OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Human names/Daniel

The name Daniel is a masculine name in the English language. The name is derived from the Hebrew name דָּנִיֵּאל (Daniyyel) meaning "God is my judge", from the Hebrew root words דִּין (din) meaning "to judge" and אֵל ('el) meaning "God". The name is associated with two Biblical figures, primary among them Daniel and the Book of Daniel which was named for him.
Due to the popularity of the biblical character, the name came into use in England during the Middle Ages. Its popularity dwindled in the 15th century but was revived following the Protestant Reformation, and it has been wildly popular ever since.
In the United States, "Daniel" is one of 13 names to have been within the US Top 100 in every year since records began in 1880, the others being Andrew, Charles, David, Elizabeth, James, Human name/John, Joseph, Michael, Robert, Samuel, Thomas, and Human names/William. Twelve of the thirteen names are masculine, with Elizabeth being the only feminine name to have never missed the top 100.
At the height of its usage, in 1985, "Daniel" was number 5 on the chart for boys, and it was given to 38,552 boys that year, accounting for 2.003% of that year's male births. The name remains a classic, timeless favorite even in the present time, ranking number 14 in 2020, given to 9,419 boys during that year for a relative density of 0.514% of that year's male births, and this name will likely remain very popular for decades to come.

## Famous people

* Daniel Adair, Canadian drummer
* Daniel Agger, Danish international footballer, formerly of Liverpool
* Daniel Ahn (a.k.a. Niel), South Korean singer-songwriter, actor and member of boy group Teen Top
* Daniel Alfredsson, Swedish retired hockey player
* Daniel Alvarado (1949–2020), Venezuelan actor
* Daniel Alves, Brazilian international footballer, currently playing for Paris Saint-Germain
* Daniel Andersson, Swedish association football player
* Daniel Andrews, 48th Premier of Victoria, Australia.
* Daniel Anthony, British actor
* Daniel Aranzubia, Spanish association football player
* Daniel arap Moi, (1924–2020), 2nd President of Kenya
* Daniel Armand Lee (a.k.a. Tablo), Korean-Canadian hip hop artist, songwriter, lyricist and member of Epik High
* Daniel Bailey, sprinter from Antigua and Barbuda
* Daniel Boone (B. Nov. 2, 1734 - D. Sep. 26, 1820), American Pioneer, Frontiersman, Revolutionary Soldier, Statesman, Founder of Boonesboro, KY
* Daniel "Cloud" Campos (born 1983), American dancer
* Daniel Carlson (born 1995), American football player
* Daniel Carriço, Portuguese association football player
* Daniel Clifford, English chef
* Daniel Powter, Canadian singer
* Daniel Roullier (born 1936/1937), French billionaire businessman
* Daniel Sackey (born 1994), Canadian basketball player
* Daniel Samohin (born 1998), Israeli Olympic figure skater
* Daniel Schlereth, baseball pitcher
* Daniel Sharman, English actor
* Daniel Webster (1782–1852), American lawyer and statesman who represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts, U.S. Secretary of State for U.S. president John Tyler
* Daniel Vasella (born 1953), Swiss businessman
* Daniel Zovatto (born 1991), American actor
# Human names/William

The name William is a male given name of Germanic origin. It has been in popular use since the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and remains very popular even today. It is derived from the Germanic name Willahelm meaning "will helmet", composed of the elements wil ("will, desire") and helm ("helmet, protection"). The name "William" has many diminutive forms, including "Will", "Willy", "Willie", "Billy", and "Billie".
The name "William" has been a very popular name in multiple countries, including the United States, Canada, Scotland, Sweden, and France. In the United States, "William" was in the top 20 names for boys in every year since records began in 1880. It has been in the top five in every year from 1880 to 1949, inclusive, spending 41 of those 70 years (1880–1920) at number two. In 1880, the name was given to 9532 baby boys, accounting for 8.05% of that year's male births. In 1947, the name was given to 66,992 baby boys, accounting for 3.61% of that year's male birth count. The name briefly fell out of the top 10 for three decades, from 1976 to 2005, with the exceptions of 2001 and 2004, before returning to the top ten, and by 2009, the top five as well. It has been back in the top five since 2009. It was number five in 2020, and it was given to 12,541 baby boys that year, accounting for 0.685% of that year's male births. The year 2020 was the twelfth consecutive year that "William" ranked within the top five names for boys. Meanwhile, the related name "Liam" was the number one name for boys in 2020.

## Famous people

* William I of England (1027–1087), a.k.a. William the Conqueror or William the Bastard
* William II of England (1056–1100), a.k.a. William Rufus
* William I of Scotland (c. 1142–1214), a.k.a. William the Lion
* William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146/7-1219), Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman
* William IX, Count of Poitiers (1153–1156), first son of Henry II of England
* William III of England (1650–1702), also William II of Scotland, a.k.a. William of Orange
* William IV of the United Kingdom (1765–1837), King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover
* Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (born 1982), formerly Prince William of Wales, son of Charles, Prince of Wales
* William Shakespeare (1564–1616), English playwright, poet and actor, known for plays such as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Macbeth
* William Clinton (born 1946), 42nd president of the United States, better known by the name "Bill Clinton"
* William Cooper (1943–2001), American writer, radio host, and political activist
* William Crosfield (1838–1909), British politician
* William Faulkner (1897–1962), American writer
* William Villeger (born 2000), French badminton player
* William Phipps (1922-2018), American actor and singer, best known for performing the voice of Prince Charming from Disney’s Cinderella
# Hungarian/Common phrases
## Hungarian (Finno-Ugric)

Note: gy (ɟ) is pronounced like in would you; ny (ɲ) like in can you; ö and ő (ø) like in fur; a (ɒ) like in hot; s (ʃ) like in ship; sz (s) like in sun; j (j) like in yes; cs (ʧ) like in chip; é (e) like in eight. The stress is always on the first syllable of the word, although secondary stressing is possible in compound words
| Translation | Phrase | IPA | Pronunciation | Remarks |
| Hungarian | magyar | /ˈmɒɟɒr/ | ('MA-dyar) |
| hello | Jó napot kívánok | /ˈjoː nɒpot ˈkivaːnok/ | ('JOH nup-ot 'KEEH-vaa-nock) | literally "I wish you a good day" |
| | szia | /ˈsiɒ/ | ('SEE-ya) | common amongst friends (not deriving from the English “Seeya”, but from latin "servus") |
| good-bye | viszontlátásra | /ˈvisontˌlaːtaːʃrɒ/ | ('VE-sont-LAAH-taash-ro) | literally "to see you again" |
| please | legyen szíves | /ˈlɛɟɛn ˈsivɛʃ/ | ('LEH-dyen 'SEE-vesh) | literally “Be hearty” (only used for asking small favours e.g. from strangers on bus/train) |
| please | kérem... | /ˈkeːrɛk/ | (KAY-rhem) | it can be used everytime in English you use "please" |
| I’d like... | kérek... | /ˈkeːrɛk/ | (KAY-reck) |
| thank you | köszönöm | /ˈkøsønøm/ | ('KEHR-ser-nerm) |
| that one | az | /ɒz/ | (OZ) |
| how much? | mennyi? | /ˈmɛɲːi/ | ('MEh-nyi) |
| How much does it cost? | Mennyibe kerül? | /?/ | ('MEh-nyibhe kheruyl) |
| yes | igen | /ˈigɛn/ | ('EE-ghen) |
| no | nem | /nɛm/ | (NEM) |
| sorry | bocsánat | /ˈboʧaːnɒt/ | ('BOH-chaa-not) |
| I don’t understand | nem értem | /ˈnɛm eːr'tɛm/ | (NEM ayr-tem) |
| I don’t remember | nem emlékszem | | (NEM EM-lake-sem) |
| where's the bathroom? | Hol van a mosdó? | /ˈhol vɒn ɒ 'moʃdoː/ | ('HOLE von o MOSH-doh) |
| generic toast | egészségedre | /ˈɛgeːʃːeːgɛdrɛ/ | ('EH-gay-shay-ged-re) | literally “to your health” (also used as "bless you"/"Gesundheit" after sneezing) |
| Do you speak English? | Beszél angolul? | /ˈbɛseːl ˈɒŋgolul/ | ('BEH-sayl 'ON-goh-lool) |
# Calculating electric power

We've seen the formula for determining the power in an electric circuit: by multiplying the voltage in "volts" by the current in "amps" we arrive at an answer in "watts." Let's apply this to a circuit example:
Fhsst electricity43.png
In the above circuit, we know we have a battery voltage of 18 volts and a lamp resistance of 3 $\Omega$. Using Ohm's Law to determine current, we get:
$I={\frac {E}{R}}={\frac {18V}{3\Omega }}=6A$
Now that we know the current, we can take that value and multiply it by the voltage to determine power:
$P=I\ E=(6A)(18V)=108W$
Answer: the lamp is dissipating (releasing) 108 watts of power, most likely in the form of both light and heat.
Let's try taking that same circuit and increasing the battery voltage to see what happens. Intuition should tell us that the circuit current will increase as the voltage increases and the lamp resistance stays the same. Likewise, the power will increase as well:
Fhsst electricity44.png
Now, the battery voltage is 36 volts instead of 18 volts. The lamp is still providing 3 $\Omega$ of electrical resistance to the flow of electrons. The current is now:
$I={\frac {E}{R}}={\frac {36V}{3\Omega }}=12A$
This stands to reason: if $I={\frac {E}{R}}$, and we double E while R stays the same, the current should double. Indeed, it has: we now have 12 amps of current instead of 6. Now, what about power?
$P=I\ E=(12A)(36V)=432W$
Notice that the power has increased just as we might have suspected, but it increased quite a bit more than the current. Why is this? Because power is a function of voltage multiplied by current, and both voltage and current doubled from their previous values, the power will increase by a factor of 2 x 2, or 4. You can check this by dividing 432 watts by 108 watts and seeing that the ratio between them is indeed 4.
Using algebra again to manipulate the formulae, we can take our original power formula and modify it for applications where we don't know both voltage and resistance:
If we only know voltage (E) and resistance (R):
| If | $I={\frac {E}{R}}$ | and | $P=IE$ |
| then $P={\frac {E}{R}}E$ | or | $P={\frac {E^{2}}{R}}$ |
If we only know current (I) and resistance (R):
Fhsst electricity45.png
   * An historical note: It was James Prescott Joule, not Georg Simon Ohm, who first discovered the mathematical relationship between power dissipation and current through a resistance. This discovery, published in 1841, followed the form of the last equation ($P=I^{2}R$),
   * and is properly known as Joule's Law. However, these power equations are so commonly associated with the Ohm's Law equations relating voltage, current, and resistance ($E=IR$, $I={\frac {E}{R}}$ and $R={\frac {E}{I}}$) that they are frequently credited to Ohm.
# Conductor Size

It should be common-sense knowledge that liquids flow through large-diameter pipes easier than they do through small-diameter pipes (if you would like a practical illustration, try drinking a liquid through straws of different diameters). The same general principle holds for the flow of electrons through conductors: the broader the cross-sectional area (thickness) of the conductor, the more room for electrons to flow, and consequently, the easier it is for flow to occur (less resistance).
Electrical wire is usually round in cross-section (although there are some unique exceptions to this rule), and comes in two basic varieties: solid and stranded. Solid copper wire is just as it sounds: a single, solid strand of copper the whole length of the wire. Stranded wire is composed of smaller strands of solid copper wire twisted together to form a single, larger conductor. The greatest benefit of stranded wire is its mechanical flexibility, being able to withstand repeated bending and twisting much better than solid copper (which tends to fatigue and break after time).
# Fuses

Normally, the ampacity rating of a conductor is a circuit design limit never to be intentionally exceeded, but there is an application where ampacity exceedence is expected: in the case of fuses.
A fuse is nothing more than a short length of wire designed to melt and separate in the event of excessive current. Fuses are always connected in series with the component(s) to be protected from overcurrent, so that when the fuse blows (opens) it will open the entire circuit and stop current through the component(s). A fuse connected in one branch of a parallel circuit, of course, would not affect current through any of the other branches.
Normally, the thin piece of fuse wire is contained within a safety sheath to minimize hazards of arc blast if the wire burns open with violent force, as can happen in the case of severe overcurrents. In the case of small automotive fuses, the sheath is transparent so that the fusible element can be visually inspected. Residential wiring used to commonly employ screw-in fuses with glass bodies and a thin, narrow metal foil strip in the middle.
# Electricity

   * Warning: We believe in experimenting and learning about physics at every opportunity, BUT playing with electricity can be EXTREMELY DANGEROUS! Do not try to build home made circuits without someone who knows if what you are doing is safe. Normal electrical outlets are dangerous. Treat electricity with respect in your everyday life.
   * You will encounter electricity every day for the rest of your life and to make sure you are able to make wise decisions we have included an entire chapter on electrical safety. Please read it - not only will it make you safer but it will show the applications of many of the ideas you will learn in this chapter.
# Circuits

In order for the Source-and-Destination scheme to work, both would have to have a huge reservoir of electrons in order to sustain a continuous flow! Using the marble-and-tube analogy, the marble source and marble destination buckets would have to be large reservoirs to contain enough marble capacity for a "flow" of marbles to be sustained.
The answer to this paradox is found in the concept of a circuit: a never-ending looped pathway for electrons. If we take a wire, or many wires joined end-to-end, and loop it around so that it forms a continuous pathway ( a circle), we have the means to support a uniform flow of electrons without having to resort to huge reservoirs.
Each electron advancing clockwise in this circuit pushes on the one in front of it, which pushes on the one in front of it, and so on, and so on, just like a hula-hoop filled with marbles. Now, we have the capability of supporting a continuous flow of electrons indefinitely without the need for reservoirs. All we need to maintain this flow is a continuous means of motivation for those electrons, which we'll address in the next section of this chapter.
It must be realized that continuity is just as important in a circuit as it is in a straight piece of wire. Just as in the example with the straight piece of wire between the electron Source and Destination, any break in this circuit will prevent electrons from flowing through it
An important principle to realize here is that it doesn't matter where the break occurs. Any discontinuity in the circuit will prevent electron flow throughout the entire circuit.
A combination of batteries and conductors with other components is called an electric circuit or circuit. The word circuit implies that you return to your starting point and this is an important property of electric circuits. They must contain a closed loop before charge can flow.
The simplest possible circuit is a battery with a single conductor. Now how do we form a closed loop with these two components? The battery has two terminals (connection points). One is called the positive terminal and one the negative. When we describe charge flowing we consider charges moving from the positive terminal of the battery around the conductor and back into the battery at the negative terminal. As much charge flows out of the positive terminal as flows into the negative terminal so there is no build up of charge in the battery. The battery does work on the charges causing them to move round the circuit.
Now I keep talking about batteries and circuits but we need to draw these things to help keep the ideas clear in our minds. To do this we need to agree on how to draw things so that other people can understand what we are doing. We need a convention.

## Further reading

* Electronics
* Circuit Theory
# An analogy for Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law also make intuitive sense if you apply it to the water-and-pipe analogy. If we have a water pump that exerts pressure (voltage) to push water around a "circuit" (current) through a restriction (resistance), we can model how the three variables interrelate. If the resistance to water flow stays the same and the pump pressure increases, the flow rate must also increase.
If the pressure stays the same and the resistance increases (making it more difficult for the water to flow), then the flow rate must decrease.
If the flow rate were to stay the same while the resistance to flow decreased, the required pressure from the pump would necessarily decrease.
As odd as it may seem, the actual mathematical relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance is actually more complex for fluids like water than it is for electrons. If you pursue further studies in physics, you will discover this for yourself. Thankfully for the electronics student, the mathematics of Ohm's Law is very straightforward and simple.
# Nonlinear conduction

   "Advances are made by answering questions. Discoveries are made by questioning answers."
   Bernhard Haisch, Astrophysicist
Ohm's Law is a simple and powerful mathematical tool for helping us analyze electric circuits, but it has limitations, and we must understand these limitations in order to properly apply it to real circuits. For most conductors, resistance is a rather stable property, largely unaffected by voltage or current. For this reason, we can regard the resistance of most circuit components as a constant, with voltage and current being inversely related to each other.
For instance, our previous circuit example with the 3 $\Omega$ lamp, we calculated current through the circuit by dividing voltage by resistance (I = E/R). With an 18 volt battery, our circuit current was 6 amperes. Doubling the battery voltage to 36 volts resulted in a doubled current of 12 amperes. All of this makes sense, of course, so long as the lamp continues to provide exactly the same amount of friction (resistance) to the flow of electrons through it: 3 Ω.
Fhsst electricity50.png
However, reality is not always this simple. One of the phenomena we need to mention is of conductor resistance changing with temperature. In an incandescent lamp (the kind employing the principle of electric current heating a thin filament of wire to the point that it glows white-hot), the resistance of the filament wire will increase dramatically as it warms from room temperature to operating temperature. If we were to increase the supply voltage in a real lamp circuit, the resulting increase in current would cause the filament to increase temperature, which would in turn increase its resistance, thus preventing further increases in current without further increases in battery voltage. Consequently, voltage and current do not follow the simple equation $I={\frac {E}{R}}$ (with R assumed to be equal to 3 $\Omega$) because an incandescent lamp's filament resistance does not remain stable for different currents.
The phenomenon of resistance changing with variations in temperature is one shared by almost all metals, of which most wires are made. For most applications, these changes in resistance are small enough to be ignored. In the application of metal lamp filaments, the change happens to be quite large.
A more realistic analysis of a lamp circuit, however, over several different values of battery voltage would generate a plot of this shape:
Fhsst electricity51.png
The plot is no longer a straight line. It rises sharply on the left, as voltage increases from zero to a low level. As it progresses to the right we see the line flattening out, the circuit requiring greater and greater increases in voltage to achieve equal increases in current.
If we try to apply Ohm's Law to find the resistance of this lamp circuit with the voltage and current values plotted above, we arrive at several different values. We could say that the resistance here is nonlinear, increasing with increasing current and voltage. The nonlinearity is caused by the effects of high temperature on the metal wire of the lamp filament.
# Field Guide/Mammals/Plains Pocket Mouse

* 1 2 Linzey, A.V.; Timm, R.; Alvarez-Castaneda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2008), Perognathus Flavescens, retrieved (September 25, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Spencer, Victoria (1997), Perognathus Flavescens, plains pocket mouse, retrieved (October 4, 2012) {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
# Field Guide/Mammals/Prairie Vole
## References

* ↑ Hazard, E.B. (1982), The mammals of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press
* 1 2 3 http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/microchr.htm, retrieved October 13, 2012 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
* 1 2 Stalling, D.T. (1999), Microtus ochrogaster, pp. 1–9
* 1 2 3 Linzey, A.V. (2008), Microtus ochrogaster IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved October 14, 2012
* ↑ Kettlewell, J. (2004), 'Fidelity gene' found in voles, retrieved October 14, 2012
* ↑ Young, L. (2004), "Reward mechanism involved in addiction likely regulates pair bonds between monogamous animals", Emory University Health Sciences Center, retrieved October 14, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/River Otter
## References

* 1 2 Melquist, W.E.; Polechla, P.J.J.; Toweill, D. (2003), G.A. Feldhammer; B.C. Thompson; J.A.Chapman (eds.), "River Otter (Lontra canadensis)", Wild Animals of the North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation (2 ed.), Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 708–734
* 1 2 Larivière, S.; Walton, L. R. (1998), C. E. Rebar; V. Haysen; K. F. Koopman; E. Anderson; B. H. Blake (eds.), Lontra canadensis, vol. 587, pp. 1–8), retrieved October 4, 2012 {{citation}}: Text "publication Mammalian Species" ignored (help)
* ↑ Ellis, E. (2003), Lontra canadensis, Animal Diversity Web., retrieved September 23, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Snowshoe Hare
## References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2012), Lepus americanus
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shefferly, N. (2007), Lepus americanus
* ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2012), Lepus americanus
* ↑ Ruland, C. (2012), Lepus americanus
# Field Guide/Mammals/Silver-haired Bat

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kunz, Thomas H. (1982), "Lasionnycteris Notivagans", Mammalian Species, no. 172, pp. 1–5, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Arroyo Cabrales, J.; Miller, B.; Reid, F.; Cuaron, A.D.; de Grammont (2008), "Lasionnycteris Notivagans", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, retrieved September 23, 2012
* ↑ "Lasionycteris Noctivagans", Bat Conservation International, 2012, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Smith, Josh (2004), Silver-Haired Bats {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
# Field Guide/Mammals/Pronghorn

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Krejci, Kandace; Dewey, Tanya (2009), "Antilocapra americana", Animal Diversity Web, retrieved October 11, 2012
* ↑ O'Gara, Bart (1978), "Antilocapra americana", Mammalian Species, no. 90, pp. 1–7, retrieved October 4, 2012
* ↑ O’Sullivan, Tess (2009), New Long Distance Migration Route for Pronghorn Found in Idaho by WCS and Lava Lake Institute, retrieved October 11, 2012
# Field Guide/Mammals/Pygmy Shrew

* 1 2 3 Montana Field Guide, Pygmy shrew: sorex hoyi, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Long, Charles A. (1974), "Microsorex hoyi and microsorex thompsoni", Mammalian Species, vol. 33, pp. 1–4
* 1 2 3 University of Michigan, Pygmy shrew, retrieved September 23, 2012
* 1 2 Saunders, D.A. (1988), Pygmy Shrew, retrieved September 23, 2012