastin-rich boundary). It is composed mainly of smooth muscle cells (and their associated extracellular matrix) and is the thickest layer of the arterial wall. The media functions as the elastic and contractile unit of the arterial wall. The adventitia, which is the outermost layer of the arterial wall, contains nerves, lymphatics, and where applicable, the vasa vasorum.

#### The Intima

The intima consists of tightly abutted endothelial cells. In the unactivated state, the mechanical arrangement of intimal cells prevents large molecules form traversing to the subintimal layer. The quiescent endothelium functions biochemically to maintain anticoagulation (e.g. heparan sulfate, prostacyclin), vasodilation, immunomodulation (inhibition of leukocyte adhesion) and prevention of medial smooth-muscle proliferation. In the activated state, however, intimal cells facilitate adhesion and diapedesis of leukocytes, they promote inflammation, fail to inhibit vasoconstriction, and are thrombogenic.

## The Media

The media, composed of smooth muscle cells and their extracellular matrix, is the largest component of the artery (radially speaking).
Smooth muscle cells in the media function synthetically and mechanically. The smooth muscle cells produce the extracellular matrix via collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. Furthermore, the smooth muscle cells synthesize inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. As we will discuss below, synthetic function of vascular smooth muscle cells is exaggerated at sites of atherosclerosis.
Mechanical function of smooth muscle cells is influenced by sympathetic neural stimulation, endothelial derived factors (e.g. nitric oxide), and circulating chemicals (e.g. angiotensin II, vasopressin, epinephrine, adenosine, etc.).

## Arterial Biology in the Atherosclerotic Disease Process

The general progression of atherosclerotic disease is as follows: (1) endothelial dysfunction, (2) lipid accumulation within the subendothelial space, (3) leukocyte and smooth muscle recruitment to the subendothelial space, (4) foam cell formation, (5) expansion of extracellular matrix within the plaque proper.
# C++ Language/Type/Enumeration

A traditional enumeration was written as enum ERType {ZERO=0, ONE, TWO};, but modern code writes it as enum class ERType {...};. In the modern way, values must be fully-qualified as ERType::TWO when they are used.
Additional information about enumeration (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Type/Literals

A "literal" is a portion of source code that literally states some value. For example, one possible literal expression of the int type would be 123.
* Financial 1000-Markers
* Binary and Hexadecimal
* Custom Literals
# C++ Language/Type/Literals/CustomLiterals

You can now define your own custom syntax for literals of the form prefix_suffix. After programming int operator"" _meter, you can use 123_meter in any situation where you used to program with an ordinary numeral.
Additional information about custom literals (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Type/Conversion

If you have a variable of one type, but need to use it in a situation that expects a different type, then you can perform a type conversion.
* Promoting Small Integers
* Coercion
* Casting
# C++ Language/Type/Conversion/Coercion

A math operation can only be applied to two operands of the same type. If they are not already of the same type, then one of them will need to be "coerced" (if possible, the compiler automatically inserts an implicit type-conversion that changes a value's representation from one type to another).
Additional information about coercion (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Type/Literals/BinaryAndHexadecimal

The number thirteen can be written in decimal (13), hexadecimal (0x0D), octal (015), or binary (0B1101).
Additional information about binary and hex literals (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Type/HungarianPrefixes

C++'s signed integer types are signed char, short, int, and long long. On Win32, the sizes of those are 1, 2, 4, and 8 bytes (respectively), but that might be different on other platforms. Each of those types has an unsigned version (e.g., unsigned int instead of int).
C++'s floating-point types are float and double. On Win32, the sizes of those are 4 and 8 bytes (respectively).
A popular programming practice is to name your variables using a "Hungarian prefix", where its name's first few letters is an encoding of that type (e.g., variable fVar has type float), but the language makes no such requirement.
Additional information about Hungarian prefixes (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Type/Literals/FinancialThousandMarkers

A number like one million cannot be programmed as 1,000,000 because the comma is used for other purposes. But you can write a numeric literal as 1'000'000.
Additional information about 1000-markers (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Type/Conversion/Casting

A "type cast" is a manually-programmed expression of type-conversion.
Traditional C programs wrote casting as (float)iVar.
C++ programs write casting as static_cast<float>(iVar).
When casting from a pointer-to-base-class into a pointer-to-derived-class, using dynamic_cast<> instead of static_cast<> adds a runtime check which returns NULL if the pointed-at object wasn't actually an instance of that derived class.
Additional information about casting (includes interactive examples)
# C++ Language/Type/Conversion/PromotingSmallIntegers

