OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Association theory

Association theory (also aggregate theory) is a theory first advanced by chemist Thomas Graham in 1861 to describe the molecular structure of colloidal substances such as cellulose and starch, now understood to be polymers. Association theory postulates that such materials are solely composed of a collection of smaller molecules bound together by an unknown force. Graham termed these materials colloids. Prior to the development of macromolecular theory by Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, which stated that individual polymers are composed of chains of covalently bonded monomers, association theory remained the most prevalent model of polymer structure in the scientific community.
Importantly, although polymers consist of long chains of covalently linked molecules, the individual polymer chains can often still associate and undergo phase transitions and phase separation to form colloids, liquid crystals, solid crystals, or aggregates. For biopolymers, association leads to formation of biomolecular condensates, micelles and other examples of molecular self-assembly.
# Kurum

Kurum (fl. late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 10th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer, mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL). According to the SKL; Kurum was the successor of Yarla. Apilkin then succeeded Kurum, likewise according to the SKL.
| Preceded byYarla | King of Sumer fl. late 3rd millennium BCE | Succeeded byApilkin |
# James Marsh (chemist)

James Marsh (2 September 1794 – 21 June 1846) was a British chemist who invented the Marsh test for detecting arsenic. Born in Kent, he was working as a labourer in Woolwich in the late 1810s and early 1820s, before joining the Royal Artillery. He was married to Mary, and had four children, two of whom died in infancy. His surviving daughters were Lavinia Bithiah (1821–1896) and Lucretia Victoria (1829–1910).

## Scientific work

While Marsh was most famous for inventing the test that bears his name, he was also a skilled and inventive scientist who held the post of Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. He developed the screw time fuze for mortar shells and in 1830 the percussion tube. In 1832 HMS Castor was the first ship to have her guns modified with these innovations. They were not approved for the Army until 1845, when Woolwich began their manufacture—for coastal artillery only. They became obsolete in 1866. Marsh also worked as an assistant to Michael Faraday at the nearby Royal Military Academy from 1829 to 1846.
Marsh invented the earliest form of vibrating electrical interrupter in 1824. It consisted of a straight wire electrically connected and flexibly suspended at the top while the lower end extending into a shallow mercury filled trough which served as a second electrical contact. The lower end of the wire was also positioned between the poles of a powerful permanent horseshoe-shaped magnet. When electric current flowed through the wire, the magnetic field of the wire created a force with the field of the permanent magnet such that the wire would rotate out of the mercury trough and interrupt the electrical circuit. Without the magnetic force, the wire would then fall back due to the force of gravity into the mercury thereby restoring the connection and restarting the cycle of vibration.
In 1833 Marsh was called as a chemist by the prosecution in a murder trial, wherein a certain John Bodle was accused of poisoning his grandfather with arsenic-laced coffee. Marsh performed the standard test by mixing a suspected sample with hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid. While he was able to detect arsenic as yellow arsenic trisulfide, when it came to showing it to the jury it had deteriorated, allowing the suspect to be acquitted due to reasonable doubt. Annoyed by this, Marsh developed a much better test. He combined a sample containing arsenic with sulfuric acid and arsenic-free zinc, resulting in arsine gas. The gas was ignited, and it decomposed to pure metallic arsenic which, when passed to a cold surface, would appear as a silvery-black deposit. So sensitive was the test that it could detect as little as one-fiftieth of a milligram of arsenic. He first described this test in The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1836.
# 2003 Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol

Statistics of Campeonato da 1ª Divisão do Futebol in the 2003 season.

## Overview

Monte Carlo won the championship.
# Glaucocharis spiculella

Glaucocharis spiculella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wang and Sung in 1988. It is found in China (Xizang).
# Fufu machine

A fufu machine is a kitchen appliance used to pound cooked starchy vegetables, particularly cassava, plantains, or yams, into the West and Central African staple food fufu.
Fufu machines can achieve the fine, dough-like, pasty texture of fufu in about one minute; traditional hand-pounding methods generally required at least 30 minutes for the same result.

## Development

The first fufu machine was developed in 2004 by Ghanaian electrical-equipment dealer Fadegnom Charles, who produced small numbers of electric fufu machines for local consumption. A mass-marketable design by a team led by Professor Kwadeo Kesse, Dr Lawrence Ansong and R.E Doddoo at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) was released shortly thereafter. The machine saw significant adoption in both homes and small businesses in Accra by 2014.
In 2017, a Togolese entrepreneur named Logou Minsob successfully invented the model Foufoumix which allows for efficient mixing of the fufu into a well-set texture and consistency.
# Edmon Ryan

Edmon Ryan (born Edmon Ryan Mossbarger; June 5, 1905 – August 4, 1984) was an American theater, film, and television actor.

