OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ferdinand Oechsle

Christian Ferdinand Oechsle (December 26, 1774 – March 17, 1852) was a German mechanical workshop owner, goldsmith and inventor.
He is most noted for developing a method for measuring the must weight of the grape must in winemaking. The Oechsle scale, named after him and divided into degrees Oechsle (°Oe), is still used for official classification of German wine, Swiss wine and Luxembourg wine.

## Biography

Oechsle was born in Buhlbach at Baiersbronn in the northern part of the Black Forest area, the son of Israel Oechsle, a master glass blower, and Christina Juditha Lieb. As a boy, he went to school there. Towards the end of the 1780s he was apprenticed to a goldsmith and jeweler in Öhringen (Württemberg), followed by some itinerant years. In 1800 he became a master cabinet maker at a jewellery factory in Pforzheim.
In 1810 he founded a mechanical workshop in Pforzheim and among other things manufactured precision beam balances and physical and hydrostatic equipment for laboratories and universities, as well as musical instruments. In 1820 the Grand Duchy of Baden appointed him official gold inspector. In 1829 he developed a safe oxyhydrogen equipment for soldering, and was at this time also operating a liquor distillery.
Oechsle died in Pforzheim, aged 77.

## The must balance

In the 1820s Oechsle produced the first single copies of the must balance (hydrometer) with a scale in degrees. He realised that if it would be possible to measure the sugar content of the must, it should be possible to better predict the development of the resulting wine. From the 1830s, Oechsle must balances were mass-produced.
Oechsle did actually not invent the must balance as such; different versions by different manufacturers had existed beginning more than 250 years previous. What he did do was to introduce a practically useful scale on the balance, and to put the balance into mass production.
Oechsle's hydrometers were made out of metal, typically nickel silver; the hollow body of the float was typically gilt.
When Oechsle started mass-producing his hydrometers, sweet wines from very ripe grapes were established as the top echelon of German wines since a few decades. This development followed the accidental discovery of the first Spätlese wine in 1775, and the introduction of the Auslese designation in 1787. It was therefore attractive to winemakers to be able to easily measure and classify the sugar content of the grape musts.

## Personal life

Oechsle married Karoline Wilhelmine Friederike Gmelin (born February 18, 1778) on December 8, 1803 and they had five children.

## Publications

* Über den Gebrauch der Most- und Weinwaage ("On the use of must and wine balances"), 1836
* Praktische Anleitung zum Berechnen der Goldlegierung ... ("Practical manual for calculating gold alloys..."), 1844
* Kleines Handbuch für Goldarbeiter ("Small handbook for goldworkers"), 1860
# Otto Smirat

Otto Smirat is a German judo athlete, who competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo. He won medals at international competitions.
# Erythrophysa septentrionalis

Erythrophysa septentrionalis is a species of plant in the family Sapindaceae. It is endemic to Ethiopia.
# Bolkov

Bolkov is a municipality and village in Plzeň-South District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 60 inhabitants.
Bolkov lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) south-west of Plzeň and 106 km (66 mi) south-west of Prague.
# Ambt Ommen

Ambt Ommen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It consisted of the countryside surrounding the city of Ommen, which was a separate municipality.
Ambt Ommen existed from 1818 to 1923, when it became a part of Ommen.
# Barney Mullan

Bernard Mullan (died 25 September 1986) was an Irish rugby union international.
Born in County Down, Mullen was a winger and played his rugby for Dublin club Clontarf.
Mullen gained eight caps for Ireland, debuting against France at Lansdowne Road in the 1947 Five Nations. An important component of Ireland's successful 1948 Five Nations campaign, Mullen was the team's place kicker and scored tries in three of the four matches, including the first of Ireland's two in the 6–3 win over Wales that secured the grand slam.
A farmer by profession, Mullen turned down a place on the 1950 British Lions tour due to work commitments.
# Bonomi BS.10 Ardea

The Bonomi BS.10 Ardea (English: Great Heron) was an Italian single seat high performance glider, designed and built in the mid-1930s. Only one was built.

