OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jules Chapon

Jules Chapon (4 September 1914 – 6 January 2007) was a Dutch artist who moved to France in 1973.

## Biography

Jules was born in Heemstede as the son of Barend Chapon, an Amsterdam stockbroker who was a member of the Heemstede city council as well as boardmember of the Haarlem Jewish community. His father became a member of the newly formed Heemstede building society Tuinwijk Zuid in 1918 and moved there when this project, designed by the architect J.B. van Loghem, was completed in 1923. One of Jules' first paintings of the back gardens of these houses was probably painted from his bedroom window. Though Chapon first began a career at the brokerage of his father, he took painting lessons from Kees Verwey.

## War years

His father was picked up and was executed by the Germans on 2 February 1943 along with 9 other innocent victims as retaliation for the murder of a German officer on the Verspronckweg on 30 January. This execution virtually wiped out the remaining leaders of the Jewish Community in Haarlem. Jules fled through the backyard when the rest of his family was picked up for deportation the same day. His mother, brother, and two sisters were brought via the Hollandsche Schouwburg and Westerbork to Auschwitz where they were killed. Only Jules and his sister Selma, who had been working that day, survived the war. After the war they returned to their house in Tuinwijk Zuid, which had been occupied by Jan Nederkoorn, the same man who had denounced his father and been the direct cause for the deaths of his mother and siblings. After the war Nederkoorn was tried and received the death sentence for war crimes, but only served five years. When the wife of this man came calling in the company of a police officer to collect belongings she claimed to have left behind, Jules' sister slammed the door in her face.

## Career as artist

Jules had sketched during the war to while away the time in hiding and afterwards he became an artist full-time. He took lessons from Henri Frédéric Boot who lived across the street from the workshop he purchased to double as a gallery and in 1950 he had his first public exhibition in the Huis van Looy.
According to the RKD besides being a pupil of Boot and Verwey, Chapon became a member of the Haarlem artist society De Groep in 1951. In 1957 his wife Polly turned his informal art gallery into Galerie Espace, by partnering with Eva Bendien who brought sales experience and a network of connections in the art world of the time. Jules participated in more art shows in 1952, 1959, and 1962, but began creating large-scale monumental works that would not fit into a gallery and were usually created where they were commissioned. His wife left him in 1963 to start another art gallery in Brussels. In 1973 he emigrated to France where he married a second time and lived in Aquitaine until he died.
# BSE

BSE may refer to:

## Medicine

* Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as mad cow disease, a neurodegenerative disease of cattle
* Breast self-examination

## Stock exchanges

* Bahrain Stock Exchange, Bahrain
* Baku Stock Exchange, Azerbaijan
* Barbados Stock Exchange
* Beijing Stock Exchange, China
* Bombay Stock Exchange, Mumbai, India
* Boston Stock Exchange, Massachusetts, US
* Botswana Stock Exchange in Gaborone, Botswana
* Budapest Stock Exchange, Hungary
* Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia, BSE-Sofia

## Other uses

* Blueprint for a Safer Economy, California classification of safe practices within a lockdown economy
* Britain Stronger in Europe, a lobbying group
* Board of Secondary Education, Odisha, India
* Biological systems engineering
* Bury St Edmunds railway station (station code), Suffolk, England
* Backscattered electron (see scanning electron microscope)
* Blender Stack Exchange, a Q&A site for the Blender 3D software
* BSE (satellite), a Japanese satellite
* Bachelor of Science in Engineering, an undergraduate academic degree awarded to a student after 3-5 years of studying engineering at a university or college
* Black Sun Empire, a Dutch drum and bass group
* Bethe–Salpeter equation, an equation in quantum field theory
* Bendigo South East College, a secondary school in Victoria, Australia
* Banco de Seguros del Estado, a Uruguayan state-owned insurance company
* Sematan Airport (IATA code: BSE), an airport in Sarawak, Malaysia
# Afro Blue (choir)

Afro Blue is an a cappella jazz ensemble at Howard University, directed by Connaitre Miller. They have released 4 albums.

## Sing-Off

The version of Afro Blue that performed on The Sing-Off Season 3 went on to create the group Traces of Blue.
# Lineth Saborío Chaverri

María Lineth de la Trinidad Saborío Chaverri (born 4 November 1960) is a Costa Rican politician.

## Political career

She won the 2021 Social Christian Unity Party presidential primary. In the 2022 Costa Rican general election, she came in fourth place.
# Atrium String Quartet

Atrium String Quartet is a Russian string quartet and one of the leading young ensembles. Quartet founded in 2000 in St Petersburg. Atrium Quartet is the prize-winner of several International Competitions including First Prizes of IX London International String Quartet Competition in 2003 and VII Bordeaux International String Quartet Competition in 2007.

## Members

* Violin I: Nikita Boriso-Glebsky (from 2017)
Sergey Malov (2015-2017); Alexey Naumenko (2000-2015)
* Violin II: Anton Ilyunin, (since 2000)
* Viola: Dmitry Pitulko (since 2004); Dmitry Usov (2000-2004)
* Violoncello: Anna Gorelova (since 2000)
# Alborada

Alborada may refer to:
* Aubade, a song or poem concerning daybreak (alborada in Spanish)
* Alborada (TV series), a Mexican telenovela
* Alborada (horse) a British thoroughbred racehorse
* Alborada (film), a multilingual Sri Lankan film by Asoka Handagama about the life of Pablo Neruda
* Alborada (Perú), a Peruvian Andean music band
* Alborada, Jaltenco, State of Mexico
# Alexandra Ros

Alexandra Ros is a German analytical chemist who is a professor in both the School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Applied Structural Discovery at The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University. Her research considers microfluidic platforms and their use in analysis. She was awarded the 2020 Advancing Electrokinetic Science AES Electrophoresis Society Mid-Career Achievement Award.

## Early life and education

Ros was an undergraduate student at the Ruprecht-Karls University (now Heidelberg University) in Heidelberg. She majored in chemistry, and moved to the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) for doctoral research. Her doctoral research considered protein separation and analysis. After earning her doctorate, Ros moved to Bielefeld University, where she started to explore microfluidics. She completed her habilitation in 2007, and was awarded a Venia Legendi in experimental physics.

## Research and career

In 2008, Ros moved to the United States, where she was appointed to the faculty of Arizona State University. She was awarded a National Science Foundation CAREER Award. She was promoted to Associate Professor in 2014 and Professor in 2020. She spent 2015 as a Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Fellow at the University of Göttingen.
In 2018, Ros was awarded a Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) innovation prize. The award allowed her to explore serial femtosecond crystallography using X-ray free-electron laser (XFELs). Serial femtosecond crystallography, SFX, can unravel the complicated structures of proteins with femto-second time resolution. Ultra-short, high intensity X-ray pulses can determine high-resolution protein structures before causing damage to the sample, so-called “diffraction before destruction”. The X-ray exposure can destroy the crystals being examined, such that thousands of diffraction patterns from multiple crystals must be acquired to obtain a full data set. Ros pioneered the development of microfluidic devices for SFX-XFEL sample delivery.
Ros was awarded the 2020 FACSS Advancing Electrokinetic Science (AES) Electrophoresis Society Mid-Career Achievement Award for her work in electrophoresis and microfluidics.

## Selected publications

* Christopher Kupitz; Shibom Basu; Ingo Grotjohann; et al. (11 September 2014). "Serial time-resolved crystallography of photosystem II using a femtosecond X-ray laser". Nature. 513 (7517): 261–5. doi:10.1038/NATURE13453. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4821544. PMID 25043005. Wikidata Q27643986.
* Jan Regtmeier; Thanh Tu Duong; Ralf Eichhorn; Dario Anselmetti; Alexandra Ros (20 April 2007). "Dielectrophoretic manipulation of DNA: separation and polarizability". Analytical Chemistry. 79 (10): 3925–3932. doi:10.1021/AC062431R. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 17444613. Wikidata Q40221886.
* Wibke Hellmich; Jan Regtmeier; Thanh Tu Duong; Robert Ros; Dario Anselmetti; Alexandra Ros (1 August 2005). "Poly(oxyethylene) based surface coatings for poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels". Langmuir. 21 (16): 7551–7557. doi:10.1021/LA0510432. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 16042494. Wikidata Q46617612.
# 7 Colors

7 Colors (a.k.a. Filler) is a puzzle game, designed by Dmitry Pashkov. It was developed by the Russian company Gamos in 1991. The game was published by Infogrames for MS-DOS, Amiga, and NEC PC-9801.
# Licinius Crassus

Licinius Crassus may refer to:
* Lucius Licinius Crassus, Roman orator
* Marcus Licinius Crassus (disambiguation), Romans
** including, Marcus Licinius Crassus
* Publius Licinius Crassus (disambiguation), Romans
# Julia Budge House

The Julia Budge House was a historic house located at 57 W. 1st North in Paris, Idaho. The house was constructed in the 1890s for Julia Budge, one of the wives of Mormon leader William Budge. Julia Budge worked as the Paris telegraph operator and was an active member of the Paris Ladies' Relief Society. The house has a one-story cottage plan with Queen Anne details, including a trefoil bargeboard pattern, bracketed window heads, and pendant-shaped finials.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 18, 1982. It is one of four houses connected to the Budge family on the National Register; the other three are the Budge Cottage, the Alfred Budge House, and the Taft Budge Bungalow.
# Aviméta 88

The Aviméta 88 was an all-metal French two-seat reconnaissance-fighter or heavy fighter tested in 1927.

## Design and development

Aviméta, (Société pour la Construction d'Avions Métallique)‚ grew out of the Aeronautical Department of the Schneider-Creusot arms manufacturer. Both the frame and the corrugated covering of the Aviméta 88 were made from Alferium, an aluminium-iron alloy developed by Schneiders.
It was a parasol aircraft, with wings of constant chord and with slightly pointed, semi-elliptical tips. The thin-airfoil-section wings were built around two lattice girder spars and had a skin thickness of 300 μm. There was a large, trapezoidal cut-out in the trailing edge to improve the view from the cockpits. Its aileron hinges were set at a shallow angle to the trailing edge.
The wings were braced to the fuselage with a parallel pair of struts from the lower longerons to the spars at about mid-span assisted by N-form, cross-braced jury struts at right angles. Four very short struts from the upper fuselage longerons to the wing centre section formed a low cabane.
The square-section, rounded-cornered fuselage was built around these four longerons and a set of diagonally braced formers. The Aviméta's 444 kW (595 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Hb water-cooled V-12 engine was in a pointed nose, driving a two-blade propeller. There were two open cockpits, with the pilot forward at mid-chord and the gunner/observer behind in line with the trailing edge. Behind the cockpits the fuselage tapered rapidly in profile to a conventional empennage, with the tailplane mounted at mid-fuselage. Both horizontal and vertical surfaces were strongly tapered, particularly on the leading edges, with a broad tailplane and fin but with small, inset elevators and rudder. The Aviméta 88 had independent bungee-sprung wheels on legs enclosed in tapered trouser fairings attached to the lower longerons at the bottom of the wing struts.
The Aviméta 88 was on show at the December 1926 Paris Aero Salon. It may not have flown by that date, and rather little is known about its later history, though it gave a "pretty impressive" display at Villacoublay in September 1927. Development was terminated when the official call for a two-seat fighter-reconnaissance aircraft was rescinded.

## Specifications

Data from Flight (2 December 1926)
General characteristics
* Crew: two
* Length: 9.76 m (32 ft 0 in)
* Wingspan: 17.00 m (55 ft 9 in)
* Height: 3.55 m (11 ft 8 in)
* Wing area: 40 m$^2$ (430 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,550 kg (3,417 lb)
* Gross weight: 2,400 kg (5,291 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 310 kg (680 lb) (420 L (92 imp gal; 110 US gal)) in crash proof and in-flight jettisonable tank
* Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 12Hb water-cooled V-12, 444 kW (595 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
* Maximum speed: 240 km/h (150 mph, 130 kn) at sea level, 220 km/h (140 mph) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
* Service ceiling: 7,500 m (24,600 ft)
* Time to altitude: 16 min to 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
Armament
* two fixed, synchronised 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Vickers machine guns firing through propeller disc and two more mounted on the wing.
* pair of Lewis guns on flexible mounting in rear cockpit.
# Underactuation

Underactuation is a technical term used in robotics and control theory to describe mechanical systems that cannot be commanded to follow arbitrary trajectories in configuration space. This condition can occur for a number of reasons, the simplest of which is when the system has a lower number of actuators than degrees of freedom. In this case, the system is said to be trivially underactuated.
The class of underactuated mechanical systems is very rich and includes such diverse members as automobiles, airplanes, and even animals.

## Definition

To understand the mathematical conditions which lead to underactuation, one must examine the dynamics that govern the systems in question. Newton's laws of motion dictate that the dynamics of mechanical systems are inherently second order. In general, these dynamics can be described by a second order differential equation:
${\ddot {q}}=f(q,{\dot {q}},u,t)$
Where:
$q\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ is the position state vector $u\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}$ is the vector of control inputs $t$ is time.
Furthermore, in many cases the dynamics for these systems can be rewritten to be affine in the control inputs:
${\ddot {q}}=f_{1}(q,{\dot {q}},t)+f_{2}(q,{\dot {q}},t)u$
When expressed in this form, the system is said to be underactuated if:
$rank[{f_{2}(q,{\dot {q}},t)}]<dim[q]$
When this condition is met, there are acceleration directions that can not be produced no matter what the control vector is.
Note that $f_{2}(q,{\dot {q}},t)$ does not explicitly represent the number of actuators present in the system. Indeed, there may be more actuators than degrees of freedom and the system may still be underactuated. Also worth noting is the dependence of $f_{2}(q,{\dot {q}},t)$ on the state $q,{\dot {q}}$. That is, there may exist states in which an otherwise fully actuated system becomes underactuated.

## Examples

The classic inverted pendulum is an example of a trivially underactuated system: it has two degrees of freedom (one for its support's motion in the horizontal plane, and one for the angular motion of the pendulum), but only one of them (the cart position) is actuated, and the other is only indirectly controlled. Although naturally extremely unstable, this underactuated system is still controllable.
A standard automobile is underactuated due to the nonholonomic constraints imposed by the wheels. That is, a car cannot accelerate in a direction perpendicular to the direction the wheels are facing. A similar argument can be made for boats, planes and most other vehicles.
# Afro Futuristic Dreams

Afro Futuristic Dreams is a studio album by American musician Idris Ackamoor and his band the Pyramids. It was released on September 22, 2023, by Strut Records.

## Background

The album was recorded between San Francisco and London by British record producer Malcolm Catto at his Quatermass Studios.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 84/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| All About Jazz | |
Afro Futuristic Dreams was met with "universal acclaim" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 84, based on 5 reviews.

### Accolades

Publications' year-end list appearances for Afro Futuristic Dreams :
| Critic/Publication | List | Rank | Ref |
| Passion of the Weiss | Passion of the Weiss' Best Albums of 2023 | 43 | |
# Daybreak Pacific

Daybreak Pacific Ltd is a New Zealand film and television company. It produces low-budget films and programmes for the local and international market, often in association with other production or financing companies. It also known as Daybreak Pictures.
It is managed by brothers Grant Bradley and Dale G Bradley, who produce and direct much of the work.

## Major productions
### Chunuk Bair (1992)

Chunuk Bair is a film, based on Maurice Shadbolt's play Once on Chunuk Bair. Set during the Gallipoli campaign of World War I, it follows the fortunes of one regiment attempting to hold Chunuk Bair. It stars Robert Powell.

### Ozzie (2001)

A family film about an Australian koala. Starring Joan Collins and Rachel Hunter.

## Cast

* Spencer Breslin - Justin Morton
* Joan Collins - Max Happy
* Rachel Hunter - Beth Morton
* Ralf Moeller - Tank Emerson
* Peter Rowley - Buzz Maroni
* Bruce Allpress - Charlie Foster
* Anton Tennet - Darryl
* Steven Riley - Ngundi
* Beryl TeWiata - Secretary
* Daniel Millaire - Maitre'D

### Treasure Island Kids (2004)

A film trilogy comprising: The Battle of Treasure Island, The Monster of Treasure Island and The Mystery of Treasure Island. Starring Beth Allen Nicko Vella and directed by Michael Hurst and Gavin Scott.

## Other productions

* Hot Shotz (children's television mini-series)
* Chill Factor
* God's Outlaw
* Repeat Performance
* Lost Valley
* Wild Blue
* No One Can Hear You (2001)
* Kid's World (2001)
* Route 9 (2001)
* Cupid's Prey (2002)
* Hope Ranch (2002)
* Terror Peak (2002)
* Vector File (2002)
# Athletics at the 1992 Summer Paralympics – Men's 100 metres B1

The Men's 100 metres B1 was a track event in athletics at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, for visually impaired athletes. It consisted of a single race.
There was a tie for gold between Sergei Sevastianov and Julio Requena.

## Results
### Final

| Place | Athlete | Time |
| 1 | Sergei Sevastianov (EUN) | 11:83 |
| 1 | Julio Requena (ESP) | 11:83 |
| 3 | José Manuel Rodríguez (ESP) | 11:94 |
| 4 | Bernd Uduc (GER) | 12:00 |
| 5 | Luis Garcia (VEN) | 12:32 |
| 6 | Alonzo Jenkins (USA) | 12:32 |
| 5 | Jorge Haig (CUB) | 12:32 |
| 5 | Robert Latham (GBR) | 12:32 |
# Albert Lea Thunder

The Albert Lea Thunder was a Tier II junior ice hockey team in the North American Hockey League's Central Division. The team was an expansion franchise for the 2008–09 season and played their home games at the Albert Lea Ice Arena in Albert Lea, Minnesota.

## History

The franchise joined the North American Hockey League (NAHL) for the 2008–09 season with Chicago businessman Jim Perkins and Barry Soskin as owners. Soskin was also the owner of independent Northern Junior Hockey League teams, the Findlay Grrrowl and defunct Pittsburgh Cougars, as well as the former owner of the ECHL's Toledo Storm and Central Hockey League's Nashville Nighthawks.
On November 18, 2009, it was reported that the Thunder were engaging in "pay-to-play," or taking money to guarantee players' spots on the team, an act that is against the rules under the Tier II sanctioning of USA Hockey for the NAHL. A total of eight players were named and the organization was facing a $400,000 fine from the NAHL. On December 7, 2009, the NAHL's Board of Governors terminated the Albert Lea membership and took over operations of the team during the transition. Despite the scandal, the Thunder mounted a late-season comeback and made the playoffs for the first time in team history in 2010.
In May 2010, the team found new owners and relocated to Amarillo, Texas, for the 2010–11 season as the Amarillo Bulls.

## Season records

| Season | GP | W | L | OTL | Pts | GF | GA | PIM | Finish | Playoffs |
| 2008–09 | 58 | 4 | 49 | 5 | 13 | 112 | 309 | 1,497 | 5th, Central | Did not qualify |
| 2009–10 | 58 | 19 | 34 | 5 | 43 | 153 | 231 | 1,345 | 4th, Central | Lost in first round |
# Hugh McCabe

Hugh McCabe (1955 – 28 May 2017) was a Gaelic football manager and player whose league and championship career at senior level with the Fermanagh county team spanned fourteen seasons from 1974 to 1988.
Born in Aghadrumsee, County Fermanagh, McCabe first played competitive Gaelic football at St Eugene's College in Rosslea. He later qualified as a physical education teacher from St Mary's University College in Belfast.
McCabe first appeared for the Aghadrumsee club at juvenile and underage levels. He later joined the Belcoo O'Rahilly's club, ending his career as a three-time county senior championship runner-up.
After lining out for Fermanagh at minor and under-21 levels, McCabe made his senior debut for the team in 1974. The highlights of his senior career include the winning of a McKenna Cup medal in 1977 and a National League Division 3 medal in 1981. McCabe took a break from inter-county football shortly after the latter victory, but returned for a second spell on the team from 1985 to 1988.
In retirement from playing McCabe managed Fermanagh in the early 1990s, taking them from Division 4 to Division 2. He also managed major clubs including Dromore, Errigal Ciarán and Mullahoran.

## Honours
### Fermanagh

* National Football League Division 3 (1): 1980-81
* Dr McKenna Cup (1): 1977
# Utah GLX

Utah GLX was a project aimed at creating a fully free and open-source basic hardware-accelerated 3D renderer using the OpenGL rendering API on Linux kernel-based operating systems. Utah GLX predates Direct Rendering Infrastructure, which is what is used as of 2014.
John Carmack worked on Utah GLX.

## History

* 2D drivers inside of the X server
* Indirect rendering over GLX, using Utah GLX
* early Direct Rendering Infrastructure
* Finally all access goes through the Direct Rendering Manager
* In Linux kernel 3.12 render nodes were merged and the KMS driver was split off. Wayland implements direct rendering over EGL/GBM
# The Happiest Days of Your Life

The Happiest Days of Your Life may refer to:
* The Happiest Days of Your Life (play), a 1947 farce by the English playwright John Dighton
* The Happiest Days of Your Life (film), a 1950 cinema adaptation of the stage play