OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# NA31 experiment

NA31 is a CERN experiment which was proposed in 1982 as a measurement of |η$_{00}$ /η$_{+-}$|$^2$ by the CERN-Edinburgh-Mainz-Pisa-Siegen collaboration. It took data between 1986 and 1989, using a proton beam from the SPS through the K4 neutral beam-line. Its aim was to experimentally prove direct CP-violation.

## CP violation

While charge symmetry and parity symmetry are both violated for any transformation under the weak interaction, the CP violation is known only to appear in particular phenomena - kaon and B-meson decays - under the weak interaction.
CP-violation was first theoretically developed for the Standard Model by Kobayashi and Maskawa in 1973 when they introduced a third generation of quark (bottom and top) and thus extended the Cabibbo matrix to the 3x3 CKM matrix, parameterizing the couplings between quark-mass eigenstates and the charge weak gauge bosons. CP violation then appears through the presence of complex parameters in this matrix.
Determined from the relative decay rates of short- and long-lived neutral kaons into two neutral and charged pions, respectively, the so-called ε'/ε ratio which expresses the relative strength of direct CP-violation was known to be small but expected to be different from zero in the Standard Model. The measurement of this small deviation from zero was the aim of NA31 in order to prove the existence of direct CP-violation in kaon decays under weak interaction.

## Evolution of the experiment

NA31 found the first evidence for direct CP violation in 1988 with a ratio deviating about three standards from zero. However, shortly after, another experiment – E731 at Fermilab – reported a measurement consistent with zero. A better precision was needed by both NA31 and Fermilab to find consistent results and thus to allow a final conclusion. A new generation of detectors were thus built, both at CERN (for what became the NA48 experiment) and at Fermilab (KTeV). Finally, in 1999, the two new experiments confirmed both direct CP violation in the decay of neutral kaons (CERN Courier September 1999 p32), a discovery which was later recognized by honours, as one of the most important discoveries made at CERN. In particular the 2005 European Physics Society High Energy and Particle Physics Prize was awarded jointly to the NA31 Collaboration and its spokesman Heinrich Wahl.

## The detector

The detector was compounded by wire chambers combined with calorimetry in order to determine K$^0$ parameters (e.g. energy, decay vertex). A great precision on these parameters is required to define well the phase space for all the decay modes which are to be compared. It consists of :
* an evacuated decay region.
* proportional wires chambers to measure the charged pion direction.
* liquid argon calorimeter with a good energy and position resolution to measure the photons from the pion decay.
* a hadron calorimeter to measure the energy of the charged pions.
* a plane of scintillation counters serving as muon identifiers.
# Angra do Heroísmo (district)

The District of Angra do Heroísmo (after 6 October 1898 the Autonomous District of Angra do Heroísmo), was a district of the Ilhas Adjacentes (the former collective name for the Azores and Madeira), consisting of the dependent central islands of the Azores. The district of Angra, not to be confused with the modern municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, existed until 1976 when it was abolished in the favor of the autonomy charter of the 1976 Portuguese Constitution.

## History

It was created in 1835, with its seat in the city of Angra do Heroísmo, and included the islands of Terceira, São Jorge and Graciosa. Like its counterparts in Horta and Ponta Delgada, it was extinguished on 22 August 1975, with the creation of the Junta Regional of the Azores (which superseded the competencies of those institutions).
With constitutional autonomy of the Azores, the districts were definitively extinguished. The constitution of the Portuguese Republic of 1976 installed a politico-administrative statute that invested power in a regional government.

## Geography

The district of Angra do Heroísmo included the northern central islands of the Azores: Graciosa, Terceira and São Jorge. This region includes a land area of 239 km$^2$, and the following municipalities:
* Santa Cruz da Graciosa
* Angra do Heroísmo
* Praia da Vitória
* Calheta
* Velas
# Godfrey Thring

Godfrey Thring (25 March 1823 – 13 September 1903), was an Anglican clergyman and hymn writer.

## Life

Godfrey Thring was born at Alford, Somerset, the son of the rector, Rev. John Gale Dalton Thring and Sarah née Jenkyns. He was brother of Theodore Thring (1816–91), Henry, Lord Thring (1818–1907) (a noted jurist and Parliamentary Counsel to the Treasury), Edward Thring (headmaster of Uppingham School) and John Charles Thring (a master at Uppingham School and deviser of the Uppingham Rules), and two sisters. The family is commemorated in Alford Church by carved choir seats in the chancel and two memorial windows.
He was educated at Shrewsbury School and graduated in 1845 from Balliol College, Oxford with a BA. He was ordained in the Anglican Church.
In May 1855, Godfrey Thring was part of a tour led by James Finn, the British Consul in Jerusalem going East of the River Jordan. Finn never names any of his companions. However, his name appears in unpublished letters by Reverend Henry Stobart.
In 1858 his father united the benefices of Alford and Hornblotton by an Act of Parliament styled the "Thrings Estate Bill" and Godfrey became his father's curate. He built Hornblotton Rectory for Godfrey in 1867.
Godfrey commissioned the architect Thomas Graham Jackson to build new churches at Hornblotton and Lottisham, and became, in Jackson's words, "one of my best and most valued friends". Jackson created for him a remarkable little church, rich in the Arts and Crafts style and strikingly decorated in sgraffito work.
Thring died in 1903 and was buried in Shamley Green, Surrey, England.

## Service

* Curate of Stratfield-Turgis 1846–50
* Curate of Strathfieldsaye 1850–53
* Unknown parishes 1853–58
* Rector of Alford with Hornblotton, Somerset 1867–76
* Prebendary of East Harptree, Wells Cathedral 1867 (Contemporaries include Ken and Edward Hayes Plumptre)
The town of Lovington, Somerset's history gives us a glimpse into the character of Thring:
   But for the generosity of the Thring family a century ago the school would have gone short of books and materials for needlework and other necessities. The Rev Godfrey Thring worked constantly for the good of the children. He presented the school with a harmonium on which he could play his compositions and get the children to sing the hymns that he wrote.

## Published works

Thring's poetry books include Hymns Congregational and Others, 1866; Hymns and Verses, 1866; Hymns and Sacred Lyrics, 1874, A Church of England Hymn-book Adapted to the Daily Services of the Church throughout the Year, 1880; and a revised Church of England Hymn Book in 1882.
He wrote many hymns including "The radiant morn has passed away" (set to music by Herbert Hall Woodward) and "Fierce raged the tempest o'er the deep". Although Matthew Bridges (1800–94) wrote the original verses to "Crown Him with Many Crowns", Thring added more verses. It is possible they met, but there is no record of them having done so. Both men are usually listed as the writers.
# Mingus in Europe Volume I

Mingus in Europe Volume I is a live album by the jazz bassist and composer Charles Mingus, recorded in 1964 in Stadthalle in Wuppertal, Germany and released on the Enja label in 1980.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated: "Although this music could be called avant-garde, there is nothing random about the notes picked or the many emotions expressed".
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |

## Track listing

All compositions by Charles Mingus except as indicated
* "Fables of Faubus" - 37:35
* "Starting" (Eric Dolphy, Charles Mingus) - 5:27
* "Meditations" 22:24 Bonus track on CD reissue

## Personnel

* Charles Mingus - bass
* Eric Dolphy – alto saxophone, bass clarinet, flute
* Clifford Jordan – tenor saxophone (tracks 1 & 3)
* Jaki Byard – piano (tracks 1 & 3)
* Dannie Richmond – drums (tracks 1 & 3)
# Barsham

Barsham may refer to:
* Baalshamin
* Barsham, Norfolk, England
* Barsham, Suffolk, England
# Fred Crump

Frederick Crump (1880 – after 1910) was an English professional footballer who played as a forward in the Football League for Derby County, Glossop and Stockport County and in the Southern League for Northampton Town and Brighton & Hove Albion. Born in Stourbridge, Worcestershire, Crump also played non-league football for Smethwick, Stourbridge, Stalybridge Rovers, Walsall and Darlaston.
In 1898, while a Smethwick player, Crump was a member of the Birmingham County Football Association team for a representative match against the Scottish Junior XI.
# Fosbury (disambiguation)

Fosbury may refer to:
* Fosbury, a village in Wiltshire, England
* Fosbury Camp, the site of an Iron Age hillfort in Wiltshire, England
* Dick Fosbury (1947–2023), American athlete
** Fosbury Flop, a style of high jump named after Dick Fosbury
* Robert Fosbury, British astronomer
# Beneath Still Waters (song)

"Beneath Still Waters" is a song written by Dallas Frazier in 1967 and first recorded the same year by George Jones, who released it on his 1968 album My Country. Country singer Carl Vaughn's version was released as the B-side to his single "Love Thy Neighbor" in October 1968 on Monument Records, before the release of Jones' album in December 1968.
In 1970, it was recorded and released as a single by Diana Trask. "Beneath Still Waters" was her second hit on the country chart, spending two weeks and peaking at number 38 on the chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1970) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 38 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 50 |

## Emmylou Harris version

In March 1980, Emmylou Harris scored her fourth number one hit on the country chart with her version of the song, which was the second single from her album Blue Kentucky Girl.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1980) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 1 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 3 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1980) | Position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 21 |
# Maggie and the Pirate

Maggie and the Pirate is a 1979 children's picture book by American author and illustrator Ezra Jack Keats.

## Plot summary

Maggie's pet cricket Niki, in the cage her father built, is stolen by someone calling himself the Pirate. Maggie and her friends hunt all over the place, and finally she finds the Pirate's hide-out. However, during the rescue, Niki is accidentally drowned. Maggie and her friends bury the cricket, and the Pirate, a new kid in the neighborhood, comes to apologize and to bring back the cage, which has a new cricket inside.

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews found "Keats' scruffy urchins with their black dot eyes are jaunty, though a shade too cute, and his marbleized skies at dusk are a shade too turbulent and charged for the relatively anemic story." but "...it is cheering to see the sun come out in these blurry, rainbow-colored pages." Publishers Weekly thought "The Caldecott Medalist's typically vital art graces this tender tale of a girl who finds a new friend while searching for her kidnapped cricket."

## Musical

A children's musical was commissioned by TADA! Youth Theater in 1989. I featured a score by David Evan and a libretto by Winnie Holzman. It was reprised by TADA in 1996, 2007, 2013, 2016 and 2022.
# Go Away from My World

Go Away from My World is the second American studio album by British singer Marianne Faithfull. Andrew Loog Oldham was the executive producer with David Bailey and Gered Mankowitz credited for the photography.
Though the song "Come My Way" had been the title track of her second British album, the version on that album was from a different session and a considerably different performance than that included here.

## Track listing

* "Go Away from My World" (Jon Mark)
* "Yesterday" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)
* "Come My Way" (Traditional)
* "The Last Thing on My Mind" (Tom Paxton)
* "How Should True Love" (Alfred Deller)
* "Wild Mountain Time" (Francis McPeake)
* "Summer Nights" (Brian Henderson, Liza Strike)
* "Mary Ann" (Traditional)
* "Scarborough Fair" (Traditional)
* "Lullabye" (Jon Mark)
* "North Country Maid" (Traditional)
* "Sally Free and Easy" (Cyril Tawney)
# Barter rings

Barter rings (Tagalog: panika) are ring-shaped gold ingots used as currency in the Philippines until the 16th century. These barter rings are bigger than a doughnut in size and are made of nearly pure gold.

## Description

The early Filipinos traded piloncitos along with barter rings.
Barter rings varies in thickness with a dual purpose: round hollow circlets of gold used as earrings or anklets by kadatuan and high-ranking nobility, aside for money. They are also very similar to the first coins invented in the Kingdom of Lydia in present-day Turkey. Barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to the 16th century. As the discovery of gold deposits were seen by the locals, the precious metal was mined and worked in the Philippines, evidenced by many Spanish accounts like one in 1586 that stated:
   “The people of this island (Luzon) are very skillful in their handling of gold. They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen. The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it, for there is no other money among them.”
# Fred Cromer

Fred Cromer (born c. 1964) is an American businessman and President of Commercial Aircraft at Bombardier Aerospace, a Canadian aircraft manufacturer.

## Early life

He was 51 years old in 2017. He received a Bachelors of Arts degree in Economics from the University of Michigan in 1986 and an MBA degree from DePaul University in Chicago.

## Aviation career

He held positions at several U.S. airlines including Northwest Airlines, then Continental Airlines, followed by ExpressJet, where he was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer starting in July 1997. From July 2008 to 2015, he was at ILFC, one of the world's largest commercial aircraft lessors, where he expanded international operations to support key growth regions serving as President since 2011 and previously as Senior Vice President Finance and Chief Financial Officer. On April 9, 2015, he was appointed President of Commercial Aircraft at Bombardier Inc..
He came to Bombardier amid setbacks with its C Series jets and questions to whether the company would even survive, much less if the C Series would even be produced. One of his early actions was to hire Colin Boles, a former colleague in the commercial aircraft leasing business, as chief salesman for Bombardier Aerospace.
Cromer denied that a Boeing trade complaint about the C-Series led to an ownership stake by Airbus.
# Duhaga of Bunyoro

Duhaga of Bunyoro was Omukama of Bunyoro (c. 1731-c.1782). Omukama of Bunyoro is the name given to rulers of the central African kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara.
Duhaga was preceded by Olimi III - (c. 1710–1731) and later succeeded by Olimi IV - (c. 1782–1786).
# Gazzetta di Reggio

Gazzetta di Reggio is an Italian language daily newspaper published in Reggio Emilia, Italy. It has been in circulation since 1860.

## History and profile

Gazzetta di Reggio was founded in 1860. The paper serves for the Emilia-Romagna region and is based in Reggio Emilia. It is part of the Espresso Group which also owns La Repubblica and various regional newspapers. The publisher is Finegil Editoriale S.P.A. The paper has an independent political stance.
The circulation of Gazzetta di Reggio was 14,000 copies in 2007. In 2013 the paper sold 10,841 copies. The Espresso Group reported that the circulation of the paper was 10,500 copies in 2014.
# Project Orion

Project Orion may refer to:
* Project Orion (nuclear propulsion), a study for a nuclear-powered spacecraft
* Orion (laser), built in the UK to research thermonuclear explosions
* Orion (spacecraft), a spacecraft part of the Artemis program
* The code name for the sequel of Cyberpunk 2077
# Feldmark

Feldmark, also spelt fjaeldmark (from Norwegian 'mountain field'), is a plant community characteristic of sites where plant growth is severely restricted by extremes of cold and exposure to wind, typical of alpine tundra and subantarctic environments.

## Description

Feldmark plant communities are characterised by scattered dwarf and prostrate plants, up to about 25 cm (10 in) in height, often with a mat or cushion habit, among patches of bare ground and exposed rock.

## Distribution

Feldmark occurs in the least favourable situations for plant growth, including late-lying snowdrift areas on leeward slopes and cold, highly wind-exposed ridges. Because feldmark species are adapted to cold bare ground, some are able to colonise areas of severe erosion where the topsoil has been removed, leaving only a surface of broken rock or stones. In areas with strong prevailing winds, expansion through layering on the sheltered sides of plants means that they may grow preferentially on the protected sides and gradually move downwind across the landscape.
# Fookes

Fookes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ernest Fookes (1847–1948), New Zealand rugby union footballer
* Janet Fookes (born 1936), British politician
* Peter Fookes (1933–2020), British engineering geologist
* Ursula Fookes (1906–1991), English painter and printmaker
# Carbia calefacta

Carbia calefacta is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Borneo. The habitat consists of mountainous areas.
# Fred Crowthers

Fred Crowthers was an English-born architect who worked in Charleston, West Virginia for several years in the early-1920s before permanently establishing his business in Detroit, Michigan. A number of the structures he designed in Charleston are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Selected works

* 1922 – Briarwood (Charleston, West Virginia) – listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984
* 1923 – Barnes-Wellford House, Charleston, West Virginia – listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984
# Four Bettys

Four Bettys is the barbershop quartet that won the Sweet Adelines International Quartet Championship for 2008 in October 2007, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. SAI, "one of the world's largest singing organizations for women", has members over five continents who belong to more than 1200 quartets. The Illinois Arts Council has included Four Bettys in its ArtsTour roster and notes "their numerous appearances singing the National Anthem at Wrigley Field for Cubs games".

## Discography

* 4B (CD; 2006)
* Good Queen Fun (CD; 2008)
* Betty Or Not Here We Come (CD; 2010)
* Betty Holidays (CD; 2012)
# Madonna del Vallone, Acquacanina

The Chiesa della Madonna del Vallone is a Roman Catholic church or sanctuary located in a rural site in the frazione of Piedicolle in Acquacanina, province of Macerata, in the region of Marche, Italy. It is located within the Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini.

## History

This marian shrine was completed in 1747, likely at the site of a chapel or aedicule. The main altarpiece depicts the Madonna and Child. Documents recall a church at the site by 1624. The church also has paintings both from the 20th century and a Deposition attributed to Lorenzo Garbieri.
# Christine Jackson

Christine Jackson (1942 – 11 October 2013), was the Chairperson of the Civil Liberties Trust and a lifetime campaigner for human rights. She chaired an NHS Health Trust, was on the Board of Sheffield Theatres and was a member of the Bar Council's Disciplinary Committee. In later life she conducted humanist funerals. She died of cancer.
# Priotrochus goudoti

Priotrochus goudoti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter 6 mm. The small, imperforate, thick shell has a conoid-elongated shape. It is whitish-ashen, punctate with rose-color, maculate with spadiceous. The 6 to 7 whorls 6 are convex. They are spirally cingulate, the penultimate whorls with 8 cinguli. The body whorl is elongated, rounded in the middle, appressed below the suture, convex beneath. The aperture is ovate-subquadrate. The lip is crenulated. The columella is arcuate and delicately crenulated.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar, the Comoros, and the Mascarene Basin.
# Basitoxus

Basitoxus is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Basitoxus megacephalus.
# HD Ferries

HD Ferries was a fast catamaran Channel Islands ferry service between Jersey, Guernsey and Brittany. HD Ferries had daily departures (six crossings per day; average crossing time per leg of just one hour) from the port of Saint Helier (Jersey) to St Peter Port (Guernsey) and then to St Malo.

## History

HD Ferries was established in January 2007 following the cessation of Emeraude Lines in November 2005. Earlier, Condor Ferries and Emeraude Lines were the only two services operating in the region. The States of Jersey, States of Guernsey and Regional Council of Brittany required an additional ferry service to meet the demand for passenger and freight travel between the Channel Islands and France. The Jersey authorities had been attempting to encourage other companies to start a rival service to Condor, to maintain a competitive environment.
In June 2007 HD Ferries announced that it planned to incorporate Alderney and Cherbourg into the route. Following a berthing trial in Alderney harbourmaster Steve Shaw gave HD Ferries the go ahead subject to certain conditions. The Alderney service never started.

### Operations

HD Ferries made its first successful sailing to Cherbourg on 6 August 2007, marking the start of its new twice weekly service between Jersey/Guernsey and Cherbourg. The HD Ferries service grew its presence within the Channel Islands with an increasing amount of local residents, holiday makers and freight drivers using the service on a daily basis.
During its short history, HD Ferries were involved in two collision incidents with Condor Ferries whilst the competitors' ships were alongside.
Due to lack of customers, the Cherbourg link was soon dropped in favour of a direct link with Guernsey to St Malo. The direct St Malo to Guernsey link was dropped mid-August 2008 after about two months operating.
HD Ferries proposed plans to operate a service alongside Condor Ferries on the northern routes to the UK mainland but this was another failure and never happened. The company would have had to secure at least one additional vessel to enable this.

### Demise

HD Ferries ceased all services from 7 September 2008, after giving customers who had booked tickets 4 days notice. The company claimed that they would return in 2009.
HD Ferries said on 12 February 2009 that "there are currently no sailings scheduled for 2009" - although they advised customers to check for updates regularly on the company's website.
On 16 February 2009, HD Ferries officially announced that they would not be returning, leaving a parting blast at the Jersey authorities claiming a lack of support.

## Fleet

HD1 is an Incat K series which is a high speed catamaran with top speeds of 45 knots. She has a capacity of 400 passengers and 100 cars, or 70 cars and 10 freight vehicles.
HD1 was sold in 2009 to the Korean company Dae A Express Shipping and was renamed Moon Flower. In 2013 she was renamed HSC Orange and later Harmony Flower. She operates in the Yellow Sea.
# Battle of Konotop (disambiguation)

The Battle of Konotop occurred in 1659 as part of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667).
It may also refer to: