OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eschenmoser fragmentation

The Eschenmoser fragmentation, first published in 1967, is the chemical reaction of α,β-epoxyketones (1) with aryl sulfonylhydrazines (2) to give alkynes (3) and carbonyl compounds (4). The reaction is named after the Swiss chemist Albert Eschenmoser, who devised it in collaboration with an industrial research group of Günther Ohloff, and applied it to the production of muscone and related macrocyclic musks. The reaction is also sometimes known as the Eschenmoser–Ohloff fragmentation or the Eschenmoser–Tanabe fragmentation as Masato Tanabe independently published an article on the reaction the same year. The general formula of the fragmentation using p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide is:
Several examples exist in the literature, and the reaction is also carried out on industrial scale.

## Reaction mechanism

The mechanism of the Eschenmoser fragmentation begins with the condensation of an α,β-epoxyketone (1) with an aryl sulfonylhydrazine (2) to afford the intermediate hydrazone (3). This hydrazone can either be protonated at the epoxide oxygen or deprotonated at the sulfonamide nitrogen to initiate the fragmentation, and thus the fragmentation is catalyzed by acids or bases. Most common reaction conditions, however, are treatment with acetic acid in dichloromethane. The proton transfer leads to intermediate (4), which undergoes the key fragmentation to alkyne (6) and the corresponding carbonyl compound (7). The driving force for the reaction is the formation of highly stable molecular nitrogen.
There is a radical variant of this α,β-enone to alkynone fragmentation in which no epoxide is required. 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBDMH) in sec-butanol with the appropriate p-tolylhydrazone has been used to prepare exaltone (cyclopentadecanone) and muscone (the 3-methyl structural analog). The α,β-unsaturated hydrazone is brominated by DBDMH in the allylic position (relative to the sulfonamide nitrogen), leading to a captodatively stabilized radical, and the bromide ion becomes the leaving group in the subsequent nucleophilic attack by an alcoholate ion. This Fehr–Ohloff–Büchi variant of the Eschenmoser–Ohloff fragramentation in which an epoxidation step is avoided is suited to sterically-demanding substrates where low yields typically result from classical Eschenmoser fragmentation.
A closely related fragmentation has been reported, employing diazirine derivatives of cyclic α,β-epoxyketones.
# Experimental software engineering

Experimental software engineering involves running experiments on the processes and procedures involved in the creation of software systems, with the intent that the data be used as the basis of theories about the processes involved in software engineering (theory backed by data is a fundamental tenet of the scientific method). A number of research groups primarily use empirical and experimental techniques.
The term empirical software engineering emphasizes the use of empirical studies of all kinds to accumulate knowledge. Methods used include experiments, case studies, surveys, and using whatever data is available.

## Empirical software engineering research

In a keynote at the International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement Prof. Wohlin recommended ten commitments that the research community should follow to increase the relevance and impact of empirical software engineering research. However, at the same conference Dr. Ali effectively argued that solely following these will not be enough and we need to do more than just show the evidence substantiating the claimed benefits of our interventions but instead what is required for practical relevance and potential impact is the evidence for cost-effectiveness.
The International Software Engineering Research Network (ISERN) is a global community of research groups who are active in experimental software engineering. Its purpose is to advance the practice of and foster university and industry collaborations within experimental software engineering. ISERN holds annual meetings in conjunction with the International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM) conference.
# Cubavisión

Cubavision is a Cuban television channel owned by the Cuban government. It airs nationally 24 hours a day and has a cable version with a global reach called Cubavision International.

## History

The origins of Cubavision go back to December 10, 1950, with the first transmissions of CMQ-TV, channel 6. This commercial channel started its regular transmissions on March 21, 1951.
In 1959, with the conclusion of the Cuban Revolution, CMQ-TV, like the other means of communication in the country, ended up under the control of the government. Subsequently, on February 27, 1961, with the disappearance of commercial advertising in Cuban media, the Cuban Government assumed the financing of the television channels.
In 1967, the first Telecenters (regional centers of television) were born and the use of video tape was introduced. In 1975, Cubavisión began its color broadcasts, and in the following years began to develop satellite transmissions, including the beginning of Cubavisión Internacional in 1986.
# Georges Chaperot

Georges Chaperot (born 21 April 1902, died 16 July 1970) was a French screenwriter who co-wrote the story of the film A Cage of Nightingales (1945) with René Wheeler, for which they both received an Academy Award nomination in 1947. Their story would later serve as an inspiration for the hugely successful film The Chorus (2004).

## Selected filmography

* Moutonnet (1936)
* The Innocent (1938)
* Paid Holidays (1938)
* The Murdered Model (1948)
# Globočec Ludbreški

Globočec Ludbreški is a village in the Ludberg municipality, Varaždin County, in Croatia. It is connected by the D2 highway.

## Notable people

* Antun Blažić - Croatian Partisan and People's Hero of Yugoslavia
# Global Pound Conference

The Global Pound Conference series (GPC) was a series of conferences about alternative dispute resolution (ADR) held in many cities in several countries in 2016/2017. The title of the conference series was "Shaping the Future of Dispute Resolution & Improving Access to Justice". It was organised as an initiative of the International Mediation Institute (IMI).
The series was inspired by Harvard law professor Roscoe Pound and a 1976 conference named for him, which was an impetus for the growth in the popularity of mediation in the USA.
The GPC series brought Global Pound Conferences to multiple locations around the world in 2016 and 2017, with the aim of raising awareness about the various dispute resolution methods available. It brought together users, providers and advisors to discuss the future direction of ADR. After ending, the GPC platform changed to become the Global Pound Conversation, a blog and research series covering changes and developments in mediation and alternative dispute resolution around the world.
# Positionality statement

A positionality statement, also called reflexivity statement or identity statement, is a statement wherein a person (such as a researcher or teacher) reports and discusses their group identities, such as in a grant proposal or journal submission. They have become commonplace in certain fields of social science, especially within the United States.
Positionality statements focus on an "author's racial, gender, class, or other self-identifications, experiences, and privileges", based on the idea that the author's identity can, intentionally or not, influence the results of their research. Scholars have commonly identified this risk in cases where the researcher is the sole point of connection between the audience and research subjects and, relatedly, when there exists a known power imbalance between the researcher and the research subject. The expectation and/or practice of writing a positionality statement can also inform the researcher of ways to mitigate the influence of their personal identity on the research by clarifying such interactions before the data collection or analysis process concludes.

## Criticism

Positionality statements have also attracted controversy, being alternatively labeled by detractors as "research segregation", "positional piety", and "loyalty oaths". According to critics, an author may claim moral authority through affinity with subjects, or through a confession of difference of relative privilege. This has given rise to the concern that positionality statements can lead to "positional piety", where researchers are considered more or less credible based on race, gender, or other characteristics. On the other hand, supporters of positionality statements point out that such criticisms often stem from "bad" positionality statements, and instead argue for a comprehensive standard of quality.

## In Education

Positionality statements have increased in popularity during the 2000s, required not just of researchers, but also students. A challenge has been the phenomenon of "phony positionality", wherein students learn to voice the beliefs expected in positionality statements without actually believing them. This "performative" positionality has been an obstacle to their adoption in the classroom.
# Rufina (disambiguation)

Rufina is a commune in Tuscany.
Rufina may also refer to:
* Rufina (name), a female first name and surname
* Rufina, Guayanilla, Puerto Rico, a barrio in Puerto Rico
* Rufina Patis, Philippine brand of fish sauce made by fermenting salted fish for several months
* Efferia rufina [ceb], species of insect
# Agonum brevicolle

Agonum brevicolle is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
# HD 198404

