OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edward Whitley (politician)

Edward Ewart Whitley (1825 – 14 January 1892) was an English solicitor and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1892.

## Biography

Whitley was the son of John Whitley of Liverpool and his wife Isabella Greenall, and a nephew of the Conservative politician Gilbert Greenall. He was educated at Rugby School and admitted a solicitor in 1849. He became a senior partner in the legal firm of Whitley, Maddock, Hampson, & Castle, of Liverpool. He became a member of the Corporation of Liverpool in 1866, and was Mayor of Liverpool in 1868. He became a J. P. for Liverpool.
In 1880 Whitley was elected as one of three Members of Parliament (MPs) for Liverpool and held the seat until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. He was then elected MP for Everton, which he held until his death aged 66. He was buried in Alvanley Churchyard, near Helsby in Cheshire.
In 1878 Whitley married Elizabeth Eleanor Walker. His residences were The Grange, Halewood, near Liverpool and 185 Piccadilly.
Whitley is commemorated by Whitley Street in Liverpool, and by a triangular piece of rocky ground in Everton called Whitley Gardens.
There is a statue of Edward Whitley in St George's Hall, Liverpool.

## Children

Edward had five children, including Herbert Whitley and brother William, who moved to Devon with their mother and sister, Mary, following their father's death. Eldest son Edward Jr remained in Liverpool pursuing his medical career.
Herbert founded Paignton Zoo, and his work continues through his trust - now the Wild Planet Trust but formerly the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust - which still run a number of wildlife-focused attractions in the South West.
Edward's youngest son, Charles Whitley, was killed in 1917 during the Battle of Arras whilst serving with the King's Royal Rifle Corps, having been awarded the Military Cross the previous year for conspicuous gallantry.
# Gjellerups Forlag

Gjellerups Forlag, originally Jul. Gjellerups Forlag, was a publishing house and bookshop located in Copenhagen, Denmark. Gjellerups Forlag is no longer operated as an independent subsidiary but the name Gjellerup survives as a brand for publication of textbooks for law students and other legal literature.

## History

Jul. Gjellerups Forlag was founded on 15 March 1883 when 25-year-old Julius Gjellerup (1858-1917) opened a combined publishing house and bookshop on the square Sølvtorvet in the new district that was emerging after the decommissioning of Copenhagen's fortifications. Early publications of fiction included Dansk Folkebibliotek, a series of translations of international classics for 25 øre published in collaboration with P. Hauberg & Co, as well as works by new Danish writers such as Martin Andersen Nexø and Johan Skjoldborg.
With the opening in 1900 of the new Polytechnical College on the other side of the square, Gjellerup began to specialize in technical textbooks and other scientific literature. In 1903, his fictional portfolio was sold to E. Jespersens Forlag and from then on the publishing hose focused exclusively on school books and other nonfiction.
Gjellerup's widow Anine Gjellerup (1862-1943) took on the company after his sudden death on 6 June 1917, assisted by Harald Jensen as manager of the publishing house and Jens Peter Olsen as manager of the bookshop. In 1935 Harald Jensen took on the position as CEI of the company as well as of Nordisk Atlasfabrik. With Anine Gjellerup's death on 30 June 1943, ownership of the company passed to the daughters Karen Hartmann-Bornebusch and Inger Gjellerup Andersen. The company relocated to Rømersgade 11 in 1960. On 1 April 1972, the company was converted into a limited company (aktieselskab) with P.E. Bjørrild as new CEO. In 1974 the company was converted into an anpartsselskab (Aps).
The company was acquired by G.E.C. Gad on 1 April 1984. The bookshop is merged into Harcks Boghandel at the corner of Fiolstræde and Nørre Voldgade, which has been renamed to Hack og Gjellerup.
Gjellerups Forlag and Gads Forlag co-founded Gad & Gjellerup, a publisher of school books that later merged with Aschehoug's school book activities under the name Alinea.

