OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Evaporative-pattern casting

Evaporative-pattern casting is a type of casting process that uses a pattern made from a material that will evaporate when the molten metal is poured into the molding cavity. The most common evaporative-pattern material used is polystyrene foam.
The two major evaporative-pattern casting processes are:
* Lost-foam casting
* Full-mold casting
The main difference is that lost-foam casting uses an unbonded sand and full-mold casting uses a bonded sand (or green sand). Because this difference is quite small there is much overlap in the terminology. Non-proprietary terms that have been used to describe these processes include: cavityless casting, evaporative foam casting, foam vaporization casting, lost pattern casting, the castral process, and expanded polystyrene molding. Proprietary terms included Styro-cast, Foam Cast, Replicast, Policast. and Lost Foam Sintered Shell (LFSS)

## History

The first patent for an evaporative-pattern casting process was filed in April 1956, by Harold F. Shroyer. He patented the use of foam patterns embedded in traditional green sand for metal casting. In his patent, a pattern was machined from a block of expanded polystyrene (EPS), and supported by bonded sand during pouring. This process is now known as the full mold process.
In 1964, M.C. Flemmings used unbonded sand for the process. The first North American foundry to use evaporative-pattern casting was the Robinson Foundry at Alexander City, Alabama. General Motors' first product using these processes was the 4.3 L, V-6 diesel cylinder head, which were made in 1981 at Massena, New York.
A study found in 1997 that evaporative-pattern casting processes accounted for approximately 140,000 tons of aluminium casting in the United States. The same survey forecast that evaporative-pattern casting processes would account for 29% of the aluminium, and 14% of the ferrous casting markets by 2010.
# Donald A. Luscombe

Donald Arthur Luscombe (May 25, 1895 – January 10, 1965) was an American businessman and entrepreneur. He is best known as the founder of Luscombe Aircraft, which produced an advanced sheet-metal-fuselage light aircraft during the 1930–1950 time period in the US.

## Biography

Luscombe was born on May 25, 1895, in Iowa City, Iowa.
When the US entered World War I, he volunteered for duty in France, where he served as an ambulance driver. He received a citation for valor for this service.
After returning home, Luscombe married. He and his wife Eleanor had a girl on 9 February 1922, but she died 19 days later (28 February 1922). A second child, a boy named James True Luscombe, was born on 4 August 1927. James was the founder of Luscombe Engineering Company (1954–present); he died on May 8, 1984, and is survived by James H. Luscombe, Kelly A. Luscombe, Elizabeth S. Luscombe and Patricia J. Luscombe.
Donald Luscombe died in January 1965. He was buried in the Oakland Cemetery in Iowa City, Iowa.

## Aviation career

While in France, Luscombe received his first aeroplane ride, in a French Voisin III. After returning to the US he launched a career in advertising in Davenport, Iowa, and purchased a Curtiss JN-4, which he learned to fly. The Jenny's open cockpit and tandem seating arrangement caused Luscombe to envision an improved arrangement, with enclosed cockpit and side-by-side seating.
To further the idea, Luscombe talked several business associates into joining with him to form the Central States Aero Company, Inc. They hired Clayton Folkerts, a young Iowa farmer, to design and build the aircraft, which they called Monocoupe. The first example emerged in 1927—a cheap, light, quick, efficient, comfortable two-seater—and was the beginning of a radical change in personal aviation in the United States, the small, enclosed-cockpit "personal" light plane, well-suited for comfortable cross-country travel.
In 1928, Luscombe published his first book, Simplified Flying.
In 1933 he left the Monocoupe business (owned by Lambert Aircraft Corporation at the time) and moved to Kansas City, Missouri, to found another company, the Luscombe Airplane Development Corporation, building all-metal monocoque fuselage aircraft. The company resumed production of light aircraft when World War II ended, but a glut of surplus aircraft caused his company to fail. Its assets were bought by Temco, but Luscombe did not remain in the business.
# Tiptree Residents Association

The Tiptree Residents Association was a residents' association in Tiptree, Essex, England.

## Politics

Three councillors representing the Residents Association were elected onto Colchester Borough Council in 1973 when the new council was created. The Residents Association formally stood candidates for elections until the 1990s, when J. Webb was the last RA councillor to stand for election. They have not stood candidates since 2001.
# Aaron Goldstein

Aaron Goldstein may refer to:
* Aaron Goldstein (musician) (born 1983), Canadian musician
* Robert Aaron Gordon (1908–1978), American economist who was born Aaron Goldstein
# Charles Harrison Stedman

Charles Harrison Stedman (1805–1866) was one of the original founders of the first national medical society in the United States, the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, now the American Psychiatric Association. At the time, he was superintendent of the Boston Lunatic Asylum, now the Boston State Hospital.

