OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tree spade

A tree spade is a specialized machine that mechanizes the transplanting of large plants whose hand-powered transplanting (using traditional spades, wagons, and other equipment) would be prohibitively laborious. These include large bushes and small or medium trees. By bringing mechanized power to what was formerly only a manual process, tree spades do for transplanting what tractors and combine harvesters do for agriculture, and what excavators and other heavy equipment do for construction. Today, tree spades are widely used in the tree nursery industry to increase production rates, and in the landscaping industry for tree removal and transplanting.
A typical machine consists of a number of blades (generally 3 or 4, but single or dual blade designs also exist) that encircle the tree, digging into the ground and then lifting the entire tree, including its roots and soil (in what is termed a "root ball"), out of the ground and replanting or transplanting the whole tree in the designated area. Similar machines can also be used for placing trees in pots or baskets for commercial tree nursery operations. Tree spades are available in a wide variety of sizes and designs that are made to suit varied soil conditions and customer requirements. Typical design variations can include straight vs curved blades, root ball diameter, root ball depth, and root ball cone angle.
The machines can be mounted on a tractor or loader for moving trees a short distance, or on the back of a truck for relocating trees over the highway a long distance away. For tree nursery operations, tree spades are also sometimes mounted on excavators, though this is less common due to the weight capacity requirements of manipulating the machine along with an excavated tree. For transport on public roads, the spade tilts the tree to a near-horizontal position in order to clear overhead bridges and cables.
A 'tree moving machine' was patented by Howard E. Crawford, of Detroit (Redford Township) in 1961. The patent application was in February of 1958 and the patent was approved and published on July 4, 1961.
The first tree spade at Opitz was built in 1971. Special machinery in tree nursery did exist before including the treedigger variants which are still more common to transplant smaller trees.
# Tree snake

Tree snake is a common name for several snakes and may refer to:
* Boiga irregularis, the brown tree snake, native to Australia, Indonesia, and New Guinea, and notable as an invasive species in Guam
* Dendrelaphis, a genus of snakes known as "tree snakes" in Australia
* Imantodes, a genus of snakes native to Central and South America
# Wheeler High School

Wheeler High School may refer to:
* Wheeler High School (Connecticut) — North Stonington, Connecticut
* Wheeler High School (Indiana) — Valparaiso, Indiana
* Wheeler High School (Fossil, Oregon)
* Wheeler Central High School — Bartlett, Nebraska
* Wheeler High School (Georgia) — Marietta, Georgia
* Wheeler High School (Mississippi) — Booneville, Mississippi
* Wheeler High School (Texas) — Wheeler, Texas
# 26th meridian

26th meridian may refer to:
* 26th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian
* 26th meridian west, a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian
# Al-Asadi v. Bush

Al-Asadi v. Bush, No. 1:05-cv-02197, is a writ of habeas corpus filed on behalf of Guantanamo detainee Mohammed Ahmed Ali Al Asadi before US District Court Judge Henry H. Kennedy. It was one of over 200 habeas corpus petitions filed on behalf of detainees held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba.

## Military Commissions Act

The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system, so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed.

## Cited in other habeas petitions

Kennedy's ruling, lifting a stay imposed upon habeas petitions in 2005, pending the resolution of Boumediene v. Bush, was cited in several other habeas petitions.

## Boumediene v. Bush

On June 12, 2008, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system. And all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated. The judges considering the captives' habeas petitions would be considering whether the evidence used to compile the allegations the men and boys were enemy combatants justified a classification of "enemy combatant".

## Re-initiation

Al Asidi's petition was renewed, as a former captive seeking relief for his former detention. On July 3, 2008, US District Court Judge Thomas F. Hogan issued an order regarding former Guantanamo captives, who might seek relief for their former detentions. That order gave their attorneys until July 14 to respond with a brief status report, if they wanted to continue to proceed. Al Asadi's habeas petition was one of those on Justice Hogan's list.
On July 9, 2008, Zachary Katznelson filed a statement summarizing the status of this petition, and several others.
On July 14, 2008, Andrew I. Warden, a department of Justice official, submitted a motion requesting this and other petitions be dismissed.
# Updesh Kumar

Updesh Kumar is an Indian scientist who is the former Head of Mental Health, Follow-Up, and Technical Coordination Division at Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR), R & D Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Delhi. He specializes in the area of personality assessment, suicidal behavior, military psychology, counseling psychology, and health psychology. He was involved in the selection of officers for the Indian Armed Forces, and worked with DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Delhi for about three decades.

## Books

* Kumar, Updesh (2010). Suicidal Behaviour: Assessment of People-at-Risk. SAGE. ISBN 9788132102991.
* Kumar, Updesh (2012). Countering Terrorism: Psychosocial Strategies. SAGE. ISBN 9788132109594.
* Kumar, Updesh (2014). Understanding Suicide Terrorism: Psychosocial Dynamics. SAGE. ISBN 9789351500346.
* Kumar, Updesh (2015). Suicidal Behaviour: Underlying Dynamics. ROUTLEDGE, UK & USA. ISBN 9781138580213.
* Kumar, Updesh (2015). Positive Psychology: Applications in Work, Health and Well-being. PEARSON EDUCATION. ISBN 978-9332541313.
* Kumar, Updesh (2016). The Wiley Handbook of Personality Assessment. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-17344-1.
* Kumar, Updesh (2016). The Routledge International Handbook of Psychosocial Resilience. ROUTLEDGE, UK & USA. ISBN 9781138954878.
* Kumar, Updesh (2017). Handbook of Suicidal Behaviour. Springer Nature, SINGAPORE. ISBN 9789811048159.
* Kumar, Updesh (2019). The Routledge International Handbook of Military Psychology and Mental Health. Routledge, the Taylor & Francis Group, UK & USA. ISBN 9780367237066.
* Kumar, Updesh (2020). Emotion, Well-Being, and Resilience; Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Applications. CRC Press & Apple Academic Press. ISBN 9781771888905.
# Jonathan B. Knudsen

Jonathan B. Knudsen (December 16, 1944 - August 28, 1999) was an American historian who specialized in 18th-century German history, a translator from German to English, and a professor of history at Wellesley College. He did his graduate work at the University of California, Berkeley and was the last advisee of Hans Rosenberg (who retired from Berkeley in 1972). His other graduate advisors were Gerald Feldman and Wolfgang Sauer (de).

## Life

Knudsen was from a working-class family and grew up in inner-city Detroit. In addition to studying at Berkeley, he spent many summers in Germany at the Max Planck Institute for History in Göttingen to conduct primary research. American mathematician Ted Hill met Knudsen in Germany in the '70s and has written about their encounter and friendship is his memoir, Pushing Limits.

## Academic Work

Knudsen has written the first and only monograph in English about the life and work of German social theorist Justus Möser. He also translated from German to English the book "Germany in the Age of Absolutism", by German historian Rudolf Vierhaus (de).
Knudsen published research articles on Friedrich Meinecke and Christoph Friedrich Nicolai.
He served for many years in the editorial board for the Central European History journal, in which he published book reviews and translations.

## Career at Wellesley College

Knudsen joined the History Department of Wellesley College in 1976 and served as its chair from 1992-1996. He taught a variety of courses in European cultural history, modern German history, the philosophy of history, and the sociology of knowledge. In 1982, he received the inaugural Pinanski Prize for Excellence in Teaching.
# Jonathan Levin

Jonathan Levin may refer to:
* Jonathan Levin (economist) (born 1972), American economist and 13th president of Stanford University
* Jonathan Levin (footballer) (born 1993), Mexican footballer
* Jonathan Levin (teacher), son of Gerald M. Levin, murdered by one of his students
* Jon Levin (born 1966), guitarist
* Jonny Levin, character in List of Invisible Detective characters
# Bibio rufithorax

Bibio rufithorax is a species of March fly in the family Bibionidae.
# Caprinia castanealis

Caprinia castanealis is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.
It has a wingspan of 36mm.
# Caprinia periusalis

Caprinia periusalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Venezuela.
# Bhurum Bhurum

"Bhurum Bhurum" is a Marathi song from the soundtrack album of the 2021 comedy drama film Pandu, directed by Viju Mane. Written and composed by Avadhoot Gupte, who also sung the song with Vaishali Samant. The music video of the track is picturised on actors Bhau Kadam and Sonalee Kulkarni.

## Credits

Credits adapted from YouTube.
* Singer – Avadhoot Gupte & Vaishali Samant
* Composer – Avadhoot Gupte
* Assistant Music Composer – Nitin Dhole
* Lyricist – Avadhoot Gupte
* Arranger/Programmer – Avinash Lohar
* Live Rhythm – Prabhakar Mosamkar
* Recording Studio – Ajivasan Sounds/Audio Art
* Recording – Avdhut Wadkar/Ganesh Pokale
* Mixed And Mastered By Vijay Dayal

## Critical reception

Shaheen Irani of OTTPlay called it commercial song that comes as a welcome surprise after a dramatic moment. How he gets into trouble with the mother and wife fighting is well explored in the film.

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient (s) and Nominee (s) | Result |
| 2021 | Filmfare Awards Marathi | Best Lyricist | Avadhoot Gupte | Nominated |
| 2021 | Filmfare Awards Marathi | Best Female Playback Singer | Vaishali Samant | Nominated |
| 2021 | Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? | Favourite Song | "Bhurum Bhurum" | Nominated |
| 2021 | Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? | Favourite Singer – Male | Avadhoot Gupte | Nominated |
| 2021 | Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? | Favourite Singer – Female | Vaishali Samant | Nominated |
| 20a23 | Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar | Best Playback Singer – Male | Avadhoot Gupte | Nominated |
| 2022 | Radio City Cine Awards | Best Lyricist | Avadhoot Gupte | Nominated |
# Bignor Hill

Bignor Hill is a hill near Bignor in Sussex. The South Downs Way passes over the hill. Near the summit are the remains of a memorial to Toby Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, the secretary of the Cowdray Hounds; this is called Toby's Stone. There is an old Celtic legend that a dragon had its lair on top of the hill and its remains can be seen in the folds of the ground. The Roman road of Stane Street runs by the hill.
Barkhale Camp, a Neolithic causewayed enclosure, is on a southern slope of the hill. The hill is also home to a bowl barrow which is a rare intact example. Both are scheduled ancient monuments.
The hill is part of the Slindon Estate, and is managed by the National Trust. The Hill is a rare habitat of Chalk heathland.
# Capsodes flavomarginatus

Capsodes flavomarginatus is a species of plant bug belonging to the family Miridae, subfamily Mirinae.

## Distribution

This species can be found in most of Europe, but not in the very north. It is present in Belgium, British Isles, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland.

## Habitat

These bugs inhabit dry open lands, glades, damp woodlands, open marshes and the edges of woodlands.

## Description

Capsodes flavomarginatus can reach a length of 6.9–7.7 millimetres (0.27–0.30 in). Body of these bugs is quite elongated and the dorsal surface is covered with fine clear bristles. They are usually black or dark brown, with yellow-orange markings on the pronotum, scutellum and on the tips of the hemielytra. Membrane is dark brown. Legs are black or dark brown, often with bright rings.

## Biology

The adult bugs can be found from May to August. They are often found on common cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense). They feed mostly on members of the Faboideae (Papilionaceae), notably clover (Trifolium), vetches (Vicia), Cytisus scoparius, Sarothamnus scoparius and deervetches (Lotusspecies). A recorded host plant is also Quercus pedonculata (Fagaceae). These bugs are also predators, mainly on aphids and small fles. The eggs overwinter.
# Capsomere

The capsomere is a subunit of the capsid, an outer covering of protein that protects the genetic material of a virus. Capsomeres self-assemble to form the capsid.
Subunits called protomers aggregate to form capsomeres. Various arrangements of capsomeres are: 1) Icosahedral, 2) Helical, and 3) Complex.
1) Icosahedral- An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 faces. Two types of capsomeres constitute the icosahedral capsid: pentagonal (pentons) at the vertices and hexagonal (hexons) at the faces. There are always twelve pentons, but the number of hexons varies among virus groups. In electron micrographs, capsomeres are recognized as regularly spaced rings with a central hole.
2) Helical- The protomers are not grouped in capsomeres, but are bound to each other so as to form a ribbon-like structure. This structure folds into a helix because the protomers are thicker at one end than at the other. The diameter of the helical capsid is determined by characteristics of its protomers, while its length is determined by the length of the nucleic acid it encloses.
3) Complex- e.g., that exhibited by poxvirus and rhabdovirus. This group comprises all those viruses which do not fit into either of the above two groups. When the viral particle has entered a host cell, the host cellular enzymes digest the capsid and its constituent capsomeres, thereby exposing the naked genetic material (DNA/RNA) of the virus, which subsequently enters the replication cycle.
The capsomeres protect against physical, chemical, and enzymatic damage and are multiply redundant; having a few protein subunits that are repeated. This is because the viral genome is being as economic as possible by only needing a few protein codons to make a large structure. One of the major functions of a capsid is to introduce the enclosed viral genome into host cells by adsorbing readily to host cell surfaces.
# Jonathan Stanbury

Jonathan Stanbury (born 8 March 1951) is a British fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Jonathan Trevethick

Jonathan Trevethick (1864 – 16 October 1939) was a New Zealand politician. He was a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 1930 to 1939.

## Biography

He was born in Lostwithiel, Cornwall, and educated at Lostwithiel School. He emigrated to New Zealand with his wife Edith in 1888, and joined his brother Charles, who had a brushmaking business in Lower Hutt. He married Edith, daughter of William Higgs in 1887 in Cornwall. They had two sons and four daughters. In 1892 he moved to Auckland and established a brushmaking business there. He was a member of the Liberal Party, serving for a time as party president, and a member of the Auckland City Council from 1910 to 1921.
He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 11 June 1930 by the United Government; his term was to 10 June 1937. He was reappointed to the council by the Labour Government on 22 September 1937, and remained on it until his death in 1939.
In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.
Trevethick died at his home in Auckland on 16 October 1939 aged 75 years after an illness of several months, and was buried at Purewa Cemetery.
# Joseph Blás de Gainza

Joseph Blás de Gainza (c.1725-1790s) was a Spanish merchant, military man and politician, who served as mayor of Buenos Aires.

## Biography

Gainza was born in Gipuzkoa, Spain, the son of Pedro de Gainza and Teresa de Leyza. He was married to María Teresa de Eguía y San Martín, daughter of Juan de Eguía, born in Navarra, and Jerónima Isabel de San Martín, belonging to an illustrious family of Buenos Aires.
Joseph Blás de Gainza was consul of the Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires, and served as alcalde of first vote of the city on two occasions. His first term was in 1763, and the second in 1779 during the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He was also acting mayor in substitution of Manuel Antonio Warnes.
# Joseph Blumenthal

Joseph Blumenthal may refer to:
* Joseph Blumenthal (character), one of the main characters in the novel The Hope by Herman Wouk
* Joseph Blumenthal (printer) (1897–1990), American printer and publisher, typographer, and book historian
* Joseph Blumenthal (politician) (1834–1901), member of the New York State Assembly
# Bicholi Hapsi

Bicholi Hapsi is a Census Town situated in Indore district of Madhya Pradesh, India.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Indian Census the "Bhicholi Hapsi Census Town" consists total population of 8,774 people amongst them 4,561 are males and 4,213 are females.
# Canton of Cadenet

The canton of Cadenet is a French former administrative division in the department of Vaucluse and region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It had 18,006 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015.
The canton comprised the following communes:
* Cadenet
* Cucuron
* Lauris
* Lourmarin
* Mérindol
* Puget
* Puyvert
* Vaugines
* Villelaure
# Canton of Béthune-Sud

The Canton of Béthune-Sud was one of the 14 cantons of the arrondissement of Béthune, in the Pas-de-Calais department, in northern France. It had 18,859 inhabitants in 2012. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015.
# Josef Markwart

Josef Markwart (originally spelled Josef Marquart: December 9, 1864 in Reichenbach am Heuberg – February 4, 1930 in Berlin) was a German historian and orientalist. He specialized in Turkish and Iranian Studies and the history of the Middle East.
The Encyclopædia Iranica wrote that "His books are full of profound and nearly inexhaustible erudition, revealing that their author was a learned historian, philologist, geographer, and ethnologist." The encyclopedia cited his 1901 book Ērānšahr as "still an authoritative work and probably his most important."

## Biography

He attended Tübingen University in Germany, where he studied Catholic theology, and then later switched his studies to classical philology and history. In 1889 he worked as an assistant to Eugen Prym, an orientalist author. His doctoral thesis Assyriaka des Ktesias was accepted and he graduated in 1892. In 1897 he began as a lecturer in ancient history.
In 1900 he moved to Leiden, The Netherlands and became a curator at the Museum Volkenkunde (Ethnographical Museum).
In 1902 he was appointed to the position of assistant professor for languages of the Christian Orient at Leiden University. In 1912 he moved to Berlin and became a full Professor of Iranian and Armenian studies at Berlin University. He taught in Berlin for the remainder of his life, even giving a noon lecture on the day of his death in 1930.
In 1922 he changed his last name from "Marquart" to "Markwart". The Encyclopædia Iranica stated that this paralleled "his tendency to make use of an idiosyncratic orthography in his writings."
His most famous pupil was the Italian Orientalist Giuseppe Messina.

## Works

* Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xoranacʽi (1901)
* Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge (1903, reprinted 1961)
* Südarmenien und die Tigrisquellen (1930)
* A catalogue of the provincial capitals of Ērānshahr (published posthumously, 1931)
# Joseph Congdon

Joseph Congdon may refer to:
* Joseph Whipple Congdon, American botanist
* Joseph M. Congdon, American lawyer and politician from New York
# Jonathan Harris (chartered surveyor)

Jonathan David Harris, CBE, (born 28 September 1941) qualified as a chartered surveyor in the United Kingdom and went on to become President of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors in 2000/2001. He is Founder and Chairman of the Harris Foundation for Lifelong Learning, and has received honours for his services to surveying and to further education.

## Career

Educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, Harris joined Pepper Angliss & Yarwood Chartered Surveyors in 1959 and became senior partner in 1974.
In 1964, he became a member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and became its president in 2000/2001. His contributions include bringing in the Incorporated Society of Auctioneers and Valuers, establishing RICS China and RICS USA, and helping to modernize the RICS at the turn of the century as part of its 'Agenda for Change'. An annual 'Harris Debate' has been held since 2013.
In 1981, Harris founded the Harris Foundation for Lifelong Learning (formerly the Continuing Professional Development Foundation, and later the Educational Foundation for Lifelong Learning). Its lecture programme was organized to provide learning opportunities for professionals. Later, the Institute of Continuing Professional Development was founded to recognize members who demonstrated commitment to learning. The institute and lecture programme were eventually gifted to the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.
During his career, Harris served in number of advisory groups. In 1998, he was a member of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's Real Estate Market Advisory Group. He was a member of the Bank of England's Property Advisory Group, 1999-2001. Harris served as part of the Council for Excellence in Management & Leadership's Professions Working Group, 2000-2002. He was also a member of the Inland Revenue's Modernising Stamp Duty – Technical Advisory Group.
Jonathan became a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Basketmakers in 1962 and a founder member of the Worshipful Company of Chartered Surveyors in 1977.

## After retirement

Harris has remained Chairman of The Harris Foundation for Lifelong Learning and is Chairman of the Cressida Group of Companies. He is also a member of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's Real Estate Marketing Group, Vice-Patron of the Commonwealth Housing Trust and a member of The London Philharmonic Orchestra's Advisory Council.
In 2018, Harris was appointed Vice Chair of the Counselors of Real Estate's European Chapter.

## Honours and awards

Harris was appointed as an Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1993 Birthday Honours for his services to further education. Subsequently, he was appointed a Commander of the British Empire in the 2002 Birthday Honours for his services to surveying.
In 1998, Harris was awarded an Honorary Doctorate, DLitt (Hon), from the University of Westminster.
In 2004, he gained the Careers Research & Advisory Centre’s 40th anniversary recognition award.
In 2009, he was awarded the James Landauer/John White prize from the Counselors of Real Estate.
# Bifurcitus magnus

Bifurcitus magnus is a species of beetles in the dytiscid subfamily Cybistrinae that occurs in South America.
# Bifurcitus lherminieri

Bifurcitus lherminieri, formerly Megadytes lherminieri, is a species in the genus Bifurcitus of large diving beetles found in the Neotropics.