OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Scudder (physician)

John Scudder (1900 – December 1976) was an American medical doctor and blood transfusion specialist who developed the Plasma for Britain program during the early years of World War II. He recruited Charles Drew to help develop the organization and its processes to get the plasma supply project operational. Their work was estimated to have helped save the lives of thousands of Allied troops.

## Early life

Scudder was born to John and Ellen Bartholemew Scudder in 1900 in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Rutgers University before deciding to be a surgeon. He completed medical school at Columbia University, where he also did graduate-level work on blood research and surgical procedures for its use.
His family was part of the Scudders in India, who devoted more than 1,100 combined years to Christian medical mission service. Four generations of the family and 42 members served in India.

## Career

After obtaining his doctorate, Scudder began working and teaching at Columbia University-Presbyterian Hospital. There he worked in blood transfusion and surgery. He became an assistant professor of clinical surgery at Columbia University in 1935. He worked on research centering on whole blood, then on fractionated blood and plasmas. By 1940 he was doing research on blood fluid dynamics as well.

## Blood for Britain

In late 1939, after World War II began in Europe, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Association (BTBA) of New York met with certain members of the British medical establishment about transfusion techniques. Plasma transfusion was possible at that time, but still experimental. No one had a good method for supplementing Britain's supplies with American blood plasma. This was crucial since, by all expectations, any war was expected to have the high casualties similar to those of World War I.
The managers of the BTBA turned to Dr. Scudder to organize the project. He recruited Charles Drew, one of his brightest graduate students and recently minted PhD, to lead the project. During the course of Plasma for Britain, Scudder often assisted Drew in organizing and communicating with project managers and other medical authorities. When Plasma for Britain was turned over to the British Military, Scudder returned to his teaching and research position at Columbia.

## Later life

Scudder continued research in fields related both to blood work and surgery. He published papers on shock syndrome, banked blood, and using chemicals and X-rays to map the cardiovascular system. He co-authored many papers.
In the 1960s, when there was a conflict between the Red Cross and the for-profit American Association of Blood Banks, Scudder publicly supported the Red Cross. He stated that blood donation should be a matter of civic responsibility, not profiteering.
His health began to fail in the early 1970s. He died in December 1976 at the age of 76..

## Legacy and honors

* The Plasma for Britain program was estimated to save the lives of thousands of Allied troops.
* 1950s, a blood bank in New York City was named after him.
# Actebia praecox

Actebia praecox, the Portland moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is found in northern and central Europe, the Caucasus, central Asia, Siberia, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kuriles, northern Turkey, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan.
The wingspan is 35–40 mm. "Forewing narrow and elongate, dull pale green, dusted with whitish; the three stigmata ochreous concisely black-edged; orbicular round, with a rounded rufous centre, reniform with a fine angled line swollen at each end; submarginal line preceded by a dull vinous band; apex whitish; hindwing fuscous brown. — ab. flavomaculata Graes., bluish green with the ochreous tints more yellow and the hindwings much darke-r, is confined to the Asiatic localities, but Leech states that some Irish specimens resemble it."
The caterpillar is light grey, or greenish coloured, has a dark lined yellowish back stripe with adjacent striking, ornamental, bright markings as well as yellow dorsolateral lines and a wide, white lateral stripe. The very slender pupa is shiny reddish brown and has a long thorn on the cremaster.
It is almost exclusively found on sandy terrain, for example in dune areas, sandy fields, shore regions and sand heaths.
The larvae feed on Salix repens and other sand-dune plants.
# 1986 South African Open – Doubles

Colin Dowdeswell and Christo van Rensburg were the defending champions, but Dowdeswell retired from professional tennis at the end of the season, after playing his last tournament at Paris during the previous month.
Van Rensburg teamed up with Mike De Palmer and successfully defended his title, by defeating Andrés Gómez and Sherwood Stewart 3–6, 6–2, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$ in the final.