## Design and development

The BS.10 Ardea was an attempt to improve upon the popular BS.2 Balestrucchio of 1932. Like the Balestruccio, the Ardea was a high gull wing aircraft but with increased span and aspect ratio and less gull dihedral. The two spar wing was built from three panels, the straight edged central one having constant chord. The outer panels straight tapered to elliptical tips, with trailing edges entirely occupied by ailerons. The outer ends of the centre section were braced, as on some other Bonomi gliders, with a pair of faired, asymmetric steel V-struts, mounted on the lower fuselage immediately below the forward wing spar. The wing was mounted over the fuselage on a short, faired pedestal.
The Ardea had a deep sided, hexagonal cross-section fuselage, entirely plywood skinned. Its pilot sat in a small, deep cockpit, head against the front of the pedestal and partly protected from the airstream by the upper fuselage panels, which both lifted off for entry. There was a conventional single skid undercarriage under the forward fuselage aft to the wing trailing edge, with a small tailskid. The fuselage tapered gently to the tail, where a large, roughly elliptical balanced rudder, mounted on a much smaller fin, extended down to the keel. The Ardea's balanced elevators together formed a slender ellipse in plan, though with a cut-out for rudder movement.
The BS.10 flew for the first time in 1934, and was first registered in September of that year. By November it was registered to the Royal Italian Aero Club, Rome. Only one was built.

## Specifications

Data from Pedrielli (2011) p.87
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 6.79 m (22 ft 3 in)
* Wingspan: 19.00 m (62 ft 4 in)
* Wing area: 17.60 m$^2$ (189.4 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 20.50
* Empty weight: 140 kg (309 lb)
* Gross weight: 220 kg (485 lb)
Performance
* Maximum glide ratio: 26:1 estimated
* Rate of sink: 0.53 m/s (104 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 12.50 kg/m$^2$ (2.56 lb/sq ft)
# Greenville Staplers

The Greenville Staplers were an East Texas League baseball team based in Greenville, Texas, United States that played during the 1923 season. Notable players include Ed Appleton, Uel Eubanks and Chick Sorrells.
# Otto Soemarwoto

Prof. Otto Soemarwoto (19 February 1926 – 1 April 2008) was an Indonesian botanist and professor of plant physiology at Padjadjaran University and was director of the National Biology Institute from 1964 to 1972; he also served as director of the Institute of Ecology from 1972 until 1991. His work in the latter role has been cited as a primary influence on the resettlement strategy during Indonesia's Saguling Dam project.
Born in Purwokerto, as a child Soemarwoto was an avid reader, liked traveling out of town and was fond of plants. He studied at a nautical training high school in Cilacap and, after completing his training at the high school, he worked as a deck officer on a wooden boat that travelled the Jakarta-Lampung route. Soemarwoto joined the student militia during the Indonesian struggle for independence, and upon its proclamation continued his studies at the School of Agriculture at Gadjah Mada University (UGM), Yogyakarta, of which he graduated in 1949.
He taught at UGM before being sent to study plant physiology at the University of California, Berkeley, where he stayed until 1959. An avid environmentalist, the professor was appointed so in 1960. In 1964 he was named director of the Bogor Botanical Garden at Padjajaran University.
Soemarwoto was awarded an honorary doctorate from Wageningen University in the Netherlands, the Order of the Golden Ark from the Netherlands'Prince Bernhard, and the Global 500 award from the United Nations Environment Programme.
He died in Bandung on 1 April 2008, aged 82.
# Eshpai

Eshpai is a surname. It may refer to:
* Andrei Yakovlevich Eshpai (1925–2015), Russian and Soviet composer of Mari descent
* Andrei Andreyevich Eshpai (born 1956), Russian and Soviet film director, screenwriter and producer of Mari descent
* Yakov Eshpai (1890–1963), Russian composer and music teacher
# Lower limbs venous ultrasonography

A lower limbs venous ultrasonography may refer to:
* Ultrasonography of chronic insufficiency of the legs
* Ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis
# Walloon SME finance and guarantee company

The Walloon SME finance and guarantee company (French: Société Wallonne de Financement et de Garantie des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises or SOWALFIN) was founded in Liège by the Walloon Region in 2002 to provide capital to the Walloon Small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of the SOWALFIN is to invest in the equity of unlisted companies (private equity). The SRIW acts either by purchasing shares of SMEs, by increasing the capital of the business, by subscribing to a bond issue, or by granting subordinated or convertible loans.
# Bacca (surname)

