OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Niobium(IV) chloride

Niobium(IV) chloride, also known as niobium tetrachloride, is the chemical compound of formula NbCl$_4$. This compound exists as dark violet crystals, is highly sensitive to air and moisture, and disproportiates into niobium(III) chloride and niobium(V) chloride when heated.

## Structure and properties

In the solid state, niobium(IV) chloride exists as chains of edge-sharing octahedra with alternating Nb-Nb distances of lengths 302.9 and 379.4 pm. The shorter distances correspond to Nb-Nb bonds, which result in the compound's diamagnetism. Its structure is very similar to that of tungsten(IV) chloride.
Other coordination complexes with the formula NbCl$_4$L$_2$, such as tetrachlorobis(tetrahydrofuran) niobium, only form monomers resulting in one unpaired electron in the d$_{xy}$ orbital, making the compounds paramagnetic.
Niobium chloride rapidly oxidizes and hydrolyzes in air to form niobium(V) oxide.

## Preparation

Niobium(IV) chloride is typically produced by allowing elemental niobium and niobium(V) chloride crystals to react over several days in a temperature gradient, with the metal around 400 °C and the salt around 250 °C.
    4 NbCl$_5$ + Nb → 5 NbCl$_4$
Niobium (IV) chloride can also prepared by a similar reduction of niobium pentachloride with powdered aluminium.
    3 NbCl$_5$ + Al → 3 NbCl$_4$ + AlCl$_3$
A similar technique is also used in the synthesis of niobium(IV) bromide and tantalum(IV) chloride. Niobium(IV) iodide exists as well and may be synthesized by thermal decomposition of niobium(V) iodide.
At 400 °C NbCl$_4$ disproportiates:
    2 NbCl$_4$ → NbCl$_3$ + NbCl$_5$

## Reactions

The disproportiation of niobium(IV) chloride can be used to make tetrachlorobis(tetrahydrofuran) niobium, a useful synthon in Nb$^{IV}$ chemistry due to the lability of the attached tetrahydrofuran ligands. This compound can be synthesized by first reacting NbCl$_5$ with aluminium in acetonitrile followed by addition of tetrahydrofuran to the resultant solid by the following reaction.
    3 NbCl$_5$ + Al + 3 CH$_3$CN → 3 NbCl$_4$(NCCH$_3$)$_3$ + AlCl$_3$
    3 NbCl$_4$(NCCH$_3$)$_3$ + AlCl$_3$ + 3 C$_4$H$_8$O → 3 NbCl$_4$(thf)$_2$ + 9 MeCN + AlCl$_3$(thf)
# Øvrebygd

Øvrebygd is a small village in Bjerkreim municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of the municipal centre of Vikeså along the road leading to the neighboring municipality of Gjesdal. Ivesdal Chapel is located in this village. The village lies on the north shore of the lake Hofreistæ and the lake Byrkjelandsvatnet lies less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the north.
# Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Q)

The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated: KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. Founded in 1808, members are appointed for life by co-optation.

## List of members (Q)

| Name | Type | Division | Date of election | Notes |
| Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack | Member | Literature | 19 April 1877 | Died 6 January 1917. Legal scholar. |
| Arend Quak | Member | Humanities | 2005 | Specialises in Baltic and Slavonic language and literature studies. |
| Étienne Marc Quatremère | Corresponding Member | Third Class | 5 July 1809 | Resigned 26 October 1851. Died 1857. Orientalist. |
| Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy | Associated Member | — | 31 May 1826 | Died 28 December 1849. Art historian, archaeologist and writer. |
| Theo Quené | Member | | 1 June 1971 | Died 4 June 2011. Technical scientist. |
| Andries Querido | Member | Physics | 28 May 1963 | Died 30 January 2001. Medical scientist. |
| Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet | Correspondent | First Class | 12 November 1825 | Became a full Member on 3 November 1827; was then Supernumerary Associate from 29 December 1841 to 26 October 1851. Became a Foreign Member of the Academy (Physics division) on 26 October 1851. Died 17 February 1874. Mathematician and astronomer. |
# Far Ings National Nature Reserve

Far Ings national nature reserve is an area of over 90 ha (220 acres) on the southern shore of the Humber Estuary in North Lincolnshire, England. It is immediately west of the town of Barton-upon-Humber and the village of Barton Waterside. In addition to being designated as a national nature reserve, it is within the Humber Estuary Ramsar site, Site of Special Scientific Interest, Special Area of Conservation, and Special Protection Area.

