OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Taxation in Scotland

Taxation in Scotland today involves payments that are required to be made to three different levels of government: to the UK government, to the Scottish Government and to local government. Currently 32.4% of taxation collected in Scotland is in the form of taxes under the control of the Scottish parliament and 67.6% of all taxation collected in Scotland is reserved to the UK Parliament.

## History

Until the 17th century, taxation was regarded as 'an extraordinary source of revenue that was levied for a specific purpose such as the defence of the realm'. However, during the 17th century, Parliament permitted a Land Tax to be collected from 1667, a Hearth tax from 1691 to 1695 and a Poll tax from 1693 to 1699.
The 1707 Union of the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England formed a new Kingdom of Great Britain, so that responsibility for taxation in Scotland became a matter for the Westminster Parliament, now the legislature for the new state.

### Devolution of tax powers

The creation of a devolved Scottish parliament in 1999 was accompanied by a limited transfer of taxation powers: the Scotland Act 1998 transferred the power to legislate for local taxation and also the power to vary income tax by plus or minus 3 pence in the pound. Most taxation powers in Scotland following the creation of the parliament remained a reserved matter for Westminster. Following the Calman Commission, the Scotland Act 2012 transferred powers over Stamp duty Land Tax, and Landfill Tax (both since replaced by Land and Buildings Transaction Tax and Scottish Landfill Tax, respectively) and reduced rates of Income tax in Scotland by 10 pence in the pound at all bands, reducing the Barnett formula by the equivalent sum, and requiring the Scottish parliament to set a Scottish Income tax rate to replace the lost revenue but with the ability to set it higher or lower than 10 pence in the pound if it wished.
Following promises made during the Scottish independence referendum that led to the Smith Commission, the Scotland Act 2016 added powers over Air Passenger Duty and full control over Income tax on non savings and non dividend income (excluding the personal allowance which is still set by the UK parliament.)
Despite these tax powers having been transferred, over half of all taxes collected in Scotland remains under the direct control of the UK parliament which has remained a reserved matter to itself all powers over Corporation tax, National Insurance, Value-added tax (VAT), Capital gains tax, Inheritance tax, Aggregates Levy Insurance Premium Tax and Motoring taxes.
# Wing of a European Roller

Wing of a European Roller (also known as Wing of a Blue Roller) is a nature study watercolor by Albrecht Dürer. Dürer painted it from a dead specimen in 1512.

## Description

The watercolor's dimensions are 19.6 x 20 centimeters. It is in the collection of the Albertina, Vienna. In 2013, the Wing of a European Roller was loaned with other Dürer works, to the National Gallery of Art, Washington.
# Ahrensberg (Sackwald)

The Ahrensberg, at 374 metres, is the highest hill in the Sackwald range in the district of Hildesheim, in the north German state of Lower Saxony.

## Geography

The densely forested Ahrensberg rises in the Leine Uplands, part of the Lower Saxon Hills. It is located in the Sackwald, that lies between the towns of Alfeld on the Leine to the northwest and the somewhat distant Bad Gandersheim to the southeast. Within this forest region it rises southwest of Woltershausen and northeast of Everode.

## Watersheds

The Ahrensberg lies on the watershed between the Leine to the west and Innerste to the north. The waters of all streams that flow west from this hill empty into the Leine via the little Meierbach stream. The waters that flow east and northeast enter the Innerste via the Riehe and Lamme.

## Villages

The villages near the Ahrensberg include:
* Everode within the catchment area of the Meierbach and Leine, southwest of the Ahrensberg
* Woltershausen in the catchment area of the Riehe, Lamme and Innerste, northeast of the Ahrensberg
51°57′44″N 9°56′4″E﻿ / ﻿51.96222°N 9.93444°E﻿ / 51.96222; 9.93444
* This Lower Saxony location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# 1978 World Junior Curling Championships

The 1978 World Junior Curling Championships were held from March 10 to 17 in Grindelwald, Switzerland for men's teams only.

