OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ETD Guide/Universities/Plagiarism

The issue of plagiarism often arises among the arguments used to express skepticism with regard to putting theses online. In short, many people tend to think that because a digitized thesis is easily copied in part or in whole, it can be easily plagiarized. Consequently -so goes the reasoning - it is better to keep theses offline.
The argument is largely false and can be refuted fairly easily. To begin with, it is easy to recall that the invention of the Philosophical Transactions (1665) by Henry Oldenburg, the Secretary to the Royal Society in London, was motivated by the issue of intellectual property. Oldenburg reasoned that if the research results of Scientist X. were printed in a journal (after being certified as being of good quality and original) and that journal was made widely available through the multiplication of copies, then Scientist. X would have a better chance to lie ownership claims than if he/she held back these results. By apparently giving away the results of his/her work, a scientist ensures his/her intellectual property most effectively. The ability to compare new results to already published work makes plagiarism a very risky business at best.
Theses are not so well protected at present. Widely dispersed across many institutions in many countries (and languages), they are so poorly catalogued on a national or international basis that they often disappear from sight. This means that someone taking the time to read a thesis in a remote university in a country where the cataloguing is poorly organized may well be able simply to use that thesis and make it pass for one's own. Occasionally, such cases emerge in the literature, even in the United States despite the fact that the cataloguing of theses is most advanced in that country.
The paradox of placing theses on line, especially if these theses can be harvested through some technique that involves full text searching can help identify analogous texts rather easily. As a result, far from placing the digitized theses at risk, putting them on line in a manner that optimizes their access, irretrievability and, therefore, visibility, offers a very efficient way to protect intellectual property and prevent plagiarism. In fact, it would probably be relatively easy to design software that could make periodic sweeps through inter-operable theses collections according to ever more sophisticated algorithms in order to ferret out such possible forms of plagiarism. With many languages involved, it is clear that no perfect solution will ever appear; however, those theses available online will be more protected than theses that remain poorly catalogued and are not readily available outside the institution from which they are issued.
In effect, putting theses on-line amounts to rediscovering Oldenburg's wisdom when it comes to scientific intellectual property. It provides what could arguably turn out to be the best deterrent to plagiarism, wherever it may arise. The more theses appear on line, the fewer will be the chances of carrying on successful plagiarism.
Next section: Assessment and Measurement Introduction
# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5/8. exd5
## 8. exd5

This is the best way for White to maintain a slight advantage. However, they must play the precise, correct moves in order to deter Black's many threats. This is because despite White's huge material advantage, they have barely any pieces developed while Black has space for both of their bishops, knights, and queen.
The first of Black's threats comes after 8...Nd4, giving the White queen no safe squares to move to.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5/8. exd5/8...Nd4/9. d6/9...Qxd6
## 9... Qxd6

At this point, White often prefers to play 10. Nf7. After 10...Qc5 11. d3, Black will be able to launch a strong attack on the White king, especially with an activated bishop pair after Bg4. White's strategy involves moving their king to safety on g1 at one point and trading off material. With perfect defense, Black can regain their disadvantage in material, but there is no forced checkmate.
10. c3 can also be played first with 10...Bg4 11. Nf7 but this is less concrete and likely favors Black. Additionally, 10...Bg4 11.Qa4+ leads to a perpetual check and draw with best play (see below).
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10. c3 Bg4 11. Qa4+ Nd7 12. Kxf2 Qf6+   Ke1 leads to perpetual. Kg1 is very dubious after Be2. :
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3/7...Qh4
## 7... Qh4

White must prevent Qf4+, leading to a swift checkmate. The only feasible option is 8. g3.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5/8. Kxf2
## 8. Kxf2

