OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Abbe–Koenig prism

An Abbe–Koenig prism is a type of reflecting prism, used to invert an image (rotate it by 180°). They are commonly used in binoculars and some telescopes for this purpose. The prism is named after Ernst Abbe and Albert Koenig.
The prism is made from two glass prisms, which are optically cemented together to form a symmetric, shallow Vee-shaped assembly. Light enters one face at normal incidence, is internally reflected from a 30° sloped face, and then is reflected from a "roof" (German Dach) section (consisting of two faces meeting at a 90° angle) at the bottom of the prism. The light is then reflected from the opposite 30° face and exits, again at normal incidence.
The net effect of the four internal reflections (two reflections are on roof plains) is to flip the image both vertically and horizontally. Since the light is reflected an even number of times, this produces a 180° image rotation (without changing the image's handedness and allows use of the prism as an image erecting system. Unlike the more common double Porro prism configuration, the Abbe–Koenig prism does not displace the output beam from the input beam, making it advantageous in some instruments. The prism is also less bulky than the double Porro design.
The prism is sometimes simply called a "roof prism", although this is ambiguous, because other roof prisms exist, such as the Amici and Schmidt–Pechan designs.
A variant of the Abbe–Koenig prism replaces the "roof" section of the prism with a single mirror-coated reflecting surface. This type of prism flips the image vertically, but not laterally, changing the handedness of the image to the opposite sense.

## Phase correction problem

The Abbe–Koenig prism shares the phase correction problems with other roof prisms. Abbe–Koenig prism and other roof prism binoculars benefit from phase-correction coatings to minimize these problems and substantially improve resolution and contrast.

## Commercial market share in binoculars

Abbe-Koenig prisms are significantly longer than Schmidt–Pechan prisms, and were and are rarely used except in large roof prism type binoculars, where light weight, compact size and cost are less important than ultimate light-gathering power. In the early 2020s the commercial market share of Abbe–Koenig prism type binoculars is relatively small compared to other prism designs.
# Antonio Peñafiel

Antonio Peñafiel Berruecos (1839–1922) was a Mexican medical doctor, scientist and scholar who participated in founding the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, and in studying Mexico's pre-Columbian history and in documenting Native American languages. Born in Atotonilco el Grande in Hidalgo, he entered medical school. From 1873 to 1875 he was a member of national congress representing the state of Hidalgo. From 1882 to 1910 he was director of the Dirección General de Estadísticas (DGE), the Mexican bureau of statistics. In 1895 he directed the first Mexican national census. He was also a founding member of the Mexican Society for Natural History. He published many of the ethnohistorical sources about Mexico's indigenous cultures, and also published his own studies of Mexican placenames. He also published an analysis of the potable water of the Basin of Mexico including chemical analyses. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1886.
# Vivian Curran

Vivian Curran is an American lawyer currently Distinguished Professor at University of Pittsburgh and is President of American Society of Comparative Law.

## Education

* JD, Columbia Law School
* PhD, Columbia University
* MPhil, Columbia University
* MA, Columbia University
* BA, University of Pennsylvania
# Giuseppe Levati

Giuseppe Levati (1739–1828) was an Italian painter and designer of the late-Baroque and Neoclassicism period.
He was born at Concorezzo, near Milan. After initially working as a decorator, he specialized as an architectural landscape painter, attracted especially the perspectives of Bárbaro and Giampietro Zanotti. In 1802 he was elected director of the school of perspective at Milan. He executed architectural subjects and landscapes (vedute). He helped decorate the house of the Marquis Litta at Lainate; the residence of Count Borromeo, the archducal palace at Milan, and the palace at Monza. One of his pupils was Francesco Durelli.
# 2009 Carisap Tennis Cup – Doubles

Paolo Lorenzi and Júlio Silva were the defending champions. They didn't take part in these championships this year. Stefano Ianni and Cristian Villagrán won in the final 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 1–6, [10–6], against Niels Desein and Stéphane Robert.

