OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Advanced Aeromarine Sierra

The Advanced Aeromarine Sierra was an American high-wing, strut-braced, single-seat, glider that was designed and produced by Advanced Aeromarine, as a kit for amateur construction.

## Design and development

The Sierra was intended as a lightweight and affordable glider with modest performance that could be launched by ultralight aircraft aerotow, auto-tow, winch-launch or bungee launch. It first flew in March 1991.
The aircraft was made from aluminium tube, fabric and composites. Its 42.65 ft (13.0 m) span wing was supported by a lift strut and jury struts. The glide ratio was 25:1 and had a landing roll of 150 ft (46 m). The landing gear was tandem wheels, plus a tail caster. The completion time from the factory kit was rated as 150 hours.
Although very light, with a standard empty weight of 205 lb (93 kg), the Sierra did not qualify under the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations as a hang glider, neither was it foot-launchable. Only one prototype had been reported as completed by December 1998.

## Operational history

In September 2011 there were no Sierras registered with the US Federal Aviation Administration and it is likely that none exist anymore.

## Variants
### Sierra LS

    Main production version

## Specifications (Sierra LS)

Data from Purdy and KitPlanes
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Length: 21 ft 0 in (6.40 m)
* Wingspan: 42 ft 7.8 in (13.000 m)
* Wing area: 142 sq ft (13.2 m$^2$)
* Aspect ratio: 13:1
* Empty weight: 205 lb (93 kg)
* Gross weight: 455 lb (206 kg)
Performance
* Stall speed: 27 mph (43 km/h, 23 kn)
* Maximum glide ratio: 25:1 at 40 mph (64 km/h)
* Wing loading: 3.2 lb/sq ft (16 kg/m$^2$)
# Aeruginospora singularis

Aeruginospora singularis is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. The species, described by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel in 1908, is found in Indonesia. The type specimen of this species was found growing in soil under bamboo at the Bogor Botanical Gardens, and it has been found there twice since then.
# William J. Hopkins

William J. Hopkins may refer to:
* William Hopkins (architect) (1820–1901), British architect
* William J. Hopkins (civil servant) (1910–2004), American civil servant
# Afanasy Shchapov

Afanasiy Prokopievich Shchapov (Russian: Афанасий Прокофьевич Щапов) (5 October [N.S. 17 October] 1830 – February 27 [ N.S.10 March] 1876) was a Russian historian accused of "Siberian nationalism" and persecuted by tsarist authorities.

## Life

Afanasiy Shchapov was born in the village of Anga some 210 miles from Irkutsk, into a family of a Russian sexton and Buryat peasant woman. Educated in Irkutsk, he moved to Kazan and became a student at Kazan Theological Academy (1852–1856). Upon receiving his bachelor's degree, Shchapov began to deliver lectures on Russian history at his alma mater (1856–1860) and later at Kazan University (1860–1861). He also studied the Solovetsky Monastery library, which had been evacuated during the Crimean War to Kazan. Fascinated with the Solovetsky Uprising, Shchapov started writing articles about the Raskol and Old Believers. On April 16, 1861, he delivered a revolutionary speech dedicated to the victims of the Bezdna Unrest, after which he was arrested and escorted to Saint Petersburg. After the investigation, Shchapov was dismissed as a teacher and appointed to the Ministry of the Interior as an official in charge of the sectarian affairs. In 1862, he was discharged and placed under police surveillance.
Afanasiy Shchapov was a contributor for many Russian magazines, such as Отечественные записки (Notes on Fatherland), Русское слово (Russian Word), Время (Time), Век (Century), and others. In 1864, he was exiled to his native village and then Irkutsk on suspicion of his connections with Alexander Hertzen and Nikolai Ogarev. In the summer of 1865, Shchapov was arrested in connection with the so-called Siberian oblastniks affair. After his release, he worked in a number of magazines, including Дело (Cause), Записки Сибирского отдела РГО (Notes of the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographic Society), and others. In 1866, Shchapov took part in an expedition to the Turukhansk regions as an ethnographer, organized by the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographic Society. Afanasiy Shchapov died of tuberculosis in 1876.