## Early years

A native of Cecilia, Kentucky, he was the son of Isham Edward Mossbarger and Pearl Shelton Mossbarger, and he had a brother. He graduated from Yale University's School of Drama.

## Career

Ryan often portrayed hard-nosed characters. His Broadway debut came in Post Road. He also performed in Command Decision, Dream Girl, and The Male Animal and acted on stage in California and Europe.
Ryan acted on radio, film and television, including one year on Search for Tomorrow.
Ryan produced four plays abroad, and in 1957 he took an option on Half a Kingdom with plans to produce it.

## Personal life and death

Ryan married Eleanore Dakin on August 3, 1929, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He married actress Anne Sargent on December 13, 1949, in New York. They had one child, and they were divorced. He died on August 4, 1984, in Baptist Hospital East in St. Matthews, Kentucky. He is interred in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky.

## Selected filmography

* Crime Over London (1936) – Spider
* Strangers on Honeymoon (1936)
* Gangway (1937) – Red Mike
* Non-Stop New York (1937) – American Prosecutor (uncredited)
* Smash and Grab (1937) – Barman (uncredited)
* Oh Boy! (1938) – Butch
* Hey! Hey! USA (1938) – Ace Marco
* Murder in Soho (1939) – Spike
* The Nursemaid Who Disappeared (1939) – Paul Renseler (uncredited)
* The Dark Eyes of London (1939) – Lieutenant Patrick O'Reilly
* Battleground (1949) – Major (uncredited)
* Side Street (1949) – Victor Backett
* Mystery Street (1950) – James Joshua Harkley
* The Breaking Point (1950) – Rogers
* Three Secrets (1950) – Hardin
* Undercover Girl (1950) – Doc Holmes
* Highway 301 (1950) – Detective Sergeant Truscott / Narrator
* The Du Pont Story (1950) – Lammot du Pont, the elder
* Storm Warning (1951) – Trailer's Hooded Narrator (uncredited)
* Sugarfoot (1951) – Opening Off Screen Narrator (voice, uncredited)
* The Guy Who Came Back (1951) – Joe Demarcus
* Go Man Go (1954) – Zack Leader
* Knights of the Queen (1954)
* Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 2 Episode 14: "John Brown's Body") - Dr. Croatman
* Le avventure dei tre moschettieri (1957)
* La spada imbattibile (1957)
* Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 31: "The Festive Season") - Attorney John
* Le imprese di una spada leggendaria (1958)
* Good Day for a Hanging (1959) – William P. Selby, Attorney
* Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 31: "I Can Take Care of Myself") - "Detective" Jack Simpson
* Two for the Seesaw (1962) – Frank Taubman
* The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) (Season 2 Episode 31: "Isabel") - Lieutenant John Huntley
* A Global Affair (1964) – Gavin
* A House Is Not a Home (1964) – Sam
* The Americanization of Emily (1964) – Admiral Hoyle
* The Playground (1965) – Jason Porter
* Banning (1967) – Stuart Warren
* Topaz (1969) – McKittreck
* Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) – Rear Admiral Patrick NL Bellinger (final film role)
# Hardwicke Spooner

George Hardwicke Spooner (10 December 1851 – 7 February 1933) was an Anglican priest and author in the first half of the Twentieth century.
Spooner was educated at The King's School, Worcester and Pembroke College, Oxford and ordained in 1874. After a curacy at All Saints, Liverpool he was Superintendent of the Liverpool Church of England Scripture Readers Society from 1876 to 1879. He held incumbencies at Litherland, Much Woolton and Walton-on-the-Hill; and was Rural Dean of Childwall from 1885 to 1906; Archdeacon of Warrington from 1906 to 1916; and Archdeacon of Liverpool from 1916 until his death aged 82.
Amongst other books he wrote "The Ethics of Sunday School Work", 1886; "Inspiration", 1891; "A Word with You", 1894; Intercessory Services", 1899; and "Hymns for the South African War", 1902. His son was a noted cricketer.
# Kuwait PSA Cup

The Kuwait PSA Cup (previously called the Kuwait Open) is an annual men's squash tournament held in Kuwait City, Kuwait in November. It is part of the PSA World Series, the highest level of men's professional squash competition. The event was founded in 2004.

