OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 24 of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

This section makes some definitions for the purposes of Part 2 of ICTA (except where the context otherwise requires).
The following are defined:
lease includes an agreement for a lease, and any tenancy, but does not include a mortgage or heritable security, and lessee, lessor and letting shall be construed accordingly; lessee and lessor include respectively the successors in title of a lessee or a lessor; premises includes any land; and premium includes any like sum, whether payable to the immediate or a superior landlord or to a person connected (within the meaning of section 839) with the immediate or a superior landlord.
Any sum (other than rent) paid on or in connection with the granting of a tenancy is presumed to have been paid by way of premium except in so far as other sufficient consideration for the payment can be shown to have been given.
Where paragraph (c) of section 38(1) (rules for ascertaining the duration of leases) applies, the premium, or an appropriate part of the premium, payable for or in connection with either lease mentioned in that paragraph may be treated as having been required under the other.
References in this section to a sum shall be construed as including the value of any consideration, and references to a sum paid or payable or to the payment of a sum shall be construed accordingly.
In the application of this Part to Scotland-
assignment means an assignation; intermediate landlord means, where an occupying lessee is a sub-lessee, any person for the time being holding the interest of landlord under a sub-lease which comprises the property of which the occupying lessee is sub-lessee, but does not include the immediate landlord; premium includes in particular a grassum payable to any landlord or intermediate landlord on the creation of a sub-lease; and reversion means the interest of the landlord in the property subject to the lease.
References to a lease extend only to a lease conferring a right, as against the person whose interest is subject to the lease, to the possession of the premises; and rent includes a payment by the tenant to defray the cost of work of maintenance of, or repairs to, the demised premises, not being work required by the lease to be carried out by the tenant.
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 25 of the Finance Act 2004

This Section raises the charge to corporation tax for the financial year beginning 1 April 2005 at 30%.
# Taxation in the United Kingdom/Legislation/Section 31 of the Finance Act 2002

This Section sets the small companies' rate for corporation tax for the financial year beginning 1 April 2002 at 19%, and the fraction for marginal relief for small companies at 11/400ths.
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Electrical
## Types of Service

* 120 V 1 phase
** Hot, Neutral, Ground
* 240 V 1 phase
** 2 Hots, 1 Ground
* 208 V 3 phase
** 3 Hots, 1 Neutral, 1 Ground
* 208 V 1 phase
** 2 Hots, 1 Ground
* 480 V 3 phase
** 3 Hots, 1 Neutral, 1 Ground
* 48 V DC
** Positive & Negative

## Uninteruptable Power Supplies

Absolutely necessary

### Central UPS

All equipment stays up for same length of time.

### Rack-mounted UPS

Put batteries where they are needed most. Easy redundancy with dual power supply computers.

### Server-mounted battery

Google servers are connected directly to the AC feed with no UPS in the middle. Instead, each server has its own 12 VDC battery, which is used to power the server during power outages.

### Brick UPS

Good for smaller installations. Easy redundancy with dual power supply computers.

### Sizing

Loads that cannot tolerate any outage shall be placed on UPS power. Critical systems, such as the air conditioning cannot tolerate a brief outage, so they should be supported from generator power. Battery run time for UPS loads are dependent upon the budget and level of reliability required. With a well designed backup generation system, UPS runtime may be minimized since the gensets will be online in 8 to 20 seconds.

### Power Interruption

Plan for unattended shutdown and restart whenever possible.
Consider remote alert of power interruption.
Make sure the KVM is also on UPS.
Make sure you have emergency lights and flashlights for working in the dark.
Estimating remaining run time
Restart of UPS after full drain

### Redundant UPS systems

Rack-mounted - side to side redundancy.
Central UPS - need two of them with separate breaker boxes/PDUs and color coded system.

## Generators

Determine your local outage characteristics for your power supplier. Do they tend to be infrequent, but long? Common, but short?
On-site vs delivery contract
On site minimizes need for large UPSes
Environmental issues and permit requirements for fuel storage

## Layout and Redundancy

Look for computers with dual power supplies, or, less preferably, make sure you have redundant boxes per function. This allows for rearranging power cables and moving a box from one area to another without turning it off.
Maintain side-to-side redundancy by placing power strips on separate breakers or UPSes.

## Remote Power Control

Remote power on and off
Resetting stuck machines and routers
Power on sequencing

## Electrical Grounding/Earthing

All metal server or network racks and cabinets, overhead raceways and metallic conduit must be properly grounded to each other and to ground.
* ↑ "Google Unveils Custom Server/UPS/Power Supply" by Joe Polastre, April 1, 2009
* ↑ Slashdot: "Google Reveals "Secret" Server Designs" April 02, 2009
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Outfitting
## Furniture

Put EVERYTHING on wheels
* Computer Desk
* Rolling Chairs
* General storage - shelving, cabinets, or bookcases
* Key box

## Tools

* Cordless, keyless-chuck power screwdriver
* Phillips and slotted screwdrivers
* Extra long screwdrivers
* Short ratcheted screwdrivers
* Wire clippers
* Socket set
* Adjustable wrench
* Allen wrenches
* 66 and 110 punchdown tools
* Tone generator and sniffer
* And a cloth tool bag to put it all in.

## Equipment

* 6 foot fiberglass ladder - Fiberglass is safer than aluminum around electricity
* Fans for cooling
* Cheap analog phone (for testing lines)
* Two suction lifters - for raised floors
* Label maker
* Pallet Jack - Delivery drivers will often not have them
* Rechargeable wall mounted flashlights near all doors
* Cordless phone with headset - Typing is much easier.
* Fireproof lidded wastebaskets - Wastebaskets can be a source of fire, but wastebaskets are key in maintaining a clean workspace.
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Fire Protection

Fire alarms systems are designed to detect and notify building occupants of a possible fire condition, so that proper reactive steps can be taken.
Some examples of fire alarm equipment include the following:
* Smoke Detectors
* Heat Detectors
* Beam Detectors
* Pull Stations
* Sprinkler System Monitoring Equipment
* Audible and/or Visual Notification Appliances

## Sprinkler systems

Water and computers don't mix. A damaged sprinkler head will spray water regardless of a fire, and smoke detectors can be set off by dust.
Avoid sprinkler systems that hold water, instead use a pre-action sprinkler system, preferably a double-interlocked pre-action system. With a double-interlocking pre-action valve, water is prevented from entering the sprinkler piping until two different kinds of heat/smoke detecting devices trigger the valve to open. The typical devices used are pneumatic actuation by a sprinkler head activating and releasing pressurized air stored in the piping and an electric actuation from heat or smoke detectors.

## Gas Suppression
### Halon

Not used any more

### Energen

More expensive, but free refills, non-toxic
May require separate under-floor nozzles, and ceiling tiles restrained with clips.

## Fire Extinguishers

Special fire extinguishers
Low residue
Expensive

## Power and Air conditioning issues

Emergency shut off for power and air conditioning
Very Important stuff.
* sci.engr.heat-vent-ac newsgroup
* Free online HVAC heat load calculator
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Location
## Three Options: Own, Lease, or Co-locate
### Co-locate

* telephone company central offices
* carrier hotels

## Considerations
### Cost

Shop around to compare prices. Many co-location centers give initially inflated prices.

#### Taxes
### Suitability

* Proximity to multiple major network backbones.
* Proximity to customers if that is a consideration.
* Distance to central office

### Convenience
#### Transportation

* Proximity to public transportation
* Proximity to highways

### Safety
#### Availability of emergency services

* fire insurance category

#### Safety from water damage

HVAC can fail in such a way that water comes out. Look out for pipes, vents, and ducts above your equipment. Air conditioners can freeze up and then thaw, water heaters can fail, ventilation ducts can pack with snow, toilets can overflow, etc. The building may be in a flood zone - does the insurance cover the damage? How long will it take to file the claim? Document who you must contact before the disaster happens.

#### Natural and manmade hazards
##### Natural hazards

* Wildfires
* Hurricanes
* Tornados
* Earthquake
* Mudslide
* Tsunami
etc.

##### Manmade hazards

* Proximity of pollution sources
* Transportation-related risks
* Risk of crime, violence, terrorism, etc.
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Planning
## Design requirements

Initial equipment list
Initial schedule
Expected growth
Growth schedule
Budget
Level of flexibility
Impressing visitors

## Designing for growth and flexibility

* Infrastructure is a time limiting factor
* Lay out possible growth paths
* Compatibility with near term requirements
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Redundancy

Everything will eventually fail. Redundancy allows you to minimize the damage of a system failure.

## Failure characteristics

Planned vs. unplanned
Total vs. partial
Frequency of failure
Length of partial failure or outage

## Types of redundancy
### Structure

Ladder
Mesh
N+1

### Implementation

Active/active
Active/passive

## Human Factors

Notification
Unattended problem resolution
Documentation and problem clarity
Allowance for no-impact maintenance
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Security Systems
## Reasoning

More difficult entry
Selective access
Entry evident
Traceable access

## Design

Determine who should have access to what
How many layers of access will there be
Consider using locking cabinets but not using computer locks
Consider locks on interior doors and fire cabinets.
Physical keys vs. card pass system

## Key Management

Centralized key box for computer keys
Room keys may need to be given to CEO, landlord, and fire department for placement in Knox box.

## Pass Card Systems

For card pass system, make sure entries are logged.
Avoid double-door magnet systems for passcard entry.
Proximity or RFID cards are harder to forge and easier to use

## Security Systems

Use a combination of motion detectors and door sensors. This does several things:
* Door sensors are good to minimize air movement alarms.
* Reminds personnel to shut off the alarm system upon entry.
* The door chime announces entry when there is no line of sight to the door.
Security systems are cheap compared to your other expenses. Splurge on the goodies, such as alarm pads with full English displays.
Also consider having security system monitor the power, temperature, and fire with remote callout alerts.

## Visitors and Contractors

Use sign-in book for contractors and record name, company, identification number, date of entry, phone number, and purpose of visit so that problems can be traced.
I question the usefulness of having all visitors in a tour sign in.
Make sure all visitors are escorted by qualified personnel.
# The Design and Organization of Data Centers/Layout Considerations
## Entrance Facility

Consider where network and power comes into the building and where it will enter the data center, and how this will affect location of main edge routers, where cross connections will take place, placement of power transformers switches and UPS units. You may have multiple electrical entrance facilities for redundancy.

## Space for wiring

Determine use of raised floor and/or overhead cable trays.
Some rack-to-rack cable organization will be necessary.

## Rack Layout

It is crucial to lay out your racks, shelving, and stand-alone systems with accuracy of a few inches when considering location over raised floor access ports.
You should have a minimum of three feet between rack front and back to allow for opening of doors.
A 6' rack spacing interval is recommended as floor tiles come in 2'x2'.
The location of the wheels and/or feet at the bottom of a rack are critical to being able to lift floor panels.

## Space for other necessities

You may want to have space for a desk with monitor, if you don't have a formal office or NOC on the premise. You will want to have storage units for copious documentation and spare parts, unless you just use an empty rack, and possibly a place to drop old hard drives for secure disposal.

## Phones and switches

Place light, power, and fire switches in an easy to reach place. If you have two entrances, have light switches at both entrances especially if main lighting is normally kept off.
Make sure phone is in easy reach of fire suppression cut off switch, NOT the other way around.

## Mechanicals

Consider putting "non-computer" assets in separate rooms. You can contain leaks easier, as well as keep service technicians away from servers, increasing security, and reducing the need for supervision.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/I abide and abide and better abide

* ←Dryven bye desire I dede this dede || width="200" align="right" | Absens absenting causithe me to complaine→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 81v
f. [81v] 1 I abide and abide and better{t'} abide 2 {u'}{p3} and after the olde prouerbe the happie daye 3 and ever my ladye to me dothe saye 4 let me alone and I will pro{p3}uyde 5 I abide and abide and tarrye the tyde 6 and with{w+t+} abiding spede well ye maye 7 thus do I abide I wott allwaye 8 nother obtayning nor yet denied 9 Aye me this long abidyng 10 semithe to me as who sayethe 11 a prolonging of a dieng dethe 12 or a refusing of a deryrid thing 13 moche ware it bettre for to be playne 14 then to saye abide and yet shall not obtayne / fs

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H8. The speaker finds himself in a prolonged state of “dieng dethe” because the lady neither grants love, nor refuses him.

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 224-25.
# The Devonshire Manuscript/Greting to you bothe yn hertye wyse

* ←hate whom ye list for I kare not || width="200" align="right" | Mye love toke skorne my servise to retaine→
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 79r
* The Devonshire Manuscript facsimile 79v
f. [79r] 1 Greting to you bothe yn hertye wyse 2 as vnknowen I sende and this mye entente 3 as I do here / you to aduertyse 4 {es}{p+} lest that perchaunce yo$^r$ deades you do repente 5 {es}{_a} the vnknowen mann dredes not to be shente 6 but sayes as he thinkes{es}. so fares yt bye me 7 that nother ffere nor hope in no degree 8 The bodye and the sowle to holde to giddre 9 yt is but right and reson well the same 10 and ffryndelie the on to love the other 11 yt incresith yo$^r$ brute and also yo$^r$ fame / 12 but marke well my wordes{es} for I fere no blame 13 truste well yo$^r$ selves but ware ye trust no mo. 14 for suche as ye think yo$^r$ frinde maye fortune be yo$^r$ ffie 15 beware hardelye are ye have anye nede 16 {_o}{es} and to frindes reconsilide trust not greatelye 17 ffor theye that ons with{w+t+} hastie spede 18 {_o}{_e} exilid themselvis out of yo$^r$ companye 19 though thye to$^r$ne againe and speke swetelye 20 {es}{_e} fayning themselvis to be yo$^r$ frindes faste 21 beware of them{_e} for theye will disscyeve you at laste 22 fayre woodes{es} words makis ffoolys fayne 23 and bering in hande causithe moche woo 24 for tyme tryeth t$^r$othe therefore refrayne 25 and from{_o} suche as be redye to doo 26 none doo I name but this I kno 27 that bye this faute cause causith moche 28 therefore beware if yo do kno anye suche 29 {_a}{es} {es} To wise folkes fewe wordes is ann old saying 30 therefore at this tyme I will write nomore 31 but this short lesson take fore a warnin{_i}ge 32 bye soche light frindes{es} sett littill store 33 yf ye do othere wise ye will repent yt sore 34 and thus of this lettre making an ende 35 to the boddye and the sowle I me com{_o}mende f. [79v] 36 wrytin lyfles at the manner{n'} place 37 of him that hathe no chabre nore no were doth dwell 38 {_i}{_a} but wandering in the wilde wo$^r$lde wanting that he hast 39 and nother hopis nor ffearis heven nor hell. 40 but lyvith at adventure ye kno him full well 41 the twentie daye of mar{m'}che he wrote yt yn his house 42 and hathe him recom{_o}mendyd to the kat and the mowse / fs

## Commentary

Attributed to Sir Thomas Wyatt, this poem was entered by H8. Rebholz notes that this epistle addresses the human body and soul, and in fact the speaker may be a ghost warning lovers to beware of false friends. Numerous examples of the false-friend theme appear in the manuscript: “Pacyence of all my smart” (21r) discusses a friend-turned-foe theme; “What nedythe lyff when I requyer” (43r-44r) depicts friends and lovers becoming enemies; and “My nowne Iohn poyntz,” (85v-87r) describes the narrator who feels he must isolate himself in the country (away from the deceitful court).

