OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf

Maximilian Elisäus Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf (9 June 1804, Burghaig, Kulmbach – 18 April 1884, Schmölln) was a Thuringian count. He was the stepfather of Albert, Prince Consort, and grandfather of Hans Poelzig.

## Life

Alexander von Hanstein came from the Thüringer noble family of Hanstein Castle and was the son of Baron Friedrich von Hanstein and his wife, Anna Maria (née Hausmann).
In 1824, Alexander was equerry (Stallmeister) for Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. The duke's marriage was rocky; his first wife, Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, had an affair with von Hanstein, and Louise was exiled from the dukedom in the autumn of 1824. She was assigned a residence in the Principality of Lichtenberg, now in Saarland, and Alexander followed her there.
On the death of Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, on 11 February 1825, Louise became sole heiress of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. In the subsequent discussions over the inheritance, a separation agreement was hammered out and the Saxon duchies were re-organised. Ernest separated from Louise on 31 March 1826, and in the same year exchanged Saalfeld for Gotha.
Now free, Louise planned to marry von Hanstein, and in preparation for such a marriage Alexander was created Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf on 19 July 1826 by Louise’s uncle Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. On 18 October 1826, Alexander and Louise married at St. Wendel, the capital of the small principality of Lichtenberg. They resided in the castle there and spent some happy years; but the marriage remained childless and Louise was prohibited by her first husband from contacting her children in Coburg.
After Louise's early death from cancer in 1831, Alexander went into the Prussian service and commanded the regiment of the corps Cürrassier in Potsdam. He married the 21-year-old Marie Therese von Carlowitz (1812-1845) on 18 April 1833 in Coburg. As Count and Countess of Pölzig, they lived at Schloss Pölzig and had three children:
* Maximilan Anton (18 February 1834 – between 1865 and 1871)
* Clara Henriette Marie (3 April 1835 – 25 April 1879)
* Thekla Marie Agnes (29 November 1841 – 4 April 1903)
In 1845, Alexander approached his stepson Prince Albert, who in the meantime had married Queen Victoria, and Albert allowed him a pension.
His second daughter, Clara, married the British shipowner George Acland Ames on 13 July 1854. Their sixth child, Hans, was born on 30 April 1869 in Berlin. Because Ames did not acknowledge Hans as his son, he was given the surname Poelzig. Clara and Ames separated in July 1869, and Clara returned to Pölzig. She lived as a "the young countess" in the Schloss and died 10 years later in Beiersdorf. Hans Poelzig grew up in Berlin and became a world-famous architect and set designer.
Alexander's grandchildren, the Ames family in England, inherited the schloss on his death in 1884.
# Gian Paolo Palenteri

Gian Paolo Palenteri, O.F.M. Conv. (died 1606) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lacedonia (1602–1606).

## Biography

Gian Paolo Palenteri was ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor Conventual. On 27 November 1602, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Lacedonia. He served as Bishop of Lacedonia until his death in 1606.
# Gian Paolo Peloso

Gian Paolo Peloso (born 18 December 1977) is an Italian violinist and conductor. He plays a 1710 Matteo Goffriller violin. He is currently a faculty member at the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.

## Biography

Peloso was born in Rome, Italy, to a family of musicians. His mother is a violinist and his father, Paolo Peloso, is a conductor. During his years of training, he studied with Zinaida Gilels, Ruggiero Ricci, Viktor Pikayzen, Valery Klimov, Igor Ozim, Viktor Tretykov and Pierre Amoyal.
Peloso made his debut at the age of 10 under the direction of composer Luciano Berio. He has performed in Europe, Asia and the United States as a soloist with orchestras, in recitals, and in chamber music concerts.
Throughout his career, he has been invited to participate in the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival in Finland, the Martha Argerich Festival in Switzerland, and has made appearances at the Società dei Concerti Foundation of Milan, the Moscow International House of Music, the Singapore Sun Festival, the Archipel Festival in Geneva, the Hong Kong Musical Fest, the Cannes Festival in France, and the Weill Recital Hall in New York.
He has toured extensively with the Camerata de Lausanne and performed chamber music with Sofia Gubaidulina, Mark Lubotsky, Vladimir Mendelssohn, and Bruno Canino.
Appointed Violin Professor at the Conservatory of Music of Neuchatel in Switzerland, he has recorded sonatas by Saint-Saens and Poulenc for the National Swiss Radio with pianist Filippini.
Peloso is a Sony Classical artist, and has recorded in New York violin sonatas by Respighi, Busoni, and Faure (complete sonatas) with pianist Bruno Canino. He is currently a faculty member at the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.
As a conductor, he is a pupil of Jorma Panula. He has conducted the Kuopio Symphony Orchestra and Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra.
# Alexander Streatfeild-Moore

Alexander McNeill Streatfeild-Moore (born Alexander McNeill Streatfeild; 17 October 1863 – 30 December 1940) was an English amateur cricketer and member of the Streatfeild family.
Streatfeild-Moore was born at Westerham in Kent in 1863, the eldest son of Alexander Edward Streatfeild and Helen McNeill. He was educated at Charterhouse School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, both of which he played cricket for. He served as an officer of the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment until resigning his commission in April 1885. He made seven first-class cricket appearances for Kent County Cricket Club between 1885 and 1888 and one appearance for Buckinghamshire County Cricket Club in the 1897 Minor Counties Championship.
Streatfeild-Moore died at Newbury, Berkshire in December 1940 aged 77. His brother Edward Champion Streatfeild (1870-1932) played for Surrey between 1890 and 1892. He was the first cousin of William Champion Streatfeild, bishop of Lewes and his grandmother, Hannah Fry, was the daughter of the prison reformer, Elizabeth Fry. He married his first cousin Evelyn Agatha Gatyana Streatfeild (1884-1975) and had two sons Frank Alexander (b 1918) and Thomas Edward (1921–1945).
# Alexandra Panafidina

Alexandra Samuilovna Panafidina (1873-1919), was a book publisher from the Russian Empire. She was married to Andrei Yakovlevich Panafidin (1857-1902). She took over the book publication firm of her spouse in 1902, "Book Publication Firm and Book Company AS Panafidina." She and her husband played an important part among contemporary Russian book firms.
# Alexis Leon Louis Valbrun

Alexis Leon Louis Valbrun (January 3, 1803 – 1852) was a French painter specialized in portraits of the European aristocracy. He studied under Nicolas Gosse and was a pupil of Antoine-Jean Gros. He entered the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1817 and exhibited his work at the Salon between 1831 and 1843. Some of his paintings are displayed at the Fondation Calvet in Avignon, the Palace of Versailles (Philip V of Spain) and the Chateau de Chantilly (Sophie Dawes, Baronne de Feucheres). His historic painting La mort de Saphire (Fine Art Museum in Saint Lo) was exhibited at the Salon in 1843. In 1846 he decorated the church Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis in Paris.

## Gallery

* Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa
* Sophie Dawes
# Gingidiobora

Gingidiobora is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Robin C. Craw in 1987. This genus is endemic to New Zealand.

## Species

* Gingidiobora nebulosa (Philpott, 1917)
* Gingidiobora subobscurata (Walker, 1862)
# Giovanni di Stefano

Giovanni di Stefano may refer to:
* Giovanni di Stefano (sculptor) (1443 – c. 1506), Italian sculptor
* Giovanni di Stefano (architect) (fl. 1366–1391), Italian architect who designed the tabernacle at the Basilica of St. John Lateran
* Giovanni Di Stefano (fraudster) (born 1955), Italian fraudster involved in various legal cases
# Algés

Algés may refer to:
* Algés (Oeiras), a former parish in Oeiras, Portugal
* Algés, Linda-a-Velha e Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, a current parish in Oeiras, Portugal
* Algés River, a river in Algés Parish, Portugal
* U.D.R. Algés, a football club that plays in Algés Parish
# Giparu

Giparu or, more correctly, gipar (Sumerian: ĝipar, Akkadian: gipāru) is a central concept of both the Sumerian belief system and temple architecture. Typically translated as 'cloister', the actual meaning of gipar includes multiple linked concepts. The giparu was originally a woven reed mat used as wedding bed. Its symbolic meaning expanded to include the idea of the generative power of fertility to create and sustain life. In this sense the giparu expressed multiple ideas of abundance, the storehouse containing abundance, as well as a point of union with the generative power itself. In its role as point of union, the giparu was residence of the en, where the hierosgamos was consummated. Often the giparu temple was built over a giparu mat embedded in the structure. For this reason, cloister, connoting the residence of a priest, is given as the primary definition (ePSD).

## Orthography

The giparu is written with two forms attested back to 2500 BC.
* Main form: ĝi$_6$-par$_4$ (Sign: MI.NI.GIŠ, Cuneiform: 𒈪𒉌𒄑)
* Variant form: ĝi$_6$-par$_3$ (Signs: MI.DAG, Cuneiform: 𒈪𒁖)
The first Sign, MI, was developed from the pictogram of a storm cloud dropping rain. Cuneiform was initially written top to bottom then written rotated counter-clockwise 90 degrees later in history. The second Sign, NI was developed from a pictogram of plow.
Other variants in spelling come from the Ur expedition report, Royal Inscriptions from Ur.
* Inscription 67, line 7: "the brilliant gi(g)-par, her beloved temple"
* Inscription 67, line 7 footnote: "gi(g)-par-ku(g)-ga-ni"
* Inscription 106, line I4: "the e-gi(g)-par"

## In literature

The giparu of Inanna in Uruk is mentioned in Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta, lines 1–24: "Before the land of Dilmun yet existed, the E-ana of Unug Kulaba was well founded, and the holy ĝipar of Inana in brick-built Kulaba shone forth like the silver in the lode."

## Giparu

Often gipar is written as 'giparu' from the Akkadian giparū. In certain contexts giparu refers to a specific gipar in Ur where the entu (priestess) of the god Nanna dwelt. In this case giparu derives from gipar ku (Sumerian: $^{e2}$gi$_6$-par$_4$-ku$_3$), or Palace of the Gipar.
# Alfred Maul

Alfred Maul (1870–1942) was a German engineer who could be thought of as the father of aerial reconnaissance. Maul, who owned a machine works, experimented from 1900 with small solid-propellant sounding rockets.

## Background

Although people had long been experimenting with rockets, hardly anyone had used them in a practical application. It was Alfred Maul, an industrialist and engineer born in Pößneck, in the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, that thought of, and implemented, the idea of taking photographs of the land with a rocket-attached camera. He was inspired by Ludwig Rahrmann, who in 1891 patented a means of attaching a camera to a large calibre artillery projectile or rocket. Previously, aerial photographs had been taken from balloons and kites, and in 1896 or 1897 by Alfred Nobel's rocket, from a small rocket at 100 metres altitude. In 1903 Julius Neubronner's pigeons were used to take aerial photos but found to be too unreliable.

## Camera rocket development

In 1903, Alfred Maul patented his Maul Camera Rocket. The camera would be launched into the air with a black powder rocket. When the rocket had reached an altitude of about 600 to 800 meters, a few seconds later, its top would spring open and the camera would descend on a parachute. A timer would trigger the taking of the photograph.
In 1904, Maul managed to image the local landscape from a 600-metre altitude.
A military application for Maul's technique was intended and, on 22 August 1906, a secret demonstration occurred before military observers at the Glauschnitz firing range. Maul developed his camera rocket further for the purpose of military reconnaissance. He began attaching gyroscopic-stabilized plate cameras in 1907.
In 1912, his rocket cameras were using a 20 by 25 centimetre photographic plate and gyroscopic steering to ensure stable flight and sharper images. The rocket weighed 41 kilograms.

## Aeroplanes take over

Maul's rockets achieved no military significance because conventional aeroplanes during World War I succeeded in the role of aerial reconnaissance. The Deutsches Museum in Munich displays a Maul-built rocket.
# Alexander Kazbegi Avenue

Alexander Kazbegi Avenue (Georgian: ალექსანდრე ყაზბეგის გამზირი) is one of the main avenues of Tbilisi and is named after the writer Alexander Kazbegi. The avenue is located on the right bank of the Kura River in the Saburtalo and Vake districts of Tbilisi and starts at Pekini Avenue and ends at Petre Kavtaradze street. In 1941 it was originally named Pavlov street. The development of the street began in 1956 with several administrative educational buildings. In 1990 Pavlov street was renamed into Alexander Kazbegi Avenue.
# Algueirão–Mem Martins

Algueirão – Mem Martins (Portuguese pronunciation:) is a Portuguese civil parish, in the municipality (concelho) of Sintra, and part of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area.
It was elevated from the status of village to town on 1 February 1988.

## History
### Toponymy

The toponym 'Algueirão' dates back to the Muslim presence in the region between the 8th and 12th centuries. It evolved from the Arab term al-gueirān, meaning the caves.
'Mem Martins' is a proper name of uncertain origin, consisting of the medieval given name Mem and the patronymic Martins, likely after one of the first property owners in the region following the Portuguese conquest of Lisbon and Sintra.

## Geography

It covers 16.00 km².

## Demographics

The population in 2011 was 66,250. The population density is 4,100 inhabitants per square kilometer.

## Notable structures

* Fountain of Sacotes (Fontanário de Sacotes)
* Church of Nossa Senhora das Mercês (Capela e Recinto da Feira das Mercês/Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Mercês), a 17th-century church and churchyard;
* Hermitage of São Romão (Ermida de São Romão), a Manueline-era rural hermitage, comprising one nave with a vaulted ceiling.

## Notable people

* André Ventura, jurist, professor, former sports pundit and politician, founder and president of the Chega party
# Aliagarivorans

Aliagarivorans is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (Bacteria).

## Etymology

The name Aliagarivorans derives from: Latin adjective and pronoun alius, other, another, different; Neo-Latin noun Agarivorans, a name of a bacterial genus; Neo-Latin masculine gender noun Aliagarivorans, the other Agarivorans.

## Species

The genus contains 2 species.
# Alice Brown Caine

Alice Brown Caine (née Brown; also known as Mrs. W. S. Caine; 21 February 1849 – 28 January 1918) was an English temperance leader. She served as president of the Women's Total Abstinence Union, the Liverpool Ladies' Temperance Association, and the Deaconesses' National Total Abstinence League.

## Early life and education

Alice Brown was born in Liverpool, England, 21 February 1849. A daughter of Alice Chibnal Brown (nee Sirett; 1821-1863) and the Baptist preacher, the Rev. Hugh Stowell Brown (1823-1886), she developed a profound sympathy with the efforts against the liquor traffic. Caine had six younger siblings, Robert, Hugh, John, Dora, Bertha, and Eleanor.
She was educated privately in Liverpool.

## Career

In 1868, she married William Sproston Caine, a prominent iron merchant and active temperance leader, and afterward Member of Parliament. A painting by Edwin Long of Mrs. Caine and her eldest daughter hung in the dining room of the family home in Clapham Common.
The couple devoted time, energy, and their substantial means to the cause. At Wheatsheaf Hall, a mission building opened in South Lambeth by Mr. Caine about 1884 and rebuilt in 1898 at a cost of £5,000, Mrs. Caine conducted a large mothers’ meeting there, and was otherwise unceasingly active at that Hall, including the Alice Caine Tent of the Independent Order of Rechabites,
Caine was introduced and spoke briefly at the Third Biennial Convention and Executive Committee Meetings of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union in London in June 1895, where she represented the Girls' Guild of Good Life.
She was affiliated with a number of temperance organizations, becoming president of the Women's Total Abstinence Union, and also of the Auxiliary of the Free Church Council. Caine was also an active member of the Committee of the Young Abstainers' Union, besides holding membership and official relations in various other subordinate organizations; for example, Caine served as president of Deaconesses' National Total Abstinence League, federated to the Women's Total Abstinence Union. One of her most responsible positions was that of treasurer of the Anglo-Indian Temperance Association, of which her husband was the founder; and she assumed that additional office after his death in 1903.
An interesting and convincing lecturer, she also wielded influence in the various social circles where much of her effective work was done.

## Personal life

Mr. and Mrs. Caine had five children:
* Hannah Caine Roberts, who married John Herbert Roberts, M.P., Denbighshire
* Dorothea ("Dora") Caine, M.D., Medical Officer, Victoria Hospital for Children, Hull; honorary appointments in connection with the Royal Free Hospital and the New Hospital for Women, London
* Ruth Herbert Lewis, English temperance activist and collector of Welsh folk songs, who married John Herbert Lewis, M.P., Flintshire
* William Caine, author
* David Caine
Alice Brown Caine died in London, 28 January 1918. A memorial service was held in her honour at Wheatsheaf Hall on 10 February 1918.
# Giovanni Battista Costanzo

Giovanni Battista Costanzo (died 1617) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cosenza (1591–1617).

## Biography

On 5 April 1591, Giovanni Battista Costanzo was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIV as Archbishop of Cosenza. On 21 April 1591, he was consecrated bishop by Giulio Antonio Santorio, Cardinal-Priest of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, with Leonard Abel, Titular Bishop of Sidon and Giovanni Battista Santorio, Bishop of Tricarico serving as co-consecrators. He served as Archbishop of Cosenza until his death in 1617. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Francesco Monaco, Bishop of Martirano (1592); and Decio Caracciolo Rosso, Archbishop of Bari (1606).
# Alichur

Alichur is a jamoat (municipality) and village in Murghob District, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Tajikistan. The population of the jamoat is 2,422 (2015). The name of the village means Ali's curse and is reputed to have been spoken by the prophet's son-in-law Ali on a journey through the area, on account of the harsh climate and penetrating winds there.

## Government

As of September 2017, the leader of the community was Mahan Atabaev, a poacher turned conservationist.

## Ecology

Alichur is participating in a community-based ecological management program called the Burgut conservancy, in an attempt to reverse the depopulation of ibex, bears, Marco Polo sheep and lynx.

## Economy

The community generates income from commercial hunting, and intends to expand into eco-tourism.

## Education

Alichur has a village school.
# Giuseppe Crastoni

Giuseppe Crastoni or Gioseffo Crastone or Crastona (1674 in Pavia – 1718) was an Italian painter, mainly active as a landscape painter.

## Biography

He initially studied in Pavia under Bernardino Ciceri, then moved to Rome. He returned to Pavia to open a studio for teaching painting.
# Gioacchino Prati

Gioacchino Prati (1790–1863) was an Italian revolutionary and patriot, a supporter of the Risorgimento who was exiled for his activities in 1821. He was later a Saint-Simonian.

## Life

Prati was born in Tenno, County of Tyrol and educated in Salzburg, Innsbruck, Vienna and Landshut. He trained in both medicine and in law, taking his law degree in Pavia in 1810. He moved to Milan to continue his studies where he became a Freemason and a Carbonaro. He practised law in Brescia and Trento but his clandestine activities came to the attention of the authorities and he fled to the safety of Switzerland in 1816. There he continued his political agitation, largely based in Chur and Yverdon.
He travelled throughout Europe, maintaining his revolutionary activism, before being granted right of asylum in England in 1823. There, he soon established a broad circle of exiled and radical friends including: Ugo Foscolo, Sir John Bowring, Thomas Campbell, Joseph Henry Green and Edward Craven Hawtrey. Though he claims that Bowring had introduced him to write for the Westminster Review, he managed a meagre living on various failed educational enterprises, and publishing on educational matters and tutoring in German. He was imprisoned for debt in 1829 and took the opportunity to learn English medical terminology under the guidance of Green.
On his release from prison in 1830, he visited Philippe Buonarroti, an old friend, in Brussels then, after a brief return to England, rushed to France to join in the July Revolution.
Returning to England in 1831 he joined the Friends of the People Society and professed to be a Saint-Simonian. He then took up the practice of medicine, contributing a medical column to the radical Penny Satirist from 1837 to 1840, in addition to editing the magazine.
There was some public alarm at his radical views when he was joined in some public professions of his views by Gregorio Fontana in 1834.
He repeatedly petitioned the Austrian authorities of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia to allow him to return to Brescia and they relented in 1852. Prati died in Brescia.