## Seeds

* Andrés Gómez / Sherwood Stewart (final)
* Mike De Palmer / Christo van Rensburg (champions)
* Guy Forget / Gary Muller (quarterfinals)
* Christo Steyn / Danie Visser (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | A Gómez S Stewart | 6 | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Bates M Woodforde | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | A Gómez S Stewart | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Edwards F González | 6 | 4 | 7 | | E Edwards F González | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Dyke W Masur | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 1 | A Gómez S Stewart | 6 | 7 | | | | | |
| 4 | C Steyn D Visser | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | S Glickstein A Mansdorf | 2 | 5 | | | | | |
| | J Arias J Sadri | 2 | 2 | | 4 | C Steyn D Visser | 5 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Levine L Warder | 1 | 2 | | | S Glickstein A Mansdorf | 7 | 0 | 7 | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Glickstein A Mansdorf | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | A Gómez S Stewart | 6 | 2 | 6$^4$ |
| | K Curren J Kriek | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | M De Palmer C van Rensburg | 3 | 6 | 7$^7$ |
| | M Robertson T Warneke | 6 | 6 | | | M Robertson T Warneke | 4 | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | P Aldrich B Green | 3 | 7 | 2 | 3 | G Forget G Muller | 6 | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | G Forget G Muller | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | M Robertson T Warneke | 2 | 6 | | | | | |
| | D Cassidy B Moir | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | 2 | M De Palmer C van Rensburg | 6 | 7 | | | | | |
| | C Campbell D Maasdorp | 1 | 6 | | | D Cassidy B Moir | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Anger B Testerman | 4 | 6 | 3 | 2 | M De Palmer C van Rensburg | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | M De Palmer C van Rensburg | 6 | 0 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Fernando Guimarães Kevanu

Fernando Guimarães Kevanu (14 August 1936 – 18 May 2022) was an Angolan Roman Catholic bishop.
Guimarães Kevanu was born in Angola. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1970. He was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ondjiva, Angola in 1988 and served until his retirement in 2011.
# Grandrieux

Grandrieux is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
# Indian flying frog

The Indian flying frog (Pterorana khare) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Pterorana. It is found in India and Myanmar but extirpated in Nepal. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. The species was discovered by M.Khare and Kiyasetuo in 1986.
# Puzzle jewelry

A piece of puzzle jewelry is a puzzle which can be worn by a person as jewelry.
These puzzles can be both fully mechanically functional and aesthetically pleasing as pieces of wearable jewelry.

## Examples of available puzzle jewelry

The following list implies that a small version of the cited puzzle is available with suitable design and finish to be worn as jewelry.
* Puzzle ring, often made in Turkey having four interconnected rings
# John Marshall (cricket writer)

John Marshall (date of birth unknown) wrote a noted biography of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond entitled The Duke who was Cricket. Much of the book focused on Richmond's career as a patron of Sussex cricket. The book was published in 1961 by Frederick Muller Ltd.
# Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence

Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence (in Arabic: الموسوعة الفقهیة) is the biggest encyclopedia authored and published in Arabic language by the Kuwait Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs.

## Overview

The project was officially initiated in 1965 and a wide number of Islamic scholars contributed through its completion in 2005 (in approximately 40 years). The Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence (Mausua Fiqhiya Kuwaitiya) was prepared in alphabetical order and published in 45 volumes reaching about 17,650 pages. It encompasses the Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) of all four major Islamic schools of thought.
Ministry's Department of Islamic Research and Encyclopedias also provide this work as a C.D & mobile Apps.

## Translation works

The Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence (Mausua Fiqhiya Kuwaitiya) was translated from Arabic into Urdu$^{:101–2}$ by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India and the book was published in 45 volumes by Genuine Publications and Media, India in 2009.
Currently, Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence (Mausua Fiqhiya Kuwaitiya) is being translated into Persian in Iran and Malay in Malaysia.
# Ferrel (Peniche)

Ferrel is a seaside parish in Peniche, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,649, in an area of 13.79 km$^2$.

## Sport and recreation

It has beaches and breaks facing in 3 distinctly different directions making it a very variable and consistent destination for surfers. Home to many surf camps/schools and recently the destination for the WCT of the ASP (World championship tour of Association of Surfing Professionals) in time for the autumn swells.

## Location

The Parish of ferrel occupies a space of 13.79 square km, facing north with the Atlantic Ocean, south with the parish of Atouguia da Baleia, east with the municipality of Óbidos and west with the parish of Peniche The Parish of Ferrel is composed of the following lands: Ferrel, Baleal and Baleal Sol Village I, II, Casais do Baleal and Casal da Lagoa Seca.It is located 5 km from Peniche (municipality), 74.20 km from Lisbon ( Capital) and Leiria at 65.99 km.

## Demographics
### Population

Historically, the population of Ferrel was larger, but over the centuries it has been losing population. At the end of the 1950s, Ferrel was a very poor village and the poorest in the municipality of Peniche. The means of subsistence at that time were sparse.
At that time, the main activity was agriculture (still is today), in which the sandy soils were therefore not very productive; On the other hand, the parcels of land that were brought up were small, with no characteristics or means for extensive and intensive agriculture that would provide sufficient income.

### Emigration

At the beginning of the 1960s, it began in force, for countries like France, Canada, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, among others ... The Ferralejos / Portuguese to leave Portugal, had to go underground, in other words, to cross the land border with Spain, because the then government headed by António de Oliveira Salazar, did not allow any Portuguese to leave without being the head of the family and voided visas to make it difficult to leave the country. Upon arriving at the border with Spain, they met with so-called "smugglers" who, in exchange for money, helped them to cross the border without being seen by the Spanish guards, after having reached their destination, confirmed by telephone that they had already arrived, also that they already had jobs, after that, hundreds of Portuguese went abroad.
They return during the Christmas period and during the Ferrel Festivities.
# Grandrif

Grandrif (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
# Cooks Mills, Illinois

Cooks Mills is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Cooks Mills is 7 miles (11 km) north of Mattoon.

## Notable person

* Cal Crum, professional baseball player for the Boston Braves
# Putative gene

A putative gene is an alignment segment of DNA that is believed to be a gene. Putative genes can share sequence similarities to already characterized genes and thus can be inferred to share a similar function, yet the exact function of putative genes remains unknown. Newly identified sequences are considered putative gene candidates when homologs of those sequences are found to be associated with the phenotype of interest.

## Examples

Examples of studies involving putative genes include the discovery of 30 putative receptor genes found in rat vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the identification of 79 putative TATA boxes found in many plant genomes.

## Practical importance

In order to define and characterize a biosynthetic gene cluster, all the putative genes within said cluster must first be identified and their functions must be characterized. This can be performed by complementation and knock out experiments. In the process of characterizing putative genes, the genome under study becomes increasingly well understood as more interactions can be identified. Identification of putative genes is necessary to study genomic evolution, as significant proportion of genomes make up larger families of related genes. Genomic evolution occurs by processes such as duplication of individual genes, genome segments, or entire genomes. These processes can result in loss of function, altered function, or gain of function, and have drastic affects on the phenotype.
DNA mutations outside of a putative gene can act by positional effect, in which they alter the gene expression. These alterations leave the transcription unit and promoter of the gene intact, but may involve distal promoters, enhancer/silencer elements, or the local chromatin environment. These mutations can be associated with diseases or disorders associated with the gene.

## Identification

Putative genes can be identified by clustering large groups of sequences by patterns and arranging by mutual similarity or can be inferred by potential TATA boxes.
Putative genes can also be identified by recognizing differences between well-known gene clusters and gene clusters with a unique profiling.
Software tools have been developed in order to automatically identify putative genes. This is done by searching for gene families and testing the validity of uncharacterized genes by comparison to already identified genes.
Protein products can be identified and used to characterize the putative gene that codes for it.
# Gabriel Mkhumane

Gabriel Mkhumane (died April 1, 2008) was a Swazi physician and opposition leader. He was the deputy president of the People's United Democratic Movement (Pudemo), Swaziland's main opposition party.
Once working as a physician at Themba Hospital in Nelspruit, Mkhumane was in self-imposed exile, having left Swaziland in 1984 to live in Maputo, then in Cuba, where he received his medical training and lived for 15 years. According to the Swaziland Solidarity Network, he provided the impoverished with free medical services. To be nearer to his home country, Mkhumane settled in South Africa in 2000. He was married to Soraida and had two sons, Lizwi and Lizo (three weeks old at the time of his father's death). Despite his exile, he had been active in Pudemo-related activities such as marketing the Kingdom as an oppressive regime which hates democracy.
Mkhumane was murdered on April 1, 2008, in Nelspruit, after attending a meeting to discuss blocking goods travelling to Swaziland. The annual blockade was to be held on April 12, the anniversary of when King Sobhuza II outlawed all political parties. It was later called off due to Mkhumane's death. He was gunned down in an ambush on his car and his killers quickly left after the crime. The official version of his murder is that he was killed in a random act of villainy, although some Pudemo supporters disagree, including its president, Mario Masuku. They claim Mkhumane was murdered by the Swazi government, pointing to the fact that Swazi police told his mother that he would come home "wrapped in a black bag" hours before his death was reported. His family members also claimed he began fearing for his life shortly before his death.
# Omega Point (album)

Omega Point Is the twelfth studio album by Spear of Destiny. The album was made available on Kirk Brandon's official site before the actual release date as a direct download. Unlike the last album, this one was made available on iTunes.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Kirk Brandon
* "Bold Grenadier" - 1:45
* "Undertow" - 4:29
* "Suicide God" - 5:44
* "Bloody Bill Anderson" - 3:51
* "They Do As Locusts Do" - 3:41
* "Model Number One" - 4:04
* "Kalashnikov" - 3:34
* "Hubris" - 3:19
* "People Who Live On the Moon" - 2:51
* "Windscale" - 4:23
* "Guinness, Ghosts and Rum" - 4:09

## Personnel
### Spear of Destiny

* Kirk Brandon - vocals, guitar
* Craig Adams - bass
* Adrian Portas - guitar
* Mike Kelly - drums
* Steve Allan Jones - keyboards
with:
* Clint Boon - Farfisa keyboard on "Bloody Bill Anderson"
* This 2010s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Enmore High School

Enmore High School is a former boys high school in the inner Sydney suburb of Enmore, Australia.

## History

It had previously operated as Canterbury Boys Junior High School since some time in the 1940s until 1954 when it closed there, and opened in Enmore in 1955.
The first headmaster was F. C. Wotton who had been headmaster at Canterbury since 1951 or earlier. He died in July 1955 aged 50 and was replaced by F. C. Wootten (note the similarity in names) who had retired as headmaster of Canterbury Boys' High School at the end of 1954. He died within a month of his appointment to Enmore aged 59.
The school operated on two sites – a larger site on Edgeware Road in Enmore, and a smaller site on Metropolitan Road in Enmore (built in 1884). The school closed in 1990, and the Edgeware Road site became a TAFE college. The smaller Metropolitan Road site was controversially sold by the Department of Education in 2009.

## Notable alumni

* Jeff Fenech – former boxer; represented Australia in the flyweight division at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics and was a triple world professional champion at bantamweight, super bantamweight, and featherweight
* Gary Knoke – Australian athlete
* John Murray – retired NSW politician
# 2013 Brown Bears football team

The 2013 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by 16th year head coach Phil Estes and played their home games at Brown Stadium. They were a member of the Ivy League. They finished with a record of 6–4 overall, 3–4 in Ivy League play for a 3 way tie finish for 4th. Brown averaged 5,098 fans per game.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| September 21 | 12:30 p.m. | Georgetown* | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI | | W 45–7 | 3,093 |
| September 28 | 7:30 p.m. | at Harvard | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA | NBCSN | L 23–41 | 17,256 |
| October 5 | 6:00 p.m. | Rhode Island* | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI (rivalry) | | W 31–14 | 6,512 |
| October 12 | 1:00 p.m. | at Bryant* | Bulldog StadiumSmithfield, RI | NECFR | W 41–14 | 4,288 |
| October 19 | 6:00 p.m. | Princeton | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI | FCS Pacific | L 17–39 | 8,062 |
| October 26 | 12:30 p.m. | at Cornell | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | | W 42–35 | 3,195 |
| November 2 | 12:30 p.m. | Penn | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI | FCS Central | W 27–0 | 4,590 |
| November 9 | 12:00 p.m. | at Yale | Yale BowlNew Haven, CT | | L 17–24 | 7,988 |
| November 16 | 12:30 p.m. | Dartmouth | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI | | L 20–24 | 3,234 |
| November 23 | 12:30 p.m. | at Columbia | Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien StadiumNew York, NY | FCS Atlantic | W 48–7 | 4,288 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingAll times are in Eastern time |||||||
# Fengshan, Shijiazhuang

Fengshan (simplified Chinese: 凤山; traditional Chinese: 鳳山; pinyin: Fèngshān; lit. 'phoenix mountain') is a town of Jingxing Mining District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China, located in the Taihang Mountains more than 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of downtown Shijiazhuang. As of 2011, it has 9 residential communities (居委会) under its administration.
# Green-tailed bristlebill

The green-tailed bristlebill (Bleda eximius) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in West Africa from Sierra Leone to Ghana. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. The green-tailed bristlebill was originally described in the genus Trichophorus (a synonym for Criniger). Formerly, some authorities considered the yellow-lored bristlebill as conspecific with the green-tailed bristlebill.
# India–Sri Lanka maritime boundary agreements

India–Sri Lanka maritime boundary agreements were signed in 1974 and 1976 between India and Sri Lanka to define the international maritime boundary between the two countries. Treaties on maritime boundary were necessary to facilitate law enforcement and resource management, and to avoid conflict, in the waters since both countries located closely in the Indian Ocean, particularly in Palk Strait.
The first agreement was regarding the maritime boundary in waters between Adam's Bridge and the Palk Strait, and came into force on July 8, 1974. The second agreement, which was signed on March 23 and entered into force on May 10, 1976, defined the maritime boundaries in the Gulf of Mannar and the Bay of Bengal.
India, Sri Lanka and Maldives signed another agreement for determination of the tri-junction point in the Gulf of Mannar in July 1976. Later in November, India and Sri Lanka signed another agreement to extend the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Mannar.

## Agreements

The summarised agreements are:
| Type of agreement | Signature date | Effective date |
| Boundary in historic waters of Palk Strait between the two countries and related matters | June 26/28, 1974 | July 8, 1974 |
| Maritime boundary in the Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal and related matters | March 22, 1976 | May 10, 1976 |
| Determination of the tri-junction point between India, Sri Lanka and Maldives in the Gulf of Mannar | July 23/24/31, 1976 | July 31, 1976 |
| Extension of maritime boundary in the Gulf of Mannar | November 22, 1976 | February 5, 1977 |
# John Villet

John Villiers Villet (born 3 November 1954 in Ceres, Western Cape) is a former South African rugby union player.

## Playing career

Villet made his provincial debut for Western Province in 1977. He however, only became a regular member of the Western Province team during the 1982 season as he and centres like Peter Whipp, Willie du Plessis, Colin Beck and others, were vying for places in the team. In 1982 Villet and Du Plessis formed a more regular partnership and were they part of the successful Currie Cup winning team.
Villet made his debut for the Springboks, replacing Du Plessis (who retired at the end of 1982) as Danie Gerber's centre partner, against the touring England team on 2 June 1984 at the Boet Erasmus Stadium in Port Elizabeth. He also played in the second test against the English, but then suffered a serious knee injury, effectively stopping him from playing any further test matches.

### Test history

| No. | Opposition | Result (SA 1st) | Position | Tries | Date | Venue |
| 1. | England | 33–15 | Centre | | 2 June 1984 | Boet Erasmus Stadium, Port Elizabeth |
| 2. | England | 35–9 | Centre | | 9 June 1984 | Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg |