OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Continuous-time random walk

In mathematics, a continuous-time random walk (CTRW) is a generalization of a random walk where the wandering particle waits for a random time between jumps. It is a stochastic jump process with arbitrary distributions of jump lengths and waiting times. More generally it can be seen to be a special case of a Markov renewal process.

## Motivation

CTRW was introduced by Montroll and Weiss as a generalization of physical diffusion processes to effectively describe anomalous diffusion, i.e., the super- and sub-diffusive cases. An equivalent formulation of the CTRW is given by generalized master equations. A connection between CTRWs and diffusion equations with fractional time derivatives has been established. Similarly, time-space fractional diffusion equations can be considered as CTRWs with continuously distributed jumps or continuum approximations of CTRWs on lattices.

## Formulation

A simple formulation of a CTRW is to consider the stochastic process $X(t)$ defined by
    $X(t)=X_{0}+\sum _{i=1}^{N(t)}\Delta X_{i},$
whose increments $\Delta X_{i}$ are iid random variables taking values in a domain $\Omega$ and $N(t)$ is the number of jumps in the interval $(0,t)$. The probability for the process taking the value $X$ at time $t$ is then given by
    $P(X,t)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }P(n,t)P_{n}(X).$
Here $P_{n}(X)$ is the probability for the process taking the value $X$ after $n$ jumps, and $P(n,t)$ is the probability of having $n$ jumps after time $t$.

## Montroll–Weiss formula

We denote by $\tau$ the waiting time in between two jumps of $N(t)$ and by $\psi (\tau )$ its distribution. The Laplace transform of $\psi (\tau )$ is defined by
    ${\tilde {\psi }}(s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }d\tau \,e^{-\tau s}\psi (\tau ).$
Similarly, the characteristic function of the jump distribution $f(\Delta X)$ is given by its Fourier transform:
    ${\hat {f}}(k)=\int _{\Omega }d(\Delta X)\,e^{ik\Delta X}f(\Delta X).$
One can show that the Laplace–Fourier transform of the probability $P(X,t)$ is given by
    ${\hat {\tilde {P}}}(k,s)={\frac {1-{\tilde {\psi }}(s)}{s}}{\frac {1}{1-{\tilde {\psi }}(s){\hat {f}}(k)}}.$
The above is called the Montroll–Weiss formula.
# Dave Barry in Cyberspace

Dave Barry in Cyberspace is a best-selling humor book by Dave Barry. Written in 1996, this book takes the view point of a computer geek who enjoys using Windows 95. The book covers (in a comical way) such topics as The History of Computing, How Computers Work, Software, and even mundane topics such as Internet shorthand.
The book starts out with what it calls "A Brief History of Computing from Cave Walls to Windows 95" where it describes how certain aspects of computing (such as emoticons (hieroglyphics)) have existed for thousands of years. As the book progresses, it drifts off to some more sexual topics (in a more humorous than sexual manner). It talks about everything from Quicken to chat rooms and everything in between. It also has some fictitious excerpts from chat room conversations.
The book ends with a fictional story from the second-person viewpoint of a married, stay-at-home mom and her gradual acceptance of and proficiency at using the family PC, especially surfing the Internet through the AOL online service. Eventually, she meets an English teacher online, and the two develop feelings for one another. The story ends with them deciding they should meet in person, even though this potentially will change their lives forever. There has been speculation that this is a fictionalized retelling of Dave Barry's relationship with his current wife Michelle; the male character's online name in the AOL chat rooms is RayAdverb, an anagram of Dave Barry. This theory has not been confirmed by Barry. (Barry's Twitter handle is RayAdverb.)
# Ends of the Earth

