OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Engineering studies

Engineering studies is an interdisciplinary branch of social sciences and humanities devoted to the study of engineers and their activities, often considered a part of science and technology studies (STS), and intersecting with and drawing from engineering education research. Studying engineers refers among other to the history and the sociology of their profession, its institutionalization and organization, the social composition and structure of the population of engineers, their training, their trajectory, etc. A subfield is for instance Women in engineering. Studying engineering refers to the study of engineering activities and practices, their knowledge and ontologies, their role into the society, their engagement.
Engineering studies investigates how social, political, economical, cultural and historical dynamics affect technological research, design, engineering and innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, economics, politics and culture.
Engineering studies's mission is to further develop many different aspects of studies of engineers and engineering, it investigates in areas such as: history, culture, polity etc. These studies will have influence on world's engineering level and productivity. Which it provides information and scholar resources for researchers who's interested in studies of engineers and engineering. Also, engineering studies provides a platform for engineering studies research to be reviewed and discussed.

## Subfields and related fields

* History of engineering
* Sociology of engineers
* Women in engineering
* Engineering ethnography
* Engineering culture and representation
* Design studies
* Social study of engineering sciences
* Engineering in society and political study of engineering
* Organizational studies of engineers and engineering
* Critical approach and philosophy of engineering
* Engineering education
* Engineering ethics
* Science and technology studies
* Social construction of technology
* Social shaping of technology
* Technological change
* Sociology of innovation
* History of technology
* Constructive technology assessment

## Journals

* Engineering Studies
* International Journal of Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace

## Associations

* The International Network for Engineering Studies
* Society for the History of the Technology
* Society for Philosophy and Technology
* Society for the Social Study of Science
* European Society for the Study of Science and Technology
* Société d'Anthropologie des Connaissances
* Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace network
# Vérendrye stone

The Vérendrye stone was allegedly found on an early expedition into the territory west of the Great Lakes by the French Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye, in the 1730s. It is not mentioned in the official records of La Vérendrye's expeditions, but in 1749 he discussed it with visiting Swedish scientist Pehr Kalm, from whose writings virtually all information about the stone is taken.

## Discovery

According to Kalm, Vérendrye's expedition found the tablet on the top of an upright stone (referred to by some as a cairn). Kalm's diary reported it to be about a French foot long, or nearly 13 inches (33 cm) long, and a hand's breadth wide (an early English translation gave this as between four and five inches). On it were said to be inscriptions in unknown characters. The location where it was found is disputed. Hjalmar Holand thought it was found on an expedition in 1738 to a Mandan area "along the banks of the Missouri" in a location which may have been near present-day Minot, North Dakota. Father Antoine Champagne suggested that Kalm's account, which had the expedition traveling on horseback, could not have been in 1738 as the Mandan had no horses that early. Given that the distance from Montreal was said to be 900 French miles, Champagne suggested a location not far from Pierre, South Dakota. When asked, natives of the area claimed that the tablet and standing stone had always been there together.

## The stone's fate

La Vérendrye told Kalm that the tablet was sent back to Quebec, where Jesuit priests concluded that it was written in "Tatarian" writing. They reportedly then sent it to the French Secretary of State, the Comte de Maurepas. There are no descriptions of the stone after that time, but it has been claimed that it was shipped with other artifacts to a church in Rouen, later to be buried under a pile of rubble when the building which housed it was destroyed during World War II. The Minnesota Historical Society has offered a $1000 reward for the stone's rediscovery.

## Speculated origins

Holand has speculated that the inscription was in fact in Norse Runes and is potentially related to the Kensington Runestone, the inscription on which claims it was left in 1362 by an expedition "west from Vinland." Holand argued that resources depicting "Tatarian" writing (such as the Old Hungarian script and its ancestor the Orkhon script) available to the Jesuit priests in Quebec would have shown examples containing a large percentage of characters which are identical to Norse characters. The scripts are of separate origins, but presumably the similar use (engraving in stone) led to similar structure of many characters.
Theodore C. Blegen wrote that "some stones with runelike markings actually carry traces left by small prehistoric creatures" which might mislead anyone who was not a professional runologist.
# Direct (Tower of Power album)