## Today

Gjellerups Forlag is no longer operated as an independent subsidiary but the name Gjellerup survives as a brand for publication of textbooks for law students and other legal literature.
# Neoepiscardia

Neoepiscardia is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tineidae.
# Eigengrau

Eigengrau (German for "intrinsic gray"; pronounced ), also called Eigenlicht (Dutch and German for "intrinsic light"), dark light, or brain gray, is the uniform dark gray background color that many people report seeing in the absence of light. The term Eigenlicht dates back to the nineteenth century, and has rarely been used in recent scientific publications. Common scientific terms for the phenomenon include "visual noise" or "background adaptation". These terms arise due to the perception of an ever-changing field of tiny black and white dots seen in the phenomenon.
Eigengrau is perceived as lighter than a black object in normal lighting conditions, because contrast is more important to the visual system than absolute brightness. For example, the night sky looks darker than Eigengrau because of the contrast provided by the stars.
Contrast threshold data, collected by Blackwell and plotted by Crumey, shows Eigengrau occurring at adaptation luminances below approximately 10$^{−5}$ cd m$^{−2}$ (25.08 mag arcsec$^{−2}$). This is a limiting case of Ricco's law.

## Cause

Researchers noticed as early as 1860 that the shape of intensity-sensitivity curves could be explained by assuming that an intrinsic source of noise in the retina produces random events indistinguishable from those triggered by real photons. Later experiments on rod cells of cane toads (Rhinella marina) showed that the frequency of these spontaneous events is strongly temperature-dependent, which implies that they are caused by the thermal isomerization of rhodopsin. In human rod cells, these events occur about once every 100 seconds on average, which, taking into account the number of rhodopsin molecules in a rod cell, implies that the half-life of a rhodopsin molecule is about 420 years. The indistinguishability of dark events from photon responses supports this explanation, because rhodopsin is at the input of the transduction chain. On the other hand, processes such as the spontaneous release of neurotransmitters cannot be completely ruled out.
# Eigengap

In linear algebra, the eigengap of a linear operator is the difference between two successive eigenvalues, where eigenvalues are sorted in ascending order.
The Davis–Kahan theorem, named after Chandler Davis and William Kahan, uses the eigengap to show how eigenspaces of an operator change under perturbation. In spectral clustering, the eigengap is often referred to as the spectral gap; although the spectral gap may often be defined in a broader sense than that of the eigengap.
# Giuseppe Sturani

Giuseppe Sturani (1855 – January 17, 1940) was an Italian conductor who was known for his work in the field of opera.

## Biography

Born in Ancona, Sturani worked as a conductor at La Fenice in Venice and the Teatro Regio in Turin before moving to the United States in 1908 to join the conducting staffs of two opera companies operated by Oscar Hammerstein I: the Manhattan Opera Company and the Philadelphia Opera Company. While working with these companies, he became a close friend and associate of conductor Cleofonte Campanini. In 1911, he joined the conducting staff at the Metropolitan Opera at the behest of Giulio Gatti-Casazza. He remained at the Met until 1915 when he left to join the conducting staff at the Chicago Opera Association (COA) at the invitation of Campanini. He remained with the COA through 1919. In 1920 he led a touring opera troupe in performances throughout South America and Mexico, after which he retired from conducting. In 1928 he was appointed musical secretary at the Metropolitan Opera, a position he held until his death 12 years later. He died in Manhattan at the age of 75.
# Giuseppe Suzzi

Giuseppe Suzzi (1701 - 5 January 1764) was an Italian mathematician and abbot.

## Life

Born in Ragogna, province of Udine, he studied in Udine and later in Murano, Venice, in the seminary of Somaschi Fathers, where he was a relevant student of Giovanni Francesco Crivelli. In 1722 he moved to the University of Padua, when he also took lessons from Jacopo Riccati privately with Lodovico da Riva. These lessons were published in 1761 in a posthumous book by Riccati, with the solutions of many problems by Suzzi. Suzzi, an abbey, published many books on mathematical analysis and in 1744 he became professor of natural history in Padua, where he taught mainly within the tradition of aristotelianism, but also giving space to newer philosophical ideas. In 1750 he became a member of the Accademia dei Ricovrati in Padua (later Accademia galileiana di scienze, lettere ed arti). He retired from University in 1762 and died in Venice 5 January 1764.

## Works

* Suzzi, Giuseppe (1725). Disquisitiones mathematicae (in Latin). Venetiis: Domenico Lovisa.
* Suzzi, Giuseppe (1747). Solutio generalis aequationum tertii gradus (in Latin). Patauii: Tipografia del Seminario Padova.
# Giridava

Giridava (Giridaua, Geridava) was a Dacian town, situated in Moesia, modern northern Bulgaria.
# Girida

Girida is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

* Girida rigida (Swinhoe, 1892)
* Girida sporadica (Prout, 1932)
# Neotephritis nigripilosa

Neotephritis nigripilosa is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Neotephritis of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Hawaiian Islands.
# Eikerapen

Eikerapen or Eikjerapen is a village in Åseral municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located on the southwestern shore of the lake Øre (lake), about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the municipal centre of Kyrkjebygda.
Eikerapen has a popular ski resort that is open in the winter time, with ski lifts and many ski slopes. There are many holiday cottages in the village near the ski centre. Eikerapen Roots Festival is an annual international roots music festival, held at Eikerapen in August each year.
# Neoterebra rushii

Neoterebra rushii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.
# Givira minuta

Givira minuta is a moth in the family Cossidae first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1910. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern Arizona.
The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are light ocherous brown, shaded with fuscous beyond the cell and with a broad creamy costal margin. The hindwings are dark smoky brown, but lighter on the costa. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to June.
# Giuseppe Colla

Giuseppe Colla (August 4, 1731 – March 16, 1806) was an Italian composer and opera director. Best known as an opera composer, he was director of the Teatro Regio Ducale in Parma from 1780 through 1806.

## Life and career

Giuseppe Colla was born in Parma, Italy on August 4, 1731. After training a musician in his native city, he went to Mannheim, Germany where he began his career contributing six arias to the opera Caio Fabrizio (1760) whose primary musical author was Niccolò Jommelli. Following the success of this work, he was given a commission to write an opera on his own for the Teatro Regio Ducale in Milan. This resulted in the opera Adriano in Siria which premiered in 1762. He also taught harpsichord to Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma in the early 1760s.
Colla was appointed maestro di cappella to the court of Parma in January 1766. His opera Tigrane was staged at the Teatro Regio Ducale in Parma for Carnival in 1767. He was later appointed director at that theater in 1780; a post he held until his death in Parma on March 16, 1806. He had a longstanding romantic relationship with the soprano Lucrezia Aguiari who starred in many of his operas from 1769 through 1780. Excluding the opera he wrote with Jomelli, he wrote a total of 9 operas; all of which survive because they were collected in the library of King Joseph I of Portugal. He also wrote sacred music, such as cantatas and the oratorio Ester, several sinfonias, and a number of secular arias and duets.
# Girls Will Be Girls (Farmer's Daughter album)

Girls Will Be Girls is the first studio album by Canadian country music group Farmer's Daughter, and was released in 1993 by Stubble Jumper Music.

## Track listing

* "Girls Will Be Girls" (Montana, Reeves, Allison) - 3:03
* "I Wanna Hold You" (Bruce Miller) - 3:54
* "She Still Haunts You" (Miller, Shauna Rae Samograd, Jake Leiske) - 4:17
* "A Crazy Ole Moon" (Garth Brooks, Lena Lucas, D. James) - 3:12
* "You Wish" (John McLaughlin) - 4:26
* "Borderline Angel" (LuAnn Reid, Tony Rudner) - 4:10
* "Son of a Preacher Man" (John Hurley, Ronnie Wilkins) - 3:34
* "Family Love" (Miller, Leiske, Samograd, Angela Kelman) - 3:20
* "Fallin' Outta Love" (M. Rheault, Leiske) - 3:34
* "Callin' All You Cowboys" (Kelman) - 3:43
* "I Need a Little Tenderness" (S.E. Campbell) - 3:55

## Chart performance

| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| Canadian RPM Country Albums | 16 |
* This 1990s country music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Eilema fraterna

Eilema fraterna is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1887. It is found on the Solomon Islands.
# Eilema gracilipennis

Eilema gracilipennis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Wallengren in 1860. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda.
# Girolamo Scaglia

Girolamo Scaglia (1620 – 1686) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. He was born in Lucca, and trained there with Pietro Paolini.
# Nellie Gray

Nellie Gray may refer to:
* Nellie Gray (activist) (1924–2012), American anti-abortion activist and founder of U.S. March for Life
* Nellie Gray Robertson (1894–1955), American lawyer and jurist
* "Nelly Gray" (song), 19th century anti-slavery ballad written and composed by Benjamin Hanby in 1856
# Eggnog (disambiguation)

Eggnog is a beverage traditionally made with milk and/or cream, sugar, whipped eggs and sometimes distilled spirits.
Eggnog may also refer to:
* Eggnog, Utah, an unincorporated community in Garfield County
* Eggnog (album), a 1991 EP by the Melvins
* Eggnog Riot or Grog Mutiny, a riot at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, in 1826
* EggNOG (database), a database of biological information hosted by the EMBL
* Egg Nog (trimaran), the first trimaran sailboat designed by Victor Tchetchet in the 1950s with the name Egg Nog
* Egg Nog II (trimaran), the second trimaran sailboat designed by Victor Tchetchet in the 1950s with the name Egg Nog
# Glen Richards (entrepreneur)

Glen Richards (born 1965) is an Australian veterinary physician and businessman. He is the founder and former CEO of Greencross, the largest pet care company in Australia.

## Education

Richards studied veterinary science at the University of Queensland in 1988 and obtained a master's degree at James Cook University.

## Career

Richards practised companion animal medicine and surgery in Brisbane, Townsville, and London. He purchased Currajong Veterinary Hospital in Townsville in 1994 which was the start of his veterinary company that became known as Greencross.
Richards is the founder of Greencross, the largest pet care company in Australia. The company was publicly traded on the ASX and operates under the names Greencross, Petbarn, City Farmers, and Animates. Richards is a company director for six allied health and veterinary business. In addition to Greencross, he is a director for both Petbarn and Montserrat Day Clinics. He is also an advisor for enterprises that spun out of Shark Tank, including the furniture distributor OneWorld.
Richards joined season 2 of Shark Tank in 2016 as an investor, replacing John McGrath.
In September 2024, Richards became chairman of private equity firm Arbor Permanent Owners following its establishment in April. He also invested in the firm's capital raise.
# Nevadopalpa maculata

Nevadopalpa maculata is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1999. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California.
# Glen's long-fingered bat

Glen's long-fingered bat (Miniopterus gleni) is a species of vesper bat in the family Miniopteridae found only in Madagascar.
# Glen's wattled bat

Glen's wattled bat (Glauconycteris gleni) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found in Cameroon and Uganda. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Practically nothing is known about the ecology of this bat. The species was described by Robert Glen in 1973.

## Sources

* ↑ Jacobs, D.; Cotterill, F.P.D.; Taylor, P.J. (2019). "Glauconycteris gleni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T44794A22070046. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T44794A22070046.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
* This Vespertilionidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Glagolitic Supplement

Glagolitic Supplement is a Unicode block containing supplementary characters used in the Glagolitic script. It currently contains 38 combining letters.

## Block

Glagolitic Supplement Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| U+1E00x | 𞀀 | 𞀁 | 𞀂 | 𞀃 | 𞀄 | 𞀅 | 𞀆 | | 𞀈 | 𞀉 | 𞀊 | 𞀋 | 𞀌 | 𞀍 | 𞀎 | 𞀏 |
| U+1E01x | 𞀐 | 𞀑 | 𞀒 | 𞀓 | 𞀔 | 𞀕 | 𞀖 | 𞀗 | 𞀘 | | | 𞀛 | 𞀜 | 𞀝 | 𞀞 | 𞀟 |
| U+1E02x | 𞀠 | 𞀡 | | 𞀣 | 𞀤 | | 𞀦 | 𞀧 | 𞀨 | 𞀩 | 𞀪 | | | | | |
| Notes v 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points |||||||||||||||||

## History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Glagolitic Supplement block:
| Version | Final code points | Count | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/14-129 | | Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; McGowan, Rick; Pournader, Roozbeh (2014-05-02), "6", Recommendations to UTC #139 May 2014 on Script Proposals |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/14-087R | N4608 | Andreev, Aleksandr; Miklas, Heinz; Shardt, Yuri (2014-07-08), Proposal to Encode Combining Glagolitic Letters in Unicode |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/14-103 | | Cleminson, Ralph; Birnbaum, David (2014-04-27), Expert Feedback on L2/14-087 Proposal to Encode Additional Glagolitic Characters |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/14-165 | | Cleminson, Ralph; Birnbaum, David (2014-07-21), Additional Expert Feedback on L2/14-087 Proposal to Encode Additional Glagolitic Characters |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/14-177 | | Moore, Lisa (2014-10-17), "Glagolitic (C.7)", UTC #140 Minutes |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/14-259 | | Whistler, Ken; Anderson, Deborah (2014-10-21), WG2 Consent Docket |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/14-250 | | Moore, Lisa (2014-11-10), "Consensus 141-C15, Action item 141-A41", UTC #141 Minutes |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/15-017 | | Moore, Lisa (2015-02-12), "Consensus 142-C17", UTC #142 Minutes, Change the names of U+1E001 COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BUKI and U+1E00E COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER LJUDIE to U+1E001 COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER BUKY and U+1E00E COMBINING GLAGOLITIC LETTER LJUDIJE. |
| 9.0 | U+1E000..1E006, 1E008..1E018, 1E01B..1E021, 1E023..1E024, 1E026..1E02A | 38 | L2/16-052 | N4603 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2015-09-01), "M63.09", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 63 |
| ↑ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names ||||||
# Nepenthes × ferrugineomarginata

Nepenthes × ferrugineomarginata (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz fɛrʊˌdʒɪnioʊmɑːrdʒɪˈnɑːtə/; from Latin ferrugineus "rust coloured" and marginatus "margined") is a natural hybrid between N. albomarginata and N. reinwardtiana. It has been recorded from the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. The type specimen was collected by Shigeo Kurata in Kenukat, West Kalimantan, in 1981. Kurata described the hybrid the following year. The name is a nomen invalidum as it was published without a Latin description.
Nepenthes × ferrugineomarginata has the longest binomial name of any plant in the genus.
# Neutrebbin

Neutrebbin is a municipality in the district Märkisch-Oderland, in Brandenburg, Germany.

## History

From 1815 to 1947, Neutrebbin was part of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, from 1947 to 1952 of the State of Brandenburg, from 1952 to 1990 of the Bezirk Frankfurt of East Germany and since 1990 again of Brandenburg.

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1875 | 3,078 | — |
| 1890 | 2,933 | −0.32% |
| 1910 | 3,036 | +0.17% |
| 1925 | 2,963 | −0.16% |
| 1933 | 2,845 | −0.51% |
| 1939 | 2,860 | +0.09% |
| 1946 | 3,678 | +3.66% |
| 1950 | 3,610 | −0.47% |
| 1964 | 2,409 | −2.85% |
| 1971 | 2,274 | −0.82% |
| 1981 | 1,869 | −1.94% |
| 1985 | 1,804 | −0.88% |
| 1989 | 1,770 | −0.47% |
| 1990 | 1,745 | −1.41% |
| 1991 | 1,721 | −1.38% |
| 1992 | 1,682 | −2.27% |
| 1993 | 1,658 | −1.43% |
| 1994 | 1,618 | −2.41% |
| 1995 | 1,612 | −0.37% |
| 1996 | 1,624 | +0.74% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1997 | 1,647 | +1.42% |
| 1998 | 1,663 | +0.97% |
| 1999 | 1,654 | −0.54% |
| 2000 | 1,667 | +0.79% |
| 2001 | 1,673 | +0.36% |
| 2002 | 1,663 | −0.60% |
| 2003 | 1,635 | −1.68% |
| 2004 | 1,628 | −0.43% |
| 2005 | 1,621 | −0.43% |
| 2006 | 1,570 | −3.15% |
| 2007 | 1,546 | −1.53% |
| 2008 | 1,534 | −0.78% |
| 2009 | 1,519 | −0.98% |
| 2010 | 1,504 | −0.99% |
| 2011 | 1,497 | −0.47% |
| 2012 | 1,490 | −0.47% |
| 2013 | 1,483 | −0.47% |
| 2014 | 1,445 | −2.56% |
| 2015 | 1,409 | −2.49% |
| 2016 | 1,389 | −1.42% |