OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Einwerfen

Einwerfen or Zählspiel is a German 8-card point-trick game for four players in two teams of two and using a 32-card German-suited pack. Its closest relative is the popular Portuguese game Sueca. Perhaps the most basic and typical representative of the ace–ten card games, this game was first described as early as 1811, but may be considerably older.

## Basic rules

Ranks and card-point values :
| Rank | A | K | O/Q | U/J | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 |
| Value | 11 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 10 | – | – | – |
Players draw for partnerships. The player drawing the highest card becomes the 'king' i.e. eldest hand; the player with the second highest is his partner. Partners sit opposite one another. The player drawing the lowest card sits to the right of the king and becomes the first dealer.
Tens rank low. After cutting for trump, all cards are dealt to the players in batches of 4, each receiving 8 cards. The standard rules of trick-play as in Whist apply. Any card may be led to a trick, subsequent players must follow suit if they can but are otherwise completely free in what they play. The trick is won with the highest trump, or if it does not contain trumps it is won with the highest card of the suit led. The winner of a trick leads to the next trick.
61–90 card-points win the deal and earn one chip (Marke) or stake, a single win being known as a Lump, 91–119 win it double (Matsch), and 120 win it triple (Bombe). In case of a tie the outcome is held in abeyance and is decided by the outcome of the next deal. The trump suit of the first deal is couleur favorite, i.e. any subsequent game that happens to have the same trump suit as the first scores double i.e. 2 chips for a Lump, 4 for a Matsch and 6 for a Bombe.

## Additional rules

According to one account, a game always consists of 48 deals. At the beginning of such a game players draw card for being eldest hand (König) for every one of the 48 deals. The seating arrangement changes every 16 deals, as eldest hand's partner changes so that each of the three remaining players has that role once. The dealer is an opponent player determined by lot.

## History and etymology

Einwerfen refers to the 'throwing in' i.e. smearing of valuable cards into tricks (likely to be) won by one's partner. The alternative name Zählspiel, i.e. 'counting game', evidently refers to the counting of card-points. These two aspects of the game were far from novel when it was first recorded in 1811. For this reason and because tens are still low in the game, card game researcher David Parlett speculates that it is much older.
The name of the related Portuguese game Sueca means Swedish (woman).

## Footnotes

* ↑ Parlett's source is Hoffmann (1874), but the game is recorded as early as 1811 by Hammer.
# Martha Anderson

Martha Carol Anderson is research scientist with the United States Department of Agriculture. She is known for her work in using satellite imagery to track droughts and their impact on crops. In 2022, she was elected a fellow of the American Geophysical Union. In 2024, she was elected a fellow of the National Academy of Engineering.

## Education and career

Anderson has a B.A. from Carleton College (1987), and she earned her Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1993. Following her Ph.D., she moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison where she worked first as a postdoctoral researcher and then as an associate researcher and assistant scientist. In 2005, she moved to the Agricultural Research Service as a research physical scientist.

## Research

Anderson conducted her Ph.D. research in the field of observational astrophysics, focusing on the investigation of supernovae. She then changed her research focus to the interactions between soils, plants, and the atmosphere and how this is detected using remote sensing. She uses data from satellites to develop models that are used to predict droughts and soil moisture stress, and the subsequent impacts on crops.

## Selected publications

* Anderson, M. C.; Norman, J. M.; Diak, G. R.; Kustas, W. P.; Mecikalski, J. R. (1997-05-01). "A two-source time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes using thermal infrared remote sensing". Remote Sensing of Environment. 60 (2): 195–216. Bibcode:1997RSEnv..60..195A. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00215-5. ISSN 0034-4257.
* Anderson, Martha C.; Norman, John M.; Mecikalski, John R.; Otkin, Jason A.; Kustas, William P. (2007-05-27). "A climatological study of evapotranspiration and moisture stress across the continental United States based on thermal remote sensing: 1. Model formulation: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND MOISTURE STRESS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 112 (D10). doi:10.1029/2006JD007506.
* Anderson, M. C.; Kustas, W. P.; Norman, J. M.; Hain, C. R.; Mecikalski, J. R.; Schultz, L.; González-Dugo, M. P.; Cammalleri, C.; d'Urso, G.; Pimstein, A.; Gao, F. (2011-01-21). "Mapping daily evapotranspiration at field to continental scales using geostationary and polar orbiting satellite imagery". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 15 (1): 223–239. Bibcode:2011HESS...15..223A. doi:10.5194/hess-15-223-2011. hdl:10447/53094. ISSN 1607-7938.
* Roy, D. P.; Wulder, M. A.; Loveland, T. R.; C.e., Woodcock; Allen, R. G.; Anderson, M. C.; Helder, D.; Irons, J. R.; Johnson, D. M.; Kennedy, R.; Scambos, T. A.; Schaaf, C. B.; Schott, J. R.; Sheng, Y.; Vermote, E. F. (2014-04-05). "Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research". Remote Sensing of Environment. 145: 154–172. Bibcode:2014RSEnv.145..154R. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.001. ISSN 0034-4257. S2CID 109926873.

