OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ali Topuz

Ali Topuz (1932–2019) was a Turkish architect and social democratic politician who held several cabinet posts in the late 1970s. He was member of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and served at the Parliament.

## Early life and education

Topuz was born in Çayeli, Rize, in 1932. He received a degree in architecture from Istanbul Technical University.

## Career and activities

Following his graduation Topuz worked at various institutions as an architect, including Istanbul Municipality, and also as a freelance architect. He was a member of the central executive committee and vice president of the Chamber of Architects between 1969 and 1971.
Topuz became a member of the CHP and headed a faction consisted of those party members from the Black Sea region. The group included Aytekin Kotil, Necdet Uğur, Orhan Eyüpoğlu, Tarhan Erdem and other leading figures who were the earliest supporter of Bülent Ecevit against İsmet İnönü in the election of the CHP chairmanship in 1972. Topuz and Kotil were ardent followers of Bülent Ecevit's left of center movement. Topuz served as the head of CHP's Istanbul branch until 1973 when he was elected as a deputy. He was re-elected as a deputy from Istanbul in the 1977 general election.
Topuz was appointed minister of village affairs and cooperatives to the cabinet led by Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit on 21 June 1977. However, his tenure was very brief and ended on 27 July. Because the cabinet could not get a vote of confidence at the Parliament on 3 July. Topuz was again named as the minister of village affairs and cooperatives on 5 January 1978 serving in the next cabinet of Ecevit until 1979.
His political activity temporarily ended due to the military coup in 1980. Topuz was elected to the Parliament in the general election in 1987 from the Social Democratic Populist Party. Topuz and Aytekin Kotil supported the leadership of Deniz Baykal against Erdal İnönü in the party. Topuz joined the CHP in 1992 when it was reestablished. He was reelected as the head of CHP's Istanbul branch in 2000.
Topuz was a member of the Parliament for the CHP until 2007. During his last term at the Parliament he reported that the United States had been employing the PKK, a Kurdish terrorist group, against Turkey.

## Personal life and death

Topuz was married and had two children. He suffered a cerebral haemorrhage in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus, on 8 February 2019. He was transferred to a hospital in Istanbul and died there on 14 October 2019. He was buried in Istanbul.
# Vivian Smith

Vivian Smith is the name of:
* Vivian Smith (chess player) (born 1951)
* Ian Smith (South African cricketer) (Vivian Ian Smith, 1925–2015), South African test cricketer
* Vivian Smith (poet) (born 1933), Australian poet
* Vivian Smith, 1st Baron Bicester (1867–1956)
* Vivian L. Smith Elementary
* Viv Smith, character in Specials
* Vivienne Smith (swimmer) (born 1952), Irish Olympic swimmer
* Vivian Smith (suffragist), American civil rights activist and women's suffragist
# Vivian Simpson (politician)

Frederick Vivian Simpson (23 August 1903 – 1977) was a politician in Northern Ireland.
Born in Dublin, Simpson worked as a draper and footwear manufacturer, and also became a lay preacher.
Simpson joined the Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP) and stood unsuccessfully for Stormont in Larne both in a 1945 by-election, and in the general election later that year. In 1947, he was elected to Carrickfergus District Council. In the 1953 general election he switched to contest Carrick, but was again unsuccessful. He was finally elected to Stormont in Belfast Oldpark in 1958. He then stood down from his council seat, and retained his Parliamentary seat at each subsequent election.
In March 1969, Simpson became the Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker of the Northern Ireland House of Commons, holding this post until the prorogation of the Parliament in 1972. After his party colleague Paddy Devlin defected to the Social Democratic and Labour Party, he became the sole remaining NILP MP, and the only non-Unionist MP attending Parliament. He became regarded as the party leader; for example, the NILP's manifesto for the Belfast City Council elections of 1973 carried a foreword written by him.
At the 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election, Simpson stood in Belfast North, but fell well short of taking a seat.
# Ceramide synthase 1

Ceramide synthase 1 also known as LAG1 longevity assurance homolog 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CERS1 gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site that is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. Members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. Studies in yeast suggest that the encoded protein is involved in aging. This protein is transcribed from a monocistronic mRNA as well as a bicistronic mRNA, which also encodes growth differentiation factor 1.
Ceramide synthase 1 (CerS1) is a ceramide synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of C18 ceramide in a fumonisin B1-independent manner, and is primarily expressed in the brain. It can also be found in low levels in skeletal muscle and the testis. Within the cell, CerS1 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and golgi apparatus membrane. CerS1 has two isoforms and isoform 1 may recycle from the golgi to the ER.
CerS1/GDF1 mRNA is strongly expressed in muscle and brain, and was also found in heart and lung. Within the brain, CerS1 is the primary CerS expressed in most neurons. In white matter, it can only be found in low levels.
In an experiment performed in mice in 2012, ablation of neuronal CerS1 decreased levels of sphingolipids, hexosylceramides, and sphingomyelin. Although the brains in these mice appeared to develop normally, researchers observed atrophy of the cerebellum, and Purkinje neurons appeared to degenerate. Granule cells also showed a 6 times increased rate of apoptosis. Behaviorally, the mice expressed motor and neurophysiological impairment.

## Structure

Unlike other mammalian ceramides, CerS1 does not appear to have a Hox-like domain. It is functionally and structurally distinct from other CerS and is found in an entirely different branch of the phylogenetic tree.

## Clinical significance

On application of various stresses, CerS1 turns over rapidly by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, suggesting that it has a short half life.
It has been suggested that CerS1 is involved with the regulation of the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), based on the information that C18 ceramide levels are lower in HNSCC tissues than in normal tissue. CerS1, in particular amongst other CerS, has also been shown to sensitize cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin, and vincristine.
# Ceramide synthase 4

Ceramide synthase 4 (CerS4) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CERS4 gene and is one of the least studied of the ceramide synthases.

## Function and distribution

CerS4 synthesizes ceramides containing C18-22 fatty acids in a fumonisin B1-independent manner. It is expressed at highest levels in skin, leukocytes, heart and liver, although at much lower levels than other ceramide synthases.

## Tissue and cellular distribution

CerS4 (TRH1) mRNA was found in all tissues and is strongly expressed in skin and muscle

## Clinical significance

In a 2009 study of breast cancer, total ceramide synthase levels were increased in malignant tissue, and CerS4 was one of three ceramide synthases to show an increase in mRNA levels. A significant correlation was found between CerS4 and CerS2/CerS6 expression. Unlike CerS1 and CerS5, CerS4 does not sensitize cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.
CerS4 may also be involved in the control of body weight and food intake. Upon administration of leptin, a decrease in ceramide levels was observed in rat white adipose tissue, as were expression levels of a number of genes in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, including CerS2 and CerS4.
CerS4 expression was also found to be elevated in the brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
# Central Applications Board

The Central Applications Board provides a single point of application for those wishing to undertake the Common Professional Examination/Graduate Diploma in Law, Legal Practice Course and courses preparing candidates for the Solicitors Qualifying Examination (SQE) in England and Wales. Applicants are allowed to select up to three institutions (and up to three campuses within each institution) based on order of preference. Once an application has been received it is then sent to the prospective institutions who judge each student by their own criteria and respond individually (rather than through the Board).
Applications for Barrister and Legal Executive education/training are handled separately as they are the responsibility of the Bar Council and Chartered Institute of Legal Executives.
# Vladimir Zakharov

Vladimir Zakharov may refer to:
* Vladimir Zakharov (mathematician) (born 1960), Russian mathematician, professor at the Faculty of Computer Science at the Moscow State University
* Vladimir E. Zakharov (1939–2023), Russian mathematician and theoretical physicist
* Vladimir Grigoryevich Zakharov (1901–1956), Soviet composer
* Vladimir Ivanovich Zakharov (born 1961), Belarusian guitarist
* Vladimir Mikhailovich Zakharov (1946–2013), Russian choreographer
# Vittorio Saraceno

Vittorio Saraceno (18th century) was an Italian economist and numismatist.

## Works

* Saraceno, Vittorio (1776). Trattato o sia tariffa di tutte le monete d'oro, e d'argento, secondo il loro valore comunemente corso dalli 15 maggio 1658 sino al presente. Torino: Giovanni Antonio Masserano.
* Saraceno, Vittorio (1782). Corso delle monete seguito negli Stati di S.S.R.M. il Re di Sardegna di qua dal mare. Torino: Carlo Maria Toscanelli, Stamperia reale Torino.
* Saraceno, Vittorio (1782). Trattato aritmetico-pratico. Torino: Carlo Maria Toscanelli, Stamperia reale Torino.
# Alice Harvie Duden

Alice Gertrude Harvie Duden (1873–1926) became the first woman lecturer at the Indiana Dental College in Indianapolis in 1908. She lectured about oral prophylaxis, a teeth cleaning procedure. Her research focused on the link between oral hygiene and kidney disease. Born in Great Britain, she emigrated to the United States in the 1890s, alongside her sister Marion Harvie Barnard, and began working for a Dr. Brackett in a dental lab in Newport, Rhode Island. She attended the Philadelphia Dental College for three years and worked in Boston before establishing a dental practice in New Hampshire. Following her marriage in 1907 to Hans Duden, a German-born chemist who was working in Indianapolis, she moved her dental practice to Indianapolis in 1909.
# Volkher Häusler

Volkher Häusler (born 14 August 1958) is a German conductor, composer and church musician. He is artistic director of the MendelssohnKammerChor in Berlin.

## Life

Born in Krumbach, Bavaria, Häusler passed his Abitur in 1979 at the Theresien-Gymnasium Munich [de]. He then began studying music at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, where he was taught, among others, by Hedwig Bilgram and in choral conducting by Fritz Schieri. At a summer course, he was taught by the musicologist Wilhelm Ehmann. In 1980, he took part in a master class on Baroque performance practice, led by the tenor Ernst Haefliger and the conductor Diethard Hellmann. In 1981, he began additional studies in concert organ with Bilgram. In 1983, he completed his studies in Munich with the A exam.
In 1983, Häusler moved to Berlin where he worked as an organist and continued his studies at the Berlin University of the Arts in 1983. In 1989, he also took over the direction of a seminaron Voice training at the Hochschule für evangelische Kirchenmusik Bayreuth [de]. During his last two years of study in Berlin, Häusler worked as a répétiteur at the Theater Erfurt.
In 1986, Häusler founded the Kreuzberger Kantorei, a professional vocal ensemble, with whom he gave concert tours and made radio productions. He conducted several world premieres with them of works by Volker Wangenheim, with whom he completed further conducting studies from 2004 to 2006. The ensemble was renamed in 2005 to MendelssohnKammerChor Berlin, indicating a focus on the works by Felix Mendelssohn, his sister Fanny Hensel and Arnold Mendelssohn, and others of the period.
In 1992, he took part in a master class at the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart with Helmuth Rilling. From 1994 to 1999, Häusler studied orchestral conducting at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar, where he was particularly influenced by Colin Metters and Gunter Kahlert [de] and graduated with a Kapellmeister diploma. He studied choral conducting with Gert Frischmuth and harpsichord with Bernhard Klapprott, and also took master classes with George Alexander Albrecht and Eric Ericson.
Since 2001, Häusler has also worked as a repetiteur with conducting duties as assistant to the Generalmusikdirektor at the Volkstheater Rostock. He was engaged as a permanent guest conductor since 1998 at the Schönebecker Operettensommer [de]. In 2004, he was a guest lecturer at the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln.
Häusler has worked, among others, with orchestras such as the Jenaer Philharmonie, the Mitteldeutsche Kammerphilharmonie and the Norddeutsche Philharmonie, as well as artists like Andreas Baesler, Helge Leiberg [de], Josef Protschka and Arila Siegert [de].
Häusler is also active as a pianist, Liedbegleiter [de] and composer and teaches conducting, accompaniment, singing and choral voice training.

## Recordings

* Kreuzberger Kantorei / Volkher Häusler: Schütz, Bach, Distler (1993)
* Kreuzberger Kantorei / Volkher Häusler: Pepping-Collection – Volume 10: Missa Dona nobis pacem, Ein jegliches hat seine Zeit, Chorale movements
* MendelssohnKammerChor Berlin / Volkher Häusler: Lukas-Passion by Schütz (2004)
# Cepari

Cepari is a commune in Argeș County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Cărpeniș, Ceparii Pământeni (the commune centre), Ceparii Ungureni, Morăști, Șendrulești, Urluiești, Valea Măgurei, and Zamfirești.
# Vladimir Zrnić

Vladimir Zrnić (born 16 September 1953) is a Yugoslav weightlifter. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Central Photographic Establishment

The Central Photographic Establishment (CPE) is a former Royal Air Force unit that dealt with Photographic reconnaissance after the Second World War. It started life as No. 106 (Photographic Reconnaissance) Wing RAF on 3 July 1943. The wing was upgraded to a group on 14 April 1944 as No. 106 (Photographic Reconnaissance) Group RAF under RAF Coastal Command then on 15 August 1946 it was upgraded again to the CPE.

## History

The CPE was formed on 15 August 1946 at Fifield House, Benson.
History of No. 106 (Photographic Reconnaissance) Wing RAF
106 Wing was formed on 3 July 1943 at RAF Benson.
History of No. 106 (Photographic Reconnaissance) Group RAF
106 Group was formed on 14 April 1944 at Fifield House, Benson.
# Vladimír Zábrodský

Vladimír Olegovic Zábrodský (7 March 1923 – 20 March 2020) was a Czechoslovak ice hockey and tennis player. Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, he won a silver medal with the Czechoslovakian national team at the 1948 Winter Olympics, and won the world championships (1947 and 1949). Zábrodský was also a tennis player and member of the Czechoslovakian Davis Cup team. He was inducted into the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1997.

## Ice hockey career

He was one of the inaugural members of the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997. He played in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League for LTC Prague from 1940 to 1950, Spartak ČKD Sokolovo from 1950 to 1960, and Bohemians ČKD Praha from 1963 to 1965, collecting 306 goals.

## Tennis career

Zábrodský also represented Czechoslovakia in the Davis Cup during 1948, 1955, and 1956. He made his Davis Cup debut for Czechoslovakia in the 1948 Europe Zone second-round tie against Brazil. He played the doubles rubber with Jaroslav Drobný, beating the Brazilian pair of Manoel Fernandes and Ernesto Petersen in straight sets. He also participated in the 1948 Europe Zone Final, where he played in the dead singles rubber against Torsten Johansson, losing in four sets. Zábrodský's last Davis Cup appearance was in the losing second-round tie against Denmark in the 1956 Europe Zone draw. Zábrodský played in five singles Davis Cup rubbers, two of which he won, and also in five doubles rubbers, with three wins.

## Personal and later life

Zábrodský was born in Prague. His mother was Russian, and his brother Oldřich was also a hockey player.
In 1965 Zábrodský defected to Sweden, where he would spend the rest of his life. Zábrodský and his wife used fake passports and traveled through Hungary and Yugoslavia before reaching Switzerland, where Oldřich, who was playing for Lausanne HC, met them. He took up coaching ice hockey, and worked for Leksands IF, Djurgårdens IF, and Rögle BK. Later on Zábrodský returned to tennis, serving as a coach. He died on 20 March 2020 in Stockholm at the age of 97.
# Vladimír Šimůnek

Vladimír Šimůnek (January 10, 1928 – 5 October 2008) was a Czechoslovakian cross-country skier who competed in the 1950s. He finished 47th in the 18 km event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo.
# Vladimír Čáp

Vladimír Čáp (born 20 March 1976) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a defender.

## Honours

Śląsk Wrocław
* Ekstraklasa Cup: 2008–09
# Cephalium

Cephalium is a frequently brightly coloured structure of wool and bristle at the growing tip of certain cacti. It is most commonly found on cacti of the genus Melocactus and can take a number of colours, forms and shapes. The cephalium will only begin growing after a cactus has reached a certain size or age. Once flowering begins the flower buds will form from the cephalium.
* Flowers emerge from cephalium of Arrojadoa penicillata.
* Cephalium of Melocactus matanzanus
* Lateral cephalium of Espostoa lanata
# Ceratophyton

Ceratophyton is a genus of Cambrian acritarch, around 100–200 μm in length, produced by a eukaryotic (metazoan?) organism.

## Affinity

Ceratophyton has been interpreted as an originally chitinous component of a metazoan. An arthropod relationship has been proposed, although on a more conservative view it is difficult to provide confident classification beyond saying that they are fragments of a eukaryote. Particular species, however, show promising similarity to the sclerites of modern priapulid worms.

## Species
### C. vernicosum

This species, the type, comprises a single unornamented cone. This species occurs in platform settings in western Russia in the Lontova and Lyukati horizons, first occurring in the local base of the 'Cambrian'. In Poland it occurs from the base of the Cambrian (Platysolenites zone) to the Schmidtiellus zone.
It has been reported from the middle Cambrian of Belgium, although these specimens are short on diagnostic features.
It also occurs below the T. pedum zone, indicating the presence of the producer in the Ediacaran period.

### C. circufuntum

This species is represented by single cones that have rings around their bases.

### C. duplicum

This taxon has a double wall, resembling a pair of stacked cones; it may represent a taphomorph of C. vernicosum.

### C. dumufuntum

This single cone has short conical spines, which occur on its basal region. This species is known from the mid-to-late Atdabanian siltstones of the Ouldburra formation of Australia.

### C. spinuconum

This species again comprises a single cone; it has spines and processes along both margins.

## Differences from other taxa

Ceratophyton differs from the taxon Veryhachium in having a basal opening.
# Ceratophyus gopherinus

Ceratophyus gopherinus, the gopher beetle, is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is found in North America.
# Alison Chitty

Alison Chitty OBE RDI (born 16 October 1948) is an Olivier Award winning production designer and set and costume designer, known for her collaborations with Mike Leigh, Francesca Zambello, Peter Gill and Sir Peter Hall. She is also the Director of the Motley Theatre Design Course, a successor to Motley Theatre Design Group. Both organisations included Margaret Harris as one of their founders.
She studied at Saint Martin's School of Art and the Central School of Art and Design, and subsequently was resident at the Victoria Theatre, Stoke-on-Trent. She was resident designer at the Royal National Theatre for eight years, and has also designed for English National Opera, Royal Opera House, Santa Fe Opera and many other theatres internationally.
For Mike Leigh she was production designer on Life is Sweet, Naked and Secrets and Lies.

## Awards

* 2001 Olivier Award Best Costume Design for Remembrance of Things Past, Royal National Theatre
* 2004 Received OBE
* 2007 Olivier Award Best Costume Design for The Voysey Inheritance, Royal National Theatre
* 2008 Young Vic Award
* 2007 Awarded the Sir Misha Black Award.
* 2009 Elected Royal Designer for Industry.
# Allium borszczowii

Allium borszczowii is a plant species native to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is about 30 cm tall with white and purplish flowers.
# Vocation of the Apostles

The Vocation of the Apostles is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Domenico Ghirlandaio, executed in 1481–1482 and located in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. It depicts the Gospel narrative of Jesus Christ calling Peter and Andrew to become his disciples.

## History

In 1481 a group of Florentine painters left for Rome, where they had been called as part of the reconciliation project between Lorenzo de' Medici, the de facto ruler of Florence, and Pope Sixtus IV. The Florentines started to work in the Sistine Chapel as early as mid-1481, along with Pietro Perugino, who was already there.
The theme of the decoration was a parallel between the Stories of Moses and those of Christ, as a sign of continuity between the Old and the New Testament. A continuity also between the divine law of the Tables and the message of Jesus, who, in turn, chose Peter (the first alleged bishop of Rome) as his successor: this would finally result in a legitimation of the latter's successors, the popes of Rome.
Two frescoes are certainly by Ghirlandaio, the Vocation of the Apostles and the Resurrection, which was repainted in the late 16th century due to extensive damage. A third, The Crossing of the Red Sea, in the "Stories of Moses" wall, has been assigned to one among Ghirlandaio, Biagio d'Antonio or Cosimo Rosselli.

## Description

In the background left, the fishermen Peter and Andrew are called by Jesus. The two can also be seen in the background right, behind Jesus, who calls James and John, who are restoring the nets on their father Zebedee's boat.
In the foreground are Peter and Andrew, dressed in cloaks with their traditional colors (yellow-orange for Peter and green for Andrew). They are kneeling beside Christ, who blesses them. A unique element of the fresco is the inclusion of a multitude portrayed in contemporary clothes. Their faces were those of the Florentine community in Rome, who resided near the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
At the left is a white bearded man, perhaps a literate from Constantinople who was also used as a model for St. Jerome in His Study in the church of Ognissanti in Florence. At the center, just behind Jesus, is the portrait of Diotisalvi Neroni, who had taken refuge in Rome after plotting against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici. Another exile from Constantinople is John Argyropoulos, who appears on the right. Other characters on the right are members of the Tornabuoni family.