OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Esther von Kirchbach

Esther von Kirchbach, (née von Carlowitz; 26 May 1894 – 19 February 1946) was a German journalist, poet and chaplain of the Confessing Church.

## Personal life

Esther was the eldest daughter of four children of Adolph von Carlowitz, Saxonian officer and later War Minister. At the beginning of the First World War, shortly before she graduated, she married Graf Georg zu Münster ("Count George of Munster"), who died of war injuries two years later. As a young widow with a child, she home-studied Mathematics, German, Philosophy and History in Marburg and Leipzig.
In 1921 she married theologian Arndt von Kirchbach, a priest with two children from a previous marriage. Together the couple had six children. As head of Protestant youth work, as Hofprediger of the Sophienkirche and as Superintendent of Freiburg, von Kirchbach was heavily involved in the Church. Together, the von Kirchbachs wrote articles, essays and letters and gave lectures addressing the status of women in various circles.
She died at the age of 51 from complications during surgery for an embolism.

## Career

In 1927 Esther von Kirchbach led the Bundes für eine lebendige Volkskirche ("Society for a Living People's Church") in Dresden. Starting from the Nazi takeover in 1933, she fought against the Nazi policy of Gleichschaltungspolitik der Kirchen (roughly, "Political Synchronisation of Churches"). Her husband was also one of the leading representatives of the Inclusive Church in Dresden. Together, they continued their literary work and lecturing, despite repeated arrests and Adolph von Carlowitz's dismissal.
In 1934 Esther was the German delegate to the International Women's Congress in Budapest. In 1945, she was the only woman on the Advisory Board of the Regional Office engaged with refugees and war victims. She took refugees into her own parsonage in Freiberg.

## Legacy

In Freiberg, a refuge and an association for the promotion of women's work were established in 1991. This committed non-profit organisation continues the work Esther von Kirchbach began.
Her life was commemorated on a German stamp.

## Literary works

* Die Hausgemeinde
* Gebot und Gebet: Katechismus im Alltag
* Unser Gästebuch 1945 : Aufzeichn., Begegnungen u. Brief
* Rund um einen Tisch, Berlin 1938.
* Von Sonntag und Alltag, Hamburg 1939.
* Johanna Spyri, die Jugenderzählerin aus den Bergen, Stuttgart 1940.
# L'Église de la rue Belliard

L’Église de la rue Belliard was a Brussels-based evangelical Protestant congregation, started in 1837 when a group left the Temple de l'Observatoire Protestant church.

## History

L’Église de la rue Belliard originally met on rue du Jeu de paume under pastor Denis Lourde-Laplace, then on 24 rue Ducale under the ministry of pastor Edouard Panchaud (1839–1862). In 1851 the congregation built an Evangelical Chapel on 13 rue Belliard in the new Leopold quarter in Brussels.
Over the years L’Église de la rue Belliard and the Temple de l'Observatoire divided and rejoined several times before finally reuniting in 1973 to become L’Église Protestante Bruxelles-Botanique.
The church building on rue Belliard was sold in 1974 and a new building on boulevard Bisschoffsheim dedicated in 1977.

## List of pastors

Succession of pastors at L’Église de la rue Belliard
* Denis LOURDE-LAPLACE 1837–1839
* Edouard PANCHAUD 1839–1862
* Clément de FAYE 1863–1876
* Félix DUCASSE 1876–1879
* Léonard ANET 1879–1880
* Charles BYSE 1880–1882
* Rodolphe MEYHOFFER 1882–1917
* Henri MERLE D’AUBIGNE 1887–1892
* Jean MEYHOFFER 1917–1927
* Jules PERREGOUX 1924–1927
* Daniel LEMAIRE 1928–1933
* Emile HOYOIS (B) 1933–1935
* Robert DU PASQUIER 1935–1946
* Fritz HOYOIS 1942–1945
* André CLERC 1945–1957
* Denise PICCARD 1952–1954
* Denise WOHLWERTH (assistant) 1954–1955
* Martin BEUKENHORST (assistant) 1954–1955
* Maurice RAYMOND (assistant) 1954–1955
* Victor PHILDIUS (assistant) 1954–1955
* Rodolphe GILLY 1957–1964
* Jean-Claude BORDIER 1960–1969
* Pierre REGARD 1964–1972
* Emile LE COZANNET 1970–1977
# Fagopposisjonen av 1940

