OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Historian's fallacy

The historian's fallacy is an informal fallacy that occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision. It is not to be confused with presentism, a similar but distinct mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas (such as moral standards) are projected into the past. The idea was first articulated by British literary critic Matthew Arnold in 1880 and later named and defined by American historian David Hackett Fischer in 1970.

## Concept

The idea that a critic can make erroneous interpretations of past works because of knowledge of subsequent events was first articulated by Matthew Arnold. In his 1880 essay The Study of Poetry, he wrote:
   The course of development of a nation’s language, thought, and poetry, is profoundly interesting; and by regarding a poet’s work as a stage in this course of development we may easily bring ourselves to make it of more importance as poetry than in itself it really is, we may come to use a language of quite exaggerated praise in criticising it; in short, to overrate it. So arises in our poetic judgments the fallacy caused by the estimate which we may call historic.
The concept of the historian's fallacy was named and outlined in 1970 by David Hackett Fischer, who suggested it was analogous to William James's psychologist's fallacy. Fischer did not suggest that historians should refrain from retrospective analysis in their work, but he reminded historians that their subjects were not able to see into the future. As an example, he cited the well-known argument that Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor should have been predictable in the United States because of the many indications that an attack was imminent. What this argument overlooks, says Fischer, citing the work of Roberta Wohlstetter, is that there were innumerable conflicting signs which suggested possibilities other than an attack on Pearl Harbor. Only in retrospect do the warning signs seem obvious; signs that pointed in other directions tend to be forgotten. (See also hindsight bias.)
In the field of military history, historians sometimes use what is known as the "fog of war technique" in hopes of avoiding the historian's fallacy. In this approach, the actions and decisions of the historical subject (such as a military commander) are evaluated primarily on the basis of what that person knew at the time, and not on future developments that the person could not have known. According to Fischer, this technique was pioneered by the American historian Douglas Southall Freeman in his influential biographies of Robert E. Lee and George Washington.
# Hissarica

Hissarica is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Hissatsu Hitchū Shigotoya Kagyō

Hissatsu Hitchū Shigotoya Kagyō (必殺必中仕事屋稼業) is a Japanese television jidaigeki or period drama that was broadcast in 1975. It is the 5th in the Hissatsu series. This was the first entry in the Hissatsu series to air on NET Television's ANN network as franchise producer ABC switched to ANN during that year.

## Cast

* Ken Ogata : Shiranu Kaono Hanbei
* Ryūzō Hayashi : Masakichi
* Nobuto Okamoto : Risuke
* Mie Nakao : Oharu (Hanbei's wife)
* Mitsuko Kusabue : Osei She returns in Edo Professional Hissatsu Shōbainin (1978).
# Aku-Aku (mythology)

Aku-Aku ('Devil', 'Ghost' or 'Spirit'), also known as Aku, Akuaku or Varua, are humanoid spirits in Rapa Nui mythology of the Easter Island.
Aku-Aku are spirits of the dead, but they are not immortal and can be disposed of. They can be of either sex, and different Aku-Aku are associated with particular areas of the Easter Island. Some of the Aku-Aku are deified. They originally arrived onto the island with Hotu Matuꞌa, the legendary first settler of Easter Island. The original group of Aku-Aku who arrived with Hotu Matuꞌa numbered around 90, and were generally cannibalistic in nature.
Specific Aku-Aku includes:
* Uka-o-hoheru, female, who married the mortal Tupahotu
* Kava-ara and Kava-tua, females, who captured the mortal Uré-a-hohové until he was saved by another old Aku-Aku
* Mata-wara-ware and Papai-a-taki-vera, husband and wife, who capture human souls at night which would lead to their deaths
* Two Aku-Aku who were visited by Tu’u Koihu, son of Hotu Matuꞌa
Islanders who could communicate with Aku-Aku are known as koromaké or iva-atua. There were stories of iva-atuas being employed to dispose of particularly violent Aku-Aku. Aku-Aku was not particularly worshiped, but they were acknowledged before a meal was taken. It was said that Aku-Aku live off the aroma of a meal. A 'well-fed' and friendly Aku-Aku would participate in household chores for a family. When entering caves, which were thought to be their homes, ceremonial rituals such as umu tahu can be performed to ward off bad luck or misfortune.
# Aktyubinsky Uyezd

Aktyubinsky Uyezd (Актюбинский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Turgay Oblast of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the western part of the oblast. Its administrative centre was Aktyubinsk (Aktobe).

## Demographics

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Aktyubinsky Uyezd had a population of 115,215. Of these, 95.1% spoke Kazakh, 2.8% Russian, 0.9% Ukrainian, 0.7% Tatar, 0.3% Bashkir and 0.1% Mordvin as their native language.
# Wendell Pritchett

Wendell Eric Pritchett is an American legal scholar and academic. He is currently the James S. Riepe Presidential Professor of Law and Education at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. From February to June 2022, Pritchett served as interim president of the University of Pennsylvania; he is the first Black individual to serve as the university's president.
Pritchett previously served as Chancellor of Rutgers University–Camden (2009–2014), Interim Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School (2014-2015), and Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (2017–2022).

## Early life and education

Pritchett's father, also named Wendell Pritchett, was a classical pianist and public school teacher, and his mother Carolyn was a high school English teacher. Pritchett grew up in Society Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to which his family moved in 1967, and attended Friends Select School. He and his wife Anne Kringel, a native of Milwaukee, have two daughters. Kringel was the director of the legal research and writing program at the University of Pennsylvania Law School for 20 years.
He earned a B.A. in Political Science from Brown University in 1986. Pritchett earned a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1991, and became a member of the Pennsylvania Bar that year. From 1991 to 1992, he worked at the law firm Wolf, Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen. He earned a Ph.D. in history from the University of Pennsylvania in 1997 under the direction of Walter Licht.

## Career

For five years, from 1997 to 2002, Pritchett was an assistant professor of history at Baruch College of the City University of New York.
Pritchett was a University of Pennsylvania Law School professor from 2001 to 2009, and is the Presidential Professor of Law and Education at the school.
Pritchett served as Chancellor of Rutgers University–Camden and Professor of Law and History from 2009-14. At the time of his appointment, Pritchett became the first Black Chancellor of the university.
In 2012, he was elected president of the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities. From 2014-2015, he served as interim dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School and as a presidential professor.
In 2017, Pritchett was named Provost of the University of Pennsylvania; he served in the role through July 2021.
Pritchett has written two books and many articles on urban history and policy, especially in the areas of housing, race relations, land use, and economic development. His first book was Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews and the Changing Face of the Ghetto (University of Chicago Press, 2002). His second book was Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer (University of Chicago Press, 2008).
# Historia de amor

Historia de amor is the first compilation album of the duet of contemporary Christian music Tercer Cielo. The album was released in 2009 of independent form. The compilation contains songs from all the studio albums of the duet published from 2000 until 2008: En ti (2000), Tercer Cielo (2002), Ahora tengo más (2005), Llueve (2007) and Hollywood (2008).

## Credits

* Juan Carlos Rodríguez: Producer, composer, recording, music, voice.
* Evelyn Herrera: Voice.
* Marcos Yaroide: Composer, voice.
* Lilly Goodman: Voice, artist invited
* Joseph García: Producer, recording.
* Snider Espinoza: Producer, recording.
# Alasdair Boyle

Alasdair Hugh Wilson Boyle (born Glasgow, (1945-09-30) 30 September 1945 (age 79)) was a Scottish rugby union player. He played as a number eight.
He also played for London Scottish FC.
He had 6 caps for Scotland, from 1966 to 1968, scoring 1 try, 3 points on aggregate. He played in two Five Nations Championship competitions, in 1966 and 1967.
His brother Cameron Boyle was also capped for Scotland.
# Woodsiaceae

Woodsiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae. The family can also be treated as the subfamily Woodsioideae of a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae sensu lato. In PPG I, the family contained only one genus, Woodsia. In 2020, Physematium was split off from Woodsia on the basis of molecular phylogenetic evidence. As of June 2023, Plants of the World Online continued to treat Physematium as a synonym of Woodsia.

## Taxonomy

Woodsiaceae formerly included the members of the families Athyriaceae and Diplaziopsidaceae, but analysis has consistently shown that they should be treated as separate families. The following cladogram for the suborder Aspleniineae (as eupolypods II), based on Lehtonen (2011), and Rothfels et al. (2012), shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between the Woodsiaceae and the other families of the Aspleniineae.
A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2020 largely confirmed the position of the family. It included 122 accessions representing about 43 species then placed in the sole genus Woodsia. It showed that Woodsia was deeply divided into two clades, which the authors recognized as two genera Physematium and Woodsia.

### Genera

As of June 2023, World Ferns accepted three genera:
* Physematium Kaulf.
* Woodsia R.Br.
* × Woodsimatium Li Bing Zhang, N.T.Lu & X.F.Gao = Woodsia × Physematium

## Distribution

Species of Woodsia are native to northern North America and Eurasia, and further south in the east of Asia, from western mainland China to Taiwan. Although the distributions overlap, species of Physematium generally have a more southern distribution, being found further south in North America and in northern South America as well as in Asia, with a few species in Africa and Madagascar.
# Tasa de Laso de la Vega

Tasa de Laso de la Vega or Rate of Laso de la Vega, a new tax rate dictated in 1635 by the Royal Governor of Chile Francisco Laso de la Vega. It said that the natives of the encomiendas were free to pay their tribute in money, labor or in gold species at an annual amount of 10 pesos, that was equivalent to 40 days of forced labor. Nevertheless, this rule was rarely actually applied and the native laborers did not see improvement in their conditions.
# Trell Hooper

John Lutrell Hooper (born December 22, 1961) is a former American football defensive back. He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the eighth round of the 1986 NFL draft. He played for the Miami Dolphins in 1987.
# Viscount Monckton of Brenchley

Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, of Brenchley in the County of Kent, is a hereditary title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 February 1957 for the lawyer, Conservative politician and former Minister of Defence, Sir Walter Monckton. His son, the second viscount, was a major-general in the British Army. As of 2018 the title is held by the latter's eldest son, the third viscount, who succeeded in 2006. He is a journalist known for his denial of climate change, for his work for The Heartland Institute and as the creator of the Eternity puzzle.
Rosa Monckton, Baroness Monckton of Dallington Forest, a life peer, is the only daughter of the second viscount and a sister of the present viscount.

## Viscounts Monckton of Brenchley (1957)

* Walter Turner Monckton, 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley (1891–1965)
* Gilbert Walter Riversdale Monckton, 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley (1915–2006)
* Christopher Walter Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley (b. 1952)
The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother the Hon. Timothy David Robert Monckton (b. 1955). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Dominic Walter Monckton (b. 1985).
Coat of arms of Viscount Monckton of Brenchley :
* CrestA martlet Or.
* Escutcheon1st & 4th Sable on a chevron between three martlets Or three mullets Sable (Monckton) 2nd & 3rd Or a chevron Gules a chief Vair (St Quintin).
* SupportersOn either side a horse Argent crined and unguled Or gorged with a chain Gold pendant therefrom an escutcheon Sable charged with a roses also Argent barbed and seeded Proper quartering St Quintin (Gules a chevron Or a chief Vair).
* MottoFamam Extendere Factis
* BadgeWithin an annulet a martlet Or.
# Ashfall

Ashfall may refer to:
* Ash fall, a volcanic phenomenon
* Ashfall Fossil Beds, a protected area in Nebraska, United States
* Ashfall (film), a 2019 South Korean film
# Aleksandr Alekseyev

Aleksandr Alekseyev (Алексеев, Александр) or Alexander Alexeev may refer to:
* Aleksandr Alekseyev (boxer) (born 1981), Russian cruiserweight boxer
* Aleksandr Alekseyev (footballer), (born 1989), Russian footballer
* Alexander Alexeyev (diplomat) (1913–1989), Soviet intelligence agent
* Alexander Alexeyev (ice hockey) (born 1999), Russian ice hockey player
* Aleksandr Alekseyev (ice hockey, born 1968), Belarusian ice hockey player
* Alexandre Alexeieff (1901–1982), Russian-born French illustrator
* Alexander Alexeev (conductor), (1938–2020), Russian conductor
# 2019 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship

The 2019 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship was originally to be the qualifying tournament for FIBA Asia at the 2020 FIBA Under-17 Basketball World Cup. The tournament would have been held in Beirut, Lebanon from 5 to 12 April 2020. The top four teams would have represented FIBA Asia at the Under-17 Basketball World Cup in Bulgaria. However it was cancelled by FIBA due to the coronavirus pandemic in China. Instead it was determined by FIBA rankings.

## Qualification

Each of FIBA Asia's six subzones gets one berth or two each, and FIBA Oceania gets 2 births. The remaining 4 births include one host nation and three for the subzones contributed by the top 3 Asian nations of the previous champion.
Allocation of Berths :
| Subzone | Automatic Qualifier | Berths as top 3 Asian teams from last championship | Host | Total |
| Central Asia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| East Asia | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| Persian Gulf | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| South Asia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Southeast Asia | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| West Asia | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| FIBA Oceania | 2 | — | — | 2 |
| Total | 12 | 3 | 1 | 16 |
The host nation and the defending champion are qualified automatically and take one berth from their own subzones.

### Qualified teams

Here are the list of the qualified teams:
Included are the teams' FIBA World Rankings prior to the tournament (as of 7 December 2018).
| Event | Date | Location | Vacancies | Qualified |
| Host nation | 4 February 2020 | N/A | 1 | Lebanon (47) |
| Defending champions | 2–8 April 2018 | Foshan | 1 | Australia (10) |
| Central Asia Qualifiers | 20–22 May 2019 | Taraz | 1 | Kazakhstan (64) |
| East Asia Qualifiers | N/A | N/A | 4 | China (14) South Korea (18) Japan (25) Chinese Taipei (34) |
| GBA Qualifiers | 27–31 August 2018 | Dubai | 2 | Saudi Arabia (82) Kuwait (69) |
| 2018 FIBA Under-15 Oceanian Championship | 4–8 December 2018 | Port Moresby | 1 | New Zealand (28) |
| South Asia Qualifiers | 3–5 July 2019 | Dhaka | 1 | India (52) |
| Southeast Asia Qualifiers | N/A | N/A | 3 | Philippines (30) Thailand (69) Indonesia (72) |
| West Asia Qualifiers | 28 July–1 August 2018 | Gorgan | 2 | Iran (26) Syria (72) |
# V-class Melbourne tram

The V-class was a class of five trams built by Duncan & Fraser, Adelaide from JG Brill Company kits for the North Melbourne Electric Tramway & Lighting Company (NMET) as numbers 11-15. All passed to the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board on 1 August 1922 when it took over the NMET becoming the V-class and renumbered 212-216.

## Preservation

One has been preserved:
* 214 as part of the VicTrack heritage fleet at Hawthorn depot
# Girling

Girling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Arthur Girling (1807 – 1849), English cricketer and umpire.
* Barry Girling (1858–1948), Welsh rugby player
* Brian Girling (born 1938), British sports shooter
* Frank Aldous Girling (1898–1966), English farmer, photographer and amateur archaeologist
* Julie Girling (born 1956), MEP for South West England; Conservative Party then independent
* Mary Girling (1827–1886), English religious leader
* Richard Girling, British journalist
* Sheila Girling aka Sheila May Girling, Lady Caro (1924 – 2015), British artist
* William Girling (1882–1973), New Zealand Reform Party Member of Parliament
# Transworld identity

Transworld identity is the idea that the same object exists in multiple possible worlds. It is a controversial notion within metaphysics.
# Trechus turukensis

Trechus turukensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov & Kabak in 1992.
# Uranium carbide

Uranium carbide, a carbide of uranium, is a hard refractory ceramic material. It comes in several stoichiometries (x differs in UC$_x$), such as uranium methanide (UC, CAS number 12070-09-6), uranium sesquicarbide (U$_2$C$_3$, CAS number 12076-62-9), and uranium acetylide (UC$_2$, CAS number 12071-33-9).
Like uranium dioxide and some other uranium compounds, uranium carbide can be used as a nuclear fuel for nuclear reactors, usually in the form of pellets or tablets. Uranium carbide fuel was used in late designs of nuclear thermal rockets.
Uranium carbide pellets are used as fuel kernels for the US version of pebble bed reactors; the German version uses uranium dioxide instead.
As nuclear fuel, uranium carbide can be used either on its own, or mixed with plutonium carbide (PuC and Pu$_2$C$_3$). The mixture is also labeled as uranium-plutonium carbide ( (U,Pu)C ).
Uranium carbide is also a popular target material for particle accelerators.
Ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen is sometimes accomplished in the presence of uranium carbide acting as a catalyst.
# Uzun Yusuf

Uzun Yusuf is the name of a local Football pitch in Istanbul, in the Fındıkzade area. Its length and height is 26x48.
Since 2006 there have been a few tournaments taking place in Uzun Yusuf. They include: Şefu Tournament and TSL Tournament.
# Trashman

Trashman may refer to the following:
* Trashman (character), a fictional character and eponymous comic book created by Spain Rodriguez
* Trashman (video game), a 1984 video game for the ZX Spectrum
* The Trashmen, a band from Minneapolis, Minnesota
* Waste collector, the occupation
# 2020 Italian Athletics Championships

The 2020 Italian Athletics Championships are the 110th edition of the Italian Athletics Championships and took place in Padua — instead of La Spezia as initially scheduled before the COVID-19 pandemic.
10 running events are held later 17–18 October 2020, in Campo Scuola Atletica, Modena, for all the long-distance events (1500m and more, walking races), with the 10km (track) previously in Vittorio Veneto.
The only National Record set during these Championships was the Italian Junior record by Rachele Mori (born 2003) with 65.03 m, second at Hammer Throw, but the Championships Record of 21.99 m by Leonardo Fabbri was considered as the best mark of all the first phase.
The best performance of the second phase, called Festa dell’Endurance in Modena, was the National Best on 10 km walk (road) by Antonella Palmisano.

## Champions

First title at senior level for Larissa Iapichino at the Italian championships 2020.
Track events :
| Event | Men | Performance | Women | Performance |
| 100 m | Marcell Jacobs | 10.10 (+3.3) | Zaynab Dosso | 11.35 (+2.2) |
| 200 m | Antonio Infantino | 20.71 (+0.3) | Dalia Kaddari | 23.30 PB (-0.1) |
| 400 m | Edoardo Scotti | 45.77 | Alice Mangione | 52.70 PB |
| 800 m | Simone Barontini | 1:48.16 | Elena Bellò | 2:04.01 |
| 1500 m (Modena) | Joao Bussotti | 3:47.51 | Eleonora Vandi | 4:18.39 |
| 5000 m (Modena) | Ala Zoghlami | 14:04:44 | Nadia Battocletti | 15:46.26 PB |
| 10000 m (Vittorio V., 27 Sep.) | Osama Zoghlami | 29:07.27 | Valeria Straneo | 32:55.25 SB |
| 110/100 m hs | Lorenzo Perini | 13.53 (+1.7) | Luminosa Bogliolo | 13.02 (-0.2) |
| 400 m hs | Mario Lambrughi | 49.84 SB | Ayomide Folorunso | 56.47 |
| 3000 m st (Modena) | Ala Zoghlami | 8:26.22 | Martina Merlo | 9:59.54 |
| 4 × 100 m relay | Athletic Club 96 Alperia Antonio Infantino Jacques Riparelli Alessandro Monte Kevin Giacomelli | 41.25 | Atletica Brescia 1950 [it] Chiara Melon Gaia Pedreschi Alessia Niotta Alessia Pavese | 45.44 |
| 4 × 400 m relay | Atletica Futura Roma Alessandro Galati Casimiro Sciscione Osaremen Ozigbo Mario Di Giambattista | 3:12.94 | Centro Sportivo Esercito Marta Milani Valentina Cavalleri Maria Benedicta Chigbolu Raphaela Lukudo | 3:34.80 |
| Road events |||||
| 10 km walk (road) (Modena) | Francesco Fortunato | 39:06 PB | Antonella Palmisano | 41:28 NB |
| Field events |||||
| High jump | Gianmarco Tamberi | 2.28 m | Elena Vallortigara | 1.88 m |
| Pole vault | Max Mandusic | 5.40 m | Roberta Bruni | 4.30 m |
| Long jump | Filippo Randazzo | 7.77 m (+2.2) | Larissa Iapichino | 6.32 m (-1.7) |
| Triple jump | Andrea Dallavalle | 16.79 m SB (+1.1) | Dariya Derkach | 13.56 m SB (-1.2) |
| Shot put | Leonardo Fabbri | 21.99 m CR PB | Chiara Rosa | 16.55 m |
| Discus throw | Giovanni Faloci | 61.87 m | Daisy Osakue | 58.26 m |
| Hammer throw | Marco Lingua | 71,98 m | Sara Fantini | 68.50 m |
| Javelin throw | Norbert Bonvecchio | 74.64 m SB | Carolina Visca | 55.57 m |
| Combined |||||
| Decathlon/Heptathlon | Dario Dester | 7652 pts | Sveva Gerevini | 5741 pts SB |
# Stanići

Stanići may refer to:
* Stanići, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a village near Derventa
* Stanići, Croatia, a village near Omiš
* Stanići, Kapela, a village in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, Croatia
# Vila Pavão

18°36′54″S 40°36′39″W﻿ / ﻿18.61500°S 40.61083°W﻿ / -18.61500; -40.61083 Vila Pavão is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. Its population was 9,244 (2020) and its area is 433 km². East Pomeranian, a dialect of Low German, has co-official status in Vila Pavão.