Black should now capture with 8...dxc4. A common mistake is Nxe4+ first, but after Kf1, White will be able to safely trade queens and play the game with a comfortable position.
After dxc4, Black will move out all of their pieces in an attempt to checkmate. However, with their deficit in material and solid defense by White, Black cannot force a win. They do, however, have many ways to attain a perpetual check and draw. (See the example game below.)
One trick White should be aware of is Black's potential knight sacrifice on e4. For example, after 9. d3 Bg4 10. Qd2, Black has 10...Nxe4!? because after 11. dxe4 Qh4+ 12. Kg1, 12...Rd8 threatens the dangerous Rd1 if the queen moves.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4
## 6...Nxe4+

Black plans to bring their queen out with Qh4 next move. To avoid any danger and move out of the open file, White has two sensible options: Kg1 and Ke3.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2/6...Nxe4/7. Ke3
## 7. Ke3

This is the move which modern chess engines prefer.
Black continues their plan with Qh4.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5
## 7...d5

There are two main moves for White in this position.
The first is 8. exd5, gaining a pawn but allowing Black to create an attack on the kingside. The second is 8. Kxf2, trading the bishops in hopes of moving the king to relative safety on g1.
It should be noted that 8. Bxd5 is a mistake because Bg4 traps White's queen!
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5/8. exd5/8...Nd4
## 8... Nd4

If it were Black's turn right now, they would love to play Bg4 to effectively trap White's queen.
There are two common mistakes when dealing with this threat. One is 9. Kxf2, but Black still has 9...Bg4!. If 10. Qe1, Black has 10...Nxc2 forking the rook and queen. If 10. Qf1, Black has the devastating Ne4+; Kg1 is White's best response and Ne2+ loses the queen. 10. Qg1 is somehow worse, giving Black checkmate in 4 moves.
The other mistake is 9. c3, still allowing 9...Bg4! because after 10. Qa4+ Nd7 11. cxd4 Bxd4, White faces the unavoidable Qf6+, with too many threats to deal with. 11. Kxf2 similarly deals with the same issue of Qh4+.
In fact, White's only advantageous move is the clever 9. d6, deflecting the Black queen away from the knight.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kxf2
## 6. Kxf2

Accepting the bishop sacrifice. Nxe4+ is to follow.
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# Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...Bc5/5. Nxf7/5...Bxf2/6. Kf1/6...Qe7/7. Nxh8/7...d5/8. exd5/8...Nd4/9. d6
## 9. d6

Taking with 9...cxd6 blocks Black's queen in and White can safely play 10. Kxf2. Thus 9...Qxd6 is the stronger move.
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# Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Prophets and Apostles
## Prophets and Apostles

Prophets such as Noah, Enoch, Abraham, Moses, Isaiah, and Elijah can be found throughout the Old Testament. The president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the Lord's prophet today. He has two counselors. The three of them make up The First Presidency of the church. There have been 14 church presidents (as of Oct 2006) since Joseph Smith, the first prophet, in 1830.
When Jesus came to earth, he called twelve apostles to work with him. Today's church also has twelve apostles. The church has both The First Presidency and The Quorum of Twelve Apostles in the top levels of its church leadership. They meet regularly to discuss church business. This is so that the church can be "built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner [stone]" (Ephesians 2:20).
Next: Scriptures
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Scriptures
## Scriptures

As stated in the church's eighth article of faith, "We believe the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly; we also believe the Book of Mormon to be the word of God."
The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter Day Saints uses the Book of Mormon, King James Version of the Bible, Pearl of Great Price, and the Doctrine and Covenants as official church scripture. The Church also believes that the inspired word of its leaders, namely Prophets and Apostles are scriptural in nature - "And whatsoever they shall speak when moved upon by the Holy Ghost shall be scripture, shall be the will of the Lord, shall be the mind of the Lord, shall be the word of the Lord, shall be the voice of the Lord, and the power of God unto salvation." D&C68:4
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/The Great Apostasy
## The Great Apostasy

The Lord Jesus Christ implemented his gospel while he was on the earth in the meridian of time. Then there came a falling away, or an apostasy. The apostle Paul prophesied of this Great Apostasy. Regarding the second coming of the Savior, he said, "Let no man deceive you by any means: for [that day shall not come], except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition;" (2 Thessalonians 2:3). There would be a falling away, but God would not forget his people. There would be a restoration.
Next: Joseph Smith
# Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries
## Gospels and Acts

Matthew | Mark | Luke | John | Acts

## Paul's Letters

Romans | 1 Corinthians | 2 Corinthians | Galatians | Ephesians | Philippians | Colossians | 1 Thessalonians | 2 Thessalonians | 1 Timothy | 2 Timothy | Titus | Philemon

## Other Letters

Hebrews | James | 1 Peter | 2 Peter | 1 John | 2 John | 3 John | Jude

## Prophetic Literature

Revelation

## Other Commentaries

Greek Exegetical Notes on 1 Corinthians
# Biblical Studies/Christianity/The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/The Gospel of Jesus Christ
## The Gospel of Jesus Christ

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that the gospel was the same gospel from the time of Adam through to today, all of it the gospel of Jesus Christ. Old testament prophets made animal sacrifices as a symbol of the sacrifice that Jesus Christ would make with his atonement.
In the meridian of time, Jesus Christ taught and lived his gospel. His mortal ministry ended with his death. His apostles continued to teach his gospel until they too were killed. This resulted in a falling away from the truth, or apostasy.
In 1820, 14-year-old Joseph Smith prayed to know which church he should join. In answer to his prayer, God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared to Joseph and told him to join none of them. He was directed to retore the gospel of Jesus Christ to the earth. This he did as well as translating more scripture and becoming the first prophet of this, the final dispensation.
Fourteen prophets have followed Joseph Smith, up until Gordon B Hinckley, today (Oct 2006). They each have been designated as the Lord's mouthpiece to the world and presidents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Throughout this history, the gospel of Jesus Christ has been the same. It's central figure, savior, and leader is Jesus Christ. Before the time of Christ, the gospel looked forward to the ministry of Christ. After the time of Christ, the gospel looks back on his mortal ministry and forward to the time of his second coming.
Next: The Great Apostasy
# Biblical Studies/New Testament Commentaries/1 Corinthians

This is an accessible chapter-by-chapter commentary on 1 Corinthians. It attempts to reflect a broad and even-handed presentation of scholarly opinion (ancient and contemporary) about the book. And it attempts to do so with the clarity necessary to make it fully intelligible to non-specialists in biblical studies.
Three major sections may be expected within the commentary on each chapter:

## Background Information

    Historical Context: What do contemporary readers need to know that author assumed his first readers probably took for granted?
    Literary Context: How may the constituent parts of a given chapter be better appreciated by information about the structural organization of the book as a whole?

## Explanation

    Analysis: What does a verse-by-verse examination of the constituent words and phrases suggest about the meaning of the chapter? Consideration will be given to their use in the Old Testament and other nearly contemporary literature.
    Paraphrase: In light of these considerations an expansive, highly interpretive paraphrase of each chapter will be offered. The paraphrase attempts to avoid technical, theological jargon so as to allow contemporary secular English readers to understand the point of the chapter.

## Implications

    Reception: How has this chapter been received and understood by readers across the centuries since its origin?
    Influence: What are the apparent theological and practical implications of this chapter within the entire Christian canon of Scripture? What has this chapter contributed to the views of contemporary Christianity?
Introduction · The Apostle Paul · Chapter 1 · Chapter 2 · Chapter 3 · Chapter 4 · Chapter 5 · Chapter 6 · Chapter 7 · Chapter 8 · Chapter 9 · Chapter 10 · Chapter 11 · Chapter 12 · Chapter 13 · Chapter 14 · Chapter 15 · Chapter 16
# Cg Programming/Surface Shaders

Unity's Surface Shaders provide a simplified way of programming Cg shaders by automatically adding shader code for lighting and shadow computations such that programmers only need to specify material constants.
Unity offers a tutorial with a Gentle Introduction to Shaders and videos of a training session about Writing Your First Shader in Unity.
If you already know Cg, the shader examples in Unity's documentation and the source code of built-in surface shaders are very useful to understand Surface Shaders.
< Cg Programming
# Cg Programming/Unity/Billboards

This tutorial introduces billboards.
It is based on Section “Textured Spheres” and the discussion in Section “Vertex Transformations”.

## Billboards

In computer graphics, billboards are textured rectangles that are transformed such that they always appear parallel to the view plane. Thus, they are similar to billboards along highways in that they are rotated for best visibility. However, they are different from highway billboards since they are dynamically rotated to always offer best visibility.
The main use of billboards is to replace complex three-dimensional models (e.g. grass, bushes, or even trees) by two-dimensional images. In fact, Unity also uses billboards to render grass. Moreover, billboards are often used to render two-dimensional sprites. In both applications, it is crucial that the billboard is always aligned parallel to the view plane in order to keep up the illusion of a three-dimensional shape although only a two-dimensional image is rendered.

## Vertex Transformation for Billboards

Similarly to Section “Skyboxes”, we can use the default cube object to render a billboard. (For it to work with the default quad, you should change the minus sign to a plus sign in the code. For the default plane, you have to use the z coordinate instead of the y coordinate.) The basic idea is to transform only the origin $(0,0,0,1)$ of the object space to view space with the standard model-view transformation UNITY_MATRIX_MV. (In homogeneous coordinates all points have a 1 as fourth coordinate; see the discussion in Section “Vertex Transformations”.) View space is just a rotated version of world space with the $xy$ plane parallel to the view plane as discussed in Section “Vertex Transformations”. Thus, this is the correct space to construct an appropriately rotated billboard. We subtract the $x$ and $y$ object coordinates (vertex.x and vertex.y) from the transformed origin in view coordinates and then transform the result with the projection matrix UNITY_MATRIX_P:
In order to have billboards of different sizes, we add shader properties _ScaleX and _ScaleY to scale the object coordinates; thus, the code becomes:
Apart from this, we only have to set texture coordinates:
Then the fragment shader just looks up the color at the interpolated texture coordinates.

## Complete Shader Code

The complete shader code for the standard cube object is now:

## Summary

Congratulations, you made it to the end of this tutorial. We have seen:
* How to transform and texture a cube in order to render a view-aligned billboard.

## Further reading

If you still want to learn more
* about object space, world space, view space, the model view matrix and the projection matrix, you should read the description in Section “Vertex Transformations”.
* about texturing, you should read Section “Textured Spheres”.

## Reader comments

In order to avoid "flickering" when rendering several billboards I had to add the following tag in the Subshader
Tags { "DisableBatching" = "True" }
< Cg Programming/Unity
# Cg Programming/Phong Reflection Model

The Phong reflection model (see the Wikipedia article) is an illumination model that can be computed very efficiently. A variant of it (the Blinn–Phong reflection model, see Wikipedia article) is implemented in the fixed-function versions of OpenGL, in OpenGL ES 1.x and Direct3D 7.x.
< Cg Programming
# Dungeons & Dragons

This is a field guide to the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game rules and accessories. Commonly referred to as "D ' and ' D" or "DnD", this game was developed in 1974 by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. Currently it is produced by the gaming company Wizards of the Coast; a fourth edition of the game was released in 2008, and a fifth in 2014.

## Contents

* Learning the game
* Magic spells
* Magic items
* Monsters
* Commercial settings
* Developing a Campaign World
# Dungeons & Dragons/Commercial settings

Several commercial campaign settings have been published for use with the Dungeons & Dragons game rules.
* Dragonlance
* Forgotten Realms
# Dungeons & Dragons/Commercial settings/Dragonlance

The Dragonlance game world was developed by Laura and Tracy Hickman, then expanded upon by Tracy Hickman and Margaret Weis. It served as the setting for a fiction series by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman. Several characters from the novels became popular protagonists known as the Heroes of the Lance.