## Ideas

Afanasiy Shchapov authored many works on the history of sectarianism and Raskol, which he viewed as a manifestation of popular protest against social oppression. In 1856-1864, influenced by Grigory Yeliseyev and Stepan Yeshevsky, he came forward as a supporter of the so-called "zemstvo-oblast theory" (земско-областническая теория), viewing Russian history as an interaction process between certain "oblasts". Shchapov's focus on geography and economics as two principal agencies in history is thought to have heralded the next generation of Russian historians, as represented by Vasily Klyuchevsky, Paul Vinogradoff, and Michael Rostovtzeff. Since geographical conditions of various Russian lands differed enormously, Shchapov scorned the possibility of writing a general history of Russia. He held that Sibiryaks were ethnically distinct from the rest of Russian nation, as their character was shaped by rugged nature of inhospitable land they lived in and by the adventurous and enterprising spirit of the Old Believers who had been the original settlers of Siberia.
# Adolf Kirchhoff

Johann Wilhelm Adolf Kirchhoff (6 January 1826 – 26 February 1908) was a German classical scholar and epigraphist.

## Biography

The son of historical painter Johann Jakob Kirchhoff, he was born in Berlin, and educated there. He then taught in various colleges until, in 1865, he was appointed professor of classical philology at the University of Berlin, where he remained for the rest of his life. Kirchhoff's scientific studies covered a wide range in linguistics, antiquities, and Greek epigraphy. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1888.

## Writings

* Die Homerische Odyssee (1859), putting forward an entirely new theory as to the composition of the Odyssey
* edition of Plotinus (1856)
* edition of Euripides (1855 and 1877–1878), the first critical edition based on a careful collation of all the manuscripts
* edition of Aeschylus (1880)
* Hesiod (Works and Days, 1881)
* Xenophon, Respublica Atheniensium (On the Athenian Constitution; 3rd edition, 1889)
* Über die Entstehungszeit des Herodotischen Geschichtswerkes (2nd edition, 1878)
* Thukydides und sein Urkundenmaterial (1895).
The following works are the result of his epigraphical and palaeographical studies:
* Die Umbrischen Sprachdenkmäler (1851)
* Das Stadtrecht von Bantia (1853), on the tablet discovered in 1790 at Oppido near Banzi, containing a plebiscite relating to the municipal affairs of the ancient Bantia (the Stadtrecht)
* Das Gotische Runenalphabet (1852)
* Die Fränkischen Runen (1855)
* Studien zur Geschichte des Griechischen Alphabets (4th edition, 1887).
The second part of volume iv. of the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (1859, containing the Christian inscriptions) and volume i. of the Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum (1873, containing the inscriptions before 403) with supplements thereto (volume iv. pts. 13, 1877–1891) are edited by him. From 1860 to 1902, he was in charge of the Inscriptiones Graecae. He edited Hermes (1866–81).
# AeroGroup

AeroGroup is an American private commercial company that offers military aircraft training. It was the first private commercial company to operate F-16 aircraft and train F-16 pilots and maintenance crew. AeroGroup performed F-16 training services and support for the Dutch, Italian and Belgian Air Forces. AeroGroup also possess and operates the Northrop F-5 (CF-5B) as a fighter lead-in aircraft for training and for other support services. There were 17 aircraft originally purchased from the Canadian Government with U.S. State Department approval and then imported into the US in 2006. AeroGroup was founded in 1999 by Mark Daniels and Victor Miller who have owned and operated numerous ex-military tactical aircraft such as the F-5, T-38, F-16, Harrier, Hawker Hunter Mk58, F-6, T-8, MiG-21, SU-25, L-39, B-57, IL-78, Strikemaster, TA-4J, A-4C, A-4L and A-4N aircraft. In 2006, Tactical Air Defense Services Inc. (TADS) acquired Aerogroup Inc.
# William King (geologist)

William King (22 April 1809 – 24 June 1886), was an Anglo-Irish geologist at Queen's College Galway. He was the first (in 1864) to propose that the bones found in the German valley of Neanderthal in 1856 were not of Homo sapiens, but of a distinct species: Homo neanderthalensis. He proposed the name of this new species at a meeting of the British Association in 1863, with the written version published in 1864.

## Life

King was born to William King, a coal worker, and his wife Eleanor née Armstrong who was a confectioner and shop owner. He grew up in Durham and went to study in Sunderland and apprenticed at various times with an ironmonger, book-seller and a librarian. He took an early interest in collecting fossils. He worked at the Newcastle museum in 1841 but left it after six years after conflict with the employers.
In 1849 he joined Queen's College Galway and during his long career there published nearly 70 papers and established a museum. He developed a course in geology for the arts, agriculture, and engineering faculties and served as an examiner in geology for the University. His research included topics such as the structure of the brachiopod shell, rock cleavage and the uplift of the Burren. His most famous work was The reputed fossil man of the Neanderthal published in 1864. In this he noted the differences in the curved ribs, the skull muscle attachment suggesting carnivory and suggested that the Neanderthal was a species different from modern humans. He supported a modified version of Darwin's Origin of Species but he gave considerable emphasis to place the Neanderthal as being close and on a "lower scale" than Andaman and Australian aborigines and suggested that like them, the Neanderthal was "incapable of moral and theoistic conception". His speculation on their theological beliefs did not go without critical comment from contemporaries like Charles Carter Blake.
King married Jane Nicholson in 1839 and one of their sons, William King Jr. worked in the Geological Survey of India, and became its director. King was a fellow of the Geological Society of France and was awarded an honorary D.Sc. by Queen's University in 1870. King resigned in 1883 following a stroke but stayed as an emeritus professor. He died at Glenoir, Galway on 24 June 1886.
King's great-grandson, another William King (1910-2012), was a globe-circumnavigating yachtsman and a Royal Navy officer in World War II.
# William King (priest)

William King B.D. (died 23 September 1590) was a Canon of Windsor from 1572 to 1590

## Career

He was a King's Scholar at Eton College from 1544 to 1548, and then studied at King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1553, MA in 1556 and BD in 1570.
He was appointed:
* Rector of Howick, Northumberland 1560–1566
* Archdeacon of Northumberland 1561–1566
* Prebendary of Canterbury Cathedral 1565–1590
* Vicar of Appledore, Kent 1568–1576
* Rector of Kingston, Kent 1569–1573
* Chaplain to Queen Elizabeth
He was deprived of his archdeaconry in 1566 due to continual absence.
He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1572, a position he held until 1590.
# Bermuda National Trust

The Bermuda National Trust is a charitable organization which works to preserve and protect the heritage of Bermuda.
According to its website, the organization has the following purposes:
   "The Bermuda National Trust is a charity, established in 1970 to preserve natural, architectural and historic treasures and to encourage public appreciation of them.
   The Trust's programmes and activities are focused in the key areas of Preservation, Education and Advocacy. Its purpose is to ensure that Bermuda's unique heritage remains protected for future generations."
The Bermuda National Trust cares for 82 properties throughout the territory, covering 250 acres (1 km$^2$) and representing much of the best of Bermuda's heritage. These include a number of different historic houses, islands, gardens, cemeteries, nature reserves and coastline. The Trust also runs three museums displaying a collection of artefacts owned and made by Bermudians showing the development of the territory, as well as an education programme, focussing on the island's history and what it means to our future.
The Trust has reciprocal agreements with heritage organizations across Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Europe and across the Pacific allowing its members to use the facilities of its partners. This also allows members of other National Trusts to visit sites in Bermuda. The Bermuda National Trust's predecessor was the Bermuda Historical Monuments Trust. This organization existed from its establishment in 1937 to 1970. The Trust collaborated with other organisations, including the government Departments of Conservation Services, Environmental Protection, Parks and Environmental Health, as well as the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, Bermuda Audubon Society and Keep Bermuda Beautiful. The Trust is governed by a 13-member council.
# Cyrtodactylus cattienensis

Cyrtodactylus cattienensis, or the Cattien bent-toed gecko, is a gecko endemic to southern Vietnam. It is known from the Đồng Nai and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces. Its type locality is within the Cát Tiên National Park, and the species was named after the park.

## Description

It is small in size, with a maximum snout–vent length (SVL) of 69 mm (2.7 in). A neck band is present, extending to the posterior margin of the eye; its trunk, tail and limbs bear irregularly-shaped bands: 4–6 light bands on trunk and 4–12 white bands on tail; it has 16–22 irregular longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles. Its lateral folds are weakly developed or absent, without enlarged tubercles. Males have 6–8 precloacal pores in angular continuous series and there is a patch of enlarged precloacal scales present in both sexes. Males are on average smaller (55 mm SVL) than females (61 mm SVL).

## Habitat

Cyrtodactylus cattienensis inhabits lowland seasonal tropical forest. Most individuals were found on large leaves of scrub vegetation and young trees some 1 m above ground. Some specimens were also found during the day, under volcanic rocks or below the bark of rotten trees.

## Behaviour

Males produce calls consisting of a long series of call groups. All individuals can emit "squeaks" as signal of discomfort and stress.
# David Lang

David Lang may refer to:
* David Lang (Civil War) (1838–1917), American Civil War officer
* David Lang (rugby union) (1852–?), Scottish rugby union player
* David Lang (screenwriter) (1913—2007), screenwriter
* David Marshall Lang (1924–1991), historian
* David Lang (composer) (born 1957), American composer
* David Lang (American football) (1967–2005), American football running back
* David Lång (born 1972), Swedish politician
# Carlo II Tocco

Carlo II Tocco (died 1448) was the ruler of Epirus from 1429 until his death.

## Life

Carlo II was the son of Leonardo II Tocco, the younger brother and co-ruler of Carlo I Tocco, count of Cephalonia and Zante, duke of Leukas, and ruler of Epirus. In 1424 Carlo II and his sisters were adopted by their uncle Carlo I. Carlo II's sister Maddalena Tocco married the future Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos in 1428, but died in 1429.
In July 1429 Carlo II succeeded his uncle Carlo I in all his jurisdictions. His succession was opposed, however, by Carlo I's illegitimate sons, led by Memnone. Memnone and his brothers appealed to the Ottoman Sultan Murad II for help in securing the inheritance of their father, and the sultan duly sent forth a force under Sinan. The Ottoman general entered into negotiations with the anti-Latin faction in Ioannina and, after guaranteeing the privileges of the nobility, obtained the surrender of the city on October 9, 1430.
Carlo II continued to rule over the remnants of his principality in Epirus from Arta as an Ottoman vassal, while the illegitimate sons of his uncle received holdings in Acarnania as Ottoman dependents. Carlo II died in October 1448 and was succeeded by his son Leonardo III Tocco. After the Ottoman conquest, the Tocco territories became a sanjak under the name of "Karlı İli", derived from Carlo II.

## Family

By his marriage to Ramondina of Ventimiglia, Carlo II Tocco had four children:
* Leonardo III Tocco, who succeeded as ruler of Epirus
* Giovanni Tocco
* Antonio Tocco
* Elvira Tocco
He married a daughter of Maurice Spata sometime after 1415.
# Triberga

Triberga is a village on the island of Öland in the kingdom of Sweden. For many years Triberga has been investigated for its unusual flora and fauna including littoral species.
# Irai Dam

Irai Dam is an earthfill and gravity dam on Irai river near Chandrapur and Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project in state of Maharashtra in India. A borderline flood situation was seen in the catchment and the low-lying areas of this dam and the nearby Chargaon dam in September 2012. The situation came under control after the rainfall stopped.

## Specifications

The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 30 m (98 ft) while the length is 1,620 m (5,310 ft). The volume content is 0.985 km$^3$ (0.236 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 0.226500 km$^3$ (0.054340 cu mi).

## Purpose

* Water supply
# Godefroy Engelmann

Godefroy Engelmann (August 17, 1788 – April 25, 1839) was a Franco-German lithographer and chromolithographer.

