OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marion Duggan

Marion Duggan (27 July 1884 – 24 June 1943), was an Irish suffragist and activist. She organised volunteers to report on all-male courts where they were trying crimes against women after hearing of judges leniency including excusing a man's "impulses". She, in time, became the fifth woman to be an Irish barrister.

## Life

Born to James Duggan, a clerk, and Elizabeth née Denham in Kilbeggan, she was christened Marion Elizabeth Duggan in St. Mark's Church, Dublin. Her father was a sub agent for the Bank of Ireland, as a result they moved around living in Rossleaghan, Borris in 1901 and Ranelagh in 1911.

## Suffrage activism

Duggan was the third woman graduate of Law, getting her degree in 1910 from Trinity College Dublin and a prominent suffragist in Dublin. An issue of The Irish Citizen included the article entitled ‘The Discovery of the Femaculine’, uses a term coined by Duggan. She was particularly concerned by the incidence of domestic violence and sexual assaults both in society and how they were treated by the courts. Men were often treated with leniency and gaining the vote was seen as a crucial step in changing this. Duggan was the secretary of the Irish Women’s Reform League. They were concerned that any woman brought to court faced a jury, judge and lawyers who were all men. Women were barred from working as lawyers until the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 and were almost never able to serve on juries until 1976. There were a number of cases involving the assault of children including one where the perpetrator served two weeks for the crime, or another where the charge was not followed through because the victim was 7. Duggan was furious when Justice William Huston Dodd instructed the all-male jury to take into account “the natural and irresistible impulses animating the man” in 1914. She wrote to the 'Irish Citizen' and formed a Courts Watch committee to attend the public sessions when a woman was in court. Even this caused difficulty when the cases were considered to contain indecent information. There was often an attempt to eject the women from the gallery. In 19 June 1915 the 'Irish Citizen' asked "When will men realize that women are part of the public, that they are fully entitled to be present at all cases open to the public". It was Duggan who wrote most of the reports of the courts actions for publication.
Duggan was also vocal on assumptions about women, militancy and motherhood and women's pay and conditions, having also worked for the Irish Women Workers' Union and been a member of the Central Committee for Women's Employment for the Provinces of Leinster, Munster and Connaught.

## Professional life

Once the legal impediment was eliminated Duggan was able to work in her field. She was called to the bar in 1925, the fifth woman in Ireland to be so. She was also formally appointed by the Law Reporting Council of Ireland in 1928. She was the first woman Law reporter but she was pressured to resign in 1934. She had worked as a secretary, a teacher and a journalist while unable to practice. Duggan died of heart failure in 1943 in Dublin.
# Bushmanland

Bushmanland (Boesmanland in Afrikaans) may refer to:
* Bushmanland (South West Africa), a bantustan in South West Africa (present-day Namibia)
* Bushmanland, Northern Cape, an area south of the Orange River and west of Kenhardt and east of Springbok (Namaqualand) in the Northern Cape, South Africa
# Edward Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon

Edward Baldwin Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon (7 May 1836 – 15 January 1891), styled Lord Courtenay between 1859 and 1888, was a British peer and Conservative politician.

## Background

Devon was the son of William Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Fortescue. He was first educated at Westminster School, before attending Christ Church, Oxford.

## Political career

Devon represented the Conservative Party as Member of Parliament for Exeter from 1864 to 1868 and for Devon East for two years from 1868 to 1870 before resigning. John Kennaway replaced him at his second constituency. Devon was known for his advocacy of women's rights, and joined the Albemarle Club, a members club open to both men and women. In 1888 he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords, following that he became a governor of the London Charterhouse and a Deputy Lieutenant for Devonshire.

## Death

Lord Devon died unmarried in January 1891, aged 54. He was walking through Trafalgar Square and staggered to call a cab back to his residence. He passed unconscious and died after he arrived, with Devon being considered to have suffered from apoplexy. The funeral took place on 21 January, with the body encased within three coffins, with one made of elm, one of lead and one of oak. The exterior coffin was adorned with brass fittings and a plaque describing Lord Devon. He was succeeded in the earldom by his uncle, Hugh Courtenay. His remains were interred at the church near to Powderham Castle, alongside those of his ancestors.
# Edward Cotton (priest, died 1675)

Edward Cotton (2 November 1616 - 11 November 1675) was the Archdeacon of Cornwall from 1660 until his death.
Sleech was from Silverton, Devon and educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He was appointed Rector of St. Thomas and St. Peter, Winchester in 1640; a Canon of Exeter in 1660; Vicar of Bampton in 1663 and Treasurer of Exeter in 1672.
# Maria Tschetschulin

Maria Tschetschulin (1852–1917), was a Finnish clerk. She was the first woman to attend university in Finland.
Maria Tschetschulin, who was of Russian descent through her Russian father, was the daughter of the steam boat owner Feodor Tschetschulin and Hilda Eckstein in Helsinki. After the death of her father and the bankruptcy of her family, she applied for a permission to study to support her family, having three younger sisters. In 1870, she became the first female university student in Finland at the University of Helsinki. Women were not allowed to study there, but she was given special dispensation to do so, and thus became the first woman in the Nordic countries to do so: though women in Sweden was given the right to attend university the same year, the first woman, Betty Pettersson, did not enlist at university until the year after. Maria Tschetschulin was the first female to study at university, but she discontinued her studies in 1873 without taking her exam, and the first female graduate was Emma Irene Åström in 1882; she described herself as an anti-feminist, and did not wish to attend lectures in the company of only men. After her studies, she successfully worked within the steam boat business of her family.
She was sister of the violinist, composer and music teacher Agnes Tschetschulin.
# Business Names Registration Act 2011

The Business Names Registration Act 2011 is Australian federal legislation that sets out the registration, renewal and cancellation of business names in Australia. All business structures that trade or deal under a name other than their legal entity name in Australia must apply for a business name.
The law was introduced when the responsibility to administer trading names registers was transferred from state and territory governments to the federal government to unify the state and territory governments' trading names registers into a national business names register. On 28 May 2012, all existing trading names registered with state and territory governments' trading names registers that complied with the law were automatically transferred to the national business names register. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission was appointed to establish and maintain the national business names register under the section 22(1). The purpose of the national business names register is stated under subsection 22(2): "The purpose of the [national] [b]usiness [n]ames [r]egister is to enable those who engage or propose to engage with a business carried on under a business name to identify the entity carrying on the business and how the entity may be contacted."

## Protections

Registering a business name does not provide to an applicant any exclusive rights over a business name or protection under intellectual property law.

## Availability requirements

In accordance with section 25, the rules for determining if a business name is available to an applicant are set out in the Business Names Registration (Availability of Names) Determination 2015. Additionally, an applicant whose proposed business name would ordinarily be refused under the rules is entitled to apply for ministerial consent to register the business name despite the rules if the minister, at their sole discretion, considers the request to be reasonable.
# Business Motivation Model

The Business Motivation Model (BMM) in enterprise architecture provides a scheme and structure for developing, communicating, and managing business plans in an organized manner. Specifically, the Business Motivation Model does all the following:
* identifies factors that motivate the establishing of business plans;
* identifies and defines the elements of business plans; and
* indicates how all these factors and elements inter-relate.

## History

Initially developed by the Business Rules Group (BRG), in September 2005, the Object Management Group (OMG) voted to accept the Business Motivation Model as the subject of a Request for Comment (RFC). This meant that the OMG was willing to consider the Business Motivation Model as a specification to be adopted by the OMG, subject to comment from any interested parties. Adoption as an OMG specification carries the intention that the Business Motivation Model would, in time, be submitted to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a standard.
In August 2008 version 1.0 was released by OMG.
In May 2015, version 1.3 of BMM specification was released and as of May 2015 it is the latest stable release.

## Elements

“BMM captures business requirements across different dimensions to rigorously capture and justify why the business wants to do something, what it is aiming to achieve, how it plans to get there, and how it assesses the result.”
The main elements of BMM are:
* Ends: What (as opposed to how) the business wants to accomplish
* Means: How the business intends to accomplish its ends
* Directives: The rules and policies that constrain or govern the available means
* Influencers: Can cause changes that affect the organization in its employment of its means or achievement of its ends. Influencers are neutral by definition.
* Assessment: A judgment of an Influencer that influences the organization's ability to achieve its ends or use its means.

## standards

* Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR)
Other related frameworks are:
* POLDAT
* Zachman Framework
* Business framework
# Marius Nygaard (academic)

Marius Nygaard (13 September 1838 – 7 February 1912) was a Norwegian educator and linguist.

## Personal life

He was born in Bergen as a son of shipmaster and merchant Mads Christensen Nygaard (1793–1875) and Maren Behrens (1806–1875). On the maternal side he was a first cousin of Johan Diederich Behrens.
Nygaard married Elise Martin (1842–1923) in August 1863 in Bergen. They had the son William Martin Nygaard, a notable politician and book publisher. Marius Nygaard was also a grandfather of Mads Wiel Nygaard and judge Marius Nygaard, and a great-grandfather of Agnes Nygaard Haug, Kristen Nygaard and William Nygaard.

## Career

He finished his secondary education in 1855 and graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.philol. degree in 1861. He worked at Bergen Cathedral School from 1862 to 1863 and Christianssand Cathedral School 1864 to 1876, and was headmaster from 1876 to 1877. He was the headmaster of the upper secondary school in Fredrikshald from 1877 to 1894 and Drammen from 1894 to 1910. He was a member of the city councils of both Christianssand, Fredrikshald and Drammen.
He conducted linguistic research. Publications include Eddasprogets Syntax, in two volumes in 1865 and 1867, about the syntax in Edda, as well as Betydningen og Brugen af Verbet in 1878. He was a member of Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1877 and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1880. In 1887 he published the Latin-Norwegian dictionary Latinsk Ordbog together with Jan Johanssen and Emil Schreiner, a book which is still in use—it has been updated and reissued, last in 1998.
He published Kortfattet Fremstilling af det norske Landsmaals Grammatik in 1867, a very early grammar of Landsmål. He was a proponent of this written form of Norwegian, among others as a member of Vestmannalaget. Together with Jonathan Aars he was also a driving force behind the Norwegian orthographic reform of 1907, which marked a split between Dano-Norwegian and the new Riksmål.
He was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1890, and died in February 1912 in Kristiania.
# Byblis lamellata

Byblis lamellata is a carnivorous plant in the Byblidaceae family. It is endemic to Australia.
# Byblis liniflora

Byblis liniflora is a species of carnivorous plant in the family Byblidaceae. It is found in Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.
Byblis liniflora contains acteoside (verbascoside) as do many other Lamiales.
# Maris Vinovskis

Maris A. Vinovskis is an American academic and historian at the University of Michigan and a leading authority on U.S. social and family history. He is the A. M. and H. P. Bentley Professor of History and a Professor of Public Policy, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Vinovskis acts as a senior research scientist in the Institute of Social Research. He is a former chairman of the department of history.
Vinovskis holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University. He has received a Guggenheim fellowship and was elected to the National Academy of Education, the International Academy of Education, and President of the History of Education Society.
In 1978, Vinovskis was the Deputy Staff Director to the U.S. House Select Committee on Population and served as a consultant on population and adolescent pregnancy issues in the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in the early 1980s. During both the George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations, he worked as a Research Advisor to the Assistant Secretary of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) on questions of educational research and policy. Vinovskis was a member of the congressionally mandated Independent Review Panels for Goals 2000 and No Child Left Behind.

