# High-speed rail in Belgium

Belgium's high-speed rail network provides mostly international connections from Brussels to France, Germany and The Netherlands. The high-speed network began with the opening of the HSL 1 to France in 1997, and since then high-speed lines have been extended towards Germany with HSL 2 in 2002, HSL 3 from Liège to the German border in 2009, and HSL 4 from Antwerp to the Dutch border in 2009.

## Services

Three international high-speed train services currently operate in Belgium: Eurostar, InterCityExpress (ICE) and TGV. All operators stop at Brussels-South station, Belgium's largest train station. Some services also stop at Liège and Antwerp stations. However, these international operators are not allowed to sell tickets between two Belgian cities. Instead, passengers must take a Belgian IC train which uses the same high-speed lines. Eurostar connects Brussels to Amsterdam, Cologne (Köln), Düsseldorf, London, Paris and Rotterdam. The German ICE operates between Brussels and Frankfurt via Cologne (Köln). The French TGV operates direct services from Brussels to Nantes, Marseilles, Perpignan, Rennes and Strasbourg, serving over 25 stations along the routes.

## Lines

There are four high-speed lines in Belgium which support 260–300 km/h (160–190 mph) operation. All are electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC, unlike most of the rest of the Belgian rail network which uses 3,000 V DC.

### HSL 1

HSL 1 connects Brussels with the French border. 88 km (55 mi) long (71 km (44 mi) dedicated high-speed tracks, 17 km (11 mi) modernised lines), it began service on 14 December 1997. The line has appreciably shortened rail journeys, the journey from Paris to Brussels now taking 1:22. In combination with the LGV Nord, it has also impacted international journeys to France and London, ensuring high-speed through-running by Eurostar and TGV trainsets. The total construction cost was €1.42 billion.

### HSL 2

HSL 2 runs between Leuven and Ans. 95 km (59 mi) long (61 km (38 mi) dedicated high-speed tracks, 34 km (21 mi) modernised lines, it began service on 15 December 2002. Combined with HSL 3 to the German border, the combined eastward high speed lines have greatly accelerated journeys between Brussels, Paris and Germany. HSL 2 is used by international Eurostar and ICE trains as well as domestic InterCity services.

### HSL 3

HSL 3 connects Liège to the German border. 56 km (35 mi) long (42 km (26 mi) dedicated high-speed tracks, 14 km (8.7 mi) modernised lines), it was completed on 15 December 2007, but trains did not start to use it until June 14, 2009. HSL 3 is used by international Eurostar and ICE trains only.

### HSL 4

HSL 4 connects Antwerp north to the Dutch border where it meets the HSL-Zuid. It is 87 km (54 mi) long, comprising 40 km (25 mi) dedicated high speed tracks and 47 km (29 mi) modernised lines. Mostly completed in 2007, the opening of the line was delayed till December 2009 due to problems with signalling. HSL 4 is used by international Eurostar and ICE trains as well as domestic InterCity services. Initially, NS Hispeed (now NS International) planned using the newly ordered V250 for the fast Fyra train service between Brussels, Antwerp, Rotterdam and Amsterdam. Due to technical problems with the model, this plan was scrapped. The NS has ordered 20 new ICNG trains for service on this route. Between Brussels and Antwerp (47 km (29 mi)), trains travel at 160 km/h (99 mph) on the upgraded existing line (with the exception of a few segments where a speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph) is imposed). At the E19/A12 motorway junction, trains leave the regular line to run on new dedicated high-speed tracks to the Dutch border (40 km (25 mi)) at 300 km/h (190 mph).

### 25N

25N [nl], which is part of the Diabolo project, is being built between Schaerbeek and Mechelen and is being constructed for a maximum speed of 220 km/h. There is also a project under way to renovate Mechelen railway station, which involves the construction of tracks at the edge of the station set aside for passing high-speed traffic. When this line is completed, there will be a near-continuous stretch of high-speed line from Brussels to Amsterdam, save for the section between Mechelen and Antwerp. It is not known whether the Belgian government plans to construct a line between Mechelen and Antwerp. There are also areas where the trains cannot run at high speed near the stations: for trains leaving Brussels, 220 km/h will not be possible until the trains reach Schaerbeek and HSL-4 does not begin until a few kilometres after Antwerp. The track around Rotterdam station has curvatures that are too tight to allow trains to run at full speed and trains run on conventional track between Schiphol and Amsterdam.

### EuroCap-Rail

EuroCap-Rail is a proposed high-speed rail axis connecting Brussels, Luxembourg (city), and Strasbourg—three cities which, combined, are the homes of six of the seven institutions of the European Union and unofficially called the capitals of Europe. The axis would run along existing lines that would be upgraded for high-speed rail service.

## Stations

There are 4 stations in Belgium where high-speed trains stop:
* Antwerp-Central
* Brussels-South
* Brussels-North
* Liège-Guillemins