OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bar Charts

A bar chart uses vertical bars to compare quantities, which are measured using a vertical axis.
For example, the chart below compares computer repair calls from three office buildings over periods of three months. Every bar graph has a “ruler” or scale on the left or right-hand side (usually the left). Typically the questions involve identifying values from within the chart and manipulating them.

## Practice

1. Approximately how many more repair calls were made to 230 Park Place in 2009 than at 1215 Main Street?
2. By approximately how much did repairs increase at 16 General Pershing Street increase from the first quarter to the second quarter?

## Answers to Practice Questions

1. About 55
230 Park Place has just over 20 repair calls in the first quarter and between 15 and 20 in the second and third quarters, and just under 15 in the fourth quarter. This yields a total of 70. 1215 Main Street has about 5 in both of the first two quarters and just under 5 for the last two, giving it a total of about 15.
2. About 5
In the first quarter, the repairs at 16 General Pershing are just over 10, while in the second quarter, they are between 15 and 20. This is an increase of about 5.
# Ada Programming/Keywords/return

This keyword is used in:
* Functions specifications for declaring the returned type.
* In function bodies for returning a value to the caller.
* In procedure bodies for returning the control to the caller.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada 95 Reference Manual

* 2.9: Reserved Words
* 6.5: Return Statements
* Annex P: Syntax Summary

### Ada 2005 Reference Manual

* 2.9: Reserved Words
* 6.5: Return Statements
* Annex P: Syntax Summary

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/select

This keyword is used in selective waiting in tasks.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/separate

This keyword is used to declare subunits.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/synchronized

This language feature is only available from Ada 2005 on.
The synchronized keyword is used to declare that the interface has to be implemented by task types or protected types. The syntax is:

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/renames

This keyword is used in renaming declarations.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/requeue

This keyword is used for requeue statements.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/reverse

This keyword is used in for loops to specify that the loop is performed in reverse order:
Outputs:

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/some
## Quantified expressions

This language feature has been introduced in Ada 2012.
Existential quantification expression:

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9: Reserved Words
* Annex P: (informative) Syntax Summary
* 4.5.8: Quantified Expressions

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/subtype
## Summary

The keyword subtype is used to declare and name a new subtype. For more information on types and subtypes read Ada Programming/Subtypes.

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords
* Ada Programming/Types
* Ada Programming/Subtypes

### Ada Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
# Ada Programming/Keywords/rem
## Operator rem

The rem keyword is used as the remainder operator, that is, the remainder of the signed integer division. The following formula applies:

## See also
### Wikibook

* Ada Programming
* Ada Programming/Keywords

### Ada 95 Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)
* 4.5.5 Multiplying Operators (Annotated)

### Ada 2005 Reference Manual

* 2.9 Reserved Words (Annotated)
* Annex P (informative) Syntax Summary (Annotated)
* 4.5.5 Multiplying Operators (Annotated)

### Ada Quality and Style Guide

* 3.1.3 Capitalization
Ada Operators :
| and | and then | > | + | abs | & |
| or | or else | >= | - | mod | |
| xor | = | < | * | rem | in |
| not | /= | <= | ** | / | not in |
# Cell Biology/Energy supply/Light Dependent Reactions

The light-dependent reactions, or light reactions, are the first stage of photosynthesis. In this process light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carriers ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions, the formed NADPH and ATP drive the reduction of CO2 to more useful organic compounds, such as glucose.
The light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membrane inside a chloroplast. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem I (PSI), Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.
The two photosystems absorb light energy through proteins containing pigments, such as chlorophyll. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.
Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the lumen to the stroma. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.
The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is: 2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP
# Cell Biology/Gene expression and translation

Cell Biology | Introduction | Types of cells | Parts of the cell | Cell division | Gene expression and translation
* Gene expression
* Gene translation
Cell Biology | Introduction | Types of cells | Parts of the cell | Cell division | Gene expression and translation
# Cell Biology/Energy supply/Electron transport

This stage involves using the NADH molecules produced previously, along with electrons from reduced electron carriers, to from molecules of ATP. In eukaryotes this process takes place in the mitochondria, while in oxygen tolerant prokaryotes it takes place in the cell membrane. Some eukaryotic cells, such as red blood cells, do not have mitochondria and therefore cannot use the electron transport chain to produce energy.
In plant cells, energy is used from the sun to start chemical reactions which create ATP.
# Cell Biology/Cytosol

Cell Biology | Parts of the cell | Organelles
<< Peroxisomes | Cytosol | Cytoskeleton and Microtubules >>
The cytosol (as opposed to cytoplasm, which also includes the organelles) is the internal fluid of the cell, and a large part of cell metabolism occurs here. Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, and act as intracellular receptors and ribosomes. In prokaryotes, all chemical reactions take place in the cytosol. In eukaryotes, the cytosol contains the cell organelles. In plants, the amount of cytosol can be reduced due to the large tonoplast (central vacuole) that takes up most of the room of the cell.
The cytosol is not a "soup" with free-floating particles, but highly organized on the molecular level. The cytosol also contains the cytoskeleton. It is made of fibrous proteins and (in many organisms) maintains the shape of the cell, anchors organelles, and controls internal movement of structures, e.g., transport vesicles.
As the concentration of soluble molecules increases within the cytosol, an osmotic gradient builds up toward the outside of the cell. Water is flowing into the cell, making it larger. To prevent the cell from bursting apart, molecular pumps in the plasma membrane, the cytoskeleton, the tonoplast or a cell wall (if present) are used to counteract the osmotic pressure.
<< Peroxisomes | Cytosol | Cytoskeleton and Microtubules >>
Cell Biology | Parts of the cell | Organelles
# Cell Biology/Energy supply/Krebs cycle

The Krebs Cycle is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle and occurs within the Matrix of the Mitocondria.
Acetyl-Coenzyme A produced from the Link Reaction is synthesised into Citric Acid by the action of citrate synthase and its combination with Oxaloacetate. The citric acid, known as Citrate in its ionised form is then converted into Isocitrate by aconitase. This is then converted to Alpha-Ketoglutarate by citrate dehydrogenase in an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, in which one molecule of CO2 is given off and one molecule of NAD+ is oxidised to NADH. Another oxidative deecarboxylation converts the alpha-ketoglutarate to Succinyl Coenzyme A with the addition of CoA-SH and again the loss of a CO2 and the oxidation of NAD+ is seen. Succinyl CoA is then converted into Succinate by the action of Succinyl CoA Synthetase, the addition of water, the loss of CoA-SH and the substrate level phosphorylation of one molecule of ADP to ATP. Succinate is then converted to Fumarate by Succinate Dehydrogenase, a dehydrogenation reaction which results in the reduction of FADH+ to FADH2. Fumarate is, in turn, hydrated by the addition of one water molecule by Fumarase to Malate which is finally converted back to Oxaloacetate by Malate Dehydrogenase in a dehydrogenation reaction that oxidises one NAD+ to NADH. The cycle can then begin again.
There are many products of, and substrates for the Krebs cycle: for instance, amino acids can be metabolised to or catabolised from Acetyl CoA, Alpha-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Malate and Oxaloacetate, depending which specific amino acid. Pyruvate can be re-synthesised by Pyruvate carboxylase from Oxaloacetate, which can either replenish the Krebs Cycle or make glucose by Gluconeogenesis. Citrate can be used for fatty acid (fat) or cholesterol synthesis. Succinyl CoA can be used to make Haem for Red Blood Cells.
NADH and FADH2 are then used in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Net gain for the Krebs Cycle: 2 Carbon Dioxide, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per molecule of Acetyl CoA
# Cell Biology/Energy supply

Parts of the cell
Chloroplasts are the organelles used for photosynthesis (a process that incorporates light energy into storage as chemical energy) whereas mitochondria used in respiration (a process that releases stored chemical energy). It assumed that you already know the information about these organelles explained in the organelles section. If you have not read the entries on chloroplasts and mitochondria from there yet, please go back and read them now.

### Chemicals to know

* Important chemicals

### Photosynthesis

* Light Dependent Reactions
* Calvin-Benson Cycle

### Cellular Respiration

* Glycolysis
* Krebs cycle
* Electron transport
# Cell Biology/Energy supply/Important chemicals

Time for a lesson in terminology. The methods by which a cell supplies and stores energy are quite complex, and there are many long, scary words involved, as well as many short, scary acronyms for them. Many students will look at a system such as the Krebs cycle and tell themselves "There are way too many confusing words here, this is not for me!" In reality, the basic ideas are not that complex, and once you familiarize yourself with several of the chemicals integral to the energy storing processes, both photosynthesis and respiration will stop being so scary.

## Major chemicals
### ADP and ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), considered the universal energy currency of the cell, is a molecule with three phosphate groups attached to it. Though all three bonds contain stored chemical potential energy, the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups are relatively easier to break apart, thus providing a means of energy storage for the cell. As a result, breaking this bond to release energy, and forming it again to store energy, is relatively easy for a cell to carry out.
When an ATP molecule is lacking its third phosphate group, it is called adenosine diphospate (ADP). Here is a handy linguistic trick to remember which is which: a molecule of ATP has tied-in energy, but a molecule of ADP is drained of energy. If that doesn't work, just remember that chemical bonds store energy, so the molecule with another phosphate group ('tri-' (three) is one more than 'di-' (two)) bound to it will have more energy. Those are two strategies for differing the two.
The most important aspect of ATP is that it is used in all organisms as a universal currency of storing and transporting energy for immediate use. ATP is simple and easy to form, as well as easily portable throughout cell and tissue alike.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Hot Spring Act/Article 31

| ←Article 5 to Article 30 | Hot Spring Act Republic of China (Taiwan) Law Article 31 | Article 32→ |

## First promulgated on 2003-07-02, effective on 2005-07-01
### Article 31

    The central authority-in-charge and appropriate government agencies shall prescribe the enforcement rules of this Act.
    Any proprietor who has developed hot springs but fails to obtain a legitimate license shall have a seven-year moratorium to improve.

## Promulgated amendment on 2010-05-12, effective on 2010-07-01
### Article 31

    The central authority-in-charge, in consultation with appropriate central government agencies, shall prescribe the enforcement rules of this Act.
    Any hot spring proprietor who has developed hot springs but fails to obtain legitimate licenses shall remedy the situation by July 1, 2013.

## Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "The Hot Spring Act". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2003-07-02. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
* ↑ "Hot Spring Act: Article 31". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2016-12-11. The moratorium is further specified in the amendment to avoid restarting the period of seven years.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Enforcement Law for Part V, Succession Law of the Civil Code/1985

| ←1931 | Enforcement Law for Part V, Succession Law of the Civil Code Republic of China (Taiwan) Law 1985 |

## Article 11 (later amended)
# Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Enforcement Law for Part V, Succession Law of the Civil Code: Article Content". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Enforcement Law for Part IV, Family Law of the Civil Code

| ←Enforcement Act of the Part of Rights In Rem of the Civil Code | Enforcement Law for Part IV, Family Law of the Civil Code Republic of China Law from Mainland Era to Taiwan | Enforcement Law for Part V, Succession Law of the Civil Code→ |

# History

* Promulgated on January 24, 1931
* Amended on September 25,1996
* Amended on February 2, 2000
* Amended on February 2, 2000
* As amended on June 26, 2002
* Amended on May 23, 2007
* Amended on May 23,2008
* Amended article 15 on December 30,2009
* Amended on Dec 26,2012

# Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Enforcement Law for Part IV, Family Law of the Civil Code: Legislative History". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
* ↑ A full amendment occurred on June 3, 1985 and is in a separate page, and later partial amendments are in other separate pages per articles.
# Annotated Republic of China Laws/Enforcement Law for Part V, Succession Law of the Civil Code

| ←Enforcement Law for Part IV, Family Law of the Civil Code | Enforcement Law for Part V, Succession Law of the Civil Code Republic of China Law from Mainland Era to Taiwan |

# History

* Promulgated on January 24, 1931 ; Effective from May 5, 1931
* As amended on June 3, 1985
* Amended on January 2, 2008
* Amended on May 07, 2008
* Amended on June 10, 2009
* Amended Article 11 on December 30, 2009
* Amended Article 1-3 on December 26, 2012
* Amended Article 1-1, Article 1-2 on January 30, 2013

# Annotated by Wikibooks

* ↑ "Enforcement Law for Part V, Succession Law of the Civil Code: Legislative History". Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-24.
* ↑ This complete amendment is in a separate page, and later partial amendments are in other separate pages per articles.
# 0 A.D./Musicians

On June 8th, 2018 the group Materia Collective published a soundtrack for the game.

## References

* ↑ "0 A.D. (Original Game Soundtrack)". Materia Collective. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
# 0 A.D./Time range

The time period 0 A.D. attempts to simulate spans roughly 1000 years, from 500BC to 500AD. This was a time of massive change around the Mediterranean sea, as well as neighboring regions.

## References

* ↑ "0 A.D. | A free, open-source game of ancient warfare". Retrieved 11 June 2021.
# 0 A.D./Wildfire Games

Wildfire Games is the developer of both 0 A.D. and the Pyrogenesis game engine it runs on.
# 0 A.D./Open Source Release

In July 2009, the project switched from a closed development process to open source, making the code available as GPL and the art content available as CC-BY-SA, and encouraging external contributions. The team wished to attract new talent to 0 A.D., share some ideas, tools and code with the game development community, and simplify a number of issues with distribution and debugging.
Shortly afterwards, Philip (“Ykkrosh”) Taylor, a PhD student from Cambridge, made large changes to the codebase sorely requiring redesign and reimplementation, making it easier for new contributors to join.
The game has attracted many contributors in all fields of development and they have picked up the pace considerably. Shortly after the OS release, they began releasing pre-alpha and alpha versions of 0 A.D. every two to three months, each with new features, and drawing the project closer to finish step by step.
# 0 A.D./Factions
## Roman Republic

A jack of all trades faction.

## The Carthaginian Empire

Carthage specializes in naval warfare, mercenaries, and walled defense.

## Hellenic States

Includes Athenians, Spartans, and Macedonians.

## References

* 1 2 3 "0 A.D. | A free, open-source game of ancient warfare". Retrieved 7 July 2021.
# 9-1 Chemistry
## Foreword

9-1 Chemistry is a textbook designed to act as a free, reliable guide for students attempting the 9-1 Chemistry GCSE. It is part of the 9-1 Series of wikibooks.
The table of contents has been structured around the AQA Specification.
This book is intended to be read chronologically.
We recommend that you are familiar with most of GCSE Mathematics as physics, like other sciences, relies on mathematics. Also, if you want to learn how to make the most of this textbook please read here.

## Atomic structure and the periodic table

    A simple model of the atom
    The periodic table
    Properties of transition metals
    Atomic structure questions

## Bonding, structure and properties of matter

    Chemical bonds; ionic, covalent and metallic
    How bonding and structure relate to properties of substances
    Structure and bonding of carbon
    Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles
    Topic questions

## Quantitative Chemistry

    Quantitative interpretation of chemical equations
    Amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances
    Yield and atom economy
    Concentrations of solutions
    Amount of substance in relation to volumes of gases
    Topic questions

## Chemical changes

    Reactivity of metals
    Reactions of acids
    Electrolysis
    Topic questions

## Energy changes

    Exothermic and endothermic reactions
    Chemical cells and fuel cells
    Topic questions

## Rate and extent of chemical change

    Rate of reaction
    Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
    Topic questions

## Organic chemistry

    Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock
    Reactions of alkenes and alcohols
    Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers
    Topic questions

## Chemical analysis

    Purity, formulations and chromatography
    Identification of common gases
    Identification of ions
    Topic questions

## Chemistry of the atmosphere

    The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere
    Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases
    Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources
    Topic questions

## Using resources

    Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water
    Life cycle assessment and recycling
    Ways of reducing the use of resources
    Using materials
    The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers
    Topic questions

## Appendix

    How to make the most from this book
    I've finished the book, where next?
    Authorship
# 9-1 History/Author help

This wikibook is being built; so it is hard work. However, perhaps unfortunately, books will not write themselves.
It is useful to add tasks and quizzes after introducing new concepts and information. This can help solidify understanding. Also, remember to keep the course in mind; sure, you may love a section of history and just want to right, but if the information is not needed, do not include it.
Do not half do a chapter; it will not work long term and someone will, in the end, have to go through clearing it up.
Sources;
* Any up-to-date book for AQA (covering newish 9-1 course)
* A reputable website
** eg.[Bitsize, BBC]
* [AQA Specification] (PDF file) AQA's guidelines on the 9-1 history GCSE.
Remember, you are not alone!