OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering cardiothoracic surgery, cardiology, pulmonary medicine, and vascular disease published by Elsevier. It is the official journal of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and the Western Thoracic Surgical Association.

## History and Impact

The journal was established in 1931 as the Journal of Thoracic Surgery. The journal has the second highest impact factor of all cardiothoracic surgery journals. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2020 impact factor is 5.209, ranking it 21st out of 212 journals in the category "Surgery".
# Eremophyton

Eremophyton is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae.
Its native range is Northern Sahara.
Species:
# Kuroko mine

The Kuroko mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in United States. The mine is located in Alaska. The mine has reserves amounting to 37 million tonnes of ore grading 0.8% lead, 5.5% zinc, 0.73 million oz of gold and 55.6 million oz of silver.
# Jahangir (surname)

Jahangir is a surname. Notable people with the surname are as follows:
* Asad Jahangir (born 1945), Pakistani police officer and cricketer
* Asma Jahangir (1952–2018), Pakistani lawyer
* Hasan Jahangir (born 1962), Pakistani musical artist
* Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir (1961–2016), Bangladeshi Islamic scholar
* Majid Jahangir, Pakistani actor
* Majeed Jahangir (born 1980), Pakistani cricketer
* Mohiuddin Jahangir, Pakistani army officer
* Muhammad Ahsan Jahangir, Pakistani politician
* Nazish Jahangir (born 1994), Pakistani television actress
* Sharfuzzaman Jahangir, Bangladeshi politician
* Shayan Jahangir (born 1994), Pakistani cricketer
* Sirine Jahangir (born 2005), British musical artist
* Syed Jahangir (1935–2018), Bangladeshi painter
# Carl von Than

Károly Antal Than de Apát – also called as Carl von Than – (20 December 1834 – 5 July 1908) was a Hungarian chemist who discovered carbonyl sulfide in 1867.

## Life

AKároly Than was born in Óbecse, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (today Bečej, Serbia). His mother was Otillia Setényi. He interrupted his education and joined the Hungarian army in the war of independence 1848 at the age of 14. On his return, he found his mother dead and his father ruined. Than worked in several pharmacies to earn money form completing his education. After attending a school in Szeged, Than started to study medicine and later chemistry at the University of Vienna. He received his PhD for work with Josef Redtenbacher in 1858. After working for some time as assistant of Redtenbacher, he left to study with Robert Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg and with Charles-Adolphe Wurtz at the University of Paris. On his return to Redtenbacher in 1859, he worked as lecturer at the University of Vienna.
The University of Budapest was in need of Hungarian-speaking professors due to a change from German to Hungarian teaching language in 1860. Theodor Wertheim changed to the University of Graz and Than was offered the vacant position which he occupied until his retirement in 1908. Than married Ervina Terézia Mária Albertina Kleinschmidt in 1872 and had five children. He published the first Hungarian chemistry journal (Magyar Chémiai Folyóirat) and was the president of the Hungarian Society of Natural Science from 1872 until his death. He was made baron in 1908, and died, suddenly, the same year.

## Discovery of carbonyl sulfide

Than was aware of existence of the two compounds carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) and carbon disulfide (CS$_2$) and so he tried to synthesize COS. In his first experiments he reacted carbon monoxide (CO) with sulfur. The reaction yielded some product which Than was unable to purify. The second approach to create the COS was by hydrolysis of thiocyanic acid. The reaction of potassium thiocyanate and sulfuric acid yielded a gas containing significant amount of byproducts (HCN, H$_2$O and CS$_2$) and required purification.
    KSCN + 2 H$_2$SO$_4$ + H$_2$O → KHSO$_4$ + NH$_4$HSO$_4$ + COS
Than was able to characterize most of the properties of carbonyl sulfide and also tried to determine the chemical reactions of carbonyl sulfide. For these achievements, he received the Lieben Prize in 1868.
# Laurence Trastour-Isnart

Laurence Trastour-Isnart (born 6 March 1972) is a French politician representing The Republicans.

