# Timeline of Kraków

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kraków, Poland.

## Prior to 16th century

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* 1000 - Catholic diocese of Kraków established.
* 1038 - Capital of Poland relocated from Gniezno/Poznań to Kraków.
* 1044 - Benedictine Abbey of Tyniec [pl] established in Tyniec near Kraków.
* 1079 - Capital of Poland relocated from Kraków to Płock.
* 1138
** Capital of Poland relocated from Płock back to Kraków.
** Kraków becomes the capital of the newly formed Seniorate Province.
* 1142 - Cathedral built (approximate date).
* 1241 - Kraków sacked by Mongol forces during the first Mongol invasion of Poland.
* 1257 - The town granted Magdeburg rights, signing of Lokacja Krakowa [pl].
* 1290 - Town captured by Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.
* 1306 - Kraków taken by Władysław Łokietek.
* 1313 - Kraków Town Hall built (approximate date).
* 1315 - 27 June: Polish-Danish-Norwegian-Swedish alliance concluded in Kraków.
* 1320
** 20 January: Coronation of Władysław I Łokietek as King of Poland in the Wawel Cathedral, as the first Polish king to be crowned in Kraków.
** Kraków becomes the official coronation site for the kings of Poland.
* 1333
** Burial of Władysław I Łokietek in the Wawel Cathedral as the first Polish king to be buried there.
** Wawel Cathedral becomes the official burial site for the kings of Poland.
* 1364
** 12 May: Cracow Academy founded.
** 22–27 September: Congress of Kraków.
** Wawel Cathedral and Collegium Maius built.
* 1384 - 16 October: Royal coronation of Queen Jadwiga of Poland in the Wawel Cathedral.
* 1386
** 15 February: Baptism of Władysław II Jagiełło in the Wawel Cathedral.
** 18 February: Royal wedding of Władysław II Jagiełło and Jadwiga of Poland.
** 4 March: Royal coronation of Władysław II Jagiełło in the Wawel Cathedral.
* 1390 - Public clock installed (approximate date).
* 1395 - Kraków Cloth Hall built.
* 1397 - St. Mary's Basilica built.
* 1399 - Burial of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Princess Elizabeth Bonifacia in the Wawel Cathedral.
* 1407 - Synagogue built in Kazimierz.
* 1417 - Royal coronation of Elizabeth Granowska as Queen consort of Poland in the Wawel Cathedral.
* 1420 - Bellmakers guild established.
* 1443 - Earthquake, which caused damage to the Saint Catherine Church.
* 1491
** Paper mill established in Prądnik Czerwony.
** Printing press in operation.
** Nicolaus Copernicus begins studies in Kraków.

## 16th to 18th centuries

* 1521 - Sigismund Bell installed in tower of Wawel Cathedral.
* 1525
** 8 April: Treaty of Kraków signed.
** 10 April: Prussian Homage.
* 1558 - Establishment of a permanent postal connection between Kraków and Venice; foundation of Poczta Polska. The organizer was the Italian Prospero Provana, and from 1569 the royal privilege was transferred to Valerian Montelupi.
* 1566 - Kraków arsenal [pl] built (near St. Florian's Gate).
* 1587 - Kraków besieged by Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria.
* 1596 - First acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scot (see also Scots in Poland).
* 1609 - Polish capital relocated from Kraków to Warsaw by Sigismund III Vasa (approximate date).
* 1610 - Bagel first mentioned.
* 1618 - Church of St. Adalbert rebuilt.
* 1619 - Saints Peter and Paul Church built.
* 1643 - Obergymnasium of St. Anna (school) built on St. Anna Street, Kraków [pl].
* 1655 - Siege of Kraków (1655) by Swedish forces.
* 1661 - Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny newspaper begins publication.
* 1702 - Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706): City taken by forces of Charles XII of Sweden.
* 1703 - Church of St. Anne rebuilt.
* 1768
** City taken by Russian forces.
** St. Florian's Church rebuilt.
* 1775 - 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Polish Crown Army stationed in Kraków.
* 1781 - Theatre opens.
* 1783 - Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University founded.
* 1794
** 24 March: Kościuszko's proclamation against Russian rule occurs in Main Square.
** Polish 3rd Infantry Regiment stationed in Kraków.
** June: Prussians in power.
* 1795 - City annexed by Austria in the Third Partition of Poland.

## 19th century

* 1809 - City becomes part of the Duchy of Warsaw.
* 1810 - Population: 23,612.
* 1815 - Republic of Krakow established per Congress of Vienna.
* 1820 - Most of Kraków Town Hall demolished (except tower).
* 1823 - Kościuszko Mound completed.
* 1829 - Fryderyk Chopin visited Kraków.
* 1831 - City occupied by Russian forces.
* 1846
** February: Kraków Uprising against Austrian forces; Polish National Government (Kraków Uprising) [pl] established.
** November: City becomes part of Austria again; Grand Duchy of Cracow established.
* 1847 - Kraków Główny railway station built.
* 1848 - Czas [pl] newspaper begins publication.
* 1850
** 18 February: Archaeological Museum of Kraków established.
** 18 July: Kraków fire of 1850.
* 1851 - Population: 41,086.
* 1869 - July: Imprisonment of nun Barbara Ubryk [pl] discovered; unrest ensues.
* 1873 - School of Fine Arts and Academy of Learning active.
* 1879 - National Museum, Kraków established.
* 1883:
** The first ever liquefaction of oxygen and nitrogen performed by Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in Kraków
** Konstanty Schmidt-Ciążyński gifted his collection of engraved gems to National Museum in Kraków
* 1885 - Park Krakowski established.
* 1890 - Population: 76,025.
* 1893 - Municipal Theatre opens.
* 1898 - Mickiewicz monument installed in Main Square.
* 1900
** Nicolaus Copernicus Monument unveiled.
** Population: 91,310.

## 20th century
### 1900–1939

* 1904 - Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum opened.
* 1905 - Zielony Balonik literary cabaret begins in Jama Michalika on Floriańska Street.
* 1906 - Cracovia and Wisła Kraków football clubs founded.
* 1909 - Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra founded.
* 1910
** 15 July: Grunwald Monument unveiled.
** Population: 151,781.
* 1916 - Kino Sztuka [pl] (cinema) opens.
* 1917 - Formiści (art group) formed.
* 1918 - City becomes part of reborn Poland.
* 1919 - Wawel Kraków football club founded.
* 1920 - Population: 176,463.
* 1921
** Garbarnia Kraków football club founded.
** Cracovia wins its first Polish football championship.
* 1923 - Cracovia ice hockey team founded.
* 1927 - Wisła Kraków wins its first Polish football championship.
* 1929
** Kraków Zoo opens.
** Cracovia wins its first Polish men's basketball championship.
** Cracovia wins its first Polish women's basketball championship.
* 1930 - Wawel Castle museum established.
* 1931
** Kraków Philharmonic hall opens.
** Garbarnia Kraków wins its first Polish football championship.
** Population: 219,300.
* 1933
** Grupa Krakowska [pl] (art group) formed.
** Cracovia wins its first Polish men's volleyball championship.
* 1937 - Cracovia wins its first Polish ice hockey championship.

### World War II (1939–1945)

* 1939
** 6 September: German forces enter city.
** 12 September: The Einsatzgruppe zbV entered the city.
** 12 September: Execution of 10 Jews by the Germans.
** September: Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war established by the Germans.
** September: Organizacja Orła Białego underground Polish resistance organization founded.
** 4 November: City becomes seat of Nazi German General Government of occupied Poland.
** 6 November: 183 Polish professors and lecturers arrested by the Germans during Sonderaktion Krakau.
** 9–10 November: Mass arrests of 120 Poles, incl. teachers, students and judges, during the Intelligenzaktion.
* 1939–1940 - Massacres of over 1,700 Poles at Fort 49 of the Kraków Fortress and the adjacent forest.
* 1940
** 30 March: Mass arrests of Poles during the AB-Aktion.
** July: Dulag camp dissolved.
* 1941 - March: Kraków Ghetto of Jews established by occupying Germans.
* 1942
** 15 April: Baudienst forced labour camp established by the Germans.
** 5 June: Stalag 369 [pl] prisoner-of-war camp for Dutch, Belgian and French POWs established by the Germans.
** Local branch of the Żegota underground Polish resistance organization established to rescue Jews from the Holocaust.
** October: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp established by the Germans.
* 1943 - March: Liquidation of the Kraków Ghetto.
* 1944
** 22 July: Baudienst forced labour camp dissolved.
** 6 August: Stalag 369 camp dissolved.
** Deportations of Poles by the occupiers from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków to Kraków during and following the Warsaw Uprising.
* 1945
** January: Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp evacuated by the occupiers and dissolved.
** January: Russians take city; German occupation ends.

### 1945–2000

* 1945 – Historical Museum of Kraków established.
* 1946 - Krakow Polytechnic established.
* 1949
** Gazeta Krakowska newspaper begins publication.
** Development of Nowa Huta area begins.
* 1950
** Bunkier Sztuki Contemporary Art Gallery [pl] founded.
** Population: 347,500.
* 1951 - Polish Academy of Sciences' Division of Medicinal Plants established.
* 1954
** Lenin Steelworks begins operating.
** Opera Krakowska founded.
** Wisła Kraków wins its first Polish men's basketball championship.
* 1955
** Cricot 2 theatre group formed.
** Population: 428,231.
* 1956
** 28 October: Start of mass blood donation for the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (see also Hungary–Poland relations).
** Raising of funds, food and medical supplies for the Hungarians.
** 30 October, 5 November: Protests against the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian Revolution.
* 1959
** Krzysztofory Gallery and Kino Mikro (cinema). open.
** Wawel Kraków wins its first Polish women's basketball championship.
** Wisła Kraków wins its first Polish women's volleyball championship.
* 1961 - Kraków Film Festival begins.
* 1963 - Wisła Kraków wins its first Polish women's basketball championship.
* 1964
** Balice Airport begins operating.
** Polish Aviation Museum established.
** Karol Wojtyła becomes Catholic archbishop.
* 1965 – Population: 520,145.
* 1967 - Kino Kijów [pl] (cinema) opens.
* 1973 - Tyniec becomes part of Kraków.
* 1974 - Population: 662,900.
* 1978
** May: Kraków co-hosts the 1978 UEFA European Under-18 Championship.
** Kraków Old Town designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* 1979 - Hutnik Kraków wins its first Polish handball championship.
* 1988
** Hutnik Kraków wins its first Polish men's volleyball championship.
** Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków begins.
* 1990 - Czas Krakowski [pl] newspaper begins publication.
* 1993 - Institute for Strategic Studies established.
* 1997 - Cracow Klezmer Band formed.
* 1998 - Andrzej Maria Gołaś becomes mayor.
* 1999 - City becomes part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
* 2000 - City designated a European Capital of Culture.

## 21st century

* 2001 - Honorary Consulate of Norway opened.
* 2002 - Jacek Majchrowski becomes mayor.
* 2004
** 17 April: First khachkar in Poland unveiled.
** 7 May: First Kraków Equality March.
* 2006 - Galeria Krakowska shopping mall in business.
* 2008
** Kraków Fast Tram begins operating.
** International Festival of Independent Cinema Off Plus Camera begins.
* 2009
** Kino Agrafka [pl] (cinema) opens.
** Sister city relationship established with San Francisco, USA.
* 2010
** 1 February: Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków opened.
** 18 April: State funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński.
** 10 June: Oskar Schindler's Enamel Factory museum opened.
** 17 July: Ignacy Jan Paderewski monument erected in Strzelecki Park, Kraków [pl].
** 30 September: Bernatek Footbridge [pl] opened.
* 2012 - Population: 758,300.
* 2013
** 8–9 October: Arraiolos Group meeting held.
** Air pollution in Krakow reaches annual mean of 37 PM2.5 and 51 PM10, more than recommended.
* 2014
** May: Tauron Arena opens.
** May: Kraków referendum, 2014 held; Kraków bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics withdrawn.
* 2016
** January: Kraków co-hosts the 2016 European Men's Handball Championship.
** 13–17 July: Kraków hosts the final round of the 2016 FIVB Volleyball World League.
** 26–31 July: Kraków hosts the World Youth Day 2016.
* 2017
** June: Kraków co-hosts the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.
** August–September: Kraków co-hosts the 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship.
* 2021
** June: Honorary Consulate of Peru opened.
** September: Kraków co-hosts the 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship.
* 2023
** January: Kraków co-hosts the 2023 World Men's Handball Championship.
** June–July: Kraków hosts the 2023 European Games.