OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural Biochemistry/Migration
## Migration

During the migration stage cells that are yet to become neurons begin to move up along the radial glia cells that provide scaffolding system for the cell migration. Cells along the radial glia cells generally move up vertically forming layered stuctures with predominantly radial migration patterns, including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, colliculi, and the cerebellar cortex. There are three groups of molecules that are crucial for migration:
1. Adhesion molecules
    adhesion molecules such as Reln, Astrotactin, Neuregulin, Integrins alpha 3,6, play a role in attaching the cells to the radial glia cell.
2. Microtubule binding proteins
    regulate stability of microtubles
3. Actin binding Molecules
    regulate protein to protein interactions. Examples are filamin1, Cdk5/p35
* Caption1
# Structural Biochemistry/Minocycline

Minocycline is a tetra antibiotic that combats bacteria in the body. It is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, such as urinary track infections, respiratory infections, skin infections, acne, gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.

## Overview

Minocycline is an oral antibiotic commonly used to treat acne vulgaris (commonly known as cystic acne). Minocycline are able to kill the acne bacteria more effectively as well as reduce the redness and swelling of the acne. It is most commonly dispensed as Minocycline Hydrochloride which is a semi synthetic derivative of tetracycline. The medication are antibiotics sold as: Minocin, Dynacin, Vectrin, Solodyn, and generic minocycline.
It's IUPAC Name is (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-4,7-bis(dimethylamino)-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide

## Usage

Along with another one of its tetracycline counterparts, Doxycycline, Minocycline is the most common form of oral antibiotic prescribed to patients for acne. Refrain from taking if allergic to minocycline or other tetracycline antibiotics.
Occasionally it is used to treat Lyme disease and other skin infections such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) since the twice a day dosage for minocycline is more tolerable than the four times daily required by other tetracycline compounds. Dosage of minocycline is 100-200mg daily for the adult, but if the dosage is skipped, it is possible this will affect the treatment process.
If a dose is missed, do not take extra to make up for the missed dose. If an overdose is taken, seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

## Caution

If pregnant, do not use Minocycline. It can cause harm to the unborn child or permanent tooth discoloration. Minocycline may make birth control pills less effective. It also will pass through breast milk, effecting bone and tooth development of a nursing infant. Minocycline should not be taken by children younger than 8 years of age. Vitamin supplements should not be taken before taking Minocycine. These supplements reduce the effectiveness of it. Avoid excess sun exposure. Those taking Minocycline are easier subject to sun burn. Minocycline should be taken for the full prescribed length. Anything less will result in symptoms resurfacing. Do not take if past expiration date. Expired Minocycline may cause damage to kidneys.

## Side Effects

Sensitivity (Skin) to Sunlight (Automatic)
Diarhhea/Nausea/Upset Stomach
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Headaches
Vomiting
Skin Discoloration
Autoimmune Disorders
Chest Pains/Irregular Breathing
Fever (Rare)
Discoloration of Skin/Eyes (Rare)
Sore Throat (rare)

## References

* ↑ http://www.rxlist.com/solodyn-drug.htm
* ↑ http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01017
* ↑ http://www.drugs.com/sfx/minocycline-side-effects.html
* ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minocycline
5. "Drug Information Online". <http://www.drugs.com/minocycline.html>. Oct. 28 2012
6. "Minocycline". <http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/minocycline.html>. Web. 28 Oct 2012.
7. "Minocycline for Acne." <http://minocyclineforacnereview.com/>. Web. 28 OC 2012.
# Structural Biochemistry/Miscellaneous dosage forms
### Suppositories:

It is solid dosage forms of drug that will melt or dissolve in the aqueous secretions in where the drug is positioned. It is used for insertion into the rectum, vaginal cavity, or urethral tract where it will perform its therapeutic effects locally or will be absorbed into the bloodstream of the patients.
Different length and weight of suppositories are varies for adult and pediatric.
* Adult rectal suppositories weigh ~2grams and ~2.5 to 3.5 cm long, double the size and weight of pediatric suppositories.
* Vaginal suppositories are globular, ovoid or conical, weigh 3 to 5 grams.
* Urethral suppositories has diameter of 3mm to 5 mm, length varies differently in female urethra and male urethra (60 to 75 in female and 100 to 150 in male).

### Inhalers:

This type of dosage form of drug is inhaled via the nose or mouth in the form of gas or air, so that the micro small medicinal particles can flow into the alveolar sacs in the lungs.
Need to be shaken well prior to usage.

### Otic Product:

Around 4 drops of this solutions or suspensions can be instilled into the ear canal.
Warning: only used for the ear and have to shake well if the drug is a suspension.

### Enemas:

It is the liquid preparations that are used by introduced into the rectum by a bulb syringe at room temperature. This drug’s effects are orientated to be either local or systemic.

### Douches:

It is the aqueous solutions which are introduced into a cavity of the patients’ body for the main purpose of cleaning the cavity. For example, eye douches are used to removed foreign particles from the eyes; vaginal douches help cleanse and provide medication for the vaginal mucosa while directed to the female vagina.

### References:

Reifman, Noah. Certification Review For Pharmacy Technicians. 9th ed. the United States of America: AuthorHouse, 2011. 61-88. Print.
# Structural Biochemistry/Mitotic Spindles
## Mitotic Spindles

Mitotic spindles are filaments of microtubule that move the chromosomes towards opposite poles during metaphase of mitosis. Mitotic spindles compose of actin and myosin filaments. Cables of actin stretch from pole to pole of the mitotic spindle and myosin control spindle length and shape. Mitotic spindles are attached to a centrosome, the site of microtubule organization and anchor of the spindles. Metaphase plate forms when the chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell with the mitotic spindles attached to the kinetochores, site of microtubule-chromosome attachment, of chromosomes. Mitotic spindles play a key role in acting as the "fishing line" to move the chromosomes to opposite poles during cell division. In addition, centrosomes are the "reel" that draws the spindle fibers closer to the poles. Disruption of the mitotic spindle formation or arrangement can have huge consequences such as leaving one cell with too many or too little chromosomes.
The mitotic spindle is known as a director that moves chromosomes during mitosis. It is currently unknown how the microtubule fibers move the chromosomes, although it is believed that motor proteins act like carriers moving the chromosomes in different directions. Others tend to believe that the fibers grow and shrink and in doing so move the chromosomes back and forth. Issues arise when the spindle makes mistakes. Sometimes the meiotic spindle doesn't separate correctly and therefore an abnormal amount of chromosomes are present which could cause Down syndrome.

## References

* ↑ Inside the Cell
Machalek M Alisa. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/insidethecell.pdf "Inside the Cell" The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (2010): 36–37.
# Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Fatty Acids/Elongation by the fatty acid synthase complex

The formation of the palmitate (C16) is the last step of fatty acid elongation by fatty acid synthase. Other enzymes further elongate and insert double bonds within fatty acids.
# Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of triacylglycerol starts with the acylation of the two free hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol 3-phosphate by two molecules of fatty acyl-CoA to produce phosphatic acid. This is then hydrolyzed by phosphatidic acid phosphatase to form a 1,2-diacylglycerol. 1,2-diacylglycerol is then converted to triacylglycerol by transesterification with a third fatty acyl-CoA.
In humans, hormones can affect the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol. Insulin is one example of a hormone that promotes the conversion of carbohydrates to triacylglycerols.
# Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Biosynthesis of Cholestrol

Cholestrol
    Cholestrol is an important component of biological membranes. It is a steroid that regulates cell membrane fluidity. Its biosynthesis is a fundamental process in extending carbon skeletons beyond five units of carbon. Steroid hormones are derived from cholestrol.
The Biosynthesis of Cholestrol
    All the carbons in cholestrol come from acetyl coenzyme A in the following synthesis, summarized in three steps:
    1. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate is synthesized.
    2. Six molecules of isopentenyl pyrophosphate are condensed into a squalene.
    3. The squalene cyclizes and converts into cholestrol.
Complex Regulation of Cholestrol Biosynthesis
    Cholestrol synthesis is through de novo reactions, or through uptake in the diet. Synthesis mainly occurs in the liver, and the rate of it is highly regulated by feedback of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. When there is too much cholestrol, it is expelled as a lipoprotein of very low density. The four mechanisms of regulation are summarized in the following list:
    1. Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) controls the rate of syntehsis of reductase mRNA.
    2. Nonsterol metabolites inhibit the rate of translation of reductase mRNA.
    3. There is high control of reductase degradation. The membrane domain can alter its oligomerization state to increase proteolysis.
    4. Reductase activity is decreased by phosphorylation. Synthesis of cholestrol will therefore stop when ATP is running low.
So What?
    The biosynthesis and metabolism of cholestrol is important because cholestrol is a necessary component of blood. Diseases involving the regulation of cholestrol cause significant problems. Examples of these diseases include familial hypercholestrolemia, which results to high levels of cholestrol in the blood. This may result in the presence of cholestrol deposits in the blood, which in severe cases may cause childhood heart attacks.
    Cholestrol is also a major component of of bile salts, which are needed to digest lipids. Many steroid hormones also come from cholestrol. The five main classes of these are androgens, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and progestagens.
Source: Berg, Jeremy and Stryer, Lubert. Biochemistry: Fifth Edition. United States of America: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002.
# Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Fatty Acids/Intermediates in fatty acid synthesis

The fatty acid intermediates of synthesis are linked to sulfhydryl groups of acyl carrier protein (ACP) through covalent bonds. They link to the sulfydryl terminus of a phosphopantetheine group. During synthesis, the intermediates are linked to the serine residue of the acyl carrier protein.
The break down of fatty acid include intermediates that are covalently bonded to slufydryl group of coenzyme A. The intermediates of fatty acid degradation are attached to coenzyme A.
# The Legend of Zelda/Overworld/Hyrule 5

| ← Section 7 | File:LOZ Hyrule 5.png | Section 3 → |
| | v Section 6 v |

## 1st Quest

| | A | B | C | D |
| 1 | Fortunately for Link, a medicine woman lives up here in the heights of Death Mountain. If you have already shown her the letter, she will sell you the Red Potion for 68 rupees or the Blue potion for 40 rupees. | "Spectacle Rock is an entrance to death." Bomb the south side of the left rock to reveal the entrance. | | By bombing the flat part of the north wall on the right side, you will uncover an entrance to a cave, but the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. |
| 2 | If you bomb the right end of the north wall, a cave entrance will appear, but the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. | | Avoiding the rocks, bomb the flat section of the north wall to reveal a cave which contains the Money Making Game inside. | |
| 3 | One of these Armoses is hiding a secret. If you touch and wake up the right most Armos in the top row, he will reveal the Power Bracelet, which you need in order to make use of the secret Overworld passages. | The shop in the cave sells (the ability to use) Arrows for 80 rupees, the Magic Shield for 130 rupees, and a set of 4 bombs for 20 rupees. | If you bomb the north wall directly over the southern path, you will reveal a hidden shop that sells the Magic Shield for 90 rupees, Monster Bait for 100 rupees, and an ordinary heart for 10 rupees. | See Section 3 |
| 4 | See Section 6 | | | See Section 3 |

## 2nd Quest

| | A | B | C | D |
| 1 | Fortunately for Link, a medicine woman lives up here in the heights of Death Mountain. If you have already shown her the letter, she will sell you the Red Potion for 68 rupees or the Blue potion for 40 rupees. | | Blowing on the whistle in this area will reveal a staircase that you can descend and obtain a valuable heart container. | By bombing the flat part of the north wall on the right side, you will uncover an entrance to a cave, but the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. |
| 2 | If you bomb the right end of the north wall, a cave entrance will appear, but the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. | Bomb the flat part of the north wall to reveal an otherwise regular shop which sells the Magic Shield for 160 rupees, a key for 100 rupees, or the Blue Candle for 60 rupees. | Avoiding the rocks, bomb the flat section of the north wall to reveal a cave which contains the Money Making Game inside. | |
| 3 | One of these Armoses is hiding a secret. If you touch and wake up the right most Armos in the top row, he will reveal the Power Bracelet, which you need in order to make use of the secret Overworld passages. | The shop in the cave sells (the ability to use) Arrows for 80 rupees, the Magic Shield for 130 rupees, and a set of 4 bombs for 20 rupees. | If you bomb the north wall directly over the southern path, you will reveal a hidden shop that sells the Magic Shield for 90 rupees, Monster Bait for 100 rupees, and an ordinary heart for 10 rupees. | See Section 3 |
| 4 | See Section 6 | | | See Section 3 |
# The Legend of Zelda/Overworld

The land of Hyrule is large and vast, so to better understand its features, please refer to the guide map and choose which section of Hyrule you would like to learn more about, and the follow the appropriate link in the table below to that section.
| Section 7 | Section 5 | Section 3 | Section 1 |
| Section 8 | Section 6 | Section 4 | Section 2 |
# The Legend of Zelda/Overworld/Hyrule 2

| | ^ Section 1 ^ |
| ← Section 4 | File:LOZ Hyrule 2.png |

## 1st Quest

| | A | B | C | D |
| 1 | This is the entrance to the second dungeon. | See Section 1 | See Section 1 | See Section 1 |
| 2 | | Burn the south tree on the eastern most column to discover a hidden shop which sells the Magic Shield for 90 rupees, Monster Bait for 100 rupees, and ordinary hearts for 10 rupees. | Touch the right Armos to wake him up and move him off the stairwell that he guards. Enter the stairwell to receive 10 rupees. | |
| 3 | | | The shop here sells Magic Shields for 160 rupees, Keys for 100 rupees, and the Blue Candle for 60 rupees. | If you have the Ladder, you can collect the Heart Container that is positioned on the far dock. |
| 4 | | If you burn down a certain tree that blocks the pathway, you will discover the entrance to the eighth dungeon. | | In this shop, you can buy (the ability to use) Arrows for 80 rupees, the Magic Shield for 130 rupees, and a set of 4 bombs for 20 rupees. |
| 5 | Bomb the cliff wall just a little left of center to discover the entrance to a cave where you can play the Money Making Game. | Bomb this cliff wall just a little left of center and you will reveal a secret door, but if you enter, the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. | | |

## 2nd Quest

| | A | B | C | D |
| 1 | The entrance to the third dungeon is hidden in the lake, and is revealed by the whistle. | See Section 1 | See Section 1 | See Section 1 |
| 2 | | Burn the south tree on the eastern most column to discover a hidden shop which sells the Magic Shield for 90 rupees, Monster Bait for 100 rupees, and ordinary hearts for 10 rupees. | Touch the right Armos to wake him up and move him off the stairwell that he guards. Enter the stairwell to receive 10 rupees. | |
| 3 | | | The shop here sells Magic Shields for 160 rupees, Keys for 100 rupees, and the Blue Candle for 60 rupees. | If you have the Ladder, you can collect the Heart that is positioned on the far dock. |
| 4 | If you burn down a certain tree on the left side that can only be burned from the right side, you will discover the entrance to the seventh dungeon. | | Some notes on the whistle will reveal a staircase that leads to a Moblin who will give you 10 rupees. | In this shop, you can buy (the ability to use) Arrows for 80 rupees, the Magic Shield for 130 rupees, and a set of 4 bombs for 20 rupees. |
| 5 | Bomb the cliff wall just a little left of center to discover the entrance to a cave where you can play the Money Making Game. | Bomb this cliff wall just a little left of center and you will reveal a secret door, but if you enter, the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. | | |
# The Legend of Zelda/Overworld/Hyrule 8

| ^ Section 7 ^ | |
| File:LOZ Hyrule 8.png | Section 6 → |

## 1st Quest

| | A | B | C | D | E |
| 1 | See Section 7 | See Section 7 | "There are secrets where fairies don't live" and this lake is peculiar for not having a fairy. A few notes on the Whistle will reveal the location of the seventh dungeon. | This is a lake where one of the life granting fairies live. | See Section 6 |
| 2 | | By burning down the lower right tree, you will reveal a stairwell that leads to 10 rupees. | | | See Section 6 |
| 3 | | This is the Lost Woods. Only by passing through the woods in the proper sequence, can you hope to escape to the west. By paying the woman in the lower left corner of Hyrule, you can learn that sequence: North, West, South, West. | The tree at the top of the single column of trees can be burned down to reveal a stairwell, where a Moblin will give Link 100 rupees. The stairwell can also serve as a shortcut between the two sections of this area. | If you burn the lower tree just left of center, you will find a stairwell, but the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. | See Section 6 |
| 4 | Inside this cave, you will find a woman who you can bribe for information. The more you pay, the more she'll say. | If you bomb the wall just right of the crack, you will find a cave where a Moblin lives who will give you 30 rupees. | | | This is the entrance to the third dungeon. |

## 2nd Quest

| | A | B | C | D | E |
| 1 | See Section 7 | See Section 7 | There may be secrets where faries don't live, but this lake is in fact an ordinary lake now. | This is a lake where one of the life granting fairies live. | See Section 6 |
| 2 | | By burning down the lower right tree, you will reveal a stairwell that leads to 10 rupees. | | By burning the lower left tree, you will find the entrance to the home of the richest Moblin in the 2nd quest, the only Moblin that will give you 100 rupees. | See Section 6 |
| 3 | Blowing the whistle in this area will cause a staircase to appear. Descend the staircase to discover a man playing the Money Making game. | This is the Lost Woods. Only by passing through the woods in the proper sequence, can you hope to escape to the west. By paying the woman in the lower left corner of Hyrule, you can learn that sequence: North, West, South, West. | | If you burn the lower tree just left of center, you will find a stairwell, but the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. | See Section 6 |
| 4 | Inside this cave, you will find a woman who you can bribe for information. The more you pay, the more she'll say. | | Blowing the whistle in this area will cause a staircase to appear. Descend the staircase to discover an entrance, but the man inside will charge you 20 rupees for repairs. | | No longer can you find a dungeon entrance in this location. Instead, you will simply find a shop that sells the Magic Shield for 160 rupees, a Key for 100 rupees, or the Blue Candle for 60 rupees. |
# Spanish Grammar/Personal "a"

The direct object of a sentence is the noun or noun phrase that is the recipient of the action of a transitive verb.
In Spanish, when the direct object is a person it is preceded by the preposition "a". This is called the "personal a". When the direct object is not a person, there is no personal a:
1. María esta esperando el autobus. – María is waiting for the bus.
2. María esta esperando a John. – María is waiting for John.
The personal a is not used for animals:
3. Jorge mira la vaca.
The personal “a” is not used after tener, or the verb haber (even if the direct object is a person).
4. Tengo una esposa hermosa. – I have a beautiful wife.
5. Hay una mujer en la puerta. – There's a woman at the door.
If the direct object is an indefinite person, the personal “a” is not used. The person is considered grammatically “depersonalized.”
6. Busco novia. – I'm looking for a girlfriend (any girl).
7. Necesito médico. – I need a doctor (any doctor).
# Spanish Grammar/Possessive pronouns

Possessive Pronouns
singular plural
1st person mi (my) nuestro/nuestra (our (m)/(f))
2nd person tu (your) vuestro/vuestra (your (plural informal) (m)/(f))
3rd person su (his/her/your (formal)) su (their (m)/(f)/your (plural formal))
Note: Both singular and plural possessive pronouns can modify either singular or plural nouns and are declined to agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
ex. mi maleta/mis maletas – my suitcase/my suitcases
nuestra maleta/nuestras maletas – our suitcase/our suitcases
# Spanish Grammar/Regular -ir verbs

conjugated verb = stem + ending
stem = infinitive - ir
| 3. -IR | | |
| | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -o | -imos |
| 2nd person | -es | -ís |
| 3rd person | -e | -en |
ex. vivir  (to live)                           stem = vivir - ir = viv- :
| vivo | I live | vivimos | we live |
| vives | you (informal) live | vivís | you (informal plural) live |
| vive | he/she/it/you (formal) live(s) | viven | they/you (formal plural) live |
# Spanish Grammar/Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to join a pronoun to an entire clause.
An example in English:
It was Lucy who sent the letter.
"Who sent the letter" is a relative clause and "who" is a relative pronoun. "Who" refers to the same thing as "it".
| Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural | English |
| cuyo | cuya | cuyos | cuyas | whose |
| el cual | la cual | los cuales | las cuales | the one(s) who, the one(s) that |
| lo que | | | | that which, what, whatever |
| | | los que | las que | those who, those that |
| que | que | que | que | that, who, which |