OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Investment Trust Companies (in liq) v HM Revenue and Customs

Investment Trust Companies v HMRC [2012] EWHC 458 (Ch) is an English unjust enrichment law case, concerning to what extent enrichment of the defendant must be at the expense of the claimant.

## Facts

The Investment Trust Companies (ITC), closed-end investment trusts that got investment management services from management companies, sued to recover overpaid VAT from the HMRC. The managers usually got paid by fees plus VAT. It was thought that there was no exemption possible, and VAT was charged at a standard rate. But then, the ECJ said in 2007, the services should have been exempted from VAT since 1 January 1990. The litigation had begun in 2004, and at that point, the managers claimed VAT refunds from 2001 to 2004. The claims were not made for earlier accounting periods because the Value Added Tax Act 1994 section 80(4) installed a three year limitation period. HMRC repaid net amounts (because s 80(2A) required a set off from deductions of input tax already made for supplying services). After Fleming (t/a Bodycraft) v Customs and Excise Commissioners [2008] UKHL 2, more refund claims were allowed going back to 4 December 1996. ITC claimed they had a remedy for restitution, that this claim was not excluded by the VATA 1994 section 80(7), and that EU law gave an effective right to reimbursement.

## Judgment

Henderson J held that the HMRC was enriched by the full VAT amount at the expense of the ITCs. The unjust factor was the mistake of law that the VAT was due, and there was a causal link between the mistake, the payments and the Commissioners’ enrichment. But the claims were all barred by VATA 1994 section 80(7), whose purpose was a strict time limit. As end users of management services, ITC could have rights under EU law, following Danfoss and Reemtsma. There should be a direct remedy, but subject to limitation defences. These were San Giorgio claims, and there was no need to confine the claimant to Francovich v Italy damages.
# Bloomington Bloomers

The Bloomington Bloomers were a minor League baseball franchise based in Bloomington, Illinois that played between 1889 and 1939. They were affiliates of the St. Louis Cardinals (1935), Cleveland Indians (1938) and Chicago Cubs (1939). They played primarily in the Illinois-Iowa-Indiana League during their existence. Their home park was Fans Field. Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees Burleigh Grimes and Clark Griffith played for Bloomington.

## League championships

In 1903, they won the league championship under manager William Connors. They won back-to-back league championships in 1919 and 1920 under the guidance of Joe Dunn. Their final league championship came in 1935, under manager and future Hall of Famer Burleigh Grimes.

## The ballpark

In the seasons of play from 1901-1939, Bloomington played at Fans Field, located at 109 E. Lafayette Street. Today, the site still has baseball fields as part of the City of Bloomington Park and Recreation system. It is now known as RT Dunn Fields.

## Notable alumni
### Baseball Hall of Fame alumni

* Clark Griffith (1888) Inducted, 1946
* Burleigh Grimes (1935, MGR) Inducted, 1964

### Notable alumni

* Hal Peck (1939)
* Johnny Schmitz (1939) 2x MLB All-Star
* Jack Hallett (1938)
* Blix Donnelly (1937)
* Xavier Rescigno (1937)
* Bill Cox (1935)
* Howie Krist (1935)
* Max Macon (1935)
* Hersh Martin (1935) MLB All-Star
* Howard Maple (1930–31)
* Hy Vandenberg (1930–31)
* Bruce Campbell (baseball) (1930)
* Jack Tobin (1930)
* Tommy Thompson (1929)
* Boom-Boom Beck (1925)
* Phil Collins (1924)
* Mack Allison (1922)
* Bob Fothergill (1920)
* Paul Zahniser (1920)
* Butch Henline (1919)
* Heinie Sand (1919)
* Don Marion (1916–17)
* Elam Vangilder (1917)
* Jim Bluejacket (1912–14, 1916)
* Ray Schmandt (1915–16)
* Harry Bay (1912) 2× AL Stolen Base Leader (1903, 1904)
* Les Nunamaker (1910)
* George Cutshaw (1908–09)
* Bill Steen (1909)
* Art Wilson (1906–08)
* George Moriarty (1902)
* George Keefe (1900)
* Pop Dillon (1895)
* Alfred Lawson (1889) Aviation Pioneer
* Joe Farrell (1888)
# Bluegiga

Bluegiga Technologies Ltd. known as Bluegiga, is a Finnish wireless technology company based in Espoo, Finland. Founded in 2000, it has since expanded its offices to Atlanta in USA and Hong Kong. Bluegiga has been a member of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group since it was established and joined Continua Health Alliance in Spring 2008. The company joined Wi-Fi Alliance in the beginning of 2012.

