# Timeline of the Jurchens

This is a timeline of the Jurchens.

## 7th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 667 | | Bojang of Goguryeo plots with Mohe people to revive Goguryeo |

## 8th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 748 | | Jurchens are mentioned for the first time bearing tribute to the Tang court |

## 10th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 900 | | Hanpu of the Wanyan clan is recorded to have lived around this time |
| 907 | 27 February | Khitan chieftain Abaoji, also known as Emperor Taizu of Liao, becomes khagan of the Khitans |
| 925 | | A Jurchen embassy bears tribute to the Later Tang court |
| 960 | February | Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou |
| 961 | | Jurchens bear tribute to the Song dynasty |
| 973 | | Jurchens raid Liao dynasty |
| 976 | | Jurchens raid Liao dynasty |
| 986 | | Jurchens prevent Goryeo from expanding into the Yalu River basin |
| 991 | | Khitans attempt to prevent the Jurchens from contacting the Song dynasty by erecting palisades to block the land route |
| 994-996 | | Goryeo builds forts in Jurchen territory south of the Yalu River |

## 11th century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1010 | | Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Jurchens ally with Goryeo in a conflict against the Khitans and emerge victorious |
| 1038 | 10 November | Li Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia |
| 1051 | | Goryeo repels a Jurchen attack and beheads 20 people |
| 1056 | | Goryeo repels a Jurchen attack and wipes out 20 villages that made up their base |
| 1074 | | Wugunai of the Wanyan clan unites the Jurchens of eastern and northern Manchuria and is succeeded by his son, Wanyan Helibo |
| 1080 | | Munjong of Goryeo leads a force of 30,000 into Jurchen territory and conquers ten villages |
| 1092 | | Wanyan Helibo is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Polashu |
| 1094 | | Wanyan Polashu is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Yingge |

## 12th century
### 1100s

| Year | Event |
| 1103 | Wanyan Yingge is succeeded by his nephew Wanyan Wuyashu |
| 1104 | Wanyan clan enters Goryeo territory in pursuit of enemy tribes and defeat Im Gan, taking Chongju castle |
| 1107 | Goryeo invasion led by Yun Kwan into Jurchen territory succeeds and builds Nine Fortresses in the area |
| 1108 | Goryeo returns the Nine Fortresses region to the Wanyan clan, possibly in exchange for Poju (Uiju); Yun Kwan is removed from office |

### 1110s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1113 | | Wanyan Wuyashu is succeeded by his brother Wanyan Aguda |
| 1114 | | Wanyan Aguda attacks the Liao dynasty |
| 1115 | spring | Wanyan Aguda declares himself emperor of the Jin dynasty, named after the Ashi River, the "Golden River" |
| 1116 | | Gao Yongchang rebels against the Liao dynasty and asks the Jurchens for help and ends up getting annexed by the Jin dynasty |
| 1117 | | Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats the Khitan army of the Liao dynasty |
| 1118 | | Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Eastern Capital |

### 1120s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1120 | | Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Supreme Capital |
| 1121 | | Emperor Taizu of Jin captures the Liao dynasty's Central Capital |
| 1122 | | Jin dynasty conquers the Western Capital and Southern Capital |
| 1123 | | Yelü Dashi is captured by the Jin dynasty and leads an attack on Emperor Tianzuo of Liao, who escapes; afterwards Yelü Dashi escapes from the Jurchens and rejoins the emperor |
| 1123 | | Zhang Jue rebels in Ping Prefecture and defects to the Song dynasty but the Jin dynasty immediately retaliates and crushes his army; Zhang Jue is executed by the Song as reconciliation towards the Jin |
| 1123 | 19 September | Emperor Taizu of Jin dies and is succeeded by his brother Wuqimai, who becomes Emperor Taizong of Jin |
| 1124 | | Emperor Tianzuo of Liao attacks the Jin dynasty despite warnings from Yelü Dashi |
| 1124 | | Jin dynasty vassalizes the Western Xia |
| 1125 | 26 March | Emperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty |
| 1125 | November | Jin dynasty invades the Song dynasty and occupies Shanxi and Hebei |
| 1126 | 31 January | Jin army lays siege to Kaifeng - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs |
| 1126 | 5 March | Jin army retreats from Kaifeng after the Song dynasty promises to pay an annual indemnity |
| 1126 | summer | Jin dynasty vassalizes Goryeo |
| 1126 | June | Jin dynasty defeats two Song armies |
| 1126 | December | Jin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs and lays siege to Kaifeng |
| 1127 | 9 January | Jingkang incident: Kaifeng falls to the Jin dynasty and emperors Qinzong and Huizong are captured; territory north of the Huai River is annexed by the Jin - earliest recorded use of "molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder |
| 1129 | | Former Song official Liu Yu is enthroned as emperor of the Jin puppet state of Qi |
| 1129 | | Yelü Dashi annexes two Jin tribes |

### 1130s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1132 | | Siege of De'an: Jin dynasty fails to capture De'an - earliest recorded use of the fire lance |
| 1134 | | Yelü Dashi launches an invasion of the Jin dynasty, which ends in failure |
| 1135 | 9 February | Emperor Taizong of Jin dies and Hela, a grandson of Emperor Taizu of Jin, succeeds him as Emperor Xizong of Jin |
| 1135 | | Jin puppet state Qi captures Xiangyang |
| 1135 | | Yue Fei of the Song dynasty retaliates and recaptures much of the lost territory |
| 1137 | | The Jin puppet state of Qi is dissolved and Liu Yu is sent off to live out his life under supervised retirement |
| 1137 | | Khitans raid Jin dynasty |

### 1140s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1140 | | Yue Fei launches a successful attack against the Jin and makes considerable territorial gains, but is forced to withdraw by Emperor Gaozong of Song |
| 1142 | October | Song and Jin agree to the Treaty of Shaoxing which stipulates that the Song must pay Jin an annual indemnity; the Huai River is settled as the boundary between the two states |
| 1146 | | Khabul Khan of the Khamag Mongols rebels against the Jin dynasty |

### 1150s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1150 | 9 January | Emperor Xizong of Jin is murdered by his cousin, Wanyan Liang, who ascends the Jin throne as "Prince of Hailing" |
| 1152 | | The Prince of Hailing relocates to the Central Capital |
| 1153 | | The Jin dynasty starts issuing paper money called jiaochao ('exchange notes') |
| 1157 | | The Prince of Hailing orders the destruction of palace structures in the Supreme Capital |

### 1160s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1161 | | Khitans rebel against the Jin dynasty |
| 1161 | 27 October | The Prince of Hailing's cousin Wulu is proclaimed Emperor Shizong of Jin in a coup |
| 1161 | 16 November | Battle of Tangdao: A Song fleet sinks a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula - earliest recorded use of fire arrows in naval combat |
| 1161 | 26–27 November | Battle of Caishi: Song treadmill boats sink a Jin fleet on the Yangtze - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs in ship combat |
| 1161 | 15 December | The Prince of Hailing is murdered by a group of officers |
| 1163 | | The Khitan rebellion is defeated by the Jin dynasty |
| 1165 | | Song and Jin conclude a peace treaty |

### 1170s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1175 | | Naimans and Kankalis submit to the Jin dynasty |

### 1180s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1189 | 20 January | Emperor Shizong of Jin dies and his grandson Madage succeeds him as Emperor Zhangzong of Jin |

### 1190s

| Year | Event |
| 1190 | The Tatars declare independence from the Jin dynasty |
| 1192 | Jin dynasty starts constructing fortifications in the northwest to prevent depredations by the Mongols |
| 1196 | Jin and Mongol troops carry out a punitive expedition against the Tatars |
| 1194 | The Yellow River changes course and causes mass devastation to surrounding regions |

## 13th century
### 1200s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1204 | | Song forces start showing military aggression along the Jin border |
| 1206 | spring | Kokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols |
| 1206 | 20 June | Song dynasty declares war on Jin dynasty |
| 1206 | December | The governor-general of Sichuan, Wu Xi, defects to the Jin dynasty |
| 1207 | 29 March | Song loyalists kill Wu Xi |
| 1207 | | Song forces slaughter a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses - earliest recorded use of thunderclap bombs in open combat |
| 1207 | April | Song and Jin enter a stalemate |
| 1208 | 2 November | Song and Jin agree to a peace renewing the Song's tributary relationship with the Jin |
| 1208 | 29 December | Emperor Zhangzong of Jin dies and his uncle, Wanyan Yongji, takes the Jin throne and becomes "Prince Shao of Wei" |

### 1210s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1210 | | Genghis Khan breaks off tributary relations with the Jin dynasty |
| 1211 | October | Battle of Yehuling: Genghis Khan invades the Jin dynasty and defeats their army before retreating |
| 1212 | autumn | Mongols attack the Jin dynasty |
| 1212 | | Yelü Liuge along with his Khitan followers in northern and central Manchuria defect to the Mongols |
| 1213 | spring | Mongols break through the Juyong Pass and plunder Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi |
| 1213 | 11 September | Prince Shao of Wei is murdered by the general Hushahu, who installs the previous ruler's nephew Wudubu as Emperor Xuanzong of Jin |
| 1214 | winter | Mongols blockade the Central Capital but retreat after peace negotiations |
| 1214 | | Emperor Xuanzong of Jin relocates to the Southern Capital |
| 1214 | | Yang Anguo rebels against the Jin dynasty in Shandong and is crushed |
| 1214 | | Jin troops attack Yelü Liuge but fails |
| 1215 | spring | Jurchen general Wannu declares independence and the state of Dazhen at the Supreme Capital |
| 1215 | 31 May | Battle of Zhongdu: Mongols return and capture the Central Capital |
| 1215 | | "Red Coat" rebels rise up in Shandong |
| 1217 | | Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled |
| 1217 | | Western Xia invades Jin dynasty but is repelled |

### 1220s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1221 | | Jin troops take Qi Prefecture - earliest recorded use of iron casing bombs |
| 1224 | 14 January | Emperor Xuanzong of Jin dies and his son Ningjiasu succeeds him as Emperor Aizong of Jin |
| 1224 | | Song and Jin cease hostilities |
| 1225 | | Jin and Western Xia cease hostilities |
| 1227 | September | Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia |

### 1230s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1230 | | Ögedei Khan of the Mongol Empire renews the invasion of the Jin dynasty |
| 1231 | | Jin troops destroy a Mongol warship - earliest recorded use of thunder crash bombs |
| 1232 | 8 April | Mongol siege of Kaifeng: Mongol general Subutai lays siege to Kaifeng - earliest recorded use of reusable fire lances |
| 1233 | | Emperor Aizong of Jin flees Kaifeng |
| 1233 | 29 May | Mongol siege of Kaifeng: Kaifeng surrenders to the Mongols |
| 1233 | | Mongols annex the state of Dazhen and take Wannu prisoner |
| 1234 | 9 February | Siege of Caizhou: Emperor Aizong of Jin abdicates to a distant relative, Hudun, who becomes Emperor Mo of Jin, and commits suicide; Emperor Mo of Jin is killed by the Mongols; so ends the Jin dynasty |

### 1280s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1287 | | Hand cannons are employed by the troops of Yuan Jurchen commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan. |

## 15th century
### 1400s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1403 | December | Akhachu of the Jianzhou Jurchens accepts the Ming proposition to establish a guard in his region |
| 1404 | | Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute to Joseon |
| 1405 | | Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Jurchens pays tribute to the Ming dynasty |

### 1410s

| Year | Event |
| 1411 | Ming dynasty sends Yishiha into Manchuria to create the Nurgan Regional Military Commission |
| 1413 | Yongning Temple Stele: Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to the Nurgan Regional Military Commission to create postal stations and spread Buddhism |
| 1417 | A Ming Prefectural Buddhist Registry is founded in Jianzhou |

### 1420s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1426 | | Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to the Wild Jurchens to construct shipyards and warehouses |

### 1430s

| Year | Event |
| 1432 | Ming dynasty sends Yishiha to present seals to Ming-allied Jurchens and to repair the Yongning Temple |
| 1433 | Mentemu of the Left Jianzhou Guard dies |
| 1434 | Joseon defeats Li Manzhu of Jianzhou Jurchens |
| 1437 | Joseon defeats Li Manzhu of Jianzhou Jurchens |

### 1440s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1442 | | Fanca becomes leader of the Right Jianzhou Guard while Dongshan becomes leader of the Left Jianzhou Guard |

### 1460s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1466 | | The Ming execute Dongshan |
| 1467 | | A Ming-Joseon expedition defeats the Jianzhou Jurchens and kill Li Manzhu |

### 1470s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1470 | | The governor of Liaodong, Chen Yue, attacks the Jurchens and demands bribes from Jurchen embassies |

### 1480s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1480 | | Ming dynasty ceases hostile relations with the Jurchens |

## 16th century
### 1520s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1522 | | Ming dynasty reimposes trade restrictions on the Jurchens |

### 1540s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1548 | | The Hulun Confederation is formed under Wang Tai, chieftain of the Hada tribe |

### 1570s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1570 | | Wang Gao of the Jianzhou Guard raids Ming settlements |
| 1574 | | Li Chengliang kills Wang Gao with the help of Giocangga and Taksi |

### 1580s

| Year | Event |
| 1582 | Li Chengliang defeats Atai, son of Wang Gao, and burns his fort to the ground, also inadvertently killing Giocangga, whose son Taksi is killed by Ming forces in the confusion |
| 1583 | Nurhaci becomes leader of the "Jianzhou Left Guard" from Li Chengliang |
| 1587 | Nurhaci founds Fe Ala |
| 1589 | Nurhaci obtains the title of assistant commissioner-in-chief from the Ming dynasty |

### 1590s

| Year | Event |
| 1592 | Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98): Nurhaci offers to fight the Japanese but is refused; Ming reacts with alarm to the size and quality of Nurhaci's troops |
| 1593 | Battle of Gure: Nurhaci defeats the Hulun Confederation and Khorchin Mongols |
| 1595 | Nurhaci obtains the title of dragon-tiger general from the Ming dynasty |

## 17th century
### 1600s

| Year | Event |
| 1600 | Nurhaci creates the Banner Army |
| 1601 | Nurhaci subjugates the Hada |
| 1603 | Nurhaci and Ming generals agree to delineate the boundary between their territories |
| 1603 | Nurhaci moves his capital to Hetu Ala due to water problems at Fe Ala |
| 1605 | Gwanghaegun of Joseon sends an expedition north of the Tumen River to destroy the Jurchen Holjaon community |
| 1607 | Nurhaci subjugates the Hoifa |

### 1610s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1611 | | Nurhaci subjugates the Wild Jurchens |
| 1613 | | Nurhaci incorporates the Ula into his confederation |
| 1615 | | Nurhaci increases the number of banners from four to eight |
| 1615 | | Nurhaci sends his last tributary emissary to Beijing |
| 1616 | | Nurhaci establishes the Later Jin dynasty and rules as Khan |
| 1618 | 7 May | Nurhaci announces the Seven Grievances which effectively declares war against the Ming dynasty |
| 1618 | 9 May | Battle of Fushun: Later Jin seizes Fushun |
| 1618 | summer | Battle of Qinghe: Later Jin takes Qinghe |
| 1619 | 18 April | Battle of Sarhū: Ming forces are annihilated by Later Jin |
| 1619 | 26 July | Battle of Kaiyuan: Later Jin takes Kaiyuan |
| 1619 | 3 September | Battle of Tieling: Later Jin takes Tieling |
| 1619 | September | Battle of Xicheng: Later Jin annexes the Yehe Jurchens |
| | | Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated |

### 1620s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1621 | 4 May | Battle of Shen-Liao: Later Jin seizes Shenyang |
| 1621 | December | Battle of Fort Zhenjiang: Ming raids into Later Jin are repulsed |
| 1622 | 11 March | Battle of Guangning: Later Jin seizes Guangning |
| 1625 | | Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force |
| 1626 | 10 February | Battle of Ningyuan: A Later Jin attack on Ningyuan is repulsed and Nurhaci is wounded |
| 1626 | 30 September | Nurhaci succumbs to his wounds and dies |
| 1627 | January - March | Later Jin invasion of Joseon: Hong Taiji is elected khan and subjugates Joseon |
| 1627 | spring | Battle of Ning-Jin: Later Jin forces under Hong Taiji attack Jinzhou but are repelled |
| 1629 | winter | Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces break through the Great Wall and loot the region around Beijing |

### 1630s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1630 | summer | Jisi Incident: Later Jin forces retreat |
| 1631 | 21 November | Battle of Dalinghe: Later Jin seizes Dalinghe |
| 1633 | April | Wuqiao Mutiny: Shandong rebels defect to Later Jin |
| 1633 | summer | Siege of Lüshun: Later Jin seizes Lüshun |
| 1634 | | Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji, who takes the Imperial Seal of the Mongols |
| 1635 | | Hong Taiji unites all Jurchen tribes under the name of Manchu; so ends the Jurchens |