OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard Witts

Richard "Dick" Witts (born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is an English musicologist, music historian, and ex leader of 1980s band the Passage. He attended Clee Grammar School for Boys.
He studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music and briefly at Manchester University. During this time he was a member of the Hallé Orchestra as a percussionist. During the mid-1970s he wrote for the contemporary classical music magazine Contact.
At that time, he was also involved in starting a Manchester Musicians Collective (on the model of the recently established London Musicians Collective). This led into contact with the growing punk scene and he formed the Passage, producing their recordings and singing on many of their releases.
He presented television programme Oxford Road Show in the early 1980s for the BBC from Oxford Road Studios, Manchester and was also a reporter for BBC Radio 3.
Thirty of his radio interviews and contributions are housed in the British Library Sound Archive. In 2003 he gave the Saul Seminar there on the history of music presentation in radio.
During the late 1980s, he became involved in arts administration roles. He subsequently wrote a critical history of the Arts Council of Great Britain: Artist Unknown: An Alternative History of the Arts Council.
His first book, Nico – the Lives and Lies of an Icon, was a biographical study of the German singer and songwriter (Virgin Books, 1993).
Witts now lives in Liverpool and is a writer who has lectured at the University of Edinburgh, Goldsmiths College, London, the University of Surrey in Guildford and the University of Sussex. He was appointed Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh where he made a simple catalogue of the archive of Sir Donald Francis Tovey (1875–1940). In 2010, he was invited by Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, to design an Honours course in music.
His third book, a study of the music and history of The Velvet Underground, was published by Equinox (UK) and the Indiana University Press (USA) in September 2006. He has also written chapters for the following academic books: Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop(Continuum, 2011), Mark E. Smith and the Fall: Art, Music and Politics, (Ashgate, 2010), and the Cambridge Companion to Recorded Music (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Witts is mentioned in the book Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. He is credited with sending a package containing some of Aphex Twin's music to Karlheinz Stockhausen. He is currently researching a book on the history of British music from 1941 to 2000.
Witts is consultant to the ensemble Icebreaker.
# Charged-device model

The charged-device model (CDM) is a model for characterizing the susceptibility of an electronic device to damage from electrostatic discharge (ESD). The model is an alternative to the human-body model (HBM).
Devices that are classified according to CDM are exposed to a charge at a standardized voltage level, and then tested for survival. If it withstands this voltage level, it is tested at the next level and so on, until the device fails.
CDM is standardized as ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC joint standard JS-002.
# Ridgeview, Boone County, West Virginia

Ridgeview is an unincorporated community in Boone County, West Virginia, United States. Ridgeview is 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of Madison. Ridgeview has a post office with ZIP code 25169.
# Richwood, Georgia

Richwood is an unincorporated community in Dooly County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

Richwood had its start as a lumber town, and most likely was named for the thick woods which once covered the site. A post office called Richwood was established in 1887, and remained in operation until 1947.
# Rise Again (songbook)

Rise Again: A Group Singing Songbook is a sequel to the popular folk music fake book Rise Up Singing, containing chords, lyrics, and sources. It was compiled by Annie Patterson and Peter Blood and released in 2016 by Hal Leonard Books.

## Development

Work began on a sequel in 1998, ten years after the original book was published by Sing Out!. Pete Seeger was a member of the initial song selection committee. He originally proposed to Blood and Patterson that they take the new book to Hal Leonard, when it became clear that Sing Out! would be unable to complete the project.
Rise Again was compiled by volunteers, much like Rise Up Singing and its predecessor Winds of the People. Music experts weighed in on particular genres including Mary Flower (for blues), John Roberts (for English traditional songs), Joe Offer (a moderator of the Mudcat Café), and Johanna Halbeisen (curator of the New Song Library).
As an aid to learning the melodies in the book, links to YouTube recordings of all 1200 songs in Rise Again can be found on Patterson and Blood's website.