## Political career
### Career in local politics

Trastour-Isnart was elected municipal councilor of Cagnes-sur-Mer, a delegate for early childhood, from 1998 to 2001. From 2001 to 2017, she was deputy mayor. Between 2014 and 2016, she sits in the Nice Côte d'Azur metropolis.
In 2015, Trastour-Isnart was elected regional councilor for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region on Christian Estrosi's list. She is vice-chair of the "high school, apprenticeship, vocational training" commission.

### Member of the National Assembly

Trastour-Isnart was elected to the French National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing Alpes-Maritimes's 6th constituency. In parliament, Trastour-Isnart is a member of the Defense Committee.
In addition to her committee assignments, Trastour-Isnart serves as president of the France-Slovenia group and vice-president of friendship groups with Sweden, Ireland Peru, Brunei-Malaysia, Kazakhstan and North Macedonia. She is also secretary of a dozen friendship groups, including the France-Monaco and France-Finland friendship groups
In addition, Trastour-Isnart participates in several friendship groups such with Israel, South Korea or South Africa She is also part of several international study groups such as the one on relations with the Holy See. or the one on questions related to the expansion of the Taiwanese economy
Since 2022, Trastour-Isnart has also been a member of the French delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). In the Assembly, he serves on the Committee on Social Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development.
In the Republicans' 2017 leadership election, Trastour-Isnart endorsed Laurent Wauquiez as chairman.
She lost her seat in the first round of the 2022 French legislative election.

## Personal life

Trastour-Isnart is married and has three children
# Emiluviidae

Emiluviidae is a family of radiolarians in the order Spumellaria.
# 212th

212th may refer to:
* 212th Attack Battalion, a fictional battalion from the Star Wars universe
* 212th Division (disambiguation), various military units
* 212th Brigade (United Kingdom)
* 212th Battalion (American Legion), CEF, a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War
* 212th Coast Artillery (United States), a Coast artillery Regiment in the New York National Guard
* 212th Fires Brigade (United States), an artillery brigade in the United States Army
* 212th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), raised in August 1939 and remained on garrison duty in Germany until March 1941
* 212th Rescue Squadron, a unit of the Alaska Air National Guard
* 212th Airborne Brigade of the Soviet Union.
# Antal Dovcsák

Antal Dovcsák (March 11, 1879 – 1962) was a Hungarian Communist politician and trade union leader.

## Biography

Dovcsák was born in Budapest and was a lathe worker. From 1911 he was the president of the Central Association of Iron and Metalworkers in Hungary. He briefly served as deputy prime minister of the Hungarian Soviet Republic during July 1919. After the fall of the Soviet Republic he was also a minister in Peidl's government however he was later arrested during the White terror. He was released in 1922 during the Soviet-Hungarian prisoner exchange deal and settled in Austria where he worked as an official for the Austrian iron and metalworkers' union.
Dovcsák died in Vienna in 1962.
# Dedumose

Dedumose may refer to:
* Dedumose I, an Egyptian pharaoh of the Second Intermediate Period
* Dedumose II, an Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period
# How People Learn

How People Learn is the title of an educational psychology book edited by John D. Bransford, Ann L. Brown, and Rodney R. Cocking and published by the United States National Academy of Sciences' National Academies Press. The committee on How People Learn also wrote How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom as a follow-up. An updated edition How People Learn II was released in October 2018.
The book draws the following conclusions, among others:
Learners and Learning:
* "Effective comprehension and thinking require a coherent understanding of the organizing principles in any subject matter," and
* "In-depth understanding requires detailed knowledge of the facts within a domain. The key attribute of expertise is a detailed and organized understanding of the important facts within a specific domain."
Thus, the debate within education between advocates of deep conceptual understanding and advocates of broad factual understanding misses the point. In-depth understanding is necessary to truly understand the content, but broad factual understanding is also necessary as it allows a person to remember and organize what they have learned.
Teachers and Teaching: "Teachers need expertise in both subject matter content and in teaching," and "Teachers need to develop models of their own professional development that are based on lifelong learning, rather than on an 'updating' model of learning, in order to have frameworks to guide their career planning." These conclusions have implications for teacher hiring and professional development policies.
Learning Environments:
* "Assessment and feedback are crucial for helping people learn."
* "Classroom environments can be positively influenced by opportunities to interact with... families and community members around school-based learning goals."
# Eremopyrum

Eremopyrum is a genus Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family. One species, Eremopyrum triticeum has become widely established as a weed in parts of North America.
All the species are annuals with a dense, 2-sided, spikelike inflorescence having 1 spikelet per node.

## Species

* Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski - Algeria, Morocco, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, Xinjiang
* Eremopyrum distans (K.Koch) Nevski - European Russia, Caucasus, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
* Eremopyrum orientale (L.) Jaub. & Spach - Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Romania, Ukraine, Crimea, European Russia, Caucasus, Middle East, Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan, Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia
* Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski - Romania, Ukraine, Crimea, European Russia, Caucasus, Turkey, Central Asia, Iran, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia

## formerly included

see Agropyron Australopyrum Crithopsis Elymus Heteranthelium
* Eremopyrum brownei - Australopyrum pectinatum
* Eremopyrum bulbosum - Agropyron bulbosum
* Eremopyrum cretense - Crithopsis delileana
* Eremopyrum cristatum - Agropyron cristatum
* Eremopyrum dasyanthum - Agropyron dasyanthum
* Eremopyrum dasyphyllum - Agropyron fragile
* Eremopyrum fibrosum - Elymus fibrosus
* Eremopyrum olgae - Heteranthelium piliferum
* Eremopyrum puberulum - Agropyron cristatum
* Eremopyrum sibiricum - Agropyron fragile
# Consulates of the Orange Free State

The Consulates of the Orange Free State formed the official representation of the Orange Free State, a Boer republic, abroad and were established in several European states and in the United States of America between 1855 until 31 May 1902, when the republic ceased to exist.
The first, and throughout the existence of the republic, most important consular post was the Consulate General of the Orange Free State in the Netherlands. Between 1871 and 1902, the consul general in the Netherlands at times also held diplomatic prerogatives, with the title of 'special envoy'. In this capacity, the incumbent was charged with negotiating and concluding treaties with other states and international organizations on behalf of the Orange Free State government.
# Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games – Women's marathon

The women's marathon competition at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar was held on 9 December 2006 at the Marathon Street Circuit in Doha Corniche.

## Schedule

All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+03:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Saturday, 9 December 2006 | 09:10 | Final |

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world, Asian and Games records were as follows.
| World Record | Paula Radcliffe (GBR) | 2:15:25 | London, United Kingdom | 13 April 2003 |
| Asian Record | Mizuki Noguchi (JPN) | 2:19:12 | Berlin, Germany | 25 September 2005 |
| Games Record | Naoko Takahashi (JPN) | 2:21:47 | Bangkok, Thailand | 6 December 1998 |

## Results
### Legend

* DNF — Did not finish
| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| | Zhou Chunxiu (CHN) | 2:27:03 |
| | Kiyoko Shimahara (JPN) | 2:30:34 |
| | Kayoko Obata (JPN) | 2:30:38 |
| 4 | Jo Bun-hui (PRK) | 2:42:34 |
| 5 | Choi Kyong-hee (KOR) | 2:44:20 |
| 6 | Jong Yong-ok (PRK) | 2:48:49 |
| 7 | Kim Eun-jung (KOR) | 2:54:33 |
| 8 | Luvsanlkhündegiin Otgonbayar (MGL) | 2:59:55 |
| 9 | Ci Wang (CHN) | 3:08:10 |
| — | Maria-Pia Nehmé (LIB) | DNF |
# Bill, the Galactic Hero on the Planet of Bottled Brains

Bill, the Galactic Hero on the Planet of Bottled Brains (BtGH:PoBB) is a novel by Harry Harrison and Robert Sheckley, published in 1990.

## Development

PoBB is one of the novels in the Bill the Galactic Hero series, and the first which was not authored solely by Harrison. After Sheckley's initial collaboration with Harrison in 1990, the following year four additional novels in the series were released, all with Harrison as co-author, most with the same Bill, the Galactic Hero on the Planet of... titles, but involving differing collaborators: Tasteless Pleasure with David Bischoff, Zombie Vampires with Jack C. Haldeman, Ten Thousand Bars with Bischoff again, and finally Bill the Galactic Hero: The Final Incoherent Adventure with David Harris. As in 1964 when Harrison had originally introduced the character of Bill in the short story The Starsloggers, thirty years later Harrison wrote a post-novelization short story entitled Bill, the Galactic Hero's Happy Holiday which was in Harrison's Galactic Dreams collection of 1994.
English editions were released in 1990 hardback, 1990 paperback, 1991 Gollancz, 1991 VGSF, 1995/1999, and 2004, as well as an ebook in 2012, and an MP3 audiobook in 2016. The novel was translated into Spanish by Diana Falcon for Grijalbo, German by Hilde Linnert for Heyne, Finnish by Arvi Tamminen for Like Kustannus Oy Ltd, Czech by Jarmila Vergrichtova for Classic And, and Russian by an unspecified translator for the Eksmo imprint.

## Plot

PoBB is about the continued adventures of the protagonist Bill, in extraterrestrial universe involving faster-than-light space travel.

## Reception

A review by David Langford was largely negative, noting that many of Sheckley's long-running themes were found in PoBB—humor, abrupt literary transitions, malfunctioning computers, and philosophical digressions—but calling the implementation of those recurring thematic elements in PoBB "pale echos of... the remembered sparkle" generated by Scheckley's previous works. George Mann characterized Sheckley's overall work as "witty satirical fiction... comic and thought-provoking [science fiction]" and had earlier mentioned PoBB as one of Sheckley's late-period works. The book was also reviewed in several zines related to science fiction when it was first published in 1990.
The book received 3.41 out of five stars at Goodreads.com. Two customer-reviewers gave the book 4 out of 5 stars at Thriftbooks. PoBB received 2.84 out of 5 stars at Library Thing. Customers at amazon.com rated the title 3.0 out of 5 stars, as of 2017.
# Emmalocera furvimacula

Emmalocera furvimacula is a species of snout moth in the genus Emmalocera. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in Argentina.
# 212 Medea

212 Medea is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Johann Palisa on February 6, 1880, in Pola, and was named after Medea, a figure in Greek mythology.
Photometric observations of this asteroid in 1987 gave an incomplete lightcurve with a period of 10.12 ± 0.06 hours and a brightness variation of 0.13 in magnitude. This object has a spectrum that matches a DCX: classification. Lightcurve data has also been recorded by observers at the Antelope Hill Observatory (H09), which has been designated as an official observatory by the Minor Planet Center. They found a period of 10.283 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude.
# Integrated Cadastral Information Society

The Integrated Cadastral Information Society (ICI Society) is a not-for-profit organization, created as a partnership between local government, provincial government, and major utility companies in British Columbia, Canada to share and integrate spatial data.
Incorporated in May 2001, ICI Society held its first annual general meeting in June 2002 where a board of directors was elected. The board is made up of 15 directors representing each of the founding membership groups: 5 from local government, 5 from the Provincial government and 5 from the major utility companies.

## Membership

ICI Society members include:
* Provincial Government of British Columbia Agencies & Ministries
* Local Governments across British Columbia, including Municipalities and Regional Districts
* First Nations governments, communities, and organizations in British Columbia
* Utility companies operating in British Columbia
* Federal Government of Canada
* School Districts in British Columbia
* Improvement Districts in British Columbia

## Shared data

Shared member data includes:
* ParcelMap BC: Maintained and contributed by Land Title and Survey Authority of British Columbia, ParcelMap BC represents the single, complete, trusted and sustainable spatial representation of cadastre in BC.
* ICI Cadastre: ICI Cadastre is a Society aggregated fabric of cadastral data maintained and provided by Local Government, as well as GeoBC’s Integrated Cadastral Fabric and ParcelMap BC where in use by Local Government.
* Address: Address data maintained and provided by Local Government and First Nations is aggregated by the Society to populate AddressBC; a central and authoritative civic address registry for BC.
* Assessment: Assessment data maintained and contributed by BC Assessment is a geospatial representation of the assessment roll that utilizes ParcelMap BC spatial alignment.
* Infrastructure: Infrastructure data maintained and contributed by major Utility organizations operating in BC.
# Dehcho Divisional Education Council

The Dehcho Divisional Education Council is the public school board for the Dehcho Region, in the Northwest Territories. Located in Fort Simpson the education council represents nine schools in eight communities.
As of 2024, the board is made up of eight trustees with a chair, Renalyn Pascua-Matte from Fort Simpson, and vice-chair, Anita Simba-Chicot from Kakisa.

## List of schools

The following are the schools in the DDEC
| Community | School | Grades | Principal | Staff | Students | Notes / References |
| Fort Liard (Acho Dene Koe) | Echo Dene School | JK – 12 | Illonis Hall | 18 | 120 | Does not include support staff |
| Fort Providence (Deh Gah Got’ı̨ę) | Deh Gáh Elementary & Secondary School | JK – 12 | Lois Philipp | 18.5 | 105 | |
| Fort Simpson (Łı̨́ı̨́dĺ̨ı̨́ı̨́ Kų́ę́) | Líídlįį Kúę Elementary School | JK – 6 | Ben Adams | 23 | 110 | |
| Fort Simpson (Łı̨́ı̨́dĺ̨ı̨́ı̨́ Kų́ę́) | Łı̨́ı̨́dĺ̨ı̨́ı̨́ Kų́ę́ High School | 7 – 12 | Korinne McDonald | 17 | 100 | |
| Jean Marie River (Tthets’éhk’edélı̨) | Louie Norwegian School | JK – 9 | Geoff Cook | 5 | | Named after Chief Louie Norwegian |
| Kakisa (Ka’a gee Tu) | Kakisa Lake School | JK – 9 | Jasna Finlay | | | |
| Nahanni Butte (Nahɂą Dehé) | Charles Yohin School | JK – 10 | Charyl O'Quinn | | | |
| Sambaa K'e | Charles Tetcho School | JK – 9 | Kristy Nicholls | >4 | 16 | Does not include support staff |
| Wrigley (Pedzéh Kı̨) | Chief Julian Yendo School | JK – 9 | Sylvester Boadi | >3 | 21 | Does not include support staff |
# The Holder of the World

The Holder of the World, (1993) is a novel by Bharati Mukherjee. It is a retelling of Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter, placing the story in two centuries (17th and 20th). The novel involves time travel via virtual reality, locating itself in 20th century Boston, 17th century Colonial America, and 17th century India during the spread of the British East India Company. It also references Thomas Pynchon's novel, V.. The Holder of the World was among the contenders in a 2014 list by The Telegraph of the 10 all-time greatest Asian novels
# Consulate shopping

Consulate shopping is the practice of applying for visas at different consulate posts - or choosing a more "suitable" post in advance, in the hope of finding one that will be more sympathetic to the applicant and thus approve the visa, or in order to have one's application processed faster. It was typically associated with making a visa application at a visa office located outside of one's home country.
The term "consulate shopping" may have appeared by analogy with "forum shopping" - choosing the best jurisdiction for litigation.
In the past, "consulate shopping" was not an uncommon practice for both visitor and permanent resident visas. For example, a Russian citizen would choose to apply for a visitor visa to the US at a US consulate somewhere in Eastern Europe, rather than one in Russia, based on the belief that, due to different office cultures of the consular staff, the likelihood of rejection would be lower, say, in Budapest than in Moscow. Similarly, a person planning a trip to mainland China may plan on obtaining his or her visitor's visa in a visa office in Hong Kong, immediately before entering the mainland, instead of doing it in advance in their own home country.
When applying for permanent residence in Canada, a person living in India, but possessing a multiple entry visitor visa to the UK or a Schengen country could choose to file his application with a Canadian visa office in European, rather than one in India, because the posted processing times were supposed to be much shorter in Europe.
Lately, many countries cut down on the practice of consulate shopping by requiring that permanent residence visa applications, and often visitor visa applications as well, be filed only in visa offices within the country of the applicant's citizenship of residence. As of the summer 2008 People's Republic of China joined this trend, requiring all visa applicants only to apply in the Chinese consulate in the country where they are citizens or permanent residents; moreover, in some countries served by multiple consulates (as the USA is), the application must be filed in the consular district serving the area where the applicant resides.
An important exception to that trend is that as of July 2010 the U.S. Consulates in China have liberalized their appointment policy. Now, persons who reside in Mainland China can choose to apply for a nonimmigrant visa at any of the Mainland posts—Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, or Shenyang.