## Teams

| Country | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Curling club |
| Canada | Paul Gowsell | John Ferguson | Douglas McFarlane | Kelly Stearne | |
| Denmark | Tommy Stjerne | Oluf Olsen | Steen Hansen | Peter Andersen | Hvidovre CC |
| France | Yves Tronc | Pascal Pagliano | Christophe Boan | André Jouvent | |
| West Germany | Rainer Schöpp | Wolfgang Artinger | Norbert Petrasch | Christoph Falk | |
| Italy | Massimo Alvera | Franco Sovilla | Stefano Morona | Dennis Ghezze | Cortina CC, Cortina d'Ampezzo |
| Norway | Sjur Loen | Morten Søgaard | Roar Rise | Tom Søgaard | Brumunddal CC, Oslo |
| Scotland | Colin Hamilton | Douglas Edwardson | Trevor Dodds | David Ramsay | Carrington CC, Edinburgh |
| Sweden | Thomas Håkansson | Per Lindeman | Lars Lindgren | Erik Björemo | Karlstads CK, Karlstad |
| Switzerland | Felix Luchsinger | Thomas Grendelmeier | Danny Strelif | Ueli Bernauer | |
| United States | Jeff Tomlinson | Ted Purvis | Curtis Fish | Marc McCartney | |

## Round robin

| Place | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Wins | Losses |
| 1 | Canada | * | 8:5 | 3:5 | 7:5 | 6:5 | 8:4 | 7:4 | 6:4 | 9:4 | 6:2 | 8 | 1 |
| 2 | Scotland | 5:8 | * | 7:2 | 6:4 | 8:2 | 6:4 | 5:4 | 7:5 | 6:5 | 4:3 | 8 | 1 |
| 3 | Sweden | 5:3 | 2:7 | * | 4:8 | 3:4 | 7:5 | 8:6 | 7:5 | 5:4 | 8:2 | 6 | 3 |
| 4 | Norway | 5:7 | 4:6 | 8:4 | * | 8:6 | 3:2 | 4:7 | 7:4 | 9:3 | 12:2 | 5 | 4 |
| 4 | United States | 5:6 | 2:8 | 4:3 | 6:8 | * | 7:3 | 5:6 | 8:7 | 4:3 | 5:3 | 5 | 4 |
| 6 | West Germany | 4:8 | 4:6 | 5:7 | 2:3 | 3:7 | * | 8:7 | 6:5 | 9:5 | 8:4 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 4:7 | 4:5 | 6:8 | 7:4 | 6:5 | 7:8 | * | 7:6 | 13:3 | 5:6 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | Denmark | 4:6 | 5:7 | 5:7 | 4:7 | 7:8 | 5:6 | 6:7 | * | 8:5 | 7:6 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | France | 4:9 | 5:6 | 4:5 | 3:9 | 3:4 | 5:9 | 3:13 | 5:8 | * | 7:3 | 1 | 8 |
| 10 | Italy | 2:6 | 3:4 | 2:8 | 2:12 | 3:5 | 4:8 | 6:5 | 6:7 | 3:7 | * | 1 | 8 |
    Teams to playoffs
    Teams to tiebreaker

## Tiebreaker

| Team | Final |
| Norway | 6 |
| United States | 5 |

## Playoffs

| Semifinal | Semifinal | Semifinal | Gold Medal Game | Gold Medal Game | Gold Medal Game |
| 1 | Canada | 4 | | | |
| 4 | Norway | 3 | | | |
| 4 | Norway | 3 | 1 | Canada | 4 |
| | | | 2 | Sweden | 2 |
| 2 | Scotland | 4 | 2 | Sweden | 2 |
| 3 | Sweden | 5 | | | |

## Final standings

| Place | Team | Games played | Wins | Losses |
| | Canada | 11 | 10 | 1 |
| | Sweden | 11 | 7 | 4 |
| | Scotland | 10 | 8 | 2 |
| 4 | Norway | 11 | 6 | 5 |
| 5 | United States | 10 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | West Germany | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | Denmark | 9 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | France | 9 | 1 | 8 |
| 10 | Italy | 9 | 1 | 8 |

## Awards

* WJCC Sportsmanship Award: Colin Hamilton
All-Star Team:
* Skip: Paul Gowsell
* Third: Douglas Edwardson
* Second: Douglas McFarlane
* Lead: David Ramsay
# Théophile de Bock

Théophile Emile Achille de Bock (14 January 1851, in The Hague – 22 November 1904, in Haarlem) was a Dutch painter belonging to the Hague School. Although many denigrate De Bock's work as too gray and too sketchy, Hague School champions love his work. Even Van Gogh was convinced of De Bocks "artistic temperament", although he eventually found his choice of subject too limited and tried to get De Bock to paint figure studies. But De Bock stuck to the subject he was good at, the Dutch landscapes.

## Biography

Born in The Hague, De Bock started out as a clerk for the Dutch Railway Company, but then turned to painting full-time, when the work interfered with his drawing. He trained in The Hague under the landscape painters J.W. van Borselen, J.H. Weissenbruch and Jacob Maris. He also spent time with Willem Maris and probably was one of his students as well.
In 1880, De Bock traveled to Paris and Barbizon where he would often return, perhaps because of his appreciation for the work of Millet and Corot. It was especially Corot and Jacob Maris who would influence De Bock greatly. In 1881 he contributed to the Panorama Mesdag of Hendrik Willem Mesdag, where he painted the sky and dunes. He enticed Van Gogh to come and see the final work, and Van Gogh wrote enthusiastically about it in his letters to his brother Theo.
Around 1880, he worked a great deal in Scheveningen and in the area of Loosduinen, and from 1884, he also visited other areas. In the autumn of 1885, he went to Drente for the first time, and when he returned there the following summer, he took Isaac Israëls with him. His landscapes are often heavy and gloomy, and his oil sketches of the megaliths were often monumental. He wrote, "My idea of life is to reproduce and interpret all that I see and feel to be beautiful around me." Although he hardly ever drew figures, his interest in the farmers was apparent from the number of short stories he wrote about farm life in Drente.
As an alternative to Pulchri Studio, the Hague Art Circle was founded 1891 on the initiative of De Bock. Its goal was to promote the various artistic expressions such as the visual arts, crafts, architecture, music, musical arts and writing. De Bock became chairman of Visual Art and of the board. Although many painters were members of both organizations, the Art Circle offered the generation after 1850 an alternative to the Pulchri Studio, in which the renowned Hague School artists such as Mesdag, Israëls, and Jacob Maris were members. An exhibition organized in 1892 by Jan Toorop, which included works by Vincent van Gogh, was a major success and the avant-garde reputation of the Art Circle was established.

## Gallery

* View of Kampen Harbor
* On the Heelsum Road.
* Sketch of Hunnebedden (megalithic monuments).
* Barbizon, 1880, Coll. Kunsthandel Pygmalion, Maarssen (Netherlands)

## Sources

* Sillevis, John and Tabak, Anne, The Hague School Book, Waanders Uitgegevers, Zwolle, 2004 (pp 341–346)
# Ivor MacGillivray

Ivor MacGillivray (24 May 1840 – 16 January 1939) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly multi-member seat of Port Adelaide from 1893 to 1918. He was a member of the United Labor Party until the 1917 Labor split, when he joined the splinter National Party.
MacGillivray was born at Lossiemouth in Scotland. He worked on a farm as a boy, and later worked as a seaman between China and Australia, in the Black Sea and Mediterranean. At 19, he left the ship in Melbourne, spent two years at the Bendigo gold rushes, before leaving for the gold rushes in Otago, New Zealand, where he spent a further twelve years. He returned to Melbourne, briefly went to England, and worked as a prospector in Western Australia and South Australia before settling in Adelaide. He worked as a coal lumper at Port Adelaide for 20 years, and was chairman of the Working Men's Association for 16 years. He was one of the local leaders of the 1890 Australian maritime dispute.
MacGillivray was elected to the House of Assembly at the 1893 state election. He was expelled from the Labor Party in the 1917 Labor split over his support for conscription in World War I; his son had been killed in the Gallipoli Campaign. MacGillivray recontested Port Adelaide for the splinter National Party, but was defeated by John Stanley Verran.
He retired following the loss of his parliamentary seat in 1918. MacGillivray died at the Adelaide Hospital in 1939, aged 98, following a fall in his home. He was buried at Cheltenham Cemetery.
# Sacro Monte di Ossuccio

The Sacro Monte di Ossuccio (literally "Sacred Mount of Ossuccio") is one of the nine sacri monti in the Italian regions of Lombardy and Piedmont, in northern Italy, which were inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2003.
The devotional complex is located in Ossuccio, on a prealpine crag some 200 metres above the western shore Lake Como, facing Isola Comacina and some 25 km from the city of Como. Surrounded by olive groves and woodland, it is quite isolated from other buildings. The fourteen chapels, constructed between 1635 and 1710 in the typical Baroque style reflecting the Counter Reformation ethos of the sacri monti movement, are joined by a path which leads up to a pre-existing sanctuary of 1532 placed on the summit and dedicated to La Beata Vergine del Soccorso.
The Chapels :
| I | The Annunciation | VIII | The Crowning with Thorns |
| II | The Visitation | IX | The Ascent of Calvary |
| III | The Nativity | X | The Crucifixion |
| IV | The Presentation at the Temple | XI | The Resurrection |
| V | The Disputation between Jesus and the Doctors in the Temple | XII | The Ascension |
| VI | The Oration at Gethsemane | XIII | Pentecost |
| VII | The Flagellation | XIV | The Assumption of the Virgin |
# Sadak Arjuni

Sadak Arjuni is a town, a Nagar panchayat & Headquarter of Arjuni tehsil in Gondia district in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is fastest growing Town in east Vidharbha. It is connected to National Highway NH-6.

## Geography

Sadak Arjuni is located at 21°06′N 80°09′E﻿ / ﻿21.10°N 80.15°E﻿ / 21.10; 80.15. It has an average elevation of 256 metres (843 feet), and is located along Kohmara-Gondia National Highway 753.
A recently created tehsil in Gondia district, the town is small but very important in that part of the state and one of the major trade centers for paddy and "tendupatta".
It was among noted educational centers and had a high school and college even during India's pre independence days. The town contributed wholeheartedly to India's independence struggle and is the hometown of many freedom fighters. Sadak/arjuni is 2 km from kohmara which is located on national highway753.
The place is surrounded by the noted national parks of Navegaon bandh and Nagzira. Because of the dense forests, the region gets significant rainfall during the monsoons. Paddy is the primary crop cultivated here supported by Pigeon Peas and other crops. The best quality rice is grown in this part of the state. In addition, it is a major centre for "tendupatta" a leaf used in making "bidi", and is among the major cattle markets in the district.

## Transport

Sadak Arjuni connected to Gondia via State transport and other sources. Sondad is the nearest railways station. It connected by (India) National Highway 753

## Administration

It's a new Taluka in the newly formed Gondia District of Maharashtra. Although the market is well devised and lot of scope, due to its proximity to tribal region which comes under Morgaon Arjuni constituency and Bhandara Legislation, Sadak Arjuni have not been able to develop.

## Population

Farmers dominates the Taluka, prominently by the Jhade Kunbi sub-caste of Kunbi
# SS Don (1892)

SS Don was a British freight vessel built for the Goole Steam Shipping Company Limited in 1892.

## History

She was built by William Dobson and Company in Walker Yard for the Goole Steam Shipping Company Limited and launched on 11 July 1892.
She was obtained by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1905.
During World War I, Don was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea 7 nautical miles (13 km) east of Coquet Island by the Imperial German Navy submarine SM U-9 on 8 May 1915. Her crew survived.
# J. Leonard Replogle

Jacob Leonard Replogle (May 6, 1876 – November 25, 1948), usually known as J. L. Replogle, was a wealthy American industrialist.

## Biography

J. Leonard Replogle was born in New Enterprise, Pennsylvania on May 6, 1876, one of twelve children of Rinehart Zook and Mary Ann (née Furry) Replogle. Rinehart was a Brethren minister, and moved his family away from New Enterprise to live in Johnstown. It was in Johnstown that Jacob grew up and went to school. Jacob quit his schooling when he was 13 years old, shortly after the Johnstown Flood, and went to work as a $5-per-week office boy in the general offices of the Cambria Steel Company.
He went on to become a general supervisor at Cambria, rising through the ranks to finally become the head of Replogle Steel Co. In 1918, Forbes magazine named him one of the wealthiest persons in the United States.
He married Blanche Kenley McMillen on January 10, 1905.
During World War I, he directed the steel supply for the War Industries Board, organizing the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company of Chester with William Sproul, Samuel Vauclain of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, T. Coleman du Pont, and Edward V. Babcock of Pittsburgh. After the war, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army). He did similar work for the War Production Board in World War II.
He was also head of the Vanadium Corporation of America, with Charles M. Schwab. In August 1942, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers established the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), also known as the Manhattan Project, to develop atomic weapons and to procure the raw materials, principally uranium, necessary for their production. The MED contracted the Vanadium Corporation of America and the United States Vanadium Corporation (owned by Union Carbide) to procure and process uranium bearing ore.
While in Paris in 1931 he and a friend, Paulding Fosdick, invented a form of the game bridge, which they called Towie. In 1935, he sought to make Towie a popular game in the United States, with limited success.
The J. Leonard Replogle Elementary School in Loysburg, Pennsylvania is named after him.
In his later years he entered into Republican politics. He was Presidential Elector for Pennsylvania, 1920; a delegate to Republican National Convention from Florida, 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944; and a member of Republican National Committee from Florida, 1940.
J. Leonard Replogle died at the Savoy-Plaza Hotel in New York on November 25, 1948. He was buried in Grandview Cemetery, Johnstown.
# Ivy May Bolton

Ivy May Bolton (born May 18, 1879, London, England – died May 9, 1961, Peekskill, New York) was an Anglican nun and writer. She was the daughter of Reginald Pelham Bolton and Kate Alice (née Behenna), and the sister of the playwright Guy Bolton.
She lived in England until she was fourteen, when the family came to the United States, settling in New York. She attended Saint Gabriel's School, a boarding school run by the Sisters of Saint Mary in Peekskill, where she graduated in 1898. She was still living at St Mary's Convent in 1900 and 1910.
In 1911 she entered the Community of St. Mary, where she took the name Sister Mercedes. She made her life vows on August 18, 1914, at the Motherhouse in Peekskill. She taught English and History in various schools run by the order, and between 1923 and 1952, she wrote more than a dozen books. She eventually retired to the Motherhouse in Peekskill, New York, where she died on May 9, 1961, at age 81.
# Ixion in Heaven

Ixion in Heaven is the fifth novel written by Benjamin Disraeli who would later become a Prime Minister of Great Britain.

## Background

Ixion in Heaven was published in two installments of the New Monthly Magazine in December 1832 and February 1833.