## Biography

Stedman was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts. He attended Yale University but did not graduate. Later, Yale awarded him an honorary master's degree. He attended the Harvard Medical School earning his medical degree in 1828. For the following ten years, he was a resident surgeon at the Chelsea Naval Hospital. In 1840, he began his surgical practice in Boston. His surgical experience may have led to his interest in neuroanatomy. In 1834, he revised Johann Spurzheim’s book, Anatomy of the Brain. Stedman noted in the book's Preface that he revised the American edition since he believed the London translation from the original French was hurried, contained some ambiguity, and had typographical errors.
In 1839, the Boston Lunatic Asylum was opened, the first municipal asylum in the country. Dr. John Butler was its first superintendent. Butler left in 1842 to go to the Hartford Retreat. The superintendent position at Boston was offered to and accepted by Stedman.
Stedman left the Boston Lunatic Asylum in 1851 to return to his surgical practice. He served as a visiting then senior surgeon at the Boston City Hospital when it opened in 1864. He served as the first medical coroner in Massachusetts.
He died in 1866.

## Works

Spurzheim, J. G., and Charles H. Stedman (rev.). The Anatomy of the Brain: with a General View of the Nervous System. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1834. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/66311020R
Spurzheim, J. G., and Charles H. Stedman (rev). The Anatomy of the Brain: with a General View of the Nervous System. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1836. http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/66311030R
# David Rees (British cross-country skier)

David Rees (born 29 December 1940) is a British cross-country skier. He competed in the men's 15 kilometre event at the 1964 Winter Olympics.
# Faghme Abrahams

Faghme Abrahams is a former South African cricketer, who played cricket during the apartheid-era. As a non-white player, he was restricted to playing in the Howa Bowl, which was not classified as first-class cricket at the time. The games were retrospectively given first-class status during the early 1990s.
Abrahams played for Eastern Province between 1974 and 1987, appearing in at least 60 first-class matches. In the 1978–79 season, when Eastern Province won the Howa Cup, Abrahams was their leading run-scorer, accumulating 227 runs at an average of 25.22. His highest score in first-class cricket was made in March 1978 against Transvaal, when he scored 86 runs in the second innings to help his side to victory.
# Donald Bailey (architect)

Donald Bailey, also known as Don Bailey, is an Australian architect, and executive director of the RAIA in Canberra after his own private practice. In 1960 Donald Bailey setup Howlett and Bailey Architects with Jeffrey Howlett in Perth, Western Australia. Other than having won the competition for Perth Town hall, they went on and built up a reputation by winning a couple of successful practice in Perth including Perth concert hall. Their firm were also involved in other projects such as the already demolished Manager's House, the Public Suite, the Beatty Park Pool kiosk.

## Personal life

It was during the days of working with Stephenson and Turner which Donald met his wife Janet. As for Janet, she was often seen playing the role of hostess to many RAIA committees and meetings. Initially Donald had been working with Stephenson and Turner in Melbourne. He was then given an opportunity for an overseas stint to work in England and Canada and travelling in Europe and North America for five years. He only returned to Australia in mid–fifties. Putting a couple of his notable projects aside, Donald Bailey is also the chief executive of the national secretariat of RAIA consisting of four divisional directors and a staff of eleven, including the practice division based in Melbourne. His tasks includes assisting the President in representing the Institute at the highest levels of government and in the national consultative bodies of the professions and the building industry and also the advising of RAIA Executive on policy matters in order to keep in touch with the broad spectrum of Institute activities at top level. It is widely known that different presidents have found Donald Bailey's reign within the Institute invaluable. During those days one of Donald Bailey's antics is he is known to 'secretly' appear in disguises in Melbourne University meetings from time to time, with the purpose towards his vision to draw closer ties between the national body and chapters.

## Notable projects

* Perth Town Hall (1960)
* Perth Council House (1961–1963)
* Reserve Bank Of Australia (Canberra branch)
* Perth Concert Hall (1971–1973)

## Awards and competitions

* New Perth City Council administration buildings competition (1960)
* Competition for a town hall and auditorium for Perth (1961)
# Tiptree railway station

Tiptree railway station was on the Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway, serving the village of Tiptree, Essex, England. The station was 3 miles 39 chains (5.61 km) from Kelvedon Low Level railway station.
The station was opened in 1904. It was closed, along with the rest of the line for passengers, on 7 May 1951.
A short siding ran from the station into the Wilkin & Sons jam factory for freight traffic. The section between the jam factory and Kelvedon, through the closed Tiptree station, continued in use for freight traffic until 28 September 1962.
# HMS Vehement

HMS Vehement has been the name of more than one British Royal Navy ship:
* HMS Vehement (1917), a destroyer launched in 1917 which served in World War I and was sunk in 1918
* HMS Vehement (P25), a submarine cancelled in 1944 prior to construction
# Charles Harry Coverdale

Charles Harry Coverdale VC MM (21 April 1888 – 20 November 1955) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Coverdale was 29 years old, and a sergeant in the 11th Battalion, The Manchester Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 4 October 1917 south-west of Poelcapelle, Belgium, when close to the objective, Sergeant Coverdale disposed of three snipers. He then rushed two machine-guns, killing or wounding the teams. He subsequently reorganised his platoon in order to capture another position, but after getting within 100 yards of it was held up by our own barrage and had to return. Later he went out again with five men to capture the position, but when he saw a considerable number of the enemy advancing, withdrew his detachment man by man, he himself being the last to retire.
He later achieved the rank of second lieutenant with the Manchester Regiment.
# Davy McDougall

David McDougall was a Scottish football player who played his club football for Partick Thistle and Rangers in Scotland, Bristol City in England, Distillery and Glentoran in Ireland and Cardiff City and Newport County in Wales. He joined Cardiff City as a player-manager in 1910, becoming the club's first manager in their history. He later went on to fulfil the same role at Newport County.

## Career

McDougall began his career playing locally for Irvine Meadow. He signed for Rangers without making a first team appearance, instead spending the season at Partick Thistle, playing all 18 games in the Scottish League Division Two championship winning side of 1899–1900. Following this success, he was recalled by Rangers who then quickly sold him on to Southern League side Bristol City in the summer of 1900. He made his debut at outside left in a 0–2 defeat at Luton Town on 15 September 1900. He made 11 appearances playing on both right and left wings in season 1900–01, scoring twice, when Bristol City were runners-up in the Southern League. He also played on both wings in 12 Western League games, scoring two goals. He rejoined Rangers in the summer of 1901 making four appearances in the early weeks of their Scottish League Division One championship winning campaign of 1901–02, although he was loaned out again, to Distillery in Ireland and Vale of Atholl in northern Scotland. He then joined Distillery on a permanent basis, also playing for fellow Belfast club Glentoran.
In 1910, McDougall was appointed manager of Southern League club Cardiff City, also being named club captain. McDougall was the first manager in the team's history as they entered their first campaign in the English football league system. He set about recruiting players from Scotland and the North of England ahead of the season, with eight of the club's 14 professionals being from the regions, including himself. He took charge of the team's first match in the Southern League, a 4–1 victory over Ton Pentre on 24 September 1910. Although he led the side to a fourth-placed finish in his first season, the club decided a full-time manager was needed to progress and relieved McDougall of his managerial role. He briefly remained with Cardiff under new manager Fred Stewart before leaving the club.

## Honours
### Partick Thistle

Scottish League Division Two champions: 1899–1900
# Army Cadets

Army Cadets may refer to:
* Army Cadet Force (UK)
* Combined Cadet Force#Army Section (UK), primarily in private schools
* New Zealand Cadet Corps
* Royal Canadian Army Cadets
* Australian Army Cadets
* Corps of Cadets at the United States Military Academy
** Army Black Knights, formerly known as the Cadets
# Lavilletertre

Lavilletertre (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
# Jianghai garden

Jianghai garden (Chinese: 江海风情园) is a cultural and natural ecologically friendly park. It lies in the south of Haimen Nantong, near the Yangtze River.
Jianghai garden is established by Sanchang professional high school of Haimen. It covers 350 hectares. It visually shows the agricultural civilization of Haimen's past, present and future. It was completed after two years' construction.
It is an experimental park for middle and primary school's quality-oriented education in Nantong, which provides students with an extracurricular activities camp. At the same time, it offers residents a place for entertainment.
The opening ceremony for the project's initial phase was in September 2001 or September 2002 and took ¥12 million to finish.

## Areas

* Jianghai folk culture area
* Traditional farming culture area
* modern agriculture demonstration area
* Future agriculture demonstration area
* Resident holiday recreational area
* Primary and middle school students' cognition and plowing trying area
* Agricultural professional education area
* Agricultural information and commerce area

## Attractions

* Grain tower (五谷塔), called as "the first tower in Haimen", is like a pagoda and straight into blue sky.
* Culture museum records the history of Haimen. There are special customs and tradition took on in the museum and many famous people's statues.
* Zhangjian, who is the number one scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, whose statue is exhibited there.
* Jianghai Renjia (江海人家), once peasants lived in, is a place you can experience the rural life.
* Water bridge, which is on the surface of water, is very long.
# Ewan Dow

Ewan Dow (born 8 December 1971, Dunfermline) is a former Scottish politician.

## Early life and education

He was educated at Kirkcaldy and Beath High Schools and attended the University of Aberdeen though left prior to graduating.

## Political career

In May 1994 he was elected as a Scottish National Party councillor to the former Tayside Regional Council and after only eight weeks was controversially appointed to be Leader of the Administration after the resignation of the previous leader, Councillor Lena Graham. In so doing Mr Dow made history as the youngest ever Scottish council leader since records began, being elected to this post at the age of 22 years.
In April 1995 Dow was elected to the newly formed Perth and Kinross Council and following the abolishment of Tayside Regional Council in 1996 served as depute leader and finance convener in the Perth and Kinross Council's SNP administration until losing his council seat in the 1999 Scottish local government elections. During that time Dow led the fight against both the then Conservative and subsequent Labour Governments for funding for the proposed multimillion-pound Perth Flood Prevention Scheme much to the ire of local Tory Member of Parliament for North Tayside Bill Walker.
In 1997 Dow stood for the SNP in the Stirling constituency against then Scottish Secretary of State Michael Forsyth coming third with 13.4% of the vote.
In 2004 Dow was elected to the SNP's National Disciplinary Committee being re-elected in 2005 and 2006 when he was appointed convener of the committee in succession to Lachie McNeill.
At the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election Dow stood for the SNP in the Dunfermline East constituency coming second with 28.5% of the vote an increase of 10.1% on the 2003 election and securing the highest vote share achieved by the SNP in the constituency.
During season 2008/09 Dow served on the board of Cowdenbeath Football Club in the joint role of club secretary and media officer.
In the 2011 Scottish Parliament Elections Dow was 8th on the SNP Regional List for Mid Scotland and Fife but failed to be elected.
Dow is a staunch republican and caused controversy in the late 1990s by referring to the British Royal Family as "Lizzie Windsor and the Spongers" during a debate on the monarchy at an SNP Annual Conference.
In 2016 Dow resigned from the SNP, criticising Cybernats and labelling the SNP as being like "a cult with selfies".
# Donald A. Dawson

Donald Andrew Dawson (born June 4, 1937) is a Canadian mathematician, specializing in probability.

## Education and career

Dawson received in 1958 his bachelor's degree and in 1959 his master's degree from McGill University and in 1963 his PhD from MIT under Henry McKean with thesis Constructions of Diffusions with Specified Mean Hitting Times and Hitting Probabilities. In 1962/63 he was an engineer in the aerospace department of Raytheon. At McGill University he became in 1963 an assistant professor and in 1967 an associate professor. At Carleton University he became in 1970 an associate professor and in 1971 a professor, working in this position until 1996.
From 1996 to 2000 Dawson was the director of the Fields Institute and during these years also an adjunct professor at the University of Toronto. From 2000 to 2010 he was an adjunct professor at McGill University.

## Research

Dawson works on stochastic processes, measure-valued processes, and hierarchical stochastic systems with applications in information systems, genetics, evolutionary biology, and economics. He has written 8 monographs and over 150 refereed publications.
In 1994 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich with lecture Interaction and hierarchy in measure-valued processes. From 2003 to 2005 he was the president of the Bernoulli Society.

## Honors and awards

* Fellow of the International Statistical Institute 1975
* Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics 1977
* Killam Senior Research Scholar 1977–1979
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Academy of Sciences 1987
* Gold Medal of the Statistical Society of Canada 1991
* Jeffery–Williams Prize 1994
* Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation 1996–2000
* CRM-Fields-PIMS Prize 2004
* Honorary Member of the Statistical Society of Canada 2004
* Fellow of the Royal Society 2010
* Fellow of the American Mathematical Society 2012
* Inaugural fellow of the Canadian Mathematical Society, 2018

## Selected works

* with Edwin A. Perkins: Measure-valued processes and Renormalization of Branching Particle Systems, in R. Carmona, B. Rozovskii Stochastic Partial Differential Equations: Six Perspectives, American Mathematical Society Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 64, 1999, pp. 45–106.
* with J. T. Cox, A. Greven: Mutually catalytic super branching random walks: large finite systems and renormalization analysis, American Mathematical Society 2004
* as editor: Measure-valued processes, stochastic partial differential equations, and interacting systems, American Mathematical Society 1994
* with Edwin Perkins: Historical processes, American Mathematical Society 1991
* with J. Gärtner: Large deviations, free energy functional and quasi-potential for a mean field model of interacting diffusions, American Mathematical Society 1989