## Awards and honors

In 2022, Anderson was elected a fellow of the American Geophysical Union. In 2022, she also received the John Dalton medal from the European Geosciences Union in recognition of her work on "multi-scale thermal remote sensing to evapotranspiration and drought impact assessments."
# Dick Marsh

Victor Burton "Dick" Marsh (August 29, 1906 – January 23, 1968) was an American football player for the National Football League (NFL). During the 1933 season he played for the New York Giants.

## Career

Marsh was born in Sayre, Beckham County, Oklahoma, USA on August 29, 1906, to Orris McCartney Marsh (1876–1940) and Gertrude Maude Marsh (1877–1964). He attended grammar school and high school in Sayre, graduating in 1925. He went on to study at Phillips University and gained a degree in petroleum engineering from the University of Oklahoma.
He was a member of the university football team and lettered in football during his time at Phillips. He gained his coaches certificate, and after graduating he became assistant coach at Phillips. He also worked in the Beckham County National Bank as a teller, and for the California Oil Company in the engineering department.
He played professional football in the NFL for the New York Giants in 1933. He also played for the Paterson Giants (IFL) in the same year. In 1934 he was selected as the most outstanding former student.
In November 1933 he was appointed as superintendent of an Oklahoma Carbon Industry chemical plant. In July 1936 he married Miss Loraine Patrick and they settled in Chandler, Oklahoma where Marsh worked for the Stanolind Oil Company. The couple had two daughters, Kathryn and Margaret. Marsh was elected president of the Rotary club in the same year.
His wife Loraine died in 1946, and in 1947 Marsh married Georgia Hargrove. Marsh died on January 23, 1968, in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, predeceasing his second wife, and was buried in Sayre-Doxey Cemetery.
# Ronojoy Sen

Dr. Ronojoy Sen (born 1969) is an Indian political scientist and author. He is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies and faculty at the South Asian Studies Programme, National University of Singapore. Sen formerly served as an editor at The Times of India for several years and has been a Visiting Fellow with the National Endowment for Democracy, Washington, D.C., the East-West Center, Washington, and Fellow of the International Olympic Museum, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Sen's analysis has appeared in The Hindu, Times of India, Outlook, Foreign Policy and in interviews on Channel NewsAsia, BBC.
The Wall Street Journal describes Sen's second book Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India as an ambitious one that "examines Indian sports in a largely chronological manner and does not duck the more awkward questions, such as the perceived athletic limitations of Indians. The narrative has an attractive sweep to it, starting with the place of sports and martial competition in Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Sen's most recent book was launched by Shashi Tharoor in December 2022 and discusses the Indian parliament, the Frontline refers to House of the People as '"a ringside view of democracy against the backdrop of larger social, political and policy changes". According to The Hindu, it "depicts in rich detail, the transformation this body has gone through in the last 17 Lok Sabhas" The Indian Express calls the book "rich in data and history...a wide ranging, nuanced view of the centrality of Parliament in India's socio political life"
In January 2023, Sen was a speaker at the Jaipur Literature Festival.

## Early life and education

In an interview, Sen said he was born and raised in Calcutta and he read history at Presidency College, Kolkata. Sen completed his Ph.D in political science from University of Chicago.

