OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bornean treepie

The Bornean treepie (Dendrocitta cinerascens) is a passerine bird belonging to the treepies genus, Dendrocitta, of in the crow family, Corvidae. It is endemic to the island of Borneo. It is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the Sumatran treepie (D. occipitalis).

## Description

It is a fairly large bird, 40 centimetres in length, including a long graduated tail, broad rounded wings and short weak legs. The underparts are pinkish-brown. The head is also pinkish-brown with a pale silver crown and a dark stripe over the eye and across the forehead. The back is greyish and the rump is pale. The wings are black with a white patch and the tail is grey with black tips to the feathers. The bill and legs are grey-black and the eyes are reddish. The Sumatran treepie differs in having a pale brown back, a dark brown head with a white nape and a thinner bill.
The Bornean treepie is a noisy bird with a variety of loud, explosive calls including a bell-like whistle and various grunting and chattering calls. It is able to mimic the calls of other birds.

## Ecology

It is fairly common in most mountain ranges in the northern and central parts of Borneo. It mainly occurs between 300 and 2,800 metres above sea-level, being most common in valleys and foothills at the lower end of that range. It inhabits forest, forest edge, bamboo thickets and scrubland and is sometimes seen in cultivated areas. It forages in the tree canopy, alone or in small groups, searching for small fruit, seeds and large insects such as beetles and cockroaches. It can become tame, visiting villages to feed on scraps.
Little is known about its breeding habits. The nest is shallow, built of fine twigs and placed in a low tree. The eggs are greenish-white with brown markings concentrated in a ring at the wider end.
# Red Hood: The Lost Days

Red Hood: The Lost Days is a six-issue comic book limited series published by DC Comics in 2010 which depicts the resurrection of the character Jason Todd, later known as Red Hood. The series was written by Judd Winick and illustrated by Pablo Raimundi, Cliff Richards, and Jeremy Haun.

## Publication history

Winick had previously brought back the character Jason Todd from the dead in the series Batman: Under the Hood. The new limited series was meant to explain the missing years from Todd's life that had been left.

## Plot

Jason Todd is reawakened from death; as he is taken care of by Talia al Ghul, he plans to take revenge on those who hurt him in life.

## Reception

The series holds an average rating of 7.8 by 13 professional critics on review aggregation website Comic Book Roundup.

## Prints
### Issues

| No. | Title | Cover date | Comic Book Roundup rating | Estimated sales (first month) |
| #1 | The Lost Days, Part One: The First Step | August 2010 | 7.3 by six professional critics. | 34,197, ranked 57th in North American |
| #2 | Baptism | September 2010 | 6.9 by four professional critics. | 26,560, ranked 92d in North American |
| #3 | Part Three, School | October 2010 | — | 24,701, ranked 81st in North American |
| #4 | Part Four, Higher Learning | November 2010 | 7.2 by two professional critics. | 24,104, ranked 83rd in North American |
| #5 | Part Five, After School Activities | December 2010 | — | 22,967, ranked 85th in North American |
| #6 | Conclusion, Benediction and Commencement | January 2011 | 9.0 by one professional critic. | 22,123, ranked 81st in North American |

### Collected editions

| Title | Format | Material collected | Pages | Publication date | ISBN | Estimated sales |
| Red Hood – The Lost Days | Trade paperback (TPB) | Red Hood: The Lost Days (2010) #1-6 | 144 | July 5, 2011 | 1401231640 ISBN 978-1401231644 | 2,520 |
# Edmund Bourne

Edmund J. Bourne is an American self-help author and researcher on anxiety, anxiety disorders and the treatment of anxiety disorders. He was the director of The Anxiety and Treatment Center in San Jose and Santa Rosa, California. In 1990, Edmund Bourne published The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook, a self-help book that won the Benjamin Franklin Book Award for Excellence in Psychology. This book is now in its 7th Edition.
He lives in San Diego, CA.

