OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anders Fryxell

Anders Fryxell (7 February 1795 – 21 March 1881) was a Swedish historian.

## Life

Fryxell was born at Edsleskog, Dalsland, (now part of Åmål Municipality, Västra Götaland County) on 7 February 1795. He was educated at Uppsala University, took holy orders in 1820, was made a Doctor of Philosophy in 1821, and in 1823 began to publish the great work of his life, the Stories from Swedish History. He did not bring this labor to a close until, fifty-six years later, he published the forty-sixth and crowning volume of his vast enterprise.
Fryxell, as a historian, appealed to every class by the picturesqueness of his style and the breadth of his research; he had the gift of awakening to an extraordinary degree the national sense in his readers. In 1824 he published his Swedish Grammar, which was long without a rival. In 1833 he received the title of professor, and in 1835 he was appointed to the incumbency of Sunne, in the diocese of Karlstad, where he resided for the remainder of his life. In 1840 he was elected to the Swedish Academy in succession to the poet Johan Olof Wallin (1779–1839). In 1847 Fryxell received from his bishop permission to withdraw from all the services of the church, that he might devote himself without interruption to historical investigation.
Among his numerous minor writings are prominent his Characteristics of Sweden between 1592 and 1600 (1830), his Origins of the Inaccuracy with which the History of Sweden in Catholic Times has been Treated (1847), and his Contributions to the Literary History of Sweden.
It is now beginning to be seen that the abundant labors of Fryxell were rather of a popular than of a scientific order, and although their influence during his lifetime was unbounded, it is only fair to later and exacter historians to admit that they threaten to become obsolete in more than one direction.
Fryxell was the founder of the progressive pioneer school Wallinska skolan, the first serious secondary education girl school in Stockholm, and was its principal in 1831–1834.
He was a member of Pro Fide et Christianismo, a Christian education society.
On 21 March 1881 Anders Fryxell died in Stockholm, and in 1884 his daughter Eva Fryxell (born 1829) published from his MS. an interesting History of My History, which was really a literary autobiography and displays the persistence and tirelessness of his industry.
He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1847.
# List of Cynic philosophers

This is a list of Cynic philosophers, ordered (roughly) by date. The criteria for inclusion in this list is fairly mild. See also Category:Cynic philosophers.
| Name | Period | Notes |
| 4th Century BC |||
| Antisthenes | c. 445–365 BC | Pupil of Socrates. Laid down the principles of Cynic philosophy. |
| Diogenes of Sinope | c. 412–323 BC | Cynic philosopher. Became the archetypal Cynic. |
| Onesicritus | c. 360–c. 290 BC | Pupil of Diogenes. Travelled with Alexander the Great. |
| Philiscus of Aegina | fl. 325 BC | Son of Onesicritus, pupil of Diogenes. |
| Hegesias of Sinope | fl. 325 BC | Pupil of Diogenes. |
| Monimus of Syracuse | fl. 325 BC | Pupil of Diogenes. |
| Crates of Thebes | c. 365–c. 285 BC | Cynic philosopher. Teacher of Zeno of Citium. |
| Hipparchia of Maroneia | fl. 325 BC | Wife of Crates of Thebes. |
| Metrocles of Maroneia | fl. 325 BC | Brother of Hipparchia, pupil of Crates of Thebes. |
| Theombrotus | fl. 300 BC | Follower of Crates of Thebes. |
| Cleomenes | fl. 300 BC | Cynic philosopher and follower of Crates. |
| 3rd Century BC |||
| Bion of Borysthenes | c. 325–c. 250 BC | Cynic philosopher and Sophist. |
| Sotades of Maroneia | fl. 275 BC | Poet who wrote on Cynic themes. |
| Menippus of Gadara | fl. 275 BC | Cynic philosopher and moral satirist. |
| Menedemus | fl. 250 BC | Cynic philosopher |
| Cercidas of Megalopolis | c. 290–c. 220 BC | Cynic philosopher-poet. |
| Teles of Megara | fl. 235 BC | Cynic teacher and writer of discourses. |
| 1st Century BC |||
| Meleager of Gadara | fl. 90 BC | Cynic poet-philosopher. |
| 1st Century AD |||
| Demetrius of Corinth | c. 1 –c. 75 AD | Cynic teacher, friend of Thrasea Paetus and Seneca. |
| 2nd Century AD |||
| Agathobulus | fl. 125 AD | Cynic philosopher. Teacher of Demonax and Peregrinus. |
| Secundus the Silent | fl. 130 AD | Cynic philosopher who met Emperor Hadrian. |
| Demonax of Cyprus | fl. 150 AD | Cynic philosopher who taught Lucian. |
| Peregrinus Proteus | 100–165 AD | Cynic philosopher who killed himself at the Olympic Games. |
| Theagenes of Patras | fl. 150 AD | Pupil of Peregrinus who praised his master's suicide. |
| Oenomaus of Gadara | fl. c. 150 AD | Cynic critic of religious belief. |
| Pancrates of Athens | fl. 150 AD | Cynic philosopher. |
| Crescens | fl. 160 AD | Cynic philosopher and critic of Justin Martyr. |
| 4th Century AD |||
| Heraclius | fl. 360 AD | Cynic philosopher criticised by the emperor Julian in an oration. |
| Asclepiades | fl. 360 AD | Cynic philosopher who visited the emperor Julian in Antioch. |
| Horus | fl. 375 AD | Olympic boxer who became a Cynic. |
| 5th Century AD |||
| Sallustius of Emesa | fl. c. 450 AD | Neoplatonist who became a Cynic. |
# Stanislas Laugier

Stanislas Laugier (28 January 1799 – 15 February 1872) was a French surgeon and medical doctor. He was the brother of astronomer Paul Auguste Ernest Laugier (1812-1872).
He was associated with the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris, a member of the Institut and of the Académie des Sciences, president and professor of the Académie de Médecine de Paris. He was buried in the cimetière du Père-Lachaise (57ème division).

## Written works

With Gustave-Antoine Richelot, he published a translation of William Mackenzie's "A practical treatise on the diseases of the eye" as Traité pratique des maladies des yeux. Other noted works by Laugier include:
* Des cals difformes et des opérations qu'ils réclament, 1841 (two editions)
* Des varices, de leur traitement, 1842 - Of strictures and their treatment.
* Des lésions traumatiques de la moelle épinière, 1848 - Traumatic lesions of the spinal cord.

## Medical terms

* Laugier hernia: A hernia passing through an opening in the lacunar ligament.
* Laugier sign - In fracture of the lower portion of the radius, the styloid processes of the radius and of the ulna are on the same level.
* Laugiers fracture: fracture of the trochlea of humerus
# Chil Zena

Chil Zena ("Forty steps"), also Chilzina or Chehel Zina, is a mountainous outcrop at the western limit of the city of Kandahar. Forty stone steps lead to the top of the outcrop, hence its name. It gives a commanding view on the city of Kandahar. Chil Zena was located on the northern side of the old citadel of Old Kandahar, destroyed by Nadir Shah Afshar of Persia in 1738. The carving of the staircase was commissioned by the Emperor Babur. Chil Zena later received numerous inscriptions about the conquests of Babur (1526-1530), apparently carved by his son Humayun.
Chil Zena is well known for the discovery of the Indian Emperor Ashoka's Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription on the mountainside, which is still located on in an open-air compound on the mountainside. The presence of this inscription at Chil Zena helped confirm the presence of Greek populations in the vicinity in the 3rd century BCE, as well as the extent of Ashoka's control, which is therefore thought to have incorporated Kandahar and its region of Arachosia.
# Binyang

Binyang may refer to:
* Binyang County, county in Guangxi, China
* 9723 Binyang, minor planet
# Djukbinj National Park

Djukbinj National Park is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia located about 66 km (41 mi) east-south-east of the territory capital of Darwin.
The national park was proclaimed on 3 April 1997 over land which has previous protected area status and which was part of the Wulna Land Claim - portion 1386 which was the former Escape Cliffs Historical Reserve, portion 2012 which was the former Cape Hotham Forest Reserve, portion 2017 which was the former Cape Hotham Conservation Reserve, and portions 4498, 4499 and 4707 which were parts of the former Marrakai Conservation Reserve.
After the settlement of the land claim, the Limilngan-Wulna Aboriginal Corporation leased the land back to the former Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory for it to use for "the purposes of a national park" following the signing of a joint management agreement on 7 November 1994.
Part of the land within the former Escape Cliffs Historical Reserve includes the site of the first attempt by the Government of South Australia to create a settlement in the Northern Territory and which was listed on the Northern Territory Heritage Register on 12 January 2000 under the name of Escape Cliffs.
# List of fajãs in the Azores

The following is a list of the fajãs of the islands of the Azores:

## Faial

* Fajã do Varadouro (Castelo Branco, Horta)
* Fajã da Praia do Norte (Praia do Norte, Horta)

## Flores

* Fajã de Lopo Vaz (Lajes, Lajes das Flores)
* Fajã da Ponta Ruiva (Cedros, Santa Cruz das Flores
* Fajã do Conde (Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz das Flores)

## Graciosa

* Fajã da Folga
* Fajã da Beira Mar

## Pico

* Fajã da Baixa (Piedade, Lajes do Pico)
* Fajã do Calhau (Piedade, Lajes do Pico)

## São Jorge

* Fajã d'Alem (Norte Grande, Velas)
* Fajã da Abelheira
* Fajã da Betesga
* Fajã da Caldeira de Cima
* Fajã da Caldeira de Santo Cristo
* Fajã da Choupana
* Fajã da Ermida (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã da Fonte do Nicolau
* Fajã da Fragueira
* Fajã da Neca
* Fajã Pelada (Velas, Velas)
* Fajã da Penedia
* Fajã da Ponta Furada
* Fajã do Mero (Norte Pequeno, Calheta)
* Fajã da Ponta Nova
* Fajã da Ribeira da Areia
* Fajã da Ribeira Funda
* Fajã da Rocha (Fajã da Coqueira)
* Fajã da Saramagueira
* Fajã da Vereda Vermelha
* Fajã das Almas
* Fajã das Barreiras
* Fajã das Cubas (Fajã da Baleia)
* Fajã das Fajanetas
* Fajã das Feiteiras
* Fajã das Funduras
* Fajã das Pontas
* Fajã de Além
* Fajã de Entre Poios (Velas, Velas)
* Fajã de Entre Ribeiras
* Fajã de Fernando Afonso (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã de João Dias (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã de Manuel Teixeira
* Fajã de Santo Amaro
* Fajã de São João (Santo Antão, Calheta)
* Fajã de Vasco Martins
* Fajã do Belo (Ribeira Seca, Calheta)
* Fajã do Boi (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã do Calhau Rolado (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã do Caminho do Meio
* Fajã do Canto
* Fajã do Cardoso
* Fajã do Castelhano
* Fajã do Cavalete
* Fajã do Centeio (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã do Cerrado das Silvas (Velas, Velas)
* Fajã do Cruzal
* Fajã do Ginjal
* Fajã do Labaçal
* Fajã do Lemos
* Fajã do Negro
* Fajã do Norte Estreito
* Fajã do Norte das Fajãs
* Fajã do Nortezinho
* Fajã do Salto Verde
* Fajã do Sanguinhal
* Fajã do Ouvidor
* Fajã do Pedregalo (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã do Valado (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã dos Azevinhos
* Fajã dos Bodes
* Fajã dos Cubres (Ribeira Seca, Calheta)
* Fajã dos Tijolos (Ribeira Seca, Calheta)
* Fajã dos Vimes
* Fajã Amaro da Cunha (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã Chã
* Fajã Fajanzinha
* Fajã Isabel Pereira
* Fajã Maria Pereira (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã Mata Sete (Rosais, Velas)
* Fajã Rasa
* Fajã Redonda

## São Miguel

* Fajã do Araújo (Nordeste, Nordeste)
* Fajã do Calhau (Água Retorta, Povoação)

## Terceira

* Fajã do Fischer
* Fajãzinha
* Fajã da Serreta
# Colmar Treasure

The Colmar Treasure or Colmar hoard is a hoard of precious objects buried by Jews of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Black Death pogroms.
The Treasure was found in 1863 in the wall of a house in the medieval rue des Juifs, in Colmar, Alsace. It is believed that some of the items were sold by the discoverers before the full extent of the Treasure could be recorded. The treasures that survive are mostly in the collection of the Musée de Cluny, with a couple of items in the Unterlinden Museum. It was fully published only in 1999, when exhibited in Colmar.
The Treasure includes one of the few surviving examples of a Jewish marriage ring, with the bezel in the form of a small building instead of a precious stone, in accord with the requirement in Jewish law that wedding rings be made as one piece.
The Treasure includes silver coins, silver table ware, and gold and silver jewelry including elaborate belt buckles and fifteen silver rings.
In 2019 the Treasure was exhibited at The Cloisters, part of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.
# Grassl

Grassl or Graßl is an Upper German and Austrian family name, mainly widespreaded in the southern region of the Berchtesgadener Land district, especially in the municipalities Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden and Schönau am Königsee. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andreas Grassl (born 1984), German man found in England
* Daniel Grassl (born 2002), Italian figure skater
* Florian Grassl (born 1980), German skeleton racer
* Franz Graßl (born 1965), German ski mountaineer
* Judith Graßl (born 1968), German ski mountaineer
* Wolfgang Graßl (1970-2010), German skier
# Chrysoprasis hirtula

Chrysoprasis hirtula is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1853.
# Binyamin Ze'ev

Binyamin Ze'ev, Benjamin Ze'ev, Benjamin Wolf is a doublet Jewish given name: Binyamin + Ze'ev (Ze'ev means "Wolf"). "Wolf" and "Ze'ev" are sometimes used interchangeably. Notable people with this name include:
* Benjamin Wolf Löw
* Benjamin Wolf Prerau
* Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane
* Theodor Herzl
* Velvel Zbarjer
* Wolfgang von Weisl
* Wolf Heidenheim
# Disciple

A disciple is a follower and student of a mentor, teacher, or other figure. It can refer to:

## Religion

* Disciple (Christianity), a student of Jesus Christ
* Twelve Apostles of Jesus, sometimes called the Twelve Disciples
* Seventy disciples in the Gospel of Luke
* Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), a mainline Protestant denomination in the United States and Canada with roots in the Restoration Movement often referred to as "the Disciples"
* Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement), a movement founded by Alexander and Thomas Campbell in 1809 which merged with the Christians (Stone Movement) in 1832 to form the Restoration Movement
* Disciples of `Abdu'l-Bahá, 19 Western Bahá'ís
* The ten principal disciples of Buddha
* Disciples of Confucius
* Disciples of Jesus in Islam
* Student of Kriya Yoga, of direct lineage to Mahavatar Babaji
* Sahabah, the disciples of Muhammad
* Follower of Paramahansa Yogananda
* Śishya, the disciple in the Guru–shishya tradition of Hinduism
* Śrāvaka (Sanskrit) or savaka (Pali), disciples in Buddhism and Jainism
* Tarmida ('disciple'), a junior priest in Mandaeism

## Books, games, and films

* Disciple (film), a 2013 Finnish film
* Disciples (film), a 2014 American horror film
* Disciple (Image Comics), a character of the Spawn comic book series
* The Disciples (Demonata), demon hunters in the Demonata novels by Darren Shan
* The Disciples (novel) (1993), a spy novel by Joe Andrew
* Disciples: Sacred Lands, a computer game published by Strategy First in 1999
* Disciples II: Dark Prophecy, a computer game released in 2002
* Disciples III: Renaissance, a computer game released in 2010
* The Disciple (2020 film), a 2020 Indian film

## Music

* Disciple (band), Christian metal band
** Disciple (album), 2005 studio album by the band
* The Disciples (band), a London reggae band
* Disciples (production team), British production trio
* xDISCIPLEx A.D., a Christian hardcore punk band
* "Disciple", a song by Nas on the album Street's Disciple
* "Disciple", a song by Raven on the album Architect of Fear
* "Disciple", a song by Slayer on the album God Hates Us All
* "Disciples", a song by Tame Impala on the album Currents

## Other

* The Disciple, the ring name of professional wrestler Brutus Beefcake
* Black Disciples, a street gang based in Chicago, Illinois
* Gangster Disciples, a street gang based in Chicago, Illinois
# Tillandsia caput-medusae

Tillandsia caput-medusae is a species of flowering plant in the bromeliad family, Bromeliaceae, subfamily Tillandsioideae. Common names include octopus plant and medusa's head. An epiphyte native to Central America and Mexico, T. caput-medusae is a commonly cultivated bromeliad species. The thick, channeled, tapering and twisting leaves are up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long and are covered in fine gray hairs. The rosette of leaves arise from an inflated pseudobulb. Pups are produced after blooming, as is usual with most Tillandsia species.
In a greenhouse, the plants can bloom from spring to early summer. The red inflorescences are usually unbranched or digitate. Bright violet flowers are about 3.2 cm (1.3 in) long with the stamens exerted.
Tillandsia caput-medusae does not have any free water retention in its overlapping leaves because its abaxial and adaxial leaf bases provides trichomes which coats the leaves. The significance of trichome is to enhance leaf permeability.

## Cultivars

* Tillandsia 'Bruce Aldridge' (T. caput-medusae × T. schiedeana)
* Tillandsia 'Calum' (T. caput-medusae × T. brachycaulos)
* Tillandsia 'Canina' (T. bulbosa × T. caput-medusae)
* Tillandsia 'Cheryl' (T. caput-medusae × T. capitata 'Peach')
* Tillandsia 'Como' (T. streptophylla × T. caput-medusae)
* Tillandsia 'Gunalda' (T. concolor × T. caput-medusae)
* Tillandsia 'Imbil' (T. brachycaulos × T. caput-medusae)
* Tillandsia 'June Bug' (T. caput-medusae × T. bulbosa)
* Tillandsia 'Litl Liz' (T. caput-medusae × T. streptophylla)
* Tillandsia 'Panuco' (T. caput-medusae × T. durangensis)
* Tillandsia 'Pomona' (T. caput-medusae × T. ionantha)
* Tillandsia 'Red Slippers' (T. ionantha var. van-hyningii × T. caput-medusae 'Red form')
* Tillandsia 'Sonoran Snow'
* Tillandsia 'Veronica Orozco' (T. baileyi × T. caput-medusae)
* Tillandsia 'Vicente Bacaya' (T. capitata × T. caput-medusae)
# James H. and Molly Ellis House

The former James H. and Molly Ellis House was located in Dallas, Texas, United States. It was added to the National Register on March 23, 1995. It is notable as a large farmhouse that has survived for over a hundred years in the inner city. The house is the former home of James H. Ellis, who was one of the first real estate developers involved in the construction of modern-day Dallas. The house is also notable as being the last in the area built with Classical Revival style detailing.
On Sunday August 11, 2019 at approximately 4:45am, a structure fire was reported at the Ellis home, and Dallas Fire Dept Station 24 responded to find the home consumed with heavy fire. Dallas Fire Department Engine 06 supplied water. The fire was extinguished, but the damage was too extensive to salvage the home. The remains of the historic Ellis House were demolished by the City of Dallas later that day, due to the unsafe structure.
# Colmata

Colmata is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Piombino, province of Livorno. At the time of the 2011 census its population was 152.
Colmata is about 77 km from Livorno and 5 km from Piombino.
# Ian Gallahar

Ian Gallahar was an Irish road racing cyclist, and later race organiser, and national and international commissaire, involved in the organisation of the sport in Ireland and internationally for more than 30 years.

