OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Julian M. Sturtevant

Julian Munson Sturtevant (August 9, 1908 – August 12, 2005) was an American chemist and educator. Sturtevant was Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Molecular Biophysics, and Biochemistry at Yale University.

## Career

Born in New Jersey to Edgar Howard Sturtevant, a linguistics professor at Yale University, and Bessie Fitch Skinner, the family descends from Samuel Sturtevant, an early settler of Plymouth Colony. Sturtevant's great-grandfather was Julian Monson Sturtevant, the second president of Illinois College, and his uncle was Alfred Sturtevant, a noted geneticist.
Sturtevant obtained his Bachelor of Arts from Columbia University in 1927, and his Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry from Yale in 1931. He joined the faculty there in that same year. Sturtevant chaired the department of chemistry from 1959 to 1962, and continued to teach until retirement in 1977, becoming professor emeritus of chemistry, molecular biophysics, and biochemistry.
Sturtevant was known for applying thermochemistry to the study of biology, and pioneered the collection of kinetic data for studying organic chemical reactions and designed unique calorimeters that allowed for more accurate heat measurements long before high-precision ones became available. His former student and Rutgers professor Kenneth Breslauer credited him for having "...practically founded the field of biothermodynamics."
For his work, Sturtevant received a Guggenheim Fellowship (1955), was elected to both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and National Academy of Sciences (1973), and was awarded the Wilbur Cross Medal (1987).
# Dangerous (Ying Yang Twins song)

"Dangerous" is the first single by the Ying Yang Twins taken from their album Chemically Imbalanced.

## Song information

The song features Wyclef Jean and Mr. Collipark, and is produced by Wyclef Jean. It contains samples from Ram Jam's version of Black Betty. It also interpolates the chorus of the Hall & Oates song "Maneater".

## Music video

The "Dangerous" music video is based on the movie Sin City, beginning by "Twin City" and like Sin City it is completely in black and white style with occasional colorization including the girls in the video who are in color. The music video was directed by Melina.

## Charts

| Chart (2006–2007) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 98 |
| Australia Urban (ARIA) | 22 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 7 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 82 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 6 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 85 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 84 |
| US Pop 100 (Billboard) | 71 |
# Inđić

Inđić, also transcribed as Indjić, is a Serbian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aleksandar Inđić (born 1995), Serbian chess grandmaster
* Đorđe Inđić (born 1975), Bosnian football manager and former footballer
* Eugen Indjic (1947–2024), Serbian-born American pianist
* Trivo Inđić (1938–2020), Serbian sociologist
# VRDE Light Armoured Vehicle

The VRDE Light Armoured Vehicle (LAWV) is a lightweight four-wheeled all-wheel-drive armored combat vehicles developed by Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) for the Indian Army. Based on the Canadian LAV III light-armored vehicle, which in turn is based on the Swiss MOWAG Piranha III 8x8, the Armoured Vehicle is the Indian Army's first indigenous armored vehicle. The production is commencing at Ordnance Factory Medak.
Light Armoured Wheeled Vehicle (LAWV) a technology demonstrator has been developed as Armoured Personnel Carrier for reconnaissance and counter insurgency and riot control Operations.

## Specification

* Crew : 6
* Configuration : 4 x 4, rear engine
* Engine type : Four-stroke, water-cooled, turbocharged
* Maximum power : 160 hp (120 kW) @ 2400 rpm
* Maximum torque : 52.5 kg.m @ 1800 rpm
* Gear-box : Manual, 5 forward and 1 reverse
* Dimensions (lxbxh): 5830 x2230 x2200 mm
* Wheelbase : 3210 mm
* FAW/RAW/GVW : 3500/4200/7700 kg
* Payload : 1000 kg
* Maximum speed : 84 km/h
* Ground clearance : 280 mm
* Protection : Against 7.62 mm AP
* Fire Power : 7.62 mm MG
Bulletproof windshield glass for driver and commander
# The Scarlet Letter (Laitman opera)

The Scarlet Letter is a 2008 opera by Lori Laitman to a libretto by David Mason based on the 1850 novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The opera was given a professional premiere in 2016 by Opera Colorado.