## Personal life

Bourne no longer lives in Boca Raton, Florida with his wife, Tatyanna Peterson. He moved to California following the death of his wife in the autumn of 2023. He was born in Akron, Ohio, completing a B.A. in philosophy at Colgate University and a Ph.D. in Behavioral Sciences at The University of Chicago. He also completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the former Michael Reese Medical Center in Chicago.
He is author of several published journal articles and chapter titles, as well as the author of seven books, including the bestselling Anxiety & Phobia Workbook. The Anxiety & Phobia Workbook presents a very eclectic, multifaceted approach toward overcoming anxiety disorders. It has sold well over a million copies and been translated into more than a dozen languages.

## Published works

* Global Shift: How a New Worldview Is Transforming Humanity (2008)
* Natural Relief for Anxiety (2004)
* Beyond Anxiety and Phobia (2001)
* Coping with Anxiety, 2nd Edition (2016)
* The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook, 7th Edition (2020)
* Healing Fear: New Approaches to Overcoming Anxiety (1998)
* Overcoming Specific Phobia (1998)
# George Paice

George Paice may refer to:
* George Paice (bowls) (born 1941), New Zealand-based Falkland Islands lawn bowler
* George Paice (painter) (1854–1925), British landscape, canine, hunting, and equestrian painter
# GCT

GCT may refer to:

## Medicine

* Germ cell tumor
* Giant-cell tumor of bone
* Glucose challenge test
* Granulosa cell tumor

## Transport

* Gauge Change Train, a Japanese train
* Ghazipur City railway station, in Uttar Pradesh, India
* Grand Canyon Bar 10 Airport, in Arizona, United States
* Grand Central Terminal, in New York City
* Great Coates railway station in England
* Grimsby-Cleethorpes Transport, former municipal bus company of Grimsby and Cleethorpes, England
* Gwinnett County Transit, in Georgia, United States

## Other uses

* Galapagos Conservation Trust, a British charity
* Genetic coding technologies, a frequently advertised investment area
* Geometric complexity theory
* German Colonial Tovar dialect of German, spoken in Venezuela
* Global Champions Tour, a show jumping series
* Gloucester County Times, a daily newspaper in New Jersey
* Government College of Technology (disambiguation)
* Grand Chess Tour, an annual circuit of chess tournaments
* Grande Cadence de Tir (GCT) 155mm, French self-propelled artillery vehicle
* Green Card Test, used by the United States Internal Revenue Service
* Green Crescent Trust, in Sindh, Pakistan
* Greene County Tech School District, in Greene County, Arkansas, United States
* Greenwood Community Theatre, in South Carolina, United States
* GCT, a codon for the amino acid Alanine
# Chlorella singularis

Chlorella singularis is a species of euryhaline, unicellular microalgae. It is spherical to oval-shaped and is solitary.
# Gudihatnur, Adilabad district

Gudihatnur is a mandal in Adilabad district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Gudihatnur mandal of Adilabad revenue division.

## Geography

Gudihatnur is located at 19°32′03″N 78°29′12″E﻿ / ﻿19.5340346°N 78.4865954°E﻿ / 19.5340346; 78.4865954.
# Melt and pour

Melt and Pour soap crafting is a process often used by soapmakers, both for large scale (commercial) and small scale (domestic, artisanal) manufacture. Small scale artisan soap makers find "melt and pour" production useful when trying out new product lines. The process differs from the cold process or hot process in utilising a pre-manufactured solid soap base which has already undergone saponification, so the soap maker does not need to handle caustic alkali, i.e. lye.

## Method

A commercially acquired "melt and pour" soap base is melted in a pan or commercial melting vessel, using direct heat, or in a water jacket melting pot, (large double boiler or "bain marie"), and re-solidifies as it cools. Domestically, a microwave oven can be used for melting small quantities of the base. Additions can be added at the still-hot liquid stage, such as fragrance, fragrant essential oils, moisturizing agents, colorants, or exfoliating agents, e.g. poppy seeds, coffee grounds or pumice, along with coloured micas, metallic glitter, honey and flower heads. The liquified concoction can be poured into individual molds, tray molds, or blocks. Molds are made of metal or, more commonly, from plastic or reinforced silicone rubber, allowing artisans to make their own molds using a two-part mold kit. Upon cooling, the soap can be removed from the molds as individual soaps, or as blocks for slicing into bars. Layers of different colors, or transparent layers, can be built up, or pre-cast embeddable soap shapes, called embeds, can be set into the soap during moulding to produce novel patterns. Melt and pour bases can be transparent or opaque, and are sometimes enriched with products like goat's milk or shea butter to add value. The small-scale process lends itself to bespoke manufacture; a single soap bar can be individually manufactured if desired.

## Other considerations

Some soapmakers prefer "melt and pour" because the process is simple and safe, allowing the soapmaker to concentrate more on the aesthetic aspects of soap making. Because it avoids the need to handle lye, a hazardous and very caustic chemical, it is a hobby even children can enjoy under adult supervision. Unlike cold-processed soap, which requires a period of "curing" to allow saponification to complete and excess water to evaporate, the "melt and pour" process is completed once the base has cooled and hardened. The meltable base is usually naturally rich in glycerine, a by-product of saponification that has humectant and emollient properties, whereas commercial soap bars have often had this component removed.
As with the rebatching method, it can be considered a misnomer to refer to the melt and pour process as soap making. The process has much in common with candle making using meltable wax which, using a similar process, can be scented, dyed, and shaped on a small or large scale of production.
Other processes used by soapers are cold process, hot process and rebatching.
# George C. Herring

George Cyril Herring (May 23, 1936 – November 30, 2022) was an American historian. A specialist in the history of American foreign relations, he taught at the University of Kentucky for 36 years.
Born and raised in Blacksburg, Virginia, Herring earned his BA from Roanoke College. After serving in the United States Navy for two years, Herring attended the University of Virginia, where he earned an MA (1962) and a Ph.D. (1965) in history. Herring taught at Ohio University from 1965 until 1969, and at the University of Kentucky from 1969 until his retirement in 2005 as Alumni Professor of History. In addition to teaching and writing several books, Herring was editor of Diplomatic History, and served a member of the Department of the Army Historical Advisory Committee and President of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. He also served on the boards of the Henry Clay Memorial Foundation, the Kentucky Humanities Council, and the UK Library Associates.
Nominations of awards include: National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction, National Book Critics Circle Award for Autobiography. He was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship for Humanities, US & Canada.
Herring died of lung cancer in Lexington, Kentucky on November 30, 2022, at the age of 86.

## Books

* Aid to Russia, 1941-1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (Columbia University Press, 1973)
* America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (John Wiley and Sons, 1979)
* The Secret Diplomacy of the Vietnam War: The Negotiating Volumes of the Pentagon Papers, editor (University of Texas Press, 1983)
* The Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Policy, co-editor with Kenneth M. Coleman (Scholarly Resources, 1985)
* Modern American Diplomacy co-editor with John M. Carroll (Scholarly Resources, 1986)
* The Pentagon Papers: Abridged Edition, editor (McGraw-Hill, 1993)
* LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War (University of Texas Press, 1994)
* From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (Oxford University Press, 2008)
# Credit cycle