## Cycling career

Gallahar cycled actively with the Dublin Wheelers cycling club in the 1960s and early 1970s, later volunteering in other roles. After retirement from active racing, he managed Irish teams for a number of events, including World Championships.
Having held various club offices, he was nominated by Dublin Wheelers and elected as PRO of the internationally-recognised cycling federation, the ICF, in 1977, a role he held for three years, and on several occasions after that. He later also worked with the Irish Cycling Tripartite Committee, including as PRO there also.
Gallahar participated in race organisation, including the International Women's Two-Day in Dublin in the mid-2000s.

### Commissaire

He trained in the early 1980s for the role of commissaire, the cycling equivalent of referee or umpire, at national level. He then progressed to international qualification, being awarded UCI International Commissaire status, alongside three other Irish candidates, in Colorado in 1986. He performed commissaire duties for races accredited by the international governing body, the UCI, all over the world. He was a member of the Commissaire Panel for the Barcelona Olympics, and was lead commissaire for one of the UK's biggest national cycling events, the Milk Race, in 1992.
Gallahar remained an active commissaire, and a member of Dublin Wheelers, until his death.

## Personal life

One of three siblings, Gallahar lived in Glasnevin, near the McQuaid cycling family in Ballygall. He was married to Anne and they had three daughters, Emer, Niamh and Aileen. He died at home 28 February 2012, in his 70s, and was buried in St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton.
One of the Dublin Wheelers Cycling Club's annual Open Races was founded, and continues, as a memorial for Gallahar.
# Desperados (video game series)

Desperados is a real-time tactics video game series originally developed by Spellbound Entertainment, the series was then acquired by THQ Nordic on 24 June 2013. The series is set in the 1880s Midwest, its main protagonist John Cooper deals with living the life of a cowboy, often coming to blows with other criminals and bandits as he struggles to make a living as an outlaw. The series gameplay revolves around stealth with players having the option to take out enemies one by one or going in guns blazing, either by controlling John or numerous other player characters that help John along the way.

## Games

Aggregate review scores :
| Game | Metacritic |
| Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive | (PC) 78/100 |
| Desperados 2: Cooper's Revenge | (PC) 66/100 |
| Helldorado | (PC) 65/100 |
| Desperados III | (PC) 86/100 (PS4) 82/100 (XONE) 85/100 |

### Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive (2001)

Released in 2001, Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive was developed by Spellbound Entertainment and published by Infogrames for Microsoft Windows. In the game, the player controls up to six characters in an Old West setting, led by knife-fighter and gunslinger John Cooper. A modernized version of the game was released in July 2018 adding dubs in multiple languages, improving compatibility with newer versions of Windows, and porting the game to MacOS and Linux.

### Desperados 2: Cooper's Revenge (2006)

The sequel Desperados 2: Cooper's Revenge was released in 2006, again developed by Spellbound Entertainment and published by Atari for Microsoft Windows. John Cooper returns as the protagonist, setting out to avenge the death of his brother, US Marshal Ross Cooper.

### Helldorado (2007)

Helldorado was first announced as an expansion to Desperados 2, using elements that had been scrapped during development. It was instead released as a stand-alone game continuing the story of Desperados 2. The game was released in 2007 in Europe and 2009 in North America with Viva Media as the publisher.

### Desperados III (2020)

The series was revived in 2020 with Desperados III, developed by Mimimi Games and published by THQ Nordic for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Linux, and MacOS. The story is a prequel to the first Desperados game, exploring the origins of protagonist John Cooper in the 1870s.

## Cancelled title

Spellbound was developing a follow-up with more multiplayer and steampunk-oriented elements, Desperados Gangs. However, they canceled it because they were unable to find a publisher to fund the project.
# Guma (woreda)

Guma is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of Gomma woreda. The administrative center of this woreda is Toba.

## Population

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 60,490, of whom 30,284 were men and 30,206 were women; 5,269 or 8.71% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Moslem, with 94.97% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 4.37% of the population said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.