## History

The clay pits on the Humber foreshore were the focus of a tile and cement industry from 1850 to 1959. The industrial sites were abandoned in the early 20th century once supplies of clay began to run out. The clay workings filled with water and became colonised by species of reeds. The reserve was acquired by Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust in 1983, who opened it in the same year.
The site was designed as a national nature reserve in April 2005.
A tidal surge on 5 December 2013 caused by Cyclone Xaver breached the flood defences on the Humber bank, flooding the reserve. The visitor centre re-opened in August 2014.
The visitor centre, toilets, and car park were closed during the COVID-19 Pandemic in England.
In 2020, a proposal was launched to develop a series of holiday lodges on the site of the former Humber Bridge Hotel, located within the reserve. The Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust formally campaigned against the development, citing that it would cause unavoidable disturbance to species protected by law such as marsh harrier, bearded tit, Cetti's warbler, kingfisher, and barn owl. The planning application received more than 830 responses, almost all of which were negative, and was thus of one of the most-objected applications in North Lincolnshire's history.
* The visitor centre in 2008
* Far Ings road

## Species

There are more than 250 species of moths, 230 species of wildflower, and at least 19 species of butterflies identified from Far Ings. The first Eurasian bitterns to breed in Lincolnshire in over 30 years were seen at Far Ings in 2000. A Blyth's reed warbler was spotted at the reserve in June 2020. A murmuration of several thousand starlings was filmed at the site by the BBC in January 2023.
* Eurasian Bittern at Far Ings, 2013
* Tufted ducks
* Bombus lapidarius
* Drinker moth larva
* Dragonfly
# Torodora dinosigna

Torodora dinosigna is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by László Anthony Gozmány in 1973. It is found in Nepal.
# D'Eon

D'Eon is a surname.
People with the surname include:
* d'Eon (musician), Canadian electronic musician
* Chevalier d'Éon (1728–1810), French diplomat and spy
* Dwight d'Eon (born 1978), Canadian musician
# Mutiny in the Big House

Mutiny in the Big House is a 1939 American film directed by William Nigh.

## Plot

Father Joe Collins is a kindly but realistic prison chaplain who tries to bring some humanity behind the grim walls of a major penitentiary. One of his success stories is "Dad" Schultz, a kindly convict who was released after 20 years but found the outside world so overwhelming that he had a nervous breakdown. Father Collins convinces the prison officials to take him back as a civilian employee/gardener, so he will "feel at home".
Father Collins also takes an interest in Johnny Davis, an educated inmate who received an overly stiff sentence for forging a $10.00 check. Hardened lifer Red Manson does his best to lessen the influence of Father Collins among the inmates, while planning a mass breakout.
When the break begins, Davis wildly fires a rifle to keep Father Collins from being taken hostage. The distraction enables the guards to regain control of the prison.
His actions gain Davis an early release, meanwhile Manson, who killed two guards during the riot, is headed for death row.

## Cast

* Charles Bickford as Father Joe Collins
* Barton MacLane as Red Manson
* Pat Moriarity as Pat, the Warden
* Dennis Moore as Johnny Davis
* William Royle as Captain of Guards Ed Samson
* Charley Foy as Convict Bitsy
* George Cleveland as Convict "Dad" Schultz
* Nigel De Brulier as Convict Mike Faleri
* Eddie Foster as Convict Del
* Richard Austin as Singing Jim
* Russell Hopton as Convict Frankie
# DXAS-FM

DXAS (104.7 FM) Radyo Pilipinas is a radio station owned and operated by Presidential Broadcast Service. The station's studio is located in Brgy. Bongao Poblacion, Bongao.
# Sahak II Bagratuni

Sahak II Bagratuni (Armenian: Սահակ Բ Բագրատունի), was an Armenian nobleman from the Bagratuni dynasty. He served as the marzban of Persian Armenia briefly in 482.

## Biography

Sahak II was the son of Tirots I Bagratuni, an Armenian aspet. When Tirots died in 451, Sahak II was given the aspet title. In 475, the Mamikonian princess Shushanik, was murdered by her husband Prince Varsken, who was a convert to Zoroastrianism, and was related to the Mihran family. The reason for this murder was because she had refused to convert to Zoroastrianism and wanted to stay Christian. Varsken, because of his actions was in 482 executed by Vakhtang I, king of Iberia. The Sasanian shah Peroz I shortly sent an army to punish Vakhtang for intervening. However, Vakhtang was joined by the Armenians, and a revolt broke out in Armenia, led by Vahan I Mamikonian and Sahak II.
Vahan and Sahak managed to defeat the marzban Adhur Gushnasp, and Sahak was shortly declared by Vahan and the other Armenians as the marzban of Armenia. However, in 482, Peroz sent an army under Shapur Mihran, which defeated the Armenian rebels, killing Sahak. Vahan then fled to the mountains, while Shapur regained control of Armenia. Sahak had a son named Spandiat, who was given the title of aspet after his death.

## Sources

* Basmadjian, Krikor Jacob (1914). "Chronologie de l'histoire d'Arménie". Revue de l'Orient chrétien (in French). IX (XIX): 293–294.
* Grousset, René (1947). Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 (in French). Paris: Payot.
* Toumanoff, Cyrille (1990). "Vice-rois iraniens (Marzpans) d'Arménie". Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l'Antiquité jusqu'au xixe siècle : Tables généalogiques et chronologiques (in French). Rome. pp. 506–507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Settipani, Christian (2006). Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du vie au ixe siècle (in French). Paris: de Boccard. ISBN 978-2-7018-0226-8.
* Dédéyan, Gérard (2007). Histoire du peuple arménien (in French). Toulouse: Éd. Privat. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.
| Preceded byAdhur Gushnasp | Marzban of Persian Armenia 482 | Succeeded byShapur Mihran |
# Dark-finger coral crab

Dark-finger coral crab may refer to:
* Atergatis subdentatus (de Haan, 1835), also known as the Red reef crab
* Carpilius maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758), also known as the seven-eleven crab and spotted reef crab
# Mazurkas, Op. 68 (Chopin)

The Mazurkas, Op. 68, by Frédéric Chopin are a set of four mazurkas composed between 1827 and 1849 and posthumously published in 1855. A typical performance of all four mazurkas lasts around nine minutes.
* Mazurka in C major, Op. 68, No. 1 (1830)
* Mazurka in A minor, Op. 68, No. 2 (1827)
* Mazurka in F major, Op. 68, No. 3 (1830)
* Mazurka in F minor, Op. 68, No. 4 (1849, often regarded as Chopin's last composition, along with the Mazurka in G minor, Op. 67, No. 2)
# Niobium(IV) iodide

Niobium(IV) iodide is an iodide of niobium, with the chemical formula of NbI$_4$.

## Preparation

Niobium(IV) iodide can be obtained by the decomposition of niobium(V) iodide under a vacuum at 206-270 °C.

## Properties

Niobium(IV) iodide is a grey solid that reacts with water.
Niobium(IV) iodide is an orthorhombic crystal with space group Cmc2$_1$ (No. 36). Its crystal is formed by NbI$_6$ octahedra connected by edges and also contains Nb-Nb bonds. At 348 to 417 °C, the crystal structure of niobium(IV) iodide changes. Niobium(IV) iodide turns into a metal under extremely high pressure.
# Mentawai Islands rain forests

The Mentawai Islands rain forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in Indonesia. It covers the Mentawai Islands, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra. The islands have been separated from Sumatra since the mid-Pleistocene period, and their geographic isolation allowed the evolution of several endemic species, including 17 endemic mammals.

## Geography

The ecoregion has an area of 6,513 square kilometers, which includes all the Mentawai Islands, the largest of which are Siberut, Sipura, North Pagai, and South Pagai, as well as Enggano Island further to the southeast. The islands lie 80 to 120 km from the west coast of Sumatra.

## Climate

The islands have a tropical rainforest climate. Average annual rainfall is approximately 4,500 mm, with an October to March wet season. Temperatures average about 30°C year-round.

## Flora

The forests have a closed canopy about 36 metres high, with emergent trees rising 45 metres or more. Trees of the dipterocarp family are common canopy and emergent trees. Emergent trees include species of the dipterocarp genera Dipterocarpus and Shorea, and species of Koompassia, Sindora, and Dialium. Canopy trees include species of Mallotus, Knema, Santiria, Bhesa, Eugenia, Baccaurea, Dillenia, Artocarpus, and Horsfieldia.

## Fauna

There are six endemic primates in the ecoregion – Kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii), Mentawai macaque (Macaca pagensis), Siberut macaque (Macaca siberu), Mentawai langur (Presbytis potenziani), Siberut langur (Presbytis siberu), and pig-tailed langur (Simias concolor). Other endemic mammals include the Mentawai treeshrew (Tupaia chrysogaster), Sipora flying squirrel (Hylopetes sipora), Mentawai long-tailed giant rat (Leopoldamys siporanus), Pagai spiny rat (Maxomys pagensis), Mentawai rat (Rattus lugens), Mentawi flying squirrel (Iomys sipora), Siberut flying squirrel (Petinomys lugens), and short-headed leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros breviceps). Other native mammals include the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis).
There are ver 250 native species of birds on the islands. the Mentawai scops owl (Otus mentawi) is the only known endemic species.

## Protected areas

30.94% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. These include Siberut National Park, which covers the western portion of Siberut, including the islands' largest areas of intact forest in northwestern Siberut.
# Milton High School

Milton High School may refer to:

## United States

* Milton High School (Florida)
* Milton High School (Georgia)
* Milton High School (Massachusetts)
* Milton Area High School (Pennsylvania)
* Milton High School (Vermont)
* Milton High School (Wisconsin)
# Bangalore Tamil dialects

Tamil is the second most spoken language, after Kannada in the city of Bangalore in Karnataka, India, having established itself as a notable dialect of Tamil. There are three main dialects of Tamil spoken in Bangalore – the Tigala dialect, Bhovi dialect, and the Brahmin Iyer/Iyengar dialect. The differences between Bangalore Tamil and standard Tamil, though numerous, do not affect understandability between speakers of the opposing dialects. Amongst the three dialects, the Iyer/Iyengar dialect shows a higher degree of difference from standard Tamil due to the retention of numerous Sanskrit words (but its influence has very rapidly affected the other two dialects of Tamil, which have quickly taken on linguistic similarities). Likewise, the majority of people from this demographic had relocated to Karnataka far prior to recent times, having moved due to land grants from the once prospering Mysore kingdom. Religious influence from Hinduism coupled with the usage of an older Tamil also occurred (which had developed independently from standard Tamil, leading to it not undergoing the substantial decrease in Sanskrit usage due to the Dravidar Kazhagam movement). These speakers are considered multilingual and usually have full native-level grasp on both Kannada and Tamil.
While the insertion of Kannada words is not significant, it is relatively common for speakers of Bangalore Tamil to apply them in replacement of lengthier Tamil words for the sake of efficiency. One of the main differentiators between the 3 subsets of Bangalore Tamil, not only lies in the varying usage levels of Sanskrit vocabulary, but also pronunciation. The more sanskritized Tamil dialects will oftentimes mirror Malayalam and Kannada word pronunciations, with pronunciation of the full “u” at the end of words as well as Sanskrit words being pronounced more accurately despite there being a mismatch between the sound limitations of the written Tamil script and the spoken variant of Tamil. Thus, it can be inferred that speakers of this dialect will slightly alter the words (to more accurately reflect their originated pronunciations) read from Tamil instead of sounding them out exactly as written, specifically in regards to Kannada, Malayalam, or Sanskrit origin words that entered this brand of Tamil. In a sense, Bangalore Tamil, especially Iyer/Iyengar Tamil, can have similarities drawn between it and Malayalam, due to its nature as a new age Manipravalam (albeit with increased Kannada influence, clear usage of Tamil words, and slightly lessened Sanskrit influence compared to standard Manipravalam, which could oftentimes reach 50% Sanskrit usage).
# DPIR

DPIR may refer to:
* Detașamentul de Poliție pentru Intervenție Rapidă, the Rapid Intervention Police Squad in Romania
* the Department of Primary Industry and Resources administered by the Minister for Primary Industry and Resources (Northern Territory), Australia
* the Death Penalty India Report on Capital punishment in India
* Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford, academic department in UK
# Gammarus bousfieldi

Gammarus bousfieldi is a species of crustacean in family Gammaridae. It is endemic to the United States.
# Amynthas

Amynthas is a genus of earthworms in the family Megascolecidae. They are known as jumping worms, snake worms, or crazy worms because of their erratic thrashing behaviour when disturbed. The genus is native to East Asia, but they are invasive in many areas of the United States. They are a matter of concern in many states, as they disrupt the native forest ecology by affecting soil structure and chemistry.

