OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# GOSUB
## Syntax
## Description

Executes the subroutine located at the indicated line number or statement label. The subroutine should include a RETURN statement; RETURN causes execution to continue at the statement following the GOSUB statement.
GOSUB is an outdated method for executing routines; it's generally a better idea to encapsulate your routines in a LOCAL FN function. However, there are a couple of possible advantages to using GOSUB:
* Routines called using GOSUB may execute somewhat faster than local functions.
* You can create a "private" subroutine inside a local function, and use a GOSUB within that local function to call the subroutine. The variables used in the subroutine will have the same scope as the local function. This may be a good way to execute certain repetitive tasks within the local function.
Example:Subroutines can be executed in a "nested" fashion; i.e., one subroutine may call another. FB keeps track of where each RETURN statement should "return" to.
PRINT "First line." GOSUB "sub1" PRINT "Fifth line." END
"sub1" PRINT "Second line." GOSUB "sub2" PRINT "Fourth line." RETURN
"sub2" PRINT "Third line." RETURN
program output: First line. Second line. Third line. Fourth line. Fifth line.
Note: It is possible for a GOSUB statement inside a local function to jump to a subroutine located outside of that function; it's also possible for a GOSUB statement in "main" to jump to a subroutine located inside a local function. However, this kind of programming is not recommended, because the resulting switches in variable scope can produce unexpected results.

## See Also

RETURN FN; LOCAL FN
# GLOBALS
## Syntax
## Description

This statement behaves identically as the INCLUDE statement. The keyword GLOBALSis maintained for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of FutureBasic. To make your program easier to read, you may typically use the GLOBALS statement to include files which define global variables, constants, record structures, etc., while using the INCLUDE statement to include functions, etc. However, the GLOBALS statement and the INCLUDE statement are completely interchangeable.

## See Also

INCLUDE
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/handshake
## HANDSHAKE
### Syntax

Description: Sets the handshaking parameter for the open serial port specified by portID (which can be either _modemPort or _printerPort). The handshaking parameter determines how i/o operations will be negotiated when your program subsequently writes to or reads from the specified port. handshakeType can take any of the following values:
INSERT IMAGE HERE!!!!!! <img src="h/handshake.gif" alt="IMAGE imgs/HANDSHAKE_statement02.gif" height="276" width="546">
To determine the best handshaking format for a device, see the device's manual.
Note: You must open the serial port (use the OPEN "C"... statement) before executing the HANDSHAKE statement.
Powerbooks require an initialization setting of _none to preset the serial port properly.

### See Also

OPEN;LOF
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/hexstring
## HEX$
### Description

This function returns a string of hexadecimal digits which represent the integer value of expr. The returned string will consist of either 2, 4 or 8 characters, depending on which of DEFSTR BYTE, DEFSTR WORD or DEFSTR LONG is currently in effect. Note that if the value of expr is too large to fit in a hex string of the currently selected size, the string returned by HEX$ will not represent the true value of expr.
In FB, integers are stored in standard "2's-complement" format, and the values returned by HEX$ reflect this storage scheme. You need to keep this in mind when interpreting the results of HEX$, especially when expr is a negative number. For example: HEX$(-3) returns "FD" when DEFSTR BYTE is in effect; "FFFD" when DEFSTR WORD is in effect; and "FFFFFFFD" when DEFSTR LONG is in effect.
Note: To convert a string of hex digits into an integer, use the following technique:
intVar = VAL&("&H" + hexString$)
intVar can be a (signed or unsigned) byte variable, short-integer variable or long-integer variable. Byte variables can handle a hexString$ up to 2 characters in length; short-integer variables can handle a hexString$ up to 4 characters in length; long-integer variables can handle a hexString$ up to 8 characters in length.

