OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Heliciculture/Growth

Within the same snail population and under the same conditions, some snails will grow faster than others. Some will take twice as long to mature. This may help the species survive bad weather, etc., in the wild. However, a snail farmer should obviously select and keep the largest and fastest maturing snails for breeding stock. Sell the smaller snails. By selecting only the largest, the average size of the snail may increase significantly in only a couple of generations. Most of the differences in growth are probably due to environmental factors including stocking density. However, to whatever extent these differences are genetic, you might as well breed large, fast-growing snails instead of small, slower-growing ones.
Several factors can greatly influence the growth of snails including: population density; stress [snails are sensitive to noise, light, vibration, unsanitary conditions, irregular feedings, being touched, etc.]; feed; temperature and moisture; and the breeding technology used.
H. aspersa requires at least 3% to 4% calcium in the soil (or another source of calcium) for good growth. Most snails need more calcium in the soil than H. aspersa. Low calcium intake will slow the growth rate and cause the shell to be thinner. Calcium may be set out in a feeding dish or trough so the snails can eat it at will. Food is only one calcium source. Snails may eat paint or attack walls of buildings seeking calcium, and they also will eat dirt.
A newborn's shell size depends on the egg size since the shell develops from the egg's surface membrane. As the snail grows, the shell is added onto in increments. Eventually the shell will develop a flare or reinforcing lip at its opening. This shows that the snail is now mature; there will be no further shell growth. Growth is measured by shell size, since a snail's body weight varies and fluctuates, even in 100% humidity. The growth rate varies considerably between individuals in each population group. Adult size, which is related to the growth rate, also varies, thus the fastest growers are usually the largest snails. Eggs from larger, healthier snails also tend to grow faster and thus larger.
Dryness inhibits growth and even stops activity. When it becomes too hot and dry in summer, the snail becomes inactive, seals its shell and estivates (becomes dormant) until cooler, moister weather returns. Some snails estivate in groups on tree trunks, posts, or walls. They seal themselves to the surface thus sealing up the shell opening.
# Heliciculture/Economic Impact
## In the United States of America

U.S. imports of snails were worth more than $4.5 million in 1995 and came from 24 countries. This includes preserved or prepared snails and snails that are live, fresh, chilled, or frozen. Major exporters to the U.S. are France, Indonesia, Greece and China. The U.S. exported live, fresh, chilled, or frozen snails worth $55,000 to 13 countries; most were shipped to Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Individual statistics are not available for U.S. exports of prepared or processed snails from the U.S. Department of Commerce.
# Heliciculture/General Information

Roman Snail or Edible Snail (Helix pomatia) is a snail well known in the European fauna. It is quite large and so it is easily seen with the bare eye. Roman snails can often be encountered crawling near bushes in the early morning or in the evening in damp air.
Snails in general are not very well liked. Many are considered to be garden pests and are poisoned where they are met. Outside of scientific circles it is less well known that there actually are snails that neither are garden pests, nor do they even eat plants. They might, however be encountered in gardens!.
Gastropod biology is a fascinating chapter of natural history. Who then would have thought a Roman snail to possess thousands of teeth, but only one foot, but that using it, snails can crawl upside down and over a razor blade's sharp edge?
Reproduction also has many interesting secrets to reveal: After all, Roman snails are not either male or female, but both, and at the same time. Unique in all of the animal kingdom: Roman snails and their relatives during mating use a love dart that is stung into the mate's body!.
Roman snails they are called, because those snails have been picked for millennia to serve as human food. So today the Roman snail is a very well known species. But we should not be misled to assume we knew everything about this fascinating creature. Even today, new scientific discoveries are made on the field of Roman snail biology.
# Heliciculture/List of Edible Snails