## Products

Bluegiga develops and manufactures short range wireless connectivity systems, including Bluetooth modules and access servers, Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth Smart modules as well as a licencable embedded Bluetooth stack, iWRAP. The products are mainly aimed at adding wireless connectivity to industrial customers' products, rather than being consumer-ready end products by themselves. Common industry sectors that use Bluegiga's products include, Healthcare, automotive, audio, industrial and consumer applications.

## Acquisitions

In February 2015, Bluegiga was acquired by Silicon Labs.
# Pirouette (disambiguation)

A pirouette is a type of dance turn.
Pirouette may also refer to:
* Pirouette (cookie), a type of rolled wafer
* Pirouette (dressage), an equestrian movement
* Pirouette (mouthpiece), a component of some music instruments
* Pirouette (song), by A Loss for Words
* Pirouette, a type of maneuver in playboating
# Boddagondi

Boddagondi is a village in Y. Ramavaram Mandal, East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, This Village had a population of 250, out of which 125 were male and 125 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 14%. The literacy rate of the village is 49%.
# Pilar Sordo

María del Pilar Sordo Martínez (born 22 October 1965) is a Chilean psychologist, columnist, lecturer, and writer.
Her books are about research into interpersonal relationships, written in a style which is sometimes classified as personal development.

## Biography

Pilar Sordo lived in Temuco, her hometown, until she was 15 years old. Then the family moved to Viña del Mar, where her father occupied the position of manager in a branch of the Las Brisas supermarket. Three years later, she went to Santiago, where she settled in a boarding house and began studying psychology at Diego Portales University. She married a native of Viña del Mar, returned to that city, and had two children, Cristián and Nicole. They soon separated and she devoted herself to her professional practice and deepening her research in workshops at schools and hospitals. From that experience would come the material for books and talks that would make her famous.
She directs the CáncerVida Foundation for patients with lung and pancreatic cancer, in memory of Óscar Letelier González, with whom she had a romantic relationship from 2007 until his death in 2009.
Sordo is divorced, and a widow. She remarried in 2013, to businessman Juan Fabri.

## Style of work

Sordo is a commentator on typical behavior in different countries of Latin America. Her works are expressed in language for the general public, using her own experiences to conduct research, analyze them, and build conclusions.
Her writings cover topics such as sex and family.

## Books

* 2005, ¡Viva la diferencia!, Planeta, ISBN 9789562475976
* 2007, Con el Coco en el diván (with Coco Legrand), ISBN 9789568601072
* 2009, No quiero crecer, Planeta, ISBN 9789562475990
* 2010, Lecciones de seducción, Planeta, ISBN 9789562475983
* 2012, Bienvenido dolor, Planeta, ISBN 9789562476010
* 2014, No quiero envejecer, Planeta, ISBN 9789562477987
* 2016, Oídos sordos, Planeta, ISBN 9789563600803
* 2017, Educar para sentir, sentir para educar, Planeta, ISBN 9789563604023

## Awards and recognitions

* Chosen among the 100 women leaders of Chile in 2006, 2007, 2010, and 2013
* 2007 Woman of the Year from the newspaper El Observador
* 2010 Atrevidas Award (Argentina)
* 2010 Featured Woman of the portal Mundo Mujer
* 2010 Alberto Hurtado Award
* 2010-2011 Outstanding Woman, for enduring support of Chilean women, granted by the San Juan de Dios Hospital, Santiago
* Ambassador of Mujeres con Pantalones since 2011
* 2016 Golden Book Award (Uruguay) for Oídos sordos
* Part of the honor roll of the 21 most influential people in Chile
# Ipanephis

Ipanephis is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae described by Nye in 1975. Its only species, Ipanephis esperanzalis, was first described by Schaus in 1913. It is found in Costa Rica.
# Placentonema gigantissima

Placentonema gigantissima is a giant nematode that parasitizes the placenta of the sperm whale. With a length of 8.4 metres (28 ft) and a diameter of 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in), it is potentially the largest nematode worm ever described, inhabiting the largest mammals of the world. It was discovered in the 1950s around the Kuril Islands.

## Taxonomy

Placentonema gigantissima was described in 1951 by Russian parasitologist and helminthologist Nikolai Mikhailovich Gubanov.
Originally described from the family Crassicaudidae, it is now classified in the subfamily Crassicaudinae of the roundworm family, Tetrameridae.
It is a monotypic genus that differs from the only other genus in the subfamily, Crassicauda, by its "caudal alae, stub-like papillae and multiple uterus branching into 32 uteri".

## Description

Body very long, cylindrical, tapering at the ends, with a transparent cuticle. Oral orifice oval shaped with two simple lateral lips, esophagus with two parts, one muscular and glandular.
Males up to 3.75 m long and 9 mm wide; females up to 8.4 m long and 2.5 cm wide, with up to 32 ovaries. Mature eggs oval, 0.05 mm long by 0.03 mm wide, and the young inside the eggs are completely formed.

## Life cycle

Placentonema gigantissima develops its parasitic nature by utilizing nutrients found in the endometrium of female sperm whales and forming as spiriud (small, embroyonated) eggs.
It can parasitize not only the placenta, but also the uterus, reproductive tract, mammary glands, or subdermis of the sperm whale. It is commonly found in pregnant sperm whales.
Much of the life cycle of P. gigantissima is unknown.

## Distribution

P. gigantissima is found inside female sperm whales that inhabit lower latitudes of the southern hemisphere.
# Ipomopsis longiflora

Ipomopsis longiflora, common name flaxflowered gilia or flaxflowered ipomopsis, is a plant. The Zuni people use the dried, powdered flowers and water of I. longiflora subsp. longiflora to create a poultice to remove hair on newborns and children.

## Gallery of photos

* Ipomopsis longiflora flower
# Placentitis

Placentitis is an inflammation of the placenta. The main forms of placentitis are:
* Villitis, inflammation of chorionic villi.
* Intervillositis, inflammation of the intervillous space.
It may be caused by vertically transmitted infections.
Because of the close proximity, placentitis often occurs simultaneously as funisitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) and chorioamnionitis (inflammation of the fetal membranes).
Chronic lymphocytic placental inflammation occurs in 5% to 15% of pregnancies, and are generally not associated with documented infection.

## Villitis of unknown etiology

Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE), also known as chronic villitis, is a placental injury. VUE is an inflammatory condition involving the chorionic villi (placental villi). VUE is a recurrent condition and can be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR involves the poor growth of the foetus, stillbirth, miscarriage, and premature delivery. VUE recurs in about 1/3 of subsequent pregnancies.
VUE is a common lesion characterised by inflammation in the placental chorionic villi. VUE is also characterised by the transfer of maternal lymphocytes across the placenta.
VUE is diagnosed in 7–10% placentas in pregnancies. Roughly 80% of the VUE cases are in term placentas (greater than 37 weeks of pregnancy). A case of VUE in a placenta less than 32 weeks old should be screened for infectious villitis.

## Chronic histiocytic intervillositis

Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis (CHI or CHIV) also known as Chronic Intervillositis of Unknown (A)etiology (CIUE) and Massive Chronic Intervillositis (MCI) is defined as a diffuse infiltration of mononuclear cells (histiocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes) of maternal origin into the intervillous space within the placenta. It often results in severe intrauterine growth restriction which can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth. Overall perinatal mortality rate is high: 41% to 77%. Recurrence rate is also high: 67% to 100%.
# Bock-a-da-bock

The bock-a-da-bock is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of two small cymbals attached to each other by a set of metal tongs. They are typically played in a pair by one percussionist, much like the castanets. However, several other instruments of this type are also referred to as bock-a-da-bocks, such as the squash cymbal and the hand-sock cymbal.

## Origin

The predecessor of the bock-a-da-bock, the Ludwig Gladstone cymbal, was invented by Billy Gladstone and produced by the Ludwig Drum Company. Both the Ludwig Drum Company and their competitors elaborated upon Gladstone's design and produced a diversity of hand-held cymbals, including the bock-a-da-bock. The bock-a-da-bock is listed as a product of the Ludwig Drum Company in their 1928 catalog.

## Technique and use

The bock-a-da-bock is typically played in a pair like castanets, with one set of cymbals in each hand. There are other instruments like the bock-a-da-bock, such as the squash cymbal and hand-sock cymbal in the Ludwig Drum Company line. Though they are similar in construction, each are played differently. The hand-sock cymbal is mounted on spring loaded scissor tongs and is played by squeezing the tongs together. The squash cymbals, which are mounted on a simple fire tong, are held in one hand and hit with a drumstick in the other hand.
Due to recording limitations in the 1920s, the bock-a-da-bock was sometimes used as a substitute for a trap kit. As the trap kit developed into the modern drum kit around the 1930's, the bock-a-da-bock lost favor with the musicians of the time when compared to foot pedal operated hi-hats.

## Players

Noteworthy players of the bock-a-da-bock are Kaiser Marshall, who played it on several Fletcher Henderson records, and Zutty Singleton from Louis Armstrong's Hot Five who played a bock-a-da-bock on Armstrong's 1928 recording of "Sugar Foot Strut" (featured prominently in the introduction and ending) and "West End Blues".

## Examples of bock-a-da-bock use in charts

* "Black and Tan Fantasy" by Duke Ellington (1927)
* "Sugar Foot Strut" by Louis Armstrong (1928)
* "West End Blues" by Louis Armstrong (1928)
* "A Monday Date" by Louis Armstrong (1928)
* Video of a squash cymbal bock-a-da-bock
# Pitcairnia carnososepala

Pitcairnia carnososepala, synonym Pepinia carnososepala, is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, endemic to Ecuador. It was first described by Werner Rauh and Elvira Angela Gross in 1987. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Bo Södersten

Bo Södersten (5 June 1931 – 5 September 2017) was a Swedish economist and politician.
A native of Dalarna County, Södersten attended Uppsala University and the Stockholm University, where he studied under Ingvar Svennilson. From 1961 to 1962, Södersten spent time at the University of California, Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States. He completed his dissertation in 1964, after returning to Stockholm.
Södersten taught at the University of Gothenburg from 1971 to 1977. He then joined the faculty of Lund University. Södersten served on the Riksdag from 1979 to 1988 as a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. Södersten moved to Jönköping University in 1998, after his wife Birgit Friggebo was appointed governor of the county. Upon the end of her gubernatorial term, Friggebo and Södersten moved to Stockholm.
In 2022, a book was published about him entitled Bo Södersten from Left to Right. Portrait of a Political Economist.
# Gentle Site

The Gentle Site (44-MD-112) is an archaeological site in Shenandoah National Park, in Madison County, Virginia, United States.
Recorded during the early 1970s as part of a comprehensive survey of the national park, the Gentle Site is distinctive because of the lithic cores that it yielded, many of which were tiny articles of cryptocrystalline smaller than cores from any other site noted by the survey.$^{:57}$ Shallower than many of the other sites, just 10 centimetres (3.9 in) deep versus the 20 cm or deeper of other survey-recorded sites, it was nevertheless one of the survey's largest sites, yielding more than five thousand artifacts over a surface area of approximately 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft).$^{:198}$
The site lies near the Big Meadows complex of sites at the headwaters of the Rose River, at the confluence of the juvenile river with a small tributary, Hogcamp Branch; its elevation is approximately 2,200 feet (670 m), but it sits just below the saddle of Fisher's Gap at an elevation of more than 3,000 feet (910 m).$^{:142}$ Its location along the river, near a set of pools and waterfalls, suggest that it might have been used for catching fish such as the brook trout. Previous surveys had recorded the site, due to the numerous artifacts exposed in the surrounding terrain.$^{:105}$ The 1970s survey recorded early and late dates from a collection of projectile points found beneath the footpath that traverses the site; most were of a form found in Woodland-period sites postdating AD 1300, while the site also yielded a smaller collection resembling points from Early Archaic sites predating 4500 BC.$^{:108}$ A small collection of pottery, approximately 25 sherds, also was discovered; most of the pieces were of a form known as the Albemarle series. Overall, the stone artifacts found at Gentle were predominately quartzite, with cryptocrystalline and quartz representing most of the remainder.$^{:109}$ Most of these artifacts were tiny lithic flakes, many so small that they presumably could have been created only by the resharpening of existing blades made elsewhere, although the site also yielded two scrapers,$^{:110}$ a chopper that had been used as a basic millstone, and a hand drill.$^{:111}$
The period between occupations, with thousands of years separating the earlier Archaic occupiers and the later Woodland tribesmen, is typical of major Virginia sites discovered in the 1970s, at which time there was a significant gap in the knowledge of the ancient hillmen living within the future state's borders.$^{:168}$ The presence of cryptocrystalline found in the Shenandoah Valley but not in the immediate vicinity of the site, together with numerous projectile points, prompted the surveyors to interpret it as a base camp for hunting and gathering in the mountains;$^{:111}$ apparently by Valley villagers who would have visited it during the summer and autumn.$^{:166}$
In 1985, Gentle was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its archaeological value.
# Bodenham (disambiguation)

Bodenham is a village in Herefordshire, England.
Bodenham may also refer to:
* Bodenham, Wiltshire, a hamlet near Nunton, England
* Cecily Bodenham (died after 1543), last Abbess of Wilton Abbey
* Francis Bodenham (c.1582–1645), English politician
* Henry Bodenham (1511/12–1573), English politician
* John Bodenham (c.1559–1610), English anthologist
* Martin Bodenham (born 1950), English football referee and cricket umpire
* HMS Bodenham (M2609), Royal Navy minesweeper
# Pitt, Minnesota

Pitt is a ghost town in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States.
The community is located west of Baudette on Minnesota State Highway 11 at the intersection with Lake of the Woods County Road 6.

## History

The settlement was named for a large gravel pit nearby. A post office was in operation in Pitt from 1903 to 1993. Pitt had a station on the Canadian Pacific railway line, but it has since been removed and is now only a whistle stop. The only building visible by public road in Pitt is a boarded-up general store advertising "knives and wild rice" that closed in the 1990s, which was the original home of Pitt's very first settlers Herbert and Mamie Sanborn in 1901. It was moved from west of the bridge in Pitt to its current location and later became a grocery store. It is the only early 1900s building left standing. North of the store is the Pitt community church, still in use by the remaining locals. The schoolhouse remains just west of the general store, but other than the water pump in the yard, has been converted into a private residence. To the north of the railroad tracks is a lot where pulpwood is handled.
Pitt was burned in the Baudette Fire of 1910.
# Ion Țiriac Sports Complex

The Ion Țiriac Sports Complex is an outdoor sporting venue in Brașov, Romania, operated by the Brașov Sports High School, located within the same area. It is named after the world-famous tennis player Ion Țiriac, who originates from Brașov.

## Facilities

The field was renovated in 2010 and features a clay running track, a tartan track for sprint, a tarmac surface for handball and volleyball, as wells as two jumping areas. The stands have a total capacity of 2,300 seats, a part of them being covered. Outside classes, it is open to the public for free.

## Events

In February 2013, the arena hosted the opening and the closing ceremonies of the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival, which were attended by the International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge. For this event, a temporary second stand was added for athletes, trainers and referees.
In March and August 2008, it hosted two editions of the Brașov Rally Show, a super special stage held on clay in the two of the rallies held in Brașov in that season of the Romanian Rally Championship.
Between 2010 and 2016, it also hosted the local Oktoberfest beer festival, held every year in the month of September and which attracts thousands of participants.
# Body Language (1992 film)

Body Language is a 1992 American thriller television film directed by Arthur Allan Seidelman and written by Dan Gurskis and Brian Ross. The film, starring Heather Locklear as a successful business executive and Linda Purl as her assistant who is trying to take over her life, aired on the USA Network on July 15, 1992.

## Cast

* Heather Locklear as Betsy Frieze
* Linda Purl as Norma Suffield
* James Acheson as Victor
* Edward Albert as Charles Stella

## Production

The film was shot in Portland, Oregon.

## Reception

The New York Times wrote: "With two screenwriters, you'd think that the producers could have come up with something less contrived and cliched."
# Bodoc

Bodoc may refer to:

## Places

* Bodoc, Covasna, Romania
* Bodoc, Louisiana, United States

## People

* Liliana Bodoc (1958-2018), Argentinian writer
# Bombinhas

Bombinhas is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil. It is the smallest municipality of that state in terms of area.
The municipality contains part of the 17,104 hectares (42,260 acres) Marinha do Arvoredo Biological Reserve, established in 1990.
# Iqbal

Iqbal, Eqbal, Ikbal, or Eghbal may refer to:

## Geography
### Iran

* Eqbal, Iran, a village in West Azerbaijan Province
* Eqbaliyeh, a rural district
* Eqbal-e Gharbi Rural District, a western provincial district in Qazvin
* Eqbal-e Sharqi Rural District, an eastern provincial district in Qazvin

### Pakistan

Various places named after the national poet Muhammad Iqbal:
* Iqbal Manzil, mansion and birthplace of Muhammad Iqbal in Sialkot, Punjab
* Iqbal Park, a park in Lahore
* Iqbal Stadium, a cricket ground in Faisalabad
* Iqbal Town, Lahore, a commercial and residential locality in south-western Lahore
* Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore
* Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore

## Other uses

* Eqbal, a Persian-language reformist newspaper published in Iran until 2005
* Iqbal (film), a 2005 Indian film
* Iqbal (name), a given name and surname
* Iqbal (politician) (born 1954), Indian politician