HD 198404 (HR 7975) is a star in the equatorial constellation Delphinus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.19, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place the object at a distance of 395 light years and it is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21.6 km/s.
HD 198404 has a simple stellar classification of K0, indicating that it is a K-type star. Its enlarged diameter of 10.54 R$_☉$ and its low surface gravity suggest that it has evolved away from the main sequence to become a giant star. HD 198404 has 3.12 times the mass of the Sun and radiates at 56 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,809 K, giving it a yellowish orange hue. The star is metal enriched, having an iron abundance 48% greater than that of the Sun.
HD 198404 has an optical companion located 78.2″ away along a position angle of 127° (as of 2014).
# Crown block

A crown block is the stationary section of a block and tackle that contains a set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line (wire rope) is threaded or reeved and is opposite and above the traveling block.
The combination of the traveling block, crown block and wire rope drill line gives the ability to lift weights in the hundreds of thousands of pounds. When running heavy casing strings hook loads occasionally exceed one million pounds.
# Germano, Ohio

Germano is an unincorporated community in German Township, Harrison County, Ohio, United States. The community is served by the post office at Jewett, ZIP code 43986. It is located near the source of Jefferson Creek, a tributary of Conotton Creek. Germano is located on State Routes 9 and 646.
Germano was laid out in 1815.

## Education

Students attend the Harrison Hills City School District.
# Globox Arena

Globox Arena (formerly Claudelands Arena) is a multi-purpose indoor sports and entertainment arena located in Hamilton, New Zealand. Globox Arena is part of Claudelands Events Centre which contains a 6000-capacity arena and four-star conference and exhibition centre. Construction began on Claudelands Events Centre in 2007 and was completed in 2011 at a cost of $68.4 million ($NZD).
Globox Arena is a unique C-shaped auditorium, the only one of its kind in New Zealand and Australia, which is fully retractable and capable of holding live music and entertainment, international sporting events, large banquets, conferences and exhibitions.

## Events

The arena is one of the home venues for the Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic netball team in the ANZ Championship. The New Zealand Breakers have played pre-season games at the venue in 2011 and 2012.
Bob Dylan performed 2 nearly sold-out shows on 9 & 10 August 2014 during his Never Ending Tour 2014.
# Brasfield

Brasfield (or Brassfield) is an English-language surname. People with this surname include:

## Brasfield

* Furonda Brasfield, America's Next Top Model contestant
* Guy Brasfield Park (1872–1946), Missouri politician
* James Brasfield, translator of Oleh Lysheha's work
* Rod Brasfield (1910–1958), American comedian
* Brasfield & Gorrie, a large U.S. construction company
* Billy Brasfield, also known as Billy B., makeup artist to celebrities (most notably Lady Gaga)

## Brassfield

* Darin Brassfield (1960 - ), American racing driver
* Hersal Brassfield, jazz musician

## Other uses

* Brassfield Hydroelectricity Site
* Brassfield Formation
# Positioning goniometer

A positioning goniometer or goniometric stage is a device used to rotate an object precisely (within a small angular range) about a fixed axis in space. Its appearance is similar to that of a linear stage. However, rather than moving linearly with respect to its base, the stage platform rotates partially about a fixed axis above the mounting surface of the platform. The distance of the center of rotation from the platform mounting surface is often chosen so that two different goniometer models may be stacked in an X-Y configuration and both stages will rotate about the same point. Positioning goniometers typically use a worm drive with a partial worm wheel fixed to the underside of the stage platform meshing with a worm in the base. The worm may be rotated manually or by a motor as in automated positioning systems.
# Chrysommata

Chrysommata is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
* Chrysommata keithi (Tavakilian & Penaherrera-Leiva, 2003)
* Chrysommata lauracea (Penaherrera-Leiva & Tavakilian, 2003)
# Agonopterix divergella

Agonopterix divergella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Aristide Caradja in 1920. It is found in the Russian Far East.
# HD 197037

HD 197037 is a binary star system. Its primary or visible star, HD 197037 A, is a F-type main-sequence star. Its surface temperature is 6150±34 K. HD 197037 A is depleted in heavy elements compared to the Sun, with a metallicity Fe/H index of −0.16±0.03, but is younger at an age of 3.408±0.924 billion years.
A multiplicity survey detected a red dwarf stellar companion HD 197037 B in 2016, at a projected separation of 121 AU. The existence of other stellar companions at projected separations from 1.62 to 45.26 AU was excluded.

## Planetary system

In 2012 one planet, named HD 197037 Ab, was discovered on a wide, eccentric orbit by the radial velocity method.
Another planet in the system was initially suspected, but the radial velocity signal was later attributed to the stellar companion HD 197037 B.
The HD 197037 A planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b | ≥0.79±0.05 M$_J$ | 2.07±0.05 | 1035.7±13 | 0.22±0.07 | — | — |
# Michelle Galdenzi

Michelle Galdenzi (born January 2, 1987) is an American model and reality television actress.

## Early life

Galdenzi is from Spring, Texas and graduated from Klein High School in 2005. While in high school, she was also involved in various theater productions including Beauty and the Beast, Noises Off, and The Musical Comedy Murders of 1940.
Galdenzi attended St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas for two years prior to attending a two-year conservatory for dramatic arts (SFT) in New York City. She was crowned the winner of Miss Junior Teen Texas (South) in 2001.

## Career

Galdenzi was one of ten actresses on the VH1 series Scream Queens where she was Runner-Up in the competition. The first episode aired on Monday, October 20, 2008.
Galdenzi appears in an advertisement in the magazine MAQ: Men's Athletic Quarterly in May 2008. She modeled for Dana-Maxx Pomerantz Spring/Summer line 2009. Galdenzi was in the Summer 2010 campaign for Koral Swimwear. She has modeled for Roar Clothing in 2009 and was featured in billboards in Las Vegas and Los Angeles. Galdenzi has modeled in Aruba for Wema Home and Hardware and was in an ad for Underground Clothing in the Winter 2010 edition of Island Temptations. She was also the featured cover story in Rush Magazine volume 14.
She was featured as a Young Democrat in TruthThroughAction.org's debut political short film, "Blue Balled," released June 2008. She has also appeared as an extra in Entourage and a small role in the movie Date Night, she is set to appear in the upcoming movie Thorns from a Rose as Sam.
# Young Jack O'Brien

Young Jack O'Brien, born John Thomas Augustine Hagan , was a lightweight and welterweight boxer from Pennsylvania.

## Biography

Young Jack O'Brien was the brother of Philadelphia Jack O'Brien and the cousin of heavyweight boxer Jack Rowan. On September 18, 1912 he beat Young Brown at the St. Nicholas Arena in New York City.
# Poletaevella

Poletaevella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.
# New London Township, Henry County, Iowa

New London Township is a township in Henry County, Iowa, USA.
# President Su

President Su may refer to:
* Su Jia-chyuan (born 1956), 11th President of the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China
* Su Tseng-chang (born 1948), 20th and 30th President of Executive Yuan of the Republic of China
# Born to Race

Born to Race may refer to:
* Born to Race (1988 film), a film directed by James Fargo
* Born to Race (2011 film), a film directed by Alex Ranarivelo
* "Born to Race", a 2017 song by OneRepublic
# Central Fire Station (Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

The Central Fire Station of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, also known as Station No. 1, at 100 S. Minnesota Ave., was built in 1913. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
It was designed by architect Joseph Schwarz to hold horse-drawn fire apparatuses, and to stable the horses.
# Cikot

Cikot (Serbian Cyrillic: Цикот) is a village in Šumadija and Western Serbia (Šumadija), in the municipality of Rekovac (Region of Levač), lying at 43°53′57″N 21°05′23″E﻿ / ﻿43.89917°N 21.08972°E﻿ / 43.89917; 21.08972, at the elevation of 270 m. According to the 2002 census, the village had 277 citizens.
# Agonopterix dimorphella

Agonopterix dimorphella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1941. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from South Carolina, Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas and Arkansas.
The wingspan is 11–18 mm. The forewings are reddish-ocherous, suffused with fuscous. There is a fuscous median shade from the costa almost to the inner margin and there is a similar shade before the termen. There are two small black discal spots before the middle of the cell and a yellow discal spot at the end of the cell. The hindwings are blackish fuscous.
The larvae feed on Amorpha fruticosa.
# Gymnostomix

Gymnostomix is an extinct genus of trilobites in the family Trinucleidae. The genus lived during the early part of the Arenig stage of the Ordovician Period, a faunal stage which lasted from approximately 478 to 471 million years ago.
# Bachiarius

Bachiarius was an early fifth-century Christian writer, known only through his two writings which suggest he was a Galician monk.

## Writings

* "Liber de Fide" - an apologetic letter to the Pope.
* "Ad Januariam liber de reparatione lapsi" - an appeal to an abbot on behalf of an incontinent monk.
# Book of Elchasai

The Book of Elchasai or the Book of Elxai is a lost prophetic book, written during the reign of Trajan (reigned 98–117), that contained laws and apocalyptic prophecies pertaining to Jewish Christian and Gnostic doctrines. It is known only from fragments quoted in the early Christian writings of Hippolytus of Rome, Eusebius, Epiphanius of Salamis, and Origen. The book was used by a number of Transjordanian sects, including Ebionites, Essenes, Nazarenes, and especially by Elcesaites who based their origins on it.

## Content

According to Hippolytus's Refutation of All Heresies, the Book of Elchasai was the source of a number of Elcesaite beliefs and practices. It encourages following the Law (including circumcision), as well as ascetic practices. Sexual desire is presented as wickedness, but a sin that could be cured through baptism. The book uses numbers and measures to foretell the future and further advocates healing rituals, as well as following a schedule based on astrology. The universe is held to be governed by principles created by God, who is called "the great and most high God". God's son (Christ, also called "the mighty king") along with the Holy Spirit (who is a female entity) are depicted as angels of enormous size. Christ is held to have lived on earth repeatedly through reincarnation, sometimes arriving through virgin births. Seven witnesses are called to confirm the teachings of Elchasai. The book is also apocalyptic, expatiating on an impending crisis. It condemns sacrifices and rejects the eating of meat.

## History

The Book of Elchasai was written around the Parthian War of 114-117 AD in Aramaic by a Mesopotamian Jew. The purpose of the book may have been to bring comfort to Jews surviving the massacre during the war. The book describes angelic beings of "stupendous" size and their announcement of universal destruction. These beings revealed the requirements which would allow absolution on the judgment day. Similar enormous angels are also described in 3 Enoch such as Metatron, but Elchasai is particularly describing Christ and the Holy Spirit. The book contains a prediction of a war among wicked angels. Over hundred years later, a Hellenistic version of this manuscript was used by Syrian Judeo-Christians. Epiphanius considered this book heretical.
Alcibiades of Apamea was described by Hippolytus as a "strange demon" having possession of this book. Hippolytus argued against Alcibiades' claims that the book was "a secret writing" and those who listened to the message of the book would receive remission of all their sins.

## Ibn al-Nadim

Elchasai is considered to be a historical figure. The Kitāb al-Fihrist references a manuscript, written by Muslim scholar Ibn al-Nadim in which he identifies Elchasai instituting the Babylonian baptists sect of Mughtasilah (practitioners of ablution) or katharioi. One of the followers of Elchasai was Mani, who joined Elchasai when he was only four years old by his father who was a convert to the Mughtasilah sect. Mani went on to form his own Gnostic sect known as the Manicheans.
# Neurophysiotherapy

Neurophysiotherapy, or neurological physiotherapy, is a branch of physiotherapy which treats motor deficits arising from pathology in the nervous system.