OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# TADEN gun

The TADEN was a British experimental light and medium machine gun firing the .280 in (7 mm) intermediate cartridge. Alongside the bullpup EM-2 rifle design, it formed part of a proposal to reequip the British Army with new small arms which would use a round smaller than the .303 inch which was shown to be impractical for use in a modern assault rifle. The name comes from the designer, Harold Turpin ('T') at the Armament Design Establishment ('AD') and Enfield ('EN').
The TADEN used the action and gas system of the Bren but fired from 250-round non-disintegrating metal-link belts rather than box magazines. The light machinegun model used a buttstock and trigger group like the Bren and the medium machine gun model used spade grips and a butterfly trigger like the Vickers machine gun. Two basic versions were developed, a light machine gun with a bipod intended to replace the Bren gun, and a heavier tripod mounted version to replace the Vickers medium machine gun, or as they termed it at the time, a Sustained Fire Machine Gun. The overall plans called for the EM-2 would replace the Lee–Enfield rifle and 9 mm submachine guns.
The TADEN and EM-2 projects were discontinued when the United States Army refused to consider the .280 cartridge for the new NATO standard on the basis that it was less powerful than their .30-06 Springfield round (and, as others have suggested, the reluctance to adopt a round developed outside the USA).
It was decided that the TADEN and EM-2 could not realistically be reworked to take the new NATO round and alternatives were sought. The British Army reequipped with licence-built variants of the Belgian 7.62 mm FN MAG and FN FAL respectively. A belt-fed derivative of the Bren gun had been considered for the GPMG role, known as the X11, but although not selected the Bren was kept on after adaptation to use the NATO round.
# Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes

Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes (3 July 1686 – 20 March 1722) of Lees Court, Sheldwich, Kent, and Park Place, London, was a British Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1708 and 1722.
Watson was the eldest son of Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham and Lady Catherine Sondes, daughter of George Sondes, 1st Earl of Feversham. He matriculated at Merton College, Oxford on 1 June 1703, aged 16 and travelled abroad to Germany in 1707.
Watson arrived back from Germany in 1708, in time to be elected as a Whig Member of Parliament for Canterbury at the 1708 British general election. He proposed a motion on 25 January 1709 for an address to the Queen that she should consider remarrying. He also supported the naturalization of the Palatines. He was appointed to a committee to draft a bill to limit the time allowed for public mourning, since this was felt to be having an adverse effect on Canterbury's silk trade. He also voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell and possibly in consequence he lost his seat at the 1710 British general election. He was returned unopposed as MP for New Romney at a by-election on 20 April 1713. Following his father's elevation as Earl of Rockingham in 1714, he was styled Viscount Sondes. In 1718, he went over to the Opposition and in 1719 he was appointed a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales.
He married, on 21 March 1709, Lady Catherine Tufton, eldest daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet in 1709, and had three sons and a daughter:
* Lewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham, no issue
* Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, no issue
* Edward Watson, no issue
* Catherine Watson, married Edward Southwell and had issue.
Watson died of consumption at Kensington Gravel Pits 20 March and was buried 31 March 1722 at Rockingham, predeceasing his father by 2 years. In 1729 his widow and her four sisters became co-heiresses to the Barony of Clifford. She died 13 February and was buried 20 February 1734 at Rockingham. The abeyance was terminated in 1734 for the third sister Margaret, wife of Lord Lovel, but following her death without surviving issue in 1775 the barony was restored in favour of Viscount Sondes' grandson, Edward Southwell, 20th Baron Clifford.
# Ammonoosuc

Ammonoosuc or Ammonusuc may refer to:
* Ammonoosuc River, in New Hampshire
* USS Ammonusuc (AOG-23), naval ship

## Other rivers in New Hampshire

* Upper Ammonoosuc River, distinct from the Ammonoosuc
* Wild Ammonoosuc River, a tributary of the Ammonoosuc
# Concordia, Saint Martin

Concordia is a small town on the French side of the island of Saint Martin in the Caribbean. It lies directly to the south of the French side's capital Marigot. The town has a population of 5,639 residents, as of 2016, making it the third most-populous town on the French side, behind Marigot and Grand Case.
# Cut-off (electronics)

In electronics, cut-off is a state of negligible conduction that is a property of several types of electronic components when a control parameter (that usually is a well-defined voltage or electric current, but could also be an incident light intensity or a magnetic field), is lowered or increased past a value (the conduction threshold). The transition from normal conduction to cut-off can be more or less sharp, depending on the type of device considered, and also the speed of this transition varies considerably.

