OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Frontal sinus trephination

Frontal sinus trephination is a surgical procedure wherein a small opening is made in the floor of the frontal sinus to facilitate drainage of its contents. Drainage of the frontal sinus is done through the floor of frontal sinus above the inner canthus.

## History

According to the Museum of Us in San Diego, California, a set of 70 trepanned skulls were found in Peru, which were scraped, drilled or cut for medical or spiritual purposes. This procedure was used during prehistoric times.

## Technique

In case of refractory frontal sinus disease, endoscopic access is not possible. A combination of external frontal sinus trephination and intranasal endoscopy is used to approach the frontal sinus. Frontal sinus trephination also enhances the visualization in anatomy. The incision is made in the medial aspect of the eyebrow above, parallel to the hair line. A 4–5mm diameter hole is drilled into the anterior table of the sinus. The best location of the trephine is the floor of sinus or through the brow ridge. If there is possibility of development of osteomyelitis, the trephine is made inferiorly. Precaution is taken not to injure the supraorbital nerve. The pus cultured and irrigated, and the sinus is cleared with a saline or an antibiotic solution. Extra holes are cut in two pieces of French red Robinson rubber catheter or Silastic tubing. The two tubing pieces are inserted through trephine and sutured. An alternative method is the minitrephine system manufactured by Medtronic, in which a metal cannula is wedged firmly into a hole.

## Indications

In a case of acute sinusitis, trephination can be used when a patient is not responding completely to medical management. During endoscopic sinus surgery, it can be used to identify the frontal sinus opening inside the nasal cavity. Endoscopically, it is detected by visualizing flushed fluorescein dye into the nasal cavity. This process is a method to detect the frontal sinus outflow tract. In some cases after endoscopic sinus surgery, frontal sinus trephining is indicated in order to prevent stenosis of frontal sinus infundibulum by passing down a catheter into the frontal recess. Following endoscopic frontal sinus surgery, frontal sinus trephination can be used for instillation of medications like topical antibiotics and steroid irrigation.

## Complications

The most common complication of frontal sinus trephination are cellulitis, brain damage due to penetration of the posterior table of the frontal sinus, and middle shift orbital complications.
Trephination of frontal sinus is a safe procedure, though precautions must be taken.
# John B. Haggerty

John B. Haggerty (1884 – March 5, 1953) was an American labor unionist.
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Haggerty completed an apprenticeship as a printer, then became a bookbinder. He joined the International Brotherhood of Bookbinders, and later served as president of his local union. He was elected as vice-president of the international union in 1915, and began working full-time for the union the following year.
In 1926, Haggerty was elected as president of the union. As leader of the union, he focused on maintaining good industrial relations, and frequently served as a mediator in disputes in other industries. He served on the American Federation of Labor (AFL)'s national legislative council and government employees council. In 1937, he was the AFL delegate to the British Trades Union Congress. He also served as an advisor to the National Recovery Administration, and during World War II on the labor advisor committee of the War Production Board. After the war, he chaired the board of governors of the International Allied Printing Trades Association.
# Benthobatis marcida

Benthobatis marcida, the blind torpedo, is a species of electric ray most commonly found in the west–central area of the Atlantic Ocean. Like all electric rays, it can produce an electric shock that can be harmful to humans and other fish. It can grow up to 50 cm (20 in) long.
# Birago

Birago is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Godwin Antwi Birago (born 1988), Ghanaian-Spanish footballer
* Birago Balzano (1936–2022), Italian cartoonist
* Birago Diop (1906–1989), Senegalese poet and storyteller
# Birac, Gironde

Birac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Diocese of Clogher

The Diocese of Clogher is an ecclesiastical jurisdiction recognized by the Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic Church:
* Diocese of Clogher (Roman Catholic)
* Diocese of Clogher (Church of Ireland)
# Locus of enterocyte effacement

The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is a moderately conserved pathogenicity island consisting of 35,000 base pairs in the bacteria Escherichia coli genome. The LEE encodes the Type III secretion system and associated chaperones and effector proteins responsible for attaching and effacing (AE) lesions in the large intestine. These proteins include intimin, Tir, EspC, EspF, EspH, and Map protein. The LEE has a 39% G+C ratio.
# Dir El Ksiba

Dir El Ksiba is a town and rural commune in Béni Mellal Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra, Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 19,130 people living in 3626 households.
# Dir (union council)

Dir is an administrative unit known as "Union Council" of Upper Dir District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Upper Dir is administratively subdivided into six tehsils, which contain a total of 28 Union Councils. Upper Dir is represented in the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly by one elected MNA and three elected MPAs respectively.
# Bjørnebye

Bjørnebye is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* John Bjørnebye (1941–2017), Norwegian diplomat
* Jo Inge Bjørnebye (1946–2013), Norwegian ski jumper
* Stig Inge Bjørnebye (born 1969), Norwegian footballer
# Bjørnemyr

Bjørnemyr is a Norwegian village located on the west coast of the municipality of Nesodden. The Bjørnemyr Centre contains a grocery store, a hairdresser and spa, and a doctor's office. Recently a small mall was built not far from the Bjørnemyr Centre, which included a grocery store, a small café, a health store, and cutlery. The Sunnaas Hospital lies near Bjørnemyr. Bjørnemyr has an elementary school and a kindergarten situated right next to each other. Bjørnemyr Elementary School has a section for both physically and mentally challenged children.
# Bjørndalen

Bjørndalen or Bjorndalen, sometimes Bjoerndalen is a surname. People with this name include:
* Dag Bjørndalen, Norwegian biathlete
* Ida Bjørndalen, Norwegian handball player
* Nathalie Santer-Bjørndalen, Italian biathlete
* Ole Einar Bjørndalen, Norwegian biathlete
# Discrepancy function

In structural equation modeling, a discrepancy function is a mathematical function which describes how closely a structural model conforms to observed data; it is a measure of goodness of fit. Larger values of the discrepancy function indicate a poor fit of the model to data. In general, the parameter estimates for a given model are chosen so as to make the discrepancy function for that model as small as possible. Analogous concepts in statistics are known as goodness of fit or statistical distance, and include deviance and divergence.

## Examples

There are several basic types of discrepancy functions, including maximum likelihood (ML), generalized least squares (GLS), and ordinary least squares (OLS), which are considered the "classical" discrepancy functions. Discrepancy functions all meet the following basic criteria:
* They are non-negative, i.e., always greater than or equal to zero.
* They are zero only if the fit is perfect, i.e., if the model and parameter estimates perfectly reproduce the observed data.
* The discrepancy function is a continuous function of the elements of S, the sample covariance matrix, and Σ(θ), the "reproduced" estimate of S obtained by using the parameter estimates and the structural model.
In order for "maximum likelihood" to meet the first criterion, it is used in a revised form as the deviance.
# Black Shoals

Black Shoals is an artificial ecosystem linked to the real time dynamics of the stock market. It was first shown at the Tate Gallery in 2001, and nominated for an Alternative Turner Prize in 2002. A more sophisticated Black Shoals was exhibited at the Nikolaj gallery in Copenhagen in the spring of 2004.
Stars representing companies and creatures representing speculators are projected into a domed ceiling in a dark room, creating an artificial night sky which visualises the dynamics of the world stock markets.
Within this world, a creature's survival depends upon the strategies it uses to explore its world. The more a company is traded, the richer the food source for the creatures. Consequently, changes in trading patterns can be seen in the planetarium as explosions of life surrounding specific clusters of stars.
For this project, Cefn Hoile designed a population of articulated creatures which reproduce and evolve both their morphology and behaviour in real time in a planetarium style display. The project was conceived by Lise Autogena and Joshua Portway of Stain. Tom Riley was the lead software developer during the second showing of Black Shoals in 2004.
The name of the project is a pun on Black–Scholes, a widely used equation in financial derivatives pricing which earned two of its three inventors a Nobel Prize in Economics and provided the key assumptions underlying the 2007–2008 financial crisis.
# Bjarne Gran

