OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Grove of Titans

The Grove of Titans is a redwood grove in Del Norte County, Northern California, with several massive coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) trees, some of the largest known redwoods in terms of wood volume. The largest coastal redwood tree in the grove by volume is the single-stem Del Norte Titan. The Lost Monarch is comparably large, but a large sprout from the ground at its base is not part of the main trunk structure.

## History

The unofficially named Grove of Titans was discovered May 11, 1998, by botanist Stephen Sillett, and naturalist Michael Taylor in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park. The discovery implies that Sillett and Taylor are the first to realize and declare the significance of the grove, not that they were the first ones ever to see it.
In approximately 2011, a person from Oregon learned of and posted the grove's geolocation online and a surge of visitors followed. The increased boot traffic triggered problems like damage to native plants, soil compaction, difficulty for scientists, and strain on limited park resources. Between 2012 and 2016, approximately 8,000 square feet (740 m$^2$) of ferns, sorrel and other plants were destroyed by visitors. The native plant damage was most evident around a redwood called Screaming Titans. In July 2016 the parks posted a sign which states up to 36,000 square feet (3,300 m$^2$) impacted.
Starting on November 6, 2019, construction began on a 1,300-foot-long elevated walkway (400 m) through the Grove of Titans. The trail segment and boardwalk opened with limited access in September 2021. The remaining 2 miles (3.2 km) of the Mill Creek Trail renovation will be completed by early summer 2022. The project cost is $3.5 million and being paid for by a partnership including Save the Redwoods League, California State Parks, the National Park Service, and Redwood Parks Conservancy.

## Flora

Names of the named largest redwoods in this grove include Lost Monarch, El Viejo del Norte, Screaming Titans, Eärendil and Elwing, Beregond, Aragorn, Sacajawea, Aldebaran, Stalagmight and Del Norte Titan.
Several abundant understory plants are California sword fern – Polystichum munitum and Redwood sorrel – Oxalis oregana.

## Location

The Grove of Titans is in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park of Northern California, off Howland Hill Road south of Highway 199. The closest town is Crescent City, California. The location was described by author Richard Preston in his 2007 book The Wild Trees as "the bottom of a hidden notch-like valley near a glade." The exact location was not revealed in this book for fear of excessive traffic.
# David Erskine, 2nd Lord Cardross

David Erskine, 2nd Lord Cardross (baptised 1627 – 1671) was a Scottish Royalist.

## Life

Erskine was the only son of Henry Erskine, second son of the second marriage of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, and heir to the Barony of Cardross, by his wife Margaret, only daughter of Sir James Bellenden of Broughton, near Edinburgh. On the death of his grandfather in December 1634 he became vested in the title of Cardross, and was served heir to his father in the barony, 17 March 1636–7.
He was one of the few peers who protested against the delivering up of Charles I to the English army at Newcastle in 1646, and was a promoter of the "engagement" in 1648, for which he was fined £1,000, and debarred from sitting in parliament in 1649.

## Family

Cardross was married twice. In 1645 he married, Anne, fifth daughter of Sir Thomas Hope of Craighall, by whom he had Henry Erskine, 3rd Lord Cardross and a daughter, Margaret, who married William Cunningham of Boquhan. In 1655, he married Mary, youngest daughter of Sir George Bruce of Carnock, Fifeshire, and had several issue, including William of Torry.
He died in 1671.
# Gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor

A gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor is a neuroectodermal tumor that appears in the gastrointestinal system.
# Eunidia kivuensis

Eunidia kivuensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1948.
# Giulio Cesare Graziani

Giulio Cesare Graziani (24 January 1915 Affile – 23 December 1998 Rome) was an Italian aviator, and one of the most famous Italian pilots of the Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero torpedo bomber, the "Damned Hunchback", in World War II.

## Career

Born on 24 January 1915 the son of Ermenegildo and Giovanna Lonfernini, Graziani developed an early interest in aviation, gaining his pilots license before the age of 20 at Rimini Airport with a Caproni Ca.100 thanks to the influence of Rodolfo Graziani. He joined the Regia Aeronautica and served initially flying Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bomber aircraft at the start of World War II.
During 1940, he transferred to the Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and developed particular skill attacking shipping with torpedoes, initially in the Red Sea theatre and later over the Mediterranean Sea. He was injured in action attacking Port Sudan in December 1940 but successfully piloted his aircraft home, for which he was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor. On 13 October 1941, Graziani was involved in the attack on the battleships HMS Barham and HMS Queen Elizabeth, along with a fleet of four cruisers and twelve destroyers. He was also responsible for a night raid on shipping in the harbour at Philippeville which destroyed one ship and damaged another on 20 November 1942.
Following the Armistice of Cassibile, Graziani flew Martin Baltimores for the Italian Co-belligerent Air Force, flying a total of 78 bombing missions. After the war, Graziani was heavily involved in the deployment of the PGM-19 Jupiter nuclear missiles in Italy. He was promoted to Generale di squadra aerea in 1969 and retired in 1975.

## Legacy

The 70º Stormo of the current Aeronautica Militare Italiana, based at Latina Air Base, was named after him.
# Bowen Park

Bowen Park may refer to:
* Bowen Park, Brisbane, a historic area in Bowen Hills, Queensland, Australia
* Bowen Park (Waukegan), a historic park in Waukegan, Illinois, United States
# Giuseppe Pistocchi

Giuseppe Pistocchi (1744–1814) was an Italian architect of the Neoclassic style, active mainly near his natal city of Faenza.

## Biography

Pistocchi was born in Faenza. His father, a sculptor and stuccoist, sent him to work with the architect Giuseppe Boschi (il Carloncino). A patron, the archbishop Cantoni of Ravenna, arranged for him to travel to Rome in 1762. In 1754 he directed the restoration of the Apostolic palace in Pesaro, and completed the facade of Santa Maria degli Angeli and restoration of the church Sant' Agostino. Returning to Faenza, he directed construction of the Oratorio della Confraternita di S. Matteo. In 1768 he rebuilt the high altar of the Cathedral. In 1775 he worked in the Palazzo Bandini-Spada. Between 1780 and 1782 he decorated the cupola of the Duomo of Ravenna. Between 1780 and 1787 he directed the construction of the Communal theater in Faenza.
Other works include:
* 1781: design for the New Seminary of Faenza.
* 1785: Completes Galleria of the Cento Pacifici.
* 1786: Completes Palazzo Gessi and Palazzo Conti.
* 1787: pursues restoration of the Palazzo Pasolini Dall’Onda.
* 1788: receives the title of Cavaliere dello Speron D’Oro.
* 1790: enters, but loses, in a design competition for the theater of La Fenice in Venice.
* 1790: He completes the convent of San Filippo in Faenza.
* 1795: Begins work in Palazzo Milzetti.
* 1796-1802: works creating canal near Faenza and port authorities in Imola
* 1798-1809: Works in plans for the Piazza in front of the Duomo of Milan.
* 1799: designs the civil hospital of Cesena and a giant triumphal arch.
* 1800: designs a column to celebrate the battle of Marengo.
* 1802 - 1813: He designs various works in Milan, and a Palazzo for the Legation to Paris from the Kingdom of Italy
* 1806-1807: designs Civic Cemetery in Faenza.
* 1805-1810: plans the reconstruction of the Castle of Imola (rocca d’Imola).
* 1814: he dies in Faenza.
# Prasophyllum frenchii

Prasophyllum frenchii, commonly known as the maroon leek orchid or swamp leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has a single tubular green leaf and up to sixty five green, reddish-brown or red flowers. Formerly more widespread, it is now confined to seven populations containing a total of fewer than 1,000 plants.

## Description

Prasophyllum frenchii is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf up to 200 mm (8 in) long, 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide at the base and which is often withered by flowering time. Between twenty and sixty five scented flowers are arranged along a flowering stem 150–600 mm (6–20 in) or more high. The flowers are scented, green, reddish-brown or red and as with others in the genus, are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, 5–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and the lateral sepals are lance-shaped, 5–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long, more or less parallel to and free from each other. The petals are oblong in shape, 6–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and turn forwards. The labellum is egg-shaped, green or reddish, 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long and turns upwards through about 90° near its middle. The upturned part is triangular and the edges of the labellum are slightly crinkled. There is a raised, horseshoe-shaped callus in the centre of the labellum. Flowering occurs from October to November.

## Taxonomy and naming

Prasophyllum frenchii was first formally described in 1889 by Ferdinand von Mueller and the description was published in The Victorian Naturalist from a specimen collected by "G. French". The specific epithet (frenchii) "is named after the youthful collector, who has filially inherited from one of the principal founders of the Field-Naturalists' Club his ardour for forming, by searches of his own, zoologic and phytologic collections, and instituting observations thereon".

## Distribution and habitat

The maroon leek orchid is widespread but rare, occurring from south-eastern Victoria to the south-east of South Australia. It grows in grassland, heath and open forest.

## Conservation

Records indicate that P. frenchii was once likely to have numbered in many thousands and occurred as far east as Mallacoota in far East Gippsland. It is preserved in Wilsons Promontory National Park but is probably now extinct east of there. Only about 250 to 750 plants survive in seven populations and the species is listed as "Endangered" under the Commonwealth Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC) Act, as "Threatened" under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and as "Endangered" under the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. The main threats to the population are grazing, weed invasion and inappropriate fire regimes.
# Prasophyllum fuscum

Prasophyllum fuscum, commonly known as the slaty leek orchid or tawny leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to a small region of New South Wales. It has a single tubular green leaf and up to thirty greenish brown to reddish brown flowers. There is debate about the taxonomy of the species with some authorities considering Prasophyllum uroglossum as a separate species. Only about twenty five plants are known to survive in south-western Sydney.

## Description

Prasophyllum fuscum is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf 150–400 mm (6–20 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide at the base. Between ten and thirty scented flowers are arranged along 70–120 mm (3–5 in) of a flowering stem 300–450 mm (10–20 in) tall. The flowers are greenish brown to reddish brown, 9–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long, 5–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide and as with others in the genus, are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped to lance-shaped, about 9 mm (0.4 in) long, 2 mm (0.08 in) wide and pointed. The lateral sepals are linear to lance-shaped, 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, 2 mm (0.079 in) wide and parallel to and free from each other. The petals are linear to oblong, pointed, about 7 mm (0.3 in) long, 1.5 mm (0.06 in) wide and spread widely. The labellum is linear to egg-shaped, 8–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, about 5 mm (0.2 in) wide and turns upwards through about 90° near its middle. The edges of the labellum are slightly crinkled and there is a shiny, raised callus in its centre. Flowering occurs between September and December.

## Taxonomy and naming

Prasophyllum fuscum was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown from a specimen collected in "moist meadows towards George's River". The description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The specific epithet (fuscum) is a Latin word meaning "brown". The name has been applied to other species widely distributed throughout south-eastern Australia, including P. pallens, but the species is presently understood to be restricted to an area south-west of Sydney.

## Distribution and habitat

The slaty leek orchid is only known from a single population growing on a roadside in the Wilton district. It grows in moist, sandy soil amongst grasses and sedges.

## Conservation

Prasophyllum fuscum is listed as "Vulnerable" under the Commonwealth Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC) Act and as "Critically Endangered" under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. The total population of the species was estimated in 2007 to be twenty five individuals in an area of 4 km$^2$ (2 sq mi). The main threats to the population are habitat loss, changes to water quality and weed invasion.
# Ginihila

Ginihila is a 2003 Maldivian horror film directed by Easa Shareef. Produced under EMA Productions, the film stars Ali Seezan, Mariyam Nisha, Reeko Moosa Manik and Niuma Mohamed in pivotal roles. The film is an unofficial remake of Vikram Bhatt's Indian horror film Raaz (2002) which itself is an unofficial adaptation of What Lies Beneath.

## Cast

* Ali Seezan as Mifzal Amir
* Mariyam Nisha as Sajuna
* Reeko Moosa Manik as Hakeem
* Niuma Mohamed as Suhana
* Sheereen Abdul Wahid as Zeyba
* Aishath Gulfa as Sweydha
* Ibrahim Wisan as Mifzal's friend
* Koyya Hassan Manik as Ibrahim Rafeeu

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Recipients | Result | Ref. |
| 2007 | Miadhu Crystal Award | Best Visual Effects | Shiyad, Shah | Won | |
# Prachi Sinha

Prachi Sinha is an Indian model and actress. She is best known for playing the role of Vardaan in the popular television soap opera Vishkanya on Zee TV. She was also cast in the film Angry Young Man.

## Filmography
### Films

| Year | Serial | Role | Language |
| 2014 | Angry Young Man | Sarah | Hindi |
| 2013 | Chanda Na Tume Tara | | Odia |

### Television

| Year | Serial | Role | Channel |
| 2016 | Vishkanya | Vardaan Malay Mittal | Zee TV |
# Božo Škerlj

Božo Škerlj (28 September 1908 – 10 November 1961) was a Slovene anthropologist, author of eleven books and over 200 scientific articles published in journals at home and abroad.
Škerlj was born in Vienna in 1908. He studied biology and geography at the University of Ljubljana and graduated in 1926. He then specialized in Prague and Brno and later in Germany and Norway. In 1944 he was interred in Dachau concentration camp and after the end of the Second World War became professor at the University in Ljubljana. He died in 1961 in Ljubljana.
He won the Levstik Award in 1955 for his travelogue Neznana Amerika (Unknown America).

## Selected published works

* Razvoj živega sveta (The Development of Life), with Jovan Hadži and Anton Polenec, 1947
* Splošna antropologija v osnovnih potezah (General Anthropology in Basic Terms), 1948
* Razvoj človeka (antropogeneza) (The Development of Man (Anthropogeny)), 1950
* Neznana Amerika (Unknown America), 1952
* Ljudstva brez kovin (Peoples Without Metal), 1962
* Palme, piramide in puščave (Palms, Pyramids and Deserts), 1956
* Misleči dvonožec (The Thinking Biped), 1963
# Brachiocephalic vein

The left and right brachiocephalic veins (previously called innominate veins) are major veins in the upper chest, formed by the union of the ipsilateral internal jugular vein and subclavian vein (the so-called venous angle) behind the sternoclavicular joint. The left brachiocephalic vein is more than twice the length of the right brachiocephalic vein.
These veins merge to form the superior vena cava, a great vessel, posterior to the junction of the first costal cartilage with the manubrium of the sternum.
The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava.

## Left and right veins
### Left brachiocephalic vein

The left brachiocephalic vein is about 6cm, more than twice the length of the right brachiocephalic vein. and is formed by the confluence of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. In addition the left vein receives drainage from the following tributaries:
* The left vertebral vein, internal thoracic vein, inferior thyroid veins, superior intercostal veins, the thymic veins and the pericardial veins

### Right brachiocephalic vein

The right brachiocephalic vein is about 2.5cm long. The right vein is formed by the confluence of the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular vein. It receives the following tributaries:
* The right vertebral vein, the internal thoracic vein, and the thyroid veins, and occasionally from the first right posterior intercostal veins.

## Embryological origin

The left brachiocephalic vein develops from the anastomosis between the left and right anterior cardinal veins when the caudal segment of the left anterior cardinal vein degenerates.

## Additional images

* Right and left brachiocephalic vein
* The brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, azygos vein and their tributaries.
# Glasgow Tigers

Glasgow Tigers may refer to:
* Glasgow Tigers (American football), an American football team competing in the BAFA National Leagues
* Glasgow Tigers (speedway), a motorcycle speedway team competing in the Speedway Premier League
# Giovanni Bianchi (physician)

Giovanni Bianchi (1693–1775), also known as Jano Planco, was an Italian physician, anatomist, archaeologist, zoologist and intellectual. He wrote numerous medical texts and De Conchis minus notis liber (1739), a work on Foraminifera, and maintained a cabinet of curiosities.

## Biography

Giovanni Bianchi was born in Rimini in 1693, the son of Gerolamo, a pharmacist. He studied medicine, physics and botany at the University of Bologna, graduating in 1719. He then moved to Padua and became acquainted with Giovanni Battista Morgagni and Antonio Vallisneri. He returned to Rimini, where he practised medicine for the next twenty years. He maintained a correspondence with a wide circle of cultured Italians but was not always in agreement with other members of the medical profession, preferring to put into practice his own research results rather than relying on traditional methods.
He was appointed Professor of Human Anatomy at the University of Siena in 1741 but resigned three years later because of ongoing conflict with other academics. Returning to Rimini, where he was held in high esteem and nominated as a "noble citizen" by the municipal authorities, he became director of a private academy in which students studied medicine, logic, geometry and Greek.
He published an autobiography in Latin in 1742 in which he described himself as a child prodigy, dedicated to his studies and gifted with exceptional skills; the work was written anonymously as if by someone else. He had great talents as a doctor and a relationship with a number of important scientists and scholars, resulting in considerable fame, both in Italy and abroad.
Bianchi had interests in many fields and was an ardent collector. He amassed a personal museum of archaeological, botanical and zoological specimens. He was a member of various academies and scientific societies and published many medical papers. In 1739, he published De Conchis minus notis liber, a work about the foraminifera, single-celled tiny organisms with shells.
He is buried in the church of Sant'Agostino in Rimini. A monumental plaque bears the Latin inscription Nascitur infelix, vixit infelicior, obiit infelicissime (He was born unhappy, he lived more unhappy, he died maximally unhappy).

## Works

* De conchis minus notis liber (in Latin). Venezia: Giovanni Battista Pasquali. 1739.
# Potter's Electric News

Potter's Electric News (published by Joseph Potter) was a weekly English language newspaper distributed in districts of South Wales (Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Begelly, Milford Haven and Tenby). It contained local, national and international news, and information. It was a very popular paper for a time, and at its peak had a weekly circulation of 2,000. Associated titles: Pembrokeshire Herald and General Advertiser.
# Pragadavaram

Pragadavaram is a village located in Chintalapudi Mandal of West Godavari District in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The nearest railway station is located at Denduluru (DEL) at a distance of 31.32 Km.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census of India, Pragadavaram had a population of 10755. The total population constitute, 5396 males and 5359 females with a sex ratio of 993 females per 1000 males. 1022 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 977 The average literacy rate stands at 63.34%.
# Poza de la Sal

Poza de la Sal is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 387 inhabitants.

## Main sights

* Rojas castle (9th-15th century)
* Salt evaporation ponds and Diapir - Salt extraction since the Ancient Rome times. The Diapir is the biggest one in Europe.
* San Cosme y San Damián church (14th-18th century)

## Notable residents

* Enrique Suñer Ordóñez – Spanish pediatrician (1878–1941)
* Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente – Spanish naturalist (1928–1980)
* Valentín de la Cruz – Spanish monk (1928–2021)
# Poza de la Vega

Poza de la Vega is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2018 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 184 inhabitants.