The credit cycle is the expansion and contraction of access to credit over time. Some economists, including Barry Eichengreen, Hyman Minsky, and other Post-Keynesian economists, and members of the Austrian school, regard credit cycles as the fundamental process driving the business cycle. However, mainstream economists believe that the credit cycle cannot fully explain the phenomenon of business cycles, with long term changes in national savings rates, and fiscal and monetary policy, and related multipliers also being important factors. Investor Ray Dalio has counted the credit cycle, together with the debt cycle, the wealth gap cycle and the global geopolitical cycle, among the main forces that drive worldwide shifts in wealth and power.
During an expansion of credit, asset prices are bid up by those with access to leveraged capital. This asset price inflation can then cause an unsustainable speculative price "bubble" to develop. The upswing in new money creation also increases the money supply for real goods and services, thereby stimulating economic activity and fostering growth in national income and employment.
When buyers' funds are exhausted, an asset price decline can occur in the markets which had benefited from the credit expansion. This can then cause insolvency, bankruptcy, and foreclosure for those borrowers who came late to that market. This, in turn, can threaten the solvency and profitability of the banking system itself, resulting in a general contraction of credit as lenders attempt to protect themselves from losses.
# Gilbert Kennedy (rower)

Gilbert Edward B Kennedy (1866–1921) was an English rower who won the Wingfield Sculls, the amateur single sculling championship of the River Thames, in 1893.
Kennedy was born at Kingston upon Thames. He joined Kingston Rowing Club and competed in the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta between 1890 and 1893. In 1890 and 1893 he was runner-up to Guy Nickalls. Kennedy competed in the Wingfield Sculls in 1892, when he was runner-up to Vivian Nickalls. However he turned the tables in 1893 and beat V Nickalls
In 1910 Kennedy purchased Hascombe Court at Hascombe and developed the parkland over the years until his death there at the age 55.
# Redfernella delicata

Redfernella delicata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.
# Edmund Bowyer

Edmund Bowyer may refer to:
* Sir Edmund Bowyer (died 1627) (1552–1627), English MP in 1604 and 1624
* Sir Edmund Bowyer (died 1681) (1613–1681), English MP in 1660
# Pleomorphic anaplastic neuroblastoma

Pleomorphic anaplastic neuroblastoma (PAN) is a striking aspect of neuroblastoma first described by Cozzutto and Carbone in 1988. Another case was thereafter reported by Cowan, et al. with cytogenetic and immunohistological analysis in a 28-year-old man. The case described by Navarro, et al. showed MYCN amplification (more than 10 copies) and a 1p36 deletion as measured with FISH in 13% of cells. Additionally there was a main cell population with a DNA index of 2 indicating a tetraploid DNA content and a high expression of MIBI (Ki-67), bel 2, p53, and P-glycoprotein, either correlated with rapid progression of disease.

## Histopathology

Appearance of focal or diffuse presence of pleomorphic and anaplastic cells is the hallmark of this neuroblastoma variant. Hyperchromatic and bizarre nuclei in neuroblasts and ganglion cells in undifferentiated or poorly differentiated foci are far too pathognomonic, although anaplastic expressions can be found in differentiating foci alike. Undifferentiated neuroblasts may show enlarged and vesicular nuclei with thick nuclear membranes and prominent nucleoli, often a clue to forthcoming anaplastic change.

## Controversy

Whether pleomorphism-anaplasia warrants a worse prognosis has not been fully assessed so far. Chatten argued that increasing anaplasia in stage IV in comparison with stage III found in her cases suggested a trend toward higher stage (and worse prognosis) with anaplasia. However, within-stage differences were not significant, although cases without anaplasia fared better in each stage than those with. Abramowsky's et al. series of 7 children with anaplastic large cell neuroblastoma showed a better survival than previously reported cases. Joshi, et al. did not find any meaningful difference in clinical outcome between cases with or without anaplasia. Dehner pointed out the importance of recognizing this variant for differential diagnostic purposes. Expressions of pleomorphism-anaplasia have been fully acknowledged among the multifarious features of neuroblastoma in the classification by the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee. Recently Tornòczky et al. described 7 cases of large cell neuroblastoma characterized by larger nuclei with thick nuclear membranes and prominent nucleoli suggesting they might represent a distinct phenotype of neuroblastoma with aggressive clinical behavior.
# GCTC

GCTC may refer to:
* Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, a space travel facility in Russia
* Great Canadian Theatre Company, a dramatic theatre company in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
* Global City Teams Challenge, a collaborative platform for the development of smart cities and communities, led by National Institute of Standards and Technology, a bureau of United States Department of Commerce, in partnership with other U.S. federal agencies including National Science Foundation, International Trade Administration, and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
* Gulf Coast Trades Center in Walker County, Texas
# Roscoe Township, St. Clair County, Missouri

Roscoe Township is an inactive township in St. Clair County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Roscoe Township was erected in 1870, taking its name from the community of Roscoe, Missouri.
# Guadalupe District, Cartago

Guadalupe, also known as Arenilla, is a district of the Cartago canton, in the Cartago province of Costa Rica.

## Geography

Guadalupe has an area of 13.28 km$^2$ and an elevation of 1,400 metres.

## Demographics

For the 2011 census, Guadalupe had a population of 14,618 inhabitants.

## Transportation
### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:
* National Route 2
* National Route 10
* National Route 228
* National Route 236
# Melón

Melón is a municipality in the province of Ourense, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of O Ribeiro. It has a population of 1582 (Spanish 2006 Census) and an area of 53.22 km².
# Pitcher-Goff House

The Pitcher-Goff House (formerly known as The Grand Manor), is an historic house at 58 Walcott Street in the Quality Hill neighborhood of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The house is architecturally eclectic, with a largely Italianate exterior, and a Late Victorian interior. The house was built for Elias B. Pitcher, a cotton textile manufacturer, in 1840. Later it was sold to Lyman B. Goff, another local industrialist, who made significant alterations to the interior, replacing a great deal of the older woodwork with more fashionable Queen Anne styling in 1881. He also modified the exterior, but these changes were largely limited to the porch, which also exhibits fine Queen Anne detailing.
Goff deeded the house to daughter, Elizabeth Goff Wood, in 1922. In 1941 she donated the house to the Pawtucket Congregational Church for use by the local chapter of the American Red Cross. It has since served as a headquarters for the Boy Scouts of America, and in 1970 it was the first location of the Rhode Island Children's Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In the early 2010s, it operated as an event and function space known as The Grand Manor.
The house was purchased by a jewelry maker in 2017, who then departed the property not long after. In February 2020, local preservationists expressed concern that many of the details of the interior had gone missing, including stained glass at the top of the stairs, several chandeliers, and gates. The building was sold again in March 2020 to a local artist and contractor, who stated he appreciates the house as "a valuable part of Pawtucket’s cultural heritage" and intends to restore it as an art studio.
# Bottom of the World

Bottom of the World may refer to:

## Locations

* The Mariana Trench, specifically the Challenger Deep
* Antarctica, specifically the South Pole
* Anywhere on the Southern Hemisphere
* Australia, see Down Under

## Media

* Bottom of the World (film), a 2017 film
* "Bottom of the World" (Defiance), the tenth episode of the second season of the American science fiction series Defiance
* "Bottom of the World", a song by Tom Waits
# Casnovia

Casnovia can refer to a location in the United States:
* Casnovia, Michigan, a village
* Casnovia Township, Michigan
# Edirisinghe

Edirisinghe is a Sinhalese name that may refer to the following people:

## Surname

* Chamikara Edirisinghe (born 1991), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Lakshan Edirisinghe (born 1993), Sri Lankan cricketer
* Lilian Edirisinghe (1922–1993), Sri Lankan actress
* Lionel Edirisinghe (1913–1988), Sri Lankan musicologist
* Mercy Edirisinghe (1945/46–2014), Sri Lankan actress
* Sathischandra Edirisinghe (born 1941), Sri Lankan actor
* Soma Edirisinghe (1939–2015), Sri Lankan corporate executive, film producer, philanthropist and social worker
* Sunil Edirisinghe (born 1949), Sri Lankan classical musician
# Gerlinde Massing

Gerlinde Massing (born 8 January 1951) is an Austrian sprinter. She competed in the women's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Acteon subinflatus

Acteon subinflatus is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Acteonidae.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species have been found in Eocene strata in Picardy, France.