OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kapampangan/Months
## Part A: Description

The months, like the days of the week, were also all borrowed from Spanish, with adaptations of some consonants and vowels.
| Enéru Span. | January |
| Pebréru Span. | February |
| Mársu Span. | Mars |
| Abríl Span. | April |
| Máyu Span. | May |
| Húniu Span. | June |
| Húliu Span. | July |
| Agóstu Span. | August |
| Septiémbri Span. | September |
| Uktúbri Span. | October |
| Nobiémbri Span. | November |
| Disiémbri Span. | December |
These should be easy to remember if you have studied Spanish.
Listen to the pronunciation of the months. (help·info)

## Part B: Application

First of all, learn the whole list of months by heart. Make sure you can recite them to yourself, without looking at this page.
Here are a few sentences using the months in Kapampangan. You can see how the article is used, depending on the context.
The rule for using the article or not are...

## Part C: Exercises

Translate the following English sentences in Kapampangan.
She will move to Manilla in May.
December is the coldest month.
In June, it rains.
Solutions

## Part D: Summary

You now know how to use all the months in Kapampangan. Also you have learned the following new words and phrases:
| Kap. word 1 | Eng. trans 1 |
| word 2 | trans 2 |
Continue to Days Of The Week
# Kapampangan/Greeting
## Part A: Description

In this lesson you will learn to greet anyone with the appropriate level of formality.
The level formality for many sentences, including greetings, is more complex than in English. But we will see here that it is quite easy to show respect or sound formal.
The first word to know is mayáp, good. Then you need the word describing the time of day: ábak morning, ugtú noon, gatpanápun afternoon, béngi night,
If you want to be formal and respectful to elderly, you need the word pu and the following construction then applies:
Mayáp a gatpanápun pu Good afternoon, sir or Good afternoon, madam showing respect for an older person.
The a simply links good with afternoon and is a compulsory link word. But an interesting phenomenon is that Kapampangan does not allow a glottal stop between two consecutive vowels and so words starting with a vowel have a y added at the beginning if they are after the compulsory preposition a:
Mayáp a yábak pu Good morning, sir or Good morning, madam showing respect for an older person.
Another frequently used phrase is Kumustá which means both Hello, and How are you?. It is borrowed from the Spanish Como esta? which means exactly How are you?

## Part B: Application

Given the rules here above, we can generate the following set of phrases:
| Hello, how are you? | Kumustá? (Span.) |
| Good noon (literally) | Mayáp a yugtú |
| Good night (or evening) | Mayáp a béngi |
You noted that in Kapampangan one can say "good noon". Although it might sound unusual to you, this is simply used when you meet someone at noon or around lunch time.

## Part C: Exercises

Translate the following English sentences into Kapampangan:
* Good afternoon
* Hello madam, how are you?
Translate the following Kapampangan into English:
* Mayáp a béngi pu
* Mayáp a yábak
Solutions

## Part D: Summary

You can now correctly greet anyone you meet in Pampanga, and not be perceived to be rude. Here is the list of words and greeting phrases that you have learned:
| mayáp | good |
| ábak | morning |
| ugtú | noon |
| gatpanápun | afternoon |
| béngi | night |
| pu | word indicating respect for the person that you talk to |
| a | link word between an adjective and a noun |
| Kumustá | Hello, how are you? |
| mayáp a yábak | Good morning |
| mayáp a yugtú | Good noon |
| mayáp a gatpanápun | Good afternoon |
| mayáp a béngi | Good night |
Continue to Introducing Yourself
# Kapampangan/How to use this book
## Organisation of the book

This book contains:
* 40 lessons,
* a Kapampangan to English lexicon,
* an English to Kapampangan lexicon,
* the solutions to all the exercises,
* an index.
Each of the 40 lessons is organised in four parts plus one optional part:
* Part A: presentation of the aspect of the language that we learn in this lesson,
* Part B: application of the principles,
* Part C: exercises,
* Part D: summary and list of newly learned words and phrases,
* Part E: extras (optional part): linguistic information related to the lesson's subject for the curious reader that wants to know more about the language or its history, or wants more explanations on grammatical points. You can skip this part if you only wish to understand and speak Kapampangan, and have no other linguistic interest.

## General advice

* Work regularly: if you can spread your work, go through only one lesson per day. It is during your sleep that your brain will organise your new knowledge, but there is only so much that it can organise.
* Plan your effort: Allocate in advance your time for learning. This will help not having large periods without any work, which could cause you to forget what you have previously learned, and would cause you to have to double your effort.
* Go back: Do some revision with the previous lessons, and redo some exercises. You need to know (and remember) the basics before you can move on.