Bjarne Gran (23 February 1918 – 14 December 1992) was a Norwegian journalist, historian and literary consultant. He was born in Kristiania. He worked for the newspaper Verdens Gang from 1945, and was assigned to the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1954. Among his books are Streiftog i vår tid from 1960, and FN 25 år from 1970. He was the principal consultant for the eight-volume book series Norge i krig from 1984 to 1987, edited by Magne Skodvin.
# Bjarne Gulbrandsen

Bjarne Gulbrandsen (16 April 1889 – 29 August 1966) was a Norwegian footballer. He played in one match for the Norway national football team in 1913.
# Diseworth Heritage Centre

Diseworth Heritage Centre is a community-based, not-for-profit heritage centre, in the Leicestershire village of Diseworth. The centre is housed in a redundant Baptist chapel building, which was restored by the Diseworth Heritage Trust with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund and other supporters. The chapel is a Grade II listed building. In 2022 the centre recorded a total of 20 visitors, making it the least-visited tourist attraction in England.

## History

The Diseworth Local History Society suggests a date for the establishment of the chapel of 1752, but Historic England's listing record indicates a date of 1773 is more probable. The chapel continued as a place of worship in the Baptist tradition until 2000, but was subject to regular flooding which finally led to its closure. It was then purchased by local enthusiasts and re-opened as a heritage centre in 2009.
In 2022 the centre recorded a total of 20 visitors, making it the least-visited tourist attraction in England.

## Architecture and description

The chapel was constructed of brick, with a slate roof. It was expanded in 1824 to provide a two-storey school room. The interior is simple, with furnishings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The chapel is a Grade II listed building.
# Dipcadi

Dipcadi is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is widely distributed, occurring in southern Europe, most of Africa and the Middle East through to the Indian subcontinent.

## Description

Species of Dipcadi grow from small bulbs. The solitary flower stem (scape) bears a loose raceme of green or brown flowers, sometimes with different colours at the tips of the three inner tepals. The raceme is usually one-sided (secund). The tepals are joined at the base for up to two thirds of their length to form a tube. The apices of the tepals then curve outwards, particularly the outer three. The outer three tepals may have a rounded "spur" at their tips. The stamens, which are enclosed within the flower, are joined to the tube formed by the tepals and have flat filaments. The black seeds are in the shape of a disc or a flattened globe.
Dipcadi serotinum, from south-west Europe and north Africa, although sombre in colour, is sometimes cultivated by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants.

## Systematics

The genus was named by Friedrich Kasimir Medikus in 1790, based on the species Linnaeus had called Hyacinthus serotinus. Medikus distinguished Dipcadi from Hyacinthus because of the former's many flattened seeds and tubular flowers. Along with three other genera, Albuca, Ornithogalum sensu lato and Pseudogaltonia, Dipcadi is placed in the tribe Ornithogaleae (or subfamily Ornithogaloideae by those who recognize the Scilloideae as the separate family Hyacinthaceae).

### Species

As of March 2013, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 41 species and one hybrid:
* Dipcadi bakerianum Bolus
* Dipcadi balfourii Baker
* Dipcadi biflorum Ghaz.
* Dipcadi brevifolium (Thunb.) Fourc.
* Dipcadi ciliare (Eckl. & Zeyh. ex Harv.) Baker
* Dipcadi × clarkeanum Schinz (D. bakerianum × D. glaucum)
* Dipcadi concanense (Dalzell) Baker
* Dipcadi cowanii (Ridl.) H.Perrier
* Dipcadi crispum Baker
* Dipcadi dekindtianum Engl.
* Dipcadi erythraeum Webb & Berthel.
* Dipcadi fesoghlense (Solms) Baker
* Dipcadi garuense Engl. & K.Krause
* Dipcadi glaucum (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) Baker
* Dipcadi goaense Prabhug.
* Dipcadi gracillimum Baker
* Dipcadi guichardii A.R.Sm.
* Dipcadi heterocuspe Baker
* Dipcadi kuriensis A.G.Mill.
* Dipcadi ledermannii Engl. & K.Krause
* Dipcadi longifolium (Lindl.) Baker
* Dipcadi maharashtrense Deb & S.Dasgupta
* Dipcadi marlothii Engl.
* Dipcadi mechowii Engl.
* Dipcadi minor Hook.f.
* Dipcadi montanum (Dalzell) Baker
* Dipcadi ndelleense A.Chev.
* Dipcadi oxylobum Welw. ex Baker
* Dipcadi panousei Sauvage & Veilex
* Dipcadi papillatum Oberm.
* Dipcadi platyphyllum Baker
* Dipcadi reidii Deb & S.Dasgupta
* Dipcadi rigidifolium Baker
* Dipcadi saxorum Blatt.
* Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik.
* Dipcadi susianum (Nábelek) Wendelbo
* Dipcadi thollonianum Hua
* Dipcadi turkestanicum Vved.
* Dipcadi ursulae Blatt.
* Dipcadi vaginatum Baker
* Dipcadi viride (L.) Moench
* Dipcadi welwitschii (Baker) Baker
# Disgorger

A disgorger is used in coarse fishing to remove a fish hook from deep inside the mouth of a fish that is not possible to reach using fingers alone. It is also known as the Unhooker or Hook remover. It is typically made of plastic or metal and is used on smaller fish. Larger fish that are hooked deep inside the mouth can be unhooked using a pair of forceps or a pair of long-nose pliers.

## Usage

A disgorger is used by slipping the end over a tight line and sliding down to the bend of the hook. A push is then needed to remove the hook. Under the pressure of the line, the hook will tighten against the end of the disgorger and can be removed from the mouth.
# London Saturday Journal

The London Saturday Journal was a general interest magazine publishing short fiction and non-fiction pieces. Established in 1839, it was published in London in the Victorian era. The magazine was published by William Smith. During its existence the magazine had four volumes the last of which was issued in 1842.
# Londonderry Township

Londonderry Township may be any of the following places:

## In Canada

* Township of Londonderry, Nova Scotia

## United States

* Londonderry Township, Ohio
* Londonderry Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania
* Londonderry Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania
* Londonderry Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
# Londonderry Town House

The Londonderry Town House, or the Londonderry Town Hall is the town hall of Londonderry, Vermont. It is located on Middletown Road in the village of South Londonderry. Built in 1860, its architecture encapsulates the changing functions of this type of public venue through more than 100 years of history. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## Description and history

The town of Londonderry is located in northwestern Windham County, on the eastern flanks of the Green Mountains. The civic center of the town is in the village of South Londonderry, where Vermont Route 100 crosses the West River. Although the town offices are now located off Main Street, south of the river crossing, its old town hall (still used for town meetings and civic events) stands on Middletown Street, north of its junction with Route 100. It is a two-story wood frame structure, whose appearance has been altered by a number of additions. The core of the building is rectangular, with a front-facing gable roof and a two-stage bell tower flush with that section's front. In front of this is a rectangular hip-roof vestibule, with a five-bay two-story facade, and a projecting gable-roofed porch sheltering the main entrance. An ell extends the building to the rear, with more additions projecting from it.
The core building was erected in 1860, and was a fairly typical New England town hall of the period, with a large chamber with a second-floor gallery, that served as a meeting point for the town's civic and social functions. By the late 19th century, the hall was also used as a performing venue for traveling and local theatrical productions, and was extended to the rear. In the early 20th century the front vestibule was added, providing space for a ticket office and other amenities. The interior of the hall primarily dates to this period, and notably includes the canvas stage curtain, which depicts a scene of the Rhine River. The hall was used for a time to house town offices, and continues to be used for annual town meetings.
# Black Glitter

Black Glitter is the second studio album by Suffrajett. It was released on January 1, 2007 on Cobra Music Records.

## Track listing

* "Down And Out"
* "Like You Better"
* "Closer"
* "Hurt Your Head"
* "Jesus, Driving High"
* "Mr. Man"
* "Shake Your Heart"
* "So Tired"
* "Tricky Love"
* "Anybody Listening"
* "Getcha' Good"
* This 2007 rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# London Island

London Island is located west of Tierra del Fuego and it forms with the Península Brecknock the Paso Brecknock, the only passage between the Canal Ballenero and Canal Cockburn on the way from Beagle Channel to the Straits of Magellan and back.
# Discocapnos

Discocapnos is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Papaveraceae. The only species in the genus is Discocapnos mundii Cham. & Schltdl. It is endemic to the Cape Provinces in South Africa.
# Lohara taluka

Lohara Tehsil is a tehsil/taluka (subdistrict) in Osmanabad district, Maharashtra on the Deccan Plateau of India. Lohara Bk. is the administrative headquarters of the tehsil. There are forty-seven villages in Lohara Taluka.