Often, there are no machine-language mathematical operators for integers smaller than int. Consequently, the compilation result of bTermA + bTermB where bTermA and bTermB are both unsigned char will "promote" both of these two terms into int before doing the addition.
Additional information about integer promotion (includes interactive examples)
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rule 69 - Coming into Force
## RAD Rule 69 - Coming into Force

The text of the relevant rule reads:

### This set of rules was new as of December 15, 2012

The Refugee Appeal Division Rules came into force on December 15, 2012. They were an all new set of rules, as previous versions of the RAD Rules had only reached the pre-publication stage.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rule 1 - Interpretation and Definitions
## RAD Rule 1

The text of the relevant rule reads:

### Interested Person

See Rule 46: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 46: Application by person to participate in three-member panel, but also see Rule 44 which notes that Rule 46 is subject to modification as the circumstances require: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 44: These Rules apply to UNHCR and Interested Persons.
The fact that the definition of an "interested person" relates solely to three-member panels would appear to relate to s. 110(3) of the IRPA which provides that in the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the RAD may accept written submissions from "any other person described in the rules of the Board". See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 110(3): Procedure.

### Party

Despite this definition of party, the Minister has a right to notice of material changes in appeals to which the Minister is not yet a party. See: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions#Commentary on the definition of "party".

### Commentary

For commentary, see the concomitant RPD rule: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions.

## References

* ↑ Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Miller, 2022 FC 1131.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules - Schedule
## RAD Rules - Schedule

The text of the schedule to the rules reads:
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/Provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees

| Subject | Legislative Reference |
| Objectives and application of the IRPA as concerns refugees | A2, A3 |
| The right of the Minister of PSEP or IRCC to intervene at the RPD | A170 |
| Definition of refugee protection | A95(1) |
| Definition of protected person | A95(2) |
| Definition of person in need of protection | A97 |
| Definition of Convention Refugee | A96 |
| Exclusion from the definition of refugee or of person in need of protection | A98 |
| Application for refugee protection | A99 |
| Eligibility of refugee protection claim | A100, A102 |
| Grounds of ineligibility | A101 |
| Suspension of a refugee protection claim by the RPD | A103 |
| Notice of ineligibility at the RPD | A104 |
| Extradition procedure | A105 |
| Undocumented claimants | A106 |
| Determination on refugee claims by the RPD | A107(1) |
| No credible basis | A107(2) |
| Determination of manifestly unfounded refugee claims (MUC) by the RPD | A107.1 |
| Cessation of refugee protection | A108, A40.1 |
| Vacation of refugee protection | A109, A40(1)(c) |
| Designated countries of origin by Minister (DCO) | A109.1 |
| Appeal to the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD) from the RPD | A110 |
| Loss of permanent resident status | A46 |
| Inadmissibility standard of proof | A33 |
| Inadmissibility for security reasons | A34 |
| Inadmissibility for violation of human or international rights | A35 |
| Inadmissibility for serious criminality | A36 |
| Inadmissibility for organized criminality | A37 |
| Inadmissibility report | A44 |
| Admissibility hearing by the Immigration Division | A45, A172 and A173 |
| Pre-removal risk assessment (PRRA) | A112 to A116 |

## References

* ↑ ENF 24 Ministerial interventions Policy <https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/resources/manuals/enf/enf24-eng.pdf>, page 8.
# Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister
## RAD Rules - Part 2

The text of the relevant rules reads:

## RAD Rule 12: Extension of Time
### Commentary

See the concordant rule for appeals made by the person who is the subject of the appeal: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 6: Extension of Time.
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh

SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry
SIRCh provides links to factual sources on the Internet where answers can be found to chemical questions.
| Main Topic | Includes |
| * How and Where to Start | Publications, Guides, Computer Searching, Current Awareness, Reviews, Document Delivery, Background Reading |
| * How and Where to Search: General | Chemical Databases, Author, Citation, Subject, Chemical Name, Formula, Structure Searching |
| * How and Where to Search: Specialized | Synthesis, Reaction, Safety, Analytical, Physical, Patent Searching |
| * Communicating in Chemistry | Blogs, Newsgroups, Listserves, Visualization, Writing |
| * Miscellaneous | History, Directories, Teaching, Study, Careers, Cheminformatics, Bioinformatics |
| * Supplemental Resources | CIS, CIIM, Problem Sets, CRSD, CHMINF-L |

#### CONTENTS
##### How and Where to Start

* SIRCh: The Publication Process
* SIRCh: Guides to Chemical Information Sources and Databases
* SIRCh: Computer Searches
* SIRCh: Keeping Up and Looking Back: Current Awareness, Reviews, and Document Delivery
* SIRCh: Deep Background Reading: Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Treatises, Monographs, and Other Books

##### How and Where to Search: General

* SIRCh: Chemistry Databases on the Web (Alphabetical List)
* SIRCh: Chemistry Databases on the Web (Classified List)
* SIRCh: Author and Citation Searches
* SIRCh: Subject Searches
* SIRCh: Chemical Name and Formula Searches
* SIRCh: Structure Searches

##### How and Where to Search: Specialized

* SIRCh: Synthesis and Reaction Searches
* SIRCh: Chemical Safety and Toxicology Searches
* SIRCh: Analytical Chemistry Searches
* SIRCh: Physical Property Searches
* SIRCh: Chemical Patent Searches

##### Communicating in Chemistry

* SIRCh: Chemistry Blogs and Discussion Groups
* SIRCh: Molecuar Visualization Tools and Sites
* SIRCh: Science Writing Aids

##### Miscellaneous

* SIRCh: Chemical History, Biography, Directories, and Industry Sources
* SIRCh: Teaching and Study of Chemistry
* SIRCh: Chemistry Courses on the Web
* SIRCh: Careers in Chemistry
* SIRCh: Cheminformatics (aka, Chemoinformatics or Chemiinformatics)
* SIRCh: Bioinformatics

##### Supplemental Resources

* Chemical Information Sources: Lecture notes on the topics listed above.
* CIIM: Chemical Information Instructional Materials (Web resources for more in-depth training on the topics discussed in the chapters.)
* Problem Sets
* CRSD: Chemical Reference Sources Database (a searchable database that covers reference books, commercial databases, etc.)
* CHMINF-L: Chemical Information Sources Discussion List (a listserv in existence since 1991 with many chemistry librarians, chemists, publishers, and others interested in chemical information; has a searchable archive of all posts since its inception.)
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Bioinformatics
## Educational Programs

* Education link at NCBI
* DGRWeb American Chemical Society Directory of Graduate Research
* Bioinformatics Training Programs (Wiley)
* Informatics Degree Programs Summary (maintained by Bradley Hemminger, UNC SILS; includes bioinformatics and chemoinformatics)
* PhD in Informatics (Indiana University; has bioinformatics, cheminformatics, and complex systems tracks)
* MS in Bioinformatics (Indiana University)
* MS in Chemical Informatics (Indiana University]
* Bioinformatics at the University of Manchester

## Other Links

* BITS Bioinformatics Tutorials Series (MIT)
* Art's Biotech Resource
* CN3D a helper application for your web browser that allows you to view 3-dimensional structures from NCBI's Entrez retrieval service. Cn3D runs on Windows, MacOS, and Unix. Cn3D simultaneously displays structure, sequence, and alignment.
* EMBL-EBI European Bioinformatics Institute
* Ensembl: a joint project between EMBL-EBI and the Sanger Centre to develop a software system which produces and maintains automatic annotation on eukaryotic genomes.
* euGenes Genomic Information for Eukaryotic Organisms
* GenBank annotated genetic sequence collection of all publicly available DNA sequences
* GenomeNet WWW Server (Kyoto)
* Genomic Biology Web page at NCBI
* GO Gene Ontology Database
* GOLD Genomes OnLine Database: tracks the status of over 250 genomes
* BioMinT (Gene and Protein Synonyms)
* HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
* Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)
* NAR Database Categories List Nucleic Acids Research.
* National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
** NCBI Genome Resources Guide
* National Center for Genome Resources
* National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
* Omics Gateway Access to genomics journal articles, news, tools, and links from Nature Publishing Group
* Pfam database of protein families and HMMs
* Probe database reagents for functional genomics (NCBI)
* Protein Data Bank (PDB)
* Quantitative Biology Archive arXiv.org
* SMART classifies protein families into domains
* SWISS-PROT annotated protein sequences

## Indiana Links

* National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics (Indiana University)
* Biocomplexity Institute (Indiana University)
* Bloomington Life Sciences Partnership
* Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics (Indiana University)
* Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics (Indiana University)
* Monarch LifeSciences (formerly, Indiana Centers for Applied Protein Sciences (INCAPS))
* MetaCyt (Indiana Metabolomics and Cytomics Initiative)
** MetaCyt Biochemical Analysis Center
# Chemical Information Sources/SIRCh/Author and Citation Searches
#### Chemical Abstracts Author Searches

* STN User Documentation (Complete List)
* Search Bibliographic Databases: An Introduction (STN)

#### Citation Searches

* Cited Reference Searching: An Introduction
* Citation Searching in SCISEARCH: STN Quick Reference Card (pdf file)

#### Miscellaneous

* ResearcherID.com (assigns unique identifiers to authors)
# Chemical Information Sources/Preface

The Chemical Information Sources Wikibook is a guide to the many sources of reference materials available to those with questions related to chemistry, regardless of the format. Included are printed books, journals, and reference materials, as well as both free and commercial databases, software, and other computer-accessible resources.
For over 27 years, I taught a one-semester-hour undergraduate course entitled "Chemical Information Sources and Services." Around 1995, I began to put on the web the lecture notes, handouts, and other materials for the C471 course. It is with the hope that others will continue to use, help maintain, and update the resource that the Wikibooks version has been created. The same is true for the SIRCh and CIIM supplements described below.
The lecture notes were originally adapted from the textbook Chemical Information Sources (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1991). When the book went out of print, the copyright was re-assigned by McGraw-Hill to me. Although this Wikibook might be viewed as a "derivative work" of the textbook, it is intended to be an open-source work, which anyone with the appropriate knowledge and desire can improve or build on.
There are many links to external sources in the text of the chapters of Chemical Information Sources. For the most part, these are optional links, and it is not necessary to connect to them to get the basic knowledge in the chapters. They provide more information about the tool or site being discussed. However, see below for the note about the images that would normally be inserted into the text. You should connect to those images and return to the text once they have been viewed.
Several related tools are available:
Note to future contributors:
At present, there is a debate going on about how to handle images that I hope will eventually be visible directly in the Wikibook version of Chemical Information Sources. In the interim, the images are found on a web server and linked at points where you will find the designation "IMAGE" in the text.
Some conventions have been followed in punctuating this Wikibook.
* When a paper product is discussed, put the title in italics, e.g., Chemical Abstracts. If it is a database, do not italicze the title, e.g., SPRESI.
* The first time a new term is encountered, it is entered in bold, capital letters, e.g., ABSTRACTS and defined.
    Gary Wiggins
    Librarian Emeritus
    Indiana University
    2003 S. High Street
    Bloomington, IN 47401
    22 November 2010
# Chinese Medicinal Formulas/Prescriptions for Astringent Effects
## Introduction

Astringent prescriptions act to restrain and consolidate functions. They are applied for treating syndromes of excessive loss of qi, blood, essence and body fluid.

## Types of Formulas

* Prescriptions for Consolidating Superfices to Arrest Perspiration
* Prescriptions for Consolidating the Intestines to Stop Diarrhea
# Chinese Medicinal Formulas/Prescriptions for Mediation
## Introduction

Prescriptions for mediation are used in febrile diseases of the shaoyang meridian, disharmony between the liver and the spleen, as well diseases that arise from the intermingling of cold and heat.

## Types of Formulas

* Prescriptions for Treating Shaoyang Disease by Mediation
* Prescriptions for Regulating the Liver and Spleen
* Prescriptions for Harmonising cold-heat Syndrome
* Prescriptions for Expelling both Exterior and Interior Pathogenic Factors
# Chinese Medicinal Formulas/Prescriptions for Nourishing Yin

Prescriptions for nourishing Yin include the following:
* Liu Wei Di Huang Wan
* Zuogui Wan
* Dabuyin Wan
* Huqian Wan
* Yiguan Wan
* Baihe Gujin Tang
# Chinese Medicinal Formulas/Prescriptions for Promoting the Flow of Qi
## Prescriptions

* Yueju Wan
* Chaihu Shugan San
* Banxia Houpo Tang
* Gualou Xiebai Baijiu Tang
* Zhishi Xiaopi Wan
* Houpo Wenzhong Tang
* Tiantai Wuyao San
# Chinese Medicinal Formulas/Prescriptions for Regulating Blood Circulation
## Introduction

Prescriptions for regulating blood circulation were used to promote blood circulation or arrest bleeding, when indicated by syndromes of blood stasis and haemorrhage.

## Types of Formulas

* Prescriptions for Promoting Blood Flow to Remove Stasis
* Prescriptions for Arresting Bleeding
# Chinese Medicinal Formulas/Prescriptions for Eliminating Dampness
## Introduction

Prescriptions for eliminating dampness were mainly composed of diuretic herbs that induce diuresis, relieve stranguria, and discharge turbidity.

## Types of Formulas

* Prescriptions for Eliminating Dampness and Regulating the Stomach
* Prescriptions for Clearing away Heat and Dampness
* Prescriptions for Promoting Diuresis and Eliminating Dampness
* Prescriptions for Warming and Eliminating Water-dampness
* Prescriptions for Expelling Wind and Eliminating Dampness