OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen

Duke Ernest I of Brunswick-Göttingen (c. 1305 – 24 April 1367) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and was Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen from 1344 until his death.

## Life

Ernest was a son of Duke Albert II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Göttingen and his wife, Rixa of Werle. In the division of 1286, his father had received the Principality of Göttingen and in 1292, he inherited Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from his childless brother William I. After his father's death in 1318, Ernest's older brother Otto the Mild took up government. After Otto died childless in 1344, Ernest and his older brother Magnus I divided the Duchy. Ernest received the Principality of Göttingen, which would remain separated from the rest of Brunswick for a while.
The principality of Göttingen, also known as the Upper Forest, was the poorest of the Welf principalities. It consisted at this time of the former County of Northeim, the cities of Göttingen, Uslar, Dransfeld, Munden and Gieselwerder and one half of Moringen. The city of Brunswick remained shared property of the various Dukes of Brunswick.
In 1339, Ernest married Elizabeth, a daughter of Landgrave Henry II "the Iron" of Hesse. With her, he had at least six children. The best known of these is his successor, Otto I. A younger son joined the clergy. Around the year 1364, Ernest handed some of the government business to his son Otto I. After Ernest's death in 1367, Otto I took over completely.
Not much is known about Ernest's rule, unlike his son's time in office. It is assumed that, like his predecessors, he fought alongside the cities in the area against the noble robber barons who held castles in the area. In his last years, he mostly lived in peace with his neighbours and had alliances with many of them. He was only at war with the Bishopric of Hildesheim and its allies, Mainz, Hesse, Waldeck and Hohnstein.
# Melaleuca dichroma

Melaleuca dichroma is a shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is unusual for its genus in that its flowers are yellow or creamy-white but age to a pinkish-red.

## Description

Melaleuca dichroma is a shrub which can grow to a height of 1 m (3 ft). The leaves are arranged alternately, linear to narrow oval in shape, 3.7–15.5 mm (0.1–0.6 in) long, 0.5–1.3 mm (0.02–0.05 in) wide and lack a stalk.
The flowers are arranged in heads near the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering, sometimes in the upper leaf axils. There are one to four groups of three flowers in each head, the heads up to 15 mm (0.6 in) in diameter. The flowers appear in spring and are initially pale yellow to creamy-white but fade to pinkish-red. The petals are 0.8–1.2 mm (0.03–0.05 in) long and fall off as the flowers age. The stamens are arranged in bundles of five around the flower, with 6 to 13 stamens in each bundle. Flowering occurs from August to November and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long in clusters.

## Taxonomy and naming

Melaleuca urceolaris subsp. virgata was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham in Flora Australiensis. In 1999 it was raised to species status as Melaleuca virgata by Lyndley Craven and Brendan Lepschi but the name was not valid. The name was changed in 2001 to Melaleuca dichroma by Craven and Lepschi in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (dichroma) is from the Greek di- meaning "two" or "double" and chroma, "colour", referring to the two colour phases of the flowers as they age.
This species is closely related to Melaleuca urceolaris, differing mainly in the arrangement of the flowers.

## Distribution and habitat

Melaleuca dichroma occurs in the Arrino, Hill River and Moora districts in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions. It grows in sandy, gravelly and loamy soils.

## Ecology

Melaleuca gnidioides is a distantly related species whose flowers also change colour as they age. It may signal to pollinators that a reward is no longer available.

## Conservation status

Melaleuca dichroma is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Use in horticulture

This species is not well known in cultivation, but the similar Melaleuca urceolaris has been grown successfully for its showy flowers and interesting foliage, suggesting that Melaleuca dichroma may also have horticultural merit, especially for its two-tone flowers.
# Ernie Vollugi

Ernie Vollugi (6 January 1879 – 11 May 1964) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Escadrille Spa.561

Escadrille Spa.561 (also variously known as Escadrille N.92, Escadrille N.392, Escadrille N.561) was a French First World War fighter squadron dedicated to defending Venice, Italy, from aerial attack. Stemming from a six plane detachment assigned to Venice's defense on 15 August 1915, after its foundation in June 1916, Escadrille Spa. 561 would defend Venice until 1 January 1918. Detached then to support the French X Armee during its sojourn in Italy, the squadron remained on the peninsula after the X Armee had returned to France. By war's end, Escadrille Spa.561 was credited with destroying 12 enemy aircraft and four observation balloons.