Bacca is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ademir Antonio Bacca, Brazilian writer
* Carlos Bacca (b. 1986), Colombian football player
* Estefanía Bacca, Argentine vedette
* Juan David García Bacca (1901 - 1992), Spanish-Venezuelan philosopher
* Pippa Bacca (1974 – 2008), Italian feminist artist
* Sonia Bacca, Italian physicist
# Baron Hartwig Seeman

Hartwig Seeman (3 June 1833 – 25 March 1886) was a Swedish magician. He died while on a tour of the southwestern United States in Kosse, Texas.
His father was a high-ranking officer in the Swedish army. His mother had died when he was ten years old. In his youth Seeman had developed an interest in magic trickery. Early in his career he worked as an artist and poet in Berlin, Germany. In 1860, he started performing professional magic. He had toured throughout Germany as a successful conjurer. He saved his money and travelled around Sweden and Norway, he became famous for performing an illusion known as "The Sphinx". He has been described by magic historians as the "foremost magician of Sweden".
On June 24, 1872, Seeman travelled to Benares in India to learn the tricks of fakirs. Whilst in India, Seeman observed a levitation trick that involved a young girl floating into the air.
In 1880, Seeman performed an "electra" illusion at the Academy of Music (New York City). It is considered to be an early suspension trick.
His son Adolph Seeman was also a magician.
# Frank Gallagher (American football)

Frank Gallagher (March 2, 1943 – November 26, 2021) was an American professional football player who played guard in the National Football League for eight seasons for the Detroit Lions, the Atlanta Falcons and the Minnesota Vikings. He was born in Chester, Pennsylvania and attended St. James High School for Boys in Chester.
Gallagher was also the Owner of the Bullpen Baseball Academy in Novi, Michigan.
# Poa fendleriana

Poa fendleriana is a species of grass known by the common name muttongrass. It is native to western North America, where its distribution extends from western Canada to northern Mexico.

## Description

This species is a perennial grass with small rhizomes. The stems grow up to 70 centimeters tall. The dead sheath bases remain on the plant for a long time. The narrow panicle has up to 8 erect branches crowded with spikelets. One inflorescence may have over 100 spikelets. The plant is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. Some populations lack male plants, while others are able to reproduce sexually. Asexual reproduction is more common than sexual, and most populations are all female. These produce seed without fertilization by pollen. The sexually reproducing populations are usually found in warmer climates with summer precipitation, while the all-female populations can tolerate colder climates and a wider range of elevations.

## Distribution

This is a common grass in western North America. It grows in many types of habitat, including sagebrush, oak woodlands, pinyon-juniper woodlands, desert grassland, and coniferous forest.
The grass often grows in dry areas, but it can occur in moist habitat, such as riversides. It can grow on many soil types. It occurs mainly on open sites or in partial shade; it does not tolerate the full shade of a closed canopy. It is a dominant plant species in several types of habitat.

## Uses
### Forage

This grass is a "good to excellent forage for livestock" and wild animals, feeding cattle, horses, sheep, elk, deer, and pronghorn.

### Erosion

The fibrous root system helps to control erosion of the soil. It is tolerant of drought and grazing.
# Putative sulfate exporter

The Putative Sulfate Exporter (PSE) Family (TC# 2.A.98) is composed of several putative 10 or 11 transmembrane segment (TMS) proteins. This family is part of the CPA superfamily and its members are found in diverse bacteria and archaea. The genes encoding some of these homologues may be induced by growth in the presence of cysteate (suyZ) or taurine (tauZ). Although they differ in structure, these proteins are most closely related to the 12 TMS members of the CPA superfamily and exhibit demonstrable homology to the MadML malonate:H$^+$ symporter (TC #2.A.70), although their sequence similarity is low.
# Eshowe High School

Eshowe High School is a public co-educational high school located in Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

## History

Eshowe's first school was opened by Bishop W.M. Carter in his home in the 1890s. After a few years operating from the town's public library, the first school building was completed by 1902 and the separate high school campus was built and launched in 1957. In 1994 the school opened its doors.
In 2015 the Eshowe High School was featured in Destiny (magazine)'s Good Schools Report.
28°53′26″S 31°27′36″E﻿ / ﻿28.8905°S 31.4600°E﻿ / -28.8905; 31.4600
* This South Africa school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Bohol Business Park

Bohol Business Park (BBP), is an under-construction, mixed-use 7-hectare (17-acre) business park and development in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines. The business park is designed to accommodate and attract BPO and IT locators. Built within the site of the former Tagbilaran City Airport, the business district will house call centers, commercial establishments, IT business establishments, and other establishments. A convention center is also being proposed to be established also within the former Tagbilaran Airport site.
The Bohol Business Park broke ground on May 15, 2024, and the first BPO building is set to commence operations by the first or last quarter of 2025.

## History

The Bohol Business Park was first proposed back in 2018 by former Boholano Governor Edgar Chatto after the closure of the former Tagbilaran Airport. The mixed-use development was planned to include commercial spaces and entertainment centers such as a convention center and coliseum, and spanning 28 hectares in size.
# Our Lady of Victory Church (Bronx)

40°50′18.9″N 73°54′20.1″W﻿ / ﻿40.838583°N 73.905583°W﻿ / 40.838583; -73.905583
The Church of Our Lady of Victory is a Roman Catholic parish church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located at Webster Avenue, Tremont, Bronx, New York City. The parish was established in 1909.

## Buildings

The church complex consists of a church-and-school and separate rectory. The address is 1512 Webster Avenue, at East 171 Street, a block south of Claremont Parkway. The present dark brown brick Lombardo Romanesque-style church building dates from 1911, apparently providing for a parish school above; the parish does not currently have a parish school but offers a vigorous CCD program. The architect was John Vredenburgh Van Pelt, who designed the similar Guardian Angel Church (Manhattan) in 1930.

## History

Reverend Bartholomew J. Galligan formed the parish and said the first mass in a temporary chapel on September 12, 1909. The church and school were opened on December 25, 1911, after construction was completed. The Reverend John F. Quinn was rector at this church until he was transferred to Holy Name of Mary (Montgomery, New York) in 1919 and replaced by the Rev. Thomas B. Brown.
The parish of St. Augustine merged with Our Lady of Victory to form the parish of St. Augustine - Our Lady of Victory. St. Augustine's was closed in 2011 and demolished in 2013.

## Dedication

The church's "Victory" dedication is not clear, it is believed to celebrate the Battle of Lepanto (1571).
There are at least two other Our Lady of Victory Roman Catholic churches in New York City:
* Brooklyn's appears to be the oldest, with the present church building, located at Throop Avenue and McDonough Street, Brooklyn, built 1891-1895 to the designs by Thomas E. Houghton.
* Manhattan's is the most recent, being founded during World War II in 1944 by Francis Cardinal Spellman, Archbishop of New York and Apostolic Vicar for the U.S. Armed Forces; the present church was built 1944-1946 to the designs by the prominent New York City architectural firm of Eggers & Higgins
# Flexor digitorum muscle

Flexor digitorum muscle or flexor digitorum communis may refer to:
In the hand:
* Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (flexor digitorum communis profundus)
* Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (flexor digitorum communis sublimis)
In the foot/leg:
* Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (flexor digitorum communis brevis)
* Flexor digitorum longus muscle (flexor digitorum communis longus)
# Poling (horse)

Poling or rapping is the practice of hitting a horse on the legs as it goes over a jump, to make it think it hit the fence hard (due to the pain), so the animal will pick his legs up higher the next time. It is usually performed using a long bamboo stick, which is smacked on the cannon bones of the horse.
Poling is illegal under FEI rules, as well as under many national rules including the USEA and many other organizations. Show jumpers and hunt seat competitors were the most common users of this technique, as a rail down is often a deciding factor in winning a class. However, the practice is seen today as too painful for the horse.

## In popular culture

Poling can be seen in a scene of the movie National Velvet, when Mi Taylor hits the Pie on the legs as Velvet rides him over an obstacle in a training session.
It can also be seen being used by Harry DeLeyer while working with his son's horse in the documentary Harry and Snowman.
# C. Sydney Frost

Captain Charles Sydney Frost MC (27 November 1893 – 15 April 1985) was a Canadian banker who served from 1956 to 1958 as president of the Bank of Nova Scotia. Frost joined the bank in 1908 in Yarmouth, and worked there until 1914, when he was posted to St. John's, Newfoundland as an accountant. Upon the outbreak of World War I, Frost joined the Royal Newfoundland Regiment and went on to serve in France. After the war, Frost rejoined the bank in Newfoundland as a manager.
Over the succeeding decades, Frost was appointed to a series of managerial and supervisory posts across the country. In 1946 he joined the head office in Toronto, where he became assistant general manager. In 1949 he became general manager, in 1950 was elected a director, in 1951 was appointed a vice-president, and in 1954 was appointed an executive vice-president. In June 1956, Frost was made president of the bank. He held this post until his retirement in December 1958. Frost died in Toronto on 15 April 1985.

## Biography

Charles Sydney frost was born in Argyle, Nova Scotia on 27 November 1893 to Albert Wallace Frost (1854–1898) and Alice Maud Baker (1863–1951). He was educated in Yarmouth at Yarmouth Academy. In 1908, Frost joined the Bank of Nova Scotia in Yarmouth as a junior clerk. He continued in the position until 1914, when he was transferred by the bank to St. John's, Newfoundland to work as an accountant. After the outbreak of war, on 24 August 1914 Frost enlisted in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment. He went on to serve with distinction in France. He was wounded in the Battle of Le Transloy on 12 October 1916, and on 28 September 1918 received the Military Cross. Frost was decommissioned on 2 June 1919.
Upon returning to Newfoundland in 1919, Frost rejoined the bank in Fogo, where he was made branch manager. In 1921 he transferred back to St. John's, where he became the assistant manager. He became assistant manager in Winnipeg in 1926, and then was made manager in Saskatoon in 1931 and Saint John in 1938. From 1941 to 1946 he was a supervisor in Toronto and Saint John. In 1946, Frost was assigned to the bank's head office in Toronto where he became assistant general manager, and then in 1949 became general manager. He was elected a director in 1950. In 1951 the bank made him a vice-president, and in 1954 an executive vice-president. In June 1956, Frost was appointed president, succeeding Horace Luttrell Enman. He held the post until December 1958, when he stepped down and was replaced by F. William Nicks.
On 1 July 1921, Frost married Gertrude Rebecca Hains (1895–1982). They had three children, Charles Sydney Jr. (1922–2009), Robert Judson (1927–2012), and Vyvyan Elaine (1934–2011). Frost died in Toronto on 15 April 1985. He was interred at Mount Pleasant Cemetery.
In 1958, Victoria Park in Yarmouth was renamed Frost Park in his honour.

## Works

Frost, C. Sydney. A Blue Puttee at War: The Memoir of Captain Sydney Frost, MC. Flanker Press, 2014.
# Fenristunga

Fenristunga (71°52′S 8°17′E﻿ / ﻿71.867°S 8.283°E﻿ / -71.867; 8.283) is a sloping field of ice within the rock walls of hairpin-shaped Fenriskjeften Mountain, in the Drygalski Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Fenristunga (Fenrir's tongue) in association with Fenriskjeften Mountain.
# Fekri Hassan

Fekri Hassan is a geoarchaeologist. After studying geology and anthropology, Hassan commenced teaching at Washington State University department of Anthropology in 1974. From 1988 to 1990 he acted as advisor to the Ministry of Culture of Egypt. Currently professor emeritus, he had formerly held the chair of Petrie Professor of Archaeology (1994-2008) of the Institute of Archaeology and department of Egyptology of University College London. Program Director Master's of Cultural Heritage Management, French University of Egypt in partnership with the Paris-Sorbonne University. Editor of the African Archaeological Review journal, contributory editor of The Review of Archaeology he is also honorary president of the Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organisation.

## Selected works

* Hassan, Fekri A., ed. (2002). Droughts, food, and culture: ecological change and food security in Africa's later prehistory. New York: Kluwer. ISBN 978-0306467554.
* Butler, B. J.; Hassan, F.; Sparks, R. T.; Ucko, P. (2007). A future for the past: Petrie's Palestinian collection. London: Institute of Archaeology. ISBN 978-0-905853-42-0.
* Hassan, F. A.; Owens, L. S.; De Trafford, A.; Tassie, G. J.; Van Wetering, J., eds. (2009). Managing Egypt's Cultural Heritage (1st ed.). London: Golden House. ISBN 978-1906137144.
* Hassan, Fekri A.; Tassie, Geoffrey John; Owens, Lawrence Stewart; De Trafford, Aloisia; Van Wetering, Joris; El Daly, O., eds. (2015). The Management of Egypt's Cultural Heritage: Volume 2. London: Golden House Publications. ISBN 978-1906137403.
# Mengrai

Mengrai may refer to:
* Mangrai (the Great), 13th-century king of Lanna
* Mengrai Subdistrict in Phaya Mengrai District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand