OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Two Knights Defence
### 5. d4

White's best move 5. d4 refrains from capturing the Black knight for one turn, and instead defends their own knight with the dark-squared bishop. Black also finds themselves unable to move away their undefended knight because of its pin to the f-pawn.
The move 6. exd5 will threaten the other Black knight as well so the most Black can do is at least gain one knight in compensation with 5...h6 or sacrifice their knight for a pawn with 5...Nxd4.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Nd5 5. d4
| | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 1 | d4 h6 | exd5 hxg5 | dxc6 ... |
| 2 | d4 Nxd4 | Bxd5 Ne6 | |

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
# Two Knights Defence
### 4...Nd5?

Rather than blocking with the pawn, black elects to use the knight. This opens a discovered attack on the white knight as well.
White should not agree to trade knights with exd5 or Bxd5. This will give Black counterplay with their queen on g5 and force White to castle, completely losing their attack on Black's f-pawn.

## Theory table

For explanation of theory tables, see theory table and for notation, see algebraic notation.
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 Nd5
| | 5 |
| 1 | d4 h6 | +/= |
| 2 | Nxf7 Kxf7 | +/= |

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
# Two Knights Defence
### 5. Nxf7!?

The main idea of the fried liver attack Nxf7 will be immediately compensated for after 5... Kxf7 6. exd5, in a trade of knights. White could have won more material by playing patiently and keeping the the threat on the f-pawn (see 5. d4), but a comfortable position up a pawn and with Black unable to castle can now be played.

## References

* Kasparov, Garry, & Keene, Raymond 1989 Batsford chess openings 2. ISBN 0-8050-3409-9.
* Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. ISBN 1-8574-4221-0.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Juniper Berry
## Juniper Berry (Juniperus communis)

Juniper Berry oil comes from the seed cone of Juniperus communis. It has an antiseptic and diuretic effect.

## Properties
### Circulatory

May lower blood pressure and reduce fluid retention.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, flatulence and diarrhea.

### Emotional

Soothes stress and anxiety. Relieves insomnia and fatigue.

### Gynecological

As a diuretic, may alleviate menstrual pain and swollen breasts during menstruation.

### Skin

Helps acne, dandruff, oily skin and hair and weeping eczema.

## Caution

* Don't use Juniper berry oil during the first five months of pregnancy.
* Don't use it if you have kidney disease because of its diuretic properties.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Honeysuckle
## Honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium)

Honeysuckle oil comes from the flowers of the Lonicera caprifolium plant. It has a sweet floral scent. It has an astringent property

## Blend with

Honeysuckle oil blends well with jasmine oil and citrus oils.

## Caution

Don't expose the skin to sunlight after using honeysuckle oil.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Hyssop
## Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

Hyssop oil comes from the leaves and flowers of the Hyssopus officinalis plant. It has a warm, sweet scent and is a middle note scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Reduces water retention. Raises blood pressure.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion and flatulence.

### Emotional

Soothes anxiety and fatigue.

### Gynecological

Helps to regulate the menstrual cycle.

### Respiratory

Alleviates asthma, bronchitis, coughs and symptoms of a cold.

## Caution

* Don't use hyssop oil during pregnancy.
* Don't use hyssop oil if you have epilepsy.
* Don't use hyssop oil if you have hypertension (high blood pressure).
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Lavender
## Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

Lavender is a very useful and popular essential oil. It comes from the flower tops of Lavandula angustifolia (Lavandula officinalis) plants and is extracted by steam distillation. It has a flowery scent and a balancing effect on the body and mind.

## Properties
### Circulatory

May lower blood pressure and reduce fluid retention.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion, nausea, vomiting and flatulence. Soothes colic.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression. Helps calm panic and hysteria. Alleviates insomnia.

### Gynecological

Regulates the menstrual cycle. Eases symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

### Immunological

Helps fight throat infections.

### Pain

Alleviates arthritis, rheumatism, headaches and migraine. Soothes muscle pain. Helps fight stress for shingles

### Respiratory

Relieves asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, catarrh and symptoms of a cold.

### Skin

Improves acne, psoriasis, eczema, dandruff, oily skin and athlete's foot. Promotes healing of abscesses, minor wounds, sunburn and burns. It can be applied neat to the skin and is very effective on minor burns.

### Other uses

Repels insects.

## Caution

* Don't use lavender oil during the early stages of pregnancy.

## Blending

Lavender can be combined with clary sage, frankincense, geranium, cedarwood, pine, nutmeg and citrus oils.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Grapefruit
## Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi)

Grapefruit oil comes from the rind of the fruit of the Citrus × paradisi (also known as Citrus racemosa) tree. It has a sweet citrus scent.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Reduces water retention and cellulite.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression.

