OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# OpenSSL/EC GFp simple method

The Elliptic Curve library provides a number of different implementations through a single common interface. When constructing a curve using EC_GROUP_new (see EC_GROUP_new) an implementation method must be provided. The functions described here all return a const pointer to an EC_METHOD structure that can be passed to EC_GROUP_NEW. It is important that the correct implementation type for the form of curve selected is used.
For F2^m curves there is only one implementation choice, i.e. EC_GF2_simple_method.
For Fp curves the lowest common denominator implementation is the EC_GFp_simple_method implementation. All other implementations are based on this one. EC_GFp_mont_method builds on EC_GFp_simple_method but adds the use of montgomery multiplication (refer to Bignum). EC_GFp_nist_method offers an implementation optimised for use with NIST recommended curves (NIST curves are available through EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name as described in EC_GROUP_new).
The functions EC_GFp_nistp224_method, EC_GFp_nistp256_method and EC_GFp_nistp521_method offer 64 bit optimised implementations for the NIST P224, P256 and P521 curves respectively. Note, however, that these implementations are not available on all platforms.
EC_METHOD_get_field_type identifies what type of field the EC_METHOD structure supports, which will be either F2^m or Fp. If the field type is Fp then the value NID_X9_62_prime_field is returned. If the field type is F2^m then the value NID_X9_62_characteristic_two_field is returned. These values are defined in the obj_mac.h header file.

## Return Values

All EC_GFp* functions and EC_GF2m_simple_method always return a const pointer to an EC_METHOD structure.
EC_METHOD_get_field_type returns an integer that identifies the type of field the EC_METHOD structure supports.
# Pinyin/Space

See also

## Noun

* a space is an area in which things exist.
** kongjian shih shihwuh curnzaih d quyuh.
* the Space is the area outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
** Taihkong shih Dihqiur dahqihcerng yiiwaih d quyuh.
# Pinyin/Speak

See also
# Pinyin/Southern Ocean

Search Southern Ocean
Search ocean
The Southern Ocean (also called Antarctic Ocean) is the ocean around Antarctica. It is a new geography term officially created in 2000. It means the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean around the continent of Antarctica out to 60 degrees south latitude.
Narnbing Yarng (yee jiaohzuoh Narnjir Yarng) shih weirraoh Narnjir Zhou d haaiyarng, 2000 niarn zhehngshih chuahngzaoh d dihlii shuhyuu. ta shih weirraoh Narnjir Zhou, narnweei 60 duh yiineih d Dahxi Yarng, Taihpirng Yarng her India Yarng d shuiiyuh.
The area of Southern Ocean is 20,327,000km², and the coastline length is 17,968km.
Narnbing Yarng miahnji 2032'7000km², haai`ahnxiahn 1'7968km.
# Pinyin/Sovereignty

See also
# Pinyin/Soya Milk

Search Pinyin soya
Search Pinyin milk
# Pinyin/Speaking

Speaking is the act of oral expression.
shuohuah shih kooutour biaaodar d xirngweir.
# Pinyin/Southwest

See also
# Operating System Design/Concurrent

Concurrency encompasses a host of design issues, including communication among processes, sharing and competing for resources (such as memory, files, and I/O access), synchronization of the activities of multiple processes, and allocation of processor time to processes. If more than one thread exists in system at once, these threads can execute independently or in cooperation.
The problems with concurrent execution can be expressed as follows:
* Concurrent processes (or threads) often need access to shared data and shared resources.
* If there is no controlled access to shared data, it is possible to end up with an inconsistent view of this data.
* Maintaining data consistency requires mechanisms to ensure the orderly execution of cooperating processes.
* Race conditions may arise due to different order of the relative execution of various programs.
# Operating System Design/Contents
## Contents

* Preface
* Introduction
* Case studies
* History
* Authors
* Glossary
* Kernel Architecture
** Monolithic Kernel
*** Solaris
*** Linux
*** Windows 9x
** Microkernel
*** GNU Hurd
*** MINIX 3
*** QNX
** Exokernel
*** XOK
** Hybrid Kernel
* Initialization
** Bootloader
** Hardware Initialization
* Processes
** Interrupts
** Context Switching
** Scheduling
*** First Come First Served
*** Shortest Process Next
*** Shortest Remaining Time
*** Round Robin Scheduling
*** Pre-Emption
*** Priority Scheduling
** Concurrent Processing
*** Deadlock
*** Livelock
** Interprocess Communication
*** Signals
*** Semaphores
**** Monitors
*** Shared Memory
** Threads (Lightweight Processes)
** Fibers (Lightweight Threads)
* Memory Management
** Physical Memory
** Segmentation
** Virtual Memory
*** Paging
*** Swapping
** Basics
*** Allocation Algorithms
** Fault Tolerance
* File Systems
** Abstractions
** Allocation Algorithms
*** Performance
** Fault Tolerance
*** RAID
*** Moving Bad Blocks
*** Journalling
** Case Studies
*** File Allocation Table (FAT)
*** BFS
*** ext3
*** ReiserFS
*** HFS
*** NTFS
*** ZFS
* Security
** Access Controls
*** Users
*** Resources
** Privileges
* Interface
** Command line interfaces
** Graphical user interfaces
*** Desktop environment
*** Configuration tools
*** User Ability
This is a wiki textbook -- feel free to edit it, update it, correct it, and otherwise increase its teaching potential. To find out more about wikis, see the Wikipedia main page.

## For further reading

* Real-time operating systems
* Embedded Control Systems Design/Operating systems -- more real-time operating systems
* OSDev.org wiki: discusses creating new operating systems
* Design of Main Memory Database System
* Distributed Systems
# Operating System Design/Critical Section Problem/Monitors

A monitor is a combination of a conditional variable and a lock. It ensures synchronization between threads using busy waiting on a condition variables and then executing it upon reception of the signal from another thread.It can have signal to one thread or broadcast all the threads which are waiting for the lock to be released. A monitor is an object that can be used completely safely by multiple threads. That is, its methods are always executed in mutual exclusion: only one thread can be running a given method at a given point in time. They often provide methods for waiting for access to become available and signaling threads when they can take control.
Many high-level languages (C#, Python, Java, etc.) contain built-in monitor capabilities. For languages that do not support monitors natively, like C, there are concurrency libraries that provide such functionality, like Pthreads.
# Operating System Design/File Sys

A file system is a way of organizing information on a physical drive or other media (e.g, RAM) for access. In general, file systems can be divided into several groups:
* Local file systems ‒ ext2/3, FAT32, NTFS
* Distributed file systems ‒ NFS, AFS
* Parrallel or cluster file systems ‒ GFS, PVFS, Lustre
Some current file systems:
* File Allocation Table (FAT)
* NTFS
* ext4
* JFS
* BFS
* HFS
* ReiserFS
NTFS and FAT are used under Windows, while ext4 and ReiserFS tend to be used by Linux.
A file system may be described by a set of characteristics:
* Ability to work with huge number of files/directories in a directory (e.g ReiserFS).
* Large files support ‒ some file systems have 2-4G limit for this. Switching to 64-bits addressing solves the problem.
* Fragmentation ‒ NTFS quickly becomes fragmented, while ext4 doesn't.
* Fault tolerance ‒ compare e2fsck runs on dirty ext2 vs logging facilities of ext3 or ReiserFS.
* Scalability ‒ some file systems have limits on their disk sizes.
* Use of encryption/compression
* Charsets support ‒ for example, FAT does not allow use of some symbols in file names, while NTFS does.
* Long file names ‒ for ext4, 256 chars; FAT16 8+3 chars max
This section discusses the key components to a file system and common problems that an operating system must deal with. It concludes with a discussion about some of the more popular file systems in use today.
# Operating System Design/Desktop environment

In computing, the term is used figuratively. Many graphical user interfaces (GUI) use a desktop metaphor. It consists of the screen contents "below" any windows, hence what is on the screen before any windows are opened, and what reappears when windows are closed. It usually shows icons for programs, documents or folders and possibly an image as wallpaper.
# Operating System Design/File Systems/Abstraction

One of the main points and features of a filesystem is abstraction. With a filesystem, we can organize our data into files, directories, and other constructs, and manipulate them in various ways. To open a file, you need only its path; it's not necessary to figure out the exact location on disk and instruct the hard drive controller to move the read head to that position.
This data abstraction is important for several reasons:
* Portability; it's not necessary to port every program for all hardware, only the device drivers need to be changed.
* Security; the user is not relied on ‒ or even allowed ‒ to access the drive directly.
* Convenience; files don't actually exist as separate entities on disk, but it sure makes it easier for people to use computers.
# Operating System Design/Concurrency/Livelock

A livelock is similar to a deadlock, except that the states of the processes involved in the livelock constantly change with regard to one another, none progressing. Livelock is a special case of resource starvation; the general definition only states that a specific process is not progressing.
As a real-world example, livelock occurs when two people meet in a narrow corridor, and each tries to be polite by moving aside to let the other pass, but they end up swaying from side to side without making any progress because they always both move the same way at the same time.
Livelock is a risk with some algorithms that detect and recover from deadlock. If more than one process takes action, the deadlock detection algorithm can repeatedly trigger. This can be avoided by ensuring that only one process (chosen randomly or by priority) takes action.
# Operating System Design/Fibers

Fibers are particularly lightweight threads of execution. Like threads, they share an address space, but their method of multitasking is different. While threads are usually managed by a scheduler with preemptive multitasking, fibers use cooperative multitasking. This means that synchronization is less of a problem, because fibers choose when to yield to other fibers.
# Operating System Design/Critical Section Problem/Monitor

Many people prefer using a monitor as an alternative to a semaphore.
A Monitor is essentially a class with private methods, plus a queue. Processes that want to enter a monitor (i.e., run *any* of the private methods) must wait in the queue. Only when there are no processes in the monitor (i.e., no one is running any of the private methods) is a process allowed into the queue. The monitor itself runs the single threaded portions. This guarantees that there can only be one process executing inside a monitor at any one time.
Monitors are well structured when compared to semaphores and thus are easy to understand and implement.
A common bug with semaphores is a process that acquires a semaphore, does what it needs to do, but accidentally fails to release the semaphore. That process may have finished long before the programmer notices that other processes are deadlocked, waiting forever for someone to release the semaphore.
Monitors make this common problem impossible. It is still possible for a system using monitors to deadlock, but only when the process is stuck in an infinite loop inside the monitor, which is much easier to debug than a process that seemed to finish successfully a long time ago.

## Further reading

Monitor - Basic Concept
# Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Justice For All

Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Justice For All (逆転裁判2, Gyakuten Saiban 2, lit. "Turnabout Trial 2") is a point-and-click adventure video game developed and published by Capcom. It is the sequel to Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney, and was first released for the Game Boy Advance in Japan in 2002. The game was ported to Windows before it was updated and re-released worldwide on the Nintendo DS. The Japanese DS release is region-free, and features a Japanese/English language toggle at the main menu. A port for the Wii, based on the DS version, was also released via WiiWare. The game was released for iOS in 2013 and for Nintendo 3DS in 2014 as part of the Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney Trilogy compilation.
Resume control of Phoenix Wright, a defense attorney, as he takes on more cases while facing off a new rival prosecutor. Prove the innocence of Phoenix's clients as he gathers evidence and uncovers secrets with the new Psyche-Lock feature.
The legal system is pretty much the same as the last game. You don't need to learn about the real-life court system to get any ideas of what to expect, as it is self-explanatory.
Unlike the last game, each case after the first has 2 trial days rather than 3, so you can expect a shorter game than before. Your goal in each case is to find all of your clients not guilty. However, if you annoy the Judge too much, your client will be found guilty and a Game Over will occur. The game will stop at nothing for you to prevail and win every case, even if you make mistakes and fail a few times.
It’s a good idea to read through the Gameplay, Controls, and even the Characters pages before starting.
It's an even better idea to play the first game first, to catch up with the story and avoid spoiling the plot thus far. If you want to know what happened before this game you may want to go back and finish the first game - otherwise, go right ahead and begin!

## Walkthrough

* Episode 1: The Lost Turnabout
** Part 1-1: Trial
** Part 1-2: Trial
* Episode 2: Reunion, and Turnabout
** Part 1: Investigation
** Part 2-1: Trial
** Part 2-2: Trial
** Part 3: Investigation
** Part 4-1: Trial
** Part 4-2: Trial
* Episode 3: Turnabout Big Top
** Part 1: Investigation
** Part 2-1: Trial
** Part 2-2: Trial
** Part 3: Investigation
** Part 4-1: Trial
** Part 4-2: Trial
* Episode 4: Farewell, My Turnabout
** Part 1-1: Investigation
** Part 1-2: Investigation
** Part 2-1: Trial
** Part 2-2: Trial
** Part 3-1: Investigation
** Part 3-2: Investigation
** Part 4-1: Trial
** Part 4-2: Trial
# Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Justice For All/Characters

This article only refers to the Main Characters

## Phoenix Wright

Phoenix Wright is the protagonist of this game. Maya and Pearl call him "Nick".

## Maya Fey

Maya is Phoenix's assistant and a spirit medium in training. Maya is friendly and sweet although sometimes she can be a little overzealous. She likes to push Nick (Phoenix) around and sometimes calls him "helpless" (which is sometimes true).

## Pearl Fey

Maya's younger cousin, who is a prodigy at spirit channeling. She doesn't really know about the world outside her village (not at all it seems like). Pearl is very loyal to "Mystic" Maya, whom she respects very much. Maya refers to her as Pearly, while Phoenix usually calls her Pearls.

## Mia Fey

Mia is Maya's big sister. She was your chief and mentor and used to own the offices you have now. She was murdered early in your career, but that doesn't stop her from tutoring you. Her family, such as Maya and Pearl, holds the power to channel the dead and Maya and Pearl can use that power to help Mia aid Phoenix at tight situations and needless to say, it always works, well, mostly. Mia is a genius as a lawyer and would stop at nothing until she gets the "Not Guilty" verdict.

## Franziska von Karma

Your main rival for this game. She aims for one thing her family is infamous for: perfection. Von Karma comes to your country to get what she wants, revenge. For what? Her father? She is a prodigy when it comes to prosecuting and has never lost a case thanks to her aggressiveness, intelligence, and of course, her whip.

## Miles Edgeworth

Edgeworth is Phoenix’s rival from the last game. Few months after the case you saved him from, he suddenly disappeared and Phoenix fears he is lost forever. Why would he leave so suddenly?

## Detective Dick Gumshoe

Gumshoe is absent-minded and can be short tempered at times. Mostly he is a friendly and helpful character. He doesn't seem to like Franziska von Karma, who always pushes him around and has a tendency to interrupt conversations.

## The Judge

The Judge is never given a name, however, he is present for all of the trials. He is a kind old man and often needs things spelt out for him in order to understand what is happening in the trial.
# Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Justice For All/Episode 1: The Lost Turnabout

A haunting pipe organ plays in the background. Phoenix Wright has found himself at the edge of the cliff, and is confronted by...a supersized Judge? There is no escape, as the Judge's humongous gavel shoots toward Phoenix. *SLAM*

## Case Information

* Time of Crime: September 6th, 6:28 PM
* Location: Expose Park
* Defendant: Maggey Byrde
* Victim: Dustin Prince
* Cause of death: Broken neck caused by a fall
* Murder weapon: None
* Defense Attorney: Phoenix Wright
* Prosecution Lawyer: Winston Payne

## Characters
### Defense Attorney

Phoenix Wright
A defense attorney, and the protagonist of this game. As Phoenix prepares for the trial, he is knocked out by a fire extinguisher. He comes to... but has severe amnesia! Can you defend someone without even knowing what you are doing... or who you are!?

### Defendant

Maggey Byrde
A policewoman and the defendant for this case. That's all you know about her. Maggey will tutor you through Court Mode in this case.

### Victim

Dustin Prince
A policeman, and Maggey's boyfriend. He was murdered by an unknown person, suspected to be Maggey.

### Prosecution Lawyer

Winston Payne
A prosecutor who used to be called "The Rookie Killer", but has since fallen from grace. He was also your first opponent of your career. You only face him in this first case.

### Witness

Richard Wellington
A smug witness for this case. He claims to be a first-class college student, and brags about it all of the time.

### Other Characters

Maya Fey
A girl who claims to be your friend, but you don't even remember her.
Detective Dick Gumshoe
Gumshoe is a detective with the local police force. He had taken a liking to Maggey while he was training her.
# Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Justice For All/Controls

The controls for this game are fairly simple, as there aren't many actions to perform and you can only do one at a time.
| Game Boy Advance | Nintendo DS/3DS | Windows | Action |
| D-Pad | D-Pad | Arrow Keys | Move the cursor to desired options/objects. |
| A | A | A | Confirm, advance a dialog. |
| B | B | B | Cancel, go back a dialog in cross-examinations. |
| Start | Start | Space | Pause at anytime to save the game. |
| L | L | L | Press witnesses in court, move the screen left/right at wide locations in investigations. |
| R | R | R | Open the Court Record, switch between its two parts. |
| A | X | A | Present evidence from within the Court Record. |
| N/A | Hold B | N/A | Skip dialogs of cleared episodes. |
| N/A | Hold Y | N/A | Allow voice command via microphone and show phrases you can say in court: "Hold it!" for pressing, "Objection!" or "Take that!" for presenting. |

## Nintendo DS/3DS

The DS and 3DS versions can be played entirely with Stylus besides using buttons; just point and click what you want on the touchscreen. Case 5 is the only case that requires Stylus, along with X and Y to zoom in/out while checking evidence.

## Windows

You can play the Windows version entirely with a left click of the computer mouse (right click to cancel) or with the keyboard keys listed above, which can be changed in the Preferences dialog. The game has no voice support and there are four other keys you can't change:
* Tab: Open the System menu.
* Enter: Select a menu item.
* Esc: Close an open menu.
* Alt + Enter: Switch window mode.
# Pinyin/Bodily

See also
# Pinyin/Body

Search Pinyin body
A body is the whole physical structure of a human or an animal.
shentii shih 1'g rern huoh dohngwuh d zheeng'g wuhlii jiergouh.
In physics, a physical body (sometimes called simply a body or even an object) is a collection of masses, when you look at them as one object only.
zaih wuhliixuer, wuhtii shih zheengtii d yoou zhihliahng d dong'xi.
# Pinyin/Bombing

Search Pinyin bomb
# Pinyin/Boat

A boat is a vehicle for traveling on water.
Chuán shì shuǐshàng xíngshǐ de jiāotōng gōngjù.
# Pinyin/Body art

Search Pinyin body
Search Pinyin art
Body arts, refer to forms of art expressions, using human body as the medium. Mainly include forms of body paintings, tattooing, body piercings, etc.
rerntii yìshù, shì zhǐ yǐ réntǐ zuòwéi méijiè d yìshù biǎoxiàn xíngshì. Zhǔyào bāokuò réntǐ cǎihuì, cìqīng, shēntǐ chuāndòng děng xíngshì.
# Pinyin/Body painting

Search Pinyin body
Search Pinyin painting
# Pinyin/Bomber

Search Pinyin bomber
* hongzhahji
* tourdahnzhee
# Pinyin/Boeing

Search Pinyin Boeing
# Pinyin/Bomb

Search Pinyin bomb
A bomb is a weapon designed to explode.
zhahdahn shih baohzhah d wuuqih.
# Pinyin/Deadly

See also
# Pinyin/Dark

See also
# Pinyin/Day

Search Pinyin day

## Noun

* a day is a period of 24 hours.
** 1 rih shih 24 xiaaoshir d qijian.
# Pinyin/Dark blue

See also
# Pinyin/Date

See also
A date is a sweet fruit that grows on date palm trees and is often dried.
haaizaao shih haaizaaoshuh shengzhaang'd tiarn'd guooshir, tongcharng zhihcherng ganguoo.
# Pinyin/Death

Search Pinyin death
# Pinyin/Deal

A deal is an agreement.
Yīgè jiāoyì shì yīgè xiéyì.
# Radiation Oncology/Epidemiology/USA

* Front Page: Radiation Oncology | RTOG Trials | Randomized Trials
| Cancer Site | Incidence | Deaths |
| Lung | 219 K | 159 K |
| Breast | 194 K | 41 K |
| Prostate | 192 K | 27 K |
| Colon | 106 K | 50 K (combined with rectum) |
| Bladder | 71 K | 14 K |
| Melanoma | 69 K | 9 K |
| NHL | 66 K | 19 K |
| Kidney | 58 K | 13 K |
| Endometrial | 42 K | 8 K |
| Pancreas | 42 K | 35 K |
| Rectum | 41 K | (grouped with colon) |

## Survival

* SEER data, 2007 (1998-2003) PMID 17664474 -- "Recent major progress in long-term cancer patient survival disclosed by modeled period analysis." (Brenner H, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 1;25(22):3274-80.)
** 5- and 10-year relative survival evaluated, as a ratio of survival with disease over expected survival in population without disease
2003 U.S. Relative Survival Figures :
| Cancer Site | Incidence | 5-year RS | 10-year RS |
| Prostate | 256 K | 99.8% | 98% |
| Breast | 232 K | 91% | 86% |
| Lung | 200 K | 16% | 11% |
| Colon | 120 K | 66% | 62% |
| Bladder | 62 K | 80% | 74% |
| NHL | 61 K | 65% | 55% |
| Melanoma | 53 K | 93% | 91% |
| Rectum | 48 K | 67% | 60% |
| Uterus | 44 K | 85% | 83% |
| Leukemias | 37 K | 46% | 35% |
| Oral cavity | 36 K | 61% | 50% |
| Pancreas | 34 K | 7% | 5% |
| Kidney | 33 K | 67% | 60% |
| Stomach | 27 K | 26% | 12% |
| Ovary | 26 K | 44% | 35% |
| Thyroid | 24 K | 97% | 96% |
| Brain | 21 K | 30% | 24% |
| Multiple myeloma | 18 K | 32% | 15% |
| Cervix | 17 K | 72% | 67% |
| Liver | 15 K | 12% | 9% |
| Esophagus | 14 K | 18% | 13% |
| Larynx | 14 K | 62% | 49% |
| Testis | 11 K | 97% | 96% |
| Hodgkin's Disease | 11 K | 85% | 80% |

## Pediatric

* SEER Incidence Rates (2002-2006)

## References

* American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures 2006
* U.S. Cancer Statistics 2002