OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gino Fano

Gino Fano (5 January 1871 – 8 November 1952) was an Italian mathematician, best known as the founder of finite geometry. He was born to a wealthy Jewish family in Mantua, in Italy and died in Verona, also in Italy.
Fano made various contributions on projective and algebraic geometry. His work in the foundations of geometry predates the similar, but more popular, work of David Hilbert by about a decade.
He was the father of physicist Ugo Fano and electrical engineer Robert Fano and uncle to physicist and mathematician Giulio Racah.

## Mathematical work

Fano was an early writer in the area of finite projective spaces. In his article on proving the independence of his set of axioms for projective n-space, among other things, he considered the consequences of having a fourth harmonic point be equal to its conjugate. This leads to a configuration of seven points and seven lines contained in a finite three-dimensional space with 15 points, 35 lines and 15 planes, in which each line contained only three points.$^{:114}$
All the planes in this space consist of seven points and seven lines and are now known as Fano planes:
Fano went on to describe finite projective spaces of arbitrary dimension and prime orders.
In 1907 Gino Fano contributed two articles to Part III of Klein's encyclopedia. The first (SS. 221–88) was a comparison of analytic geometry and synthetic geometry through their historic development in the 19th century. The second (SS. 282–388) was on continuous groups in geometry and group theory as a unifying principle in geometry.
# Gino Ficalbi

Gino Ficalbi (21 April 1891 – 1973) was an Italian general during World War II.

## Biography

He was born in 1891 and after enlisting in the Royal Italian Army, fought in World War I as a captain in the 8th Infantry Regiment, being wounded in action and awarded a Silver Medal of Military Valor during the fighting on the Bainsizza plateau in October 1917. In 1936 he was promoted to colonel and made commander of the 27th Infantry Regiment "Pavia".
In April 1942 he was promoted to brigadier general, assuming command of the infantry of the 4th Infantry Division Livorno, stationed in Sicily. On 1 April 1943 he assumed command of the 202nd Coastal Division, also stationed in Sicily and tasked with the defense of the coast between Sciacca and Mazara del Vallo.
In July 1943 the Division was destroyed during the Allied invasion of Sicily, and on 24 July Ficalbi was captured and taken to the Wilton Park Estate, England, where he was held as a prisoner of war until October 1944. He was then released and returned to service within the Italian Co-belligerent Army, becoming deputy commander of the Territorial Military Command of Florence.
He died in 1973.
# Giant goby

The giant goby (Gobius cobitis) is a species of goby native to coastal marine and brackish waters of the eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea at depths of from 10 to 35 metres (33 to 115 ft). This species is of minor importance to commercial fisheries and is also popular as a game fish.

## Description

The giant goby, which grows to 27 centimetres (11 in) in length, is greyish to olive brown with 'pepper and salt' markings. These are especially notable in smaller specimens. In the breeding season the male is darker than the female. The body is covered in small scales, and the tail stalk is short. The eyes are small.

## Habitat

The giant goby inhabits rock pools high up in the intertidal zone of sheltered shores. Occupied pools typically contain boulders under which the giant goby can take shelter, and have inputs of freshwater, so the water in the pools is usually brackish.

## Diet

This species has been recorded to feed upon polychaete worms, green algae of the genus Ulva, amphipods, crabs and insects.

## Range

In the UK, the giant goby occurs only on the south coast, ranging along the southern West Country coast between Wembury in southwest Devon and the Isles of Scilly. Outside of the UK, it is found from the western English Channel to Morocco, in the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Gulf of Suez, more than likely a Lessepsian migrant via the Suez Canal.

## Threats

In 1992, giant gobies were absent from one site in south Devon and one from south Cornwall, which are parts of the historic range. It was assumed that the species was in decline, but the species was recorded again in the south Cornwall site in 1998. Although there is no evidence that the species is endangered in the UK, it seems likely that it is vulnerable to human disturbance due to the recreational pressures on the shore habitat.

## Conservation

In Great Britain in 1998 the species was added to Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Under this Act it is an offence to kill, injure, take or sell giant gobies, or to damage or destroy any structure or place used by a giant goby for shelter or protection. Furthermore, it is included in English Nature's Species Recovery Programme.
# Alfred Codd

Alfred Codd (March 19, 1843 – after 1896) was a Canadian pioneer medical doctor and politician. He served on the Council of Keewatin from 1876 to 1877 and was a well-respected physician in Manitoba.

## Early life

Alfred Codd was born in Norfolk County, England. His family moved to Ottawa early in his life.

## Political career

Codd had a short political career. He was appointed to serve on the Council of Keewatin, the short lived government for the District of Keewatin territory on November 25, 1876. Codd was appointed to the Council for his medical expertise by Alexander Morris to help deal with the Smallpox epidemic that was inflicting the territory.

## Late life

Codd was best friends with Lieutenant Governor John Christian Schultz. After Schultz died in 1896, Codd handled all the arrangements for his funeral, including accompanying Schultz's wife in a specially draped funeral train to return Schultz's remains to Winnipeg.
# Algérienne sauce

Algérienne sauce or "Algerian sauce", is a sweet and spicy sauce with a yellowish-orange color. It is often available at fast-food businesses serving French tacos or kebabs, as well as friteries and other similar fast-food businesses, in Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Belgium, France, and Switzerland.

## History

The earliest documentation for Algerian sauce can be pinpointed to the year 1876, from the book 'Le livre des menus' authored by Fin-Bec. Over time, recipes have evolved. Ernest Loewer describes the Algerian sauce in 1962 as comprising half-sautéed tomatoes, stuffed with a julienne of peppers, and served alongside croquette potatoes.
Subsequently, numerous sauce companies, particularly in Algeria, Belgium and France, have industrialized the production of the Algerian sauce, with a primary focus on its application in French tacos or as a dip for fries. Similar to other industrialized sauces, the recipes for Algerian sauce have diversified, with each sauce company incorporating its own distinctive blend and resulting in variations in spiciness, sweetness, and texture.

## Description

Algérienne sauce has traditionally been prepared with mayonnaise ingredients (oil, egg yolk), to which are added mustard, shallot, black pepper, vinegar, and chili pepper or harissa, and sometimes also tomato or tomato sauce, anchovies, capers, etc. Algérienne sauce is associated with French tacos.

## In popular culture

Sauce algérienne is a French Spotify podcast hosted by Paul-Max Morin about the legacies of French colonialism in Algeria and the Algerian War as understood through family histories.
# Algésiras-class ship of the line

The Algésiras class consisted of five second-rank, 90-gun, steam-powered ships of the line built for the French Navy in the 1850s. Most of the ships participated in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 or the Second French intervention in Mexico in the 1860s. Beginning in the mid-1860s, they were decommissioned or converted into troopships before being scrapped beginning in the early 1870s.

## Description

The Algésiras-class ships were repeats of the pioneering ship of the line Napoléon and were also designed by naval architect Henri Dupuy de Lôme. They had a length at the waterline of 71.23 metres (233 ft 8 in), a beam of 16.8 metres (55 ft 1 in) and a depth of hold of 8.16 metres (26 ft 9 in). The ships displaced 5,121 tonnes (5,040 long tons) and had a draught of 8.45 metres (27 ft 9 in) at deep load. Their crew numbered 913 officers and ratings.
The primary difference between Napoléon and the Algésiras class was that the boilers of the latter ships were moved forward of the engines. They were powered by a pair of either horizontal-return connecting-rod or trunk steam engine that drove the single propeller shaft using steam provided by eight boilers. The engines were rated at 900 nominal horsepower and produced around 2,057–2,204 indicated horsepower (2,086–2,235 PS; 1,534–1,644 kW). During their sea trials, they reached speeds of 12.2–13 knots (22.6–24.1 km/h; 14.0–15.0 mph). The ships could carry 570 tonnes (561 long tons) of coal. They were fitted with three masts and ship rigged with a sail area of 2,010 square metres (21,600 sq ft).
The armament of the Algésiras-class ships generally consisted of eighteen 36-pounder (174.8 mm (6.9 in)) smoothbore cannon and sixteen 223.3 mm (8.8 in) Paixhans guns on the lower gundeck and thirty-four 30-pounder 164.7 mm (6.5 in) cannon on the upper gundeck. On the quarterdeck and forecastle were twenty 163 mm (6.4 in) Paixhans guns and a pair of 163 mm rifled muzzle-loading guns. Intrépide, converted into a troopship while still under construction, was armed only with four 30-pounder cannon.

## Ships

| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
| Algésiras | Arsenal de Toulon | April 1853 | 4 October 1855 | 10 April 1856 | Destroyed by fire, 25 November 1906 |
| Arcole | Arsenal de Cherbourg | 4 March 1853 | 20 March 1855 | 8 May 1856 | Scrapped, 1872 |
| Impérial | Arsenal de Brest | 19 August 1853 | 15 September 1856 | 20 February 1858 | Scrapped, 1897 |
| Intrépide | Arsenal de Rochefort | 2 September 1853 | 17 September 1864 | 8 May 1865 | Sank by accident, May 1913 |
| Redoutable | Arsenal de Rochefort | 11 April 1853 | 25 October 1855 | 24 November 1856 | Scrapped, 1873–1874 |

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Winfield & Roberts, p. 70
* ↑ Roche, p. 258
* ↑ Winfield & Roberts, p. 71
* 1 2 3 4 5 Winfield & Roberts, pp. 70–71
# Giovo

Giovo (Gióf in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino, located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Trento in northern Italy.

## People

The village of Palù di Giovo is home to several professional road bicycle racers:
* Francesco Moser - cyclist (now turned local politician).
* Gilberto Simoni - cyclist
* Moreno Moser - cyclist
# Alfred Hierl

Alfred Hierl (8 March 1910 – 25 September 1950) was a German artist from Munich. In 1936 he won a silver medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his poster "Internationales Avusrennen" ("International Avus Race").
Hierl died in Traunstein. Several paintings are exhibited in the Canadian War Museum Ottawa.
# Alfred Hickman (disambiguation)

Alfred Hickman was an English actor.
Alfred Hickman may also refer to:
* Sir Alfred Hickman, 1st Baronet (1830–1910), industrialist and Conservative politician
* Sir Alfred Edward Hickman, 2nd Baronet (1885–1947), of the Hickman baronets
* Sir (Alfred) Howard Whitby Hickman, 3rd Baronet (1920–1979), of the Hickman baronets
# Gilbert Tyuienon

Gilbert Tyuiénon (born 28 March 1958) is a New Caledonian politician. He is a pro-independence ethnic Kanak. Tyuiénon-was elected Vice President of New Caledonia on 11 March 2011 in the collegial cabinet of Harold Martin and held that position until 5 June 2014. As of 2018, he continues to be a member of the collegial government.
He was reelected as Vice President of New Caledonia on 9 July 2019 in the cabinet of Thierry Santa. He left office on 22 July 2021.
Tyuiénon was elected as mayor of Canala in 2001 as candidate of Caledonian Union.
# Alexander Lipmann-Kessel

Lipmann Kessel, MBE, MC, FRCS (19 December 1914 – 5 June 1986), was an orthopaedic surgeon and Second World War medical officer, often known by his nickname of Lippy.

## Battle of Arnhem

Born in Pretoria, Transvaal, Union of South Africa, he was involved at the Battle of Arnhem where at the time he was a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), assigned to the 16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance. He is credited with saving the life of Brigadier Sir John Hackett when he operated on him for a severe abdominal wound at the St. Elisabeth Hospital in Arnhem.
Kessel had the curious experience of looking out of a window in the St Elizabeth Hospital and seeing the division's General Officer Commanding (GOC) Major General Urquhart, who was in charge of the whole battle at Arnhem, running along the street. It was not until after the battle that he found out that the general was just about to enter a house where he would stay surrounded by Germans for over 30 hours.
When he first entered the St. Elizabeth Hospital, he spoke to the Dutch staff in Afrikaans (which he had learned as a child in South Africa), because he had always been told it was similar to Dutch. The staff took offence at this, as to them it sounded like German, and he was told in no uncertain terms to always speak English.
Kessel, who was Jewish, was taken prisoner at Arnhem, but later escaped and has told his story in his book Surgeon at Arms, published in 1958.

## Later life

After the war Kessel became a very successful surgeon based in London, and Emeritus Professor of Orthopaedics at the University of London.
When he died on 5 June 1986 he was buried, as was his wish, in Oosterbeek civilian cemetery, in order to be close to the men who died at the battle of Arnhem, who are buried in the nearby Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery.

## Publications

* Surgeon at Arms, 1958, ISBN 0-86007-123-5
Surgeon at Arms, 2011, ISBN 1-84884-591-X ISBN 978-1848845916
# Alfons Oscar Saligny

Alfons Oscar Saligny (April 3, 1853 – May 4, 1903) was a Romanian chemist.
The brother of engineer Anghel Saligny, he was the first child born to a family of intellectuals in Focșani in Moldavia; his father Alfred, of French origin, had settled in the region in the late 1840s. Saligny began his education in a school for wealthy families founded by his father, which emphasized mastery of the French language. He went on to study at the Focșani Gymnasium. He then enrolled in Berlin University, studying under August Wilhelm von Hofmann. He obtained a doctorate in 1875, with a dissertation on organic chemistry.
Returning home the same year, he secured a position as chemist at the Colțea Hospital laboratory in Bucharest. Also in 1875, he became professor of mineralogy at the School of Bridges and Roads. His research involved tests on the concrete needed for building silos in Brăila, Galați and Constanța. He also studied the properties of iron and steel, required for the building of King Carol I Bridge, designed by his brother. In 1886, he founded a materials testing laboratory within the school. In 1889, he was named full professor of general and applied chemistry, leading the department until his death. From 1879 to 1899, he headed the laboratory at the State Mint. Saligny performed laboratory tests on building materials for railroads, and from 1899 to 1903, he was affiliated with Căile Ferate Române state railway. In 1902, Saligny was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy. Although his activity was cut off by a premature death, he published numerous studies in specialty magazines.
# Giuseppe Covre

Giuseppe Covre (3 April 1950 – 24 March 2020) was an Italian politician.
He was an Oderzo native, born on 3 April 1950 in Fontanelle, Veneto.
He was a member of Lega Nord, and represented the party throughout his political career, which began in 1990, when he was elected municipal councillor of Motta di Livenza. He was subsequently twice elected mayor of Oderzo, in 1993 and 1997, and was the first mayor since the fascist era ended to not be affiliated with Christian Democracy. As mayor, Covre worked closely with other municipal leaders, among them Giorgio Lago [it] and Massimo Cacciari. Covre backed autonomy for the region, but often went against his party. This led to Covre being described as a "heretic", a nickname he accepted. Covre was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1996, and served a single term, until 2001. He declined to run for a second parliamentary term. Term-limited as mayor, Covre chose to run for the Oderzo municipal council, and won. From 2002, he was also a Treviso provincial councillor. Covre contested the Oderzo mayoralty again in 2006, losing to Pietro Dalla Libera. He was expelled from Lega Nord for his support of the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum.
Covre died on 24 March 2020, aged 69, from COVID-19.
# Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi

Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi (24 December 1837 – 1 June 1905) was an Italian scholar and abbot of the Basilian monastery of Grottaferrata near Rome.

## Biography

Cozza-Luzi was born in 1837 at Bolsena in the Province of Rome. In early youth he entered the ancient monastery of which he became abbot in 1882. Pius IX was attracted by his scholarship, as was later Leo XIII.
In 1898 he retired from his official duties and devoted himself to his studies. He won distinction by his edition of several ancient Vatican manuscripts and was also learned in the history of art and in archaeology. The Catholic Encyclopedia describes him as intelligent and cultured, but lacking in scientific accuracy and disorganized in his research.
He died in Rome on 1 June 1905.

## Works

Under his direction the phototype edition of the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 was executed, (Vetus et Novum Testamentum e Cod. Vaticano 1209 phototyp., 5 volumes fol., Rome, 1889), also a Vatican codex of the prophets (ibid., 1889), and from a Vatican manuscript the miniatures of Giulio Clovio to Dante's Paradiso. Nearly all the copies of these artistic publications perished at the burning of the Danesi establishment in Rome.
Together with the well-known scriptural scholar Carlo Vercellone, he supervised the printing of the Greek text of the Codex Vaticanus, in five volumes (Rome, 1868–81); he also edited other scriptural manuscripts, e.g. the Greek codex of Daniel in the Chigi Library at Rome. His most important scientific work was the publication of some fragments of the Geography of Strabo (Rome, 1884), originally discovered by Cardinal Mai, who was unaware of their importance. Cozza-Luzi also published of the eighth and ninth volumes of Mai's Nova Bibliotheca Patrum, and a part of the cardinal's correspondence.
Among the theological treatises of Cozza-Luzi is a study on the evidence of the Greek liturgies to the papal supremacy (De Rom. Pont. auctorit. doctrinali testim. liturg. ecclesiæ græcæ, Rome, 1870).
He wrote also on the antiquities of his native Bolsena, on the cathedral of Orvieto, the Vatican collection of Assyrian antiquities, etc. Among his publications is an edition of the Greek version of St. Gregory the Great's account of St. Benedict (Historia S. P. N. Benedicti a Pontif. Gregorio I descripta et a Zacharia græce reddita, Tivoli, 1880).
He edited the text of Codex Marchalianus (Prophetarum codex Graecus Vaticanus 2125 (Romae, 1890)).
Many of his writings are scattered in various Italian periodicals, ecclesiastical and historical.
In addition, he is noted as the author of some falsifications of Giacomo Leopardi (edited in Rome in 1898). The falsity of the sketches was revealed by Sebastiano Timpanaro in 1966.
* Cozza-Luzi, Giuseppe (1893). Codices manuscripti graeci ottoboniani Bibliothecae Vaticanae descripti praeside Alphonso cardinali Capecelatro archiepiscopo Capuano. London: Ex Typographeo Vaticano.
# Universidad Columbia del Paraguay

The Universidad Columbia del Paraguay (Columbia University of Paraguay) is a private university. It was founded in 1943, but it obtained the title of university only in 1991. In 60 years it had more than 200,000 students.

## Degrees

These are the careers that UCP has:
* Agricultural Management
* Business Administration
* Architecture
* Film Industry
* Foreign Trade
* Marketing
* Social Engineering
* Fine arts
* Hotel and Tourism
* Computer engineering
* Accounting
* Law
* Veterinary
* Psychology
* Education
* Commercial engineering

## Campuses

* Asunción-25 de Mayo
* Asunción-España
* San Lorenzo
* Pedro Juan Caballero
# The Triple Echo (novella)

The Triple Echo is a 1970 novella written by English author H. E. Bates. Set during the early years of World War II the story describes the strange relationship that develops between a young army deserter and a married woman struggling to run a farm alone in the absence of her P.O.W. husband. Bates later said he began working on the story in 1943 but encountered a stumbling block over a character, later removed, and was unable to make any progress with the project until 1968. Although first published in book form in 1970, the complete story was originally published in the Daily Telegraph magazine in instalments during December 1969. The book was filmed in 1972.

## Plot Introduction

In the early years of World War II Alice Charlesworth is running a farm single-handed in the absence of her husband who is incarcerated in a Japanese P.O.W. camp. When she encounters Barton, a young deserter, on her land she gladly accepts him into her home and her bed. Although Barton eases Alice's loneliness and her frustrations, they do not become friends and there is always some uneasiness between them, perhaps owing to the difference in their ages or perhaps to Barton's weak and frivolous nature. To hide the young man from detection Alice dresses him in her own clothes and tells people that he is her sister. The drama reaches a shocking conclusion when army MPs arrive searching for the deserter and one of them is attracted to Barton, believing him to be a woman.

## Adaptation

It was adapted into a film in 1972, The Triple Echo, directed by Michael Apted and starring Glenda Jackson, Oliver Reed and Brian Deacon.
# Acerrimo moerore

Acerrimo moerore (January 2, 1949) is a letter of Pope Pius XII to the Hungarian Episcopate after the jailing and torturing of Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty.

## Content of letter

The Pope asks the Catholic bishops of Hungary to pray to the Virgin Mary and to include in their prayers to her those who persecute them. They should also pray for those who live in hate and discord, so that with divine assistance better and more peaceful times may descend over Hungary.
The Pope is alarmed over the jailing and torturing of Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty, a violation of human rights and dignity, and an affront against religion itself. Not only the Catholics in Hungary, decent people all over he world watch in horror. The Cardinal stood up for the freedom of the Church and the Hungarian people, and therefore all accusations are highly honourable. The Pope takes part in the continued suffering of the Hungarian bishops. Freedom is so important, that it may be necessary to sacrifice one's life.
The Pope is quite aware of the great tribulations and sufferings, which the Church has to endure in Hungary. But he is also aware of the great loyalty and strength of its bishops, who are asked to combine courage with wisdom in this situation. He appeals to them to be united. He reminds them, that their forefathers overcame similar problems. They knew that the Christian faith can be maligned and attacked, but never defeated. He appeals to them, to follow their examples. They will find the most wonderful consolation and help; the consolation to work for the peace and kingdom of Christ. His kingdom is not of this world, because of the mandate, to change behaviour and life, in order to reach through this earthly misery the heavenly kingdom. The Pope concludes his letter with the most cordial Apostolic Blessings to his brother bishops and their faithful, especially all those who are persecuted.