Edible land snails range in size from about one millimeter long to the giant African snails, which occasionally grow up to 312mm (1 foot) in length. "Escargot" most commonly refers to either Helix aspersa or to Helix pomatia, although other varieties of snails are eaten. Achatina fulica, a giant African snail, is sliced and canned and passed off on some consumers as escargot. Terms such as "garden snail" or "common brown garden snail" are rather meaningless since they refer to so many types of snails, but they sometimes mean H. aspersa.
"There is no such thing as the giant African or West African snail since there are many genera containing numerous species. . . . For instance, the giant snail in Ghana is taken to mean Achatina Achatina (Linne), but in Nigeria this might refer to Arachachatina Marginata (Swainson), and in East Africa to Achatina fulica Bodich. There are, therefore, several giant land snails in Africa, and not just one species." (3)
# Heliciculture/Gathering Snails

Besides farming snails, it is possible to gather them free from artichoke, kiwifruit, avocado, and citrus growers in some areas. The growers might pick the snails for you for a fee. In citrus groves where copper bands have been placed around the tree trunks, the snails will crawl up the tree to feed on the leaves. They will stop when they come to the copper band and will remain there for days. The snails gathered just below the band are easy to pick off.
Snails gathered in the wild to stock a snail farm may have a high mortality rate as they adjust to the new conditions. These snails may have consumed poison baits, agricultural chemicals, or poisonous plants (e.g., nightshade); therefore, you should not immediately use them. Put them in a pen and feed them for at least 3 days to purge their system of any toxins and to give them a chance to die if they have consumed a lethal dose. If they are still healthy after 3 or 4 days, they should be O.K.. Withhold all food, except water, for the last 1 to 2 days.
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Filter/Low-pass
## Low-pass fILTER

A low-pass filter is an electronic device that has stable voltage that does not change over a range of low frequencies.

## Configurations
### Network LR Low-pass Filter

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {Z_{R}}{Z_{R}+Z_{L}}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T={\frac {L}{R}}$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}$

### Net Work RC Low-pass Filter

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {Z_{C}}{Z_{R}+Z_{C}}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$
    T = RC
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}$
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Oscillator
## Oscillator

Oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates wave oscillation

## Types of Oscillators

* Passive Oscillator
* Active Oscillator
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Filter/Low Pass Filter
## RC
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {\frac {1}{j\omega C}}{R+{\frac {1}{j\omega C}}}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T=RC$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {1}{T}}={\frac {1}{RC}}$

## LR
### Characteristics

    ${\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {R}{R+j\omega L}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$
    $T=RC$
    $\omega _{o}={\frac {j\omega L}{R+j\omega L}}={\frac {1}{1+j\omega T}}$

## Summary

The two configurations above can be used for Low Pass Filter which has stable voltage which does not change with frequency over low range of frequencies
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Oscillator/Active Oscillator/Single Frequency Oscillator or SFO
## Single Frequency Oscillator or SFO

Single Frequency Oscillator or SFO is made up of class A Transistor Amplifier with feedback circuit consists of parallel LC Tuned circuit or a RC phase shift of 180$^o$

## Characteristics
### Parallel LC Tuned Circuit

The Oscillating Frequency is calculated by
    $f={\frac {1}{2\pi }}{\sqrt {\frac {1}{lC}}}$

### RC phase shift of 180$^o$

The Oscillating Frequency is calculated by
    $f={\frac {1}{2\pi }}{\frac {1}{RC}}{\frac {1}{Tan\Theta }}$
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Oscillator/Active Oscillator/Variable Frequency Oscillator or VFO
## Variable Frequency Oscillator or VFO Types

* Hartley Oscillator
* Clapp Oscillator
* Colpitt Oscillator
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Oscillator/Active Oscillator/Variable Frequency Oscillator or VFO/Clapp Oscillator
## Oscillation Frequency

$f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi }{\sqrt {{1 \over L}\left({1 \over C_{0}}+{1 \over C_{1}}+{1 \over C_{2}}\right)}}\ .$
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Oscillator/Active Oscillator/Variable Frequency Oscillator or VFO/Colpitt Oscillator
## Oscillation frequency

The ideal frequency of oscillation for the circuits in Figures 1 and 2 are given by the equation:
    $f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi {\sqrt {L\cdot \left({C_{1}\cdot C_{2} \over C_{1}+C_{2}}\right)}}}$
where the series combination of C1 and C2 creates the effective capacitance of the LC tank.
Real circuits will oscillate at a slightly lower frequency due to junction capacitances of the transistor and possibly other stray capacitances.
# Electronics Handbook/Devices/Oscillator/Active Oscillator
## Active Oscillator

Active Oscillator is made from Class A Transistor Amplifier with feedback circuit to form Single Frequency Oscillator or SFO , Variable Frequency Oscillator or VFO , Variable Frequency Oscillator or VFO

## Active Oscillator Types

* Single Frequency Oscillator or SFO
* Variable Frequency Oscillator or VFO
* Voltage Controlled Oscillator or VCO
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Boromir

Boromir was the heir power of Gondor. Together, he and Aragorn represented Men in the Fellowship. Boromir was a mighty fighter, and extremely proud and courageous. He was also under the pressure of a kingdom constantly under attack. Boromir succumbs to the temptation of the Ring, attempting to seize it forcibly from Frodo, helping to set in motion a series of events that resulted in the breaking of the Fellowship and ultimately, his own death. Despite his crime of trying to steal the ring, Boromir made up for it by valiantly defending Merry and Pippin, at the cost of his own life, later confessing to and being forgiven by Aragorn, and was remembered as a hero by the rest of the Fellowship.

## Personality

Boromir was above all else exceedingly valiant and steadfast, and was held in great esteem by the fighting men of many nations. He was noted as being somewhat dissimilar in manner and thought from both his father, Denethor, and his brother Faramir, but he loved them both greatly.
He was selfless and bold, but he took little interest in the books and scrolls that his brother so often read, having little interest in lore. It was said of him by Éomer that he had a great deal in common with the people of Rohan. However, his desire to protect his people, and his inability to do so, left him vulnerable to the predations of the One Ring. This eventually caused him to attempt to take it from Frodo, though he deeply regretted this almost immediately after it occurred. At one point, when envisioning he would have hoped to achieve if he took the One Ring and overthrew Sauron, his world after Sauron's defeat was one of peace and security, where he used the Ring to rule with wisdom and generosity.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Elves/Aegnor

Aegnor was an elf.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Frodo Baggins

* Character from Tolkien's Legendarium
* Frodo Baggins Titles The Halfling, Mayor of the Shire, Ring-bearer, Elf-friend Race Hobbits Culture Shire-hobbits Date of birth 22 September 2968, Third Age Date of departure to Aman 29 September 3021, Third Age Realm The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, The Return of the King, The Silmarillion
Frodo Baggins is the primary protagonist in The Lord of the Rings. The novel depends crucially on his decisions and actions. Frodo was the son of Drogo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck, and the heir of Bilbo. Frodo was bearer of the One Ring on his journey to Mount Doom.

## Biography
### Childhood

Frodo, the child of the respectable Drogo Baggins and Primula Brandybuck, was born on 22 September of S.R. 1368 in the Third Age. Orphaned at an early age, he was adopted by Bilbo Baggins.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Meriadoc Brandybuck

* Character from Tolkien's Legendarium
* Meriadoc Brandybuck Other namesMerry, Holdwine, Kalimac Brandagamba Titles Master of Buckland, Master Holdwine of Rohan Race Hobbit Culture Hobbit, Shire-hobbit, Bucklander Date of birth 2982, Third Age Date of death 64, Fourth Age Realm Eriador
Meriadoc Brandybuck, usually referred to as Merry, is featured throughout The Lord of the Rings, and was part of The Fellowship of the Ring.
Merry, a Hobbit, was born in the year 2982 of the Third Age.
A lover of boats and maps, Merry is described as one of Frodo's closest friends and is related to him several times over.
Merry accompanied Frodo on the Quest of Mount Doom. Captured by Orcs with his friend, Peregrin Took, they were separated from the rest of The Fellowship of the Ring, but escaped and became the first mortals for centuries to encounter the Ents of Fangorn Forest. Merry was present at the destruction of Isengard, and rode to the Battle of the Pelennor with the Rohirrim. There, he won great renown, for with Éowyn of Rohan he defeated and slew the Lord of the Nazgûl.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Elves