## Conventions in this book

* The alphabet we use here for the purpose of sorting alphabetically Kapampangan words is a,b,d,g,h,i,k,l,m,n (including ng),o,p,r,s,t,u,w,y.
* New Kapampangan words are always indicated in bold.
* Translations in English are indicated in italic.
* The origin of new words, when they can be identified, is indicated with the following abbreviation the first time that a word is mentioned:
** Span. Spanish
** Eng. English
** Tag. Tagalog
** Chin. Chinese
** Arab. Arabic
Continue to Pronouncing Kapampangan

## Notes

* ↑ For easier computer processing of word lists, the letter ng is considered to be two separate letters, so are the letters dy, ts and sy. The glottal stop indicated by ' is not used for sorting. This means that the same sorting rules can be used for the English word lists and Kapampangan word lists.
# Kapampangan/Inclusive And Exclusive We
## Part A: Description

Distinction between inclusive we and exclusive we is required in Kapampangan. Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressees (that is, one of the words for "we" means "you and I"), while exclusive "we" specifically excludes them (that is, another word for "we" means "them and I, but not you"), regardless of who else may be involved.
ikata (dual inclusive), ikatamu (plural inclusive), and ikami (exclusive).

## Part D: Summary

You now know how to use the various Kapampangan translations of "We". Also you have learned the following new words and phrases:
| Kap. word 1 | Eng. trans 1 |
| word 2 | trans 2 |

## Part E: Formal description

In linguistics, clusivity is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we". Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressees (that is, one of the words for "we" means "you and I"), while exclusive "we" specifically excludes them (that is, another word for "we" means "he/she/they and I, but not you"), regardless of who else may be involved.
Clusivity paradigms may be summarized as a two-by-two grid (this grid addresses only plural forms):
| | | Includes the addressee? | Includes the addressee? |
| | | Yes | No |
| Includes the speaker? | Yes | Inclusive we | Exclusive we |
| Includes the speaker? | No | 2nd person | 3rd person |
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Ton-Tongue Toffee
## Overview

Ton-Tongue toffees are products of Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes that make the tongue of the person eating them become several feet long.

## Extended Description

Possibly the start of the "Skiving Snackbox" line, this is an early Weasley's product that was first tested out on Harry's cousin Dudley in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. This got the twins into a lot of trouble with their father and mother.

## Analysis

Something of a throw-away idea, the Ton-Tongue Toffees are used to prank Dudley, and then are taken away and destroyed by Mrs. Weasley, and we never see them again. While they have physiological effects on the person eating them, and so could be placed in the Skiving Snackboxes line, the effects are not something that would require a visit to the Hospital wing, and so don't have a major part in the Twins' story.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Torture Quill
## Overview

The Torture Quill is a jet-black quill that cuts whatever is written with it into the user's hand.

## Extended Description

It first appears in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Professor Umbridge uses it on Harry during his detentions with her. It is described as a "thin, black quill with an unusually sharp point." The purpose of the sharp point is soon revealed, as it turns out to cut whatever is written with it into the back of the user's hand and write the words with the user's blood.
It is later used on Lee Jordan after he attempts to use Educational Decree #26 against her.
On at least one occasion, we see that the scars cut into the back of Harry's hand have remained visible for at least two years, and Harry thinks it unlikely that they will ever completely fade; on another occasion, the scars prickle when Umbridge is recalled to Harry's memory.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Transfiguration Today
## Overview

Transfiguration Today seems to be a professional journal, read by the more advanced wizards interested in learning about new magical techniques.

## Extended Description

It is mentioned that, when Harry is staying at The Leaky Cauldron after blowing up his Aunt Marge, there are elderly wizards sitting in the parlor, reading Transfiguration Today.
In Snape's memories, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, there is a scene where Snape is railing at Professor Dumbledore about what an awful student Harry is. Dumbledore is only giving Snape about half his attention; as he listens, he is reading Transfiguration Today.

## Analysis

Just as there are mass-market periodicals like Witch Weekly, The Daily Prophet, and The Quibbler, there must be more professional publications that are similar to our scientific journals. After all, magic is not static; we hear that Wolfsbane Potion was invented recently by an uncle of Marcus Belby, and there are other advances alluded to in various places. While the mass media will trumpet the existence of such advances, when they happen, the professional journal will go into detail as to how the effects are achieved. Transfiguration Today is clearly such a professional journal.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Tongue-Tying Curse
## Overview

The Tongue-Tying Curse causes the subject's tongue to roll up in his mouth, preventing speech.

## Extended Description

While it is similar to the Langlock jinx, the Tongue-Tying Curse has a different physical effect: Langlock causes the subject's tongue to stick to the roof of his mouth, rather than curl upon itself.
There is suggestion in the books that the Tongue-tying curse may have a more permanent effect, preventing the subject from speaking of a particular topic, but this is never confirmed.

## Analysis

The Tongue-Tying Curse is left on the entrance to Number 12, Grimmauld Place by Mad-Eye Moody, when the death of Dumbledore forces them to abandon the use of that house as Headquarters. Theoretically, Snape could at that point reveal the presence of Headquarters to anyone he chose, including Death Eaters, as Dumbledore's death has left him a Secret-Keeper. We are told by other members of the Order of the Phoenix, however, that Moody left spells that would prevent Snape doing that. As the curse's action on Harry when he enters the house is quite brief, it could not prevent Harry from speaking of Grimmauld Place; the only way it could deter Snape would be if there was a long-term effect that was not immediately apparent.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.

## Greater Picture

While it is never explained exactly how long the Tongue-Tying curse's effect may last, the author may have introduced it as a means to deflect readers' probing questions about Snape's loyalty, which remains unknown until the end of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. If Snape had been a traitor, then it would seem logical and probable that he would have revealed how to enter Grimmauld Place to Voldemort and the other Death Eaters. Following the demonstration of the Tongue-tying curse's effects on Harry, readers might assume that this was the reason for Snape's silence.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Troll
## Overview

Trolls are large, slow, humanoid creatures. They are generally destructive, and wild ones, at least, are generally not smart enough to reason with.

## Extended Description

A troll made an appearance in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, when Professor Quirrell let one into the dungeons during the Hallowe'en Feast. A second one, or possibly the same one, also provided by Quirrell, was one of the obstacles guarding the approach to the Stone.
In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, when the Fat Lady returns to watch the Gryffindor common room entrance, a squad of security trolls is recruited to keep her safe. These are apparently not much smarter than the one that broke up the feast two years earlier, but are apparently more biddable. It is mentioned that they seem to be spending a lot of time comparing clubs, but otherwise we hear little of them. While their size is never mentioned, context would lead us to believe that they are not as large as the ones mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.
Fred Weasley has stated that all one needs to do to speak Troll is to point and grunt, earning him "an extremely nasty look" from Percy.

## Analysis

It is not immediately made clear how Trolls differ from Giants, but from context we can assume that trolls are slightly smaller, have less brain, and are trainable (security trolls have been used several times, even in Hogwarts, as guards). From the fact that Harry and Ron both commented on the smell when the troll approached them in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, but that neither Harry nor Hermione noted any smell when approaching Grawp in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, would also imply that Trolls are also much smellier than Giants.
There is some small evidence for there being multiple species of troll. The "troll in the dungeons", mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, is identified there as a "wild mountain troll," is also described as being very large, and having little if any spoken language. The "security trolls" mentioned in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban are apparently smaller, as several of them can fit in the hallway, communicate with each other, though possibly pre-verbally, and are either trained to take direction from the Fat Lady, or else determine for themselves when Sirius approaches, and prevent his entry. It is possible that the author simply thought the concept of a "security troll" would be a good thing to put into the story. At this remove, we of course can't tell whether that was the genesis of this distinct troll type, or whether she had in fact planned for there to be significant diversity in the troll race. The reader might consider whether having multiple distinct troll species explicitly defined would enhance the story.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Umgubular Slashkilter
## Overview

As it is only ever mentioned by Luna Lovegood, we must conclude that the never-described Umgubular Slashkilter springs from the fertile imagination of Xenophilius Lovegood.

## Extended Description

During the first meeting of Dumbledore's Army in the Room of Requirement, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Luna says that her father is very supportive of anti-Ministry action, in part because of Cornelius Fudge's Umgubular Slashkilter. When Cho Chang opens her mouth to ask what it is, Harry tells her, "Don't ask", causing her to giggle.

## Analysis

The only information we have about this creature is Luna's reporting Xenophilius' dislike of the Minister for Magic possessing one. This seems to imply that it is dangerous in some way.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.
* If this creature does indeed exist, why do you think it is not included on the Hogwarts syllabus?
# Micronations/List of already existing micronations/New Deutsche Democratic Republic

The New Deutsche Democratic Republic was founded 2017 from the remnants of East Germany. The landmass is off the coast of mainland Cuba, and the proper name of the island is Ernst Thälmann Island. It was given to East Germany as a gift from Fidel Castro, to try to increase tourism in Cuba. After the demise of communism, and the unification of Germany, there were no such talks of incorporating Ernst Thälmann Island into Germany. Therefore, even after the official creation of a new state, Germany, replacing both East and West Germany, East Germany is still a country to this day, yet reformed to the New Deutsche Democratic Republic. Its capital is Cayos Blanco del Sur, and is the only settlement on the island. And the President, or leader is Erich Honecker, which is the eternal president of the nation.
# Micronations/List of already existing micronations/SSC-Khatumo

The SSC-Khatumo is a micronation which was officially founded in February 6th. 2023, although its forerunner, the SSC Movement, was founded in March 2009 by Suleiman Haglotosiye and Ali Sabarey. The adaptation of the SSC Movement, namely SSC-Khatumo occurred in at the behest of mainly the youth of the city of Las Anod following an assassination that occurred on the 26th of December 2022. These youth began protesting what they saw as a lack of action on the part of the governing secessionist authorities based in Hergeisa to the latest in a string of assassinations that had occurred in the city since 2009 that targeted the city's elite people. As the Las Anod youth began holding street demonstrations against what they saw as an orchestrated eliticide, a paramilitary group funded and trained by Britain called RRU began gunning down the street protesters. Over the next month, a string of traditional elders of the Reer Darawiish tribe began flooding into the city in an attempt to quell the chaos and to instill a sense of peace, law and order and tranquility. Subsequently, the most senior of the chieftains of the Reer Darawiish tribe, namely Garad Jama Garad Ali, publically declared the creation of a new federal state of Somalia, which would be called SSC-Khatumo and would initially consist of the Fiqishini tribe and the Reer Darawiish tribe. Since the incumbent president of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud has as of the 2020s not recognized it as one of its member states, the de facto status of the SSC-Khatumo administration is that of a proto state or micronation.

## References

* ↑ Bell, Stewart (25 September 2010). "Canadian guerrilla". National Post. – via PressReader.
* ↑ "What is Khatumo State?". Somalia Report. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140312061049/http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/3271/What_is_Khatumo_State. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
* ↑ https://africanarguments.org/2023/02/crisis-in-lasanod-insecurity-border-disputes-and-the-future-of-somaliland/

## Further reading

* "Governance without government in the Somali territories" by N Stremlau, 2018
* "Somalia: Puntland's Punted Polls", by C Barnes, 2013
# Micronations/List of already existing micronations/Missionary Order of the Celtic Cross

The Missionary Order of the Celtic Cross, or MOCC, is a druidic order that largely operates in the Northeast of Oklahoma, USA. One of it's leaders, Thomas Harris, argues that it is a micronation by technicality, rather than vested purpose. It is largely integrated with the Kingdom of Dubast, of which was founded for the atheistic members of the otherwise theistic order. It has close ties with Aynvaul and other micronations with any strong Celtic identities, and even membership in the Antarctic Micronation Union, or AMU.
# Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Kelpie
## Overview

The Kelpie is a form of water creature that resides in rivers and streams only. It is native to Scotland, though there are similar Irish myths, which give them other names. The Kelpie has the shape of a fish-tailed horse in the water, but can assume the shape of a horse, or a handsome man, on dry land.

## Extended Description

When appearing as a man, there will often be something to give away the Kelpie's true nature, such as pond weed in his hair, or horses hooves. Often confused with the Each-Uisge, which takes on the same forms in and out of the water, the major difference is that the Each-Uisge lives in lochs and the sea, not rivers and streams as the Kelpie does, and is usually associated with more terrifying myths than those of the Kelpie.
The Loch Ness monster is neither, as there are no ancient legends of her ever appearing as a horse. Nessie is always described as a serpent, right up until recent times, when American film makers latched onto the terms "kelpie" and "each-uisge" and "water-horse". Real Scottish legends say that Nessie was a beautiful Celtic maiden who was turned into a terrible serpent by a hag called The Cailleach because she left the cover off a spring and the water poured down all day, filling up the valley below, forming Loch Ness. They say this is how the loch got its name, and is the reason why Scots always refer to Nessie as "She". The reason for the assumption that Nessie can shapeshift into an otter comes from the maiden's name, Neasa, meaning "otter" in old Gaelic.
It is mentioned in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them that one of the Kelpie's favoured shapes is a sea horse, often with bulrushes instead of a mane, as described above. According to the author, "Newt Scamander", the largest Kelpie on record is found in Loch Ness, which is in Scotland. The International Confederation of Wizards noticed that it wasn't a serpent when it changed into an otter. As mentioned above, this is possibly an indication that Rowling's perceptions of the Kelpie have been skewed by American film-makers.
Though mentioned in passing in the main books, the Kelpie plays little, if any, part in the story.

## Questions

Study questions are meant to be left for each student to answer; please don't answer them here.