OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Albert Francis Judd

Albert Francis Judd (January 7, 1838 – May 20, 1900) was a judge of the Kingdom of Hawaii who served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii through its transition into part of the United States.

## Life

Judd was born January 7, 1838, at what was known as the "Old Mission Home" in Honolulu. His father was the physician and statesman Gerrit P. Judd (1803–1873) and mother was Laura Fish Judd (1804–1872).
On his father's side, he was a descendant of Thomas Hastings who came from the East Anglia region of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. Judd attended Punahou School (founded by his father), and two years of study under William DeWitt Alexander 1858–1860. After graduating from Yale in 1862, he received a law degree from Harvard Law School in 1864.

## Career

He served in the army of the Kingdom from 1866 to 1871 rising to the rank of captain. From 1868 through 1873 he served in the House of Representatives and from 1868 in the House of Nobles of the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom. In 1873 he helped elect King Lunalilo, and served as attorney general from January 13, 1873, until February 17, 1874. He then helped elect King Kalākaua after Lunalilo's short reign.
He was appointed as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in 1874, and promoted to Chief Justice November 5, 1881. He served as chief justice for 19 years until his death. Walter F. Frear then became chief justice. In 1881 he served on a commission to revise laws of the Kingdom. He was a stabilizing influence throughout the turbulent overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, Provisional Government of Hawaii, Republic of Hawaii, and finally formation of the Territory of Hawaii in 1898.

## Marriage and children

On April 4, 1872, in Geneva, New York, he married Agnes Hall Boyd (1844–1934) and they had nine children:
* Agnes Elizabeth Judd, (November 18, 1873 – November 23, 1953)
* Albert Francis Judd Jr. (December 20, 1874 – December 18, 1939) married Madeline Perry Hartwell, daughter of judge Alfred S. Hartwell in 1899 and had four children.
* James Robert Judd (May 20, 1876 – June 2, 1947) married Alice Louise Marshall in 1908.
* Allan Wilkes Judd (February 27, 1879 – ?) married Elizabeth Anna McCarthy in 1907.
* Henry Pratt Judd (March 15, 1880 – October 13, 1955) married Martha Stevens Case in 1909.
* Charles Sheldon Judd (July 11, 1881 – June 29, 1939) married Louise Luqiens in 1910.
* Sophie Boyd Judd (May 17, 1883 – January 28, 1966) married George Paul Cooke (1881–1960), was mother of Francis Judd Cooke. Their great-grandson was Steve Cooke. George Paul was son of businessman Charles Montague Cooke, grandson of Amos Starr Cooke.
* Gerrit Parmele Judd, III., (February 15, 1885 – February 17, 1963) married Marguerite Foulke in 1910.
* Lawrence McCully Judd (March 20, 1887 – October 4, 1968) and became Governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1929–1934.

## Death

He died May 20, 1900, in Honolulu after an illness of several months.
# Carlos Lozada

Carlos Lozada may refer to:
* Carlos Lozada (journalist) (born 1971), Peruvian-American journalist
* Carlos Lozada (Medal of Honor) (1946–1967), member of the United States Army
# Dirac, Charente

Dirac (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.
# Timander

Timander is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Timander (soldier), officer of Alexander the Great
* Alice Timander (1915–2007), Swedish dentist and actress
* Mattias Timander (born 1974), Swedish ice hockey player
# James McLachlan

James McLachlan may refer to:
* James McLachlan (American politician) (1852–1940), U.S. Representative from California
* James McLachlan (Australian politician) (1871–1956), Australian Senator from South Australia
* James McLachlan Sr., member of the South Australian House of Assembly
* James McLachlan (Victorian politician) (1862–1938), Australian politician
* James McLachlan (scholar), American scholar and theologian
* J. B. McLachlan (1869–1937), Canadian politician and labour leader
* James Douglas McLachlan (1869–1937), British wartime military attaché to Washington, D.C
* Jim McLachlan (born 1943), Canadian politician
* Jimmy McLachlan (1870–?), Scottish footballer
# Colin Myler

Colin Myler is a US-based British journalist.