## Appearance

Amynthas species can be differentiated from other earthworms by their clitellum, which is pale, annular, is close to the head, and lies flat against the body. They vary in size between 3.8 and 20.3 cm (1.5 and 8.0 in).

## Life cycle

Amynthas species' faster reproduction rate and their ability to reproduce asexually (parthenogenesis) has contributed to their spread into the United States. The worms reach maturity in 60 days, which allows them to have two hatches per year. Eggs are wrapped in small cocoons, which overwinter while the adults die off at the first freeze each year. The young then emerge the next spring.

## Species

* Amynthas agrestis (Goto and Hatai, 1899)
* Amynthas alexandri (Beddard, 1900)
* Amynthas assimilis (Hong & Kim, 2002)
* Amynthas borealis (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* Amynthas comptus (Gates, 1932)
* Amynthas defecta (Gates, 1930)
* Amynthas dorualis
* Amynthas exiguus (Gates, 1930)
* Amynthas fucosus (Gates, 1933)
* Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867)
* Amynthas hilgendorfi (Michaelsen, 1892)
* Amynthas hupbonensis (Stephenson, 1931)
* †Amynthas japonicus (Horst, 1883)
* Amynthas kinmenensis
* Amynthas longicauliculatus (Gates, 1931)
* Amynthas luridus (Shen, Chang, & Chih, 2019)
* Amynthas mekongianus (Cognetti, 1922)
* Amynthas minimus
* Amynthas mirifius
* Amynthas moakensis
* Amynthas morrisi (Beddard, 1892)
* Amynthas mujuensis
* Amynthas obsoletus
* Amynthas papulosus (Rosa, 1896)
* Amynthas phatubensis (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* Amynthas polyglandularis
* Amynthas pulvinus
* Amynthas ruiyenensis (Shen, Chang, & Chih, 2019)
* Amynthas sangumburi
* Amynthas siam (Blakemore, 2011)
* Amynthas srinan (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* Amynthas taiwumontis
* Amynthas tessellatus
* Amynthas tokioensis (Beddard, 1892)
* Amynthas tontong (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
* Amynthas wuhumontis
* Amynthas wujhouensis
# Dave Mazzoni

Dave Mazzoni (born October 31, 1979) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter.

## Early life

Mazzoni was born and grew up in Philadelphia. Dave Mazzoni and Tom Mattera teamed up during childhood in Philadelphia where they began their creative collaboration on film. Their first screenplay, Mectl, was selected as one of the top 250 out of 5,500 submissions in HBO’s Project Greenlight Competition in 2003.
Mazzoni graduated with a B.A. in Film and Media Arts in 2004 from Temple University. Mazzoni also studied Management Information Systems at Drexel University prior to receiving his film degree.

## Features
### The 4th Dimension

Dave Mazzoni directed his first feature film with Tom Mattera, The 4th Dimension, in 2006. Mattera and Mazzoni made the film for just $75,000. The film won the Grand Jury Honorable Mention Award at CineVegas in 2006, the Technical Achievement Award at the Philadelphia Film Festival, and went on to screen at over 20 international film festivals. Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as "stylistically channeling" the works of David Lynch and Darren Aronofsky.

### The Fields

Mazzoni and Mattera directed their second independent feature, The Fields, a thriller starring Academy Award winner Cloris Leachman and Tara Reid, released in 2011. The film takes place in a small Pennsylvania town in 1973, and tells the story of a young boy and his family as they are terrorized by an unseen presence in the surrounding fields. Production spanned six weeks, throughout September and October 2009, and was shot entirely on location in the Pocono Mountains region in Kunkletown, Pennsylvania.

## Filmography

| Film | Year | Credits | Awards |
| The 4th Dimension | 2006 | Director Writer Producer Editor | Grand Jury Honorable Mention at CineVegas Technical Achievement at the Philadelphia International Film Festival |
| The Fields | 2011 | Director Producer Editor | N/A |
# Epuraea rufa

Epuraea rufa is a species of sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. It is found in North America.