Ends of the Earth may refer to:
* Extreme points of Earth
* "Ends of the Earth" (DC Comics), a Wonder Woman story line
* "Ends of the Earth" (Marvel Comics), a Spider-Man story line
* The Ends of the Earth (novel), a novel by Valerio Massimo Manfredi
* The Ends of the Earth (short story collection), a story collection by Lucius Shepard
* The Ends of the Earth (play), by Morris Panych
* "Ends of the Earth," a song by Lord Huron from their 2012 album Lonesome Dreams
* "Ends of the Earth," a song by Dirty Three from their 1998 album Ocean Songs
# Pristimantis melanoproctus

Pristimantis melanoproctus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is found in Venezuela and possibly Colombia. Its natural habitat is tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Sources

* ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pristimantis melanoproctus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T56756A85868992. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T56756A85868992.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
* ↑ "Pristimantis melanoproctus (Rivero, 1984) | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
* This Strabomantidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Omega Aurigae

Omega Aurigae, Latinized from ω Aurigae, is the Bayer designation for a double star in the northern constellation of Auriga. Its apparent magnitude is 4.95, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. The distance to this system, as determined using parallax measurements, is approximately 162 light-years (50 parsecs). The system is a member of the Columba group of co-moving stars.
This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A1 V. It is 317 million years old with a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 107 km/s. The star has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and double the Sun's radius. It is radiating 27 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,230 K. The object displays an infrared excess, suggesting an orbiting debris disk with a temperature of 20 K at a mean radius of 932.40 AU from the host star. It has a magnitude 8.18 companion at an angular separation of 4.99 arcseconds. The system is an X-ray source with a luminosity of 16.57×10$^{29}$ ergs s$^{−1}$.
# Khasari

Khasari is a village in the Bilaspur district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is under the jurisdiction of the Mehrin Kathla panchayat under the Indian panchayati raj system for the governance of villages.

## Demographics

The total population of this village is 249 as of 2001, with a roughly equal proportion of males and females. Of this population, 15% is under the age of 18. The literacy rate for this village is 95%, which far outpaces the Indian national average.
# Khasaura

Khasaura is a large village in Harpalpur block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It lies on the left bank of the Ramganga river, to the north of the road connecting Hardoi and Sandi with Farrukhabad. The village hosts a large market twice per week, on Wednesdays and Sundays. It deals mainly in vegetables.
As of 2011, the population of Khasaura is 7,260, in 1,215 households. The village lands cover an area of 614.7 hectares.

## History

Originally, Khasaura was occupied by the Thatheras and Baihar Ahirs, before they were driven out by Rai Deo Dat, the first Katyar chief to rule here. At the turn of the 20th century, the village consisted of two mahals, with the southern one still being held by the Katyar zamindars and the northern one held by the Rani of Katiari on a permanent settlement. A government school had been set up in Khasaura by that time. The population as of the 1901 census was 3,023, including 116 Muslims, while the majority of the Hindu population belonged to the Ahir community.
The 1961 census recorded Khasaura (as "Khasora") as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 3,230 (1,716 male and 1,514 female), in 662 households and 482 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,225 acres. The average attendance of the bazaar was then roughly 200.
The 1981 census recorded Khasaura as having a population of 4,417, in 116 households, and covering an area of 616.76 hectares.
# Enkianthus perulatus

Enkianthus perulatus (dodan-tsutsuji) is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae, native to Japan. It is a compact, slow-growing, deciduous shrub eventually growing to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall and wide. Pendent umbels of pure white, bell-shaped flowers in spring are followed in autumn by brilliant red and yellow leaf colours. Its leaves are ovate and medium to bright green in colour. It grows in sunny woodland areas.
In cultivation this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
It is the flower of Chizu, Tottori, where a doudan tsutsuji festival is held in May.
# Endsleigh

Endsleigh may refer to:
* Endsleigh Cottage, former country house of the Dukes of Bedford in Devon, England
* Endsleigh Insurance, British insurance intermediary
* Endsleigh League, or English Football League, sponsorship name of the EFL 1993–1996
# R. Ilankumaranar

Puluvar R. Ilankumaranar (30 January 1927 – 25 July 2021) was an Indian Tamil scholar. He worked as a school teacher and later as a novelist, publisher, magazine editor and speaker. He conducted nearly 5,000 marriages in an ancient Tamil tradition of conducting marriages naming it as 'Aadhi Tamil Murai Thirumanam'.

## Early life

Ilankumaranar was born in Vazhavandalpuram, a village in Tirunelveli district as the eighth and last child of his parents on 30 January 1927. He started his Tamil career as a 19 year old in 1946 as a Tamil teacher in a government school in Thirunagar. He got first class in 1951 Pulava examination at the University of Chennai.

## Career

In 1963, former Prime Minister Nehru published a book, Thiruku Essay Collection, written by Ilankumaranar. Abdul Kalam, the former president, published the book ‘Hundred in the Sangam Literary Series’ in 2003. He is the author of more than 600 books. His greatest work was to retrieve the ‘Kakkaipadiniyam’, a grammar work done by a Tamil poet named Kakkaipadini in the 6th century AD. He established the Thiruvalluvar Thava Salai in 1993.

## Responsibilities of organizations

He has held many responsibilities including the Secretary of the Tamil Archives, the Secretary of the Madurai District Tamil Editors' Association and the organizer of the selection committee. He also worked as a guest professor at the Kamarasar University, Madurai.

## Awards and honours

He received Tiruvika Award from Government of Tamil Nadu, Lifetime Achievement Award from Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America in 2007, ‘Tamil Peravai Semmal' by Madurai Kamaraj University in 2009, 2012 Pachamuthu Paynthamil Award-Lifetime Achievement Award, Master of Arts (D.Lit) from Bharathidasan University, ‘Mozhipor Maravar' by Tamil Santror Peravai, and titles like ‘Thirukural Paeroli', ‘Semmozhi Sitthar' and ‘Tamil Kadal'.

## Death

Ilankumaranar died on 25 July 2021 at the age of 94.
# Metropolitan Athanasius

Metropolitan Athanasius may refer to:
* Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow in 1564–1566
* Athanasius, Metropolitan of Beni Suef in 1962–2000
# Santana 30/30

The Santana 30/30 is an American sailboat that was designed by Bruce Nelson and Bruce Marek as a Midget Ocean Racing Club (MORC) racer-cruiser and first built in 1981.

## Production

The design was built by W. D. Schock Corp in Corona, California, United States, starting in 1981, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Santana 30/30 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a raised reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel.
The boat has a draft of 5.50 ft (1.68 m) with the standard keel fitted.
The boat is fitted with a Swedish Volvo diesel engine of 13 hp (10 kW). The fuel tank holds 20 U.S. gallons (76 L; 17 imp gal) and the fresh water tank also has a capacity of 20 U.S. gallons (76 L; 17 imp gal).
The design's galley is split with a two-burner alcohol stove and sink on the starboard side and the icebox on the port side, doubling as a navigation table. The head is located forward, just aft of the bow "V"-berth, and includes a hanging locker. Additional sleeping accommodation includes two cabin berths, plus separate dinette settees. There is a large hatch forward.
The mainsheet traveler is mid-cockpit, the halyards are internally-mounted and there are four winches. The Cunningham is a 3:1 arrangement, which the foreguy is 2:1 and the boom vang is 12:1. The boom has two flattening reefs and an internal outhaul and topping lift. The genoa tracks and toe rails are made from aluminum.
The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 141.

## Operational history

Reviewer Richard Sherwood wrote of the design, "this Santana was designed to the MORC rule. Displacement is moderate. The bow is fine and the transom broad. The over-hanging transom reduces length and wetted surface in light air, increasing water line as heeled. She is a performance cruiser, with the emphasis on performance.
Bill Brockaway noted in Sailing World, "the GP, with its lower cabin and fewer interior amenities, is the model you want for racing. A typical PHRF rating for the Santana 30/30 GP is 114, and the boat is raced with six crew."

## Variants
### Santana 30/30PC (Performance Cruiser)

    This model was introduced in 1981 and about 40 were completed. It displaces 6,500 lb (2,948 kg) and carries 2,310 lb (1,048 kg) of ballast.

### Santana 30/30PC II

    This model was introduced as an update. It has a Yanmar diesel engine, the chainplates relocated outboard to allow the #3 jib to be sheeted inside the shrouds, lowered cabin settee to provide more headroom and angle brackets used to reinforce the interior bulkheads.

### Santana 30/30GP (Grand Prix)

    This model was introduced in 1983 and about 40 were completed also. It has a lighter deck, displaces 6,000 lb (2,722 kg) and carries 2,435 lb (1,104 kg) of ballast. Starting in 1985 all boats built used eliptical rudders and keels. Some boats have open transoms.
# Saprospiraceae

The family Saprospiraceae is composed of environmental bacteria. The members of this family are important to the breakdown of complex organic compounds in the environment.
# Jean-Francois Manzoni

Jean-François Manzoni (born 1961, Paris, France) is a French and Canadian academic and the President (Dean) and Nestlé Chaired Professor of International Institute for Management Development (IMD), an independent business school with a main campus located in Lausanne, Switzerland and an executive learning center in Singapore.

## Early life

Manzoni was born in Paris, France, on May 15, 1961. He immigrated to Canada in 1978. He graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1981 from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales de Montréal and he earned an MBA in 1986 from McGill University in Montreal. In 1993 he graduated with a Doctorate in Business Administration from Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in Boston.

## Career

He spent 12 years on INSEAD Business School's Fontainebleau campus in France (1992–2004) during which he founded and directed the PwC Research Initiative on High Performance Organizations. He spent seven years at the IMD business school (2004–2010), where he served as Professor of Leadership and Organizational Development and directed IMD’s Breakthrough Program for Senior Executives. He taught 5 years on INSEAD Business School's Singapore campus (2011–2016) during which he directed the school’s Global Leadership Centre. Manzoni assumed the role of president of IMD business school on 1 January 2017.
Manzoni has co-authored several books and more than 30 business case studies on how leaders can create a high performance work environment reshaping management culture and unlearning bad practice. Four of his case studies were recognised in the Case of the Year Awards by the European Foundation for Management Development and the European Case centre.
Manzoni has written several articles in the Harvard Business Review and Financial Times. He is the author of The Set-Up to Fail Syndrome: How Good Managers Cause Great People to Fail, which he co authored with Jean-Louis Barsoux. The book expands on an similarly themed article in The Harvard Business Review in which the authors explored how managers’ behavior might contribute to employees poor performance. In an interview with BBC, Manzoni explained how employees also contribute to their own unsatisfactory relationships with their superiors. Manzoni cautioned that attaching labels like demanding or overbearing can ultimately become a self-fulfilling prophecy. "The moment you label someone as difficult you’ve just made them more difficult to work with because you’re not going to give this person the benefit of the doubt anymore and you’re not going to relate with them on a productive level."
Manzoni was invited to speak at the 2014 and 2016 World Economic Forum meetings in Davos. Manzoni is a member of the Human Capital Leadership Institute’s International Advisory Panel, Digital Switzerland, Singapore’s Public Service Division and the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

## Personal life

Manzoni currently resides in Lausanne, Switzerland where he moved from Singapore in 2016 to join IMD as a Professor of Leadership & Organisational Development.
# Jean-Francois Feupa Mkamwa

"'Jean Francois Feupa Mkamwa"', known as Frank Parapara (born October 11, 1991, in Foumban) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays as striker. The bomber, in French "Le Bombardier", was a nickname given by his fans.

## Club career
### Cameroon

Parapara started his career in 2007 with AS Kadey of Batouri, a second division club in Cameroon Elite Two, where he provided 10 goals as a starter and was appointed best passer with 12 assists and best scored. The year after he played for Levant FC of Bertoua (Cameroon) a Regional Championship, where he scored 9 goals.

### Oman Professional League
#### Al Bashaer Club

In January 2012 he commenced playing in the Al Bashaer Club in Oman where he scored 10 goals.

#### Ahli Sidab Club

He joined Ahli Sidab Club with a record of 12 goals scored across 20 matches.

#### Bahla Club

Feupa moved to Bahla Club in 2014–2015. The club was looking for a player who would assist them in a move to division one. He scored 18 goals in 20 games, and gave the club the OMAN championship Second League Winner as well as being recognised as best scoring and best player. 2014

#### Al Nahda Club

In January 2016, Parapara joined the Al-Nahda Club (Oman) scoring 22 goals during his time there.

### Saudi Professional League
#### Al-Orobah FC

Frank Parapara started the new season with Al-Orobah FC, a professional club in Saudi Arabia.

## International career

* In 2012, he was preselected to join the Cameroon Young national team
* In 2014 he was preselected to join the Cameroon national under-23 football team

## Honor

* 2007 Best Scored MTN Elite Two with 10 goals
* 2015 Best scored OMAN championship Second League with 18 goals
* 2016 Best scored OMAN championship Premier League with 15 goals
* 2015 OMAN championship Second League Winner
* 2017 OMAN Oman Professional League Cup winner
* 2017 OMAN Oman First Division League Best scored with 14 Goals
# Sanpete County Courthouse

The Sanpete County Courthouse, at 160 N. Main St. in Manti, Utah, was built in 1935. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
It was built of oolite limestone in PWA Moderne style. It has a two-story central block with vertical window panels and two two-story wings with horizontal window panels.
It was asserted to be "one of the best examples of the distinctive PWA Moderne architectural style in Utah."
# Jean Grieder

Jean Grieder (28 March 1874 – 1941) was a Swiss businessman, an asset and liability manager. He held high honorary positions in his hometown and was founder member of FC Basel.

## Football career

Grieder was member of the Basel rowing club and during a visit to England he had seen the new football game. After a newspaper advert, there was a meeting on 15 November 1893 and the Fussball Club Basel was founded. Grieder attended the founders meeting and joined the team that evening. At the club’s second meeting Roland Geldner was elected as the club's first chairman and Grieder as the club's secretary .
Grieder joined the team’s trainings. Team mate Charles Volderauer, as businessman, had good connections and used them from the very beginning. As early as June 1894, he organised the journey to visit Strassburger FV. Grieder was with the group that travelled and played in the match, which ended with a 0–8 defeat.
He stayed with the club as active footballed just one year and during this time Grieder played only that one game for Basel. Grieder held high honorary positions in his hometown, including many functions with the rowing club.

## Footnotes

* ↑ League: up until 1898 there was no league football in Switzerland.

## Sources

* Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG. ISBN 978-3-7245-2189-1
* Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel. ISBN 978-3-7245-2305-5
* Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
# Jean-Pierre Hocké

Jean-Pierre Hocké was a Swiss politician who served as High Commissioner of the UNHCR and Director of Operations for the International Committee of the Red Cross.

## Personal life and career

He resigned as High Commissioner on 1 January 1986. In 29 July 2021, he died at the age of 83.
# Saral, Chakwal

Saral is a village and union council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.
# Sarah Gibson (swimmer)

Sarah Gibson (born April 20, 1995) is an American swimmer who completed her college career at Texas A&M University in 2017. She competed in the women's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.
Gibson, who grew up in San Antonio, was named the NCAA Division I Academic All-American across all Division I sports for the 2016–17 school year by the College Sports Information Directors of America.
# Saray helva

Saray helva (Turkish Saray Helvası) is a popular Turkish dessert.

## Ingredients

The dessert is made of white sugar, wheat flour, butter, vegetable margarine and vanillin flavor.