OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Law (principle)

A law is a universal principle that describes the fundamental nature of something, the universal properties and the relationships between things, or a description that purports to explain these principles and relationships.

## Laws of nature

For example, physical laws such as the law of gravity or scientific laws attempt to describe the fundamental nature of the universe itself. Laws of mathematics and logic describe the nature of rational thought and inference (Kant's transcendental idealism, and differently G. Spencer-Brown's work Laws of Form, was precisely a determination of the a priori laws governing human thought before any interaction whatsoever with experience).
Within most fields of study, and in science in particular, the elevation of some principle of that field to the status of law usually takes place after a very long time during which the principle is used and tested and verified; though in some fields of study such laws are simply postulated as a foundation and assumed. Mathematical laws are somewhere in between: they are often arbitrary and unproven in themselves, but they are sometimes judged by how useful they are in making predictions about the real world. However, they ultimately rely on arbitrary axioms.

## Laws in social sciences

The question of whether "laws" can be applied to the social sciences in the same way as the natural sciences has been debated for many years. Philosophers such as Lee McIntyre are optimistic that "law-like" explanations of human behavior can be valid and useful.
Laws of economics are an attempt in modelization of economic behavior. Marxism criticized the belief in eternal laws of economics, which it considered a product of the dominant ideology. It claimed that in fact, those so-called laws of economics were only the historical laws of capitalism, that is of a particular historical social formation. With the advent, in the 20th century, of the application of mathematical, statistical, and experimental techniques to economics, economic theory matured into a corpus of knowledge rooted in the scientific method rather than in philosophical argument.

## Miscellaneous

Finally, the term is sometimes applied to less rigorous ideas that may be interesting observations or relationships, practical or ethical guidelines (also called rules of thumb), and even humorous parodies of such laws.
Examples of scientific laws include Boyle's law of gases, conservation laws, Ohm's law, and others. Laws of other fields of study include Occam's razor as a principle of philosophy and Say's law in economics. Examples of observed phenomena often described as laws include the Titius-Bode law of planetary positions, Zipf's law of linguistics, Thomas Malthus's Principle of Population or Malthusian Growth Model, Moore's law of technological growth. Other laws are pragmatic and observational, such as the law of unintended consequences.
Some humorous parodies of such laws include adages such as Murphy's law and its many variants, and Godwin's Law of Internet conversations.
# 2013 Kangaroo Cup – Doubles

Jessica Pegula and Zheng Saisai were the defending champions, having won the event in 2012, but Pegula chose not to participate. Zheng paired up with Xu Yifan, but they lost in the quarterfinals.
Luksika Kumkhum and Erika Sema won the event, defeating Nao Hibino and Riko Sawayanagi in the final, 6–4, 6–3.

## Seeds

* Xu Yifan / Zheng Saisai (quarterfinals)
* Miki Miyamura / Varatchaya Wongteanchai (semifinals)
* Luksika Kumkhum / Erika Sema (champions)
* Noppawan Lertcheewakarn / Yurika Sema (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Y Xu S Zheng | 6 | 1 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Hozumi M Ninomiya | 4 | 6 | [7] | 1 | Y Xu S Zheng | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| | N Abduraimova V Kapshay | 6 | 4 | [10] | | N Abduraimova V Kapshay | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Fujiwara S Sun | 1 | 6 | [6] | | | | | | N Abduraimova V Kapshay | 1 | 7 | [6] | | | | |
| 4 | N Lertcheewakarn Y Sema | 6 | 2 | [10] | | | | | WC | N Hibino R Sawayanagi | 6 | 5 | [10] | | | | |
| | M Adamczak J Namigata | 2 | 6 | [6] | 4 | N Lertcheewakarn Y Sema | 5 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | N Hibino R Sawayanagi | 6 | 6 | | WC | N Hibino R Sawayanagi | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Aoki Y Aoki | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | WC | N Hibino R Sawayanagi | 4 | 3 |
| | A Inoue K Onishi | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | 3 | L Kumkhum E Sema | 6 | 6 |
| Q | T Arefyeva S Sanders | 6 | 4 | [6] | | A Inoue K Onishi | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | H Kuwata M Ukai | 4 | 5 | | 3 | L Kumkhum E Sema | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | L Kumkhum E Sema | 6 | 7 | | | | | | 3 | L Kumkhum E Sema | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | K Hisami C-y Hsu | 1 | 6$^4$ | | | | | | 2 | M Miyamura V Wongteanchai | 1 | 1 | | | | | |
| Q | K Ito A Yonemura | 6 | 7$^7$ | | Q | K Ito A Yonemura | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Lykina E Webley-Smith | 6 | 4 | [3] | 2 | M Miyamura V Wongteanchai | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | M Miyamura V Wongteanchai | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Caryocolum petrophila

Caryocolum petrophila is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Estonia, Scandinavia, North Macedonia and Russia. It is also found in Turkey.
The length of the forewings is 5–6 mm for males and about 5 mm for females. Adults have been recorded on wing from June to mid-September.
The larvae feed on Cerastium arvense and Stellaria graminea. Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. Larvae can be found from May to June.
# Hayk Harutyunyan

Hayk Harutyunyan (born 10 December 1974) is a retired Armenian football midfielder.
# Gitanjali Group

Gitanjali Group was one of the largest branded jewellery retailers in the world. It was headquartered in Mumbai, India. Gitanjali used to sell its jewellery through over 4,000 Points of Sale and held a market share of over 50 per cent of the overall organised jewellery market in India. Prominent brands housed by the group included Nakshatra, D'damas, Gili, Asmi, Sangini, Maya, Giantti, World of Solitaire and Shuddhi. It was closed following Punjab National Bank Fraud more commonly known as Nirav Modi Fraud.

## Listing

The company was listed on Bombay Stock Exchange with script code 532715, National Stock Exchange of India script name Gitanjali

## 2018 Investigation

Mehul Choksi, the founder and managing director of ‘Gitanjali Gems’ and the maternal uncle of Nirav Modi has come under the radar of various investigating agencies, following the Enforcement Directorate (ED) filing a case against the latter for conducting fraudulent transactions from the Punjab National Bank. This case is claimed to be India's biggest bank fraud wiping out 14,000 crore rupees. Mehul Choksi fled India along with his nephew after the F.I.R was filed about the bank scam.
# Giovanni di Piamonte

Giovanni di Piamonte was a 15th-century Italian painter. The date and place of his birth are not known, but his name indicates that he was born in Piamonte near the present-day town of Pontassieve in Tuscany. He trained in the circle of Piero della Francesca and was one of his assistants.
An early painting dated 1456 is an altarpiece entitled Madonna Enthroned and Saints found in Santa Maria delle Grazie, Città di Castello; it is the only work known with certainty to be from his hand. This altarpiece was painted at approximately the same time that Piero della Francesca and his workshop were painting the fresco cycle of The History of the True Cross in the Cappella Maggiore of the church San Francesco, Arezzo. The Città di Castello Madonna displays the influence of Piero but not a detailed knowledge of Piero's cartoons. As an assistant to Piero in Arezzo during the painting of The History of the True Cross cycle, Giovanni is usually credited with painting two scenes: Burial of the Sacred Wood and The Torture of Judas the Jew.
A later work of 1471, Sant'Anna Metterza (Staatliche Museen, Berlin), is attributed to Giovanni by art historian Luciano Bellosi. In contrast to the early Madonna, this mature painting reveals a close knowledge of Piero's work and a mastery of perspective.
Bellosi also attributes to him the frescoes on the interior walls and vault of the Rucellai Sepulchre, in a chapel of the church of San Pancrazio in Florence.
# Slush flow

A slushflow is rapid mass movement of water and snow, and is categorized as a type of debris flow. Slushflows are caused when water reaches a critical concentration in the snowpack due to more water inflow than outflow. The high water concentration weakens the cohesion of the snow crystals and increases the weight of the snowpack. A slushflow is released when the component of the force of gravity parallel to the slope generates a hydraulic pressure gradient exceeding the tensile strength and basal friction of the snowpack.
While frequently compared to an avalanche, they have some key differences. Slushflows are lower in frequency than avalanches, have higher water content, are more laminar in flow, and have lower velocity. They most commonly occur at higher latitudes in the winter during high precipitation and in the spring during high snowmelt. Because of their high water content, they can flow down gentle slopes of only a few degrees at low altitudes. They are a significant hazard in Norway and Iceland and are responsible for the deaths of dozens of people as well as the destruction of buildings and the closure of roads.
# Smithton Township

Smithton Township may refer to:
* Smithton Township, St. Clair County, Illinois
* Smithton Township, Pettis County, Missouri
# Giovanni Lipparini

Giovanni Lipparini, Rosolino (died 1788) was an Italian sculptor, active in Bologna. He worked under the painter Ubaldo Gandolfi, but trained under the brothers Fillipo and Giacomo Antonio Scandellari. He completed a bust of the physicist-academic Laura Bassi for the University of Bologna, and a bas-relief for the arch of the church of the Madonna del Baraccano.
# Smithsonia straminea

Smithsonia straminea, commonly known as the straw-colored smithsonia, is a small 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) growing epiphytic orchid native to the Western Ghats of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and rarely Kerala in India.
# Smithsonia, Alabama

Smithsonia, also known as Cave Springs, is an unincorporated community in Lauderdale County, in the U.S. state of Alabama.

## History

Smithsonia was originally known as Cave Springs, in reference to the numerous caves in the surrounding area. It was then named Smithsonia, in honor of Columbus Smith, a landowner and merchant following the American Civil War. Smith operated a ferry, general store, grist mill, and cotton gin in Smithsonia. A post office was in operation under the name Smithsonia from 1886 to 1927.
# Gilbert Blackhall

Gilbert Blackhall or Blakhal (died 1671) was a Scottish Catholic missionary priest. He is now remembered for his autobiographical writings.

## Life

Blackhall's background is believed to have been in Aberdeenshire. He spent a period as a soldier of fortune. He entered the Scotch College, Rome in 1626, was ordained priest, and returned to Scotland in 1630. He encountered opposition from Jesuits there, however, and left for Paris, where he became confessor to Lady Isabella Hay, eldest daughter of Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll. Going to Brussels in search of patronage, he had an audience with Isabella Clara Eugenia, right at the end of her life. By persistence he found Lady Isabella a pension, enabling her to return to Scotland. He himself turned down a position, thought to be with the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary. But Isabella Clara Eugenia's death in 1633 closed down chances for Scots in Brussels at court. Lady Isabella was in a house of canonesses at Mons, in 1637.
In 1637 Blackhall returned to Scotland, where he did missionary work in Aberdeenshire and Banffshire. He also acted as chaplain to Sophia Hay, Countess of Aboyne at Aboyne Castle; she was the sister of Lady Isabella. The Countess died in 1642, leaving her only child Henrietta Gordon.
Blackhall returned to France in 1643, with the view of inducing the Marchioness of Huntly, Henrietta's grandmother, to bring her to France to be educated. He initially failed in this plan, and applied to Anne of Austria, the Queen of France, to use her influence, ultimately successfully.
Meanwhile, Henrietta had become a Protestant, but was anyway taken to France. Blackhall had a brief period as head of the Scots College, Paris in 1653.

## Works

Blackhall wrote his autobiography in Paris in 1653. It contains accounts of his relations with Lady Isabella Hay, with the Countess of Aboyne, and with Henrietta Gordon. The title is A breiffe Narration of the Services done to three noble Ladyes, by Gilbert Blakal, Preist of the Scots Mission in France, in the Low Countries, and in Scotland. Dedicated to Madame de Gourdon, one of the forsaid three, and now Dame d'Attour to Madame. It was edited by John Stuart from the original manuscript in the possession of James Francis Kyle, and printed at Aberdeen for the Spalding Club in 1844.
# Gerald Bosch

Gerald Raymond Bosch (born 12 May 1949) is a former South African rugby union player.

## Playing career

Bosch played his provincial rugby for Transvaal and made his debut for the union in 1972. During his career with Transvaal he scored 521 points in Currie Cup matches and 896 points in all provincial matches.
He made his test debut for the Springboks on 22 June 1974 at Loftus Versfeld in Pretoria, in the second test against the touring British Lions team captained by Willie John McBride. Bosch scored 9 points in the match but was dropped from the team for the remaining matches in the series. He returned to the side for the Springboks' tour to France at the end of 1974 and played in both test matches as well as in five tour matches.
In 1975 Bosch once again played in both test matches against the touring French team and set a South African record by scoring 22 points in a test match during the second test on 28 June 1975 at Loftus Versfeld. His record was only equaled by Gavin Johnson in 1993 and again by Joel Stransky, later during 1993. Johnson improved the record to 28 point in a test against Western Samoa in 1995. In 1976 he played in all four test matches against the touring All Blacks, captained by Andy Leslie. Bosch scored a total of 89 points in his 9 test matches and a further 43 point in tour matches.

### Test history

| No. | Opposition | Result (SA 1st) | Position | Points | Date | Venue |
| 1. | British Lions | 9–28 | Flyhalf | 9 (2 pen, 1 drop) | 22 June 1974 | Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria |
| 2. | France | 13–4 | Flyhalf | 6 (2 pen) | 23 November 1974 | Le stade de Toulouse, Toulouse |
| 3. | France | 10–8 | Flyhalf | 6 (2 pen) | 30 November 1974 | Parc des Princes, Paris |
| 4. | France | 38–25 | Flyhalf | 13 (2 conv, 3 pen) | 21 June 1975 | Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein |
| 5. | France | 33–18 | Flyhalf | 22 (2 conv, 6 pen) | 28 June 1975 | Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria |
| 6. | New Zealand | 16–7 | Flyhalf | 5 (1 conv, 1 pen) | 24 July 1976 | Kings Park Stadium, Durban |
| 7. | New Zealand | 9–15 | Flyhalf | 9 (3 pen) | 14 August 1976 | Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein |
| 8. | New Zealand | 15–-10 | Flyhalf | 8 (1 conv, 2 pen) | 4 September 1976 | Newlands, Cape Town |
| 9. | New Zealand | 15–14 | Flyhalf | 11 (1 conv, 2 pen, 1 drop) | 18 September 1976 | Ellis Park, Johannesburg |
Legend: pen = penalty (3 pts.); conv = conversion (2 pts.), drop = drop kick (3 pts.).

## Accolades

In 1972, Bosch was one of the five Young Players of the Year, along with Paul Bayvel, Pikkie du Toit, Dugald MacDonald and Jackie Snyman.
# Gita Gurung

Gita Gurung is a Nepalese politician belonging to the Janamat Party. She is currently serving as a member of the Lumbini Provincial Assembly. In the 2022 Nepalese provincial election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Indigenous category.
# Society for Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt

Society for the Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt, or S.P.A.R.E., is a non-profit animal welfare organization in Egypt. It was founded by Amina Abaza and Dina Zulfikar in 2001. It is the first animal welfare organization in Egypt to address the situation of all animals, including dogs, cats, and donkeys.

## Aims

S.P.A.R.E.'s greatest goal and challenge is to eliminate the cruel mentality which allows people to abuse animals. By raising public awareness about animal welfare in Egypt, SPARE works continuously to convince Egyptians that compassion towards animals is not a luxury, it's a must.
In addition to providing kennels, clinics, and spay and neuter operations, SPARE acts as an animal advocacy organization. It has undertaken causes such as improving conditions at the Cairo zoo, fighting the growth of "private zoos" in Egypt, and improving government standards relating to Egyptian slaughterhouses.
# Smilax blumei

Smilax blumei is a vine in the greenbrier family. It is native to parts of Southeast Asia (Thailand, Andaman Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Java) as well as to New Guinea and northern Australia (Queensland and Northern Territory).
# Smilax canariensis

Smilax canariensis is a species of flowering plants of the Smilacaceae family. It occurs in Madeira and the Canary Islands. The species was first described by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1806. Its Spanish name is zarzaparrilla canaria.

## Description

The species is a climbing wintergreen plant. It has few or no thorns. The width to length ratio of its leaves is about 0.6. The flowers are unisexual, in a simple umbel. Its fruits are black when ripe.
# George Scougall Macbean

General George Scougall Macbean CB (1824– 10 January 1903) was a senior officer in the British Indian Army.

## Biography

Macbean was born in 1824, the second son of Colonel Forbes Macbean, Royal Artillery, of the Old Hall, Yorkshire
He joined the Bengal Army in 1843, and served for 40 years in British India. In 1853 he served with the force against the Boree Afridis on the Indian North-West Frontier.
As a captain, he took part in heavy fighting during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He took part in the advance force from Allahabad in June 1857, and served under Sir Henry Havelock´s force from its formation the following month. With this force he was present at the actions of Futtephore, Aoung, Panda Nudee, Cawnpore, Oonao, Buseorutgange, Boorbeake-Chowkee, Bithoor, Mungarwar, and Alumbaugh, the relief of the garrison at Lucknow, and the defence of the Residency. He then took part in the subsequent siege and capture of Lucknow, the affairs of Rooyah and Allygunge, the Rohilkhand campaign, and the recapture of Bareilly. For his service in these campaigns, he was mentioned in despatches, was thanked by the then Government of India, and received a brevet promotion to the rank of major.
During the Second Anglo-Afghan War 1878–1880, Macbean acted as deputy commissary-general with the Khaibar and Koorum Valley forces. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1881 Birthday Honours.
Macbean was promoted full general on 1 April 1894, one of a large group of Indian Staff officers so promoted on the supernumerary list.
He died at his residence Oak Grove, Bishopstoke, Hampshire on 10 January 1903.

## Family

Macbean married, in 1875, Bertha Violet Lowe, third daughter of Stanley Lowe, of Whitehall, Devon, and widow of Colonel Sir William West Turner, CB.
# Ger Lynch

Ger Lynch (born 10 December 1958) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played as a wing back at senior level for the Kerry county team.
Lynch made his first appearance for the team during the 1982 championship and became a regular player over subsequent seasons until his retirement in 1989. During that time he won three All-Ireland winners' medals, three Munster winners' medals, one National Football League winners' medal and one All-Star award.
Himself and Tom Spillane — assigned to mark Tommy Conroy and Barney Rock during the 1984 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final — began their efforts during the national anthem, which they sang with aplomb. Spillane, quoted in the book Princes of Pigskin, said of this tactic later: "There was no belting but the plot was to sing the National Anthem as loud as we could into their ears to put the fear of God into them. Neither of us were great singers but they must have thought we were wired to the moon".
Lynch has two children: Muireann and Tadhg Lynch. His nephew is County Down referee Philip Cauley of St.Pauls GAC.
# Gephyromantis thelenae

Gephyromantis thelenae, commonly known as the Thelen Madagascar frog, is a species of frog in the family Mantellidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Society of British Composers

The Society of British Composers was founded in 1905 to protect the interests of British composers and to provide publication, promotion and performance opportunities. The organization was disbanded in 1918.

## History

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, a number of talented composers were graduating from the Royal Academy of Music without any avenue for publication and performance of their work. The problem came to a head with the Piano Sonata in D Minor produced by the young composer Benjamin Dale. The sonata was sixty pages long, leading to problems with commercial publication, and the Society of British Composers was founded by Frederick Corder, John Blackwood McEwen, Tobias Matthay and others at the Royal Academy of Music to address that and similar problems. The society published the sonata in its first yearbook through its imprint Charles Avison, Ltd.
Frederick Corder served as the first chairman, and the society followed a publication plan which provided a selection of compositions for use in performance. Publication was made under the imprint of Charles Avison, Ltd. through Breitkopf & Härtel, which was later changed to Cary and then to Novello & Co.
The society was founded without women members, but by 1914 women composers were allowed to join.
# Snoek (surname)

Snoek is a Dutch surname. Meaning "pike" in Dutch, it may be a metaphorical name or metonymic occupational surname (referring to a fisherman). However, in Zeeland Snoek was also a common given name in the Middle Ages and the name may be patronymic in origin. Varian forms are Snoeck and Snoeks. People with the surname include:
* Andries Snoek (1766–1829), Dutch tragedy actor
* Hans Snoek (1910–2001), Dutch dancer, choreographer and ballet director
* Jakob Louis Snoek [de] (1902–1950), Dutch physicist and crystallographer, known e.g. for the Snoek effect [de; it]
* Jan Snoek [ca; de; es; pl] (1896–1981), Dutch track cyclist
* Hendrik Snoek, German show jumper and businessman
* Paul Snoek (1933–1981), Belgian poet

## Snoeck

* Carl Snoeck [de] (1885–1946), Dutch violinist and conductor
* César Snoeck [fr; nl] (1834–1898), Belgian collector of musical instruments
* Henri Snoeck (fl. 1920), Belgian Olympic wrestler
* Jan Snoeck (1927–2018), Dutch sculptor and ceramist

## Snoeks

* Daniel Snoeks (born 1994), Australian model and television personality in Korea
* Jiske Snoeks (born 1978), Dutch field hockey player
* Kelvin Snoeks (born 1987), Dutch racing driver