Direct is a 1981 live in-studio album by Tower of Power. It was their only album for the direct-to-disc record label Sheffield Lab. It also marked the return of original guitarist Willie James Fulton, not heard from since 1972's Bump City, and the last album to feature saxophonist Lenny Pickett. Mark Sanders plays drums on this album. Between this album and their 1987 comeback album Power, they would record the sessions that later became the Dinosaur Tracks CD. Besides that, save for the original single release of "Simple as That" (from the same Dinosaur Tracks sessions), this would be their last new release until 1987. It contained mostly songs from their previous albums, but included new material as well.
Direct would later be re-released with alternate takes on CD as Direct Plus! in 1997.

## Track listing

Side One
* "Fanfare/And You Know It" (Greg Adams/Emilio Castillo, Stephen Kupka) originally recorded for Back on the Streets - 2:44
* "You're Gonna Need Me" (Albert King) New track - 4:02
* "Squib Cakes" (Chester Thompson) originally recorded for Back to Oakland - 7:34
Side Two
* "That's Why I Sing" (Chester Thompson) New track, later re-recorded during the Dinosaur Tracks sessions in 1983 - 4:57
* "What is Hip?" (Emilio Castillo, Stephen Kupka) originally recorded for Tower of Power - 4:40
* "Never Let Go of Love" (Greg Levias, Hilary Thompson, Michael Jeffries) New track, later re-recorded during the Dinosaur Tracks sessions in 1983 - 4:06

## Personnel

* Michael Jeffries – lead vocals
* Chester Thompson – keyboards, arrangements (3, 4)
* Willie Fulton – guitars, lead vocals (2)
* Vito San Filippo – bass
* Mark Sanders – drums
* Victor Feldman – percussion
* Lenny Pickett – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, saxophone solo (3, 6)
* Emilio Castillo – tenor saxophone
* Stephen "Doc" Kupka – baritone saxophone
* Mic Gillette – trombone, trumpet, flugelhorn
* Greg Adams – trumpet, flugelhorn, arrangements (1, 5, 6), flugelhorn solo (3), trumpet solo (5)
* Rick Waychesko – trumpet
* Jim Gilstrap – guest singer
* Edie Lehmann – guest singer
* Oren Waters – guest singer

## Production

* Doug Sax – executive producer
* Lincoln Mayorga – executive producer
* Spencer Proffer – executive producer
* Larry Brown – producer, recording
* Mike Sanders – assistant engineer
* Tom Pessagno – technician
* Patricia Meredith – production coordinator
* Dave McDonald – production manager
* Tina Nichols – design, illustration
* Miguel – photography
Sheffield Lab credits
* Steve Haselton – chief engineer
* Andrew Teton – field chief technician
* Lincoln Mayorga – booth supervisor
* Dick Doss – disc processing
* Rick Goldman – disc processing
* Mike Reese – lathe operator
* Lois Walker – lathe operator
* Ed Hukoveh – lathe design
# First Maniu cabinet

The first cabinet of Iuliu Maniu was the government of Romania from 10 November 1928 to 6 June 1930.

## Ministers

The ministers of the cabinet were as follows:
* President of the Council of Ministers:
   * Iuliu Maniu (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of the Interior:
   * Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of Foreign Affairs:
   * George G. Mironescu (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of Finance:
   * Mihai Popovici (10 November 1928 – 15 October 1929)
   * (interim) Iuliu Maniu (15 – 26 October 1929)
   * (interim) Virgil Madgearu (26 October – 14 November 1929)
   * Virgil Madgearu (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of Justice:
   * Grigore Iunian (10 November 1928 – 7 March 1930)
   * Voicu Nițescu (7 March – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of Public Instruction:
   * Nicolae Costăchescu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
* Minister of Religious Affairs and the Arts:
   * Aurel Vlad (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
* Minister of Public Instruction and Religious Affairs:
   * Nicolae Costăchescu (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of War:
   * Gen. Henri Cihoski (10 November 1928 – 5 April 1930)
   * (interim) Iuliu Maniu (5 – 14 April 1930)
   * Gen. Nicolae Condeescu (14 April 1930 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of Agriculture and Property:
   * Ion Mihalache (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of Industry and Commerce:
   * Virgil Madgearu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
   * Aurel Vlad (14 November 1929 – 7 March 1930)
   * Eduard Mirto (7 March – 6 June 1930)
* Ministry of Labour, Social Insurance and Cooperation
   * Ion Răducanu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
* Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare:
   * Sever Dan (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
* Minister of Labour, Health, and Social Security:
   * Ion Răducanu (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)
* Minister of Public Works:
   * (interim) Pantelimon Halippa (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
* Minister of Communications:
   * Gen. Nicolae Alevra (10 November 1928 – 15 October 1929)
   * (interim) Voicu Nițescu (15 October – 14 November 1929)
* Minister of Public Works and Communications:
   * (interim) Pantelimon Halippa (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)
* Ministers of State:
   * Pantelimon Halippa (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
   * Sever Bocu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
   * Voicu Nițescu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
   * Teofil Sauciuc-Săveanu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
# Oxycerina