### Skin

Improves acne and oily skin.

## Caution

Don't expose the skin to sunlight after using grapefruit oil.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Helichrysum
## Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)

Helichrysum (or immortelle) oil comes from the flowers of the Helichrysum italicum (Helichrysum angustifolium) plant. It has a fruity scent. It has anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects.

## Properties
### Pain

Relieves arthritis and rheumatism.

### Respiratory

Relieves asthma, bronchitis and symptoms of cold and flu.

### Skin

Improves acne, dermatitis and scars.

## Caution

* Don't use Helichrysum oil on children.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Kanuka
## Kanuka (Kunzea ericoides)

Kanuka oil comes from the leaves and stems of the Kunzea ericoides tree. It has an antibacterial and antifungal effect.

## Properties
### Pain

Relieves muscle pain. Helps heal sports injuries.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Jasmine
## Jasmine (Jasminum officinale)

Jasmine oil comes from the flowers of the Jasminum officinale plant. It has a sweet scent.

## Properties
### Childbirth

Can hasten childbirth. Promotes lactation.

### Emotional

Soothes stress, anxiety and depression. May improve confidence.

### Respiratory

Eases catarrh, coughs and laryngitis.

### Sexual

May relieve sexual dysfunction.

## Caution

* Don't use jasmine oil during pregnancy.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Lavandin
## Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia)

Lavandin (or lavendin) oil comes from the flowers of the Lavandula x intermedia (Dutch lavender) plant. Lavandula x intermedia is a hybrid of Lavandula angustifolia which produces lavender oil, and lavandin is sometimes considered a cheaper or inferior version of lavender. It has a floral scent, similar to lavender. It has antidepressant and analgesic effects.

## Properties

Lavandin oil has similar properties to lavender oil.

### Pain

Relieves muscle stiffness and pain.

### Respiratory

Relieves coughs and symptoms of cold and flu.
# Complete Guide to Essential Oils/A to Z of essential oils/Lemon
## Lemon (Citrus limon)

Lemon oil comes from the rind of lemons, the fruit of Citrus limon trees. It has a fresh citrus scent. It has an antiseptic effect.

## Properties
### Circulatory

Reduces blood pressure, improves varicose veins.

### Digestive

Relieves indigestion and constipation.

### Skin

Helps acne, oily skin and athlete's foot.

## Caution

* Don't expose the skin to sunlight after using lemon oil.
# English-Hanzi/Latte

Latte is an Italian coffee. It is a mixture of espresso and hot milk with many bubbles in it.
latte是Italy咖啡。它是espresso和热牛奶的混合物，其中有很多气泡。
# English-Hanzi/Laos

Laos is a country to the south of China. Its population is 6.8 million. Its capital is Vientiane.
Laos是一个在中国南面的国家。它的人口是680万。它的首都是Vientiane。
# English-Hanzi/Law

Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
法律是一种规则体系，通过社会或政府机构制定和实施，以规范行为。
# English-Hanzi/Latin America

Latin America is a continent or a region to the south of the USA.
Latin美洲 是 美国 南面 的 大陆 或 地区。
# English-Hanzi/Length

The length is the measurement from one end to the other.
长度 是 从 一端 到 另一端 的 度量。
# English-Hanzi/Leap year

Leap year is a year in every 4 years when February has 29 days instead of 28.
闰年 是 每 4年 有 1年 的 二月 有 29日 而不是 28日。
# English-Hanzi/Learning

Learning is a study.
学习 是 一种 研究。
# English-Hanzi/Lebanon

Lebanon is a country in the west of Asia. It borders Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and Cyprus to the west across the Mediterranean Sea.
Lebanon是亚洲西部的一个国家。它的北部和东部与Syria接壤，南部与Israel接壤，西部隔着地中海与Cyprus相望。
# English-Hanzi/Leg

The leg is in the lower part of the body. It is between the hip and foot.
腿部 是 在 身体 的 下部。它 在 臀部 和 足部 之间。
# English-Hanzi/Language

Language is a method of communication.
语言 是 一种 沟通 的 方法。
# Computer Go/Writing a Go GUI

Writing a Go GUI can have many different purposes. It can be a front-end to a Go engine so you can see the computer's play in a graphical manner; it can be an SGF viewer to allow a user to review games; it can be an SGF editor to allow users to create SGF files of their own; it can be used as part of a client application to allow users to play Go over the Internet.
This section primarily contains resources for widget libraries intended to make writing a Go GUI easier. However, when writing a Go GUI, even just a simple game viewer, there are other problems to take into account that are primarily detailed in other sections:
* Representing the Board
* Determining Legal Moves
* Clearing stones
* Writing an SGF Parser
# Computer Go/Writing an SGF Parser

http://www.red-bean.com/sgf/
http://senseis.xmp.net/?SGFFile
http://gobase.org/software/editors/
http://project-oz.com/gtpdemo.php
http://svn.red-bean.com/repos/sussman/software/bkgo/SGFnode.java
# Computer Graphics/GUI

GUI (pronounced GOO-EE) stands for Graphical User Interface. It is a graphical communication interface made for software users. The GUI is the only way for users to communicate with the software system (without invoking the functions in code manually, as opposed to software libraries or command line invocation). A GUI has several windows. Each window has widgets. A widget is any form of communication element that either takes in user data, changes its state based on the data, displays something important for the user to know, or a combination of these. A widget may give rise to a window, when something needs to be done hierarchically. Each window is associated with a virtual surface. When placing widgets on windows, it is necessary for the programmer to specify which surface/window the widget belongs to. Widgets are typically static, although, it is possible to create widgets that can be dragged by mouse or finger/stylus (in case of touchscreen device).
A widget can be thought of as interactive images. For example, a circuit simulator application might have several components whose looks are specified by images under resources the application requires.
A GUI works by continuously listening to events. Most likely, the events are mouse events. But depending only on one device like mouse is not great for accessibility, in case the mouse fails for some reason or the user is unable to use mouse. So keyboard events like pressing the Tab and Enter key may also be listened to. Sophisticated applications also employ keyboard shortcuts, so keyboard events are used irrespective of accessibility concerns. Listening to events, capturing events when they occur, and handling them is how GUI works. Handling the events usually involve making changes to the graphical output of the GUI. To continue the previous example, if the GUI detects a click and hold event on one component, it would handle the event by creating a copy of the component in the location of the mouse and move the image of the component along with the mouse. Then when it detects the click release event, it would 'place' that component at that location. This simply means drawing the component image at that location and not changing its position anymore based on mouse position. GUI creates the illusion of actually holding the component, even though all that is happening is the component image being redrawn at a different location.
# Computer Graphics/Graphic Systems
## Video Display Devices

The Primary Output device in a graphics system is a video Monitor. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display(TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors used Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) about as deep as screen size.

### Cathode Ray Monitor

In a Cathode Ray Monitor, beam of Electrons (Cathode rays) are emitted by an electron gun. These rays are then passes through focusing and deflection system that directs the beam on a phosphorus coated screen. When the beam hits the screen small spot of light is created, but this spot fades very quickly as it is necessary to quickly direct the electron beam over the same point to display that spot, this type of display is called refresh Cathode Ray tube.
# Computer Go/Writing a GTP Engine

http://www.lysator.liu.se/~gunnar/gtp/
# Computer Graphics
## Preamble

This book covers key Computer Graphics concepts that have dominated the field since its inception. The book only introduces the most basic algorithms and techniques to enable writing a fairly basic but complete graphics pipeline.
The topics covered include:
* Window to Viewport Mapping
* Parallel and Perspective Projection
* Ray tracing
While this book mostly highlights general techniques, some well-known algorithms are also looked at in depth. This book is written so it can be read from "cover to cover" in the length of a semester, where sections marked with a * may be skipped.
This book is a tutorial on techniques and is not a reference. For references we highly recommend the books listed in the References section.

## Table of Chapters

* Introduction
* Graphic Systems
* Output Primitive
* Two Dimensions
* Structures and Hierarchical Modeling
* GUI
* Three Dimensions
* Color Models
* Animation
* Mathematics
* Window to Viewport Mapping

## Why a Wikibook on Computer Graphics?

A wikibook is an undertaking similar to an open-source software project: A contributor creates content for the project to help others, for personal enrichment, or to accomplish something for the contributor's own work (e.g., lecture preparation).
An open book, just like an open program, requires time to complete, but it can benefit greatly from even modest contributions from readers. For example you can fix "bugs" in the text (where the bug might be typographic, expository, technical, aesthetic or otherwise) in order to make a better book. If you find an opportunity to fix a bug, simply click on "edit", make your changes, and click on save. Other contributors may review your changes to be sure they are appropriate for the book. If you are unsure, you can visit the discussion page and ask there. Use common sense.
If you would like to make bigger contributions, you can take a look at the sections or chapters that are too short or otherwise need more work and start writing! Be sure to skim the rest of the book first in order to avoid duplication of content.
Note that you don't need to contribute everything at once. You can mark sections as "TODO," with a description of what remains to be done, and perhaps someone else will finish those parts for you. Once all TODO items are finished, we'll have reached our First Edition!
This book is intentionally kept narrow-in-focus in order to make contributions easier (because then the end-goal is clearer). If you would like to contribute a topic not already listed in the book feel free to contribute.

## References

The authors highly recommend the following reference materials. TO BE ADDED

## Contributors

Kapil A large portion of my contributions here come from lectures made by Dr. Kamangar at UT-Arlington. I like this project because it gives me a chance to explain the concepts in the way that I finally understood them.
# Computer Graphics/Introduction

Computers are very powerful tool. Today what ever we see wouldn't have been really possible without advent of the Computers. And today computers have been able to accomplish all these task because of their Graphic Capabilities. Computer graphics makes it easy for a user to interact with the computers. Graphical display finds application is almost all the fields of knowledge known to mankind like science, engineering, government, finance, art, entertainment, education, training, etc.
Computers are powerful tool that can be used for creating various visual objects, and with the combinations of those computers can produce fantastic objects that can depicts real world objects. Computer Graphics are mainly used for design process particularly for engineering and architectural systems, almost what ever we see today are actually designed with some aid of computers. Before we explain various concepts about Computer Graphics let us have a look at various applications of Computer Graphics.

## Applications of Computer Graphics

Applications of computer graphics
* Entertainment (Movies, Games...)
* Simulations ( Aeroplanes, Rockets...)
* Education and training
* Forecasting
* CAD (Computer Aided Designs)
* Medicine
* Virtual walk through
* Image processing
* Computer art
* Graphical user interface
* Presentation graphics
* Morphing
* Visualization etc.
* Food
* Home and school
# Computer Go/Writing a Go Engine
## Writing a Go Engine

This chapter will walk you through the process of writing a very simple Go Engine capable of recognizing illegal moves and processing the results of moves by removing captured stones.
* Representing the Board
* Recognizing Illegal Moves
* Processing a Move

## Miscellaneous Resources

Sample Code A zip file containing all the sample code for this chapter (written in Java 5).
# Data Coding Theory/Introduction
## What is This Book About?

This book is about the use of coding in digital communication systems for a variety of purposes. These can include, but are not limited to: spread-spectrum codes, error correction or prevention codes, and data encryption.

## Who is This Book For?

This book is for an advanced undergraduate in the area of electrical engineering or a related field.

## What are the Prerequisites?

The reader of this book should have a solid understanding of the subjections covered in Signals and Systems and well as Communication Systems. The reader must also have a solid working background in both Algebra and Linear Algebra, in addition to Calculus.
# Data Coding Theory/Licensing
## License

This book is released under the following license:
# Data Coding Theory/Data Compression
## Data Compression

When transmitting digital data, we find that frequently we can't send our information as quickly as we would like. Specific limits, such as Shannon's Channel Capacity, restrict the amount of digital information that can be transmitted over a given channel. Therefore, if we want to transmit more data, we need to find a way to make our data smaller.
To make data smaller, we implement one of a number of techniques known as data compression. There are a number of different compression algorithms, but they can all be broken down into two categories: Lossless algorithms, and lossy algorithms.
The fundamental function of a compression is to remove redundancy, where redundancy is all that could be removed or expressed in a different way, whilst not removing it's meaning.

## Lossy Algorithms

Lossy algorithms are techniques that can be used to transmit a "pretty good" version of the data. With a lossy algorithm, there is always going to be a certain amount of data lost in the conversion. Lossy algorithms provide much higher compression rates then lossless algorithms, but the downfall is that information must be lost to attain those high rates. An example of a lossy compression algorithm is .jpeg image files, or mp3 music files. If the lossy algorithm is good enough, the loss might not be noticeable by the recipient.

## Lossless Algorithms

Lossless algorithms decrease the size of a given signal, while at the same time not losing any information from the original. For this reason, Lossless compression algorithms are preferable to lossy algorithms, especially when the data needs to arrive at the recipient intact. Examples of lossless compression algorithms are ZIP files, and GIF images.

## Run-Length Encoding

Run-length encoding (RLE) is probably one of the best known compression techniques. Here is how it works: Let's assume we have some input data: 'aaaabbbc' Now RLE compresses this by expressing the amount of times each symbol occurs, if it occurs more than 2 times. This 'compresses' to '4a3bc' which means as much as 4 x a, 3 x b, 1 x c. We don't express a data item explicitly if it occurs twice or just once. We would just lose space.

## Huffman Coding

Huffman coding is a very powerful compression technique that can be used as an optimal lossless encoding technique. It tries to assign most recurring words(data) with fewer number bits and least recurring words with a greater number of bits.
Huffman at wikipedia: w:Huffman coding

## Notes

Data compression, while a related field to coding theory, is not strictly in the scope of this book, and so we will not cover it any further here.

## Further reading

* Data Compression
* The hydrogenaudio wiki has a comparison of popular lossless audio compression codecs.
* a data compression wiki
* a data compression wiki