OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated acetone

Deuterated acetone ((CD$_3$)$_2$CO) is a form (called a isotopologues) of acetone (CH$_3$)$_2$CO in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated acetone is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated benzene

Deuterated benzene (C$_6$D$_6$), is a form (called an isotopologue) of benzene (C$_6$H$_6$)in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated benzene is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated THF

Deuterated tetrahydrofuran ((C$_4$D$_8$)O), is a form (called a isotopologues) of THF ((C$_4$H$_8$)O) in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated THF is a rarely used as a solvent in NMR spectroscopy due to its expense.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated chloroform

Deuterated chloroform (CDCl$_3$), is an isotopologue of chloroform (CHCl$_3$) in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with a deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated chloroform is the most common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Data Analysis
### Topics Covered

* Types of Errors
* Propagation of Errors
* Accuracy and Precision
* Least-Squares Analysis
* Average Standard Deviation
* Examples and Questions
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Deuterated DMF

Deuterated dimethylformamide ((CD$_3$)$_2$NCOD), is a form (called a isotopologues) of DMF ((CH$_3$)$_2$NCOH)in which the hydrogen atom ("H") is replaced with deuterium (heavy hydrogen) isotope ("D"). Deuterated DMF is a relatively uncommon solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.
# Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization

Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an atmospheric-pressure ionization technique for mass spectrometry. DAPPI enables direct analysis of solid samples without pretreatment and analysis of samples deposited on surfaces by means of a jet of hot solvent vapour and vacuum ultraviolet light. The hot jet thermally desorbs the sample from a surface and the vaporized sample is ionized by the vacuum ultraviolet light and consequently sampled into a mass spectrometer.

## Desorption and ionization mechanisms

The main desorption mechanism in DAPPI is thermal desorption due to rapid heating of the surface. Therefore DAPPI only works well for surfaces of low thermal conductivity. The ionization mechanism depends on the analyte and solvent used and for example the following analyte (M) ions may be formed: [M + H]$^+$, [M - H]$^-$, M$^{+•}$, M$^{-•}$.

## Applications

DAPPI has the potential to analyze both polar (e.g. verapamil) and nonpolar (e.g. anthracene) compounds. Performance of DAPPI has also been demonstrated on direct analysis of illicit drugs.

## References

* ↑ Haapala M, Pól J, Saarela V, Arvola V, Kotiaho T, Ketola RA, Franssila S, Kauppila TJ, Kostiainen R (2007). "Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization". Anal. Chem. 79 (20): 7867–7872. doi:10.1021/ac071152g.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Luosujärvi L, Arvola V, Haapala M, Pól J, Saarela V, Franssila S, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R, Kauppila TJ (2008). "Desorption and Ionization Mechanisms in Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization". Anal. Chem. 80 (19): 7460–7466. doi:10.1021/ac801186x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Kauppila TJ, Arvola V, Haapala M, Pól J, Aalberg L, Saarela V, Franssila S, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R (2008). "Direct analysis of illicit drugs by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization". Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22 (7): 979. doi:10.1002/rcm.3461.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
# Among Us/Running Games

If you plan to play Among Us with your friends, you need to know how to run games of Among Us. If you wish to host an online game, click the 'Online' button on the homescreen, then click the 'Create Game' button. After that, you can configure what region server you want (choose the one closest to you), and configure information like the map, number of Imposters, and maximum players. To host a local game, the process is similar; instead of clicking the 'Online' button, click the 'Local' button.
Once you create a game, you will join a lobby, where, if you use the laptop in the lobby, you can customize more things, like whether visual effects for tasks is enabled. Once enough people join the game, you can start it by pressing the triangle shaped Start button. After you do all this, you should have a game of Among Us!

## Kicking and Banning Players

What happens if someone is misbehaving in your game, perhaps saying or doing obscene things? Well, Among Us has tools to deal with those things. While in the lobby, you can kick a player by going into the chat and clicking on the boot. From there it should be obvious what to do, but if you do not know, you should click on their name, then click 'KICK.' This player can still rejoin, though. To kick them out permanently, click 'ban.'
# An Active Mind - Aerobic Exercise in the treatment of Depression, a FactSheet for Health Professionals.
## An Active Mind
### Exercise as a treatment for depression

(A Factsheet for Health Professionals)
BACKGROUND
Depression is a leading cause of disability adjusted life years in Australian adults. http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2010/pdf/chorep_summary_2010.pdf http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1370.0~2010~Chapter~Burden%20of%20disease%20(4.1.6.4)
There are many different interventions available to treat depression. They are often used in a combination to alleviate or manage depression levels. Some interventions include pharmacotherapy, counseling, exercise, relaxation and lifestyle modifications. Research has shown that individuals, whom participate in moderate intensity aerobic exercise frequently, are less likely to have severe depression (Missing reference) and that frequent aerobic exercise sessions can be as equally effective as pharmacotherapy in decreasing depression levels (Blumenthal, 2007).
AEROBIC EXERCISE as a treatment for mental health
Type: Aerobic exercise. Examples: • Cycling • Swimming • Jogging • Dancing • Walking
Intensity and Duration of Exercise Session: Heart rate (HR) kept between 60 – 80% of maxHR for at least 30 minutes of the session.
Age-Predicted Max HR can be worked out by the following equation: 220 – Age = Age-predicted maxHR
Frequency: Psychological benefits are reported from three to five exercise sessions per week. Interventions using five aerobic exercise sessions per week have shown the greatest improvement in depression scores. (Legrand and Heuze, 2007)
Exercise Setting - At Home, At the Gym, Exercising alone, Group fitness classes.
There is currently inconclusive evidence as to the benefits of exercise setting on depression scores. Research has not shown significant differences between exercising in a group or individual setting (Legrand and Heuze, 2007), or between exercising at home or in a supervised setting i.e. at gym (Blumenthal, 2007). Varying exercise settings to suit patients is advised to enhance participant participation.
Important considerations
Decreased participation rates may be observed in depressed individuals due to symptoms of their disease. Some common symptoms of depression include:
* Fatigue • Lack of energy • Hopelessness • Psychomotor retardation
It is important to assist individuals and monitor their depression levels throughout exercise programmes to make sure the workload is manageable and helpful in managing the client’s mental illness.
Monitoring fitness gains and exercise performance may provide positive feedback and encourage further participation. (Meyer & Broocks, 2000).
FURTHER READINGS/INFORMATION SOURCES For more comprehensive information on depression please visit the following sites: 1. http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/index.cfm 2. http://www.beyondblue.org.au/index.aspx?link_id=89
For more information on aerobic exercise and exercise please look at the following site: 1. http://www.beyondblue.org.au/index.aspx?link_id=89.586&tmp=FileDownload&fid=328
# An Awk Primer/A Note on Awk in Shell Scripts

Awk is an excellent tool for building UNIX/Linux shell scripts, but there are potential pitfalls. Say we have a scriptfile named "testscript", and it takes two filenames as parameters:
If we're executing Awk commands from a file, handling the two filenames isn't very difficult. We can initialize variables on the command line as follows:
The Awk program will use two variables, "f1" and "f2", that are initialized from the script command line variables "$1" and "$2".
Where this measure gets obnoxious is when we are specifying Awk commands directly, which is preferable if possible since it reduces the number of files needed to implement a script. The problem is that "$1" and "$2" have different meanings to the scriptfile and to Awk. To the scriptfile, they are command-line parameters, but to Awk they indicate text fields in the input.
The handling of these variables depends on how Awk print fields are defined—either enclosed in double-quotes (" ") or in single-quotes (' '). If we invoke Awk as follows:
—we won't get anything printed for the "$1" variable. If we instead use single-quotes to ensure that the scriptfile leaves the Awk positional variables alone, we can insert scriptfile variables by initializing them to variables on the command line:
This provides the first field in "myfile1" as the first parameter and the name of "myfile2" as the second parameter.
Remember that Awk is relatively slow and clumsy and should not be regarded as the default tool for all scriptfile jobs. We can use "cat" to append to files, "head" and "tail" to cut off a given number of lines of text from the front or back of a file, "grep" or "fgrep" to find lines in a particular file, and "sed" to do search-replaces on the stream in the file.
# Among Us/The Skeld

The Skeld is an iconic Among Us map. When someone thinks of Among Us, they'll probably think of the Skeld. In this chapter, some strategies that can help you win in this map (no matter what role you play) will be explored.ou

## Imposter Strategy

One of the most distinctive features of The Skeld is the variety of vents. Make good use of The Skeld's extensive network to make killing easy. Also, you can use sabotage to lead the crew away from bodies. Killing lone crewmates in obscure rooms, then cutting the lights can be a powerful combination.
# An Awk Primer
## Table of Contents
### A Guided Tour of Awk

* Awk Overview
* Awk Command-Line Examples
* Awk Program Example

### Awk Syntax

* Awk Invocation and Operation
* Search Patterns (1)
* Search Patterns (2)
* Numbers and Strings
* Variables
* Arrays
* Operations
* Standard Functions
* User-defined Functions
* Control Structures
* Output with print and printf
* A Digression: The sprintf Function
* Output Redirection and Pipes

### Awk Examples, NAWK & Awk Quick Reference

* Using Awk from the Command Line
* Awk Program Files
* A Note on Awk in Shell Scripts
* Nawk
* Awk Quick Reference Guide
* Revision History

## Resources and Licensing

* Resources
* Licensing
# An Awk Primer/A Digression: The sprintf Function

While "sprintf" is a string function, it was not discussed with the other string functions, since its syntax is virtually identical to that of "printf". In fact, "sprintf" acts in exactly the same way as "printf", except that "sprintf" assigns its output to a variable, not standard output. For example:
—yields:
# Ancient History/Egypt/Old Kingdom

The Old Kingdom began with the rise of the 5th dynasty. The Old Kingdom is marked by the construction of most of Egypt's pyramids, giving the first part of the Old Kingdom the name "tha age of pyramids." The architect Imhotep designed the first pyramid—the Step Pyramid—for Pharaoh Djoser at Saqqara. Larger than any building to have built before it, the Step Pyramid is not a true pyramid, but rather a series of platforms stacked on top of each other, with the smallest level at the top and the largest on the bottom. Djoser's successor Snefru constructed three pyramids at Dashur; the third pyramid—the pink Pyramid—became the first true pyramid to be completed. The greatest pyramids were constructed by the fourth dynasty at Giza. The Giza complex includes the Great Pyramid of Khufu and the Great Sphinx.
These large projects could be constructed due to the mobilization of the whole country to serve the order of the pharaohs. The Old Kingdom ended due to a combination of the rising power of priesthoods and nobility, and a dry period in which the Nile failed to flood annually for several years.
# Ancient History/Egypt/Pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt.
There are over 100 pyramids in Egypt. Most were built as tombs for the country's Pharaoh and his consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.
The earliest known Egyptian pyramid is the Pyramid of Djoser, which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and is generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.
The best known Egyptian pyramid are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo, especially the Great Pyramid (also called the Great Pyramid of Giza, Pyramid of Khufu or Pyramid of Cheops), it is the largest Egyptian pyramid and is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.
# Ancient History/Egypt/Pharaohs
## Pharaohs

Pharaohs were kings in ancient Egypt, considered by their subjects to be divine. The word "Pharaoh" literally means "great house". This term refers to both the royal household in which the king dwelled and also the veneration and wonder the people held for the position. They were the most important people in the country of Egypt. The Pharaoh's word was never questioned as he had supreme authority, represented by the crook and flail. Many gifts were given to him in his honor. It was common for a Pharaoh to marry his sibling to "preserve the divinity within the blood line." Yet at the same time the Pharaohs had multiple wives, so the heir did not always come from the sibling-wife.

## Early Dynastic

* Years 3100-2700 B.C.
* 1st to 2nd Dynasty

## Pharaohs in the Old Kingdom

* Khufu
* Khafra fff
* Menkaura
* Shepseskaf

## Pharaohs in the Middle Kingdom

* Years 2050-1800 B.C.
* 11th to 12th Dynasty

## Pharaohs in the New Kingdom

* Tutankamun
* Akhenaton

## Hellenistic Pharaohs

* Alexander The Great
* Ptolamys
# Ancient History/Egypt/Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt

The earliest era in Egyptian history is called the Predynastic period. The neolithic ended in Egypt around 4400 BCE with the appearance of the Amratian culture in Upper Egypt. The Amratians buried their dead in communal cemeteries in the desert, and showed signs of caring about the fate of the dead by such actions as covering the bodies with mats. In Lower Egypt, the Maadi culture developed around 4000 CE, about the same time that the Amratians underwent significant changes, evolving into or being replaced by the Gerzean culture. The Gerzeans continued to bury their dead in the desert, while the Maadi placed their dead in burial mounds. All three cultures produced distinctive pottery, which has helped Egyptologists to identify where and when each culture was active. Around 3200 BCE, a group from Upper Egypt came to dominate the whole country, which Egyptologists designate as Dynasty 0. The burial of the Dynasty 0 ruler King Scorpion shows signs of the formation of Pharaonic civilization. Tags that served as an inventory of King Scorpion's funerary goods are the earliest known example of a writing system.

## Early Dynastic Egypt

From records, the first pharaoh of the 1st Dynasty, and indeed the first pharaoh of a united Egypt, appears to be Narmer. Narmer is often associated with the pharaoh Menes (evidence of whom is more sparse in the archaeological record than that for Narmer), who is traditionally known as the first pharaoh of the 1st Dynasty (see the writings of Manetho). Though whether or not Narmer and Menes were indeed the same person or whether they were separate pharaohs is unknown. The largest piece of evidence for the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer, is found in the Narmer Palette.
# Ancient History/Gazetteer
## D

Dashur (wp), Egypt. Location of the Red Pyramid, and others constructed by Snefru.

## G

Giza (wp), Egypt. Location of the Great Pyramid and the Great Sphinx.

## S

Saqqara (wp), Egypt. Location of the Step Pyramid.
# Ancient History/Greece/Greek Boats

Greek boats had two or three sails depending on the size of the craft. These boats were made out of large pieces of hard wood; these boats were large for the time but only could carry 100 – 150 kg of stone used to make statues. The usual items carried on the boats were construction supplies to build houses, war supplies such as iron, bronze, etc. the Greeks also carried lots of food, the most items they would trade were almonds,. Other objects they would carry were fish, olives, barley and other substances they would carry the substances over water by putting them in urns and putting a wax seal food.
There was a special road called the “Diolkos” it was a special road because it connected two seas so people would be able to travel to the other seas without getting a different boat, the length of this road was 175 km an anonymous writer said that after it was built it started to turn green because of the seaweed and barnacles laying on it because no one would clean it. This road started at one sea and ended at the other. What would happen was they would put this boat on a trailer pulled by three oxen they would then pull it across to the other sea.
To transport objects and themselves on land they would use wooden carts to pull themselves around the city or even their village. Now to pull the carts they would use animals, it was much easier to use pack animals because they would only have to control one for the others to follow. These animals could pull up to 100 kg. With the larger animals like oxen and cattle they could carry up to 500 kg. To build roads, not that they usually did because they thought it would be easier for their enemies to invade the area they would use stone or dirt to pave the area, the city would only do this if the area was based on trade. The fact was the poor people walked while the rich people used carts.
Transportation was a very important thing in ancient Greece. The people based their whole civilization on boat transportation.
# Ancient History/Egypt/New Kingdom

The New Kingdom period of Egyptian history commenced with the uprising of Pharaoh Ahmose, who used the Hyksos technologies of chariots, horses and iron against the outside invaders, and re-conquered Lower Egypt. The New Kingdom's pharaohs were powerful compared with their authority in the Middle Kingdom, but still had to balance their wills against both priesthoods and nobility. A rising middle class also appeared in Egypt, and the idea of a universal afterlife (and acceptance of mummification for all social classes) took hold throughout the country. No pyramids were constructed during this age, since the nobles and the temples had building projects of their own which competed with royal building. However, the rock-cut tombs of the Valley of the Kings date to this period, including the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Religious controversy also shattered the internal peace of Egypt several times, most notably during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten, who attempted to institute monotheism upon his subjects.
# Ancient History/Glossary
## C

Carbon Dating noun—a chemical process which can determine the approximate age of any organic material with an age between 500 years and 150,000 years.

## D

Dictator noun—title of the emergency leader of Rome during the Republic.
Dictator perpetuus noun—title of the dictators when the office was awarded for life.
Domesticated noun/adj—a species tamed and bred to benefit human life and culture.

## F

French Indochina noun—Western name for the colonial holdings of France on mainland Southeast Asia - present-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

## G

Grave Goods noun—objects of at least nominal value buried with a dead person.

## H

Harappa noun—Site of one of the great cities of the Indus valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation (in modern Pakistan), and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials, such as metals and precious stones, from Afghanistan and Iran.

## I

Indigenous adjective—original or native to a country or region.
Inundation noun: The annual recurrence of the flooding of the Nile, beginning in July and ending in November.

## L

Latifundia noun: a large estate farm in Italy run by slave labor, common in the late Roman Republic and Imperial eras.
Liliuokalani noun—Hawaiian queen from 1891-1895.

## M

Meiji Restoration -- noun—In Japan, the reign of emperor Meiji from 1868 to 1912 which was marked by rapid modernization and industrialization.
Mestizo -- noun, adj—A person of mixed Native-European blood in many Latin American cultures.
Mohenjo-Daro noun—Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale of construction at Mohenjo-Daro, the orderly grid of streets, and the standardization of building materials are evidence of central planning.
Mongkut -- noun—King of Siam who ruled from 1851 to 1868.
Mummy -- noun—A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife. In ancient Egypt the bodies of people who could afford mummification underwent a complex process of removing organs, filling body cavities, dehydrating the corpse with natron, and then wrapping the body with linen bandages and enclosing it in a wooden sarcophagus.

## P

Papyrus noun—A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paper-like writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.
Prehistory noun—the period of human activity on Earth before the invention of writing.

## S

Shaman noun—A spiritual leader in some tribal cultures, part-magician, part-doctor, part-lorekeeper.
Spanish-American War -- noun—conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898 over Cuban independence.

## Z

Zaibatsu noun—Since the late 1800s, powerful banking and industrial families in Japan.
# Annotations to James Joyce's Ulysses/Ithaca/633
## Annotations

vice versa (Latin) the order having been reversed (i.e. from the Phœnix Park to the city).

## References

* ↑ Wiktionary.