## Seeds

* Leonardo Azzaro / Marco Crugnola (first round)
* Carles Poch-Gradin / Pablo Santos (semifinals)
* Jaroslav Pospíšil / Édouard Roger-Vasselin (quarterfinals, withdrew)
* Niels Desein / Stéphane Robert (final)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| 1 | L Azzaro M Crugnola | 6 | 2 | [7] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | T Bellucci F Ferreiro | 2 | 6 | [10] | | T Bellucci F Ferreiro | 6$^5$ | 0 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | I Bozoljac N Perić | w/o | | | | S Ianni C Villagrán | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Ianni C Villagrán | | | | | | | | | S Ianni C Villagrán | 6 | 6$^3$ | [10] | | | | | |
| 3 | J Pospíšil É Roger-Vasselin | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | M Raditschnigg D Sitak | 3 | 7 | [0] | | | | | |
| | G Olaso A Ramos-Viñolas | 6 | 2 | [8] | 3 | J Pospíšil É Roger-Vasselin | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Raditschnigg D Sitak | 7 | 6$^8$ | [10] | | M Raditschnigg D Sitak | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Petrazzuolo F Torresi | 6$^4$ | 7 | [8] | | | | | | | | | | | S Ianni C Villagrán | 7 | 1 | [10] |
| WC | F Gianini F Sgrignoli | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | N Desein S Robert | 6$^3$ | 6 | [6] |
| | J Dasnières de Veigy R Jouan | 6 | 6 | | | J Dasnières de Veigy R Jouan | 6$^2$ | 6$^3$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Biasella A di Mauro | w/o | | | 4 | N Desein S Robert | 7 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | N Desein S Robert | | | | | | | | 4 | N Desein S Robert | 6 | 6 | | | | | | |
| | I Gorčić C Grassi | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 2 | C Poch-Gradin P Santos | 2 | 3 | | | | | | |
| ALT | P Konortoff S Travaglia | 4 | 4 | | | I Gorčić C Grassi | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Galvani D Giorgini | 5 | 6 | [4] | 2 | C Poch-Gradin P Santos | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | C Poch-Gradin P Santos | 7 | 0 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 1974–75 Scottish Division Two

The 1974–75 Scottish Second Division was won by Falkirk, and Forfar Athletic finished bottom.
Due to the introduction of a new premier division in Scotland for season 1975-76 the top six teams from the Second Division were promoted to the First Division.
This season saw the Scottish Football League debut of Meadowbank Thistle.

## Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Falkirk (C) | 38 | 26 | 2 | 10 | 76 | 29 | +47 | 54 | Promotion to the 1975–76 First Division with restructuring |
| 2 | Queen of the South | 38 | 23 | 7 | 8 | 77 | 33 | +44 | 53 | Promotion to the 1975–76 First Division with restructuring |
| 3 | Montrose | 38 | 23 | 7 | 8 | 70 | 37 | +33 | 53 | Promotion to the 1975–76 First Division with restructuring |
| 4 | Hamilton Academical | 38 | 21 | 7 | 10 | 69 | 30 | +39 | 49 | Promotion to the 1975–76 First Division with restructuring |
| 5 | East Fife | 38 | 20 | 7 | 11 | 57 | 42 | +15 | 47 | Promotion to the 1975–76 First Division with restructuring |
| 6 | St Mirren | 38 | 19 | 8 | 11 | 74 | 52 | +22 | 46 | Promotion to the 1975–76 First Division with restructuring |
| 7 | Clydebank | 38 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 50 | 40 | +10 | 44 | |
| 8 | Stirling Albion | 38 | 17 | 9 | 12 | 67 | 55 | +12 | 43 | |
| 9 | Berwick Rangers | 38 | 17 | 6 | 15 | 53 | 49 | +4 | 40 | |
| 10 | East Stirlingshire | 38 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 56 | 52 | +4 | 40 | |
| 11 | Stenhousemuir | 38 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 52 | 42 | +10 | 39 | |
| 12 | Albion Rovers | 38 | 16 | 7 | 15 | 72 | 64 | +8 | 39 | |
| 13 | Raith Rovers | 38 | 14 | 9 | 15 | 48 | 44 | +4 | 37 | |
| 14 | Stranraer | 38 | 12 | 11 | 15 | 47 | 65 | −18 | 35 | |
| 15 | Alloa Athletic | 38 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 49 | 56 | −7 | 33 | |
| 16 | Queen’s Park | 38 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 41 | 54 | −13 | 30 | |
| 17 | Brechin City | 38 | 9 | 7 | 22 | 44 | 85 | −41 | 25 | |
| 18 | Meadowbank Thistle | 38 | 9 | 5 | 24 | 26 | 87 | −61 | 23 | |
| 19 | Cowdenbeath | 38 | 5 | 11 | 22 | 39 | 76 | −37 | 21 | |
| 20 | Forfar Athletic | 38 | 1 | 7 | 30 | 27 | 102 | −75 | 9 | |
# Wade Verge

Wade Verge is a politician in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Verge represented the district of Lewisporte in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 2007 until 2015. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.
Verge was formerly an educator and served as the principal at New World Island Academy of New World Island.
In September 2009, Verge spoke out against his own government's cutbacks to health care in his district. Premier Danny Williams dismissed Verge's comments, saying that "he didn't understand that that's what it meant", and that, "for what it's worth, he's entitled to his opinion." Verge was later booed at a rally against the cuts after he reversed his position and sided with the government, although he stated he also supported the people of his district. On October 7, Premier Williams appointed a new Minister of Health and Community Services. Joined by the new minister in Lewisporte on October 14, Verge stated, "Government is looking harder and digging deeper to try and find a solution to the problem. ...Hopefully at the end of the day we will be able to deliver all the services that the people want coming out of Lewisporte." The government subsequently reversed its decision to remove laboratory and X-ray services from Lewisporte. He was Speaker of the House of Assembly from 2014 until 2015.

## Electoral record

2011 Newfoundland and Labrador general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Progressive Conservative | Wade Verge | 2450 | 56.60% | – |
| NDP | Lloyd Snow | 988 | 22.82% | |
| Liberal | Todd Manuel | 891 | 20.58% | |
2007 Newfoundland and Labrador general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Progressive Conservative | Wade Verge | 2660 | 70.61% | – |
| Liberal | Jack Martin | 647 | 17.18% | |
| NDP | Garry Vatcher | 460 | 12.21% | |
# Anteosauridae

Anteosauridae is an extinct family of large carnivorous dinocephalian therapsids that are known from the Middle Permian of Asia, Africa, and South America.These animals were by far the largest predators of the Permian period, with skulls reaching 80 cm in length in adult individuals, far larger than the biggest gorgonopsian.

## Description

Anteosaurids are characterized by very large pointed incisors and canines, bulbous spatulate (spoon shaped) postcanines, a very strongly upturned margin of the premaxilla, so the front of mouth curves strongly upwards, and a long, very robust lower jaw (Boonstra 1963).
Anteosaurids distinguished from Brithopus and other non-anteosaurid anteosaurians by the presence of a large thickened region or "boss" on the side of the angle of the lower jaw; this was probably used in intraspecific behaviour. In Doliosauriscus and Anteosaurus, not only was this boss very prominent, but the bones were very thick and rugose. The same situation is found in the herbivorous Tapinocephalidae, and it has been proposed that these animals engaged in head-butting behaviour. (Hopson & Barghusen 1986)

## Classification

The subfamily Anteosaurinae has also been used in the past to include these therapsids. The Russian genera were previously included by Efremov in the family Brithopodidae. Anteosauridae is part of a larger group of dinocephalians called Anteosauria. Several recent phylogenetic studies of anteosaurians find support for two subfamilies within Anteosauridae: Anteosaurinae and Syodontinae. Below is a cladogram showing syodontine relationships from a 2012 phylogenetic study of anteosaurians:
# Ivory Classics

Ivory Classics is an American classical music record label governed by the Ivory Classics Foundation. The purpose of this foundation, which was established in 1998, is to promote, through charitable and benevolent activities, an appreciation for the art of the piano through its work with the premier audiophile piano label.
Artists having recorded for Ivory Classics include, among others, Earl Wild, Shura Cherkassky, Ann Schein Carlyss, Eric Himy, Moura Lympany, and Igor Lovchinsky.
# AMT

AMT, or amt, may refer to:

## Science and technology

* Alpha-Methyltryptamine (αMT), a synthetic psychedelic of the tryptamine family
* Aminomethyltransferase, gene for an enzyme that breaks down glycine
* Air Motion Transformer, a type of loudspeaker invented by Oskar Heil
* Amorphous metal transformer, a kind of energy efficient transformer
* Audio-magnetotellurics, a higher-frequency variant of magnetotellurics
* Intel Active Management Technology, a technology for remotely managing and securing computers
* Amazon Mechanical Turk

## Transportation

* Aircraft maintenance technician, a term used in the US
* AMT, the ICAO code for ATA Airlines, a defunct US airline
* AMT, the National Rail code for Aldermaston railway station in the county of Berkshire, UK
* Automated manual transmission, gearbox technology
* Aviation Maintenance Technician, a US Coast Guard rating
* Amata Airport, IATA airport code "AMT"

## Organizations

* Agence métropolitaine de transport, Montréal, Canada, replaced by the Réseau de transport métropolitain and Metropolitan Regional Transportation Authority
* Aluminum Model Toys, US
* American Maglev Technology
* American Medical Technologists, an American allied health professional association
* American Tower (NYSE: AMT), an American telecommunications company
* Arcadia Machine & Tool, a former American firearms company
* Association for Manufacturing Technology, US
* Australian Mathematics Trust, in education
* AMT Coffee, defunct UK chain of kiosks
* AMT Genova, (Azienda Mobilità e Trasporti), public transport in Italy

## Time standards

* Airy Mean Time, a time standard used for timekeeping on Mars
* Armenia Time, national time zone code for Armenia

## Other uses

* Anthony McDonald-Tipungwuti, an Australian rules footballer
* Amt, type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany
* Alternative minimum tax, US
* Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, a European Geosciences Union journal
* Acid Mothers Temple, Japanese rock band
# Anyetei Laryea

Anyetei "The Chameleon" Laryea (born 26 August 1978) is a Ghanaian professional super bantam/feather/super feather/lightweight boxer of the 1990s and 2000s who won the Ghanaian bantamweight title, West African Boxing Union bantamweight title, Ghanaian super bantamweight title, West African Boxing Union super bantamweight title, and Commonwealth super bantamweight title, and was a challenger for the African Boxing Union (ABU) bantamweight title against Friday Fatunji Felix, Commonwealth featherweight title against Nicky Cook, and World Boxing Association (WBA) Inter-Continental super bantamweight title against Gabula Vabaza, his professional fighting weight varied from 120+3⁄4 lb (54.8 kg; 8 st 8.8 lb), i.e. super bantamweight to 132 lb (60 kg; 9 st 6 lb), i.e. lightweight.
# Vivian Creighton

Vivian Rogers Creighton (19 November 1900 — 12 October 1975) was the chairman of the Land Administration Board (Queensland, Australia) 1953 to 1956,

## Biography

Creighton was employed by the Lands Department since 1923 when he was appointed as a Ranger. He was awarded an MBE for services during World War II and upon discharge in 1945 took up duties as a land commissioner. He was appointed to the Land Administration Board in 1952 and became chairman of the board in 1953.
Creighton was controversially dismissed by the Gair Labor Government in August 1956 for making public certain information concerning Government conduct. This information concerned allegations that the Government had demanded payments from pastoralists in order to ensure the extension of pastoral leases, and that these payments had been diverted to Labor Party funds. The information was the main cause of a Royal Commission that resulted in the then Lands Minister (Tom Foley) losing his post.
Creighton appeared before Parliament on 2 August 1956 to provide the reasons for his decision to divulge the information, stating:
   I decided after much thought that it was my responsibility to bring into the open such matters in order that the whole position could be cleared. In this regard I decided that there was no duty upon me to give blind personal loyalty to my Minister. I know that I will be discharged of my office, but by doing so Parliament will not dishonour me, but will merely dishonour itself.
Creighton was subsequently reappointed to the department as Chief Valuer in 1957. He died on 12 October 1975 aged 74.
# Constituency election results in the 1929 United Kingdom general election

This is a complete alphabetical list of constituency election results to the 35th Parliament of the United Kingdom at the 1929 general election, held on 30 May 1929.
# Tree paint

Tree paint, also known as wound dressing, is any substance applied to damaged surfaces of a tree intended to improve its health. It is commonly applied after pruning, or at locations where the tree bark has been damaged.

## Description

Tree guard paints are sold as organic and non-organic products. Some gardeners use a light-colored interior latex-based paint diluted with 50% water.
Both summer sunburn and winter sun scald can cause the tree's bark to crack or die, resulting in additional stress which is compounded by insects and parasites that enter the barkless wood, an invasion that will ultimately shorten the tree's life. Tree paint or whitewash protects against this.
Some tree paints, depending on ingredients, also protect against insects and rodents. For example, neem oil has been used by Indian farmers for thousands of years as a natural insect repellent and insecticide. A diluted neem oil spray repels insects and smothers those that come into contact with it, ultimately killing most insects that ingest the product within 1–3 days.
Castor oil, derived from the castor tree seed, gives a coated surface an unpleasant taste to rodents, such as rats, moles, voles, and gophers that may otherwise gnaw on the tree's bark.
Tree paint may help to prevent disease-carrying insects from entering a wounded tree. Studies have shown that wound dressing must be applied immediately after damage or pruning. Even a delay of three days can be too long.
White tree paint is commonly applied to citrus trees to keep the affected tissues from overheating, as dark-colored paint can raise the surface temperature of the treated tissues. The classic tree paint is black, because it is based on an asphalt emulsion.
Tree paint may be applied using spray cans, paint guns, or brushes.
An organic tree paint can be made; it is similar to a brushable mud.
# Aerva

Aerva is a genus of plants in the family Amaranthaceae. Its species are native to the palaeotropics, throughout continental Africa, Madagascar and smaller islands (Mauritius and Socotra), through parts of the Middle East, India, and southeast Asia. Aerva javanica is an alien in northern Australia.
At least four species in the genus have acquired the C$_4$ carbon fixation pathway.

## Species

Six species are accepted.
* Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. – northern and eastern Africa, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula and west Asia, Indian subcontinent, and Myanmar
* Aerva madagassica Suess. – Madagascar
* Aerva radicans Mart. – India
* Aerva sericea Moq. – Hawaiian Islands (extinct)
* Aerva villosa Moq. – Mauritius
* Aerva wightii Hook.f. – India

### Formerly placed here

* Ouret lanata (L.) Kuntze (as Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.)
* Paraerva microphylla (as Aerva microphylla Moq.)
* Paraerva revoluta (as Aerva revoluta Balf.f.)
* Wadithamnus artemisioides (Vierh. & O.Schwartz) T.Hammer & R.W.Davis (as Aerva artemisioides Vierh. & O.Schwartz)
# Antepione

Antepione is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, the geometer moths. The genus was described by Packard in 1876. They occur in North and Central America.
There are three species:
* Antepione imitata H. Edwards, 1884
* Antepione thisoaria (Guenée, 1857) - variable antepione
* Antepione tiselaaria (Dyar, 1912)
# Vengeance Is Mine (1916 film)

Vengeance Is Mine (German: Mein ist die Rache ) is a 1916 German silent crime film directed by Rudolf Meinert and starring Hans Mierendorff, Herr Forstner and Marie von Buelow. It was part of a popular series of films featuring the fictional detective Harry Higgs. It was the first screenplay written by Ewald André Dupont, who later went on to be a leading filmmaker.

## Cast

* Hans Mierendorff - Harry Higgs
* Herr Forstner - Graf Löwe
* Marie von Buelow
* Ernst Pittschau
* Erna Flemming
* Alice Ferron
* Stefanie Hantzsch
* Franz Ramharter
* Franz Verdier
* Johannes Müller
# Young for Eternity

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 71/100 (19 reviews) |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| The Guardian | |
| NME | (6/10) |
| PopMatters | (7/10) |
| Allmusic | |
| Prefix | |
| BBC | (Positive) |
| The A.V. Club | A− |
| E! | B+ |
| Slant | |
| Pitchfork Media | (6.6/10) |
| Rolling Stone | |
Young for Eternity is the debut studio album by British rock band the Subways. The album was released on 4 July 2005 by City Pavement/Infectious Records. It reached number 32 in the UK charts and was certified gold in January 2007 for shipments of 100,000 units and generated four UK Top 30 singles.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by The Subways

## Personnel

The Subways
* Billy Lunn – guitar, vocals, lyrics
* Charlotte Cooper – bass, vocals
* Josh Morgan – drums
Additional personnel
* Ian Broudie – producer, mixer
* Jon Gray – engineer, mixer
* Stuart Nicholls – photography
* Sarh Foley – sleeve design
* Stage Three Music LTD. – publishing
# Vivian Coralie

Vivian Coralie (born 11 March 1962) is a Mauritian athlete. He competed in the men's decathlon at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# L'aut'journal

L'aut'journal (ISSN 0833-8965) is a French language newspaper distributed in Quebec freely and through subscription. It was founded in 1984 by political scientist and journalist Pierre Dubuc, and as of 2004 has a circulation of 35,000 copies.
It advocates Quebec sovereignty, democratic socialism and feminism, and strongly supports labour unions, from whom it receives most of its funding.
Many personalities voluntarily contribute to l'aut'journal, including:
* Élaine Audet
* Mario Beaulieu
* Roméo Bouchard
* André Bouthillier
* Michel Chartrand
* Michel Chossudovsky
* Paul Cliche
* Jean-Claude Germain
* Michel Lapierre
* Marc Laviolette
* François Parenteau
* Paul Rose
* Charles Castonguay
# Treaty of Lewistown

On August 3, 1829, members of the Shawnee Indians and the Seneca Indians signed the Treaty of Lewistown with the United States. In this treaty, Senecas and Shawnees living at Lewistown, Ohio, relinquished their claim to the land and joined the rest of the Ohio Senecas already living on a reservation west of the Mississippi River.
The United States government granted this group of about three hundred Indians 60,000 acres (240 km$^2$) of land in the west and a six thousand dollar advance on the sale of their Ohio lands. In addition, the United States presented the natives with blankets, plows, axes, hoes, rifles, and other supplies.
On July 20, 1831, James B. Gardiner, acting on behalf of U.S. President Andrew Jackson, signed the treaty which stipulated, in part: