OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Bitchener

John Bitchener OBE (1864 – 10 March 1952) was a Reform Party Member of Parliament in New Zealand. He was a cabinet minister from 1933 to 1935 in the Reform Government of New Zealand.

## Early life

Bitchener was born in 1864 in Stagsden, Bedfordshire, England. His father was Alfred Bitchener, who was born in 1844 in Cranfield, Bedfordshire, England. His mother was Mary Ann Bitchener (née Welch), and his parents had married on 9 February 1864. John Bitchener had two younger sisters. After his wife's death, Alfred Bitchener decided to emigrate to New Zealand together with his sister Anne, who had married a brother of his late wife. The Bitchener and Welch families arrived in Lyttelton Harbour in January 1875 on the Lady Jocelyn and the Welchs had two infants at the time.
Alfred Bitchener moved to the Waimate District and worked as a farm labourer for three or four years, and then became a saw milling contractor. John Bitchener received his education at Waimate Public School and then joined his father as a contractor in Waimate, before moving to Southland for four years. His father bought a farm in Hook, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southwest of Waimate, and John Bitchener moved to live there, too.

## Public roles

Like his father, John Bitchener joined many organisations and took leading roles. He was chairman of the Hook School Committee, he was a member of the Waimate County Council for eleven years, was a member of the Timaru Boys' High School Board including chairman for some time, was a member of the Timaru Harbour Board, was on the Waimate High School Board, and was president of the South Canterbury Farmers' Union. He was a member of the Advisory Board of the Farmers' Union in Wellington, was chairman of the Waimate Cooperative Flour Milling Company, and a director of the Canterbury Farmers' Cooperative Association.
He was elected as Member of Parliament for Waitaki in the 1919 general election, but was defeated in 1935. He was Minister of Works under George Forbes from 10 April 1933 to 6 December 1935, when the Coalition Government was defeated.
In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. In the 1950 New Year Honours, Bitchener was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for public and municipal services.

## Family

While living in Southland, Bitchener married Mary Laughton from Scotland in Invercargill in 1887. Their son was John Alfred Bitchener. They had a daughter, Jessie Laughton Bitchener, who died on 6 December 1895 at age four. Another daughter, Eva Laughton Bitchener, lived until old age and died in 1985 aged 89. His father, Alfred Bitchener, died suddenly in January 1918 at Waimate. His wife, Mary, died on 17 August 1946. John Bitchener died on 10 March 1952. Apart from John Alfred Bitchener, all of these are buried in the Bitchener family grave at Old Waimate Cemetery.
# Brachytoma rioensis

Brachytoma rioensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 15 mm and 25 mm.
(Original description) The fusiform shell is pale brown with whitish ribs. It contains 9 whorls. The two whorls in the protoconch are smooth, convex, and form a maminillar apex. The rest are concave above the convex, oblique ribs (ten on the penultimate whorl) with transverse tubercles on the middle caused by spiral lirae passing over them. The tubercles are more pronounced upon some of the upper volutions than upon the last two or three. In the upper concavity the threads are finer than those below. The body whorl is attenuated in front and finely lirate throughout. The aperture is white within. The outer lip shows a strong external varix a little way from the thin brown finely denticulate edge. The posterior sinus is moderately deep and rounded :The columella is smooth, with a thin callus united above to the end of the outer lip. The anterior canal is slightly recurved. Two of the spiral lirae around the middle of the whorls are more conspicuous than the rest, and much more distinctly nodulous. The fine growth lines are sinuose, and most evident at the upper part of the whorls.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Eastern & Southern Brazil at depths between 73 m and 125 m.
# Richard Hubbard

Richard or Dick Hubbard may refer to:
* Richard D. Hubbard (1818–1884), United States Representative and governor of Connecticut
* Richard B. Hubbard (1832–1901), governor of Texas
* Richie Hubbard (1932–2011), Canadian politician
* Dick Hubbard (born 1946), New Zealand businessman and politician
# Hobby Computer Club

The Hobby Computer Club (HCC; stylized hcc!) is a Dutch computer club, now based in Haarlem, the Netherlands. It was established on April 27, 1977, by a small group of people near the town of Leiden. It grew to become a nationally significant club of over 200,000 members in 2003.

## History

The HCC was inspired by the Amateur Computer Club founded in 1973 by Mike Lord. Dick Barnhoorn became a member of the ACC and after a few years started the HCC in the Netherlands and Belgium (for Dutch/Flemish speakers). In the beginning letters were sent to popular electronics and IT magazines. The initial logo of HCC was an adapted copy of the ACC logo. The first HCC meeting was in a building of the Delft University of Technology, at that moment the HCC had 12 members.
A small stenciled, A5 size, newsletter was published bimonthly called HCCN (HCC Nieuwsbrief) similar to ACCN (ACC Newsletter). After participating in a large event for technical hobbies in April 1978 membership increased from 200 to over 1000. Soon the HCC had branches in every part of the Netherlands, and through the years the HCC grew to more than 200,000 members. The small newsletter turned into a monthly computer magazine called Computer!Totaal. The HCC now also offers a free Internet service to its members, as well as free technical assistance with computer problems.
For many decades a big exhibition called the "HCC dagen" (HCC Days) was held in Jaarbeurs in Utrecht with thousands of attendees. A tradition started in 1977, for showing off the member's activities and giving commercial parties an opportunity to demonstrate new products and sell equipment and software. It was interrupted in 2010 because the commercial parties lost interest as internet was becoming their main sales platform. In 2011 HCC organised a similar event on a much smaller scale than before, HCC!digital.
# Graciano (disambiguation)

Graciano is a Spanish red wine grape that is grown primarily in Rioja.
It may also refer to:

## People with the name

* Graciano Antuña (1903–1937), Spanish union socialist politician
* Graciano Brito (born 1985), Cape Verdean footballer
* Graciano Atienza Fernández (1884–1935), Spanish journalist, lawyer and politician
* Graciano Fonseca (born 1974), Colombian road racing cyclist
* Graciano Ricalde Gamboa (1873–1942), Mexican mathematician
* Graciano García García (born 1939), Spanish journalist
* Graciano Junior Gonçalves (born 1993), Brazilian footballer
* Graciano López Jaena (1856–1896), Filipino national hero
* Graciano Nepomuceno (1881–1974), Filipino sculptor and woodcarver
* Graciano dos Santos Neves (1868–1922), Brazilian physician and politician
* Graciano Rocchigiani (1963–2018), German boxer
* Clóvis Graciano (1907–1988), Brazilian artist
* Eduardo Graciano (born 1967), Mexican cyclist
* Fernando Torres Graciano (born 1970), Mexican politician
# Robert Redfield (disambiguation)

Robert Redfield (1897–1958) was an American anthropologist.
Robert Redfield also refers to:
* Robert S. Redfield (1849–1923), American pictorialist photographer
* Robert R. Redfield (born 1951), American virologist, former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
# Galetti

Galetti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Carlo Galetti (1882–1949), Italian professional road racing cyclist
* Monica Galetti (born 1975), Samoan-born New Zealand Chef
* Mauro Galetti (born 1974), Brazilian ecologist and conservation biologist
* Vincenzo Galetti (1926–1987), Italian trade unionist, communist politician and anti-fascist activist
# Rhododendron decorum

Rhododendron decorum, the great white rhododendron (Chinese: 大白杜鹃) is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae. It is an evergreen shrub native to high forested regions of northern Myanmar and Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan, China growing at altitudes of 1,800–4,000 m (5,900–13,100 ft). Depending on the growing environment (either temperate or sub-alpine forest) it can be found as a shrub or small tree of 1–6 m (3.3–19.7 ft), with leathery leaves that are oblong, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic in shape and between 5–19 cm in length and 3–11 cm in width. Flowers are borne in trusses, white to pale pink, with a yellow throat, large and very fragrant.
It was first described by French botanist Adrien René Franchet in 1886.
In cultivation in the UK, Rhododendron decorum has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is hardy down to −20 °C (−4 °F) but requires a sheltered position and an acid soil that is rich in leaf mould.