## Early life

Myler grew up in the Hough Green area of Widnes, Cheshire. He was raised Catholic, served as an altar boy and attended SS John Fisher and Thomas More Roman Catholic High School, at the time a secondary modern school, in Widnes.

## Career

Myler started his career working for the Catholic Pictorial in Liverpool, before joining West Lancs Press Agency in Southport The Sun and later the Daily Mail. He was appointed news editor of the Sunday People, then moved to Today in 1985, before its launch, again as news editor. He was later appointed as Deputy Editor of the Sunday Mirror.
In 1992, he succeeded his boss Bridget Rowe as editor of the Sunday Mirror. In 1994, he moved to edit the Daily Mirror. He was made managing director of both the Daily and Sunday Mirror in 1995, but soon left to run Super League of Europe, the rugby league marketing body. He returned to the Sunday Mirror in 1998, but resigned in 2001 after Judge David Poole ruled that an article he had published regarding accusations of assault against Leeds United F.C. footballers Lee Bowyer and Jonathan Woodgate risked prejudicing their trial.
Shortly after, Myler moved to the United States and was appointed executive editor of the New York Post. He returned to London in 2007 to become editor of the News of the World and remained in post until the paper ceased publication on 10 July 2011.
On 22 July 2011, Myler and former News of the World lawyer, Tom Crone, wrote to the Parliamentary Select Committee to clarify evidence given by James Murdoch in respect of the News International phone hacking scandal which had resulted in the closure of the News of the World. They appeared before the Committee to answer further questions on 6 September 2011.
In January 2012, Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the New York City Daily News.

## Personal

Myler is a practising Catholic and a second cousin of rugby player Frank Myler.
# Idiomarina seosinensis

Idiomarina seosinensis is a halophilic and motile bacterium from the genus Idiomarina which has been isolated from hypersaline water from a solar saltern from Seosin in Korea.
# State Administration of Quality Management

The National Quality Management Commission, formerly the State Administration of Quality Management of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (SAQM) is the North Korean standards organization. It oversees standards and metrology, including application of both the metric system and traditional Korean units, in accordance with the 1993 Law on Metrology. It is located at 1 Inhung-Dong in Moranbong District, Pyongyang.
The commission operates under the Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Both are cabinet-level institutions. As of January 2020, the commission is led by Ri Chol-jin.

## Purview

The commission is charged with elaborating and realizing state metrological regulation and policy; defining, registering, and maintaining measurement standards and devices; accrediting the North Korean institution of self-calibration; organizing and conducting inspections and supervision to ensure proper use of approved measurements; approving guidelines for measurement calibration within North Korea.

## Subsidiary organizations
### Committee for Standardization of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

The Committee for Standardization of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (CSK) represents the country in international standardization organizations, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

### Central Institute of Metrology

The National Quality Management Commission has supervision over the Central Institute of Metrology (CIM), located at Songsin Dong 1 in Sadong District, Pyongyang. The CIM maintains custody over North Korea's national standards. It also calibrates high-precision reference standards for provincial verification offices and other agencies; performs research on metrology and its application within North Korea; and assists the SAQM with supervision over implementation of North Korean laws related to metrology.

### IEC National Committee of Democratic People's Republic of Korea

The IEC National Committee of Democratic People's Republic of Korea under the National Quality Management Commission is a member of the International Electrotechnical Commission.

### Territorial Institutions of Calibration

The National Quality Management Commission has supervision over Territorial Institutions of Calibration which have similar responsibilities at a provincial level.
# Chhan, Sawai Madhopur

Chhan is a village in the Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan, India. It is identified with Jhain (or Jhayin), which is mentioned in the Delhi Sultanate chronicles as an important town of 13th and 14th century India.

## History

Chhan is identified with the Jhain town mentioned in the Delhi Sultanate chronicles. In the late 13th century, Jhain was a part of the Chahamana kingdom, and guarded the approaches to the kingdom's capital Ranthambore.
According to the Delhi Sultanate chronicles, Jhain was renamed to Shahr-i Nau ("new town") in 1301. Therefore, historian Kishori Saran Lal (1950) speculated that Jhain may be the modern Naya Gaon (or Naigaon) village located near Ranthambore. However, Satya Prakash Gupta (1975) identified Jhain with Chhan (or Chhain), located between Naya Gaon and Ranthambore, around 16 km from Naya Gaon. Gupta notes that according to the Mughal courtier Abul Fazl, the pass of Jhain led to Ranthambhore. This description fits Chhan, where the road to Ranthambore ascends the hills. The Sultanate records also show that Jhain was located very close to Ranthambore: Jhain is located around 11 km south-east of Ranthambore.

### Khalji period

According to Miftah al-Futuh of the Delhi courtier Amir Khusrau, the Delhi Sultan Jalaluddin Khalji invaded Jhain in 1291. When Jalaluddin came close to the Jhain fort, a Chahamana army led by Gardan Saini came out of the fort and fought the invaders. After the battle ended with a Delhi victory and Saini's death, the remaining Chahamana contingents stationed at Jhain evacuated the fort, and retreated to Ranthambore. The invaders subsequently plundered Jhain, and dismantled the fort. Jalaluddin admired the non-Islamic sculpture and carvings of Jhain, but being an iconoclast, he broke the idols. The Miftah al-Futuh claims that this battle resulted in deaths of thousands of defenders, but only one Turkic soldier of Delhi was killed.
According to Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, Jalaluddin planned to conquer Ranthambore, but retreated to avoid loss of Muslim lives. In 1292, the Delhi army invaded Jhain again, obtaining plunder in the process.
During Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore in 1301, the Delhi army captured Jhain and renamed it to Shahr-i Nau ("new town"). Alauddin's brother and general Ulugh Khan was granted Ranthambore and Jhain as iqta'. By the time of Ulugh Khan's successor Malik Izz al-Din Bura Khan, Jhain was subjected to the same land-tax (kharaj) as the core territories of the Sultanate, indicating that it was now firmly under the control of the Delhi Sultanate.

### Mughal period

In the Mughal Empire, Jhain was a pargana in the Garh Ranthamnbore sarkar of the Ajmer subah. The pargana was held by Jai Singh II and his ancestors as jagir (fief).

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Chhan has 196 households with 1,015 people. The population includes 561 males and 454 females. Of all the villagers, 208 belong to Scheduled Castes, and 502 belong to Scheduled Tribes. 393 of the villagers are illiterate.
# Billion-Dollar Brain

Billion-Dollar Brain is a 1966 Cold War spy novel by Len Deighton. It was the fourth to feature an unnamed secret agent working for the British WOOC(P) intelligence agency. It follows The IPCRESS File (1962), Horse Under Water (1963), and Funeral in Berlin (1964). As in most of Deighton's novels, the plot of Billion Dollar Brain (1967) is intricate, with many dead ends.

## Plot

The unnamed protagonist is ordered to Helsinki by Dawlish, his boss, to suppress a newspaper article, potentially embarrassing to the U.K. government, about to be published by a Finnish journalist. He finds the journalist murdered and coincidentally meets a young woman who attempts to recruit him into the British Intelligence. This woman, Signe Laine, is both romantically connected to and working for the protagonist's old American friend Harvey Newbegin (who also appeared in Funeral in Berlin). Newbegin in turn attempts to recruit him into a private intelligence outfit, whose network is operated by 'The Brain', a billion dollar super-computer owned by eccentric Texan billionaire General Midwinter.
Midwinter is using his agency and private army to start an uprising in Latvia, at the time a part of the USSR, to end Communism in the Eastern bloc and tip the balance of the Cold War in favour of the West. After discovering this and also the fact that a package Newbegin wants delivered from England to Finland contains virus-contaminated eggs, stolen from a British research institute, the protagonist treks from Finland through Riga, Leningrad, New York City, Texas and back to London. He infiltrates Midwinter's organization, braving unforgiving environments, violence and shifting loyalties, eventually to return to the Baltic to stop the virus from falling into the hands of the Soviets and the madman billionaire and protect British reputations in the process.

## Film adaptation

The novel was filmed as Billion Dollar Brain in 1967, the third instalment of the Harry Palmer series of films based on Deighton's novels, featuring Michael Caine; it was a commercial flop.
# Diplomatic missions of Korea

Diplomatic missions of Korea may refer to:
* Diplomatic missions of North Korea
* Diplomatic missions of South Korea
# College Farm

College Farm is the only farm site in Finchley, in the London Borough of Barnet. It currently trades as an equestrian and pet store. It is located in Regents Park Road, close to Henlys Corner on the North Circular Road. It has two residential roads running alongside it; Allandale Avenue and Fitzalan Road.

## History

In 1868 George Barham, founder of Express Dairies, leased Sheephouse Farm, a property of about 97 acres (390,000 m$^2$). In 1882/83 he had it rebuilt by Fredrick Chancellor as a model dairy farm, renaming it College Farm after the nearby Christ's College.
In 1898 College Farm was the scene of the "Finchley Murder", when the head cowman Thomas Webb was shot dead. The case was investigated by Scotland Yard's Chief Inspector Henry Moore, but Thomas's killer was never identified.
By the 1900s the company believed that the farm was not viable as a real farm, so it was decided to adapt it to become a visitor attraction in 1909, buying out the lease on the property of the farm buildings, and retaining a few of the adjacent fields from the original estate.
By the 1930s the residue of the farm was surrounded by houses, and was open to the public, with tea rooms and an exhibition of objects related to the dairy industry. In the 1950s and 1960s cows were grazed and milked on the site by Express Dairies. In 1973 Express Dairies left the site, and the dairy museum was broken up.
In 1974 the Department of the Environment purchased the estate with the intention of giving it to the London Borough of Barnet in exchange for open land at Henlys Corner intended for a flyover, which was never built. The farm was leased by Chris and Jane Ower, who ran it as a popular local attraction from 1980 until February 2001, when the site had to be closed because of restrictions caused by the foot-and-mouth outbreak.
Chris Ower, with the support of some local residents and friends of the farm, set up the College Farm Trust in 2004 with the intention of re-establishing the farm as a visitor centre. The Trust now owns the whole site and is working to raise the funds to reopen to the public. However, the trust was removed from the Charity Commission register on 1 February 2018 as it was not operating.
College Farm is a Site of Local Importance for Nature Conservation. It also has a silo which is a Grade II listed building.
# Ian Dennis

Ian Dennis may refer to:
* Ian Dennis (artist), British artist and Internet celebrity
* Ian Dennis (football commentator) (born 1971), British football commentator
* Ian Dennis (academic lawyer), professor of English law
# Gumbo (surname)

Gumbo is the surname of the following notable people:
* Aleck Gumbo (born 1940), Minister of Economic Development in Zimbabwe
* Joram Gumbo, Zimbabwean politician
* Judy Gumbo (born 1943), Canadian-American activist
* Nicholas Gumbo, Kenyan politician
* Rahman Gumbo, Zimbabwean football player and manager
* Rashid Chidi Gumbo (born 1988), Tanzanian football midfielder
* Rugare Gumbo, Zimbabwean politician
* Sithembile Gumbo (1962/1963–2019), Zimbabwean politician
# Chester Cross

Chester Cross may refer to:
* Chester Cross (junction), a staggered crossroads in the centre of Chester, Cheshire, England
* Chester High Cross, a reconstructed medieval cross standing in the junction
# X-79

X-79 is a 7.93-metre (26.0 ft) sailboat class designed by Niels Jeppesen and built in about 500 copies.

## History

Niels Jeppesen designed the X-79 to compete in the Sjælland Rundt.
# Caroline Sageman

Caroline Sageman (born 29 August 1973) is a French classical pianist.

## Biography

Sageman was an precocious child: she took her first piano lessons at the age of 6 with Denyse Rivière, Marcel Ciampi's assistant and Jean-Marc Luisada teacher. At 9, with the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, she performed the piano concerto in D major by Haydn at the Salle Pleyel. She entered the Conservatoire de Paris at the age of 13 in the class of Germaine Mounier. She was only seventeen when she won the 6th prize of the XII International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw, making her the youngest winner of this competition since its inception. Among her major professional meetings, are those of Claudio Arrau, Miłosz Magin, Hubert Guillard, Merces De Silva Telles, Nikita Magaloff, Yevgeny Malinin and Eugen Indjic. She then performed abroad, notably in Japan, Italy and Switzerland, and in France. She has worked with, among others, conductors Pierre Dervaux and Jean-François Paillard. She also performs in chamber ensembles, in particular with Faustine Tremblay (violin), Bertrand Braillard (cello), Jean Ferrandis (flute), Dominique de Williencourt (cello), and David Galoustov (violin).
A specialist of Chopin and Liszt, she imagined in 2010 the musical show Chopin, Musset, les doubles romantiques with singer Patrick Bruel. The reading of excerpts from Alfred de Musset's Confessions of a Child of the Century [fr] and The Nights alternates with pieces by Frédéric Chopin that she performs.
She also approaches the contemporary repertoire and has created works by Arnaud Petit, Françoise Choveaux and Bruno Giner, who dedicated to her his play Après une lecture de...
In parallel to her concert activities, Caroline Sageman is the assistant to Jean-Marc Luisada at the École normale de musique de Paris Alfred Cortot and teaches at the Conservatory of Blanc-Mesnil (93).

## Prizes

* 1982: First Prize of the "Royaume de la Musique"
* 1990: 6th prize at the XII International Chopin Piano Competition

## Discography

* Franz Liszt (Lyrinx, 2004)
** Sonata in B minor (dedicated to Robert Schumann)
** Obermann Valley (First year of pilgrimage: Switzerland)
** Rêve d’amour No 3 of the Liebesträume
** Saint-François de Paule marchant sur les flots (Legends, No 2)
* Frédéric Chopin (Lyrinx, 2002)
** Sonata in B flat minor, Op. 35
** Scherzos
*** No 1 in B minor, Op. 20
*** No 2 in B flat minor, Op. 31
*** No 3 in C sharp minor, Op. 39
*** No 4 in E major, Op. 54
* Tibor Harsányi's L'Histoire du petit tailleur and Camille Saint-Saëns's The Carnival of the Animals, by Smaïn (narrator) under the direction of Yannis Pouspourikas [fr]. Pianists: Caroline Sageman and Lidija Bizjak (Lyrinx, 2008)
* Frédéric Chopin (Lyrinx, 2011)
** Polonaise-Fantaisie
** Andante spianato
** Grande Polonaise
* Ludwig van Beethoven (Lyrinx, 2012)
** Complete Sonatas for violin and piano, with David Galoustov.
# Dimitris Christoulas

Dimitris Christoulas was a Greek pensioner who committed suicide in Syntagma Square in Athens on April 4, 2012.
Christoulas left behind the following suicide note:
“The Tsolakoglou (The collaborationist occupation government established after the Nazi Germany invasion of Greece during World war two) government has annihilated all traces for my survival, which was based on a very dignified pension that I alone paid for 35 years with no help from the state. And since my advanced age does not allow me a way of dynamically reacting (although if a fellow Greek were to grab a Kalashnikov, I would be right behind him), I see no other solution than this dignified end to my life, so I don’t find myself fishing through garbage cans for my sustenance. I believe that young people with no future, will one day take up arms and hang the traitors of this country at Syntagma square, just like the Italians did to Mussolini in 1945″

## Biography

Dimitris Christoulas, born in 1935, 77 years old at the time of his death, was a retired pharmacist who sold his pharmacy in 1994 and had been experiencing both financial and health problems, including difficulty paying for his medications, when the Greek government austerity measures slashed his pension. Before his death, he had posted a sign outside his apartment that stated, "Can’t pay, won’t pay," and his last words before shooting himself were "I am not committing suicide, they are killing me." He was divorced, and is survived by his ex-wife and a daughter, Emi Christoulas, who spoke at his funeral.
As known from the testimony of his daughter and neighbors, Dimitris Christoulas was an active political person. According to the same sources, he was a gentle, cultured man.
The secular funeral was held on April 7 in the First Cemetery of Athens, while his body, as was his last desire, had to be moved to Bulgaria in order to be cremated, Cremation has been legal in Greece since 2006 but has still not been made available.