## Content

Pete Seeger, who wrote the introduction to Rise Up Singing, also wrote the preface to Rise Again a year before he died. Billy Bragg wrote the foreword. The cover illustration is by Mary Azarian and the banner illustrations at the beginning of each chapter are the book's co-editor Annie Patterson. Interior chapter drawings are by Patterson, Meghan Merker (who was the main illustrator for Sing Out! Magazine for over 30 years) or by Mona Shiber.
Rise Again contains words and chords to 1200 songs. There is no overlap with the songs in Rise Up Singing. As in Rise Up Singing, chords are written out under the first verse, the chorus and any other section of the song (i.e. bridge). Music is included only for rounds. Rise Again includes three indices - by recording artist, by culture and special genres, and by title.
Songs are grouped into 39 chapters by song genre or subject matter. Chapters are arranged alphabetically, as are songs within chapters. While some chapters have the same titles as in Rise Up Singing, the new songbook has a number of new song genre chapters reflecting the inclusion of more songs from genres other than folk music. Additional chapters include blues, country music, jazz, early rock & roll, British rock, Motown, and other US rock (including a chapter focusing on "millennial" popular songs written since 1995).
The book is available in spiral-bound and paperback versions. It is available in both 7 1/2"x10" and a larger 9"x12" format.
# Heikinlaakso

Heikinlaakso (Finnish), Henriksdal (Swedish) is a northeastern neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland.

## Politics

Results of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Heikinlaakso:
* National Coalition Party 29.3%
* Social Democratic Party 21.6%
* True Finns 17.8%
* Green League 11.2%
* Left Alliance 7.0%
* Centre Party 5.6%
* Christian Democrats 3.1%
* Swedish People's Party 1.5%
# Rinkenwall

The Rinkenwall or Rinkenmauer is a circular rampart fortification at the southeastern tip of the Rinkenkopf mountain above the Murg valley near the village of Baiersbronn in the county of Freudenstadt in the south German state of Baden-Württemberg.
The hillfort could have been a fortification built to protect Reichenbach Abbey, which was built in the late 11th century and which is named as its owner.

## History

The fortification is first recorded around 1100 in the gift register at Reichenbach Abbey. Here an estate is referred to as in monte qui Rincga vocatur. The word Rincga means roughly "ring-shaped", probably referring to the circular rampart (Ringwall). The donation of holdings on the Rinkenberg clearly suggests that the fortification at that time had no longer any military or administrative function.
There have been detailed descriptions since 1859. These offer various interpretations of the age of the fort and its use as a refuge castle or to protect grazing cattle. To date there have been no comprehensive excavations or finds, that would enable dating. Comparable fortifications emerged probably before A.D. 1000.
In 2006, before the erection of a transmission tower, an archaeological dig took place on part of the site. This found traces of quarrying, presumably for stone for the construction of the wall. Traces of any permanent settlement were not uncovered.

## Description

The 115-metre-long and 30- to 40-metre-wide circular rampart is located on the highest point of the mountain ridge. The front of the location, on its northwestern side, is 27 metres long and is interrupted by a narrow entrance. The remaining 240 metres or so of fortification runs along the rounded mountaintop and encloses an area of just under 0.4 ha.
The wall consists of stone blocks that have been piled up, of which up to five layers have survived. On the outside they reach a height of up to 1.4 metres. The wall is between 1 and 1.5 metres thick; and up to 2 metres thick on the front wall. The stone blocks are of varying size and have no evidence of being worked. Parts of the wall have been destroyed through collapse or building work.
About 50 metres in front of the entrance on the northwest side, through which a footpath passes today, is a clearance cairn, the remains of an outwork. There is no moat.

## Literature

* Christoph Morrissey, Dieter Müller: Die Rinkenmauer bei Baiersbronn. In: Atlas archäologischer Geländedenkmäler in Baden-Württemberg. Vol. 2, Issue 19, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8062-2088-9.
# Charles Constantine

Charles Constantine (13 November 1846 – 5 May 1912) was a Canadian North-West Mounted Police officer and superintendent, from Bradford, Yorkshire.
Following his service in the Canadian militia during the Red River Rebellion (1870) and the North-West Rebellion (1885), he was commissioned as an inspector in the North-West Mounted Police in 1886. After serving in Banff and Regina, he was sent to examine conditions in the Yukon district in 1894 as the government was concerned about the influx of American miners and the liquor trade. He forecast that a gold rush was imminent and reported that there was an urgent need for a police force. In the following year, he went back to the Yukon with a force of 20 men who were in place when the Klondike Gold Rush started in 1897. Constantine's efforts ensured that law was maintained during the gold rush, that Canadian sovereignty was assured and helped create the Mounties' international reputation.
He left the Yukon in 1898, replaced by Sam Steele and returned to the prairies after being promoted to Superintendent. In 1902, he returned to the north to establish forts at Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories and Herschel Island off the Yukon Arctic Ocean coast. This was the first foray by the NWMP north of the Arctic Circle.
After returning to the Athabasca District in 1905, Constantine was responsible for building a trail from Fort St. John, British Columbia to Teslin Lake in the Yukon, although work on the trail was abandoned in 1908. He died in 1912 in California following an operation.

## Family

In 1873, Constantine married Henrietta Anne Armstrong. One of his sons, Charles Francis Constantine, became the XI Commandant at RMC, Kingston.
# Charles Content

Charles Content (born February 14, 1987) is a Mauritian football player who currently plays for Pamplemousses SC in the Mauritian Premier League and for the Mauritius national football team as a midfielder. He is featured on the Mauritian national team in the official 2010 FIFA World Cup video game.
# Charles-Honoré Laverdière

Charles-Honoré Cauchon dit Laverdière (23 October 1826 – 10 March 1873) was a French-Canadian priest and historian.

## Biography

Laverdière was born in Château-Richer, East of Quebec City, on 23 October 1826. His parents, Charles Cauchon, dit Laverdière (Laverdière never used Cauchon as his family name) and Théotiste Cauchon, were farmers. He studied at the Séminaire de Québec from 1840 onward, and proved brilliant, being promoted to assistant professor of physics and collaborating to the foundation of the student newspaper, through which he published several collections of canticles. He was ordained in 1851.
Laverdière never did any parish duty, and would dedicate his life to teaching and scholarly work. Soon after his ordination he was officially appointed to the Seminary, and taught there until he was appointed to the chair of history at Université Laval in 1863, succeeding to Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Ferland (who had just been promoted to dean of the faculty, and died in 1865). In the meantime and in addition to his teaching duties at the seminary, he acted as de facto deputy librarian at the university and, in 1858, actual librarian. Laverdière also had an interest in archeology, though he worked relatively little in that area.
Laverdière published a number of works that are recognized for their outstanding quality. He participated in the 1858 publication of the Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France, for which he contributed a synoptic table of contents. His 1869 Histoire du Canada was used until the end of the century, and was described as "very accurate in relation to the historical knowledge of the time", but "severely judged from a pedagogical and literary point of view". It is a rare example of a French-Canadian school manual directly touting its nihil obstat. That same year he edited the second volume of Ferland's Cours d'histoire du Canada. His major works, however, remain the 1870 annotated edition of the compiled works of Samuel de Champlain. Œuvres de Champlain attracted considerable attention, and is still considered an important work, although Laverdière's opinion that the Jesuits had falsified the 1632 edition of Champlain remains controversial. Laverdière's other major work was the edition, in collaboration with Henri-Raymond Casgrain, of the Journal des Jésuites. When most prints of an early edition of that work were destroyed, Laverdière commented that it would merely mean that some misprints could be corrected for the next printing. He was abruptly stricken by apoplexy while discussing details of a new edition at a printing house on 10 March 1873.
An almost obsessive attention to detail (he could spend an entire day checking a single fact) marked Laverdière's work. An amiable man "of medium height, with keen black eyes, tanned complexion and square shoulders," he devoted his life to historical scholarship. His work, alongside that of other historians of the time like Narcisse-Eutrope Dionne and Louis-Philippe Turcotte, marked a revival of interest for history in late 19th century Quebec. Laverdière's papers are part of the collections of the Musée de la Civilisation.
# Helen Watson

Helen Watson may refer to:
* Helen Watson (cricketer) (born 1972), New Zealand cricketer
* Helen Watson (singer-songwriter), British singer and recording artist
* Helen Turner Watson (1917–1992), American nurse and educator
# Charles Cowles-Voysey

Charles Cowles-Voysey (24 June 1889 – 10 April 1981) was an English architect.

## Career

Charles Voysey studied at the Architectural Association School and the UCL Bartlett School of Architecture. Between 1909 and 1912 he was articled to Horace Field and assistant to John James Burnet and to Horace Farquharson, before starting his own practice in 1912. John Brandon-Jones worked for Cowles-Voysey, became a partner in the business and finally took over the firm.
Voysey's father, the Arts and Crafts movement architect and designer C. F. A. Voysey (1857-1941), was recognized by the seminal The Studio magazine.
In 1912, Charles married Dorothea Denise Cowles (1885-1980) and amended his surname to Cowles-Voysey.

## Architectural works

* White Rock Pavilion (1922), Hastings
* Bridgeton Public Halls (1924), Glasgow
* Kingsley Hall (1927), London
* 1&2 Bunkers Hill, 34-42 Wildwood Road & 19 Wellgarth Road (1929), Hampstead Garden Suburb, London
* Chance Wood (1929), Sevenoaks, Kent
* Bognor Regis Town Hall (1930), Bognor Regis, West Sussex
* Municipal Offices, High Wycombe (1932), High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
* Worthing Town Hall (1933), Worthing, West Sussex
* Watford Town Hall (1937-1939), Watford, Hertfordshire
* Cambridge Guildhall, Peas Hill Guildhall (1939), Cambridge
* Bromley Town Hall extension (1939), Bromley, Kent
* Magistrates' Court (1939), Bromley, Kent
* Maybridge Estate (1940s), Worthing, West Sussex
* Morley College reconstruction (1958), Waterloo, London
# Heinrich Nissen

Heinrich Nissen (born 3 April 1839 in Hadersleben; died 29 February 1912 in Bonn) was a German professor of ancient history.

## Life

Heinrich Nissen studied in Kiel under Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch and in Berlin under August Boeckh and Theodor Mommsen. After graduating, he travelled in Italy between 1863 and 1867. This research was later published as the major work, Italischen Landeskunde (1883 and 1902).
In 1869 he became an associate professor at the University of Marburg, where during the following year he attained a full professorship. In 1877 he relocated to the University of Göttingen as a professor of ancient history, and soon afterwards, served as a professor at Strasbourg.
In 1884, he was elected as the successor to Arnold Schaefer at the University of Bonn. There, unlike his predecessor, he exclusively taught ancient history. He also pioneered epigraphic research at Bonn - based upon his study during his years in Italy - and was dedicated to Roman provincial archaeology. He was a co-founder of the Reichs-Limes-Kommission. Nissen is acclaimed as being possibly the first archaeoastronomer in the world.
He retired in autumn 1911, succeeded by Ulrich Wilcken. After his death he was buried in the Poppelsdorfer Friedhof (Poppelsdorfer Cemetery).

## Works

* Kritische Untersuchungen über die Quellen der vierten und fünften Dekade des Livius, 1863 – Critical studies of the sources from the fourth and fifth decades of Livy.
* Griechische und Römische metrologie, 1866 – Greek and Roman metrology.
* Pompeji, Lüderitz, Berlin 1867.
* Pompeianische Studien. Leipzig 1877.
* Italische Landeskunde: Bd. 1 Land und Leute, Berlin 1883; Bd. 2: Die Städte (2 Teilbände), Berlin 1902.
* Orientation, Studien zur Geschichte der Religion, 3 v. in 1, Berlin: Weidmann, 1906-1910.
# Helena Kekkonen

Pulmu Helena Kekkonen née Nousiainen (1926–2014) was a Finnish peace activist and pioneer of peace education. A graduate in chemistry, while working as an educator at the central prison in Sörnäinen, she was inspired by the Brazilian Paulo Freire's 1968 work Pedagogy of the Oppressed. As a result, she started to encourage the prisoners to choose the subjects of their courses and discuss issues of universal concern as well as their own problems. From 1974 to 1986, she served as secretary general of the free educational association Vapaan Sivistystyön Yhteisjärjestön and thereafter of the peace education institut Rauhankasvatusinstituutin (1986–1990). She is remembered in particular for arranging international peace education meetings each year in Finland. For her national and international efforts to foster peace initiatives among educators, Kekkonen was the first person to be awarded the UNESCO Prize for Peace Education when it was initiated in 1981.

## Biography

Born on 11 June 1926 in Leppävirta, Pulmu Helena Nousiainen graduated as a chemist but later turned to education for peace. Inspired by the Brazilian pedagogue Paulo Freire, she encouraged Finnish prisoners to choose the subjects of their courses and discuss issues of universal concern as well as their own problems.
In 1975, Kekkonen was elected secretary general of the educational association Vapaan Sivistystyön Yhteisjärjestön. On taking up the post, she commented that she joined the organization committed "no more and no less than to save the world". From 1986 to 1990, she served as secretary general of the peace education institute Rauhankasvatusinstituutin. She later served in positions on a number of international and Finnish organizations, promoting the cause of peace and peace education. She considered it particularly important to ensure that schoolchildren were aware of the need for international solidarity. As a result, she visited schools throughout Finland.
She took a special interest in Africa, promoting the goals of the organizations she represents. In particular, she devoted attention to refugees from Namibia and Angola. Together with her husband Risto Kekkonen, she organized buses to transport school children and provide essential supplies for the refugees. In 1976, she received the Mathilda Wrede Award in recognition of her work with prisoners.
In 1981, Kekkonen was awarded the newly established UNESCO Prize for Peace Education. Nominated by the International Council for Adult Education, she was recognized for encouraging peace education in Finland and for promoting the concept internationally. In particular, over a number of years she succeeded in inviting educators from East and West to her annual meetings on peace education in Finland.
Helen Kekkonen died on 13 May 2014 in Helsinki, aged 87.
# Chapmania

Chapmania may refer to:
* Chapmania (flatworm), a genus of flatworms in the family Davaineidae
* Chapmania, a genus of foraminifers in the family Chapmaninidae, synonym of Chapmanina
* Chapmania, a genus of beetles in the family Staphylinidae, synonym of Charhyphus
* Chapmania (trilobite), synonym of Chapmanopyge
# Riders from Nowhere

Riders from Nowhere is a 1940 American Western film directed by Raymond K. Johnson and written by Carl Krusada. The film stars Jack Randall, Margaret Roach, Ernie Adams, Tom London, Charles King and Nelson McDowell. The film was released on December 30, 1940, by Monogram Pictures.

## Plot

Assuming the identity of a Ranger he finds dying on the trail, Jack Rankin, aided by his sidekick Manny, begins to clean up the lawless town of Brimstone, which is being preyed upon by outlaws robbing the nearby gold mines of the bullion shipments, secretly led by Frank Mason and his chief henchman Trigger. He is uncovered by the arrival of the dead man's sister, Marian Adams and is accused of killing the Ranger.

## Cast

* Jack Randall as Jack Rankin
* Margaret Roach as Marian Adams
* Ernie Adams as Manny
* Tom London as Mason
* Charles King as Trigger
* Nelson McDowell as Undertaker
* George Chesebro as Bart
* Dorothy Vernon as Mrs. Gregory
# Helcyra

Helcyra is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae.

## Species

* Helcyra chionippe Felder, 1860 New Guinea
* Helcyra superba Leech, 1890 China
* Helcyra hemina Hewitson, 1864 – white emperor
* Helcyra plesseni (Fruhstorfer, 1913) Taiwan
* Helcyra miyamotoi Koiwaya, 2003
* Helcyra subalba (Poujade, 1885) China
* Helcyra celebensis Martin, 1913 – Sulawesi white emperor
# Charles D. Fredricks

Charles DeForest Fredricks (December 11, 1823 – May 25, 1894) was an American photographer.

## Biography

Charles D. Fredricks was born in New York City on December 11, 1823. He learned the art of the daguerreotype from Jeremiah Gurney in New York, while he worked as a casemaker for Edward Anthony. In 1843, at the suggestion of his brother, Fredricks sailed for Angostura, today Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. His business took him to Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, Buenos Aires. He enjoyed great success in South America, remaining there until some time in the early 1850s.
Following a brief period in Charleston, South Carolina, Fredricks moved to Paris in 1853. Here he became the first photographer to create life-sized portraits, which artists (like Jules-Émile Saintin) were hired to color using pastel.
On his return to New York City, he rejoined Jeremiah Gurney, though it is not clear whether he was initially a partner or an employee. By 1854, he had developed an early process for enlarging photographs. His partnership with Gurney ended in 1855.
During the latter half of the decade he operated a studio in Havana. Here he received awards for his photographic oil colors and watercolors. During the 1860s he operated a studio on Broadway that was noted for its cartes de visites. In the early 1860s, Charles Fredricks personally photographed John Wilkes Booth (the assassin of President Lincoln) on several occasions at his studio.
He retired from photography in 1889 and died in Newark, New Jersey, five years later, on May 25, 1894.