## Books

* Baxi, Upendra; Sen, Ronojoy (2007). Legalizing Religion: The Indian Supreme Court and Secularism. Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington. ISBN 978-1-932728-56-9.
* Jeffrey, Robin; Sen, Ronojoy; Singh, Pratima (2012). More Than Maoism: Politics, Policies and Insurgencies in South Asia. New Delhi: ISAS, Institute of South Asian Studies. ISBN 978-81-7304-933-0.
* Sen, Ronojoy (31 January 2013). Articles of Faith: Religion, Secularism, and the Indian Supreme Court. OUP India. ISBN 978-0-19-808535-5.
* Sen, Ronojoy (2015). Nation at Play : A History of Sport in India. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16490-0.
* Sen, Ronojoy (2022). House of the People : Parliament and the Making of Indian Democracy. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781009180252.
# Patrick Cassidy

Patrick Cassidy may refer to:
* Patrick Cassidy (actor) (born 1962), American actor in musical theatre and television
* Patrick Cassidy (composer) (born 1956), Irish composer of film soundtracks
* Patrick Cassidy (footballer) (1887–?), English professional footballer
* Patrick Sarsfield Cassidy (c. 1850–1903), Irish American journalist, poet and revolutionary
* Patrick F. Cassidy (1915–1990), United States Army officer
# Roger Dekeyzer

Roger Dekeyzer (18 June 1906 – 16 December 1992) was a Belgian trade union leader.
Born in Ostend, Dekeyzer became an English teacher, and the unpaid secretary of the Socialist Union of Education Workers of West Flanders. In 1925, he joined the Belgian Workers' Party, and from 1928 he served on the executive of its Ostend branch. In 1935, he began working full-time for the Belgian Union of Transport Workers (BTB), as deputy secretary of its West Flanders district. The following year, he was promoted to become district secretary, and also secretary of the union's coastal area car drivers' section.
In 1939, Dekeyzer was elected to both the Ostend Municipal Council, and the West Flanders Provincial Council. He fled to the United Kingdom early in World War II, and worked organising Belgian sailors there. He became active in the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF), and was placed in charge of organising Belgian, Danish, Dutch, Polish and French transport workers in Scotland.
Dekeyzer returned to Belgium at the end of the war, and was elected as secretary of the General Federation of Belgian Labour (ABVV). He also served as general secretary of the BTB and of its ports section, and as secretary of the Belgian Socialist Party's Ostend district. He soon moved to Antwerp, and in 1952, was elected to the municipal council, then in 1954 to the provincial council, and finally in 1958 was elected to the Senate.
In 1955, Dekeyzer was appointed as vice-president of the ABVV, then as president the following year. Omer Becu, president of the BTB, left to work for the ITF, and Dekeyzer's role of general secretary was merged with that of president of the union. He was also elected as vice-president of the ITF, then in 1960 became president of the ITF.
Dekeyzer retired from his trade union and political posts in 1971, but remained on the boards of various organisations for the next decade. He died in 1992.
# North Bundaberg railway station

North Bundaberg railway station is a closed railway station at 28 Station Street, North Bundaberg, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia. It is on the North Coast railway line and linked that line to the Mount Perry railway line.
The station was constructed in 1881, and it was to be used as the last stop of transporting raw materials such as copper from the mines to the coast for shipping. Very soon after the railway was completed, the production of the copper mines declined drastically. However, the line station still provided transport for sugar, timber, and other agricultural goods until portions of the Mt. Perry line began closing in 1960, completely closing the line in 1964.

## Museum

The railway station buildings are used by the Bundaberg Railway Museum though the station itself remains closed.
Although the museum is located a few hundred meters from the original location, most of the original station remains, including worker uniforms, tools, and a 1921 guard's van. Passenger services now only stop at Bundaberg railway station.
# German submarine U-677

German submarine U-677 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 13 June 1942 at the Howaldtswerke yard at Hamburg, launched on 6 July 1943, and commissioned on 20 September 1943 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Paul Weber.
Attached to 5th U-boat Flotilla based at Kiel, U-677 completed her training period on 31 May 1944 and was assigned to front-line service.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-677 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert GU 343/38–8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-677 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

During a British air raid on Hamburg on 5 April 1945, U-677 was damaged while in the Howaldtswerke yard. In a second air raid four days later, U-677 as well as another U-boat, U-982, sank in the U-boat pen Fink II.
# Hollinsclough

Hollinsclough is a small rural village in the county of Staffordshire in the English Midlands. It is within the Peak District National Park.

## Location and geography

Hollinsclough is on the upper reaches of the River Dove, at one end of a level area between the Dove and the River Manifold, not far from their sources on the eastern side of Axe Edge Moor. Here the Manifold flows through moorland on sandstone and various gritstones, before a conspicuous change at Hulme End, about 6 miles downstream, when the underlying rock changes to limestone. For all its length, the Dove marks the border between Staffordshire and Derbyshire. Not far downstream from Hollinsclough the Dove enters the limestone valley that ends in the famous Dovedale.
The Church of St Agnes, built as a Chapel of Ease in 1840 when Hollinsclough was in the parish of Quarnford, is now linked with the parish of Longnor, about 2 miles east. The church has been abandoned for worship. It was auctioned in March 2023 and is currently being restored.

