# English as an Additional Language/Pronunciation
## Pronunciation
### Consonants

The symbols used for consonants are shown in the following table. Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the left is voiceless, the one to the right voiced.
| | Bi­labial | Labio- dental | Labio- velar | Den­tal | Alveo­lar | Post- alveo­lar | Pala­tal | Velar | Glot­tal |
| Stop | p b | | | | t d | | | k g | |
| Affricate | | | | | | tʃ dʒ | | | |
| Nasal | m | | | | n | | | ŋ | |
| Fricative | | f v | | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | | (x) | h |
| Approximant | | | (ʍ) w | | ɹ | | j | | |
| Lateral approximant | | | | | l | | | | |
| /p/: pit /b/: bit /t/: tin /d/: din /k/: cut /ɡ/: gut /tʃ/: cheap /dʒ/: jeep /m/: map /n/: nap /ŋ/: bang /f/: fat /v/: vat | /θ/: thin /ð/: then /s/: sap /z/: zap /ʃ/: she /ʒ/: measure /x/: loch, Chanukah (often replaced by /-k/ and /h-/, respectively) /h/: ham /ʍ/: whine (also written /hw/, often replaced by /w/) /w/: we /ɹ/: run (often written /r/ in broad transcription) /j/: yes /l/: left |

## Vowels
### Received Pronunciation

Received Pronunciation is the prestige British accent, sometimes referred to as BBC English. It is used as the standard in most media within Great Britain.

#### Full vowels

Full vowels are those that appear in stressed syllables.
| Monophthongs | Short | Short | Long | Long | Long |
| Monophthongs | Front | Back | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | ɪ | ʊ | iː | | uː |
| Mid | ɛ | ʌ | | ɜː | ɔː |
| Open | æ | ɒ | | ɑː | ɑː |
| /ɪ/: bid /ʊ/: good /ɛ/: bed (sometimes transcribed /e/) /ʌ/: bud /æ/: bat (sometimes transcribed /a/) /ɒ/: pot | /iː/: bead /uː/: booed /ɜː/: bird (sometimes transcribed /əː/) /ɔː/: bought, board /ɑː/: father, bard |
| Diphthongs | Closing | Closing | Centring |
| Diphthongs | to /ɪ/ | to /ʊ/ | Centring |
| Starting close | | | ɪə ʊə |
| Starting mid | eɪ ɔɪ | əʊ | ɛə |
| Starting open | aɪ | aʊ | |
| /eɪ/: bay /ɔɪ/: boy /əʊ/: toe /aɪ/: buy (sometimes transcribed /ʌɪ/) /aʊ/: cow | /ɪə/: beer /ʊə/: boor (falling out of use in British English; often replaced by /ɔː/) /ɛə/: bear (sometimes transcribed /ɛː/) |

#### Reduced vowels

Reduced vowels occur in unstressed syllables.
* /ɪ/: roses
* /ə/: Rosa’s, runner
* /l̩/: bottle
* /n̩/: button
* /m̩/: rhythm

### General American

General American is the standardized accent of the United States, and is the dialect most commonly used in spoken media there.

#### Full vowels

| Monophthongs | Checked | Checked | Checked | Free | Free | Free |
| Monophthongs | Front | Central | Back | Front | Central rhotacized | Back |
| Close | ɪ | | ʊ | i | | u |
| Close-mid | | | | e | | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | | | ɝ | ɔ |
| Open | æ | | | | | ɑ | ɑ |
| /ɪ/: bid /ʊ/: good /ɛ/: bed /ʌ/: bud /æ/: bad | /i/: bead /u/: booed /e/: bayed /o/: bode /ɝ/: bird /ɔ/ or /ɑ/: bought /ɑ/: body, pod, father |
Note: the vowels /e/ and /o/ are usually diphthongal, so the transcriptions /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ are also often used.
| Diphthongs | Closing | Closing | Rhotacized |
| Diphthongs | to /ɪ/ | to /ʊ/ | Rhotacized |
| Starting close | | | ɪɹ ʊɹ |
| Starting mid | ɔɪ | | ɛɹ ɔɹ |
| Starting open | aɪ | aʊ | ɑɹ |
| /ɔɪ/: boy /aɪ/: buy, thigh /aʊ/: bout, cow | /ɪɹ/: beer, here /ʊɹ/: boor, manure (often replaced by /ɝ/, sometimes by /ɔɹ/ in American English) /ɛɹ/: bear, air /ɔɹ/: bore (sometimes phonemicized /oɹ/) /ɑɹ/: bar |

#### Reduced vowels

* /ɨ/: roses (for many Americans merged with /ə/)
* /ə/: Rosa’s
* /ɚ/: runner
* /l̩/: bottle
* /n̩/: button
* /m̩/: rhythm

### General Australian
#### Full vowels

| Monophthongs | Short | Short | Short | Long | Long | Long |
| Monophthongs | Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | ɪ | | ʊ | iː | ʉː | |
| Mid | e | | ɔ | eː | ɜː | oː |
| Open | æ | a | | æː | aː | |
| /ɪ/: bid /ʊ/: good /e/: bed /ɔ/: pot /æ/: bat /a/: bud | /iː/: bead /ʉː/: booed /eː/: bared /ɜː/: bird /oː/: bought, board /æː/: bad /aː/: father, bard |
| Diphthongs | Closing | Closing | Centring |
| Diphthongs | to unrounded | to rounded | Centring |
| Starting close | | | ɪə ʊə |
| Starting mid | oɪ | əʉ | |
| Starting open | æɪ ɑe | æɔ | |
| /oɪ/: boy /əʉ/: toe /æɪ/: bay /ɑe/: buy /æɔ/: cow | /ɪə/: beer /ʊə/: tour (falling out of use in Australian English; often replaced by disyllabic /ʉːə/ or monophthongal /oː/) |

#### Reduced vowels

* /ə/: roses, Rosa’s, runner
* /l̩/: bottle
* /n̩/: button
* /m̩/: rhythm

## References

* ↑ Roca, Iggy & Johnson, Wyn (1999). Course in Phonology. Blackwell Publishing.