OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Autodesk Inventor

The goal of this book is to create an open and freely editable manual and training guide for Autodesk Inventor.
Autodesk Inventor is a geometric modeling program that is used in Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) and is commonly used to teach students engineering principals in the PLTW curriculum.

## Basic Concepts

* Projects
* Sketching
* Part Creation
* Assembly Creation
* Drawing Creation
* Parameters

## Basic Editing
### Getting Started

* Creating parts and assemblies from scratch
* Editing parts and assemblies using the history tree

### Part Editing

* Sketch
* Extrude
* Revolve
* Sweep
* Loft
* Features
* Patterns
* Holes
* Chamfers
* Fillets

### Assembly Editing

* Placing Components
* Content Centre
* Constraints
* iMates
* Assembly-level features
* Weldments

### Drawing Editing

* Placing Views
* Creating new view types based on sketches
* annotating, detailing, BOMs, revisions

## Advanced Editing

Topics to be included:
* Derived parts and assemblies
* Presentation files
* 3D sketching
* Skeleton Modeling techniques
# Autodesk Inventor/Projects
## Projects

Inventor is capable of creating complex 3D assemblies. These assemblies are made by combining various part files that are either custom to that assembly, or that are shared across many different assemblies. This collection of files must be organized in such a way to make it easy for the designer to use. Inventor does this by creating what's called Projects.
A Project organizes your data by creating a Workspace which is a series of directories (folders) that all the custom parts and drawings are located for a given assembly. Some Workspace directories may be stored locally on the designer's computer, while others may be stored on a server allowing others to work on them at the same time.
Oftentimes there are many part files like fasteners or bearings that tend to be reused across many assemblies. These part files are stored in folders that are referred to as Libraries. Since Library parts are shared across many different Projects, they are not allowed to be edited.
Autodesk has been moving toward using a program called The Vault to store Inventor files. Inventor R12 (2008) no longer allows Projects to be multi user unless all the files are stored in The Vault. The Vault handles file management in a multi user environment better than Microsoft's NTFS file system, eliminating many issues that used to plague Inventor.
A good starting point for projects is the Autodesk Inventor Project Files Revisited document.
# Autodesk Inventor/Assembly Creation
## Assembly Creation

Assemblies are created by combining multiple Parts to form larger 3D model. The Parts can be either created previously or created 'on the fly' while editing an Assembly.
Parts used to create the Assembly model are attached to each other using Constraints. Constraints are 'rules' that the designer implements on the Assembly's Parts to dictate how they are positioned relative to each other. In some Assemblies, the designer may choose not to constrain a Part completely. This will allow one or more degree of freedom between Parts. This can be useful if the Assembly has moving parts like a hinge.
In more resent versions of Inventor (R12 and newer), Assemblies can be used in complex force simulations and analyses. An Assembly can used to simulate how it would react to gravity or other external forces.

## Types of Assemblies

Types of Assemblies:
* Standard Assemblies
* Weldments
Standard Assemblies are basic Assemblies. They are a collection of parts, constrained together to create a functioning group.
Weldments are Assemblies with additional capabilities and features. Weldments, as the name implies are used to model groups of parts when they get welded together. Extra modeling tools are used to create representations of various weld beads. But this the key advantage of Weldments is the ability to create multiple representations of an assembly through out its manufacturing life cycle.
This is an common issue when designing assemblies that require welding. When a manufacturer creates a welded assembly, the parts used to make up the assembly are oftentimes only in a semi-finished state prior to welding. They then get welded together before going through the final manufacturing to finish the assembly. This technique of welding semi-finished parts is often used to achieve a finished product that is of higher precession then whats generally achievable through welding alone. Since welding and the final finishing of the parts are often done by different tradesmen, some coordination must be done to do this efficiently. This is where the designer can use the Weldment Assembly to depict what needs to be done at each stage, eliminating any possibly of confusion.
Weldment Assemblies can be used any time an assembly of parts requires further manufacturing after assembly to produce a finished product.
# Autodesk Inventor/Sketching
## Sketching

Sketching is the process of creating a two dimensional line drawing of some features of the object to be rendered. They are used to assist the 3D Tools in the formation of the part model.
Before a Sketch can be created, a plane must be selected. Planes can be picked from one of the Cartesian planes (XY, XZ, or YZ planes), from a predefined user plane, or from an existing flat surface on the part model.
Sketch Tools are used to render image parameters.
# A-level Applied Science/Energy Transfer Systems
## About this Unit

From the AQA Specification:
   In this unit you will learn about:
   * the structure and function of the circulatory and respiratory systems including the processes involved in respiration;
   * some methods of taking physiological measurements related to the circulatory and respiratory systems, and the uses of these in monitoring health and for diagnosis of illness;
   * examples of imaging methods used in monitoring health and in diagnosis, the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods, and which are best suited to particular situations;
   * ethical issues relating to the monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of the circulatory and respiratory systems;
   * relating information from measurements or monitoring to what is happening in the organs and systems involved;
   * some applications of energy transfer both in the body and in wider contexts;
   * the meaning of the term efficiency, how to calculate the efficiency of a system and know that there is a fundamental limit to efficiency.

## How you will be assessed

In this unit you will be required to complete an external examination of 1½ hours duration. The examination will consist of a series of compulsory short answer questions and will be marked out of 80. The examination may also contain a comprehension exercise.
You will be assessed on your knowledge, understanding and skills relating to choosing and using materials.

## What you need to know

* The structure and function of the circulatory and respiratory systems
* How to find out about physiological status through monitoring
* How the body regulates and responds to temperature
* The process of respiration
* Ethical issues relating to the monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of the circulatory and respiratory systems
* Imaging methods used in monitoring and diagnosis
* Applications of energy transfer
# A-level Applied Science/Finding out about Substances
## About this Unit

From the AQA Specification:
   In this unit you will learn about:
   * how to take and prepare samples for analysis;
   * the use of standard procedures to ensure that the results of analysis can be replicated;
   * how to conduct qualitative analysis and a volumetric (quantitative) analysis;
   * how a chromatographic analysis and colorimetric analysis are conducted;
   * how to calculate a molar enthalpy change from experimentation and that energy changes take place during chemical reactions.

## How you will be assessed

This unit is assessed through the work you complete for your portfolio.
The marking criteria are found in the AQA specification.

## What you need to know

| Qualitative analysis | Volumetric analysis | Chromatography | Colorimetry | Heat of combustion |

## Scenario 1: Richmond Mine Water

"The Richmond Mine of the Iron Mountain copper deposit contains some of the most acid mine waters ever reported. Values of pH have been measured as low as −3.6, combined metal concentrations as high as 200 g/liter, and sulfate concentrations as high as 760 g/liter."
Molar concentrations of salts in Richmond Mine water sample.
| sample | 90WA103 |
| temp | 34.8 |
| pH | 0.48 |
| Iron(II) | 0.323 |
| Aluminium | 0.041 |
| Iron (III) | 0.020 |
| Magnesium | 0.034 |
| Zinc | 0.031 |
| Sulphate salts | 0.570 |
| Sulphuric acid | 0.659 |
In the investigations which follow, you will examine a sample of water with similar composition to confirm the acid concentration and the ions present. You will use qualitative analysis, titration, colorimetry, chromatography.

# References

* ↑ Nordstrom, DK and Alpers, CN (1999). "Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California" (96(7)). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.: 3455–3462. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Compositions of five extremely acid mine water samples from the Richmond Mine.
# A-level Applied Science/Energy Transfer Systems/Ethics

Ethical issues with ECGs: ECGs can be a very powerful diagnostic tool. However, they can occasionally yield misleading or false information. Taking drugs such as warfarin can prevent life threatening blood clots from forming, but overdose can result in fatal bleeding.
Doctors may occasionally decide it's inappropriate to diagnose and/or treat patients:
1. If it's against someone's religion or belief system,
2. If it's against a patients' wishes, or
3. If there's no benefit to the treatment, or if the side effects outweigh the benefits.
# A-level Applied Science/Energy Transfer Systems/Physiological Status Through Monitoring
## Monitoring Techniques

People who are interested in health and fitness monitor indicators of physiological status. They may do this before, during and after exercise to assess a persons current level of fitness and if their performance is changing.
In a hospital it may be necessary to monitor indicators such as blood pressure, body temperature or blood sugar level. This may be done to check a persons state of health, to check how they are recovering from an injury or operation, or to help follow the progress of a clinical condition.
You should be aware of how the following physiological indicators are measured:
* pulse rate and/or heartbeat;
* blood pressure (using a manual or an electronic digital sphygmomanometer);
* breathing rate;
* tidal volume and vital capacity of the lungs (using a simple spirometer, which can also be used to measure the rate of oxygen consumption);
* peak expiratory flow rate (using a peak flow meter).
You should know the average values for the indicators that are regarded as normal for male and female adults at rest, and be able to compare these normal values with real values. Normal values which will be used for comparison are:
Breathing:
* breathing rate 12 to15 breaths per min
* tidal volume 400 to 500 cm3
* vital capacity (male) 4.8 dm3
* vital capacity (female) 3.1 dm3
* peak flow 400 to 600 dm3 min−1
Blood pressure:
* 18-year-old male 120/80 mm Hg
* 20-year-old male 125/80 mm Hg
* 40-year-old male 135/85 mm Hg
Females usually have slightly lower blood pressure:
* 20-year-old female 123/80 mm Hg
* 40-year-old female 133/85 mm Hg
Pulse rate:
* typical range of pulse rate is 60 to 80 beats per minute
In a hospital, an electrocardiogram, spirometer and peak flow meter are used to monitor the activity of the heart and lungs. For each instrument you should be able to:
* recognise a normal trace, or the average value in the case of a peak flow meter, and describe what it shows;
* recognise traces for a normal heartbeat, sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation;
* describe what such traces show about the probable physiological status of people.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Databases/SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to perform function on a database. There are four main functions that you should be familiar with: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
To help us understand how these things work we are going to use a test data set. Databases are used in all areas of the computer industry, but for the moment we are going to use a dataset that keeps track of crooks in England, noting, names, gender, date of birth, towns and numbers of scars. Take a look at the crooks data table below:
| ID | name | gender | DoB | town | numScars |
| 1 | Geoff | male | 12/05/1982 | Hull | 0 |
| 2 | Jane | female | 05/08/1956 | York | 1 |
| 3 | Keith | male | 07/02/1999 | Snape | 6 |
| 4 | Oliver | male | 22/08/1976 | Blaxhall | 2 |
| 5 | Kelly | female | 11/11/1911 | East Ham | 10 |
| 6 | Marea | female | 14/07/1940 | Wythenshawe | 6 |
To select all the items from this table we can use:
This would display all the results. But what if we just want to display the names and number of scars of the female crooks?
The result of this query would be:
| name | numScars |
| Jane | 1 |
| Kelly | 10 |
| Marea | 6 |
* Questions
* Write an SQL statement that selects the names and dates of birth of male crooks with less than 3 scars.
* Answer:
* SELECT name, DoB FROM crooks
* WHERE gender = 'male'
* AND numScars < 3
* Extension: Practice SQL
* You can practice your SQL skills using Access, MySQL (as part of XAMPP), MSSQL, SQLite etc. If you don't have this software easily available you might want to take a look at the SQLZoo site, which allows you to hone your skills in an online environment where you don't have to worry about accidentally deleting all your records! For the exam and probably for your projects you need to be very good at SQL, so get practicing.
* AQA Teacher Resources: Database querying a database using SQL
* http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/subjects/AQA-2510-W-TRB-COMP3QDUSQL.PDF
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Operating Systems/Resource management

Being the most fundamental of all system programs, Operating Systems are trusted with the job of controlling and sorting through the hardware, and this includes all the main components of the computer. To ensure that there is little confusion, the OS programs managing the key resources are giving relatively simple names depending on the resource they manage:
| Key Resource | OS Program |
| Processors | Processor Scheduling |
| Storage | Memory management |
| I/O devices | I/O management |
| Data | File management |
Remember: Data is stored information, but Storage holds the information.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Problem Solving/BigO notation
## Timing

You can work out the time that an algorithm takes to run by timing it:
However, this isn't always suitable. What happens if you run some code on a 33 MHz processor, and some code on a 3.4 GHz processor. Timing a function tells you a lot about the speed of a computer and very little about the speed of an algorithm.

## Refining algorithms

optimised version
| Notation | Name | Example |
| $O(1)\,$ | constant | Determining if a number is even or odd; using a constant-size lookup table |
| $O(\log n)\,$ | logarithmic | Finding an item in a sorted array with a binary search or a balanced search tree as well as all operations in a Binomial heap. |
| $O(n)\,$ | linear | Finding an item in an unsorted list or a malformed tree (worst case) or in an unsorted array; Adding two n-bit integers by ripple carry. |
| $O(n\log n)=O(\log n!)\,$ | linearithmic, loglinear, or quasilinear | Performing a Fast Fourier transform; heapsort, quicksort (best and average case), or merge sort |
| $O(n^{2})\,$ | quadratic | Multiplying two n-digit numbers by a simple algorithm; bubble sort (worst case or naive implementation), Shell sort, quicksort (worst case), selection sort or insertion sort |
| $O(n^{c}),\;c>1$ | polynomial or algebraic | Tree-adjoining grammar parsing; maximum matching for bipartite graphs |
| $O(c^{n}),\;c>1$ | exponential | Finding the (exact) solution to the travelling salesman problem using dynamic programming; determining if two logical statements are equivalent using brute-force search |
| $O(n!)\,$ | factorial | Solving the travelling salesman problem via brute-force search; generating all unrestricted permutations of a poset; finding the determinant with expansion by minors. |
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Operating Systems/Provision of a virtual machine

The Virtual Machine is presented by the Operating System to the user, hiding all the complexities of the hardware behind layers of OS software. The final layers of the operating system are the user Interface and the Application programming interface, which calls on the services of the Operating System. Here are the layers of the OS which hide all complexities from the user, from the Hardware to the final layers of the User Interface and the API:
* Hardware
* Kernel - the bridge between the Hardware components and the Applications
* Device drivers
* Processor management
* Memory management
* File management
* I/O management
* User Interface/API

## Application Programming Interface

Not all machines should be expected to have exactly the same setup. The Application Programming Interface (API) makes it possible for the same piece of program to be used on different computers. It is the layer of the software that allows the application programs to call on the services of the OS.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Problem Solving/Reverse Polish notation

Reverse Polish notation is an alternative way of writing mathematical expressions.

## Infix expressions

You will already be familiar with infix expressions where the operator is between two operands. E.g. 4 + 5 where the numbers 4 and 5 are the operands and + is the operator. The operators you will need to be familiar with are + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division) and ↑(exponent).
When we write expressions in infix notation it can be confusing as to which operation should be performed first. For example, in the expression 4 + 5 * 6 we only know that the multiplication operation should be performed first because we have learnt the BIDMAS (or equivalent) rules. A computer does not automatically know this and would have to be programmed with the rules in order to carry out these operations correctly.

## Reverse Polish notation (RPN)

RPN is a way of getting round this and provides a way to write expressions without the need for brackets. This makes it much easier for a computer to evaluate the expressions. RPN places the operator after the operands it is to operate on. E.g. 54 + 20 would be written as 54 20 + in RPN.

## Examples

* Examples
* Q: Write the infix expression x + y in Reverse Polish notation
* A: x y +
* Q: Write the infix expression (x - y)*7 in RPN
* A: x y - 7 *
* Q: Write the RPN expression x 2 ↑ in infix form
* A: x$^2$
* Q: Write the RPN expression x y + x y - * in infix form
* A: (x + y)*(x - y)

## Practice Questions

* Exercise: Convert from infix to RPN
* Write the infix expression (x + y)/3 in RPN
* Answer:
* x y + 3 /
* Exercise: Convert from RPN to infix
* Write the RPN expression 6 x + 4 y + * as an infix expression
* Answer:
* (6 + x)*(4 + y)
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Definitions
## Real Numbers

A number which you can count to using your fingers and toes
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Operating Systems

* Specification link : Operating Systems
* Role of an Operating System
* Provision of a virtual machine
* Resource management
* Understand that the role of the operating system is to hide the complexities of the hardware from the user. In addition, it manages the hardware resources in order to provide for an orderly and controlled allocation of the processors, memories and I/O devices among the various processes competing for them.
* Role of the operating system
* Provision of a virtual machine
* Resource management
* Specification link : Operating System Classification
* Interactive
* Real time
* Network
* Device
* Embedded
* Desktop
* Server
* Define interactive, real time and network operating systems and explain their operational characteristics.
* Compare and contrast device operating systems (smartphone, PDA), embedded operating systems (car, aircraft), desktop operating systems, server operating systems.
# A-level Computing/AQA/Problem Solving, Programming, Operating Systems, Databases and Networking/Problem Solving/Finite State Machines

Finite State Machines in unit 3 are exactly alike as you have learnt from unit 1. They are just slightly more complex with a few more states. To recap your memory, visit the unit 1 page here.
# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Basic mouse pointer

| previous module: "Build a skybox" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Text in BGE" |

## Mouse Pointer

Making a simple mouse pointer in the game engine. This takes up a lot of resources but it is very simple.
A little Python is involved but it is very easy to use and is only 2 lines of code.
* Open up blender and split the screen in two.
* Make the right screen a text editor and add a new text file with ALT+N. Type in the following code. import Rasterizer as r r.showMouse(1)
* Set TX: showpointer in the middle of the Text panel menu bar.
* Select an object that will always be available - preferably a camera.
* Go to the logic tab, add a "Property" sensor, a "Python" controller, an "AND" controller and a "Property" actuator.
* Activate the True Level Triggering (the “‘ button), set Prop: switch and Value: 0. Connect the property sensor to the python and AND controllers by dragging lines between the bullets.
* For the python controller set Script: showpointer. Note: If the value keeps being reverted to blank after setting it, the name you entered is not a legal script name; chances are you did not set the name of your script correctly. Look for the selection menu beginning with "TX:" and make sure it says TX:showpointer.
* Now connect the AND controller to the property actuator. Set Prop: switch and Value: 1.
* Select Actor and click on Add Property make it a Int type and set Name:switch.
Now press P to start the game and now you`ll see your mouse pointer.
| previous module: "Build a skybox" | • Table of Contents • Glossary | next module: "Text in BGE" |