They are also called 'the Eldar' (People of the Stars), the term is used to separate the elves who went to Valinor and those who didn't (the Avari). The name was given to them by Oromë, the Valar who first found them by the shores of Cuiviénen. There were three different Kindreds - the Vanyar, the Noldor, and the Teleri.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Gandalf

Gandalf (Norse; IPA: [gand:alf] - "Elf of the Wand" or "Wand-elf") the Grey, later known as Gandalf the White, was a wizard sent by the West in the Third Age to combat the threat of Sauron.

## Appearance

Gandalf is described as an old man with a pointed grey hat, a long grey cloak, and a silver scarf. He had a long white beard and bushy eyebrows that stuck out beyond the brim of the hat. After his resurrection, the change of his signature colour from grey to white is significant, for he was sent back to replace the corrupted head of the Order of Wizards and leader of the White Council Saruman as the Chief of the Order of Wizards. In the book, he says that he has himself become what Saruman should have been.
Círdan the Shipwright seemed to have foreseen this, for he entrusted the care of Narya, the Ring of Fire (one of the Three Rings of the Elves) to Gandalf rather than Saruman.

## In the films

Gandalf was portrayed by Ian McKellan.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Gimli Elf-friend

Gimli was the lone Dwarf member of the Fellowship of the Ring, and was known for his skill with an axe. After the breaking of the Fellowship, Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli travelled together, becoming known as the Three Hunters, playing vital roles in battles such as the Battle of the Hornburg and the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. The friendship that grew between Legolas and Gimli did much to heal the longtime tension between the Elves and the Dwarfs.
# Guide to The Lord of the Rings/Characters/Legolas Greenleaf

Legolas Greenleaf was the Prince of Mirkwood, as well as the lone Elf in the Fellowship of the Ring, serving as the. group's archer. He first came to prominence during the Council of Elrond, traveling with the Fellowship, and then with Aragorn and Gimli after the breaking of the Fellowship. Though there was initially friction between Legolas and Gimli because of the longtime feud between the Dwarves and the Elves, the two formed a strong friendship, doing much to reduce the tension between the two races.
# Historical Rhetorics/Plato's Relationship to Rhetoric/A Tincture of Philosophy, A Tincture of Hope: The Portrayal of Isocrates in Plato's ''Phaedrus''

Goggin, Maureen Daly and Elenore Long. "A Tincture of Philosophy, A Tincture of Hope: The Portrayal of Isocrates in Plato's Phaedrus." Rhetoric Review. 11.2 (Spring 1993): 301-324.
In Phaedrus 279A, Plato seems to be praising Isocrates, and concludes the passage by asserting that “For that mind of his, Phaedrus, contains an innate tincture of philosophy.” Experts are divided as to whether this passage is “underhanded and sarcastic” (301) or meant to be taken at face value. Goggin and Long maintain that Plato is all too easily reduced to sets of binaries, but that his view of rhetoric in the Phaedrus is not a binary but a continuum.
The authors show that the elements of the soul represented by the bad horse—emotion, irrationality, and probability—are to be “harness[ed], not banished” (303).
Plato demonstrates in the Phaedrus that the dialectic is actually a tool of rhetoric (317)—a change of heart from his position in Gorgias. This reversal, which is attributed to Plato’s growing realization that for humans most knowledge, even of Truth, is contingent, is the ground for commonality between Plato and Isocrates.
Although the Myth of the Soul places the sophists in the lowest possible position, save for the tyrants, the authors of this article believe that Plato’s thinking is refined enough to exempt Isocrates from the rest of the group of the sophists—in other words, “sophists” does not refer to all of those known primarily as rhetors, but only to those who “were insensitive to the dangerously manipulative potential of rhetoric and who were ready to build arguments for argument’s sake, oblivious to whether their speeches offend the divine or social order” (319).
# Historical Rhetorics/Plato's Relationship to Rhetoric/Plato's Denunciation of Rhetoric in the ''Phaedrus''

McAdon, Brad. "Plato's Denunciation of Rhetoric in the Phaedrus." Rhetoric Review 23.1 (2004): 21-39.
In "Plato's Denunciation of Rhetoric in the Phaedrus," Brad McAdon challenges contentions by Bizzell and Herzog, Welch, Swearingen and others that the Phaedrus defends rhetoric in response to the defamations against rhetoric found in the Gorgias. These positive conceptions operate by locating a "dialectical rhetoric" in the Phaedrus.
He equally rejects the notion of "philosophical rhetoric" as developed by Kennedy. McAdon argues that Plato believes the terms dialectic and rhetoric are forever opposed. Rather than seeking to defend rhetoric, Plato's Phaedrus responds to Isocrates's usurpation of dialectical method for rhetorical purpose in Against the Sophists. He focuses on Plato's "praise" of Isocrates in the Phaedrus, noting how several passages in the Phaedrus are themselves parodies of Isocrates's earlier Against the Sophists.
McAdon concludes contemporary studies can draw upon several important facets of Plato's work, including his epistemic emphasis on "developing confidence in reason, refining generalizations, clarifying issues, analyzing the meanings of words and phrases, questioning deeply by raising and pursuing root or significant questions, analyzing or evaluating arguments, actions, and policies, and reasoning dialectically" (37). But we should also realize that any attempt to align Plato with the rhetoric of Rhetoric and Composition comes more from contemporary pedagogical desire than contextual historical accuracy.
# Historical Rhetorics/Plato's Relationship to Rhetoric/Memory, Myth, and Rhetoric in Plato's "Phadreus"

Frentz, Thomas S. "Memory, Myth, and Rhetoric in Plato's Phadreus. RSQ 36.3 (Summer 2006): 243-262.
Frenz, working from the tension existing between two opposing interpretations of Phaedrus (Griswold’s “pro-Platonic” reading and Derrida’s “anti-Platonic reading”), views Phaedrus as “a text bent on recovering a lost form of spiritual knowledge in the soul” (246) and examines the presence of an “interior sense of memory and myth” in the text (244), leading the author to conclude that Plato’s dialectic form of rhetoric functions as a “living myth” that enables both the participants (Socrates and Phaedrus) and the readers to heighten consciousness and gain self-awareness (245).
Griswold’s interpretation of Phaedrus focuses on the presence of hypomnesis and anamnesis throughout the text: the danger of hypomnesis is revealed in the early moments of the dialogue, when Phaedrus intends to memorize the written version of Lysias’s speech (his memorization here is focused on passive regurgitation, rather than a critical examination of the truth behind Lysias’s words) while the benefits of anamnesis as a path to self-knowledge are highlighted in Socrates’s allegory of the charioteer and two horses (one comes to know oneself as a result of glimpsing particulars that are reminiscent of the true forms) (246-249).
Derrida’s interpretation of the text is hinged on his belief that meaning is based on différance as well as on the belief that Plato views “Being as self-presence through speech” (258): focusing on the Thamus/Theuth myth in the latter portion of the dialogue, Derrida points to the irony in Socrates’s statement that “good” speech is “written in the soul” (Phaedrus, 278), arguing that this statement implies that writing already inhabits speech, thus implying that hypomnesis inhabits anamnesis, imploding the opposition within both sets of terms (253-256).
Frenz works outward from the interpretations of Derrida and Griswold, arguing that meaning in language is a result of both differences and similarities (evident in Socrates’s explanation of the soul as resembling a charioteer) and that Phaedrus does not represent self-knowledge as emerging from the “living speech” of an individual, but rather from the relationships between characters, evident in the dialogic form of the text. Frenz then expands Griswold’s focus on memory within the individual myths present in the text to argue that the text itself can be read as a “living myth” (containing the three stages of a typical hero myth: departure, initiation, and return) that “offers a dynamic model of how self-understanding within the myth might unfold for the reader outside of it” (259).