## History

Escadrille Spa.561 stemmed from an aviation detachment posted at Mestre, Italy on 15 August 1915 for the defense of Venice. Its original inventory was six aircraft. In December 1915, the unit relocated to Lido; moving nearer Venice made it easier to defend it. In June 1916, the squadron's name was dubbed Escadrille N.92; the unit's designation denotes a Nieuport airplane inventory. Then, for no discernible reason, it was redesignated as Escadrille N.392.
By the beginning of 1917, the escadrille had 18 airplanes on hand. On 1 July 1917, the squadron was renumbered Escadrille N.561. On 1 January 1918, the squadron was attached to X Armee for their Italian operations. After X Armee returned to France, Escadrille N.561 remained in Italy, though at reduced strength. In April 1918, it had 10 Nieuports.
It can be inferred that by some date after April 1918, the squadron had re-equipped with SPADs, as it ended the war as Escadrille Spa.561. Whatever the unit's name or aircraft, by war's' end it was credited with destruction of 12 enemy aircraft, as well as four observation balloons shot down.

## Commanding officers

* Capitaine de Challeronge: 15 August 1915 - war's end

## Notable members

* Sergeant André Robert Lévy

## Aircraft

* Nieuports?: 15 August 1915
* Nieuports: June 1916
* Early 1917 inventory:
** Sixteen Nieuports
** One SPAD
** One Sopwith
* Ten Nieuports: April 1918
* SPADs: After April 1918

## End notes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 109
# Escadrille Spa.77

Escadrille Spa.77 (originally Escadrille N.77) was a French fighter and photo reconnaissance squadron active from 1916 to 1918 during the First World War. They were credited with the destruction of 34 German airplanes and observation balloons, as well as extensive photo intelligence coverage of enemy positions.

## History

Escadrille Spa.77 was founded on 19 September 1916 at Lyon-Bron, France. It was equipped with Nieuport XII and Nieuport XVII fighters, leading to its original designation of Escadrille N.77. It was assigned to VIII Armee. By April 1917, the Nieuport XIIs were gone, and the unit had added Nieuport XXIVs, and a few SPAD VII fighters. In June, they received Nieuport XXIVs. By September 1917, they had become entirely equipped with SPADs. They were redesignated Escadrille Spa.77.
On 5 February 1918, the squadron, along with three others, had been incorporated into Groupe de Combat 17. Later that month, Groupe de Combat 17 joined other Groupes in Escadre de Combat No. 2. On 14 May, the Escadre was itself posted into the 1er Division Aerienne.
Although details of combat operations are lacking, Escadrille Spa.77 was obviously engaged; it was cited in orders on 18 July 1918 for downing 22 German airplanes and 13 observation balloons. Their extensive photo reconnaissance missions were also lauded for producing 1,000 photos. Their second time being cited in orders, on 9 October 1918, credited the squadron with destruction of 34 German airplanes and 25 observation balloons. The unit would destroy one more observation balloon before the Armistice on 11 November 1918.

## Commanding officers

* Lieutenant Joseph de l'Hermite: 19 September 1916 - 19 July 1917
* Capitaine Pierre Muranval: 19 July 1917
* Lieutenant Henri Decoin: 30 May 1918
* Sous lieutenant Gilbert Sardier: 5 July 1918

## Notable members

* Lieutenant Maurice Boyau
* Lieutenant Gilbert Sardier
* Lieutenant Alexandre Marty
* Sous lieutenant Yves F. Barbaza
* Adjutant Francis Guerrier

## Aircraft

* Nieuport XII: 19 September 1916 - early 1917
* Nieuport XVII: 19 September 1916 - September 1917
* Nieuport XXIV: April 1917 - September 1917
* SPAD VII: April 1917

## End notes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 97
* ↑ Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 217
# Erupa invidella

Erupa invidella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1913. It is found in Costa Rica.
# Eschscholzia elegans

Eschscholzia elegans is a relative of the California poppy that occurs on Guadalupe and Cedros islands, off the coast of the Baja California peninsula.
Although many of the specimens given its name are actually Eschscholzia ramosa, its type specimen and a few other specimens have very different seeds, and may be more closely related to Eschscholzia palmeri.
# Eschscholzia glyptosperma

Eschscholzia glyptosperma is a species of poppy known by the common names desert gold poppy, desert golden poppy, and Mojave poppy.
It is native to the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Deserts of the Southwestern United States, in California, southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southwestern Utah. It is found in desert washes, flats, and slopes, at elevations of 30–1,600 metres (98–5,249 ft).

## Distribution

Eschscholzia glyptosperma is an annual herb growing from a basal patch of leaves divided into pointed segments.
It produces erect stems up to about 25 centimeters (10 in) in height, each bearing a single flower. The poppy flower is bright yellow, with petals one to two and a half centimeters long. It blooms from March to May.
The fruit is a capsule 4 to 7 centimeters long filled with tiny rounded brown seeds.
# Erythraella

Erythraella is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It contains only one species, Erythraella bicuspidata, which is endemic to Socotra. The genus and species were described by Stefano Zoia in 2012. The genus name comes from the Latin name for the Arabian Sea, "mare Erythraeum". The species name, meaning "double pointed" in Latin, refers to the double point of the apex of the aedeagus. The genus is related to Lypesthes and Trichotheca.
# Erythraeus kastaniensis

Erythraeus kastaniensis is a species of mite belonging to the family Erythraeidae, first described from Greece.
# Melville James

Melville Charles James (13 May 1877 – 4 April 1957) was an Australian Anglican bishop. Ordained in 1902, he was vicar of St Peter's Ballarat and then the Archdeacon of Maryborough, then Ballarat, before his ordination to the episcopate.
# Essex Heritage

Essex Heritage is a non-profit organization charted to promote the cultural heritage of Essex County in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Working with both public and private partnerships and with the National Park Service, the group supports and develops programs that enhance, preserve and encourage regional awareness of the area’s unique historic, cultural and natural resources. Headquartered in Salem, Massachusetts, the Commission services the 34 communities of Essex County. It has been recognized by the United States Congress in recognition of the important role that this region played in American history and the significant heritage sites that are still in the area. The organization's website is: www.essexheritage.org. See Essex National Heritage Commission.

## Events

The organization has sponsored a number of events and programs that celebrate the region’s history, character and cultural heritage. These include:
* Essex Heritage Partnership Grant Program
* Border to Boston – an Eight Community Recreational Path
*Bakers Island Light Station
* A Park for Every Classroom
* Trails & Sails: 10 Days of Exploring Heritage in Essex County
* Essex Heritage Membership Program
* Visitor Centers
* Heritage Landscape Inventory
* Essex Coastal Scenic Byway
# Memoryhouse

Memoryhouse is a Canadian indie dream pop music group formed in 2009 in Guelph, Ontario. The band was signed to Sub Pop. Memoryhouse consists of Evan Abeele (composer) and Denise Nouvion (vocalist). Their sound has been described as similar to that of Beach House.

## Reception

In reviewing the 2010 release of The Years, Pitchfork wrote that "the EP clearly sets Abeele and Nouvion apart from their more amateur peers. The Years may be awash in nostalgia, but far from inviting unfavorable comparisons, it mostly confirms that the past was indeed as good as you remember."

## Discography
### Albums

* The Slideshow Effect (February 28, 2012), Sub Pop
* Soft Hate (February 9, 2016), Self Released

### EPs

* The Years (2010), Self-Released
* The Years EP (2011), Sub Pop
* Digital Fire, Digital Burn - Holiday Songs 2010-2015 (December 15, 2015), Self-Released
* Mania (April 6, 2021), Self-Released; consists of Beatles covers

### Singles

* Lately 7" (June 2, 2010), Inflated
* Caregiver 7" (November 9, 2010), Suicide Squeeze
# Mengozzi

Mengozzi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Fabio Mengozzi (born 1980), Italian composer and pianist
* Stefano Mengozzi (born 1985), Italian volleyball player
* Gerolamo Mengozzi Colonna (1688–1744), Italian painter
# Mengra

Mengra is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Mengra has 118 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 50.1%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 618 | 320 | 298 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 115 | 61 | 54 |
| Scheduled caste | 89 | 53 | 36 |
| Scheduled tribe | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Literates | 252 | 167 | 85 |
| Workers (all) | 300 | 153 | 147 |
| Main workers (total) | 300 | 153 | 147 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 119 | 114 | 5 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 173 | 35 | 138 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 8 | 4 | 4 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-workers | 318 | 167 | 151 |
# Mengshan Giant Buddha

The Mengshan Giant Buddha (Chinese: 蒙山大佛; pinyin: Méngshān Dàfó) is a stone statue located in the city of Taiyuan, Shanxi and was built during the Northern Qi dynasty. Initially discovered in a 1980 census, the statue was found to have its head missing. From 2006 to 2008, people constructed a 12-meter tall head for the statue. The site opened to the public in October 2008.
# Essisus dispar

Essisus dispar is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1866. It is known from Australia.
# Memetis (song)

Memetis, Ο μεμέτης (el) is a Greek folkloric tune (zeibekiko). The meter is $^9$ $_8$.
# Esfenvalerate

Esfenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide marketed under the brand Asana. It is the (S)-enantiomer of fenvalerate.
In the United States, a limit of .05 ppm of the chemical's residue is permissible in food.
# Melanephia brunneiventris

Melanephia brunneiventris is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in central Madagascar.
# Mermaid Kiss

Mermaid Kiss is an English band formed in Kington, Herefordshire, England, in 2000, with influences ranging from contemporary folk music to progressive rock.

## Biography

The initial line up was: Evelyn Downing (voice and flute) Jamie Field (guitar and bass) and Andrew Garman (keyboard, bass, and drums). In the beginning the band was envisaged purely as a studio project, and in June 2003 they released a 14 track debut album, The Mermaid Kiss Album, and following many requests they made their live debut on 21 December 2003, at The Rock Cafe 2000, Stourbridge supporting Karnataka.
In September 2004, Downing left Kington to further her studies at University in Manchester, and two guest vocalists, Kate Belcher and Kate Emerson, were recruited by Field and Garman. Guitarist Nigel Hooton also joined the band at this time. The band's second release in February 2006, a 7 track EP entitled Salt On Skin, contained songs featuring vocals by both Downing, Belcher, and Emerson. The artwork and photography for the CD was by Chris Walkden. One of the songs on the EP, "The Blushing Bride", featured guitar work of Panic Room (and former Karnataka) guitarist, Paul Davies.
A second album, Etarlis, was released on 18 June 2007. Etarlis was described by the band as a series of musical illustrations of the fantasy story of the same name, written by Field and Downing over the past years. The album's eleven tracks were written and arranged by Field and Garman. Kate Belcher once again featured as a guest vocalist on this album, in addition to which a range of woodwind instruments were played by Wendy Marks. Further guest appearances from Troy Donockley (Iona) on uilleann pipes and Jonathan Edwards (Panic Room and ex Karnataka) on keyboards were also featured.
Following her contribution to Etarlis, Wendy Marks joined the band as a full member in 2008. Garman and Hooton subsequently departed the band, and the new line-up was augmented by Colin Henney (keyboards), Peter West (bass), and Steve White (drums). With this lineup the band released their third full-length album, 'Another Country', in 2012.
Shortly after the release of 'Another Country' Downing departed the band and was replaced by Maria Milewska. The band subsequently dissolved in 2013, with Field, Marks, and Milewska forming new band Zero She Flies with keyboardist Jeremy Robberechts and bassist Shane Webb.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* The Mermaid Kiss Album (2003)
* Etarlis (2007)
* Another Country (2012)