## The village
### Village name and population

According to the English Place-Name Society, the name Hollinsclough comes from Howel's ravine. Various documents, including tenancy records for the Manor of Haysgate in the County of Stafford, from 1651 to 1850 give the following variants of the name. Hollescloughe (1651), Holling Clough (1750), Hollingclough (1767), and The Liberty of Hollinsclough (1769). The population list for 1769 has 112 names. The 1851 Census has 211 male and 189 female inhabitants. Like many other such villages dependent upon hill farming, the population has declined rapidly since then.

### Village description and activities

There is a Methodist Chapel, a primary school and a chapel hall yet the nearest shops or pubs are 2 miles away in the neighbouring village of Longnor. Historically, there was a silk weaving business in the 18th century in the village that transported the silk over to the mills in Macclesfield by packhorses. Today, Hollinsclough is a popular departure point for walkers and tourists visiting the surrounding countryside.

## Methodist Chapel

The Chapel was built in 1801 by John Lomas. He was a pedlar and tinker by trade, which at that time was a respectable occupation, dealing in "Manchester goods" such as clothing but chiefly transporting the local silk to mills at Macclesfield. Rev. J B Dyson records his conversion at Flash. Hollinsclough is the only chapel still open in the former Wetton and Longnor Methodist Circuit, and celebrated its bicentenary at Easter 2001.
The chapel hall becomes a lively tearoom at weekends and bank holidays, and plays host to an active and friendly community life, including the monthly meetings of the local history group (History Live) and the local charity (Hollinsclough Action Group).
# 1334 Lundmarka

1334 Lundmarka, provisional designation 1934 OB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 July 1934, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after Swedish astronomer Knut Lundmark.

## Orbit and classification

Lundmarka is classified as C-type and X-type asteroid by the LCDB and Pan-STARRS, respectively. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,817 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.

## Rotation period

A rotational lightcurve of Lundmarka was obtained from photometric observations made at the Australian Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09) in September 2014. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 6.250±0.003 hours with a brightness variation of 0.70 in magnitude (U=3-).
In March 2016, a second period was published based on data from the Lowell Photometric Database. Using lightcurve inversion and convex shape models, as well as distributed computing power and the help of individual volunteers, a period of 6.25033±0.00001 hours was derived from the database's sparse-in-time photometry data (U=n.a.).

## Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Lundmarka measures 29.8 and 27.6 kilometers in diameter, respectively, and its surface has a corresponding albedo of 0.06 and 0.24. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an intermediary albedo of 0.146 and a diameter of 30.4 kilometers.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in memory of Swedish astronomer Knut Lundmark (1889–1958), who was the head of the Lund Observatory. He thoroughly analyzed galaxies and globular clusters, and pioneered in measuring galactic distances and absolute stellar magnitudes. Lundmark also appeared in national radio with programs on popular astronomy and the history of science. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 121). The lunar crater Lundmark is also named in his honour.
# Joseph White (tenor)

Joseph M. White (October 14, 1891 – February 28, 1959) was an Irish-American tenor.

## Biography

Joseph M(alachy) White was born in New York City as the grandson of an Irish emigrant born in Dublin in 1820. Joseph White displayed an early talent for singing and made his first recordings in 1915. His main voice teacher from about 1920 was E. Presson Miller, a well-known private teacher who lived and worked in the Carnegie Hall building, New York.
From 1925, White took part in a radio show sponsored by the tire company B.F. Goodrich for its Silvertown cord tires, which featured a 'Goodrich Silvertown Orchestra' and an unnamed tenor wearing a silver mask across his eyes. Intended for advertising, the show drew a large number of listeners who were asked to guess his identity, which was not revealed until 1930. He then performed as "Joseph M. White, Radio's 'Silver-Masked Tenor'", making numerous recordings. His repertory largely consisted of well-known Irish songs from traditional sources and light contemporary ballads, and this regard resembled much of the recorded repertoire of John McCormack. In 1943, as White was preparing for a comeback on radio, he slipped on a wet floor and broke his left leg, which was then amputated.
White's son Robert "Bobby" White became a well-known tenor as well, often performing a similar repertoire as his father. Robert White was taught by his father to sing McCormack's repertoire.