OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charrua (nautical)

Charrua is a Portuguese nautical expression of the Age of Sail, initially used to designate the use of a frigate or a ship of the line owned by the State as a transport ship, reducing armament and complement, like the French nautical expression en flûte.

## Details

The charrua had large decks and big space for accommodation, and in sail terms it was not different from the ship of the line, having three masts, and also a large hold. The charrua was intended for the transport of troops, food, ammunition, etc. In the first half of the 19th century, the expression passed to designate any type of ship used as a passenger ship.
# Gaiu

Gaiu may refer to:
* Gaiu Mic, a village in Moravița Commune, Timiș County, Romania
* Gaiu Mare, the Romanian name for Veliki Gaj village, Plandište municipality, Serbia
* Valeriu Gaiu, a Moldovan footballer
* Graphic Arts International Union
# Richard Dobson (disambiguation)

Richard Dobson is an American singer-songwriter.
Richard Dobson may also refer to:
* Ritchie Neville (born 1979), real name Richard Dobson, English singer
* Richard Dobson (businessman), English businessman
# Chalybion zimmermanni

Chalybion zimmermanni, known generally as the Zimmermann's mud wasp or blue mud dauber wasp, is a species of thread-waisted wasp in the family Sphecidae.

## Subspecies

These three subspecies belong to the species Chalybion zimmermanni:
* Chalybion zimmermanni aztecum (de Saussure, 1867) (Aztec mud wasp)
* Chalybion zimmermanni peninsularum Bohart & Menke, 1963
* Chalybion zimmermanni zimmermanni Dahlbom, 1843
# Centrolene peristicta

Centrolene peristictum is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Chad Valley

Chad Valley may refer to:
* Chad Valley (toy brand), a brand of toys in the United Kingdom
* Chad Valley, Birmingham, an area of Birmingham, UK
* Chad Valley (musician), a recording artist from the UK
# Rhodininae

Rhodininae is a subfamily of marine polychaete worms in the family Maldanidae.

## Description

Rhodininae worms are characterized by a lack of cephalic and pygidial plates, the presence of posteriorly directed collars in the posterior chaetigerous segments in at least one genus, a short low keel formed by the prostomium, acicular spines in notochaetae, absence of neurochaetae in a number of anterior chaetigers, presence of a double row of terebelloid uncini on some chaetigers, subrostral (i.e. below the rostrum) processes without barbules, an indeterminate number of chaetigers, and a conical pygidium.

## Classification

The subfamily contains 3 genera and 10 species.
* Rhodine Malmgren 1865 – 7 species
* Boguea Hartman 1945 – 2 species
* Boguella Hartman & Fauchald 1971 – 1 species
# Cerarioporia

Cerarioporia is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Cerarioporia cystidiata, a wood-decaying poroid crust fungus found in tropical China. Cerarioporia resembles fungi placed in the genus Antrodia, but can be distinguished by its waxy to resinous fruit bodies, and microscopically by the thick-walled, encrusted cystidia. Additionally, Cerarioporia causes a white rot, while Antrodia are brown-rot fungi.
Cerarioporia is a member of the "core polyporoid clade", a phylogenetic grouping of fungi that is roughly equivalent to the family Polyporaceae. The generic name Cerarioporia, derived from Latin roots, refers to the waxy tube layer that is characteristic of this fungus.
# Chambers Street

Chambers Street may refer to:

## Streets

* Chambers Street, Edinburgh, Scotland
* Chambers Street (Manhattan), New York City, U.S.
* Chamber Street, once known as Chambers Street, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, England

## New York City Subway stations

* Chambers Street (BMT Nassau Street Line), serving the J and ​Z trains
* Chambers Street–World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line), serving the A, ​C, and ​E trains
* Chambers Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), serving the 1, ​2, and ​3 trains
* Chambers Street station (IRT Sixth Avenue Line), on the demolished IRT Sixth Avenue Line
# Chambers Street, Edinburgh

Chambers Street is a street in Edinburgh, Scotland, in the southern extremity of the Old Town. The street is named after William Chambers of Glenormiston, the Lord Provost of Edinburgh who was the main proponent of the Edinburgh Improvement Act (1867) which led to its creation in 1870. A narrow lane named North College Street and three residential squares built in the 18th century—Adam Square, Argyle Square and Brown Square—disappeared in the process. The street is dominated by University and museum buildings. It also hosts a variety of restaurants and venues.

## Notable buildings

Buildings by date of completion:
* Old College, University of Edinburgh, 1791-1827 (Old College faces onto South Bridge, and predates the construction of Chambers Street; the facade to Chambers Street is noticeably flat for a building designed variously by Robert Adam and William Henry Playfair)
* Minto House, 1878, the site was formerly the home of Lord Dunsinane, now the University of Edinburgh Department of Architecture
* Royal Museum, 1888
* Adam House, University of Edinburgh, 1953 (designed by William Kininmonth)
* Edinburgh Sheriff Court, 1995
* Museum of Scotland, 1998
* Former Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School
55°56′51.39″N 3°11′19.75″W﻿ / ﻿55.9476083°N 3.1888194°W﻿ / 55.9476083; -3.1888194
# Chambers Pillar

Chambers Pillar (Aboriginal name Idracowra or Etikaura) is a sandstone formation some 160 km (100 mi) south of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia.

## Formation

Erosion by wind and rain has left an isolated pillar of 350-million-year-old sandstone, rising 50 m (160 ft) above the surrounding plain. The rock formation and the surrounding area of 340 hectares, or 3.4 km$^2$ (1.3 sq mi), are officially named the Chambers Pillar Historical Reserve.

## History

John McDouall Stuart was the first European to see Chambers Pillar, reaching the site in April 1860, and naming it after James Chambers, one of his South Australian sponsors. The rock formations was once an important landmark for pioneers travelling from Adelaide to Alice Springs prior to the establishment of the railways in the 1920s. Several early explorers including Alfred Giles and John Ross, leaders of the second cross-continental expedition in 1870, have left their mark on the rockface. The initials of each are still visible as J Ross and AC 1870. Subsequently numerous other visitors have illegally added graffiti by carving names in the soft sandstone at the base of the pillar.
The pillar is a Site of Aboriginal Significance and features in the dreamtime traditions of local Indigenous Australians. Their legend says that the pillar is the Gecko ancestor Itirkawara, who was exiled for taking a wife from the wrong skin group. When he and his wife stopped to rest among the sand dunes they each turned into one of the locally prominent rock formations: Itirkawara became the Pillar; and his wife became Castle Rock, about 500 metres (1,640 ft) to the north-east.

## Services

Chambers Pillar is reached via the unsealed Old South Road from Alice Springs to Maryvale Station. A 4WD vehicle is required after the Maryvale turnoff to Chambers Pillar. Drivers will encounter deep sand drifts and steep jump ups, as well as rolling sandy hills with limited sight lines and the deeply corrugated surfaces typical of Australian outback roads. Camping is permitted at a campground between Chambers Pillar and Castle Rock with amenities including barbeques, carpark, picnic area and public toilets. The road to Chambers Pillar is adventurous. Near the village Titjikana the road becomes worse. The sand road is deep.
# Richard Burnham (clergyman)

Richard Burnham (1711 – 1752) was an English clergyman and biographer. Born in Guildford, Surrey, he collected the dying sayings of more than a hundred pious persons and compiled the Pious Memorials, published in 1753 after his death. The Pious Memorials were reprinted at Paisley in 1788 with additions, and again enlarged in 1789. It was reprinted with a continuation by the Rev. George Burder in 1820, forming a large octavo volume, and there was a later stereotyped reprint.
# Richard Burn

Richard Burn (1709 – 12 November 1785) was an English legal writer.

## Education and career

Burn was born in Winton, Kirkby Stephen, Westmorland. He matriculated at The Queen's College, Oxford in 1729. He was not awarded his B.A. until 1735, three years after he left the university to accept a position as schoolmaster at Kirkby Stephen in Westmorland. Burn then entered the Church of England, and in 1736 became vicar of Orton in Westmorland. He was a justice of the peace for the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland, and devoted himself to the study of law. In 1762, after Burn had attained notoriety as a legal scholar, the University of Oxford awarded him an honorary LL.D. He was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle in 1765, an office which he held until his death. He died, aged 86, in Orton.

## Writings

Burn's Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer, first published in 1755, was for many years the standard authority on the law relating to justices of the peace. It has passed through some 30 editions, half of which appeared after Burn's death. His Ecclesiastical Law (1760), a work of much research, was the foundation upon which were built many modern commentaries on ecclesiastical law.
Burn's other publications include: Digest of the Militia Laws (1760), History of the Poor Laws: with observations (1764), and A New Law Dictionary (2 vols., 1792). The last-named work, published after the author's death by his son, was an update of William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.
Burn was a noted antiquarian. He collaborated with Joseph Nicolson to compile The History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmorland and Cumberland, published in 1777. The two-volume work relates information concerning the families, customs, architecture, and political and religious history of the two counties, and continues to be of great interest to family and local historians.

## Personal life

Burn married first in 1736 Eleanor Nelson (died 1739) and second in 1740 Anne Kitchen. He and his wife Anne had one son, John, born in 1744.
# Richard Burnham

Richard Burnham may refer to:
* Richard Burnham (clergyman) (1711–1752), English clergyman and biographer
* Richard Burnham (minister) (1749–1810), English Baptist minister and hymn-writer
* Rick Burnham, a character in The Boys
# Chang Jen-hu

Chang Jen-hu (Chinese: 張鏡湖; pinyin: Zhāng Jìnghú), or J. H. Chang (18 March 1927 – 25 November 2019) was a Chinese educator, geographer based in Taiwan. He was a specialist in ancient climate change, and the agricultural development of mainland China and Taiwan. Chang was the chairman of the board of directors of Chinese Culture University.

## Biography

Chang was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, on 18 March 1927. His father was Chang Ch'i-yun, who was a prominent politician and educator of the Republic of China. Chang graduated from the Department of Geography and History of the National Chekiang University in Hangzhou in 1948. In 1954, Chang obtained his Ph.D. in geography from Clark University in the United States. Chang was a research associate at Johns Hopkins University from 1954 to 1956, at Harvard University from 1956 to 1958, and at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1958 to 1959.
From 1959 to 1964, Chang was an editor for the National Geographic Magazine of the National Geographic Society. From 1959 to 1984, Chang was a professor at the University of Hawaii, after which he was granted emeritus status. Chang is a past member of the editorial board of the Annuals of the Association of American Geographers. Chang was also the secretary of the Hawaiian Geophysical Society. From 1984, Chang chaired the board of directors of Chinese Cultural University. From 1987, he served in the same position at Taipei Hwa Kang Arts School [zh].
Chang died on 25 November 2019 at National Taiwan University Hospital.

## Selected works

* Agricultural geography of Taiwan (1953). monographic volume.
* Climate and Agriculture; An Ecological Survey (1968). ISBN 978-0-202-36249-6.

## Honors and awards

Chang received several honorary doctorates, including from the Kyung Hee University in South Korea, Kokushikan University and Sōka University in Japan, and Saint Petersburg State University in Russia. Chang also received an honorary doctorate in humanities from his alma mater Clark University in 2006.
# Rhytachne

Rhytachne is a genus of plants in the grass family. They grow principally in wet savannahs in Africa and the Americas. More specifically, they tend to prefer transitional zones between marshes and drier upland savannahs. In the Americas, the genus can be found from southern Mexico and Cuba south to northern Argentina, while in Africa it is present in Sub-Saharan Africa, including in Madagascar. Twelve species are included, of which nine are African, two are American, and one, Rhytachne subgibbosa, is found on both continents. The genus is closely related to Coelorachis.

## Species

* Rhytachne furtiva Clayton - Ghana, Burkina Faso
* Rhytachne glabra (Gledhill) Clayton - Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast
* Rhytachne gonzalezii Davidse - Suriname, Venezuela (Guárico, Apure), Brazil (Pará)
* Rhytachne gracilis Stapf - West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon
* Rhytachne guianensis (Hitchc.) Clayton - Mexico (Tabasco), Venezuela (Guárico, Apure, Amazonas, Bolívar), Guyana, Suriname, Brazil (Amapá, Minas Gerais)
* Rhytachne latifolia Clayton - Tanzania, Zambia
* Rhytachne megastachya Jacq.-Fél. Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone
* Rhytachne perfecta Jacq.-Fél. - Guinea
* Rhytachne robusta Stapf - Zambia, Angola, Namibia
* Rhytachne rottboellioides Desv. ex Ham. - Madagascar, tropical + southern Africa
* Rhytachne subgibbosa (Winkler ex Hack.) Clayton - Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico; Honduras, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Zambia
* Rhytachne triaristata (Steud.) Stapf - tropical Africa

## formerly included

see Loxodera Phacelurus Thelepogon Urelytrum
* Rhytachne anisonodis - Phacelurus trichophyllus
* Rhytachne bovonei - Loxodera bovonei
* Rhytachne congoensis - Phacelurus gabonensis
* Rhytachne gabonensis - Phacelurus gabonensis
* Rhytachne gigantea - Urelytrum giganteum
* Rhytachne lijiangensis - Phacelurus trichophyllus
* Rhytachne pilosa - Loxodera bovonei
* Rhytachne princeps - Thelepogon elegans
# Rhyssoplax suteri

Rhyssoplax suteri is a rare species of chiton in the family Chitonidae.
# Richard Astley

Richard Astley may refer to:
* Rick Astley (born Richard Paul Astley, 1966), British singer
* Richard Astley (Warden of All Souls) (c. 1625–1688), of the Astley baronets
# Richard Eldridge

Richard Eldridge (born September 14, 1953) is an American philosopher and the Charles and Harriett Cox McDowell Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Swarthmore College. He is known for his works on philosophy of art.

## Books

* Werner Herzog––Filmmaker and Philosopher, Bloomsbury, 2019
* Images of History: Kant, Benjamin, Freedom, and the Human Subject, Oxford University Press, 2016
* Stanley Cavell and Literary Studies: Consequences of Skepticism, Richard Eldridge and Bernard Rhie (eds.), Continuum, 2011
* The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Literature (ed.), Oxford University Press, 2009
* Literature, Life, and Modernity Columbia University Press, 2008
* An Introduction to the Philosophy of Art, Cambridge University Press, 2003
* Stanley Cavell (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 2003
* Persistence of Romanticism: Essays in The Philosophy and Literature, Cambridge University Press, 2001
* Leading a Human Life: Wittgenstein, Intentionality, and Romanticism, University of Chicago Press, 1997
* Beyond Representation: Philosophy and Poetic Imagination (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1996
* On Moral Personhood: Philosophy, Literature, Criticism, and Self-Understanding, University of Chicago Press, 1989
# Hector Fonseca

Hector Fonseca (born January 10, 1980, in the Bronx, New York City, New York) is an American house music DJ. In addition to his production and DJ work, Fonseca is a popular remixer.

## Biography

Raised in suburban Clifton, New Jersey, in a Puerto Rican family, Fonseca started his career as a fashion model. He enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania where he studied business administration. He left his studies to focus on the tribal and house music scene emerging in New York during the late 1990s.
Fonseca has remixed songs by Sia, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, Katy Perry, Beyoncé, Pet Shop Boys and Blondie. As a DJ, he has headlined parties such as including Matinee, World Pride, The White Party, Alegria, The Week, Rapido, Beyond, G Village and the Circuit Festival. He cites the late Grammy Award-winning DJ, producer, and remixer Peter Rauhofer as his mentor.
In 2013, Fonseca produced his first original composition, a collaboration with Blondie titled "Mile High".
* Puerto Rico portal
# Chamel

Chamel or at times Shamel is a given name and a surname. It may refer to:
* Chamel Roukoz, Lebanese Army brigadier general
* Mohammad Chamel, Lebanese actor and screenwriter
# Chamelania jaliscana

Chamelania jaliscana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Jalisco, Mexico.
# Richard Haines

Richard Haines (born Marion, Iowa, December 29, 1906, died, Los Angeles, California October 9, 1984) was an American New Deal muralist.

## Murals

Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department. Haines was commissioned to paint an oil-on-canvas mural for the Berwyn, Illinois post office In 1942, and the Hastings, Minnesota post office. Arrival of the Fall Catalogue was completed in 1938. He also painted a fresco mural in the Sebeka, Minnesota High School building in 1938.

## Death

Richard Haines died in 1984 in Los Angeles, California.
# Richard Haig

Richard Neil Haig (born 29 December 1970) is a Welsh former professional footballer, who is manager of Trebanog FC in the Rhondda and District Football League. He was also formerly manager of Welsh Football League Division One sides Cambrian & Clydach Vale and AFC Porth.

## Playing career

Haig began his career at Cardiff City, making his debut towards the end of 1988–89 season as a substitute during a match against Brentford. The following season he made four appearances, including his first start against Shrewsbury Town, as the club suffered relegation to Division Four. At the end of the season, Haig was released and joined Merthyr Tydfil. After three seasons with Merthyr, Haig moved into the Welsh Premier League with Ton Pentre, his most prolific scoring year coming during the 1994–95 season when he finished the year with 19 goals. He left Ton Pentre in 1996, spending two years with Inter Cabletel.

## Management career

During the 2007–08 season, Haig was appointed manager of Welsh Football League Division One side Cambrian & Clydach Vale, having previously acted as both assistant manager and reserve team manager at the club.
In July 2014 he was appointed by AFC Porth as their manager.
# Hastula solida

Hastula solida, common name the solid auger, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 23 mm and 35 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the tropical Indo-Pacific off Aldabra, the Mascarene Basin, New Guinea and Fiji.
# Heidelsgraben

Heidelsgraben is a small river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It flows into the Hergstbach in Leibenstadt.
# Heideman

Heideman is a German and Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Esther Heideman, American opera singer
* Jan Maarten Heideman (born 1973), Dutch speed skater
* Kathleen M Heideman, American poet and environmentalist
* Mike Heideman (1948–2018), American basketball coach
# Richard Mbogo

Richard Mbogo (born August 2, 1973) is a Tanzanian politician and a member of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi political party. He was elected MP representing Nsimbo in 2015.
# Richard Halliwell

Richard Halliwell may refer to:
* Richard Halliwell (cricketer)
* Richard Halliwell (veterinarian)
* Richard Halliwell (game designer)
# Richard Stanton (disambiguation)

Richard Stanton (1876–1956) was an American actor.
Richard Stanton may also refer to:
* Richard H. Stanton (1812–1891), American politician, lawyer, editor and judge
* Richard Stanton-Jones (1926–1991), British aeronautical engineer
* Rick Stanton (Richard William Stanton, born 1961/62), British firefighter and cave diver
* Rhiannon Davies and Richard Stanton, British maternity healthcare activists
# Richard Pudsey

Richard Pudsey (fl. 1492) was an English politician.
Pudsey was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Devizes in 1492.
# Richard Purcell (architect)

Richard Purcell was an Irish architect and builder active in mid-nineteenth-century County Wexford, in the southeast of Ireland. He was associated with the Day family of architects, which included Martin Day, William Day, John Day.
# Richard Kershaw

Richard Ruegg Kershaw (16 April 1934 – 28 April 2014) was a British television reporter and interviewer.
Born in London, he was educated at Cheltenham College (an independent school for boys) in England. He was then called up for National Service as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, serving in Germany before studying at Clare College, Cambridge for a history degree and later at the University of Virginia Graduate School in the USA.
He was best known for his contributions as a reporter to the BBC's Panorama current affairs series. Later he joined Nationwide. He was also a reporter on other BBC current affairs programmes including 24 hours, Newsday, Newsweek and general election night broadcasts. He died aged 80 on 28 April 2014.
# Heinz Hochhauser

Heinz Hochhauser (born 6 February 1947) is an Austrian football manager.
# Heather Tweed

Heather Tweed (born 1959) is a visual artist, educator and writer based in the UK whose artwork is exhibited nationally and internationally. Graduating from Exeter College of Art and Design in 1983, she first came to national attention with her Anubis Other World Tour series of exhibitions beginning in 1997.
She has had solo exhibitions in London, Edinburgh, Bristol, Bath, Birmingham, Yorkshire and Exeter and in many groups shows, and been selected for exhibition by the Saatchi Gallery.
In 2009 her Abscission series of installations took place during the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. In 2010 her Lost Not Found: Abscission was part of the official Edinburgh Art Festival.
# Rick Kline

Rick Kline is an American sound engineer. He has been nominated for eleven Academy Awards in the category Best Sound. He has worked on more than 220 films since 1978.

## Selected filmography

* Terms of Endearment (1983)
* Silverado (1985)
* Top Gun (1986)
* Mississippi Burning (1988)
* Days of Thunder (1990)
* A Few Good Men (1992)
* Crimson Tide (1995)
* Air Force One (1997)
* The Mummy (1999)
* U-571 (2000)
* Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)