## Lower taxa

* Rhododendron decorum subsp. cordatum W. K. Hu
* Rhododendron decorum subsp. decorum (Batalin) H. Hara
* Rhododendron decorum subsp. diaprepes (I. B. Balfour & W. W. Smith) T. L. Ming
* Rhododendron decorum subsp. parvistigmatis W. K. Hu
* Tree tag of R. decorum tree
* R. decorum subsp. diaprepes
# Rhodopin

Rhodopin (1,2-dihydro-ψ,ψ-caroten-1-ol) is a carotenoid. It is a major carotenoid of phototropic bacteria such as Rhodomicrobium vannielii and Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050.
# Rhodopina albomarmorata

Rhodopina albomarmorata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1958.
# Rhopaloceracris

Rhopaloceracris is a genus of Asian grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Coptacrinae.

## Species

The Orthoptera Species File lists:
* Rhopaloceracris chapaensis Tinkham, 1940 - type species from "Mount Chapa", northern Vietnam
* Rhopaloceracris chinensis Tinkham, 1940 - south-east China
# Rhopalocarpus macrorhamnifolius

Rhopalocarpus macrorhamnifolius is a tree in the family Sphaerosepalaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.

## Distribution and habitat

Rhopalocarpus macrorhamnifolius is known from populations along the east coast of Madagascar, specifically in the regions of Sava, Alaotra Mangoro, Analanjirofo, Atsinanana and Anosy. Its habitat is humid to evergreen forests from sea-level to 1,500 m (5,000 ft) altitude. Some populations are within protected areas.

## Threats

Rhopalocarpus macrorhamnifolius is threatened by shifting patterns of agriculture. Because the species is used as timber and in the production of paper, subsistence harvesting is also a threat.
# Rhopalodon

Rhopalodon is an extinct genus of therapsids from the Permian of Russia. It has been variously classified as a dinosaur, a dinocephalian, or another branch of amniotes. Rhopalodon is notable for being among the first "reptiles" mentioned in Nature. T.H. Huxley wrote of this animal, among others, in the inaugural issue of the magazine, in November 1869. He gave the age of this animal and of the contemporary Deuterosaurus as Triassic, but both are now known to have lived during the Middle Permian.
According to Tverdokhlebov et al. (2005), Rhopalodon was a medium-sized terrestrial dinocephalian herbivore that was characteristic of the early Tatarian Urzhumian biostratigraphic zone (Bolshekinelskaya and Amanakskaya svitas).
# Rhuilles

Rhuilles is a frazione of the Italian comune of Cesana Torinese (province of Turin), located at 1,675 metres above sea level in the Val Thuras (upper Val di Susa). It is a tiny Alpine hamlet (pop. 4 in 2006) with characteristic grange (ancient agricultural baite in wood and stone). An old communal stone bread oven is to be found and a seventeenth-century chapel with a well-preserved wooden altarpiece.
44°54′25″N 6°50′0″E﻿ / ﻿44.90694°N 6.83333°E﻿ / 44.90694; 6.83333
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# Cerithium rostratum

Cerithium rostratum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.

## Distribution

The distribution of Cerithium rostratum includes the Western Central Pacific.
* Philippines
* Indonesia
* Guam
# Hart v O'Connor

Hart v O'Connor [1985] UKPC 1 is an important case in New Zealand, also relevant for English contract law, regarding mental capacity to enter into contract as well as regarding unconscionable bargains, which made it as far as the Privy Council.

## Facts

Jack O'Connor was the trustee of a trust that owned the family farm in Waimate since their father died in 1911. Jack and his two brothers Dennis and Joseph both worked and lived on the farm owned by the trust. By the mid-1970s, the brothers were in their 70s and 80s, and given their advanced age, their solicitor recommended that something be done about the farm ownership. Jack essentially had three options: to lease out the farm, but that was ruled out as only delaying an inevitable sale; to sell the farm to his two nephews, which he ruled out, as he did not think his nephews could make a success out of the farm; and the third option, a sale to a third party.
As it turned out, a neighbour, Mr Hart was interested in buying the property and after negotiations with Jack and his solicitor, they arranged for the farm to be leased to Mr Hart, with a clause of right to purchase. Within a month, Mr Hart, unhappy with leasing the farm, contacted the vendor's solicitor to obtain an outright sale of the farm, and they later agreed to a sale at an unspecified price to be determined by a valuer. However, unknown to either Mr Hart or even Jack's own solicitor at the time, Jack was suffering from senile dementia. It was also later discovered that the sale conditions were arguably unfair, as the property was later sold for $180,000 (rounded up from a valuation of $179,780), when a subsequent valuation was $197,000, and the purchaser only had to pay for the farm two years after he had taken possession, giving Mr Hart the benefit of any rise in farm prices in those two years. Jack subsequently died. After the two surviving brothers retained new solicitors, they subsequently took legal action to set aside the sale. While they were unsuccessful in the High Court, they were later successful in the Court of Appeal of New Zealand, which set aside the sale.
Mr Hart then appealed to the Privy Council.

## Advice

The Privy Council advised that the contract was not an unconscionable bargain. The Court said there were two types of "unfair" contracts: "procedural unfairness", where a benefit is obtained through undue influence, i.e., victimisation, and "contractual imbalance", where one party gets a more favourable outcome than the other party, i.e., a bargain. For such a contract to be set aside for unfairness, the second party had to be active in obtaining an unfair contract. In this case the Privy Council held that Mr. Harts conduct was "beyond reproach", emphasising that most of the sale terms and conditions were proposed by the trust's own solicitor, which Mr Hart merely accepted.
Accordingly, the Court rescinded the Court of Appeals ruling to set aside the sale contract for the farm.
# Rhynchospora fusca

Rhynchospora fusca (vernacular name: brown beaksedge or brown beak-sedge) is a species of sedge belonging to the family Cyperaceae.
The native range of R. fusca is Europe, Central and Eastern Canada to Northern Central and Eastern USA. It grows to approximately 20 inches (0.51 m) tall, with brown spikelets that bloom from June through November.
# Ceromitia palyntis

Ceromitia palyntis is a species of moth of the family Adelidae. It is known from South Africa.
# Central Photographic Agency (Poland)

Central Photographic Agency (Centralna Agencja Fotograficzna) was a Polish photography agency founded in Warsaw in 1951 to provide photographic services to state-controlled press of the Polish People's Republic. In addition to supplying photographs, CAF was also responsible for assisting with the creation of maps and other illustrations reproduced in magazines and newspapers.$^{:115}$ By the time of its dissolution in 1991, following the end of communism in Poland, it had become the country's largest photography agency.

## History

Established in 1951 during Stalinist Poland, CAF was a result of the merger of the photographic departments of the Public Information Agency and the Polish Workers and Film Agency.$^{:133–134}$ Although originally intended strictly as a government agency, CAF became part of the Workers' Publishing Cooperative "Prasa" (Robotnicza Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza „Prasa"), a press monopoly de facto controlled by the Polish United Workers' Party, within several months of its founding.$^{:134}$
The agency was dissolved in 1991 following the end of the communist rule in Poland, and incorporated into the Polish Press Agency (Polska Agencja Prasowa). According to historian Paweł Miedziński, CAF was founded to monopolize and control the dissemination of visual material to the general public and to minimize production costs by reducing the number of photographers hired directly by each newspaper. He notes that the latter goal was never fully achieved, despite the agency having regional offices founded in major Polish cities in the subsequent decades.$^{:134–135}$ The agency archives include over 12 million photographs which are preserved and maintained by the National Digital Archives (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe) of Poland.
# Certified management consultant

"Certified management consultant" (CMC) is an international professional certification established in 1967 for management consulting professionals, awarded by institutes in 50 countries (as of February 2014). The CMC enjoys global reciprocity; consultants certified in one country are recognized in most other countries. The standards for CMC in technical competencies and professional conduct were developed by international associations; in the US, such an organization is the Institute of Management Consultants USA, and internationally, The International Council of Management Consulting Institutes (ICMCI).

## Criteria for joining the CMC title

Consultants awarded the CMC designation have demonstrated the following:
* Minimum of a Bachelor's degree from a recognized university.
* Master's degree in business administration or other master's degree in management or management consulting or pass qualifying exams in business related subjects.
* Three or more (depending on country) years of experience in full-time consulting.
* Owner or employee of a firm in independent practice, or internal consultant in organization meeting the institute's independence criteria.
* Demonstrated satisfaction by five different clients of consulting performance in challenging engagements.
* Produced descriptions of five client engagements, including problems addressed, solutions provided and results achieved.
* Interview by a panel of senior certified management consultants on approaches to and competencies in a range of consulting disciplines.
* Written and oral ethics examinations, adherence to a rigorous code of ethics and submission to enforcement by an independent adjudication body.
* Commitment to ongoing professional education.
* Renewal of certification every three years.

## Affiliated organizations
### Canada

In Canada, holders of the CMC title are members of institutes administering the training leading to the title and supervising professional practice. In addition, regional chapters bring together members from each major region of the country: CMC-BC-Mainland, CMC-BC-Vancouver Island, CMC-ON-Greater Toronto area, CMC-BC-Southern interior, CMC-ON-Eastern Ontario and CMC-ON-Southwestern. While the Ordre des Administrateurs Agréés du Québec administers the Quebec chapter.
# Hartmut Bagger

Hartmut Bagger (17 July 1938 – 26 January 2024) was a German general. He served as Chief of Staff of the German Army from 1994 to 1996 and Chief of Staff of the German armed forces, the Bundeswehr, from 1996 to 1999.

## Biography

Hartmut Bagger was born in Braunsberg, East Prussia (today Braniewo, Poland) and fled the advancing Red Army at the end of World War II to Celle. After passing his Abitur Bagger volunteered the Bundeswehr in 1958 as a Panzergrenadier. In 1960 he was promoted to a lieutenant at the Panzergrenadierbataillon 82 in Lüneburg.
Bagger passed his general staff training at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in 1969–1971, promoted to a Major he served at the Panzerbrigade 18, (Neumünster) and became a lecturer of Military policy at the Führungsakademie. He completed a course at the Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia.
From 1976 to 1978 Bagger commanded the Panzergrenadierbataillon 51 in Rotenburg an der Fulda and served at the Bundesministerium der Verteidigung until 1980. From April 1980 till September 1982 Bagger, now an Oberst, was the Chief of staff of the 3. Panzerdivision and afterwards head of the branch "Security policy" at the Hamburg Führungsakademie, from October 1984 till April 1988 he commanded the Panzergrenadierbrigade 7 (Hamburg).
Bagger was promoted a Brigadegeneral in 1988 and served as the Chief of Staff at the III. Korps (Koblenz) until 22 November 1990 and commander of the 12. Panzerdivision (Veitshöchheim) until March 1992.
Bagger became the deputy Inspekteur des Heeres (Chief of Staff of the German Army) on 1 April 1992 and Inspekteur des Heeres on 21 March 1994. After general Klaus Naumann became Chairman of the NATO Military Committee Bagger followed him as the Chief of Staff of the Bundeswehr on 8 February 1996, a post he held till his retirement on 31 March 1999.
Bagger lived at Meckenheim, was married and had two sons. One of them is the diplomat Thomas Bagger. Hartmut Bagger died on 26 January 2024, at the age of 85.
# Cerro Banacruz Natural Reserve

Cerro Banacruz Natural Reserve is a nature reserve in Nicaragua. It is one of the 78 reserves that are under official protection in the country.
* This Nicaragua location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This article related to a protected area in Nicaragua is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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