### See Also

; BIN$; DEF STRBYTE/WORD/LONG; VAL
# Futurebasic/Language/Reference/inc
## INC
### Statement

Appearance Standard Console

### Syntax

INC(intVar) intVar ++ numericVariable += IntegerValToAdd === Revised === May 30, 2000 (Release 3)

### Description

This statement increments intVar by 1; that is, it adds 1 to the value in intVar, and stores the result back into intVar. intVar must be a (signed or unsigned) byte variable, short-integer variable or long-integer variable. If intVar is already at the maximum value for its variable type, then INC(intVar) will cycle it back to its minimum value. Example: INC(x&) and... x& ++ and... x& += 1 ...are equivalent to: x& = x& + 1 The following expressions are also equivalent. x& = x& + 100 x& += 100 Note: The += syntax may not be used for arrays of strings, containers, or records (though it may be used in the concatenation of simple strings or containers). Where arrays are involved, only numeric values may take advantage of this syntax. This syntax is valid for values other than 1.

#### See Also

DEC; INC LONG/WORD/BYTE; DEF CYCLE
# GET PROCESS INFO
## Syntax
## Revised

May, 2001 (Release 5)

## Description

A "Process" is something that is currently running on your computer; this includes, but is not limited to things like applications, control strip extensions, and background applications.
The index parameter in this call indicates which process is to be queried. An index value of -1 means that the front process is used. This is generally the running FB application that you created.
Index values of zero or higher represent running processes. You may climb this list, examining processes as you go, until the process name comes back as a null string. At that point, you have exhausted the system's list of processes and you can quit searching.
The process serial number is an 8 byte value (2 long integers) that holds a unique value which cannot be used by any other concurrent process. You create a process serial number as follows:
DIM psn AS ProcessSerialNumber
The following example shows how to display a list of running processes.

## See Also

ON APPLEEVENT; APPLEEVENTMESSAGE$; KILL APPLEEVENT; SENDAPPLEEVENT
# Film History/Film noir

"Film Noir" is a term that was applied to a style of American cinema that was popular in the 1930s and 40s. The term translates to "Black Film," which refers to both the characteristic lighting and the dark subject matter. Noir films often depict different aspects of the criminal underworld, and are most commonly set in the 'mean streets' of the city.
Many of the most recognizable early noir films were mysteries involving a hard-boiled detective like Sam Spade (played by Humphrey Bogart) who gets involved with a woman who hires him to delve into the criminal underworld to solve a case. Many of these tales are based on dime-store novels (also known as "pulp fiction") written by authors like Dashell Hammett ("The Maltese Falcon").
Other popular noirs of the period often tell the tale of an average joe who is put into a difficult situation that continues to get worse, pushing him to his ethical, mental, physical, or moral limits.
Noir is most distinguished by its effective interplay of light and shadow. Noirs are lit very darkly, with beams of light being used to highlight certain important elements of the scene, actors, or action. For example, a hero character would be well-lit, while the villain lurked in the shadows. Someone who was of a questionable nature could pass in between the light and shadow, perhaps with a diagonal shadow hiding their eyes while the rest of their body is well-lit.
One of the biggest requirements for a noir was the presence of the femme-fatale character. This was often a very beautiful woman, attractively dressed, who seduced the hero into her world of darkness like a black widow spider. She could be the detective's client, the gypsy who knows a little too much, the girlfriend or wife of the protagonist, or commonly the villain in the story.
Noir films continue to be made today, but purists often dub them "neo-noir," saving the term "film noir" for the period of films between the 1930s and 1950s. Some popular examples of neo-noir are: Chinatown, The Two Jakes, The Grifters, Blood Simple, Fargo, Pulp Fiction, L.A. Confidential, The Man Who Knew Too Much, Body Heat, Devil in a Blue Dress and Sin City. Some popular directors of neo-noir are: the Coen Brothers, Quentin Tarantino, Robert Rodriguez, and David Lynch.
# Fijian/Verbs

* go – la'o
* Leave – biu-ti
* Pass – mai
* Believe – vakabauta
* Remember – nanuma
* Be safe – taqomaki
* Try – tovolea
* Can – rawa
* To be born – sucu
* Understand – macala

### Present

| to learn | vuli |
| I learn | au vuli |
| You learn | o vuli |
| He learns | e vuli |
| Us two learn | 'ētaru vuli (inclusive) |
| Us two learn | 'eirau vuli (exclusive) |
| You two learn | omudrau vuli |
| They two learn | erau vuli |
| Us some learn | tou vuli (inclusive) |
| Us some learn | 'eitou vuli (exclusive) |
| You some learn | omudou vuli |
| They some learn | eratou vuli |
| We learn | eta vuli |
| You learn | omunū vuli |
| They learn | era vuli |

### Past

Ā : Past marker.
| To buy | volia |
| I bought | au āvoli |
| You bought | o āvoli |
| He bought | e āvoli |
| Us two bought | 'ētaru āvoli (inclusive) |
| Us two bought | 'eirau āvoli (exclusive) |
| You two bought | omudrau āvoli |
| They two bought | erau āvoli |
| Us some bought | tou āvoli (inclusive) |
| Us some bought | 'eitou āvoli (exclusive) |
| You some bought | omudou āvoli |
| They some bought | eratou āvoli |
| We bought | eta āvoli |
| You bought | omunū āvoli |
| They bought | era āvoli |
# Film History/Discussion

Return to the Film History module.

# Introduction

This wikibook should try to accomplish two goals: it should provide an overview of the history of cinema in general (two versions: one brief and one comprehensive), and it should be a set of sub-projects covering individual topics in great depth. There are links for a few basic topics, each of which I would expect to see come up periodically at most universities either as a film course or as a large section of a film course (e.g., you don't often see German Expressionism as a course itself, but it will always show up as a section of any course surveying film as a whole, or prewar European cinema, etc.).
There shouldn't be any limits as to what sort of topic a module should try to cover (it could be as small a subject as Italian Futurism), but if the number of modules becomes unwieldy, it might be prudent to group some together into a single link that would just be a landing page for a collection of modules (e.g., "Modules on individual directors").
Additionally, each module should contain a list of films within the topic (or in the comprehensive modules, films mentioned as being particularly significant in the development of cinema) that are available on DVD, possibly grouped into two or more categories: particularly those that are necessary for fully understanding the topic, and those that merely contribute to understanding the topic.
# Film History/Silent film

The first silent films were made in the late 19th century using the kinetoscope, an early motion picture exhibition device. These early films were usually less than a minute long and were viewed by one person at a time through a peephole viewer. However, with the invention of the motion picture projector in 1895, films could be shown to larger audiences on a screen. This led to the creation of the first movie theaters, and the film industry began to rapidly expand.
As the medium developed, filmmakers began to experiment with different techniques and storytelling methods. One of the most influential silent filmmakers was D.W. Griffith, whose 1915 film "The Birth of a Nation" was a blockbuster success and helped to establish the grammar of film language. Griffith also directed "Intolerance" (1916) which is considered as ambitious epic film of the era.
During the silent film era, filmmakers developed various techniques to tell stories and convey emotions without the use of spoken dialogue. These techniques include the use of intertitles, which are text cards that appear on the screen to provide dialogue or narration, as well as the use of visual storytelling, such as close-ups, camera angles, and editing. One of the most notable technique of the era is the use of mise-en-scène, which is the arrangement of everything that appears in front of the camera, such as sets, costumes, and actors.
Silent films were also accompanied by live music in the theaters, which helped to set the mood and convey emotions to the audience. Musicians would often play pieces that matched the action on the screen, such as suspenseful music for a chase scene, or a love theme for a romantic scene. Many famous composers of the time composed music specifically for silent films, such as Carl Davis and Philip Carli.
Silent films were not only popular in the United States but also in other countries such as Europe, Russia, Japan and India. Some of the notable filmmakers outside US were F.W. Murnau, Ernst Lubitsch and Germaine Dulac, whose films were highly respected by the critics and audiences.
While it is true that many silent films are lost forever, over time the preservation efforts have become more successful and many silent films have been restored and digitized. Thanks to this, silent films have become more accessible to audiences around the world and today many of them continue to be screened at film festivals, museums and special events.
* 1 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaBmjhmKWTs&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtN-Bd-H_TGq72CN50Fpv_JX&index=7
* ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7ZHd1xU2w8&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtN-Bd-H_TGq72CN50Fpv_JX&index=6
# Fijian/Vocabulary
## Family

* Grandfather - tutu
* Grandmother - bubu
* Father - Tata
* Mother - nana
* son - tagane
* Daughter - yalewa
* Family - vuvale
* Respect - vakarokoroko

## Fruits

* Papaya - weleti
* Apple - yapolo
* Coconut - niu

## Vegetables

* Carrot - kareti
* Potato - kumala
* Coconut- niu

## Animals

* Horse - ose
* Cock - toa
* Cat - pusi

## Clothes

* T-shirt - siqeleti
* Shoes - ivā'vā
* Pants - *tarausese*

## Objects

* Broom - sasa
* Keys - ki
* Bottle - tavaya
* Ball - polo
* Tolls - iyaya
* Paper - pepa
* Flag - kuila
* Click - gauna
* Chair - idabedabe
* Cup - bilo
* Map - mape
* Telephone - talevoni
* Box - kato
* Passport - vola ni curu vanua
* Door - *katuba*
* Ceiling - *siligi*
* Scissors *ikotikoti*

## Languages

* Fijian - na vosa vakaviti
* English - vakavalagi
* German - heremani
* Dutch - horana
* French - farani
* Italian - itariano
* Swedish - huitene

## Others

* House - vale
* Window - lalaga
* Library - vale ni vola
* Farm - i teitei
* Weather - draki
* Color - roka
* Bus - basi
* Ladies' toilet - valelailai ni marama
* Men's toilet - valelailai ni turaga
* Car - motoka
* Sand - nu'u
* Movie - yaloyalo yavala
* Train - sitima ni vanua
* Airport - rara ni waqavuka
* Store - Si toa
* School - koro ni vuli
# Film History/Beginnings

In the early days of cinema, films were typically short and simple, lasting only a few minutes each. They were often composed of a series of single-shot scenes depicting everyday activities, such as people at work, children playing, and street scenes. Some of the earliest films were actualities, which were non-fiction films that recorded real-life events and activities.
In the United States, Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson developed the kinetoscope in the late 1880s. The kinetoscope was a motion picture viewing device that used a strip of film that moved continuously over a light source and a series of lenses, allowing viewers to look through a peephole and see the moving images. These early kinetoscope parlors were popular in America but the device was not publicly projected as it's design was not intended for it.
Meanwhile, in France, the Lumière brothers, Auguste and Louis, developed the Cinematograph in 1895, a motion picture camera, projector, and printer all in one. This machine allowed for the creation of the first movie theaters and the screening of films to audiences. The Lumière brothers also invented the first film stock, which was more sensitive to light and had better definition than previous types of film.
These early motion picture technologies helped to pave the way for the development of the motion picture industry and the creation of movies as we know them today. With the advances in the technology of film, movies began to be produced on a larger scale, and their length and complexity began to increase. Storytelling became more prominent, and special effects and editing techniques were developed to enhance the visual and narrative experience of the audience.
It's also worth mentioning that the earliest forms of cinema were not exclusively developed in Europe or America, but also in other countries such as China, India and Russia where similar experiments with motion pictures were happening around the same time.
* 1 2 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKSmcmueTbA&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtN-Bd-H_TGq72CN50Fpv_JX&index=3
* 1 2 3 https://www.britannica.com/technology/Kinetoscope
* ↑ https://www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/very-short-history-of-cinema
# Film History
## Comprehensive modules

* Brief Survey
    A page covering all of the most significant developments in the history of cinema in 10,000 words or less (with links to more comprehensive coverage of each topic).
* Comprehensive Survey
    A set of pages providing a comprehensive summary of the history of cinema, from the technical innovations leading up to its invention to the development of national cinematic languages and the social impact of the medium.

## Modules on specific topics

* Beginnings
* Silent Film
* Film Serial
* Soviet Montage
* Expressionism
* Early Sound Film
* Hollywood Studio System
* French Poetic Realism
* Film Noir
* Italian Neorealism
* Postwar European Cinema
* French New Wave
* Breakdown of the Hollywood Studio System
* Experimental Cinema
* Documentary Cinema
* New German Cinema
# Film History/Expressionism
## German Expressionism (c. 1913 -1933)

The German Expressionist movement was a cultural movement that began in the early 1910s, and had a profound impact on the German film industry. It is characterized by the use of highly stylized sets, exaggerated lighting and shadows, and distorted and exaggerated performances. These techniques were used to create an otherworldly, dreamlike atmosphere that conveyed the anxieties and fears of the era.
One of the key features of Expressionist films was their strong visual style. Filmmakers used expressionistic techniques to create a sense of unease, such as twisted and distorted sets and architecture, and chiaroscuro lighting that created deep shadows and contrasts. The use of stylized sets and lighting helped to create a sense of unreality that was meant to reflect the inner turmoil and anxieties of the characters and society.
Themes of fear, guilt, and the human psyche were also a common feature of Expressionist films. Many films dealt with the social and political upheaval that Germany experienced after World War I, as well as the anxieties and fears that arose from the war and its aftermath. This is why films like "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (1920) and "Nosferatu" (1922) are considered classic examples of Expressionist films as they used these techniques and themes to create a sense of unease, isolation, and dread.
Expressionism was also a way for artist and intellectuals to express their feeling and ideas about the society and political condition of their country. The movement was made up of filmmakers who wanted to use the medium of cinema to showcase social issues of the time. Some of the key figures of the movement include Fritz Lang, F.W. Murnau, Paul Wegener, and G.W. Pabst.
However, the Expressionist movement was also suppressed and banned by the Nazi regime during the 1930s, as the regime viewed it as a form of "degenerate art" that was un-German and Jewish in nature. Many of its leading figures, including Fritz Lang, F.W. Murnau, and Paul Wegener, fled the country, and the movement ultimately came to an end with the rise of Nazism in Germany. Despite this, the influence of the Expressionist movement can still be seen in the films of today, particularly in the horror and fantasy genres. Many filmmakers, such as Tim Burton, Martin Scorsese, and David Lynch have acknowledged the debt their own work owes to the Expressionist movement.
# Fortran/Why learn Fortran?

Fortran is a general purpose programming language mainly used by the scientific community. It is fast, portable and it has seamless handling of arrays and parallelism. It is one of the earliest high level programming languages, and many recognize the original versions which used punched cards to encode the programs. Its name is a contraction of FORmula TRANslation (old versions of the language are typically stylized as FORTRAN) and its creation marked the representation of mathematical expressions with more ease than lower level assembly language. It is still widely used today in numerical weather prediction, physical and chemical modelling, applied mathematics, and other high performance computing purposes. Fortran has a rich array of mathematical libraries and scientific codebases available. The newer standards continuously add modern functionality and are fully backward compatible.
This book is intended to help write code modern Fortran. Where appropriate the differences in usage between legacy versions and the modern standard will be highlighted as there is a significant code base written in older versions, especially FORTRAN 77.

## When are other languages better?

Fortran is a very verbose, statically typed compiled language. It can take more time to write, compile and debug than other dynamically typed and interpreted languages. Therefore, many people have moved to languages (such as Python and Ruby) for productivity purposes.