#### Works Cited

* ↑ R.A. Rebholz, ed. Sir Thomas Wyatt: The Complete Poems. London: Penguin, 1978. 243-44.
* ↑ ibid., 507.
# Simulation with AnyLogic/System Dynamics/Step 3. Adding stocks

Step 3. Adding Stocks
Now we will add two stocks to model adopter and potential adopter populations.
Add a stock to model potential adopter population
* Drag the Stock Variable element from the System Dynamics page of the Palette view onto the diagram of active object class (right to the place where you want to locate a variable). A new variable appears on the diagram, displayed as a little blue rectangle.
* Once you have placed the element onto the diagram, it becomes selected and its properties are displayed in the Properties view. You can adjust element properties here as your model requires. Please note that the Properties view is a context-sensitive view and it displays the properties of the currently selected element of the model. To adjust properties at a later time, first select the element (e.g. by clicking on the element in the graphical editor) and then modify the required properties. Properties view. At the moment view displays the properties of the currently selected stock variable.
* Change the name of the stock. On the General page of the Properties view, type PotentialAdopters in the Name edit box.
Add a stock to model adopter population
* Add another stock in the same way. Place it to the right of the PotentialAdopters stock as shown in the figure below.
* Name this stock Adopters.
* Move text labels of the stocks above stocks' icons. Do it in the following way: first select a variable by clicking on it (if selected, it is drawn in a blue outline and its label is underlined) and then drag the label wherever you like. Place labels as on the figure below: We need this since otherwise later these labels will be painted over with arrows pointing from one stock to other.
At this point, the stocks are not defined properly. We have not defined integral functions and initial values for our stocks yet. But we will create the adoption flow first.
# Simulation with AnyLogic/System Dynamics/Step 2. Creating a new model

Step 2. Creating a New Model
First, we will create a new model.
Create a new model
* Click the New toolbar button. The New Model dialog box is displayed.
* Specify the name of the model. In the Model name edit box, type Bass Diffusion.
* Specify the location where you want to store your model file. Browse for the existing folder using the Browse buton, or type the name of the folder you want to create in the Location edit box.
* Click Next. This will open the next page of the New Model wizard. Here you can choose, whether you want to start creating a new model from scratch, or to use a model template as a starting point in model development. Since we want to explain you the whole process of creating a system dynamics model in details, we will not use a template, but will create our model from scratch.
* Click Finish to complete the process.
New model is created. The diagram you see in the center of the workspace is the graphical editor. To the left of the graphical editor you can see the Project view, to the right - the Palette view, and at the bottom - the Properties view.
When working with a project, do not forget to save it by clicking Save .
# Simulation with AnyLogic/System Dynamics/Step 4. Adding adoption flow

Step 4. Adding Adoption Flow
We have successfully created two stocks representing population pools. It is time to create flows of our model now. Our model has just one flow - a flow of adoption, which increases the adopter population, while decreasing the potential adopter population.
Add a flow from PotentialAdopters to Adopters
* We will add a flow using AnyLogic flow tool. Flow tool creates flow variable and sets up stocks so their values are changed with the specified flow value automatically.
* To create flow, double-click PotentialAdopters variable and then click Adopters variable.
* AnyLogic creates new flow variable and makes it an outflow for PotentialAdopters and an inflow for Adopters. Arrows appeared on the stock and flow diagram denote flow influence on population pools.
* Select the flow in the graphical editor and change its name from default flowAuxVar to AdoptionRate. When finished, please press Ctrl+Enter to rename flow names mentioned in formulas of stocks also.
* You can have a look at stock properties now. AnyLogic automatically adjusts formulas for stocks. The value of inflows i.e. flows that increase stock value, are added and the value of outflows, i.e. flows that decrease stock are subtracted from the current value of the stock. In our case we should have the following formulas defined:
We will define the formula calculating the value of the flow a little bit later.
# Simulation with AnyLogic/System Dynamics/Step 6. Defining initial values of stocks

Step 6. Defining Initial Values of Stocks
Now we are ready to specify the initial values of stocks.
Define the initial number of potential adopters
* Click the PotentialAdopters variable in the graphical editor.
* On the General page of the Properties view, type TotalPopulation in the Initial Value edit box. Use intelli-sense mechanism to avoid typing the whole names of variables and functions. To open the intelli-sense wizard, click at the desired position in the edit box, and then press Ctrl+space. The wizard listing model variables and functions appears. Scroll to the name you want to add, or type the first letters of the name until it becomes visible in the list. Finally, press Enter to insert the name.
We do not need to set up the initial value for the Adopters stock explicitly since there are no adopters initially and the stock is already initialized with zero by default.