OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook/Reagan Proclamation

Proclamation 5514 by Ronald Reagan
Delivered on 29 July 1986.
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
Nuclear medicine is an invaluable medical resource that contributes significantly to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of patients in the United States. It also provides powerful tools for biomedical research.
Today, nuclear medicine allows physicians to probe the bodies of patients without using a scalpel. Three-dimensional images of organs such as the heart and kidneys can be obtained, leading to early diagnosis of disease.
In addition to images of anatomy, nuclear medicine yields information on subtle chemical processes as they occur in the body. For example, investigators can now examine the brain's processing of glucose, which it uses as a source of energy. Due to advances in nuclear medicine, the underlying pathological changes in such illnesses as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia are now closer to being understood.
The field is growing so fast that what today seems a breakthrough will tomorrow be routine. Powerful tools such as positron emission tomography, or PET, are being brought to bear on heart disease and cancer. Where nuclear medicine techniques were once used to provide images of tumors, the tumors themselves may now be located and treated using specially targeted isotopes linked to antibodies specific to the tumor.
All across the country, from medical centers to community hospitals, nuclear medicine departments are becoming as common as x-ray laboratories. This field unites the skills of medicine, physics, chemistry, and mathematics in a common focus-healing the sick.
To stimulate public awareness of a medical field that has come of age, the Congress, by House Joint Resolution 297, has designated the week beginning July 27, 1986, as "National Nuclear Medicine Week" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this week.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the week beginning July 27, 1986, as National Nuclear Medicine Week, and I call upon the people of the United States to observe this week with appropriate observances and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
RONALD REAGAN
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 2:48 p.m., July 30, 1986] SOURCE: Wikisource
# Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook/Preface

This Wikibook is the first of an anticipated series on specific nuclear power plants such as Diablo Canyon (Nuclear) Power Plant and the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, both of which are in California. They are offered in conjunction with a Wikiversity course entitled [California Government and Citizen Participation] and the Wikibook of the same name. All policies of Wikibooks and Wikiversity apply and you are invited to read but also to write copy and edit existing copy. If you are reading this online, please familiarize yourself with Wikibooks protocols by clicking on the links to the left. All content herein is subject to the CCL 2 license which means that it is free for re-use with attribution in accordance with the CCL 2 guidelines.
# Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook/Nuclear reactor core

A nuclear reactor core is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place.

## Description

The nuclear reactor core (also referred to as the "reactor core", or the "core") is the region within a nuclear reactor where the nuclear fuel assemblies are located and the nuclear reaction consequently takes place.

## Water-moderated reactors

Inside the core of a typical pressurized water reactor or boiling water reactor are pencil-thin nuclear fuel rods, each about 12 ft long, which are grouped by the hundreds in bundles called "fuel assemblies". Inside each fuel rod, pellets of uranium, or more commonly uranium oxide, are stacked end to end. Also inside the core are control rods, filled with pellets of substances like boron or hafnium or cadmium that readily capture neutrons. When the control rods are lowered into the core, they absorb neutrons, which thus cannot take part in the chain reaction. Conversely, when the control rods are lifted out of the way, more neutrons strike the fissile uranium-235 (U-235) or plutonium-239 (Pu-239) nuclei in nearby fuel rods, and the chain reaction intensifies.
The heat of the fission reaction is removed by the water, which also acts to moderate the neutron reactions.
An alternative form of nuclear fuel would be fissile uranium-233 (U-233) made by the neutron-bombardment of the common thorium-232.

## Graphite-moderated reactors

There are also graphite moderated reactors in use.
One type uses solid graphite for the neutron moderator and ordinary water for the coolant. This was the type of reactor involved in the Chernobyl disaster.
In the advanced gas-cooled reactor, a British design, the core is made of a graphite neutron moderator where the fuel assemblies are located. Carbon dioxide gas acts as a coolant and it circulates through the graphite removing heat.
There have also been several experimental reactors that use graphite for moderation, such as the pebble bed reactor concepts and the molten-salt reactor experiment (graphite core shown at right).
# Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant: The WikiBook/NPPSimply

A nuclear power plant is a place where people make electricity using heat from nuclear reactions. A nuclear power plant has a place where the nuclear reaction happens called a reactor. The plant also has machines which remove heat from the reactor and make electricity. Electricity made by nuclear power plants is called nuclear power.
Nuclear power plants are usually located near water to remove the heat the reactor makes. Some nuclear power plants use cooling towers to do this. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel. When the reactor is on, uranium atoms inside the reactor split into two smaller atoms. When uranium atoms split, they give off a large amount of heat. This splitting of atoms is called fission.
The most popular atoms to fission are uranium and plutonium. Uranium atoms are slightly radioactive. The atoms produced when uranium breaks apart are strongly radioactive. Today, fission only happens in nuclear reactors. In nuclear reactors, fission only happens when the reactors parts are arranged properly. Nuclear power plants turn their reactors off to replace old fuel with new fuel.
There are about four hundred nuclear power plants in the world, with many in the United States, France, and Japan. Some famous accidents at nuclear power plants were the 2011 Fukushima I accident in Japan, 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine, and the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States.
A nuclear power plant is a place where people make electricity using heat from nuclear reactions. A nuclear power plant has a place where the nuclear reaction happens called a reactor. The plant also has machines which remove heat from the reactor and make electricity. Electricity made by nuclear power plants is called nuclear power.
Nuclear power plants are usually located near water to remove the heat the reactor makes. Some nuclear power plants use cooling towers to do this. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel. When the reactor is on, uranium atoms inside the reactor split into two smaller atoms. When uranium atoms split, they give off a large amount of heat. This splitting of atoms is called fission.
The most popular atoms to fission are uranium and plutonium. Uranium atoms are slightly radioactive. The atoms produced when uranium breaks apart are strongly radioactive. Today, fission only happens in nuclear reactors. In nuclear reactors, fission only happens when the reactors parts are arranged properly. Nuclear power plants turn their reactors off to replace old fuel with new fuel.
There are about four hundred nuclear power plants in the world, with many in the United States, France, and Japan. Some famous accidents at nuclear power plants were the 2011 Fukushima I accident in Japan, 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine, and the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States.
# Field Guide/Birds/Turdus migratorius

Turdus migratorius (American Robin) :
| During the breeding season, the adult males grow distinctive black feathers on their heads; after the breeding season they lose this eye-catching plumage. | Range |
| An American Robin nest with eggs | Juvenile Robin |
| Description ||
| Bird callThe American Robin has gray upperparts and head, and orange underparts, usually brighter in the male. Robins are frequently seen running across lawns, picking up earthworms by sight. In fact, the running and stopping behavior is a distinguishing characteristic. When stopping, they are believed to be listening for the movement of prey. ||
# Field Guide/Chuparosa

Chuparosa (Hummingbird bush, Justicia californica (Beloperone californica)) :
| Image ||
| Location ||
| Habitat | Along watercourses in deserts, below 2,500 ft (750 m) elevation |
| Range | Northwest Mexico, Southern California and Arizona |
| Flowers ||
| Description | deeply divided into two lips; upper lip has two lobes, lower lip has three |
| Corolla | 2.5-3.8 cm (1-1.5 in) |
| Color | dull-red, tubular |
| Flowering | February–June |
| Notes | Flowers favored by hummingbirds |
| Stems ||
| Description | Densely branched |
| Texture | Smooth |
| Leaves ||
| Description | Ovate, opposite and covered with fine hairs; mostly leafless |
| Length | 1.3 cm (.5 in) |
| Fruit ||
The Chuparosa (hummingbird in Spanish) is a nectar-rich flowers which attracts hummingbirds, linnets and sparrows. It is said to have been eaten by the Papago tribe.
# Field Guide/Constellations

Auriga is a constellation made up of Capella (its brightest star), and three "kids" (labelled Epsilon, Zeta, and Eta).
There is a skinny, A-shaped asterism in Andromeda which you can use to find Perseus. At the top of the A is Alpheratz, and Mirach and Almach make up one of the A's sides. If you follow the legs of the A, you'll find Perseus. (Actually, it looks more like a "V". The reason why "A" was chosen was to form the mnemonic "A in Andromeda.") The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) is a spiral galaxy within Andromeda.
The constellation Boötes is shaped like a kite.
Aquila (The Eagle): Although it appears that Altair is at the top of this constellation, there is actually one star above it (Tarazed, Gamma Aquilae).
Centaurus: Alpha Centauri is not one star, but a system of three. Proxima Centauri, in this system, is the closest star to our solar system. It is 4.2 light-years away.
Perseus: Algol (Beta Persei) gets its name from the Arabic al Ghul, meaning "Demon Star." It is an eclipsing binary.
# Field Guide/Dragonflies and Damselflies

* Western US and Canada
* Eastern US and Canada
* Western Europe and the British Isles
* Eastern Europe
* Alpine Region
* Scandinavia
* Australia and New Zealand
* Mexico and Central America
* Caribbean
* Northern South America
* Amazon Rainforest
* Southern South America
* Andean Region
* India
* Japan
* Indonesia and Malaysia
* Middle East
* North Africa
* Southern Africa
* West Africa
* Horn of Africa
* Siberia
* Central Asia
* Caucasus
# Field Guide/Common Raven

The Common Raven is a large black birds similar to the common crow. The raven's call is very sharp.
# Field Guide/Birds/Streptopelia turtur

Streptopelia turtur (Turtle Dove) :
* Turtle Dove
* Description |
* The Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a member of the bird family Columbidae, which includes the doves and pigeons.
* It is a migratory species with a western Palearctic range, including Turkey and north Africa, though it is rare in northern Scandinavia and Russia; it winters in southern Africa.
* In the British Isles, France, and elsewhere in northwestern Europe it is in severe population decline. This is partly because changed farming practices mean that the weed seeds and shoots on which it feeds, are scarcer, and partly due to shooting of birds on migration in Mediterranean countries.
* Smaller and slighter in build than other doves, the Turtle Dove may be recognized by its browner color, and the black and white striped patch on the side of its neck, but it is its tail that catches the eye when it flies from the observer; it is wedge shaped, with a dark center and white borders and tips. When viewed from below this pattern, owing to the white under tail coverts obscuring the dark bases, is a blackish chevron on a white ground. This is noticeable when the bird stoops to drink, raising its spread tail.
* The mature bird has the head, neck, flanks, and rump blue grey, and the wings cinnamon, mottled with black. The abdomen and under tail coverts are white. The bill is black, the legs and eyerims are red. The black and white patch on the side of the neck is absent in the browner and duller juvenile bird, which also has the legs brown.
* The Turtle Dove, one of the latest migrants, rarely appears in Northern Europe before the end of April, returning south again in September.
* It is a bird of open rather than dense woodlands, and frequently feeds on the ground. It will occasionally nest in large gardens, but is usually extremely timid, probably due to the heavy hunting pressure it faces on migration. The flight is often described as arrowy, but is not remarkably swift. |
# Field Guide/Birds/Western Europe

* Blue Tit
* Great Tit
# Field Guide/Birds/Winter Wren

Troglodytes troglodytes ((Eurasian) Wren) :
| Wren | Range |
| Description ||
| The Eurasian wren is between 9 and 10.5 cm long and weighs 6 to 10 grams. They are redish-brown and are greyer the further down one looks. They have a dark brown beak and pale brown legs. The juveniles have less clear barring. ||
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Infection/Osteomyelitis

1. Terminology
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Infection

Basic concepts
Osteomyelitis
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Dysplasia Basic/Melorheostosis

Melorheostosis is "...a rare bone disorder (of unknown etiology) whose initial manifestations include swelling of joints, pain, and limitation of motion. Eventually profound muscle contractures, tendon and ligament shortening, and soft tissue involvement with severe growth disturbances may ensue. Scoliosis, joint contracture and foot deformities may be seen." (Encyclopaedia of Medical Imaging Volume III:1).
Melorheostosis usually presents in a sclerotomal distribution.

## Clinical Presentation

Early clinical findings include joint swelling, limitation of motion and pain. Contractures, ligamentous and tendinous shortening and even soft tissue involvement may ensue.(Monomelic melorheostosis of the hand by Brenner, Wannske).

## Radiologic Findings

* Radiographic findings are often limited to a single limb where more than one bone is often involved. The lower extremity is more often affected than the upper extremity. The axial skeleton is often spared.
* The classic finding is that of "peripherally located (cortical) hyperostosis...in one bone or a series of bones. The appearance of the osseous excrescences extending along the length of the bone simulates that of candle wax flowing down the side of the lit candle" Resnick: Bone and Joint Imaging, Second Edition. W.B Saunders Company 1996.
* The appearance of the lesion(s) gave the anomaly its name, which is "taken from the Greek words for member (melos) and flow (rhein). There is usually a distinct demarcation between the affected and normal bone. Dense, sclerotic linear areas are seen mainly in the cortex but also extending into the cancellous bone. It may co-exist with osteopoikilosis and osteopathia striata as well as with tumours or malformations of blood vessels or lymphatics. Soft-tissue ossifications at the site of the joint are common." (Bone dysplasia series by Azouz, Greenspan).

### Other Modalities

Scintigraphy is positive and shows moderately increased uptake. Characterization can be accomplished with advanced cross-sectional imaging with Computed Tomography and MRI, but these rarely add value.
The forme fruste of melorheostosis can mimic other pathology such as osteoma, myositis ossificans and parosteal osteosarcoma.
Treatment includes surgical resection of soft tissue associated lesions and in extreme cases amputation may be necessary

## References

* Melorheostosis by Joel Brake, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
* Melorheostosis by Jason Schroeder, M.D., National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Infection/Basic Concepts

* Routes of spread
** Hematogenous
** Spread from a contiguous source
** Direct implantation
* Sites of localization
** Infants
** Children
** Adults
** Intravenous drug users
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Infection/SAPHO Syndrome

* Synovitis
* Acne—commonly involving the face and upper back.
* Pustulosis—usually involving the palms of the hands and/or soles of the feet (palmo-plantar pustulosis).
* Hyperostosis
* Osteitis
SAPHO syndrome is thought to comprise a spectrum of disorders that share some clinical, radiologic and pathologic characteristics. An entity known as chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) was first described in 1972. Subsequently in 1978 several cases of CRMO were associated with clinical findings of palmoplantar pustulosis. Since then, a number of associations between skin conditions and osteoarticular disorders have been reported with a variety of different names including sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis, pustulotic arthro-osteitis, and acne-associated spondyloarthropathy. SAPHO was coined in 1987 and basically represents a spectrum of inflammatory osteitis which may or may not be associated with dermatologic pathology.

## Radiologic Findings

Anterior chest wall (most common site, 65-90% of pts): Hyperostosis, sclerosis and bone hypertrophy especially involving the sternoclavicular joint, often with a soft tissue component.
Above images demonstrate sclerosis and hyperostosis of the medial left clavicle (sternocostoclavicular hyperostosis), a very typical site of involvement in the SAPHO syndrome.
Spine (second most common site, 33% of pts): Segmental, usually involving the thoracic spine. 4 main presentations include spondylodiscitis, osteosclerosis, paravertebral ossifications, and sacroiliac joint involvement.
Long bones (30% of pts): usually metadiaphyseal and located in the distal femur and proximal tibia. It looks like chronic osteomyelitis but will not have a sequestrum or abscess.
Flat bones: mandible and ilium (10% of pts).
Peripheral arthritis has been reported in 92% of cases of SAPHO as well.
Children: There is a predilection for the metaphysis of long bones in the legs (tibia, femur, fibula), followed by clavicles and spine.

## Treatment

Treatment of patients with SAPHO syndrome is based on clinical symptoms. Generally, treatment involves non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and cortisone medications (either in the form of topical creams, tablets, or by injection into the involved area). Topical cold applications may also help in affected areas. If unsuccessful, both sulfasalazine and methotrexate have been tried with mixed results.

## References

* SAPHO Syndrome by Mike Chang, M.D., University of Washington Department of Radiology
* Skeletal Radiology. 2003 Jun;32(6):311-27.
* MedicineNet.com
# Diagnostic Radiology/Musculoskeletal Imaging/Joint Disorders

A. Normal anatomy
B. General features that should be evaluated for each specific disorder
C. Specific diseases
Miscellaneous Disorders
* Osteochodroses (e.g. Kienbock's)
* Jaccoud arthropathy
* Arthropathy associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
* Hemophilic arthropathy
* Pigmented villonodular synovitis
* Synovial chondromatosis
* Lipoma arborescens
* Osteitis condensans ilii
* Degenerative disc disease
* Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
* Tumoral calcinosis
* Sarcoidosis
# DirectX/10.0/Direct3D
## Goals

This book will teach you to use Direct3D, covering various topics such as lighting, normal mapping, texturing and more.

## Requirements

The DirectX 10 tutorials are written using C++ with HLSL and use shader version 4.0 and 5.0. Please ensure that your hardware can support these. Running on software mode has some problems, especially being terribly, horribly slow.
Before writing any graphics code we'll need to have the tools to do so. The first of these tools is a compiler that is preferably built into a nice IDE. The one I use and will be supplying project files for is Visual Studio 2010. There are several others available and some are even free off the net. I'll leave that up to you to decide which one you prefer.
The second tool you will need is the DirectX SDK. It can be downloaded from Microsoft's website for free. After downloading and installing the SDK you will have the files necessary to compile DirectX programs. You will also notice it comes with samples, tools, and documentation. The documentation is pretty good, it also has some very simple examples under the DirectX 10 tutorials section which also applies to DirectX 11. The tools that come with it are also useful, we'll be using the DDS texture tool quite often. The sample browser also provides some simple examples to achieve certain effects you may be looking to do. The samples will generally also have some of the new features of the latest SDK demonstrated.
The June 2010 SDK can be downloaded at: http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=6812
With both installed you can now setup your IDE to work with the DirectX 11 SDK. Please note that some IDEs will need to be installed first before installing the DirectX SDK.

## Credits

This book is a copy of Craig's work at http://rastertek.com/. All credit shall go to him. He's putting some hard work into this.

## Index

| 01 | Chapter 01: Setting up DirectX11 with Visual Studio | 02 | Chapter 02: Creating a framework and window |
| 03 | Chapter 03: Initializing DirectX 11 | 04 | Chapter 04: Introduction to buffers, shaders and HLSL |
| 05 | Chapter 05: Texturing | 06 | Chapter 06: Diffuse lighting |
| 07 | Chapter 07: 3D Model Rendering | 08 | Chapter 08: Loading Maya 2011 models |
| 09 | Chapter 09: Ambient Lighting | 10 | Chapter 10: Specular lighting |
| 11 | Chapter 11: 2D Rendering | 12 | Chapter 12: Font Engine |
| 13 | Chapter 13: Direct Input | 14 | Chapter 14: Direct Sound |
| 15 | Chapter 15: FPS, CPU Usage and Timers | 16 | Chapter 16: Frustum Culling |
| 17 | Chapter 17: Multitexturing and Texture Arrays | 18 | Chapter 18: Light Maps |
| 19 | Chapter 19: Alpha Mapping | 20 | Chapter 20: Bump Mapping |
# Diplomatic History/Definition

The communication and exchange between actors in the political context constitutes the realm of "diplomatic history." Not altogether different from a history of war, or peace, or of great women and men, diplomatic history illuminates the efforts of those who sought the interests of their political incorporation-- or themselves, as well as the complex and ever-changing relationships amongst actors at all levels of political discourse: international, state, and individual.
The Diplomatic History journal, run out of the University of Colorado is primarily concerned with "international history and foreign relations, broadly defined, including grand strategy, diplomacy, and issues involving gender, culture, ethnicity, and ideology," comparing issues in global and comparative contexts.
These are the issues through which diplomatic history is analyzed and framed.