Fagopposisjonen av 1940 (Trade Opposition of 1940) was a grouping among Norwegian trade unionists in 1940, after the German invasion of Norway.
It had roots in a 1930s informal oppositional group within the Norwegian labour movement. The informal group was led by Håkon Meyer, and was more radical than the mainstream labour movement. On 9 April 1940 Germany invaded Norway, and subsequently occupied the country. The mainstream labour movement was now engaged in fighting and opposing a German rule. However, the grouping around Håkon Meyer wanted to steer the labour movement in another direction; taking advantage of the occupation to make conditions for laborers more favourable. The grouping was soon supported by some members of the radical Communist Party of Norway, and by non-partisan trade unionists such as Halvard Olsen.
Fagopposisjonen av 1940 was founded as a formal group on 15 June 1940. Meyer and Olsen were leading figures, Jens Tangen headed the executive committee. The other members of the executive committee were Meyer, H. Olsen, Erling Olsen, Martin Brendberg, Adelstein Haugen and Albert Johannessen. It was staunchly opposed by the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) and official organs of the labour movement; LO officially denounced Fagopposisjonen av 1940 as "underminers" on 26 July.
Around August–September the group was split in two. One part, led by Håkon Meyer, started accepting the Norwegian Fascist party Nasjonal Samling (who had taken power for a few days in April) as a cooperation partner. The other part disassociated itself with the Nazi rule. In late September Fagopposisjonen managed to have the German powerholders remove acting leader of the Confederation of Trade Unions, Elias Volan. Jens Tangen was installed as leader. Erling Olsen became secretary. Both Tangen, Meyer, H. Olsen, E. Olsen and Kåre Rein came to hold leading positions in the Confederation of Trade Unions in the next years.
# Alparslan, Dinar

Alparslan is a village in the Dinar District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 353 (2021).
# AADAC

Arylacetamide deacetylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AADAC gene.
Microsomal arylacetamide deacetylase competes against the activity of cytosolic arylamine N-acetyltransferase, which catalyzes one of the initial biotransformation pathways for arylamine and heterocyclic amine carcinogens.
# British Masters (TV series)

British Masters is a three-part BBC television series on 20th century British art, presented by Dr James Fox and first broadcast in July 2011 on BBC Four. The series covers the period from 1910 to 1975.
The first programme explored the lives and works of Mark Gertler, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Walter Sickert, Wyndham Lewis, Lawrence Atkinson, David Bomberg, Richard Nevinson, Paul Nash and Stanley Spencer. The second programme explored the works of John Nash, Stanley Spencer, Alfred Munnings, William Coldstream, Paul Nash and John Piper. In the third programme, subtitled 'A New Jerusalem,' Fox explored British art in the aftermath of the 2nd World War, and examined the works of Lucian Freud, Graham Sutherland, Francis Bacon, Richard Hamilton, David Hockney and Keith Vaughan. In this final programme of the series Fox explored how the themes of evil, brutality, dehumanisation, consumerism and optimism can be seen in the works of these postwar artists. Fox contends in this programme that the death of Lucian Freud and the emergence of conceptual art have marginalised, eclipsed and brought to an end the tradition of British figurative painting.
In each case, the backgrounds, techniques, subjects and interests of each artist are analysed against a backdrop of the social and political events of their day, especially the two world wars, the decline of Edwardian values and traditions, the poverty and economic turmoil of the 1920s and 1930s and the relative sense of optimism following both wars. The programmes also reflect a personal and national search for security in enduring but elusive British values, beliefs and identity in what Fox depicts as a century of crisis and upheaval, in which much more had perhaps been lost than gained.
Fox's provocative approach seems to have divided the critics: The Times called the series "superb television;" and The Observer called it "absurdly lucid," but one critic criticised the series for its "grandiose, inflammatory statements," while Fisun Güner described Fox's revisionist case as "ludicrous."
# Huvenia

Huvenia is a genus of extinct plants of the Early Devonian (Pragian or Siegenian stage, around 411 to 408 million years ago), found in slate deposits of the Rhenish Massif. The sporophyte generation consisted of leafless stems (axes), which appear to be flattened, and which branch dichotomously. The strand of conducting tissue contains simple tracheids, making this a vascular plant (tracheophyte). The sporangia (spore-forming organs) are borne on the ends of short branching stems (sporangiophores) rather than terminating main stems as in some other early land plants. Sporangia appear to be twisted, but it is not clear whether this feature was present in life or developed after death.
In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram for the polysporangiophytes, in which Huvenia is placed in the Rhyniaceae. (See that article for the cladogram.)
# Estonian Land Reform of 1919

The Estonian Land Reform Act 1919 was a land reform act passed in Estonia on 10 October 1919, shortly after the country had gained independence in the previous year. The act expropriated land from the mostly ethnic Baltic German landowners which had previously made up much of the local landowning elite. As part of the implementation of the act the government distributed the nationalised land to mainly ethnic Estonian small farmers.

## Distribution of Land

The reforms expropriated 1065 manors (96.6% of large landowners were affected) of which only 57 manors came from ethnic Estonian owners with the rest owned mainly by Baltic Germans along with land which had been previously owned by the state (former Russian Empire) or by the church. The amount of land in total nationalised came to over 2.34 million hectares of land which accounted for 58% of the total agricultural land in Estonia. Manorial industrial enterprises were also nationalised by the state and sold (this included 225 vodka factories, 344 mills, 74 sawmills, 64 stone and clay industries, 18 dairies and 7 breweries). Overall about 53,000 Estonian settlers received expropriated land with 1.2mn hectares going to the 23,000 individuals affected by the land reform (though 3.6% of the expropriated land was returned to the former owner).

## Compensation

In 1926 the previous landowners affected by the reforms (mostly large native landowners) received a small amount of compensation.
# Kaposszerdahely

Kaposszerdahely is a village in Somogy county, Hungary.
# Fagonia pachyacantha

Fagonia pachyacantha is a species of flowering plant in the caltrop family known by the common name sticky fagonbush. It is native to the Sonoran Desert of northwest Mexico in Sonora and the Lower Colorado River Valley area at the California and Arizona border.

## Description

Fagonia pachyacantha is a spreading perennial herb not more than 1 metre (3.3 ft) in height with very glandular stems and foliage. Each leaf is divided into three flat, green leaflets and there are straight, pointed, spine-like stipules at the base of each set.
Flowers, each about 1.5 centimeters wide, appear in the axils of the sparse leaves. The flower has five purplish pink petals with bases narrowed to thin claws. The fruit is a rounded capsule about half a centimeter long.
# Allgemeine Gesellschaft der Schweizerischen Uhrenindustrie

Allgemeine Schweizerische Uhrenindustrie AG (ASUAG; French: Société Générale de l'Horlogerie Suisse SA) was the former biggest Swiss Watch Industry Group that had been created with the assistance of the Swiss Government and the Swiss Banks, as an answer to the crisis caused by the Great Depression, in 1931.
In 1983, ASUAG and SSIH were forced by the Swiss Banks to merge into Société de Microélectronique et d'Horlogerie (SMH), which now has been renamed Swatch Group. ASUAG grouped most of the movement parts & Ebauches manufacturers on one side, and through its sub-holding General Watch Co (GWC); many watch brands on the other side. Most of those companies are still active, integrated into the new conglomerate.
During the years of crisis, from 1978 until 1991, Dr. Ernst Thomke was at the helm of the restructuring, first as CEO of ETA SA, then Ebauches SA, including a mandate as Administrator of ASUAG, and became SMH's first CEO in 1983, a position that he held until 1991. At that time, newly elected president and main shareholder Nicolas G. Hayek had already become the only person of reference.
# Jersey International Air Display

The Jersey International Air Display is an air show which is held every year on the island of Jersey, in the Channel Islands. It normally consists of one air display and two static displays - one at the airport and one in a park in St. Helier.
It is a non-profit-making event, and relies upon sponsorship and government funding. The main display can be watched by the public, free of charge.
Some of the aircraft carry out displays over Guernsey, as part of the Guernsey Air Display (formerly the Guernsey Battle of Britain Air Display), on the same day.

## Performers

Regular performers include the Red Arrows, RAF Falcons parachute display team, and the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight.
Notable appearances include;
* Avro Lancaster (BBMF)
* Avro Vulcan
* B-17 Flying Fortress
* B-52 Stratofortress
* BAF F-16 Fighting Falcon
* Eurofighter Typhoon
* Grumman TBF Avenger
* Hawker Hurricane (BBMF)
* Hawker Siddeley Harrier
* North American B-25 Mitchell
* Spitfire (BBMF)
* Tornado GR4
* Westland Dragonfly
* Yves Rossy (Jetman)
* BAe Nimrod - The last ever display appearance of the Nimrod MRA4 took place at the Jersey Airshow in 2010
* Saab Viggen - First ever UK appearance of the Swedish Historic Flight Viggen
* Saab Tunnan
* Saab 105
* Saab Lansen

## History

In 1997, Mike Higgins became the display organiser.
In 2009, HMS Ocean (L12) was present, and participated in the event.
The 2011 air display was canceled, due to poor visibility, shortly before it was due to start. Most aircraft which were due to take part had already arrived at the island.
The display was also cancelled in 2020 due to the social distancing restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey.

## Accidents and incidents related to air show

* September 1991: The Hawker Hurricane IIC LF363 suffered an engine failure en route to Jersey and crash-landed at RAF Wittering.
* 6 September 2006: A privately owned T-33 crashed on take-off close to the Imperial War Museum Duxford, on its way to the Jersey show.
* 10 September 2003: A Harrier jet experienced hydraulic problems shortly before landing at Jersey Airport.
* 9 September 2003: A Hawk overshot the runway while landing at Jersey Airport in advance of an air display. Minor damage was caused to the aircraft.
# Francisco de Robles

Francisco de Robles was a bookseller in Madrid, whose shop was near the Puerta de Guadalajara. He was also a publisher; among his books are the first editions of Don Quixote (1605) and the Exemplary Novels (1613), by Miguel de Cervantes. Robles contracted with the printer Juan de la Cuesta to print Don Quijote in his shop at Atocha 87, in Madrid, which is today a museum and cultural center, and home of the Sociedad Cervantina.
Robles was godfather of Cuesta's two children.
Before moving to Madrid, his father, Blas de Robles, had published Cervantes' La Galatea in 1585 in nearby Alcalá de Henares, after paying Cervantes 336 reales for its copyright (privilegio).
# British Medical Bulletin

British Medical Bulletin is a quarterly peer-reviewed general medical journal that publishes review articles on a wide variety of medical subjects. The journal was established in 1943 and is published by Oxford University Press. The editor-in-chief is Norman Vetter (Cardiff University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.291.
# Husnicioara Coal Mine

Husnicioara Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Husnicioara, Mehedinți County. The legal entity managing the Husnicioara mine is the National Company of Lignite Oltenia which was set up in 1997.
The exploitation has two open pits Husnicioara - Vest, Zegujani that produced 3.1 million tonnes of lignite in 2008. The mine has around 700 workers and is endowed with five bucket-wheel excavators, three spreaders, one mixed machine and four deposits spreader. The total proven recoverable reserves of the mine amount to 67 million tonnes of lignite.
# HMS Jason (1794)

HMS Jason was a 38-gun Artois-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She served during the French Revolutionary Wars, but her career came to an end after just four years in service when she struck an uncharted rock off Brest and sank on 13 October 1798. She had already had an eventful career, and was involved in several engagements with French vessels.

## Construction

Jason was ordered on 1 April 1793 and was laid down that month at the yards of John Dudman, at Deptford. She was launched on 3 April 1794 and had been completed at Deptford Dockyard by 25 July 1794. She cost £16,632 to build; this rising to a total of £22,567 when the cost of fitting her for service was included. Jason was commissioned in May 1794 under her first commander, Captain James Douglas.

## Career

Jason initially served in the English Channel, at first under Douglas, and then by 1795 under Captain Charles Stirling. Stirling remained the Jason's commander for the rest of her career. In a highly active career against French shipping he took at least six French vessels, including two that later became part of the Royal Navy.
Jason was present at the Quiberon expedition in October 1795 as part of John Borlase Warren's squadron, and went on to be highly active against French privateers and raiders. In December 1796 she was part of the British squadron that frustrated the French Expédition d'Irlande, capturing the disarmed frigate Suffren. Further service in the Channel followed; Jason captured the 14-gun privateer Marie off Belle Isle on 21 November 1797, the 24-gun privateer Coureur on 23 February 1798, and in company with HMS Russell captured the 12-gun privateer Bonne Citoyenne on 20 March 1798. Further successes that year included the 6-gun Arrogante off Brest 23 April 1798, and in company with HMS Pique, the 38-gun frigate Seine in the Breton Passage at the action of 30 June 1798. Marie came in the Royal Navy as HMS Halifax, Arrogante became HMS Arrogante, later renamed HMS Insolent. Seine too became a British ship, as HMS Seine, serving until being wrecked in 1803.

## Loss

HMS Jason struck an uncharted rock on 13 October 1798 while sailing off Brest and was wrecked. She was one of a handful of frigates to be lost on the dangerous Brest blockade with three of her class being lost, as well as HMS Ethalion the following year.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Winfield. British Warships of the Age of Sail. p. 135.
* 1 2 Colledge. Ships of the Royal Navy. p. 178.
* ↑ Clowes. The Royal Navy, A History. p. 304.
* ↑ "No. 14071". The London Gazette. 5 December 1797. p. 1160.
* ↑ "No. 14094". The London Gazette. 24 February 1798. p. 175.
* ↑ Colledge. Ships of the Royal Navy. p. 21.
* ↑ Colledge. Ships of the Royal Navy. p. 316.
* ↑ Gardiner. Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars. p. 165.
# Tamar Shedania

Tamar Shedania (Georgian: თამარ შედანია; born 31 January 1992) is a Georgian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country in the Miss Universe 2012 and Miss World 2013 pageants.

## Early life

Tamar Shedania competed in International Elite Model Look contest in 2007. In her professional life and spare time, she loves to travel where she can learn about different cultures and people.
Her vital statistics are: 32 – 23.5 – 34.5 inches.

## Pageantry

Tamar Shedania has been crowned Miss Georgia 2012 at the 10th edition of Miss Georgia beauty contest at the Rabati Castle in Akhaltsikhe on 26 September 2012. Shedania represented Georgia in Miss Universe 2012. Although considered a big favorite and a front runner, she failed to place in the Top 16. She also represented Georgia in Miss World 2013, but failed to place in the Top 20 Semi-Finalists.
# Laddie

Laddie is the word for boy in Scottish English.
Laddie may also refer to:

## Novel and film adaptations

* Laddie, a True Blue Story, a 1913 novel by Gene Stratton-Porter, and its adaptations:
** Laddie (1926 film), an American drama
** Laddie (1935 film), an American film
** Laddie (1940 film), an American film

## Fictional characters

* "Laddie", the title character in Son of Lassie, a 1945 film
* "Laddie", a dog in The Simpsons episode "The Canine Mutiny"
* "Laddie", a counterpart-of-sorts to Gaspode in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series
* "Laddie", in the novel Cowboys for Christ
* "Laddie", a fictional toy character in the Wee Sing 1988 video: Grandpa's Magical Toys

## People

* Laddie Cliff, British dancer, choreographer, actor, producer, writer and director born Clifford Albyn Perry (1891–1937)
* Lauren Laddie Gale (1917–1996), American Hall-of-Fame basketball player
* Laddie Lewis, Guyanese cyclist who competed in the 1948 Olympics
* Laddie Lucas (1915–1998), Second World War Royal Air Force officer, journalist, amateur golfer and Member of Parliament nicknamed "Laddie"
* Ladislaus Laddie Outschoorn (1918–1994), Ceylonese cricketer
* Indra Lal Roy (1898–1918), Indian First World War flying ace nicknamed "Laddie"
* Hugh Laddie (1946–2008), British judge, lawyer and academic
* Mitch Laddie (born 1990), English guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and producer

## Other uses

* "Laddie", a nickname for the whiskies from the Bruichladdich distillery
* Laddie Island, Canada, along with Split Island part of the North Belcher Islands
# Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste

The Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste ("Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts") was a 19th-century German encyclopaedia published by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber, therefore also known as the "Ersch-Gruber." One of the most ambitious encyclopaedia projects ever, it remains uncompleted.
It was designed and begun in 1813 by Professor Ersch to satisfy the wants of Germans, only in part supplied by foreign works. It was stopped by the Napoleonic Wars until 1816, when Professor Gottlieb Hufeland joined, but he died on November 25, 1817, while the specimen part was at press. The first volume appeared in Leipzig in 1818. The editors of the different sections at various times were some of the best-known men of learning in Germany, including Gruber, M.H.E. Meier, Hermann Brockhaus, W. Müller and A.G. Hoffmann of Jena. Naturalist Eduard Poeppig wrote most of the articles on the Americas. All articles bear the authors' names, and those not ready in time were placed at the end of their letter.
The work is divided into three sections:
* A-G (99 volumes published, complete) :
* H-N (only the first 43 volumes published, through Ligatur)
* O-Z (only the first 25 volumes published, through Phyxios)
From its beginning through 1830, the Encyclopädie was published at Leipzig by Johan Friedrich Gleditsch. From 1831 until publication ceased in 1889, the Encyclopädie was published by Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, also of Leipzig. Gleditsch published volumes 1 through 21 of the first section; volumes 1 through 7 of the second, but only the first volume of the third section. Brockhaus published the remaining volumes through 1889. By 1889, when the project was abandoned, the Encyclopädie had reached 167 volumes. The article about Greece alone covered 3,668 pages, spanning eight volumes.