## Demographics

In the 2001 Indian census, Lohara Tahsil recorded 110,163 inhabitants of which 56,629 (51.4%) were male and 53,534 (48.6%) were female, for a gender ratio of 945 females per thousand males.
In the 2011 census, Lohara Tahsil had 116,913 inhabitants and a gender ratio of 930 females per thousand males. The tahsil was 100% rural. The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.83% overall in Lohara Tahsil, with a rate of 83.84% for males and 65.22% for females. In 2011 in Lohara Tahsil, 11.26% of the population was 0 to 6 years of age.

## List of villages

* Achaler
* Arni
* Ashta kasar
* Belwadi
* Bendkal
* Bhatangali
* Bhosga
* Chincholi kate
* Chincholi rebe
* Dastapur
* Dhanori
* Ekondi lohara
* Harali
* Hipparga sayyad
* Hippargarava
* Holi
* Jewali
* Kamalpur
* Kanegaon
* Karanjgaon
* Karwanji
* Kasti Bk.
* Kasti Kh.
* Khed
* Kolnur pandari
* Kondjigad
* Lohara Bk.
* Lohara Kh.
* Makani
* Malegaon
* Mardi
* Mogha bk.
* Mogha kh.
* Murshadpur
* Nagral
* Nagur
* Phanepur
* Rajegaon
* Salegaon
* Sastur
* Tawshigad
* Toramba
* Udatpur
* Undargaon
* Vilaspur pandhari
* Wadgaon
* Wadgaonwadi
# Divers diseases

Divers diseases or Divers disease can mean:
* In the King James translation of the Bible, and similar older literature, "various diseases"; compare "diverse"
* See Diving hazards and precautions
* Decompression sickness, or “divers’ disease”
# Division of Mernda

The Division of Mernda was an Australian electoral division in the state of Victoria. It was named after the town of Mernda, now a suburb in the City of Whittlesea in the northern suburbs of Melbourne. It originally included the towns of Lilydale and Mitcham, now suburbs, and the towns of Seymour and Yea. It was redistributed on 13 July 1906 to include the towns of Gisborne and Kyneton. The division was proclaimed in 1900, and was one of the original 65 divisions to be contested at the first federal election. It was abolished at the redistribution of 1 February 1913.

## Members

| Image | Member | Party | Term | Notes |
| | Robert Harper (1842–1919) | Protectionist | 29 March 1901 – 26 May 1909 | Previously held the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of East Bourke. Retired after Mernda was abolished in 1913 |
| | Robert Harper (1842–1919) | Liberal | 26 May 1909 – 23 April 1913 | Previously held the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of East Bourke. Retired after Mernda was abolished in 1913 |
# Do (Trebinje)

Do (Serbian Cyrillic: До) is a village in the municipality of Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Black Sox (disambiguation)

The Black Sox Scandal was a 1919 Major League Baseball gambling scandal.
Black Sox or Black Socks may also refer to:
* Curse of the Black Sox, a long-persisting sports curse associated with the Black Sox scandal
* Black Socks, the New Zealand men's softball team
* Baltimore Black Sox, a former African American league baseball team
* Les Chaussettes Noires (The Black Socks), a French rock and roll band
* Blacksocks, a European sock retailer
# Divales

Divales is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Melyridae.

## List of species

* Divales bipustulatus (Fabricius, 1781)
* Divales cinctus (Gené, 1839)
* Divales communimacula (Costa, 1847)
* Divales haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1798)
* Divales mauritanicus (Lucas, 1849)
* Divales quadrimaculatus (Olivier, 1790)
* Divales uhligi Majer, 1984
* Divales weisei Schilsky, 1894