OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trachyspermum

Trachyspermum is a genus in the plant family Apiaceae.
Species:
* Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, ajwain
* Trachyspermum baluchistanicum Nasir
* Trachyspermum clavatum Nasir
* Trachyspermum confusum Hedge, Lamond & Rech.f.
* Trachyspermum falconeri (C.B.Clarke) H.Wolff
* Trachyspermum gedrosiacum (Bornm.) Hedge, Lamond & Rech.f.
* Trachyspermum halophilum Hedge, Lamond & Rech.f.
* Trachyspermum khasianum (C.B.Clarke) H.Wolff
* Trachyspermum pimpinelloides (Balf.f.) H.Wolff
* Trachyspermum podlechii (Leute) Hedge, Lamond & Rech.f.
* Trachyspermum reginei Ajani & Mozaff.
* Trachyspermum scaberulum (Franch.) H.Wolff ex Hand.-Mazz.
* Trachyspermum stewartii (Dunn) Hedge, Lamond & Rech.f.
* Trachyspermum triradiatum H.Wolff
* Trachyspermum villosum (Haines) P.K.Bhattach. & K.Sarkar
# Volcano boarding

Volcano boarding or volcano surfing is a sport performed on the slopes of a volcano. One of the most popular places for the activity is the Cerro Negro near Leon in western Nicaragua. Riders hike up the volcano and slide down, sitting or standing, on a thin plywood or metal board. The sport is also practiced on Mount Yasur on Tanna, Vanuatu; Mount Bromo in Indonesia; and very few other locations.
Volcano boarding can be an extreme sport. Potential dangers include falling and getting cut by the rough volcanic ash, breathing poisonous gasses, contracting histoplasmosis (otherwise known as "caver's disease"), or being hit by flying molten lava. Protective gear, including jumpsuits and goggles, is often used. Cerro Negro is also an active volcano, although the last eruption was in 1999. Mount Yasur is far more active and more dangerous, with volcanic eruptions occurring every day.
The activity can reach high speeds, with rides typically lasting only a few minutes and reaching up to 43 mph (69 km/h). The current record for volcano boarding speed is 54 mph (87 km/h).
Sandboarding, a similar activity performed on sand dunes, was established in the 1970s and 1980s: Derek Bredenkamp and others boarded Swakopmund in Namibia around 1974; Jack Smith and Gary Fluitt popularized it in California in the early 1980s.
National Geographic Channel adventurer and journalist Zoltan Istvan credits himself with inventing the volcano boarding sport on Mount Yasur on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu in 2002, though Istvan first visited the active volcano in 1995. He filmed his adventure, and it later aired on the National Geographic Channel in a five-minute news segment. Istvan differentiates volcano boarding into two forms: 1) boarding down an active volcano where immediate dangers come from flying molten lava and lethal volcanic gases, and 2) boarding down an inactive volcano where no immediate danger is present (similar to sandboarding). Other locations popular for their volcano boarding include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Etna in Italy, and Pacaya Volcano in Guatemala.
In Hawaii, an ancient sport known as he'e holua or lava sledding is a similar activity.

## Equipment and safety gear

For volcano boarding, participants typically use a specialized board, similar to a snowboard but with an extra layer of laminated material at the bottom to reduce friction. Safety gear includes a jumpsuit, dust-proof goggles and gloves.
# Hayward Townshend

Hayward (Heyward, Heywood) Townshend (ca. 1577 – before 1603) was Member of Parliament for Bishop's Castle, Shropshire, England, in 1597–1598 and 1601. His parliamentary diary, first published in 1680, covers both of these Parliaments, and is one of the fullest available records of proceedings in the 1601 Parliament.

## Family

Hayward Townshend was the eldest son of Sir Henry Townshend (1537?–1621), second justice of Chester, and his wife, Susan Hayward (d. 1592), daughter of Sir Rowland Hayward, Lord Mayor of London.
He was the grandson of Sir Robert Townshend, Chief Justice of Cheshire, and the great-grandson of Sir Roger Townshend (d. 1551).
He was a third cousin of Sir Roger Townshend (d. 1590) and of Aurelian Townshend.
# William Chiffinch

William Chiffinch (died November 1691) was an English royal page and politician. He was described by Joseph Woodfall Ebsworth as "a time-server and libertine, wasteful, unscrupulous, open to bribery and flattery".

## Biography

Chiffinch followed his older brother, Thomas, into service as a royal servant and was a page of the backstairs to Queen Catherine of Braganza in 1662. He succeeded to most of his brother's court offices upon Thomas' death in 1666, including being appointed Surveyor of the King's Pictures, page of the bedchamber and Keeper of the Privy Closet. Chiffinch became indispensable to Charles II and was known for his mastery of intrigue; he handled the payments to the king from France under the Secret Treaty of Dover. He was also involved in many court plots, particularly relating to the king's mistresses, and Charles often made use of Chiffinch's Whitehall and Windsor houses for liaisons. He is mentioned frequently in the diary of Samuel Pepys. From 1675 until his death he was Master of the Hawks.
In 1680, he was appointed a justice of the peace for Berkshire. From 1681 he held municipal office in Windsor, Berkshire and in 1685 he was returned unopposed as the Member of Parliament for New Windsor. In February 1685, Chiffinch was responsible for bringing John Huddleston to Charles' deathbed in order that he could convert to Roman Catholicism. He continued his roles in the royal household under James II until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, after which he fell out of favour with the new regime owing to suspicions of Jacobitism. He was replaced on the Windsor corporation in August 1689 and thereafter lived in relative obscurity. At the time of his death he was reported to be worth £20,000, having benefited greatly from his offices under the crown.
By 1662 he had married Barbara Nunn; their only child, Barbara, married Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey on 17 December 1681 and became an active Jacobite, being created suo jure Countess of Jersey by James Francis Edward Stuart in 1716.
# Vågaholmen

Vågaholmen (sometimes shortened to Våga) is the administrative centre of Rødøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located along the Tjongsfjorden, just west of the village of Tjong.
# Hegumen Mardarije

Hegumen Mardarije (Serbian Cyrillic: Игумен Мардарије; fl. 1543–45) was a Serbian Orthodox monk and one of the first printers of Serbian language books.
Mardarije received his education in the Monastery of the Holy Trinity of Pljevlja. To save its liturgical books and other valuables, he moved to Banja Monastery and became its hegumen. In 1543, he and two monks from Mileševa monastery travelled to Venice to buy the printing press and bring it to Mileševa to establish the Mileševa printing house.

## Early life

He was a Serb from Podrinje, who descended from Vraneši, Sokolac, Sanjak of Bosnia, Ottoman Empire (modern day Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina).
Mardarije was educated in the Monastery of the Holy Trinity of Pljevlja. When he learned that the Ottomans were going to destroy Ljuboviđa Church in Pavino Polje, he took liturgical books and other valuables and transported them to Banja Monastery using six loaded horses.

## Mileševa printing house

In 1543, Mardarije was a hegumen of the Banja Monastery near Priboj when Todor Ljubavić, a monk in Mileševa and son of Božidar Ljubavić, was sent to Venice to join his brother, Đurađ, and to buy a printing press for the monastery. Todor was accompanied by the Mileševa monk Sava and by Mardarije. At that time, Banja Monastery was a seat of the metropolitan bishop while Mileševa was the richest monastery of Dabar eparchy. That is why those two monasteries were given the task to finance and organize establishing of the printing house in Mileševa and why Mardarije travelled to Venice together with monks from Mileševa. The Mileševa printing house was operational in period 1544–1557. Three books were printed in it, Psalter (Псалтир, 1544), Breviary (Требник, 1545) and another Psalter (1557). Psalter of 1544 was edited and prepared by Mardarije and Teodor Ljubavić, based on 1519–20 Psalter of Božidar Vuković.
In 1545, Mardarije went to Bogovađa near Lajkovac and rebuilt it. An engraved plate commemorates this rebuilding and mentions Mardarije and Vraneši as his fatherland.

## Misidentification with hegumen Mardarije

In many earlier sources, Hegumen Mardarije, who was hegumen of the Banja Monastery, is misidentified with Hieromonk Mardarije who was also a printer, but in Mrkšina crkva printing house and Belgrade printing house. Taking into consideration that Mardarije of Mrkšina crkva never mentioned in his books his much higher position of the hegumen of Banja Monastery, it was concluded that Hegumen Mardarije and Hieromonk Mardarije were two different people.
# Academy of Performing Arts Baden-Wuerttemberg

The Academy of Performing Arts Baden-Wuerttemberg (German: Akademie für Darstellende Kunst Baden-Württemberg) is a public drama school in Ludwigsburg, Germany. Founded in 2007 on the campus of the Film Academy Baden-Wuerttemberg. The Academy of Performing Arts offers an interdisciplinary education, combining acting for theater and film.
# Acrolophus punctata

Acrolophus punctata is a moth of the family Acrolophidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1901. It is found in Costa Rica.
# Acrolophus punctellus

Acrolophus punctellus is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It was described by August Busck in 1907. It is found in North America, including Arizona.
# Acrolophus pristinella

Acrolophus pristinella is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in Venezuela.
# Haywood Early College High School

Haywood Early College is a public high school located on the campus of Haywood Community College. Haywood Early College High School enrolls students in grades 9 through 13. Students who complete the full program earn both a high school diploma and a two-year transfer degree.

## History

Haywood Early College opened in the fall of 2006 supported by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and in collaboration with the North Carolina New Schools Project.
It serves a population of approximately one hundred and ninety students.

## Academics

Haywood Early College has achieved considerable academic success. HEC earned an A rating from the state for the 2013–2014 academic year, SchoolDigger ranked HEC 29th out of 503 North Carolina high schools, and was recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in 2018.
# Surrender (law)

In common law, surrender is the term describing a situation where a tenant gives up possession of property held under a tenancy as a result of which the tenancy ends.
A surrender differs from an eviction on the question of mutual agreement. Surrender implies a mutual agreement, whereas eviction implies the absence of a mutual agreement.
   A surrender is either by express words by which a lessee manifests his intention of giving his possession or by the operation of law, which happens when the parties without an express surrender do some act which implies that they have both agreed to consider the surrender as made.
# Savvides

Savvides is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* George Savvides (born 1956), Australian businessman
* George L. Savvides (born 1959), Cypriot politician and lawyer
* Georgette Savvides (born 1973), Greek Egyptian psychologist
# Tim Cooper (footballer)

Tim Cooper was an association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.
Cooper made his full All Whites debut in a 6–4 win over New Caledonia on 22 September 1952 and ended his international playing career with eight A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 1–4 loss to Australia on 4 September 1954.
# Będargowo

Będargowo may refer to the following places:
* Będargowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
* Będargowo, Choszczno County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
* Będargowo, Police County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
# Toy forts and castles

A toy fort is a miniature fortress or castle that is used as a setting to stage battles using toy soldiers. Toy forts come in many shapes and sizes; some are copies of existing historical structures, while others are imagined with specific elements to enable realistic play, such as moats, drawbridges, and battlements. Toy fort designs range from the châteaux of Europe to the stockade forts of the American wild west.

## History

Toy forts and castles first appeared at the beginning of the nineteenth century in Germany, a country that dominated the world of toy manufacturing up until WW1. The earliest examples came as a set of generic wooden blocks which could be configured in many different ways. As time went on, some of these sets were designed to portray specific structures associated with real battles.
Around 1850 dollhouse manufacturers started to apply their production methods and capabilities towards the production of toy forts and castles. Sets would consist of wooden components, some blocks and some flat, painted to depict details such as stone, brick, windows, arches and vegetation. The parts would be shipped in a box which was designed to be inverted and then used as the base for the toy fort. This design became the standard design for toy forts and castles for the next 100 years.
The Germans dominated the toy fort market until about 1900 when other manufacturers from France, Denmark, Britain, and the USA started to appear on the scene. As technology progressed, new materials were used in the manufacturing of toy forts including tin, zinc alloy, composition, cardboard, hardboard, MDF, and finally plastics.

## Manufacturers

The three best-known manufacturers of toy forts were Moritz Gottschalk (Germany), O. and M. Hausser (Germany), and Lines Bros. (Great Britain).

### Germany

* Christian Hacker
* Moritz Gottschalk (1840—1905) started his career as a bookbinder, but by the age of 25 had branched off into children's toys which would eventually lead to him becoming one of the world's most influential toy makers of the late 19th to early 20th centuries. He started with the dollhouses that he is most famous for and quickly went from a cottage industry to running a factory. Once his infrastructure was in place he was able to diversify adding the manufacture of other toy buildings such as forts, stables, and grocery stores to his repertoire.

### Spain

* Reamsa
# Trachysomus thomsoni

Trachysomus thomsoni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1923. It is known from Colombia and Panama.
# Utena District Municipality

Utena District Municipality is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania.

## Structure

District structure:
* 1 city – Utena;
* 8 towns – Daugailiai, Kuktiškės, Leliūnai, Saldutiškis, Sudeikiai, Tauragnai, Užpaliai and Vyžuonos;
* 592 villages.
Population of largest Molėtai District Municipality elderships (2001):
* Utena – 33860
* Užpaliai – 877
* Tauragnai – 602
* Vyžuonos – 581
* Antalgė – 564
* Kuktiškės – 485
* Leliūnai – 483
* Sudeikiai – 407
* Atkočiškės – 393
* Saldutiškis – 389.