## Cutoff values
### Diodes

* Copper oxide diode: Usually between germanium and silicon diodes (0.2-0.5V)
* Diac: Depends on configuration.
* Germanium diode:apx 0.3 V; varying with temperature.
* Schottky diode:0.10–0.45, varying with temperature.
* Selenium diode:Depends on age and current. Usually higher than silicon diodes.
* Silicon diode: cutoff occurs when Vf falls below apx 0.7 V. The exact voltage varies with temperature.
* Thermionic diode: cutoff voltage depends on device design. Much higher than for silicon devices.
* Zener diode: reverse cutoff defined by diode voltage rating. Forward cutoff apx 0.6 V.

### Transistors

* BJT: Depends on the configuration.
* Germanium transistor: apx 0.2 V, varying with temperature.
* MOSFET: Depends on the configuration.
* Silicon transistor: apx 0.6 V, varying with temperature.
* TRIAC: Also depends on the configuration.

### Valves

* Triodes: triodes cut off when applied grid bias is too low. This will be a negative voltage under ordinary conditions.
* Tetrode, pentode etc.: There is some degree of interaction between the grids, and values will vary from one device to another. Anode voltage also affects cutoff voltage.
Prolonged periods in cut-off leads to cathode poisoning.

#### Remote cutoff

A vacuum tube (such as a pentode, but also sometimes triodes, hexodes, heptodes and so on) with its control grid given a helix with a variable pitch can be made to operate with more negative grid voltages, with reduced amplification, before it is completely cut off (i.e. yielding no significant output). This ability to vary the amplification (sometimes called mu) and also the transconductance, is useful in Automatic Gain Control (AGC) stages of radio receivers. Devices with this characteristic are called remote-cutoff or variable-mu or super-control types.

#### Sharp cutoff

With a normal control grid arrangement, a vacuum tube will have close to a square-law relationship between input (grid) voltage and output (anode/plate) current, with the latter falling sharply to roughly zero. This characteristic is normally required for linear RF and audio uses. Examples; EF86 and 6AK5.

#### Semi-remote cutoff

A semi-remote cutoff device has characteristics somewhere between a remote-cutoff device and a sharp-cutoff one.
# E32

E32 may refer to:
* BMW E32
* European route E32
* Tokushima Expressway (between Tokushima JCT and Kawanoe-higashi JCT) and Kōchi Expressway (between Kawanoe JCT and Kochi IC), route E32 in Japan
* West Coast Expressway, route E32 in Malaysia
* Long Win Bus Route E32 in Hong Kong
# Venezuelan Cycling Federation

The Venezuelan Cycling Federation (in Spanish: Federación Venezolana de Ciclismo) is the national governing body of cycle racing in Venezuela.
It is a member of the UCI and COPACI.
# Systematik Ruin

Systematik Ruin is an EP by Mentallo & The Fixer, released on January 12, 1999, by Metropolis Records. It contained remixes and previously unreleased songs from the Algorythum recording sessions. It represented the band's first album without founding member Dwayne Dassing, who left the band in 1998.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
AllMusic gave Systematik Ruin two and a half out of five possible stars.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Gary Dassing

## Personnel

Adapted from the Systematik Ruin liner notes.
Mentallo & The Fixer
* Gary Dassing (as Mentallo) – vocals, synthesizer, sampler, effects, tape, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, drum programming, sequencing, programming, mastering, recording, engineering, remixer
Additional musicians
* John Bustamante – backing vocals (1, 3, 4, 6, 9), vocals (2, 5, 7, 8)
* Chris Cline – live drums and recording (1–3, 5, 6, 8)
Production and design
* Carlos Rosales – cover art, design

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 1999 | Metropolis | CD | MET 118 |
| Germany | 1999 | Off Beat | CD | O-132, SPV 060-49083 |
# Edward Watkin (disambiguation)

Edward Watkin may refer to:
* Edward Watkin (1819–1901), a railway chairman and politician.
* Edward Watkin, nephew of the above, railway manager of the Hull and Barnsley Railway
* Edward Ingram Watkin (1888–1981), English writer
# Amedeus Msarikie

Amedeus Msarikie (September 1931 – 7 February 2013) was the Roman Catholic bishop of Moshi, Tanzania.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1961, Msarikie was named bishop in 1986 and retired in 2007.
# Companionship (album)

Companionship (subtitled Jazz Joint 2) is a double album compiling recordings from 1964 to 1970 by American jazz saxophonist/flautist Sahib Shihab which was released on the German Vogue Schallplatten label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
AllMusic gave the album 4½ stars.