## Past Results

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score in final |
| 2014 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 2013 | Ramy Ashour | James Willstrop | 6-11, 11-8, 11-3, 11-3 |
| 2012 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 2011 | James Willstrop | Karim Darwish | 11-7, 10-12, 11-4, 11-2 |
| 2010 | Ramy Ashour | Amr Shabana | 9-11, 11-4, 13-11, 11-1 |
| 2009 | not held due to the 2009 World Open | not held due to the 2009 World Open | not held due to the 2009 World Open |
| 2008 | Amr Shabana | Ramy Ashour | 11-9, 11-7, 13-11 |
| 2007 | Ramy Ashour | Amr Shabana | 9-5, 9-3, 12-10 |
| 2006 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 2005 | David Palmer | Peter Nicol | 4-11, 11-9, 3-11, 6-11 |
| 2004 | Peter Nicol | James Willstrop | 15-13, 9-15, 15-4, 15-8 |
| 2003 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 2002 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 2001 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 2000 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 1999 | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 1998 | Peter Nicol | Derek Ryan | 14-15, 15-11, 15-10, 15-6 |
| 1997 | Peter Nicol | Rodney Eyles | 15-6, 12-15, 16-17, 15-8, 15-4 |
# James Williamson (Victorian politician)

James Williamson (1831 – 19 September 1914) was a banker and politician in colonial Victoria (Australia), a member of the Victorian Legislative Council.
Williamson was born in Bombie, near Kirkcudbright, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. Williamson commenced employment with the Bank of Scotland around 1850. He arrived in Victoria in 1851 and had pastoral experience with his uncle, T. McGill. Williamson joined the Union Bank of Australia in 1852, becoming manager of the Ballarat branch and later an inspector. He retired and went to England 1878, returning to Victoria in 1882. He had mining and pastoral interests. Williamson was one of the owners of the Mount Egerton mine.
In December 1882, Williamson was sworn in as member for Nelson Province in the Victorian Legislative Council. He held the seat until August 1888.
Williamson died at his residence "Helenslea", in Brighton, Victoria, on 19 September 1914. His wife and a family of six sons and three daughters survived him.
# 2003 Campeonato Mineiro

The 2003 Campeonato Mineiro de Futebol do Módulo I was the 89th season of Minas Gerais's top-flight professional football league. The season began on January 26 and ended on March 30. Cruzeiro won the title for the 30th time.

## Participating teams

| Club | Home city | Previous season |
| América | Belo Horizonte | 3rd |
| Atlético | Belo Horizonte | 4th |
| Caldense | Poços de Caldas | 2nd |
| Cruzeiro | Belo Horizonte | 1st |
| Guarani | Divinópolis | 1st (Second level) |
| Ipatinga | Ipatinga | 6th |
| Mamoré | Patos de Minas | 5th |
| Nacional | Uberaba | 11th |
| Rio Branco | Andradas | 9th |
| Social | Coronel Fabriciano | 2nd (Second level) |
| Tupi | Juíz de Fora | 8th |
| URT | Patos de Minas | 10th |
| Villa Nova | Nova Lima | 7th |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Cruzeiro | 12 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 35 | 7 | +28 | 32 | Champions |
| 2 | Atlético | 12 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 27 | 15 | +12 | 25 | |
| 3 | América | 12 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 23 | 13 | +10 | 23 | |
| 4 | Tupi | 12 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 21 | 17 | +4 | 20 | Qualified to 2003 Série C |
| 5 | Villa Nova | 12 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 20 | −3 | 17 | Qualified to 2003 Série C |
| 6 | Ipatinga | 12 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 23 | 18 | +5 | 17 | Qualified to 2003 Série C |
| 7 | Rio Branco | 12 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 15 | Qualified to 2003 Série C |
| 8 | Caldense | 12 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 19 | −2 | 14 | |
| 9 | Social | 12 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 23 | −7 | 14 | |
| 10 | Guarani | 12 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 12 | 21 | −9 | 9 | |
| 11 | URT | 12 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 16 | 28 | −12 | 9 | |
| 12 | Mamoré | 12 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 26 | −17 | 7 | |
| 13 | Nacional | 12 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 14 | 23 | −9 | 6 | Relegated |
* Campeonato Mineiro 2003 champion
* Cruzeiro 30th title
# Gateways to Annihilation

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles | 9/10 |
| Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 7/10 |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Kerrang! | |
| Rock Hard | 9.5/10 |
| Terrorizer | 7.5/10 |
Gateways to Annihilation is the sixth studio album by the death metal band Morbid Angel.
This album saw a change in musical style as the speed-laden intensity of the previous album Formulas Fatal to the Flesh was abandoned for a slower, more droning style, reminiscent of Blessed Are the Sick. This is also the first album in which Steve Tucker contributed lyrics and music to the band. It is also the second and last album to feature Erik Rutan as a member of Morbid Angel.
Dan Seagrave painted the album cover. This marks the first Morbid Angel album cover he had painted since Altars of Madness.
The intro track name "Kawazu" is an archaic Japanese word meaning "frog", which explains the sounds of frogs croaking on the track.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Steve Tucker, except "Secured Limitations" by Trey Azagthoth

## Personnel

* Steve Tucker – bass, lead vocals
* Trey Azagthoth – guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Secured Limitations"
* Erik Rutan – guitars, keyboards
* Pete Sandoval – drums
# All of This Life

All of This Life is the second studio album by American rock band The Record Company. The album was released on June 22, 2018, and features the singles "Life to Fix" and "Make It Happen".

## Singles

On April 8, 2018, The Record Company revealed "Life to Fix" as the album's lead single on their Instagram. A lyric video and later release of the song took place on April 18, 2018. On June 8, 2018, a music video for the song was subsequently made available. At the top of the Adult Alternative Songs Chart, "Life to Fix" debuted. On September 19, 2018, "Make It Happen," the album's second single, and a music video were made available.

## Promotion

The All of This Life Tour started on September 14, 2018.

## Chart performance

All of This Life debuted at number 94 on the Billboard 200, selling 7,000 copies in its first week. It also peaked at number 9 on the Alternative Albums chart.

## Charts

| Chart (2018–2019) | Peak position |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 45 |
| US Billboard 200 | 94 |
| US Folk Albums (Billboard) | 4 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) | 9 |
| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) | 15 |
# Fuga Island

Fuga Island is an island and barangay located north of Luzon and is part of the Babuyan Islands, which is the second-northernmost island group of the Philippines. Barangay Fuga Island is one of the 42 barangays under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Aparri in the province of Cagayan.

## Geography

Fuga has an area of 97.1 square kilometres (37.5 sq mi) and a population of 2,015 people. The principal settlement is Naguilian (Musa) village on the southern coast. The highest peak is Mount Nanguringan in the northeast, with an elevation of 191 metres (627 ft).
Along with the neighbouring islets of Barit (7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi)) and Mabaag, it constitutes one of 42 barangays of the municipality of Aparri, Cagayan. It is the only one of the Babuyan Islands under the jurisdiction of a mainland municipality, whereas all other islands form the municipality of Calayan.

## History

Presently, Fuga Island is owned by Fuga Island Holdings. It was formerly owned by the Dominican Order under the encomienda system during the Spanish Period eventually returned to the Filipinos after the signing of 1898 Treaty of Paris. The first land title was issued in 1908 under Original Certificate Title number two, and the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands designated the island and surrounding ports an economic zone as part of the Cagayan Special Economic Zone (CEZA) and Freeport under Republic Act No. 7922.

### Archaeology

From January 31, 1978 to February 22, 1978, Bryan E. Snow and Richard Shutler, Jr. conducted an archaeological excavation on Fuga Moro Island. Earthenware, pottery, porcelains, and stoneware were found during the excavation.

### Military presence

On August 7, 2020, the Northern Luzon Command established a Marine detachment on the island. It also plans to build a defense facilities on the island, which will include a sheltered pier, a naval station, and a littoral monitoring on 20-hectare detachment.
# Eduard Kubat

Eduard Kubat (1891–1976) was a German film producer, who also directed two films. During the Nazi era he was employed by Terra Film, but following the Second World War he went to work for DEFA, the state-controlled company of East Germany.

## Selected filmography
### Production manager

* The Lost Shoe (1923)
* The Other Woman (1924)
* The False Step (1939)
* Allez Hopp (1946)
* Bürgermeister Anna (1950)

### Producer

* Victor and Victoria (1933)
* What Men Know (1933)
* Winter Night's Dream (1935)
* Alarm in Peking (1937)
* Doctor Crippen (1942)
* Sky Hounds (1942)
* The Golden Spider (1943)
* When the Young Wine Blossoms (1943)
* 1-2-3 Corona (1948)
* Friday the Thirteenth (1949)

### Director

* The Call of the Sea (1951)
* Swings or Roundabouts (1953)
# Flying Squadron (film)

Flying Squadron (Italian: Rondini in volo) is a 1949 Italian adventure film directed by Luigi Capuano and starring Massimo Serato, Dina Sassoli and Umberto Spadaro.
The film's sets were designed by Alfredo Montori.

## Cast

* Massimo Serato as Ufficiale d'aviazione
* Dina Sassoli as Elena Baldini
* Umberto Spadaro as Don Leoni
* Gianfranco Magalotti as Massimo
* Mirko Ellis as Mario
* Mario Ferrari as Generale Artesi
* Gabriele Ferzetti as Ufficiale d'aviazione
* Giovanni Grasso jr. as capo Dei Contadini
* Maria Grazia Francia as Figlia Del Capo Dei Cantadini
* Guido Celano
* Andrea Checchi
* Paolo Panelli
* Carlo Sposito
* Erminio Spalla
* Claudio Ermelli
* Giovanna Scotto
* Franco Pesce
# Cardeston

Cardeston is a small settlement in the civil parish of Alberbury with Cardeston, in Shropshire, England. It is near the A458 road and is 11 miles (18 km) west of Shrewsbury. It has no facilities, apart from a Church of England church. In 1881 the civil parish had a population of 275. On 25 March 1886 the parish was abolished to form "Alberbury with Cardeston".
# Kuwait Open (table tennis)

The Kuwait Open was a table tennis tournament held annually in Kuwait by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). It featured regularly on the ITTF World Tour calendar from 2006 to 2016.

## History

The tournament was first held in 2006, and has featured on the ITTF World Tour's schedule every year since then, with the exception of 2011 when the country was temporarily suspended due to a recommendation from the International Olympic Committee.
China's Ma Long holds the record for most men's singles tournament wins, with three, while Liu Shiwen and Li Xiaoxia of China jointly hold the record for most women's singles tournament wins, with two each.
In August 2016, Kuwait was not included on the 2017 World Tour schedule announced by the ITTF.

## Champions

| Year | Men's singles | Women's singles | Men's doubles | Women's doubles |
| 2006 | Ma Lin | Jiang Huajun | Chen Qi Ma Lin | Wang Nan Zhang Yining |
| 2007 | Ma Long | Guo Yue | Lee Jin-kwon Ryu Seung-min | Li Xiaoxia Zhang Yining |
| 2008 | Vladimir Samsonov | Zhang Yining | Ma Lin Wang Hao | Wang Nan Zhang Yining |
| 2009 | Ma Long | Ding Ning | Chen Qi Ma Lin | Guo Yue Zhang Yining |
| 2010 | Xu Xin | Liu Shiwen | Ma Long Zhang Jike | Guo Yan Guo Yue |
| 2012 | Jun Mizutani | Feng Yalan | Gao Ning Li Hu | Chen Meng Zhu Yuling |
| 2013 | Zhang Jike | Liu Shiwen | Xu Xin Yan An | Ding Ning Li Xiaoxia |
| 2014 | Fan Zhendong | Zhu Yuling | Stefan Fegerl Lin Gaoyuan | Liu Shiwen Mu Zi |
| 2015 | Ma Long | Li Xiaoxia | Chiang Hung-chieh Huang Sheng-sheng | Ding Ning Zhu Yuling |
| 2016 | Zhang Jike | Li Xiaoxia | Xu Xin Zhang Jike | Ding Ning Liu Shiwen |
# 2003 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's high jump

The women's high jump event at the 2003 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Manila, Philippines on September 21.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| | Bui Thi Nhung | Vietnam | 1.88 | NR |
| | Miyuki Fukumoto | Japan | 1.84 | |
| | Noengrothai Chaipetch | Thailand | 1.84 | |
| 4 | Bobby Aloysius | India | 1.80 | |
| 5 | Rassamee Sumethivit | Thailand | 1.80 | |
| 6 | Maiko Iwakiri | Japan | 1.75 | |
| 6 | Svetlana Radzivil | Uzbekistan | 1.75 | |
| 8 | Narcisa Atienza | Philippines | 1.70 | |
| 9 | Lin Shu-Ching | Chinese Taipei | 1.70 | |
# Gemmula obesa

Gemmula obesa is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species have been found in Oligocene strata in Aquitaine, France.