## Nature and geography

* Tauragnas
* Puntukas of Biliakiemis
* Indrajai
# Girish Prabhune

Girish Y. Prabhune (born 1952 in Pune, Maharastra) is an Indian social worker and social activist known particularly for his work towards upliftment of the nomadic Pardhi community and their children since 1970. He was conferred the Padma Shri in 2021 in Social Work category.

## Work

Prabhune began his career as a social worker in early 1970s. He initially started working with Srikant G. Majgaokar in the Gramayan NGO during the 1972 Maharashtra drought. He also ran a periodical called Asidhara, but this endeavor left him in debt.
Prabhune lived in Nimgaon Mhalungi village in Pune district for nearly 10 years working with the locals. His stay at this village allowed him to observe and interact with the nomadic communities including the Pardhi, Waddar, Kaikadi, Davari Gosavi, Gondhali, dombari, Kolhati, Lambadi, and Pothuraju.
Prabhune started discussions with Laxman Mane to start the Bhatke Wimukt Vikas Parishad organisation for uplifting the nomadic communities. Via this organization, he organized the nomadic tribes in Beed, Osmanabad, Solapur, Parbhani, Nanded, and Pune districts, advancing their political power. He also fought court battles arguing for nomadic rights. Prabhune, a Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh volunteer since young age, effectively persuaded 50,000 fed-up Dalits who had intended to leave Hinduism for Buddhism at Deekshabhoomi in Nagpur.
In 1993, he started a school in rural Yamgarwadi village in Tuljapur Tahsil, Osmanabad district for the children of the nomadic tribes, which still continues to this date.
In later part of his life he started the Punarutthan Samarasata Gurukulam, a NGO run by Krantiveer Chapekar Smarak Samiti, in Chinchwad, Pune. This NGO and runs schools and residential facility for the Pardhi children.

## Awards

* 2021 - Padma Shri in Social work category
* 2015 - Samajik Seva Jivan Gaurav Puraskar
* 2000 - Antyodaya Puraskar by Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini

## Personal life

Prabhune was born in 1952 in a Brahmin family. He lives in Chinchwad with his wife Arundhati and their 3 children.
# Update rule

Update rule may refer to:
* Update rule in Bayesian inference
* Update rules I and II, that is the Born rule and the state update or collapse rule, in quantum mechanics
# Transtillaspis nedyma

Transtillaspis nedyma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ecuador in Napo and Zamora-Chinchipe provinces.
The wingspan is 19–20.5 mm.
# 201 Elizabeth Street

201 Elizabeth Street (formerly known as the Pacific Power Building) is a skyscraper in Sydney, Australia. Designed by Kann, Finch and Partners, the tower stands at a height of 165 metres.

## History

Construction works of the building, designed by architecture firm Kann, Finch and Partners, were completed in 1978. In 2019, Charter Hall and Abacus Group jointly purchased the building for 630 million Australian dollars, with Charter Hall holding a majority 68% stake and Abacus Group holding 32%.
# 2019 Chengdu Open

The 2019 Chengdu Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 4th edition of the Chengdu Open and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2019 ATP Tour. It took place at the Sichuan International Tennis Center in Chengdu, China, from September 23 to 29.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | John Isner | 20 | 1 |
| CAN | Félix Auger-Aliassime | 21 | 2 |
| FRA | Benoît Paire | 23 | 3 |
| BUL | Grigor Dimitrov | 25 | 4 |
| SRB | Dušan Lajović | 29 | 5 |
| USA | Taylor Fritz | 30 | 6 |
| GRB | Kyle Edmund | 32 | 7 |
| CAN | Denis Shapovalov | 33 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of September 16, 2019

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Bai Yan
* Chung Hyeon
* Li Zhe
The following player received entry using a protected ranking into the singles main draw:
* Vasek Pospisil
The following player received entry as a special exempt:
* Egor Gerasimov
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Jason Jung
* Bradley Klahn
* Kamil Majchrzak
* Alexei Popyrin
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* Lloyd Harris

### Withdrawals

* Richard Gasquet → replaced by Vasek Pospisil
* Mikhail Kukushkin → replaced by Ričardas Berankis
* Kamil Majchrzak → replaced by Lloyd Harris
* Reilly Opelka → replaced by Alexander Bublik
* Sam Querrey → replaced by Márton Fucsovics

