OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1659 Punkaharju

1659 Punkaharju, provisional designation 1940 YL, is a stony Postremian asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 December 1940, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. It is named for the municipality of Punkaharju.

## Orbit

Punkaharju is a member of the Postrema family (541), a mid-sized central asteroid family of little more than 100 members.$^{:23}$ The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,698 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. Punkaharju was first identified as 1930 QB at Uccle Observatory in 1930, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation.

## Rotation period

Between 2000 and 2011, several rotational lightcurves of Punkaharju were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Brian Warner and Pierre Antonini. They gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.01 hours with a brightness variation between 0.26 and 0.43 magnitude (U=3/3/3). In addition, a concurring period of 5.01327 hours was published in 2016, using the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue as the main-data source. French CCD-specialist Cyril Cavadore also derived a less secure period of 5.028 hours from his observations in October 2005 (U=2-).

## Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 28.01 and 31.21 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.165 and 0.271. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.196 and a diameter of 31.41 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 9.9.

## Naming

This minor planet is named for the former municipality of Punkaharju, an isthmus region in southeastern Finland (also see Karelian Isthmus). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3933).
# 15th National Geographic Bee

The 15th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2003, sponsored by the National Geographic Society and ING. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was James Williams, a homeschooled student from Vancouver, Washington, who won a $25,000 college scholarship, lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society, and a trip to a Busch Gardens/Sea World Adventure Camp. The 2nd-place winner, Dallas Simons of Martin Luther King Magnet School in Nashville, Tennessee, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Sean Rao of St. Gabriel School in Hubertus, Wisconsin, won a $10,000 scholarship.
# 14, rue de Galais

14, rue de Galais (English: 14 Galais Road) is a Canadian television series which ran from 1954 until 1957. Guggenheim Fellow and Montyon Prize winner André Giroux was credited with being a writer for the series.
The series is about the Delisles, a middle class Montreal family.

## Synopsis

This series features the many stories of a bourgeois Montreal family: the Delisles.
Father Henri is a civil engineer with a comfortable salary and high social status. He's a good man, a little weak, married to an extremely emotional woman. They have three children: Hélène, a sensitive but healthy and well-balanced young girl; Paul, a serious schoolboy determined to follow in his father's footsteps; and Louis, a cunning and deceitful university student ready to do anything, even blackmail his father, to get the money he constantly needs.
Living with this family, Albert has become the prototype of the sympathetic, intelligent uncle who always keeps a cool head in the midst of the worst conflicts.
# 12 Aurigae

12 Aurigae is a Be star in the northern constellation Auriga. It lies below the normal limit for visibility to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 6.988. It lacks a designation from the Hipparcos catalogue. It is located just under half a degree north of Capella.
Assigned spectral classes for 12 Aurigae vary greatly from B2 to B5 and the luminosity class from V (main sequence) to Ia (luminous supergiant). Its spectrum shows prominent emission lines, but the spectrum is complicated by the appearance of sharp shell components to some of the spectral lines. The colour of the star as shown by the B-V and U-B colour indices is not consistent with an early B spectral class, leading to many estimates of its effective temperature that are much lower than expected for a B-class star. The expected temperature for a B5 spectral type would be 15,400 K, but most sources assign a temperature of around 8,000 K. Other properties also vary between different sources, for example the bolometric luminosity derived from the distance and temperature is 25 L$_☉$, while it is 635 L$_☉$ when derived by fitting the spectral energy distribution. A calculation of the stellar properties assuming the maximum possible interstellar extinction in the direction of 12 Aurigae results in a temperature of 14,336 K and a luminosity of 8,092 L$_☉$, although it is strongly noted that the likely extinction is much lower.
# Superannuation Act 2010

The Superannuation Act 2010 (c. 37) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It caps the redundancy payouts to civil servants at 15 months' salary. Initially the proposal was for a maximum of 12 months' salary. This was raised during the passage of the Bill to 15 months in the case of voluntary redundancy.
It was introduced in the House of Commons on 15 July 2010, and received its third reading there on 13 October. The Act was given Royal Assent on 16 December 2010 and passed into law. There had been considerable political controversy surrounding the Act and its provisions and it was considerably amended during its passage through parliament.
Under the previous Civil Service Compensation Scheme (CSCS), civil servants received, on average, redundancy pay-offs equivalent to three years' pay, with some senior civil servants eligible for severance packages worth six years' salary. Cabinet Office minister Francis Maude described this as completely "untenable" and "massively out of kilter with the public sector", and said that the Act's effort to cap these redundancy payments was "an inevitable consequence of current economic circumstances". Mark Serwotka, general secretary for the Public and Commercial Services Union, said that "the government wants to lay waste to our members' jobs and livelihoods more cheaply". Legal challenge in Europe was also threatened.
The dispute over redundancy payments is long-standing, and under previous rules, in order to change the CSCS an agreement was needed with all six civil service unions. The Superannuation Act 2010 amended the Superannuation Act 1972, in order to limit redundancy payouts and to end the absolute requirement for an agreement with trade unions in relation to redundancy payments.
The Act was hardly in place before the maximum figure for redundancy payouts was repealed and higher levels announced.
In a written statement on 21 December 2010, Francis Maude advised parliament that we "are now in a position to be able to repeal the caps set out in the Act through the Superannuation Act 2010 (Repeal of Limits on Compensation) Order 2010, which comes into force today. The repeal means that the statutory caps of a maximum of 15 months' pay for voluntary departures and 12 months' pay for compulsory departures, will not apply to the new civil service compensation scheme that is starting on 22 December 2010."
The key elements of the final compensation scheme for voluntary redundancy, if below normal pension age (either aged 60 or 65), were for one month's pay per year of service up to 21 months (previously 15 months) with a taper of between a maximum of 21 months' and six months' compensation for those approaching pension age, and for those at or above normal pension age, one month's pay per year of service up to a maximum of six months.
# 1960–61 Hellenic Football League

The 1960–61 Hellenic Football League season was the eighth in the history of the Hellenic Football League, a football competition in England.

## Premier Division

The Premier Division featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with one new club:
* Hazells, promoted from Division One
Also, Headington 'A' changed name to Oxford United 'A'.

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Bicester Town | 30 | 24 | 4 | 2 | 112 | 43 | 2.605 | 52 | |
| 2 | Thame United | 30 | 20 | 7 | 3 | 98 | 46 | 2.130 | 47 | |
| 3 | Hazells | 30 | 22 | 2 | 6 | 129 | 50 | 2.580 | 46 | |
| 4 | Oxford United 'A' | 30 | 16 | 3 | 11 | 89 | 69 | 1.290 | 35 | |
| 5 | Hungerford Town | 30 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 86 | 68 | 1.265 | 35 | |
| 6 | Swindon Town 'A' | 30 | 14 | 5 | 11 | 71 | 59 | 1.203 | 33 | |
| 7 | Witney Town | 30 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 77 | 72 | 1.069 | 33 | |
| 8 | Wallingford Town | 30 | 13 | 5 | 12 | 94 | 83 | 1.133 | 31 | |
| 9 | Abingdon Town | 30 | 13 | 5 | 12 | 61 | 60 | 1.017 | 31 | |
| 10 | Wantage Town | 30 | 12 | 5 | 13 | 86 | 69 | 1.246 | 29 | |
| 11 | Thatcham | 30 | 9 | 5 | 16 | 63 | 91 | 0.692 | 23 | |
| 12 | Newbury Town reserves | 30 | 8 | 5 | 17 | 53 | 86 | 0.616 | 21 | |
| 13 | Pressed Steel | 30 | 6 | 7 | 17 | 54 | 84 | 0.643 | 19 | |
| 14 | Kidlington | 30 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 51 | 100 | 0.510 | 17 | |
| 15 | Stokenchurch | 30 | 6 | 3 | 21 | 46 | 116 | 0.397 | 15 | |
| 16 | Amersham Town | 30 | 5 | 3 | 22 | 54 | 128 | 0.422 | 13 | Transferred to the London League |

## Division One

The Division One featured 9 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with 5 new clubs:
* Chipping Norton Town, relegated from the Premier Division
* Camberley United
* Marston United
* Didcot Town Reserves
* A G R G Harwell

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Chipping Norton Town | 26 | 19 | 3 | 4 | 108 | 37 | 2.919 | 41 | Promoted to the Premier Division |
| 2 | Camberley United | 26 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 87 | 43 | 2.023 | 39 | Resigned from the league |
| 3 | Abingdon United | 26 | 16 | 2 | 8 | 91 | 52 | 1.750 | 34 | |
| 4 | Stanwell District | 26 | 13 | 6 | 7 | 67 | 58 | 1.155 | 32 | |
| 5 | Botley United | 26 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 62 | 45 | 1.378 | 30 | |
| 6 | Princes Risborough Town | 26 | 13 | 2 | 11 | 95 | 83 | 1.145 | 28 | |
| 7 | Marston United | 26 | 11 | 5 | 10 | 84 | 79 | 1.063 | 27 | |
| 8 | Hanwell Corinthians | 26 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 68 | 69 | 0.986 | 25 | Resigned from the league |
| 9 | Didcot Town Reserves | 26 | 12 | 1 | 13 | 56 | 67 | 0.836 | 25 | |
| 10 | R A F Halton | 26 | 10 | 3 | 13 | 76 | 71 | 1.070 | 23 | |
| 11 | 17th Battalion R A O C | 26 | 8 | 4 | 14 | 63 | 96 | 0.656 | 20 | Resigned from the league |
| 12 | Henley Town | 26 | 7 | 5 | 14 | 54 | 76 | 0.711 | 19 | |
| 13 | Ruislip Town | 26 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 34 | 107 | 0.318 | 11 | Resigned from the league |
| 14 | A G R G Harwell | 26 | 5 | 0 | 21 | 46 | 108 | 0.426 | 10 | |
# Suzanne Laurens

Suzanne Laurens was a French sculptor, active in the early 20th-century.
Laurens was born at Verdun in France. She exhibited sculptures and models at the Salon des Artistes Francais in Paris during the 1920s, notably in 1929 when she was awarded a bronze medal and won the Prix de Longchamp.
# 1817 in Ireland

Events from the year 1817 in Ireland.

## Events

* 26 May – completion of Royal Canal throughout from Dublin to the River Shannon at Tarmonbarry.
* 31 May – first stone of new pier at the port of Dunleary is laid.
* 16 June – Poor Law Employment Act empowers the Lord Lieutenant to appoint commissioners of public works to supervise construction of public works to relieve unemployment financed by mortgages of rates.
* 17 June – first stone of Wellington Testimonial, Dublin, is laid in Phoenix Park.
* 11 July – an act to provide for the establishment of asylums for the lunatic poor in Ireland.
* c. July – tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society, considered the first organisation devoted to teetotalism in Europe.
* 7 August – first stone of Wellington Column is laid in Trim, County Meath.
* 30 September – national fever committee appointed to distribute government relief to victims of the typhus epidemic (October 1816–December 1819).
* Edward O'Reilly's Irish-English Dictionary is published.

## Arts and literature

* 19 April – Charles Wolfe's poem The Burial of Sir John Moore at Corunna is first published in the Newry Telegraph.
* 27 May – Thomas Moore's poem Lalla-Rookh: an Oriental romance is first published in London.
* June – Maria Edgeworth's novel Ormond: a tale is first published in London together with Harrington.

## Births

* 6 January – J. J. McCarthy, architect (died 1882).
* 10 March – Patrick Neeson Lynch, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston (South Carolina) (died 1882 in the United States).
* 26 May – Denis Florence MacCarthy, poet, translator and biographer (died 1882).
* 3 June – Robert Warren, lawyer and politician (died 1897).
* 12 July – William Henry Gregory, politician and writer (died 1892).
* 26 August – John Willoughby Crawford, politician and third Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1875 in Canada).
* 19 September – Charles Joseph Alleyn, lawyer and political figure in Quebec (died 1890 in Canada).
* 11 October – Walter Shanly, civil engineer, author, businessman and politician in Canada (died 1899 in Canada).
* 12 November – John T. Mills, lawyer and Supreme Court Justice for the Republic of Texas (died 1871 in the United States).
* 22 November – Sir William Ewart, 1st Baronet, manufacturer and politician (died 1889).
* 7 December – William Keogh, lawyer and politician (died 1878).
* 12 December – Patrick Talbot, British Army officer (died 1898)

### Full date unknown

*   * James Anthony Lawson, lawyer (died 1887).
*   * Frederick McCoy, palaeontologist and museum administrator in Australia (died 1899 in Australia).
*   * Arthur McQuade, farmer and politician in Ontario (died 1884 in Canada).

## Deaths

* 23 May – John Prendergast Smyth, 1st Viscount Gort, politician (born 1742).
* 13 June – Richard Lovell Edgeworth, politician, writer and inventor (born 1744).
* 5 September – Charles Osborne, lawyer and politician (born 1759).
* 14 October – John Philpot Curran, orator and wit, lawyer and MP (born 1750).
* 13 November – John Keogh, merchant and political activist (born 1740).
# Susan Whitfield

Susan Whitfield (born 1960) is a British scholar, currently Professor in Silk Road Studies at the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures (SISJAC), University of East Anglia. She previously worked at the British Library in London, England. She specialises in the history and archaeology of the Silk Road but has also written on human rights and censorship in China.

## Career

Whitfield obtained a PhD in historiography from SOAS, University of London in 1995, with a dissertation entitled Politics against the Pen on the Tang dynasty poet Liu Zongyuan.
Whitfield was the first director of the International Dunhuang Project, a position which she held for 24 years, from 1993 until July 2017. In this capacity she was involved in research and cataloguing of Central Asian manuscripts at the British Library and elsewhere. She has a particular interest in censorship and forgeries from Dunhuang. In an interview at the University of Minnesota in 2013, she talks about how she came to her interest in China and Central Asia and ways in which her interest in Central Asia has made her rethink Chinese history, regarding it as rather more fragmented and diverse than unitary narratives might have us believe.
Whitfield holds a position as Honorary Associate Professor at the Institute of Archaeology of University College London.

## Books

* Zou Zongxu (1991) [1987]. The Land Within the Passes: A History of Xian. Translated by Susan Whitfield. Viking. ISBN 0-670-82391-0.
* Whitfield, Roderick; Whitfield, Susan; Agnew, Neville (2000). Cave temples of Dunhuang: art and history on the silk road. British Library. ISBN 9780712346979.
* Whitfield, Susan (2001). After the Event: Human Rights and Their Future in China. Wellsweep Press. ISBN 978-0-9484-5418-9.
* Whitfield, Susan (2002). Dunhuang Manuscript Forgeries. British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-4631-3.
* Whitfield, Susan (2004). Aurel Stein on the Silk Road. British Museum. ISBN 978-0-7141-2416-2.
* Whitfield, Susan (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. Serindia Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2.
* Whitfield, Susan (2015). Life along the Silk Road. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-96029-9.
* Whitfield, Susan (2018). Silk, Slaves and Stupas - Material Culture of the Silk Road. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-28178-3.
* Whitfield, Susan (ed.) (2019). Silk Roads. Peoples, Cultures, Landscapes. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500021576
# Kreta Ayer Single Member Constituency

Kreta Ayer Single Member Constituency was a constituency spanning Chinatown and Raffles Place in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1988 as Kreta Ayer Constituency and was renamed as Kreta Ayer Single Member Constituency (SMC) as part of Singapore's political reforms. The SMC was merged into Kreta Ayer–Tanglin Group Representation Constituency in 1997.

## Member of Parliament

| Year | Member of Parliament | Party |
| Legislative Assembly of Singapore ||||
| 1959 | Goh Keng Swee | PAP |
| 1963 | Goh Keng Swee | PAP |
| Parliament of Singapore ||||
| 1968 | Goh Keng Swee | PAP |
| 1972 | Goh Keng Swee | PAP |
| 1976 | Goh Keng Swee | PAP |
| 1980 | Goh Keng Swee | PAP |
| 1984 | Richard Hu | PAP |
| 1988 | Richard Hu | PAP |
| 1991 | Richard Hu | PAP |

## Elections

Note : Elections Department Singapore do not include rejected votes for calculation of candidate's vote share. Hence, the total of all candidates' vote share will be 100%.

### Elections in the 1950s

General Election 1959: Kreta Ayer :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PAP | Goh Keng Swee | 9,313 | 73.35 |
| | LSP | Pang Man Ming | 3,384 | 26.65 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,929 | 46.7 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 12,995 | 91.69 |
| | PAP hold | PAP hold | Swing | |
# Suw Charman-Anderson

Suw Charman-Anderson (born 15 April 1971) is the former Executive Director of the Open Rights Group, a campaign group based in London. She is also a journalist, social software consultant, blogger and public speaker. Named one of the "50 most influential Britons in technology" by The Daily Telegraph, she has also worked to gain recognition for other women in technological fields, including by founding Ada Lovelace Day.

## Career
### Early career, blogging, and social software

Charman is a graduate of Cardiff University with a BSc in Geology. Early career projects included music journalism, web publishing, and providing web support to other learners of Welsh. In her 20s, while working as an editorial assistant for a science publishing company, she chose the name "Suw" for herself after creating it as a typographical error for her short name, Sue. Her personal weblog, Chocolate and Vodka, started in June 2002, features commentary on the Blogosphere, social issues and politics growing her audience. Her professional blog Strange Attractor, was begun in July 2004 under the Corante label. She still edits and posts to both, the latter with her husband Kevin.
Her work in Social Software consulting includes producing the BlogOn Conference in New York City, in 2005. She has worked for MSN, BUPA, Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein, Socialtext, Jackie Cooper PR, De Montfort University and BBC News Online, training or consulting. She talks about blogging for business. In January 2012, she started a blog on Forbes.com about self-publishing and crowdfunding.

### Activism

Her work online has led her to explore the issues surrounding rights and responsibilities online, which she has frequently written about—for example, her article for The Guardian in 2004 exploring the truth behind file sharing and the music industry. She also has written for Linux User and Developer discussing digital rights.
In 2005, she co-founded the Open Rights Group, leading the project as Executive Director within its infancy. As a founder of ORG, she has commented on a wide variety of issues dealing with ownership and new media.

### Ada Lovelace Day

In 2009, Charman recruited bloggers and others to honour influential women in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM). This became an annual event, which she called Ada Lovelace Day. In 2010 more than 2,000 people responded with blogs, podcasts, and videos supporting the project. In 2015, it was said to be important to women and minorities under-represented in science and technology.
# 1683 in music

The following events in the field of music occurred in the year 1683.

## Events

* Henry Purcell becomes organ maker and keeper of the king's instruments at the Chapel Royal.
* Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers publishes his Dissertation sur le chant grégorien
* Thomas D’Urfey publishes New Collection of Songs and Poems
* Michel Richard Delalande appointed Chapel Master for Versailles by King Louis XIV

## Classical music

* Giovanni Battista Bassani – 12 sinfonie, Op. 5
* Heinrich Biber – Fidicinium sacro-profanum
* Dietrich Buxtehude
** Canite Jesu nostro, BuxWV 11
** Gott fähret auf mit Jauchzen, BuxWV 33
** Ich bin die Auferstehung und das Leben, BuxWV 44
** Ich halte es dafür, BuxWV 48
* Marc Antoine Charpentier
** Pro omnibus festis B V M, H.333
** Orphée descendant aux enfers, H.471
** Ouverture pour l’église, H.524
* Michel Richard Delalande
** Les fontaines de Versailles, S.133, premiered April 5 in Versailles
** Concert d'Esculape, S.134, premiered in May in Versailles
** De profundis, a grand motet, first performed in September, in the Saint Denis Basilica (burial site of French monarchs), for the repose of the soul of Queen Marie-Therèse
* Isabella Leonarda – 12 Sonatas, Op.16
* Johann Pachelbel – Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken, which included:
** Christus, der ist mein Leben, P.376
** Alle Menschen müssen sterben, P.377a
** Hertzlich tut mich verlangen, P.378
** Was Gott thut, das ist wolgethan, P.379
** Freu dich sehr o meine Seele
** Various Suites for keyboard
* David Petersen – Speelstukken
* Henry Purcell
** Fly, bold rebellion, Z.324
** From hardy climes and dangerous toils of war, Z.325
** Sonnata's of III. Parts (set of 12 trio sonatas, for two violins, bass, and basso continuo), published in London, Z.790-801
* Daniel Speer – Türkischer Vagant

## Opera

* John Blow – Venus and Adonis
* Domenico Gabrielli – Il Gige in Lidia
* Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor – Der thöreichte Schaffer
* Jean-Baptiste Lully – Phaëton
* Alessandro Scarlatti – Pompeo

## Births

* January – Anthony Young, organist and composer (died 1747)
* January 14 – Gottfried Silbermann, German constructor of keyboard instruments (died 1753)
* April 17 – Johann David Heinichen, composer (died 1729)
* September 25 – Jean-Philippe Rameau, composer (died 1764)
* date unknown
** Christoph Graupner, composer (died 1760)
** Johann David Heinichen, composer and music theorist (died 1729)
** Pierre-Charles Roy, librettist (died 1764)

## Deaths

* September 6 – Johann Melchior Gletle, organist and composer (born 1626)
* December 15 – Izaak Walton, librettist (born c. 1594)
* date unknown
** Solomon Eccles, composer (born 1618)
** John Hingston, organist, violist and composer
** Nathaniel Ingelo, writer and musician (born c.1621)
** Johann Sebastiani, composer (born 1622)
** Jacob Stainer, luthier (born c.1617)
** Alessandro Poglietti, organist and composer