## Track listing

* "Om Mani Padme Hum" (Francy Boland) – 5:41
* "Bohemia After Dark" (Oscar Pettiford) – 3:40
* "Companionship" (Sahib Shihab, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen) – 3:33
* "Stoned Ghosts" (Benny Bailey) – 5:04
* "Jay – Jay" (Kenny Clarke) – 2:52
* "Dijdar" (Jimmy Woode) – 4:24
* "Con Alma" (Dizzy Gillespie) – 5:05
* "CT + CB" (Bailey) – 5:22
* "The Turk's Bolero" (Boland) – 2:50
* "Talk Some Yak-Ee-Dak" (Woode) – 3:32
* "Calypso Blues" (Nat King Cole) – 4:07
* "Balafon" (Boland) – 3:06
* "I'm a Fool to Want You" (Frank Sinatra, Jack Wolf, Joel Herron) – 4:23
* "Insensatez" (Antônio Carlos Jobim, Vinícius de Moraes) – 2:42
* "Invitation" (Bronisław Kaper) – 4:39
* "Yah-Yah Blues" (Shihab) – 4:01
* "Serenata" (Leroy Anderson) – 3:26
* "Just Give Me Time" (Boland) – 3:13
* "Born to Be Blue" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:49
* "Sconsolato" (Woode) – 2:30

## Personnel

* Sahib Shihab – baritone saxophone, flute
* Benny Bailey – trumpet, flugelhorn (tracks 3, 4 & 8)
* Idrees Sulieman – trumpet (track 9)
* Åke Persson – trombone (tracks 6 & 9)
* Francy Boland – piano (tracks 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12 & 14–20)
* Jimmy Woode – bass, vocals
* Kenny Clarke – drums
* Fats Sadi – vibraphone percussion (tracks 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12 & 14–20)
* Joe Harris – percussion (tracks 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12 & 14–20)
* Milt Jackson – vocals (track 13)
# Archibald Smith

Archibald Smith of Jordanhill FRS FRSE (10 August 1813, in Greenhead, North Lanarkshire – 26 December 1872, in London) was a Scottish barrister and amateur mathematician.

## Early life and education

He was the only son of James Smith FRSE (1782-1867), a wealthy merchant and antiquary and owner of the Jordanhill estate in Glasgow, and his wife Mary Wilson, granddaughter of Alexander Wilson, professor of astronomy in Glasgow University (and brother of Patrick Wilson). He was educated at the Redland School near Bristol from 1826 to 1828.
Archibald studied law at Glasgow University from 1828, and then at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was Senior Wrangler, said to be the first Scot to achieve this position, and first Smith's prizeman in 1836, elected a fellow of Trinity College. He was one of the founders of the Cambridge Mathematical Journal. He graduated BA in 1836 and MA in 1839.

## Career as lawyer

He entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar as a barrister in 1841. He then practised as an equity draughtsman and property lawyer in London.

## Career as scientist

His scientific work was mainly in the field of applications of magnetism and the Earth's magnetic field. He obtained practical formulae for the correction of magnetic compass observations made on board ship, which General Sir Edward Sabine published in the Transactions of the Royal Society: Smith later made convenient tables. In 1859 he edited William Scoresby's Journal of a Voyage to Australia for Magnetical Research and gave an exact formula for the effect of the iron of a ship on the compass. In 1862, in conjunction with the hydrographer Sir Frederick John Owen Evans FRS (1815-1885), then superintendent of the compass department of the navy, he published an Admiralty Manual for ascertaining and applying the Deviations of the Compass caused by the Iron in a Ship.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1837 his proposer being James David Forbes. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1856, he was awarded its Royal Medal in 1865 "for his papers in the Philosophical Transactions and elsewhere, on the magnetism of ships". In 1866 Emperor Alexander II of Russia presented him with a gold compass, set in diamonds, and emblazoned with the Imperial Arms.
He died in London on 26 December 1872.