### EPs

* Salt on Skin (2006)
# Mentat (disambiguation)

A mentat is a profession in the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert.
Mentat may also refer to:
* Mentat (computing), a C++ macro-dataflow extension
* Mentat (company), a software company acquired by Packeteer in 2004
* Mentat (software), preprocessor and postprocessor of MSC Marc software finite element analyses
* Mentats, fictional drugs in the Fallout video game series
* The Mentat, a school for mental arts in the 1995 science fiction novel The Search for Snout
# Melde's experiment

Melde's experiment is a scientific experiment carried out in 1859 by the German physicist Franz Melde on the standing waves produced in a tense cable originally set oscillating by a tuning fork, later improved with connection to an electric vibrator. This experiment, "a lecture-room standby", attempted to demonstrate that mechanical waves undergo interference phenomena. In the experiment, mechanical waves traveled in opposite directions form immobile points, called nodes. These waves were called standing waves by Melde since the position of the nodes and loops (points where the cord vibrated) stayed static.
Standing waves were first discovered by Franz Melde, who coined the term "standing wave" around 1860. Melde generated parametric oscillations in a string by employing a tuning fork to periodically vary the tension at twice the resonance frequency of the string.

## History

Wave phenomena in nature have been investigated for centuries, some being some of the most controverted themes in the history of science, and so the case is with the wave nature of light. In the 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton described light through a corpuscular theory. The English physicist Thomas Young later contrasted Newton's theories in the 18th century and established the scientific basis upon which rest the wave theories. At the end of the 19th century, at the peak of the Second Industrial Revolution, the creation of electricity as the technology of the era offered a new contribution to the wave theories. This advance allowed Franz Melde to recognize the phenomena of wave interference and the creation of standing waves. Later, the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in his study of the wave nature of light succeeded in expressing waves and the electromagnetic spectrum in a mathematical formula.

## Principle

A string undergoing transverse vibration illustrates many features common to all vibrating acoustic systems, whether these are the vibrations of a guitar string or the standing wave nodes in a studio monitoring room. In this experiment the change in frequency produced when the tension is increased in the string – similar to the change in pitch when a guitar string is tuned – will be measured. From this the mass per unit length of the string / wire can be derived. This is called as the principle of the Melde's Experiment
Finding the mass per unit length of a piece of string is also possible by using a simpler method – a ruler and some scales – and this will be used to check the results and offer a comparison.
# Eucalyptus ordiana

Eucalyptus ordiana is a species of small tree or a mallee that is endemic to the Kimberley area of Western Australia. It has smooth, powdery bark, egg-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped fruit.

## Description

Eucalyptus ordiana is a tree or mallee that typically grows to a height of 2–6 m (6 ft 7 in – 19 ft 8 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, white, powdery bark on the trunk and branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have bluish grey to glaucous, more or less round leaves that are 40–80 mm (1.6–3.1 in) long and 45–100 mm (1.8–3.9 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of dull greyish green on both sides, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, 60–90 mm (2.4–3.5 in) long and 20–80 mm (0.79–3.15 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 12–30 mm (0.47–1.18 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long, the individual buds sessile. Mature buds are glaucous, oval, 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a conical to beaked operculum. Flowering occurs from April to May and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, glaucous, cup-shaped capsule 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide with the valves near rim level.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus ordiana was first formally described in 1992 by Clyde Dunlop and Christopher Done in the journal Nuytsia from material collected near Lake Kununurra in the Kimberley. The specific epithet ordiana refers to the Ord River with a Latin ending meaning "belonging to".

## Distribution and habitat

This eucalypt grows in shrubland and open woodland on sandstone ranges. It is only known from near Kununurra.

## Conservation status

This species is classified as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.
# James McIvor

James McIvor is a former New Zealand boxer.
He was fourth in the men's welterweight (64 – 69 kg) division at the 1950 British Empire Games.
# Brend (disambiguation)

The Brend is a river in Bavaria.
Brend may also refer to:
* Brend (mountain), in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
* Brend (surname)
* Brend, a term coined by philosopher and artist Henry Flynt referring to "pure recreation"