## Plot

Ixion, the king of Thessaly (famous for its horses), marries Dia, daughter of Deioneus who steals some of his horses. Ixion invites Deioneus to Larissa (his capital) where Deioneus accidentally (according to Ixion) falls in a pit, whilst walking with Ixion, and dies. Dia accuses Ixion of murder and he flees to a neighbouring kingdom where his account of events is also disbelieved, so Jupiter takes him to heaven.
In heaven Ixion goes hunting with Mercury and at dinner meets various gods and goddesses including Apollo (a poet), his sister Diana and the Queen of Heaven, Juno, to whom he takes a fancy. Within three days, however, Ixion is unpopular with the likes of Mercury and Ganymede on account of his generally imperious behaviour. Ixion falls asleep in a field to be woken by Cupid to whom he confides his interest in Juno, who then appears on the scene. Cupid shoots his arrow through both their hearts. The couple are late for dinner, enraging Jupiter. After the meal Mercury and Ganymede tell Jupiter about Ixion's interest in Juno and all the gods head off in search of him. Cupid makes a cloud descend on the pavilion where Ixion is with Juno and in the fog secretly tells Juno to escape. When the cloud lifts, Ixion is alone and Jupiter then banishes him to Hades.

## Analysis

Ixion in Heaven is a contemporary revision of the myth of Ixion found in the Greek poet Pindar's Pythian Odes and in Apollonius Rhodius including Ixion's murder of his kin, the temptation of Juno, Juno's escape through a fog, and Jove's binding of Ixion to a wheel and casting him out of heaven.
When the novel was republished in 1853, Disraeli wrote that Jupiter represented George IV and Apollo Lord Byron. It has also been suggested that the novel depicts how Disraeli himself would have behaved in heaven.

## Reception

Disraeli’s father Isaac, also a novelist, considered Ixion in Heaven and its follow-up The Infernal Marriage which was published the following year as his son’s most original contribution to literature.
The novel was republished in 1926 as part of the Bradenham edition of all Disraeli’s novels, Philip Guedalia’s introduction describing it as “a blend of gaiety and Lemprière….its scheme, perhaps, and something of its tone were owed to Lucian.” Another review of the novel and two other early Disraeli works (Popanilla and The Infernal Marriage) which appeared at this time in The Spectator refers to Disraeli, “ invoking the satiric and the comic muse with a sure hand.”
# Felipe Solo (Obligado) Peninsula

Felipe Solo (Obligado) Peninsula is the heavily glaciated 13.5 km wide peninsula projecting 19.8 km in northwest direction from Danco Coast on the west side of Graham Land, Antarctica. It is bounded by Barilari Bay to the southwest and Bigo Bay to the northeast, ending in Cape Garcia to the northwest, and separated from Biscoe Islands to the northwest by Grandidier Channel.
The peninsula is named both by Argentina and Chile, in the latter case after the Chilean hydrographer Felipe Solo de Zaldívar.

## Location

Felipe Solo (Obligado) Peninsula is centred at 65°50′00″S 64°32′00″W﻿ / ﻿65.83333°S 64.53333°W﻿ / -65.83333; -64.53333. British mapping in 1971.

## Maps

* British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 65 64. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1971.
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
# Ambulyx staudingeri

Ambulyx staudingeri is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1894. It is known from the Philippines.

## Description

It is similar to Ambulyx pryeri, but the posterior third of the forewing upperside subterminal line is closer to the termen, and most specimens have a dark tornal shade. The species name honours Otto Staudinger.

## Gallery

* Female
* Female underside
* Male
* Male underside
# Hu Manqi

Hu Manqi (Chinese: 胡曼奇, 17 August 1913 – 27 September 2015) was a Chinese politician. She was among the first group of women elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1948.

## Biography

Originally from Kaifeng in Henan province, Hu became a primary school teacher. She also chaired the Henan Women's Association and became an officer for the Kuomintang in Kaifeng.
A member of the third Provisional Senate of Henan Province, she was a candidate in Henan in the 1948 elections to the Legislative Yuan, in which she was elected to parliament. After she failed to report for the fifth session, her membership of the legislature was cancelled. From 1949 she lived in Suzhou, where she died in 2015.
# Basilewsky's cranefly

Basilewsky's cranefly (Dicranomyia basilewskyana) is an insect species. It was thought to be extinct for 50 years until 2016, when one landed on an entomologist driving a car in Saint Helena.
# Hrod

Hrod may refer to:
* Hroðr, Norse mythology
* Hrod (toponymy), Slavic toponyms