## Personal life

In 1853, Smith married Susan Emma Parker, daughter of Sir James Parker of Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, and Mary Babington. They had six sons and two daughters:
* James Parker Smith FRSE (1854–1929) M.P. for Partick, Lanarkshire
* Rev. Walter Edward Smith (1855–1940), vicar at Andover
* Lt. Com. Charles Stewart Smith (1859–1934)], Royal Navy officer, British Diplomat
* Arthur Hamilton Smith (1860–1941), museum curator and archaeologist
* Sir Henry Babington Smith (1863–1923), prominent civil servant and banker
* Mary Susan Smith (1865–1915)
* Margaret Smith (1867–1904)
* Brig. Gen. George Edward Smith (1868–1944)
# Curt Hampstead

Curt Hampstead (born 17 June 1962) is a Guyanese hurdler. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Little Sandy River

Little Sandy River may refer to:
* Little Sandy River (Kentucky), a tributary of the Ohio River
* Little Sandy River (Oregon), a tributary of the Bull Run River
* Little Sandy River (South Carolina), a tributary of the Broad River
# Bebo (song)

"Bebo" (English: "I Drink") is a song by American singer Romeo Santos. It is the fourth single from Santos' fifth studio album Formula, Vol. 3 (2022). Santos had posted a video on social media teasing the single on August 22, 2022. Some thought it was going to be the second single for the album. The music video was released on September 9, 2022.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Bebo" :
| Chart (2022) | Peak position |
| Colombia Airplay (National Report) | 1 |
| Dominican Republic Bachata (Monitor Latino) | 2 |
| Dominican Republic General (Monitor Latino) | 12 |
| US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) | 41 |
| US Tropical Airplay (Billboard) | 16 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Bebo" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | 4× Platinum (Latin) | 240,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Hakui District, Ishikawa

Hakui (羽咋郡, Hakui-gun) is a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 39,888 with a density of 111.35 persons per km$^2$. The total area is 358.23 km$^2$.

## Municipalities

The district consists of two towns:
* Hōdatsushimizu
* Shika

### Notes

* 1 2 Classified as a town.

## History
### Recent mergers

* On March 1, 2005 - The towns of Oshimizu and Shio were merged to form the town of Hōdatsushimizu.
* On September 1, 2005 - The town of Togi was merged into the expanded town of Shika.
# Lost and Found (novel)

Lost and Found is a 2008 children's novel written by Andrew Clements. It is about two boys, Ray and Jay Grayson, who are identical twins, and have always wondered what it is like to be a single person rather than "one of the Grayson twins".
# Wood splitting

Wood splitting (riving, cleaving) is an ancient technique used in carpentry to make lumber for making wooden objects, some basket weaving, and to make firewood. Unlike wood sawing, the wood is split along the grain using tools such as a hammer and wedges, splitting maul, cleaving axe, side knife, or froe.

## Woodworking

In woodworking carpenters use a wooden siding which gets its name, clapboard, from originally being split from logs—the sound of the plank against the log being a clap. This is used in clapboard architecture and for wainscoting. Coopers use oak clapboards to make barrel staves. Split-rail fences are made with split wood.

## Basket making

Some Native Americans traditionally make baskets from black ash by pounding the wood with a mallet and pulling long strips from the log.

## Firewood

Log splitting is the act of splitting firewood from logs that have been pre-cut into sections (rounds, bolts, billets). This can be done by hand, using an axe or maul, or by using a mechanical log splitter. When splitting a log by hand, it is best to aim for the cracks (called checks), if there are any visible. Some types of wood are harder to split than others, including extremely hard woods, as well as types like gum which an axe will often bounce off of, and cherry, which is typically so twisted it's near impossible to get a clean split, and elm. Any type of wood, being thick or tall, having large knots or twisted grain can make it difficult to split. In some cases, it is easiest to aim for the edges and split the log into multiple pieces. Batoning is splitting small pieces of wood for kindling or other purposes sometimes with a batoning chisel, a special chisel with one sharp side used for splitting.

## Advantages

The advantages of splitting wood along its grain, rather than sawing it is that the wood is much stronger. Due to this, it was historically used for building ships (e.g. drekars) and traditional skis. A defining feature of shakes, which are like shingles, is that they are split rather than sawn and because the cell structure of the wood remains intact may be more durable, and similarly trunnels when split are stronger than when sawn.

## Prevention

Sometimes wood splitting is undesirable. Methods to prevent splitting in woodworking are the butterfly joint, truss connector plates, or metal straps. Columns may be hollowed in the center to prevent splitting. Nail points may be blunted or pilot holes drilled to prevent splitting of lumber while nailing or screwing. End grain sealers are liquid products usually containing wax which helps prevent rapid drying of the ends of lumber resulting in splits. Metal end plates or S-shaped pieces of metal may be driven into the butt ends of a timber. Splitting is the primary reason building codes do not allow notching in the bottom of joists and beams.
# Conatus (journal)

Conatus: Journal of Philosophy is a biannual peer-reviewed open-access academic journal of philosophy. It was established in 2016 by the Applied Philosophy Research Laboratory (Department of Philosophy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) in collaboration with the Greek National Documentation Centre. It publishes original philosophical articles on theoretical and applied issues. The founder and current editor-in-chief is Evangelos D. Protopapadakis (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens).

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and EBSCO databases.

## Article categories

The journal publishes original research articles, critical discussions, book reviews, and letters to the editor.
# Cumberland County Jail

The Cumberland County Jail is located in Portland, Maine, and is the largest jail in the state. The jail, a division of the Cumberland County Sheriff's Office, is a part of Cumberland County government and is wholly operated by the elected Sheriff. In 2002 it became the first jail in the state of Maine to receive national accreditation from the American Correctional Association, at the time putting it among only 4% of adult correctional facilities in the US to have been so accredited. It has the capacity to accommodate 600 inmates, and employs over 200 staff (including 130 Corrections Officers). Most inmates are serving short sentences or awaiting trial.
# E Jun Qi

E Jun Qi (Chinese: 鄂君啟) was the lord of the state of E during the Warring States period. He was the son of the King Huai of Chu.
E Jun Qi is mostly known due to the uniquely shaped tallies addressed to him by the king. The tallies were discovered in Shou County, Anhui Province, in April 1957.

## Literature

* Falkenhausen, Lothar von. “The E Jun Qi Metal Tallies: Inscribed Texts and Ritual Contexts.” In Text and Ritual in Early China, ed. Martin Kern, 79–123. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.
* This Chinese royalty–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Kelontae Gavin

Kelontae Gavin (born March 28, 1999) is an American gospel singer and worship leader who is known for the gospel radio singles, “No Ordinary Worship” and “Higher.”

## Early life and education

Gavin was born in Charleston, South Carolina, but raised in Summerville, South Carolina, where he began to sing at Favor Ministries, a non-denominational church in Ridgeville at the age of four. He was a member of Bold Ministries International in Moncks Corner, South Carolina. He attended Summerville High School. Upon graduation, Gavin stated he planned to serve as a minister at the Ark of Salvation Church in Atlanta, Georgia, and pursue a degree in divinity and theology.

## Career

He developed notoriety when a 2014 YouTube video of him singing the hymn, “I Won't Complain,” to a cafeteria worker at his former high school, went viral with over one million YouTube views. In 2016, Gavin was discovered by star-maker manager, Marquis Boone of Marquis Boone Enterprises, who formed a partnership with Tyscot Records to issue the radio single “Higher” in the fall of that year. It was produced by Myron Butler, a Grammy Award-winning singer and songwriter. The song reached the Top 20 on Billboard Magazine's Gospel Indicator chart in the spring of 2017. The song also earned the singer a Stellar Award nomination in the category of Youth Project of the year in January 2018.
Gavin's radio single, "No Ordinary Worship," reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot Gospel Songs chart in March 2019 while his debut album, "The Higher Experience," made its debut at No. 2 on the Top Gospel Albums chart in spring of 2018. ” The project was given 4/5 stars by Bob Marovich in a Journal of Gospel Music review that spotlighted the radio single. “`No Ordinary Worship' is no ordinary worship song and is likely to become Gavin’s signature song," Marovich wrote. "The most robust piece on the album, it’s a deep southern soul-style ballad that benefits greatly from impassioned singing, sassy responses from the BGVs, and an over-the-top sax solo."

## Discography
### Albums

* The Higher Experience (2018)
* The N.O.W. Experience (2021)
* Testify (2023)

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions |
| Title | Year | Gospel Airplay | Top Singles |
| "Higher" | 2016 | — | 23 |
| "No Ordinary Worship" | 2018 | 5 | — |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| 2018 | Higher (EP) | Youth Project of the Year (Stellar Awards) | Nominated |
| 2019 | Kelontae Gavin | New Artist of the Year (2019 Dove Awards) | Nominated |