## Major characters

* Steel Brightblade
* Sturm Brightblade
* Dalamar
* Flint Fireforge
* Tanis Half-Elven
* Laurana Kanan
* Palin Majere
* Riverwind
* Kitiara uth Matar
* Tika Waylan
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Render Size

Next Page: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/OSA Previous Page: Render Settings -- Back to Index
When you render a scene in Blender, by default there will open a small window showing your image. If you want to publish your picture, you may want to render it a bit bigger. To do this, you have to open the Scene context (F10) and locate the Format sub-context (usually on the right).
You will see some settings there. Let's go through their meanings:
* SizeX: This parameter sets the width of the image in pixels.
* SizeY: This parameter sets the height of the image in pixels.
* AspX, AspY: These parameters specify the aspect ratio of the pixels. By default, this is 100:100, because a pixel on a computer screen has equal width and height. These settings can be used for screens whose pixels don't have equal width and height. For example, on a PAL system one pixel's width/height ratio is 54:51, which you can select there easily. Notice that these parameters don't change the size of the image.
There is one more thing changing the render size: In the Render sub-context (usually in the middle) there are 4 buttons: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%. If you have chosen SizeX = 640, SizeY = 480 and you clicked 50%, your image will be 320 pixels wide and 240 pixels high.
WARNING: I have encountered some crashes when I changed those parameters. If you have problems too, locate the Output sub-context (usually on the left) and select the option DispView instead of DispWin. This renders the image "into" Blender instead of making a new window.
Output Formats
Images
Video
Next Page: Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/OSA Previous Page: Render Settings -- Back to Index
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Scripts/md3 import
## New Updated Importer

It would appear that there is a new importer which can import animations as well as texture coordinates. However the texture must be imported manually: http://www.moddb.com/games/quake-iii-arena/downloads/blender-md3-import-export-tool

## Default

Script Name: MD3 Import 234
Author: PhaethonH
Version: md3import234.py 0009 (2004.10.23), md3.py 0004 (2002.03.07)
Tooltip: Import ID Software MD3 format.
Installs in: Script Menu: 'Import'
Included in Blender 2.42a: No
Licence: Copyright 2004 PhaethonH. Permission granted to use, copy, distribute, and modify, provided this copyright notice remains intact. Software is provided as-is, with absolutely no warranty of any kind.
Link: http://www.icculus.org/~phaethon/q3/md3import/md3import.html
Blender Version: 2.34
Python Version:
Files: md3import234.py, md3.py
Executable: md3import234.py
Bpy modules: ..Bpy data: ..Dependencies:

## Usage guide

Animation is not imported yet.
Textures and texture coordinates are not imported.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Scripts/3ds export

Script Name: 3D Studio (.3ds)...
Author: "Campbell Barton", "Bob Holcomb", "Richard Lärkäng", "Damien McGinnes", "Mark Stijnman"
Version: ' 0.90a '
Tooltip: Export to 3DS file format (.3ds).
Installs in: Script Menu: 'Export'
Included in Blender 2.42a: Yes
Licence: GNU General Public Licence
Link: http://www.gametutorials.com", "http://lib3ds.sourceforge.net/
Blender Version: 2.42a
Python Version: Python 2.4.3
Files: (In Blender/.blender/scripts)
Executable: 3ds_export.py
Bpy modules: ..Bpy data: ..Dependencies:
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Scripts/3ds import

Script Name: 3D Studio (.3ds)...
Author: "Bob Holcomb", "Richard Lärkäng", "Damien McGinnes", "Campbell Barton"
Version: ' 0.96 '
Tooltip: Import from 3DS file format (.3ds)
Installs in: Script Menu: 'Import'
Included in Blender 2.42a: Yes
Licence: GNU General Public Licence
Link: http://www.gametutorials.com
Blender Version: 2.42a
Python Version: Python 2.4.3
Files: (In Blender/.blender/scripts)
Executable: 3ds_import.py
Bpy modules: ..Bpy data: ..Dependencies: