OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Acorn

Acorn :
* Description: Acorns are the fruit of the oak tree. They are a very important food source for wildlife. Creatures that make acorns an important part of their diet include birds such as jays, pigeons, some ducks and several species of woodpeckers. Small mammals that feed on acorns include mice, squirrels and several other rodents. Large mammals such as pigs, bears and deer also consume large amounts of acorns; they may constitute up to 25% of the diet of deer in the autumn. However, acorns are toxic to some other animals, such as horses. In some human cultures, acorns once constituted a dietary staple, though they are now generally only a very minor food.
* Where found: The oak is native to the northern hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cold latitudes to tropical Asia and the Americas.
* Availability: Fall
* Use: The acorn contains tannin, which is very bitter and slightly toxic. Luckily, tannin is easily removed by soaking in water. Acorns from the white oak family have far less tannin than acorns from the black (or red) oak family, so if you have a choice, opt for white oaks. The first acorns to fall from the tree are likely to contain worms and moth larvae. Most of these bad acorns will float in water, while most good acorns will sink. At the beginning of acorn season (late summer or early autumn) you will find that most of the acorns will float and very few will sink. As the season progresses, you will find that most acorns will sink and few will float. Once you have sorted them, shell them. They can be opened with a pair of pliers or a nutcracker. Remove the meat from the shell, crush it into a fine powder (use a mortar & pestle or a food processor), and then soak it in water for about a week, changing the water twice a day. If you choose to, you can speed this process by boiling the shelled, crushed acorns in several changes of water. Native Americans would put the crushed acorns in a sack and then place the sack in a swift stream for several days. If after soaking, the acorn mush is still bitter, it needs to soak longer. When they are no longer bitter, spread them out on a cookie sheet and dry them in an oven at 120°C for 90 minutes. They can be used as flour or to make acorn mush - a staple of the Native American diet. You can also skip crushing them and eat them as nuts, but uncrushed acorns will take much longer to leach.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Blackberry

Blackberry :
* Description: The blackberry is a widespread and well known shrub; commonly called a bramble in the eastern U.S. and Europe but a caneberry in the western U.S. growing to 3 m (10 ft) and producing a soft-bodied fruit popular for use in desserts, jams, and seedless jellies.
* Where found: Throughout the non-polar regions of the world.
* Availability: Fall
* Use: The berries are fantastic eaten straight from the cane, cooked into jelly, or baked into pies.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Cattail

Typha latifolia -
Cattail :
* Where found: in wetlands throughout the Northern Hemisphere
* Availability: Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall
* Use: In early spring, the shoots and stalks can be pulled up and eaten raw or boiled for 15 minutes. In late spring, the spikes can be gathered just before they break out of their papery sheaths, boiled for a few minutes, buttered, and eaten like corn-on-the-cob. In early summer, the spikes produce large quantities of pollen which can be gathered by covering the top of the plant with a paper bag, inverting it, and shaking vigorously. The pollen can be used as flour when mixed half and half with wheat flour. In fall and winter, the roots can be gathered. Wash them and then soak them in a bucket of water. While still submerged, crush them to remove the fibrous covering. Then let the starchy portion of the root settle to the bottom. Skim off the fiber, strain out the water, and use as flour.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Autumn Olive

Autumn Olive :
* Description: Autumn olive is a small tree (or large shrub), growing 4-10 meters tall. The leaves are lanceolate, shiny green on the top with a silvery, powdery underside. The berries are about 6-7mm in diameter, bright red with speckles on them, growing in groups. They are very sweet.
* Where found: Native to eastern Asia from the Himalayas east to Japan. It was introduced to North America where it has become an invasive species.
* Availability: Fall
* Use: When ripe, the fruit is juicy and edible. It can be eaten fresh or made into a jam. The fruit is small, extremely numerous, tart-tasting, and it has a chewable seed. It has been shown to have from 7 to 17 times the amount of the antioxidant lycopene that tomatoes have. Lycopene has been consistently shown to be useful in decreasing the risk of prostate cancer.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Beech Nuts

Beech Nut :
* Description: The Beech is a deciduous tree growing to 20-35 m tall, with smooth silvery-gray bark. The leaves are dark green, simple and sparsely-toothed with small teeth, 6-12 cm long (rarely 15 cm), with a short petiole. The winter twigs are distinctive among North American trees, being long and slender (15-20 mm by 2-3 mm) with two rows of overlapping scales on the buds.
* Where found: The American Beech is a species of beech native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario in southeastern Canada, west to Wisconsin and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida in the United States.
* Availability: Fall
* Use: The nuts can be eaten raw.
# Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Edible Wild Plants/Bladder Campion

Bladder Campion :
* Description: The calyx of the flower is a balloon-like structure shaped like a melon. The flowers are deeply cleft.
* Where found: Found in Canada, south to Missouri, east to Virginia. Grows in dry ground, along roadsides, etc.
* Availability: Spring
* Use: Collect the leaves in early spring before the plant is more than a couple of inches high (5 cm). Boil them in water for 10 minutes and eat them as greens.
# Basic Computer Security/Malware/Trojans
## Trojans

A Trojan Program, is based on the story about the fall of the city Troy. The walls were too effective for early armies to defeat, and the resources for the encircling army were dwindling fast. The Attacking general however had a plan, he had a large hollow horse statue made, and put it on a cart, loaded a group of infantry into the horse, and hauled it out in front of the main gates to the city, then he retreated, and waited until nightfall.
The Trojan people thought that the sculpture was a gift indicating defeat, and so they hauled it into the city and put it in a park. Later that night, the soldiers climbed out of the wooden horse, and proceeded to open the doors of the city, letting the attacking army in.
A Trojan Horse is a program, that you can't resist letting into your computer. Whereupon, when it is run, it triggers a malware secondary stage, that can use the resources it is given to do something nasty.
With the advent of the Internet, many trojans are downloaded every day by unsuspecting users, loading spyware, adware, and even viruses to their computers without notification. The most destructive ones are those that apply rootkits, and those that convince the computer that it is being attacked constantly by virii.
Think twice before you download that free program that everyone is raving about, you might be loading a trojan.
# Basic Computer Security/Social networks

Targets:
    Private accounts, victim's friends
    CC
    Ad credit
    Shopping accounts
Weaknesses:
    Weak password
    Password recovery
No matter the claim, you should never share your WhatsApp SMS verification code with others, not even friends or family. Sharing codes can cause you to lose your account.
Defenses:
    Internet security awareness
    Internet Security Awareness Training
Threats:
    Phishing
    Social engineering

## References

* ↑ https://www.ageuk.org.uk/wandsworth/about-us/news/articles/2021-articles/whatsapp-hack/
* https://www.facebook.com/about/basics/stay-safe-and-secure
* https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/security-and-privacy/
* https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/keeping-instagram-safe-and-secure
# Basic Computer Security/Malware/Removing & Preventing Malware

* Introduction
* General Security and Passwords
* Malware
* Viruses
* Trojans
* Spyware
* Adware
* Removing & Preventing Malware
* Web Security
* PC Security
* Privacy
* Network Security
* Further reading
Whilst the list of malware that can infect your computer looks daunting, there are several relatively simple steps that you can take to prevent being infected by these nasty pieces of software.

## Dealing With Viruses

Unfortunately in the web climate of today sticking even to trusted websites can leave you wide open to virus attacks. Staying away from dodgy websites will prevent most virus infections, but there will always be one or two viruses that find their way on to your system, with the ability to cause untold amounts of damage.
However, viruses can be easily combated by installing and using a reputable antivirus package. Antivirus programs are essential but choosing the right one can be just as important as having one.
Generally commercial antivirus products tend to perform best at keeping your computer free from infection. Some recommended antivirus packages are (in no particular order):
* Symantec's Norton Antivirus
* McAfee Antivirus
* Steganos Antivirus
though there are many other commercial packages that will do just as good a job.
There are also several free anti-virus packages that will protect you from a variety of threats. Two of the most well known offerings are AVG Antivirus and Avast Antivirus.

### Using Antivirus Software

Once antivirus software is installed, it should dramatically increase your computer's defences against malware. However, it is important to ensure that it is set up to scan for and defend against all viruses.
Although the features between different packages may be similar, the methods for enabling and disabling them will vary wildly.
To ensure that you are as protected, you can make sure that you enable everything that looks useful. Words to look out for are 'heuristics', 'bloodhound', 'proactive defense' and 'registry guard' or anything that sounds similar. Also set the scan security level to highest possible to ensure that nothing is missed. This will elongate scan times but will ensure that as few viruses as possible are missed. Also tell your antivirus to scan inside archives.
If you are unsure how to set up your antivirus product refer to the documentation that came bundled with it or the companies website.

### Scanning for Viruses

For most users scanning once a week should be sufficient to protect your computer from damage. Ideally you should scan your computer every few days, especially if you are accessing internet banking services on a daily basis. Try and scan your computer as often as possible, but don't go crazy with it, adjust the frequency of scans to the level of internet activity on your computer.

### Dealing with Trojan Horses

Generally trojan horses will be found and removed by your anti-virus software.
# Basic Computer Security/PC Security/Data Encryption

In cryptography, data is often converted into an unreadable format known as cipher-text, this process known as Encryption. To be able to read the data as usual, the cipher-text must be converted back by decrypting it using the correct Algorithm and Key. There are many Cryptographic algorithms, not limited to DES (data encryption standard, obsolete), 3xDES and AES (Advanced Encrption Standard, current), common examples of symmetric (or secret-key) ciphers. Asymmetric ciphers such as El-Gamal and RSA use special pairs of keys that perform mirrored one-way encryption, through particularly chosen mathematical properties. Other types of one-way encryption, with no built-in method for decryption, are commonly known as Hash functions, such as MD5, SHA, and SHA3.
// enhance HASH function we are using MD5 algorithm .In network we are using digital signature to encrypt data base and using KERBEROS protocol. Tools for encryption is private encryptor,stegnomagic.
# Basic Computer Security/Map

| | 🍎 Targets | 🚪 Weaknesses | 🛡️ Defenses | 🐛 Threats |
| general | Software system | Vulnerability | Operating system security Secure by design IDS | Malware Viruses Cyberattack |
| Authentication | Identity | Leaked, stolen, weak passwords Security through obscurity Default Credential vulnerability | Login Password MFA Digital signature | Password cracking Keystroke logging Phishing |
| Authorization | Privilege | Debugging and administration tools Default permissions Backdoor | Principle of least privilege ACL | Privilege escalation |
| Network | Availability Message authentication Session | Broadband access | Firewalls DDoS mitigation Message authentication code TLS, HSTS, WPA3 | Web exploits Cross-site scripting Denial-of-service attacks MITM Session hijacking |
| Data | Privacy Data integrity Confidentiality Sensitive information | Data access | Data security Encryption Data erasure Chain of trust Canary trap NBDE | Data breach Cryptographic attacks Tampering Ransomware |
| Application | Code | Arbitrary code execution Security bug Buffer overflow | Security testing Defensive programming Secure coding Buffer overflow protection NX bit ASLR | Code injection Exploits |
| Social networks | Private account CC Ad credit | Weak passwords Password recovery | Security awareness | Phishing Social engineering |
| Artificial intelligence | Machine learning | DL Cyber threat, Deepfake | AI safety, ML defenses, CLEVER score | Adversarial machine learning |
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Eumaeus/608
## Annotations

Then the decree nisi and the King's Proctor to show cause why and, he failing to quash it, nisi was made absolute On decree nisi and decree absolute see 310.24. The King's Proctor (or, in the O'Shea divorce case, Queen's Proctor) is the solicitor who represents the Crown in the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes. Among his powers is the right to show cause against a decree nisi, thus preventing it from becoming absolute.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Eumaeus/599
## Annotations

pro rata (Latin) in proportion; in accordance with a fair and proportionate calculation. This is another late Latin phrase which has become naturalized in the English language. The narrator of this episode (Bloom?) consistently italicizes such expressions.
Ubi patria ... vita bene (Latin) Where my country [is] ... life [is] well. Bloom is perhaps misremembering the Latin proverb: Ubi bene, ibi patria (Where [I am] happy, there [is my] homeland). Or he may be misremembering a quotation from Cicero's Tusculan Disputations: Patria est ubicumque est bene (My homeland is wherever I am happy). Cicero quotes this line from Teucer (fragment 291), a lost play by the Roman tragedian Marcus Pacuvius.
Alma Mater (Latin) Nourishing Mother. Since the 18th century the expression Alma Mater has been used in English to refer to one's school or university. Bloom's alma mater is the High School (069.13), as he never attended university (435.20 ff. and 635.15 ff.).

## References

* ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary.
* ↑ Gifford (1988) 550. Thornton (1968) 447.
* ↑ Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 5:37:108.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Eumaeus/607
## Annotations

sic (Latin) thus. In English, sic is used when quoting to indicate that an error has been reproduced verbatim from the original and is not a transcription error. Here the narrator (Bloom?) uses sic to make it clear that met him pike hoses is Molly's error for metempsychosis, not his.
# Artificial Intelligence/History

GOFAI, or Good Old Fashioned AI, views the brain as a machine for processing symbols. The focus was on the programmer to analyse a problem, break it down into its component parts, and write code that would perform each of the component parts. It heavily relied upon Search techniques, which search through the possible solutions to a problem until a satisfactory answer is found.
As time went on, it became clear that GOFAI had severe limitations. If the Branching Factor of a problem is too large for GOFAI to search through, the only answer is to use Heuristics to search the solution space more efficiently. But if a suitable heuristic is not known, then there GOFAI gets stuck.
GOFAI had the greatest difficulties solving the problems that humans find easiest. Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Robotics are areas in which GOFAI performs very badly.
New Wave AI uses methods borrowed from biology. It uses powerful Evolutionary Techniques such as Genetic Algorithms and Genetic Programming as well as the similarly powerful Neural Networks.
New Wave AI is still a relatively new field, and a lot of interesting work is still being done. Some of the more exciting developments include Chaotic Neural Networks, Gaseous Neural Networks and Situated Robotics.
# Artificial Intelligence/Boolean Intelligence

The human brain is an entity that obeys the laws of physics. The laws of physics are expressed in mathematical equations. Mathematical equations can be converted into computer programs which in turn are expressed as zeroes and ones. In theory therefore it is possible to build a general purpose neuron with Boolean circuits that could be grouped together to form an artificial brain.
# Artificial Intelligence/Chronology
## Artificial intelligence over the years

The field of artificial intelligence has growth over a period of more than sixty years and machines still can't emulate human thought processes. The table below shows some significant milestones that occurred along the way. Due to the nature of the book, detailed information about each interval might serve the pages of yet another book on the WikiBook shelf regarding the history of AI.
Table 1: Chronological history of Artificial Intelligence The information in this table is colour-coded with appropriate colour indicating the faction of Artificial Intelligence the event is related to. To know which color belongs to which please refer to the legend here:
* General events
* Neural Networks
* Heuristics Searching
| Year | Event/Milestone |
| 1943 | Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts propose the model of a neuron in a human and animal brain. |
| 1945 | George Pólya coins the term heuristics in his book about problem solving called "How to Solve It". |
| 1948 | Norbert Wiener introduces his feedback theory based on the works of McCulloch and Pitts, resulting in the creations of the field of Cybernetics. |
| 1949 | Donald Olding Hebb suggests creation of neural networks, network of artificial neurons that can think. |
| 1950 | Alan Turing publish Computing machinery and intelligence. It indroduced the concept of Turing test. It was also the origin of the thesis that cognition is computation (computationalism) |
| 1951 | Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds assemble the first ever neural network machine 300 vacuum tubes and a surplus auto-pilot from a B-24 bomber. |
| 1953 | Marvin Minsky invents and patents the first confocal scanning microscope, a device used to image interconnections of neurons in much greater detail than the Golgi staining process |
| 1956 | The Dartmouth Conference is organized by John McCarthy, at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire and attracts the first ever AI enthusiasts. Artificial Intelligence was formally recognized as a field of knowledge. George Miller writes an essay on short-term memory entitled "The Magical Number Seven..." Herbert Simon and Allen Newell create the first AI program called the Logic Theorist. |
| 1957 | Herbert Simon and Allen Newell came up with yet another program called the General Problem Solver to overcome the logical shortcomings of the Logic Theorists and to encapsulate within itself a universal problem solver. |
# Artificial Intelligence/Circuit encoded in Java
## Three bit neuron code :

Explanation will be provided shortly :
Regards
mindaslab@gmail.com
# Artificial Intelligence/How you can help

This is the local manual of style (WB:LMOS) for the Artificial Intelligence book.
It would be good to decide on some editing policy beforehand. I propose at least the following guidelines:
* single-slash flat namespace for subpages. In other words, Artificial Intelligence/Introduction to Neural Networks
* Code fragments in pseudocode. We could set up an appendix with example code in C/Lisp/Prolog, but basic code fragments in the chapters should be pseudocode.
Expression of Interest to Contribute in Artificial Intelligence WikiBooks
Dear All,
I would like to express my interest to contribute in the content of the Artificial Intelligence WikiBooks. I would also like to welcome Prof Lim, Dr Wong, etkhor, JeanneCMH and thank you for agreeing to contribute into this AI Wikibooks. We will try our best in contributing our knowledge and editing skills in this open content and fulfill global access to educational materials.
Thanks! Shchung (discuss • contribs) 02:39, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
# Artificial Intelligence/Index
## A-M

* active vision (active vision)
* branching factor (branching factor)
* chaotic neural networks
* computer vision (computer vision)
* dynamic recurrent neural networks (recurrent neural network)
* feed forward neural networks (feedforward neural network)
* evolutionary algorithm (evolutionary algorithm)
* gaseous neural networks (Gaseous Neural Networks)
* genetic algorithms (genetic algorithm)
* genetic programming (genetic programming)
* GOFAI, "good old-fashioned AI" (GOFAI, Approaches to AI)
* heuristics (Heuristics)

## N-Z

* multi-layer neural networks
* perceptrons (perceptron)
* situated robotics (situated robotics)
* Turing test (Turing test)
# Artificial Intelligence/Bayesian Decision Theory
## Bayesian Decision Theory
### Problem

Imagine you have been recruited by a supermarket to do a survey of types of customers entering into their supermarket to identify their preferences, like what kind of products they buy. Let us assume the supermarket is particularly interested in identifying the differences in buying habits between men and women. The plan is to assigned "male" or "female" at the billing counter using an automated system.

### Features

Based on existing research data you determine for the first run to test against these easily identifiable properties:
* Women are usually shorter than men
* Men usually have shorter hair than women
The first parameter is relatively easy to test against; the second is more difficult due to the problems in identifying hair reliably from an image. Therefore you begin your test using just the first criterion to determine how good the results are.

### Loopy Belief Propagation

One way that a Bayesian network could potentially “hallucinate,” or, more appropriately, have a delusion, is through a looping of probability. For example, if something looks vaguely like a toilet, then it might increase the probability of the scene being a bathroom. But the activation of the “bathroom” node might then increase the probability of “toilet.” Over time the probabilities could get high, resulting in belief confidence out of proportion to the true levels justified by sensory data and prior knowledge. This is called “loopy belief propagation,” The way to solve this is to allow information from node J to propagate to node K, except that information that K has already sent to J. This prevents these loops from happening, and this solution can be implemented using inhibition.Loopy belief propagation has actually been suggested as what is going on in delusional human patients.,
* ↑ Jardri, R. & Denève, S. (2013). Computational models of hallucinations. In R. Jardri, A. Cachia, P. Thomas, & P. Delphine (Eds.) The neuroscience of hallucinations. (pp. 289--313). New York, NY: Springer.
# Arithmetic Course/Variable
## Variable

Variable can be any letter from the Alphabet A - Z to represent a number . For example
If
    A = 2 ,
    B = 3
Then
    A + B = 5