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| CRO | Ivan Dodig | SVK | Filip Polášek | 53 | 1 |
| GBR | Dominic Inglot | USA | Austin Krajicek | 85 | 2 |
| MEX | Santiago González | SWE | Robert Lindstedt | 111 | 3 |
| ISR | Jonathan Erlich | FRA | Fabrice Martin | 129 | 4 |
* Rankings are as of September 16, 2019

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Li Zhe / Gao Xin
* Sun Fajing / Wang Aoran

## Champions
### Singles

* Pablo Carreño Busta def. Alexander Bublik, 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$

### Doubles

* Nikola Ćaćić / Dušan Lajović def. Jonathan Erlich / Fabrice Martin, 7–6$^{(11–9)}$, 3–6, [10–3]
# 2019 Cheltenham Gold Cup

The 2019 Cheltenham Gold Cup (known as the Magners Gold Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 91st annual running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup horse race and was held at Cheltenham Racecourse, Gloucestershire, England, on 15 March 2019.
The race was won by Al Boum Photo, ridden by Paul Townend and trained by Willie Mullins.
Invitation Only ridden by Patrick Mullins suffered a fatal injury after a fall during the race.

## Details

* Sponsor: Magners
* Winner's prize money: £351,687.50
* Going: Good to Soft
* Number of runners: 16
* Winner's time: 6m 39.06s
# Tracy Negoshian

Tracy Negoshian (born October 20, 1981) is a designer of women's clothing. She is a native of Zephyrhills, Florida.

## History

As a teenager, Tracy Negoshian became a champion scholastic golfer. She studied at University of South Florida.
In college she began work on clothing design. She would modify team jerseys, add flair and then sport her "new" apparel to games and events.
After college in 2004, Negoshian moved to Palm Beach, Florida. She canvassed many of the local businesses (and all of the high-end retail stores on Worth Avenue) in search of an opportunity. She was ultimately hired by Saks Fifth Avenue to be an assistant in their Designer Salon.
In 2007, while attending the National Championship football game, she saw women wearing fan apparel that reminded her of her college days and how she would alter jerseys into fashionable garments. Negoshian recognized a market opportunity for garments like these.
She expanded on the concept that she could make college game day apparel trendy, fun and multi-purpose. She created My Team Boutique and began designing garments along the likes of some of the more popular colleges in the Southeastern United States.
Negoshian decided after a successful launch with My Team Boutique that a three-month season was not substantial and that she needed to explore options for a multi-line approach. In 2009, she launched Tracy Negoshian, Inc.

## Clothing line

Her early inspirations included designers Diane Von Furstenberg and Emilio Pucci.
Her garments are often compared to the likes of Tory Burch, Lilly Pulitzer, Nanette Lepore and Trina Turk.
Tracy opened her first flagship TRACY NEGOSHIAN store October 2013 in Naples on 5th Avenue. By January 2014, over 500 boutiques in the U.S. and Puerto Rico carried the Tracy Negoshian brand.
# 2019 Thindown Challenger Biella

The 2019 Thindown Challenger Biella was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Biella, Italy between 16 and 22 September 2019.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ESP | Alejandro Davidovich Fokina | 109 | 1 |
| ESP | Jaume Munar | 112 | 2 |
| SVK | Andrej Martin | 114 | 3 |
| ITA | Paolo Lorenzi | 121 | 4 |
| JPN | Taro Daniel | 137 | 5 |
| ITA | Lorenzo Giustino | 138 | 6 |
| ITA | Alessandro Giannessi | 140 | 7 |
| ITA | Gianluca Mager | 142 | 8 |
| ITA | Filippo Baldi | 148 | 9 |
| ITA | Federico Gaio | 154 | 10 |
| ESP | Mario Vilella Martínez | 190 | 11 |
| ARG | Marco Trungelliti | 196 | 12 |
| ESP | Tommy Robredo | 201 | 13 |
| ITA | Stefano Napolitano | 203 | 14 |
| FRA | Elliot Benchetrit | 211 | 15 |
| ARG | Carlos Berlocq | 228 | 16 |
* Rankings are as of 9 September 2019.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Federico Arnaboldi
* Matteo Arnaldi
* Giacomo Dambrosi
* Gabriele Felline
* Pietro Rondoni
The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
* Daniel Muñoz de la Nava
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Oscar José Gutierrez
* Fernando Romboli

## Champions
### Singles

* Gianluca Mager def. Paolo Lorenzi 6–0, 6–7$^{(4–7)}$, 7–5.

### Doubles

* Tomislav Brkić / Ante Pavić def. Ariel Behar / Andrey Golubev 7–6$^{(7–2)}$, 6–4.