## Biography

Godefroy Engelmann was born in 1788 in Mühlhausen, a small town near the France/Switzerland/Germany border. At the time of his birth Mulhouse was a free German republic associated with the Swiss Confederation, but was annexed by France 10 years later. He died in that same town in 1839, from a tumor in his neck.
Engelmann trained in Switzerland and France at La Rochelle and Bordeaux, and he studied painting and sketching in Jean-Baptiste Regnault's atelier in Paris. In the summer of 1814 he travelled to Munich, Germany to study lithography, a German invention. The following spring, he founded La Société Lithotypique de Mulhouse. In June 1816 he opened a workshop in Paris.
Engelmann is largely credited with bringing lithography to France, and later, commercializing chromolithography. In 1837 he was granted an English patent for a process of chromolithography that provided consistently high-quality results.
Throughout his life, he produced large numbers of prints, including numerous plates for Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor's celebrated collection of lithographs, "Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans l’ancienne France".
Engelmann's Paris printing company, "Engelmann et Graf" was passed on to his son, Godefroy Engelmann II (born 1819), who carried on his father's work with the same high artistic quality until his own death in 1897.
# Gilded barbet

The gilded barbet (Capito auratus) is a species of bird in the family Capitonidae, the New World barbets, and a close relative of the toucans.

## Description

It has a total length of c. 20 cm (8 in). Like other New World barbets, the gilded barbet is a thickset, relatively large-headed bird with a stubby bill. The upperparts, tail, wings, and mask are mainly black. The spotty bar over the greater wing coverts, narrow edging to the remiges, and tips to the tertials are yellow. Additionally, the narrow yellow eyebrows extend as two parallel lines over the mantle. The belly is mainly pale yellow with black streaking on the flanks. Depending on the subspecies, the throat ranges from red to orange, and the crown ranges from deep yellow to brownish-orange to reddish-orange. The female resembles the male but has extensive orange-yellow edging on the wing-coverts, yellowish streaking on the auriculars and back, and black streaking on the flanks that also extends over the chest. In females from the westernmost part of its range (subspecies punctatus), the throat is streaked black. Both sexes have dark maroon irides, greyish legs, and a broadly black-tipped grey bill.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, in the Orinoco River Basin and western Amazon Basin. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the black-spotted barbet from north-eastern South America. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and woodland. It mainly occurs in lowlands, but also ranges into the lower foothills of the eastern Andes. It is largely frugivorous.

### Western Amazon Basin and Orinoco range

The gilded barbet ranges in the eastern Andes drainages to the rivers of the western Amazon Basin from eastern Colombia-Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, north to southeastern Peru, and northern Bolivia; in Bolivia, the barbet only ranges on the headwater tributaries to the northeasterly flowing Madeira River. The eastern limit in the south-west Amazon Basin is the Purus River west of the Madeira.
In the north-west Amazon Basin, the eastern range limit is central Roraima state Brazil, the south flowing Branco River. The contiguous range to the north-west into Venezuela is all of eastern Venezuela approaching the Guyana border. The gilded barbet's range is on the eastern side of the Caribbean north-flowing Orinoco River drainage, but avoids the lower-half riverine strip by 150 km; the range occurs on the upper-half of the Orinoco River extending south into the eastern border area of Colombia.
A small range extension goes southeastwards into central Bolivia, which are also tributary areas to the Madeira River.
# Goindwal Sahib Power Plant

Goindwal Sahib Power Plant is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Goindwal Sahib in Tarn Taran district in the Indian state of Punjab. The power plant is operated by the GVK Group.
The coal for the power plant will be sourced from Tokisud and Seregarha coal mines in state of Jharkhand.

## Capacity

The planned capacity of the power plant is 540 MW (2x270 MW).
| Stage | Unit Number | Capacity (MW) | Date of Commissioning |
| 1st | 1 | 270 | 1 April 2016 |
| 1st | 2 | 270 | 14 April 2016 |
# Golden Orange (apple)

The Golden Orange apple is an apple cultivar that was first developed in Italy in the 1970s (released 1996) by crossing PRI 1956-6 and Ed Gould Golden apples.
Some properties include a resistance to scab, moderate vigor, medium-late blooming season, moderately large size, symmetry, lack of russeting, ripening period longer than that of Golden Delicious, and long storage ability.
# Godegård

Godegård is a locality situated in Motala Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 200 inhabitants in 2010. The Mjölby-Hallsberg railway line runs through the village.