## Recordings

* Laitman: The Scarlet Letter - Laura Claycomb as Hester Prynne (soprano), Margaret Gawrysiak as Mistress Hibbons (mezzo-soprano), Dominic Armstrong as Arthur Dimmesdale; Kyle Erdos Knapp as John Wilson (tenors), Malcolm MacKenzie as Roger Chillingworth, and Daniel Belcher as Governor Bellingham (baritones) Opera Colorado Orchestra and Chorus, Ari Pelto Naxos Records 2017
# Devil's bird

Devil's bird may refer to several kinds of birds:
* The storm petrel (Hydrobatidae), especially the European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus)
* The yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella)
* The pied wagtail (Motacilla alba yarrellii)
# Mamoun

Mamoun or Mamun may refer to
* Mamoun (name)
* Mamoun University for Science and Technology in Syria
* Pol Mamun, a village in Iran
# Back to the Shed campaign

The "Back to the Shed Campaign" was launched by Chelsea FC in 2007, to improve the atmosphere at home matches.
The campaign was initially created by CFCnet's Jerry Kendik, in early 2007. The campaign aimed to introduce season ticket holders back to the Shed End at Stamford Bridge and try to restore the atmosphere to what it used to be.
The first match of the campaign was against Middlesbrough FC in February 2007 and an improvement in atmosphere was noticed. The major improvement was noticed against the Bolton Wanderers FC in April 2007, when a secondary campaign was launched by CFCnet called "The Shed 50", where 50 fans would sit in the Shed Upper together and sing throughout the majority of the match. The 50 target was not reached, but 42 was. Many noticed the vast improvements, and the campaigns continued into the 2007/08 season.
"Shed 100s", similar to the "Shed 50" but with 100 participants instead of 50, were organised for the home matches against Birmingham City FC, Blackburn Rovers FC, Manchester City FC and Newcastle United FC, during the autumn of 2007. A "Return to the 80s" campaign was also arranged by the people behind the "Return to the Shed Campaign", for the away game against Wigan Athletic FC, in November 2007. On 12 April 2008, was the next "Shed 100", against Wigan Athletic FC.
The Shed Campaign has also encouraged Shed End season ticket holders to gather in the south side of the East Upper Stand for the domestic cup matches, when the away team supporters take an allocation of 6,000 in The Shed End, displacing many season tickets holders. For the League Cup match against Liverpool in December 2007, this affected the atmosphere in a positive way, with Chelsea progressing to the final, winning 2–0.
# Julia Dorsey (suffragist)

Julia Dorsey (c. 1850–1919) was an African American suffragist.
She and her husband, Ignatius Dorsey, were African American signers of an 1877 petition in Washington D.C. calling for women's suffrage. Other signers of the petition included Frederick Douglass, Jr. and his wife, and his sister, Rosetta Douglass Sprague, and her husband Nathan Sprague.

## Early life

Dorsey, whose maiden name is unknown, was born in Maryland in about 1850. She married Ignatius Dorsey and together they lived in Hillsdale in Washington, DC. The Dorseys were listed among the "first Settlers of Barry Farm" with a lot on Sumner Ave. in Hillsdale. In 1880 Ignatius Dorsey purchased a lot of land on nearby Nicholas Avenue for $200 and built a two-story house. The couple had no children at this date; Julia Dorsey was recorded as keeping house, while her husband worked as a laborer.

## Becoming a suffragist

The Dorseys befriended the Douglass family in the Hillsdale neighborhood, now Anacostia, and came to support the woman suffrage movement. An associated petition drive organized by the National Woman Suffrage Association called for a constitutional amendment that would give women the right to vote.

## Later life

Julia and Ignatius Dorsey are not seen in the 1900 census, but she was a 62-year-old widow in D.C. in 1910, renting rooms to five Black lodgers. Julia Dorsey died in February 1919 at age 68 at her home on 569 Stanton Road in Anacostia.
# Daniel D. Wheeler

Daniel Davis Wheeler (July 12, 1841 – July 27, 1916) was an American soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions during the American Civil War.

## Biography

Daniel D. Wheeler was born 12 July, 1841 and was born in Cavendish, Windsor County, Vermont. He fought in multiple battles of the American Civil War with the 4th Vermont Infantry regiment as a First Lieutenant. After the war, he was commissioned in the Regular Army and retired in 1905 with the rank of Brigadier General.
General Wheeler was a companion of the California Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.
Wheeler spent the last years of his life in Fredericksburg, Virginia and died there on 27 July, 1916. He is interred in the City Cemetery where in May, 2012, plaques commemorating his service in the Union Army and his Medal of Honor were installed on his grave.

## Medal of Honor Citation

For distinguished bravery in action on 3 May 1863, in action at Salem Heights, Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he was wounded and had a horse shot from under him.
# Gus Brown

Gus Brown may refer to:
* Gus Brown (actor) (born 1974), English actor and comedian
* R. M. Brown, (1885–1927), American football, basketball, and baseball coach
# INSAT-2C

INSAT-2C (also known as Indian National Satellite-2) was an Indian geostationary communications spacecraft. It is ISRO's third indigenous communications satellite.

## History

It was launched by Ariane 44L from Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana on December 6, 1995. It was working properly for years, but in January 2013, its communication C-band transponder collapsed. It was launched to improve communication facilities in Northeast India and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

## Information

Its mass during launch was 2,106 kg and dry mass was 946 kg. It revolves around Geostationary orbit with altitude of 35,786 and longitude of 93.5 degree east. Its onboard power was 1,320 Watts with mission life of 7 years and its planned orbit life to be very long.

## Capabilities

It has capabilities like business communication, mobile satellite service and can make television outreach beyond boundary of India.
# Design 1015 ship

The Design 1015 ship (full name Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1015) was a steel-hulled cargo ship design approved for production by the United States Shipping Board's Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFT) during World War I. They were referred to as the "Moore & Scott"-type.
They were mostly built at West Coast yards:
* Groton Iron Works, Groton, Connecticut, 6 ships, 3 cancelled, 3 completed
* Moore Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Oakland, California, 26 ships of which 8 were converted to reefers, no cancellations
* Pacific Coast Shipbuilding Company, Bay Point, California, 10 ships, no cancellations
* Seattle North Pacific Shipbuilding Company, Seattle, Washington, 10 ships, no cancellations
* G. M. Standifer Construction Company, Vancouver, Washington, 15 ships, no cancellations
* Union Construction Comapany, Oakland, California, 10 ships, no cancellations
* Virginia Shipbuilding Company, Alexandria, Virginia, 12 ships, 2 cancelled, 9 completed, 1 partially completed
# Euclidiodes

Euclidiodes is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Labour Appellate Tribunal

The Labour Appellate Tribunal is a specialized court that is responsible for hearing appeals against verdicts of labour courts in Bangladesh. The tribunal must hear cases within 180 days. All decisions of the tribunal can be appealed at the High Court Division.
There are 13 labour courts in Bangladesh. As of April 2024, there were 23,571 pending cases with the labour courts and the Labour Appellate Tribunal. Since March it had been operating without a chairman. The court was hearing an appeal filed by Nobel Peace Prize winner Professor Dr Muhammad Yunus.
# Azygophleps sheikh

Azygophleps sheikh is a moth in the family Cossidae found in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
# Cassolnovo

Cassolnovo (Cassö in lombard) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 km southwest of Milan and about 35 km northwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,203 and an area of 32.0 km$^2$.
Cassolnovo borders the following municipalities: Abbiategrasso, Cerano, Gravellona Lomellina, Sozzago, Terdobbiate, Tornaco, Vigevano.

## People

Gaspare Campari (1828–1882) creator of Campari
# Dana Pounds

Dana Pounds is an American track and field athlete competing in the javelin throw. In 2007, she competed in the women's javelin throw event at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics held in Osaka, Japan. She did not qualify to compete in the final.
Competing for the Air Force Falcons track and field team, she won the women's javelin throw event at the NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships both in 2005 and in 2006.
In 2008, she won the women's United States Air Force Athlete of the Year award.

## Personal life

In December 2013, her husband David Lyon was killed by a car bomb in Afghanistan.
# International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development

The International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development was proclaimed by the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2019 for 2021. The stated goal was to "promote sustained and inclusive economic growth, foster innovation and provide opportunities, benefits and empowerment for all and respect for all human rights."
# Vaillant, Haute-Marne

Vaillant (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.
The village is located about 42 km north of Dijon on the Langres plateau, where the river Venelle, a tributary of the river Tille, has its source.
# II (Charade album)

II is the second album by Charade, the group that evolved from Bonfire. It was released in 2004 by Drakkar Records and BMG International. The album was recorded over a period of six years due to when Michael Bormann was available to record, Angel Schleifer was busy. Then it was vice versa until finally the duo managed to find time to finish the product. One track, Somebody's Waiting, was left over from the original recordings made in 1993. This album has two versions in the market. The original, sold in Japan, was a single CD of the album. The special edition was sold worldwide and contained two CDs, the II album as well as the 1998 debut album.

## Band members

* Michael Bormann - lead vocals, acoustic guitar
* Angel Schleifer - lead guitars, keyboards, programming
# Design 1006 ship

The Design 1006 ship (full name Emergency Fleet Corporation Design 1006) was a wood-hulled cargo ship design approved for production by the United States Shipping Board's Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFT) in World War I. They were referred to as the "Daugherty"-type after A. A. Daugherty, the president of the National Shipbuilding Company. The USSB ordered a total of 40 hulls from three shipyards: National Shipbuilding Company of Orange, Texas shipyard (28 ordered, 16 cancelled); Union Bridge & Construction Company of Morgan City, Louisiana shipyard (6 hulls ordered, 6 cancelled); and Dirks Blodgett Shipbuilding Company of Pascagoula, Mississippi (6 hulls ordered but built as Design 1001). The design was altered by National Shipbuilding increasing the deadweight to 5,000 tons (the official designation was changed to Design 1056). Only 12 were completed for the USSB while two were built as tankers (A.A. Daugherty - ON 220746; and P.J. Reilly - ON 220969) in 1920 for the National Oil Transportation Company of Port Arthur, Texas and one as a barge (W. E. Ebsen - ON 219455).
# Copley Township, Knox County, Illinois

Copley Township is one of twenty-one townships in Knox County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 348 and it contained 235 housing units. In the 1850 report, the township was named Prince Albert Township. It was later named Richfield Township, and the name was changed to Copley Township on June 8, 1853.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.47 square miles (91.9 km$^2$), of which 35.04 square miles (90.8 km$^2$) (or 98.79%) is land and 0.43 square miles (1.1 km$^2$) (or 1.21%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

* Victoria (west half)

### Cemeteries

The township contains these four cemeteries: Martin, Old Scotch, Smith and Westfall.

### Lakes

* Corn Crib Lake
* Little John Club Lake
* Long Lake
* Manson Heights Lake
* North Lake
* Peterson Lake
* Roundhouse Lake
* Skender Lake
* South Lake

## School districts

* Rowva Community Unit School District 208

## Political districts

* Illinois's 18th congressional district
* State House District 74
* State Senate District 37
# Azygospore

Azygospore is an asexually formed zygospore in fungi.
Also known as parthenogenically formed from a gamete without gametic fusion.
Sometimes, gametangia fail to fuse. Gametangia become surrounded by a thick wall resulting in the formation of azygospore
# Categorical test

The categorical test is a legal standard for determining whether there has been adequate provocation to reduce a murder charge to voluntary manslaughter. Traditionally, the mens rea for murder was malice aforethought. While murder and voluntary manslaughter are both intentional homicides, adequate provocation mitigates a defendant's culpability. Adequate provocation is a legal requirement for a murder charge to be reduced to voluntary manslaughter. The test for adequate provocation varies across jurisdictions and has changed over time. The categorical approach is based on common law principles, but most courts today apply less restrictive tests, such as the extreme emotional disturbance test in Model Penal Code jurisdictions.

## Historical background

The formal distinction between manslaughter and murder begins to emerge in the 16th century. As early as the 1550s, cases appear in law reports that begin to develop the jurisprudence of manslaughter. Provocation began to replace the earlier "hotbloodedness" when a landmark case from 1600 established that insults and rude gestures were not sufficient provocation to reduce a murder charge to manslaughter. After this case, judges began to develop four common law "categories" of provocation:
* seeing a friend or family member attacked (1612)
* insulting physical attacks like boxing the ears (early 17th century)
* seeing an English person unlawfully deprived of liberty (1666)
* seeing another man committing adultery with one's wife
# DNA photolyase N-terminal domain

DNA photolyase, N-terminal is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. This domain binds a light harvesting chromophore that enhanced the spectrum of photolyase or cryptochrome light absorption, i.e. an antenna. It adopts the Rossmann fold.
The cofactor may be either the pterin 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF, MHF) in folate photolyases (PDB: 4U63​) or the deazaflavin 8-hydroxy-7,8-didemethyl-5-deazariboflavin (8-HDF, FO1) in deazaflavin photolyases (PDB: 3CVV, 4CDN​). The 8-HDF ligand usually binds into this domain (next to the C-terminal half), while MHF tends to bind to an outside groove of this domain. A structural signature for 8-HDF binding has been produced, highlighting amino acid residues that determine which antenna a photolyase can use. Experiments on a Thermus thermophilus protein with this domain (P61497) shows that artificial substrates can be alternatively used for a modified absorption spectra. It naturally binds FMN in a pose similar to 8-HDF. In addition, many cryptochromes, especially those from animals, bind no cofactors at this domain.
Even though few eukaryotes (and no animals) can synthesize 8-HDF on their own, many lineages nevertheless use deazaflavin photolyases. They probably receive 8-HDF from their endosymbiotic microbes. Unlike many bacterial deazaflavin photolyases that accepts FMN as well as 8-HDF, one such enzyme from the fruit fly only accepts 8-HDF.
The FeS-BCP N-terminal domain is homologous to this domain. Instead of an organic cofactor, its chromophore is an iron-sulphur cluster.

## Examples

Human proteins containing this domain include:
* CRY1
* CRY2
# Ionuț Rada

Ionuț Rada may refer to:
* Ionuț Rada (footballer, born 1982), Romanian footballer, who played for Romania National Team and several clubs
* Ionuț Rada (footballer, born 1990), Romanian footballer, who played for Romania at U'21s level and Pandurii Târgu Jiu, Mioveni, and Muscelul Câmpulung clubs
# A. punctulata

A. punctulata may refer to:
* Aethalura punctulata, the grey birch, a moth species found in Europe
* Arbacia punctulata, a sea urchin species
# Devendorf

Devendorf is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bryan Devendorf, American drummer
* Eric Devendorf (born 1987), American basketball player
* Scott Devendorf, American musician, brother of Bryan
* James Franklin Devendorf, pioneer real estate developer and philanthropist
# Euclidium

Euclidium is a small genus of plants containing two species, Euclidium syriacum and Euclidium tenuissimum. These are white-flowered annual herbs native to Eurasia.
# Copley baronets

The Copley baronetcy was first created for Godfrey Copley on 17 June 1661. He was High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1676–77.
His son Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet, High Sheriff for 1677 and whose bequest to the Royal Society financed the Copley Medal, left no male heir and the first creation of the baronetcy thereby became extinct. His daughter Catherine married Joseph Moyle, the second son of Sir Walter Moyle of Beke, Cornwall. Their son Joseph Moyle, who was Clerk of the Signet, changed his surname to Copley by Act of Parliament on inheriting the Sprotbrough estate in 1766 and was created a baronet in 1778.

## Copley baronets of Sprotbrough, Yorks

(17 June 1661 creation in the Baronetage of England)
* Sir Godfrey Copley, 1st Baronet (21 February 1623 – 21 February 1678)
* Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653 – 9 Apr 1709) – FRS, MP for Aldborough 1679–1685 and Thirsk 1695–1709
    Extinct on his death

## Copley baronets of Sprotbrough, Yorks

(28 August 1778 creation in the Baronetage of Great Britain)
* Sir Joseph Copley, 1st Baronet (died 11 Apr 1781) – born Joseph Moyle and changed his name on inheriting Sprotbrough.
* Sir Lionel Copley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1767 – 4 March 1806) – MP for Tregony 1796–1802
* Sir Joseph Copley, 3rd Baronet (c. 1769 – 21 May 1838)
* Sir Joseph William Copley, 4th Baronet (27 July 1804 – 4 January 1883)
    Extinct on his death
# Maibi, Madhubani

Maibi is a village in Bihar state, India. It is one of seven villages of Maibi panchayat (Baswan, Amarupi, Beharpur, Maibi, Bahera, Sonbarsa, and Manmohan) in the Lakhnaur block, Jhanjharpur subdivision, Madhubani District of Bihar.
Maibi is populated by various castes, such as Kyot (Kaiwart)s, Brahmins, Koir, Chamar, Dom, as well as by Muslims.

## Items of Note

* Baba Tapneshwarnath Temple of Shiva
* The Janmashtmi and the Durga Puja festivals are celebrated in Maibi.
25°39′06″N 85°30′45″E﻿ / ﻿25.6516°N 85.5126°E﻿ / 25.6516; 85.5126