Oxycerina is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Species

* Oxycerina hauseri Rozkošný & Woodley, 2010
* Oxycerina merzi Rozkošný & Woodley, 2010
* Oxycerina sabaha Rozkošný & Woodley, 2010
# Psilocybe subhoogshagenii

Psilocybe subhoogshagenii is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Described as new to science in 2004, it is found in Colombia, where it grows on bare clay soil in tropical forest.
# Oltenița

Oltenița (Romanian pronunciation: ) is a city in Călărași County, Muntenia, Romania, on the left bank of the river Argeș, where its waters flow into the Danube.

## Geography

The city is located in the southwestern part of the county; it stands across the Danube from the Bulgarian city of Tutrakan.
The national road DN4 connects Oltenița to Bucharest, 64 km (40 mi) to the northwest. Road DN31 [ro] connects it to the county seat, Călărași, 69 km (43 mi) to the east, and road DN41 [ro] connects it to Giurgiu, 76 km (47 mi) to the west.
The Oltenița train station, located near the intersection of those three roads, serves the CFR Line 801, which connects the city to Bucharest (Titan Sud and Obor stations).

## History

Excavations on Gumelnița hill near the city revealed a Neolithic settlement dating from the 4th millennium BC.
The first mention of a town bearing the name Oltenița appears in 1515 during the reign of Neagoe Basarab.
In November 1853, at the start of the Crimean War the Ottoman forces attempted to cross the river at this point and inflicted heavy losses on the Russian forces at the Battle of Oltenița.
During the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878, Oltenița was an important crossing point into Bulgaria for Romanian troops called to aid the Russian Army during the siege of the Pleven (Plevna) stronghold.
During World War I at Turtucaia, across the Danube from Oltenița, Battle of Turtucaia ended in a significant defeat for the Romanian Army and subsequently the garrisons of Oltenița and Turtucaia engaged in numerous artillery skirmishes.

## Education

There are three high schools in Oltenița: Neagoe Basarab National College, Ion Ghica Technologic High School, and Nicolae Bălcescu Technologic High School.

## Sports

Stadionul Municipal is the home ground of the football club CSM Oltenița and holds 2,500 people.

## Gallery

* Health care facility
* The Danube River near Oltenița

## Notable residents

* Peter A. Abeles (1886–1952), Jewish Romanian-American lawyer, politician, and judge
* Gabriela Cristea (born 1974), television personality and show host
* Ion Iliescu (born 1930), 2nd President of Romania (1989–96 and 2000–04)
* Alice Săvulescu (1905–1970), scientist, titular member of the Romanian Academy
* Ion Petre Stoican (1930–1994), violinist, a lăutar
# Lachesilla nubilis

Lachesilla nubilis is a species of fateful barklouse in the family Lachesillidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and Oceania.
# Altcar

Altcar may refer to:
* Great Altcar, a village and civil parish in West Lancashire, England
* Little Altcar, a village in Merseyside, England
* Altcar Bob, a defunct railway service on the Barton branch of the Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway
# Blairgowrie railway station

Blairgowrie railway station served the burgh of Blairgowrie and Rattray, Perth and Kinross, Scotland from 1855 to 1955 on the Scottish Midland Junction Railway.

## History

The station opened on 1 August 1855 by the Scottish Midland Junction Railway, situated on a branch line from Coupar Angus.
It closed to passengers on 10 January 1955 and goods traffic on 6 December 1965. Its former location is now the site of a Tesco supermarket; nearby streets retain railway-themed names.
# Only Human (Hal Crook album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Only Human was Hal Crook's third album as a leader, and the first album he released for RAM Records. It was recorded on June 11, 1993, at Sound Techniques in Boston, Massachusetts. None of the music had been rehearsed, and the session produced 11 tracks. In addition to the 6 tracks released on this album, the remaining 5 were planned for a second album. Although this second album was never released, it was assigned a title and catalog number by RAM Records: Stardust, RMCD 4516.

## Track listing

* Show – 10:08
* Only Human – 10:25
* Brazil – 9:02
* Soulmates – 7:37
* Suddenly It’s Spring – 9:57
* Outer Edge – 6:26

## Personnel

* Hal Crook — trombone
* John Lockwood — bass
* Bob Gullotti — drums
# Miss You (1929 song)

"Miss You" is a 1929 song by the Tobias brothers: Charles Tobias, Harry Tobias and Henry Tobias. It was the three brothers' first published song, and their first hit, but one of the few songs where all three collaborated.
The song was revived for the 1942 film Strictly in the Groove when it was sung by The Dinning Sisters and played by Ozzie Nelson and Orchestra.

## Recordings

The topical sentiment of the song during World War II produced several hit recordings of the song in 1942.
* Dinah Shore's version reached No. 8 in the Billboard charts in 1942, and others to chart that year were Bing Crosby (#9) (recorded January 24, 1942), Eddy Howard (#21) and Freddy Martin (#22).
Other versions
* Rudy Vallée & His Connecticut Yankees (1929)
* Geraldo and his Orchestra - vocal Beryl Davis (1942)
* Flanagan and Allen a single release by Decca (UK) (1942)
* Bill Haley and His Comets included in the album Rockin' the Oldies (1957).
* The Mills Brothers - included in their album Mmmm ... The Mills Brothers (1958)
* Jaye P. Morgan - charted at #78 on Billboard Hot 100 in February 1959.
* Dinah Washington included in her album Dinah '62 (1962)
* Nat King Cole included in his album Dear Lonely Hearts (1962).
* Vic Damone (2000)
# Oxycerini

Oxycerini is a tribe of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Genera

* Caloparyphus James, 1939
* Euparyphus Gerstaecker, 1857
* Oxycera Meigen, 1803
* Oxycerina Rozkošný & Woodley, 2010
* Vanoyia Villeneuve, 1908
# Buciumeni

Buciumeni may refer to:
* Buciumeni, Dâmbovița, a commune in Dâmboviţa County, Romania
* Buciumeni, Galați, a commune in Galați County, Romania
* Buciumeni, a village in Drăgoești, Vâlcea, Vâlcea County, Romania
* Buciumeni, a district in the town of Budești, Călăraşi County, Romania
* Buciumeni, a district in the town of Buftea, Ilfov County, Romania
* Buciumeni, a former district in the city of Fălticeni, Suceava County, Romania
* Buciumeni, Ungheni, a commune in Ungheni district, Moldova
# Pinewood School

Pinewood School may refer to:
* Pinewood School, Los Altos, California, USA
* Pinewood School, Bourton, Vale of White Horse, Oxfordshire, England
* Pinewood Preparatory School, Summerville, South Carolina, USA
* Pinewood School, Blackburn, Scotland
# Faderen

"Faderen" (The Father) is a short story published in 1860 by the Norwegian writer Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in his collection Smaastykker (Small Pieces). It is one of his peasant stories.
The theme is related to the lidelsens høgskole 'college of suffering', a concept that Bjørnson developed when he read texts by the German preacher Ludwig Hofacker in the summer of 1859. The protagonist Thord Øveraas goes from prosperity and pride through deep despair to humility.

## Plot

Thord Øveraas is a rich and prosperous farmer, one of the most powerful men in his community. One day he stands in the priest's office and says he wants his son baptized. The baptism is scheduled for the coming Saturday at twelve o'clock. Sixteen years later, Thord comes to the priest's living room, and asks to have his son confirmed. He will not pay the priest until he makes sure that his son is first in line. Then eight years go by and Thord stands in the priest's office with several other men from the village. The son is to marry Karen Storlien, the village's richest girl. He pays three dollars, although the priest says he should receive only one. All these times Thord has talked to the priest, he has always asked "Is there anything else?", and every time Thord replies "Otherwise there is nothing."
Fourteen days later, the unthinkable happens to Thord. One day they are out rowing and talking about the wedding, and then the son falls out of the boat, goes stiff, and drowns. The father looks for three days and three nights for his dead son. On the morning of the third day, he finds his son's body and carries him up the slopes back to his farm.
An entire year passes. One autumn evening, the priest hears someone walking outside the front room, and there stands Thord. He says he has sold his farm and wants to donate half the money for a grant in his son's name. The priest says "Now I think your son has finally blessed you." "Yes, now I think so too," replies Thord.
# Lachesilla pallida

Lachesilla pallida is a species of fateful barklouse in the family Lachesillidae. It is found in North America.
# Emperor bird-of-paradise

The emperor bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea guilielmi), also known as emperor of Germany's bird-of-paradise, is a species of bird-of-paradise.
The emperor bird-of-paradise is endemic to Papua New Guinea. It is distributed in hill forests of the Huon Peninsula. The diet consists mainly of fruits, figs and arthropods.
The name commemorates the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, Wilhelm II of Germany. In January 1888, the emperor bird-of-paradise was the last bird-of-paradise discovered by Carl Hunstein, who also found the blue bird-of-paradise on his journeys. These two species, along with the red bird-of-paradise, are the only Paradisaea that perform inverted display.
Due to ongoing habitat loss, limited range and overhunting in some areas, the emperor bird-of-paradise is evaluated as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.

## Description

The emperor bird-of-paradise is large, approximately 33 cm long, yellow and brown with a reddish-brown iris, bluish-grey bill and purplish-brown legs. The male has an extensive dark emerald green face and throat, two very long tail wires and large white ornamental flank plumes. The female is almost similar to the male, but has an all brown plumage, smaller in size and has no ornamental plumes.
# Blacy, Marne

Blacy (French pronunciation:) is a commune of the Marne department in northeastern France.
# Open file

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
An open file in chess is a file with no pawns of either color on it. In the diagram, the e-file is an open file. An open file can provide a line of attack for a rook or queen. Having rooks or queens on open files or half-open files is considered advantageous, as it allows a player to attack more easily, since a rook or queen can move down the file to penetrate the opponent's position.

## Strategic advantage

A common strategic objective for a rook or queen on an open file is to reach its seventh or eighth rank (the opponent's second or first rank). Controlling the seventh rank is generally worth at least a pawn, as it threatens all the opponent's yet-unmoved pawns to some degree. Controlling the eighth rank is likely to force the opposing king into a more exposed position and puts pressure on any remaining undeveloped pieces, or if the rank is already clear, allows unobstructed movement behind the enemy forces. Aron Nimzowitsch first recognized the power of a major piece on an open file, writing in his famous book My System that the main objective of a rook or queen on an open file is "the eventual occupation of the 7th or 8th rank".
Many games are decided based on this strategy. In the game Anand–Ivanchuk, Amber 2001, Anand sacrificed a pawn to open the d-file. White then used the open file to deploy his rooks to the seventh and eighth ranks and win the game, by exploiting the weakness of Black's a-pawn. White's dominance on the d-file allowed him to maneuver his rooks to aggressive posts deep within Black's defense.
# Baljen

Baljen is a village in the municipality of Tutin, in Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 72 people.
# Pseudonemacladus

Pseudonemacladus is a genus of plants in the Campanulaceae. It contains only one known species, Pseudonemacladus oppositifolius, native to north-eastern Mexico (States of San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo).
# Pigford

Pigford may refer to:
* Eva Pigford (born 1984), known professionally as Eva Marcille, American actress
* Thomas H. Pigford (1922–2010), American engineer