## Publications

* The Origins of Public High Schools (University of Wisconsin Press, 1985)
* An "Epidemic" of Adolescent Pregnancy? (Oxford University Press, 1988)
* Education, Society and Economic Opportunity" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995)
* History and Educational Policymaking (Yale University Press, 1999)
* Revitalizing Federal Education Research(University of Michigan Press, 2001)
* The Birth of Head Start (University of Chicago Press, 2005)
* From a Nation at Risk to No Child Left Behind (Teachers College Press, 2009).
# Edwards Rail Car Company (1997–2008)

Edwards Rail Car Company (1997–2008) was located in Montgomery, Alabama, specializing in the manufacture of self-propelled rail cars patterned after original Edwards designs dating from the mid-1920s. Edward's also restored and manufactured other types of rail cars, including streetcars.
Rebirth of the Edwards Company came in the fall of 1997 when Vintage Rail Consultant Steven Torrico saw and rode on his first Edwards car, an ex-CB&Q Model-25. 2008 was the last year of manufacturing at the Montgomery facility.
As of 12/1/08 Edwards Rail Car no longer manufacturers rail cars at the Montgomery facility. Current plans are to relocate to the original Edwards facility in Sanford, North Carolina.

## Rail cars

The standard Edwards Rail Car was designed and recommended for branch line service where traffic requirements are within its capacity, for high speed operation, on roadbeds where the grades are not too severe.
Three types of propulsion systems, mechanical, Diesel-electric or hydrostatic driven were available. The mechanically driven car employs the use of engine, transmission, final drive gear box with sprockets and chains to deliver power to the driving wheels. Cars equipped with electric propulsion have an engine which turns a generator for providing electricity for the traction motors. Hydrostatic propulsion employs the use of diesel engine to power a hydraulic pump which supplies pressurized fluid to two 100 H.P. hydraulic motors on the front truck, in place of the final drive gear box as per the mechanical set-up for the standard Model-20.

## Streetcars

Edwards Rail Car Company manufactured several streetcars, to a modified Peter Witt streetcar design.

## Restoration services

Edwards Rail Car was awarded a contract to facilitate some aspects of the restoration of John Ringling's private business car, the Wisconsin. Originally built by Pullman in 1905, it was used by the Ringling family for travel with the circus. The Wisconsin is on display at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida.
# Edwards River

Edwards River may refer to:
* The Edwards River (Mid Canterbury), a tributary of the Bealey River in New Zealand
* The Edwards River (North Canterbury), a tributary of the (northern) Waiau River in New Zealand
* The Edwards River (Illinois) in Illinois in the United States
# Bülent Kent

Bülent Kent (born February 8, 1972 ) is a Turkish academic and jurist who has served as the Rector of Aydın Adnan Menderes University since March 2023.

## Life and education

Born in 1972 in Dinar, Afyonkarahisar, Kent graduated from the Faculty of Law at Istanbul University in 1996. After obtaining his master's degree at University of Potsdam in Germany in 2001, he received his doctorate in law from Free University of Berlin in 2005.
In 2018, he was appointed as a professor of administrative law and administrative trial law at the Faculty of Law, Social Sciences University of Ankara. In 2023, Kent was elected to the executive board of educational scholarships and activity support by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.
# Byrnesville, Pennsylvania

Byrnesville was a town located in Conyngham Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was located about halfway between Centralia and Ashland. In 1985, the population of Byrnesville was approximately 75 people living in 29 homes.
Byrnesville was founded in 1856. Most of the residents were Irish Catholics who worked in the local anthracite coal mines. It was made up of Upper and Lower Byrnesville. The first homes were built in Lower Byrnesville around 1856 and in Upper Byrnesville around 1865. An elementary school was located in Byrnesville but was discontinued in the 1930s.
Byrnesville was one of the casualties of the Centralia mine fire. In late 1983, the 98th United States Congress approved $42 million to help move families impacted by the fire. Relocation offers were extended to residents in Byrnesville and Centralia. The last home in Byrnesville was torn down in 1996, which spelled the end for the town. The only remaining structures there as of July 2019 are a religious Shrine to the Blessed Virgin Mary on a hillside by the side of Route 61, an intermodal container, and the structural remains of a garage now reclaimed by nature.
The present-day routing of Pennsylvania Route 61 follows the two-lane Byrnesville Road — originally an old logging road through Byrnesville — bypassing a 0.75-mile (1.21 km) long section of the original route of the four-lane highway which has been heavily damaged by subsidence caused by the underground fire.
# Marilyn Kohlhase

Marilyn Rhonda Kohlhase MNZM (born 1953) is a New Zealand arts curator and administrator, specialising in Pacific Islands art. She has worked with Auckland War Memorial Museum and Creative New Zealand. Kohlhase set up the first uniquely pan-Pacific art gallery and is known as the "art lady" in some circles.

## Biography

Kohlhase was born in Auckland, and is of German and Samoan heritage. As she was growing up, she attended Glenbrae Primary School and Glen Innes Intermediate, and then secondary school at Tamaki College. She went to study at the University of Waikato.
She was involved with the Socialist Unity Party, and worked for the Centre of Continuing Education at Auckland University in the 1980s and the Council of Organisations for Relief Service Overseas (CORSO).
As an arts administrator, Kohlhase has been on Auckland War Memorial Museum’s Pacific advisory group and the Museums Aotearoa board, leaving in 2018. While Kohlhase was chair of the Pacific Advisory Group, she expressed in a 2014 interview:
   "Including Melanesians in the story is part of my agenda. I am a very proud Samoan, yet I am a middle-class internationalist with German heritage."
When she left the museum's Pacific Advisory Group, she joined the Auckland Museum Institute Council as a member so she could continue to promote a Pacific focus. Kahlhase was also for several years on arts boards at Creative New Zealand, including being the chair of the Pacific Arts Committee.
In 2007, Kohlhase co-founded with Bridget Marsh a pan-Pacific art gallery, Okaioceanikart, on Karangahape Road, Auckland, after an invitation from artist Fatu Feu'u. The gallery, which represented exclusively contemporary artists of the Pacific and Oceania, is believed to be the first gallery in the world to have this focus. Okaioceanikart gallery closed in 2013. Kohlhase also opened Okai@Reef Gallery with a similar purpose. Kohlhase is known by some as the "art lady".
Some of the artists represented or exhibited by Okaioceanikart include Dagmar Dyck, Leua Latai Leonard, Sylvia Marsters, Abraham Lagi, Daniel Waswas, Kopotama Jacobsen, Dan Taulapapa McMullin, Sekio Fuapopo, Brian Feni and Sina Panama.
As a curator, Kohlhase is linked with decolonising art histories alongside others such as Caroline Vercoe, Lisa Taouma, Fulimalo Pereira, Sean Mallon, Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, Deidre Brown and Teresia Teaiwa (1968–2017).
In the 2023 New Year Honours, Kohlhase was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to Pacific arts and education.
# Mark Keller

Mark Keller may refer to:
* Mark Keller (actor) (born 1965), German actor
* Mark Keller (politician) (born 1954), American politician
# Eidai SC

Eidai Soccer Club was a Japanese football club based in Yamaguchi Prefecture. The club has played in Japan Soccer League (Japanese former top division).

## History

The club was formed following the collapse of the original Nagoya Mutual Bank club. In 1973 they were promoted to the JSL Division 2 and the following year to Division 1. In their first season in the top flight they made the final of the Emperor's Cup, only to lose 2–1 to Yanmar Diesel.
In 1976 they had another opportunity at cup glory when they made the final of the Japan Soccer League Cup, but they lost again, 2–1 to Mitsubishi Motors. With increasing costs of running a top-flight team out of Yamaguchi Prefecture, at the time midway between Toyo Industries and Nippon Steel, Eidai Industries decided to close their team in March 1977, and thus Fujitsu, who had won Division 2 but lost the promotion/relegation series, was promoted anyway.

### Record

| Season | League | Pos | PTS | W | D | L | GF | GA | Emperor's Cup | League Cup |
| 1973 | JSL Division 2 | 1st | 26 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 51 | 24 | 3rd round |
| 1974 | JSL Division 1 | 9th | 14 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 19 | 30 | Final |
| 1975 | JSL Division 1 | 5th | 18 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 30 | 29 | Quarter-final |
| 1976 | JSL Division 1 | 7th | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 18 | 24 | Quarter-final | Final |

## Club name

* 1972–1975 : Eidai Industries SC
* 1976 : Eidai SC