OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Four-way valve

The four-way valve or four-way cock is a fluid control valve whose body has four ports equally spaced round the valve chamber and the plug has two passages to connect adjacent ports. The plug may be cylindrical or tapered, or a ball.
It has two flow positions, and usually a central position where all ports are closed.
It can be used to isolate and to simultaneously bypass a sampling cylinder installed on a pressurized water line. It is useful to take a fluid sample without affecting the pressure of a hydraulic system and to avoid degassing (no leak, no gas loss or air entry, no external contamination).
It was used to control the flow of steam to the cylinder of early double-acting steam engines, such as those designed by Richard Trevithick. This use of the valve is possibly attributable to Denis Papin.
Because the two L-shaped passages in the plug do not interconnect, the four-way valve is sometimes referred to as an "×" port.
# Empereur Island

Empereur Island is a rocky island 1.9 kilometres (1 nmi) north of Cape Margerie, lying immediately north of Breton Island in the entrance to Port Martin. It was photographed from the air by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47. It was charted by the French Antarctic Expedition under Andre-Frank Liotard, 1949–51, and so named because the first emperor penguin captured by the expedition was taken on this island.

## Important Bird Area

A 283 ha site, including Empereur Island and Île des Manchots, Mont du Sphinx and Mont du Sabbat on the eastern coast of Cape Margerie, as well as Pointe de Cézembre and the intervening sea, has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports about 35,000 breeding pairs of Adélie penguins, estimated from 2011 satellite imagery.
# Grammar systems theory

Grammar systems theory is a field of theoretical computer science that studies systems of finite collections of formal grammars generating a formal language. Each grammar works on a string, a so-called sequential form that represents an environment. Grammar systems can thus be used as a formalization of decentralized or distributed systems of agents in artificial intelligence.
Let $\mathbb {A}$ be a simple reactive agent moving on the table and trying not to fall down from the table with two reactions, t for turning and ƒ for moving forward. The set of possible behaviors of $\mathbb {A}$ can then be described as formal language
    $\mathbb {L_{A}} =\{(f^{m}t^{n}f^{r})^{+}:1\leq m\leq k;1\leq n\leq \ell ;1\leq r\leq k\},$
where ƒ can be done maximally k times and t can be done maximally ℓ times considering the dimensions of the table.
Let $\mathbb {G_{A}}$ be a formal grammar which generates language $\mathbb {L_{A}}$. The behavior of $\mathbb {A}$ is then described by this grammar. Suppose the $\mathbb {A}$ has a subsumption architecture; each component of this architecture can be then represented as a formal grammar, too, and the final behavior of the agent is then described by this system of grammars.
The schema on the right describes such a system of grammars which shares a common string representing an environment. The shared sequential form is sequentially rewritten by each grammar, which can represent either a component or generally an agent.
If grammars communicate together and work on a shared sequential form, it is called a Cooperating Distributed (DC) grammar system. Shared sequential form is a similar concept to the blackboard approach in AI, which is inspired by an idea of experts solving some problem together while they share their proposals and ideas on a shared blackboard.
Each grammar in a grammar system can also work on its own string and communicate with other grammars in a system by sending their sequential forms on request. Such a grammar system is then called a Parallel Communicating (PC) grammar system.
PC and DC are inspired by distributed AI. If there is no communication between grammars, the system is close to the decentralized approaches in AI. These kinds of grammar systems are sometimes called colonies or Eco-Grammar systems, depending (besides others) on whether the environment is changing on its own (Eco-Grammar system) or not (colonies).
# Break the Chain

"Break the Chain" is a song by Japanese rock band Tourbillon, and was the band's fifth and final single. It was released a year-and-a-half following the release of their second album A Tide of New Era, and was used as the opening theme for the 2008 television series Kamen Rider Kiva. Ryuichi Kawamura stated that the song was not just the "let's beat up the bad guys!" kind of Kamen Rider Series opening theme, but a song that both children and adults can enjoy.
"Break the Chain" reached the number 3 position of the Oricon Weekly Charts on the week of its release, the highest ranked single the band ever released. The song was not included on any of their albums. It would later be included in the Kamen Rider Kiva soundtracks and it was also featured on the "Song Attack Ride" album series during the broadcast of the successor to Kiva, Kamen Rider Decade, where it was remixed by Rider Chips and Shuhei Naruse.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Shoko Fujibayashi; all music is composed by Shuhei Naruse, all music arranged by Naruse and Tourbillon
# Karl von Thun und Hohenstein

Karl von Thun und Hohenstein (1803-1876) was an Austrian officer who was notable for being the main Austrian commander at the Battle of Blumenau of the Austro-Prussian War.

## Biography

Karl was born on January 24, 1803, in Vienna as the son of landowner Count Joseph Johann Anton von Thun und Hohenstein (1767–1810) and Countess Eleonore von Thun und Hohenstein, née Fritsch (1775–1834), and younger brother of politician Joseph Matthias von Thun und Hohenstein (1794 –1863).
Count Thun began his military career in 1820 as a cadet in the cavalry and became a second lieutenant in 1821, a first lieutenant in 1826 and a captain-lieutenant in the infantry in 1831. In 1840 he became a major and in February 1848 was made colonel and commander of the 3rd Infantry Regiment. With his regiment he took part in most battles of the First Italian War of Independence and then served as a major general and brigade commander in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, participating in the battles of Komárom and Temesvár. In 1850 he acted for a few months as a fortress commander in Budapest and shortly retired before returning as a brigade commander in 1852. In 1854, he became a Lieutenant Field Marshal and commanded a division in Opava.
In the Second Italian War of Independence he commanded the 15th Army Corps, which was newly formed to defend the coast, but was not deployed. He was subsequently commander of the VIII Corps in Italy. In late 1860 he was without a command again and from 1861 served as commander of all troops in the Austrian Littoral, based in Trieste. In August 1862 he became commander of II Corps and commanding general for Lower and Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria in Vienna. In the Austro-Prussian War his corps was part of the army of Feldzeugmeister Ludwig Benedek, serving in Bohemia and being involved in heavy fighting in the Swiepwald. Hohenstein himself was slightly wounded in the Battle of Königgrätz. He briefly was without a command again and retired in 1867 with the rank of Feldzeugmeister.
Karl von Thun und Hohenstein received the Order of the Iron Crown, III Class in 1848 and in 1867 that of the 1st class. In 1849 he became a Knight of the Order of Leopold. In 1857, he became the owner of Infantry Regiment 29, 1859 Privy Council.
Karl later died on January 16, 1876, at Trieste at the age of 72.
He had been married to Johanna née Freiin von Koller (1809–1891) since March 7, 1833. The marriage remained childless.
# Encapsulated knowledge

Encapsulated knowledge is the value endowing meta-resource originating from thought, reflection, or experience that is embedded in an artefact’s design and functionality.

## Properties

Encapsulated knowledge may be considered that knowledge which is found in a complex physical form, concealed from the casual observer, but physically transferable and acquirable in a marketplace, and provides utility to those who have the tacit knowledge necessary to use it. It is a recent addition to the knowledge-based view of the firm.
Encapsulated knowledge differs from both tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Encapsulated knowledge is not tacit because it resides outside of the human mind. It may also be distinguished from tacit knowledge in that it is a consequence of the application of tacit knowledge upon physical or material objects.
It is also useful to distinguish encapsulated knowledge from explicit knowledge. Encapsulated knowledge is not precisely explicit, even though this term has generally been juxtaposed with tacit knowledge, because it is knowledge concealed from its users, and explicitness implies observability. Encapsulated knowledge is distinguishable from codified knowledge primarily along the dimension of observability which has implications for the appropriability of value. The observability of explicit, codified knowledge makes it susceptible to misappropriation. Encapsulated knowledge, on the other hand, facilitates the marketing of knowledge since it can only be partially misappropriated through expensive reverse engineering.
Finally, both codification and encapsulation are motivated by a desire to inexpensively transfer knowledge. While codification is a process that reduces complexity, encapsulation preserves complexity. The value of encapsulation lies in the avoidance of the cost of learning to make use of the encapsulated knowledge. For example, utility can be realized from the use of knowledge encapsulated in a computer or an automobile apart from having to learn why they work. The vast majority of transactions that occur in consumer markets involve the purchase of some form of encapsulated knowledge.
# Graziella Magherini

Graziella Magherini (Italian pronunciation:; 23 August 1927 – 10 December 2023) was an Italian psychiatrist.

## Career

Born on 23 August 1927 in Florence, Magherini studied medicine at Florence University. She specialized in psychiatry at 28 and became a professor at 33. She later worked as a psychiatrist at the Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Florence.

## Stendhal syndrome

Graziella Magherini is best known for her 1989 book La sindrome di Stendhal (The Stendhal syndrome), which introduced this term to indicate a psychosomatic illness affecting individuals when exposed to art. After nearly 20 years of experience with patients at Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Florence, Italy, Magherini began to note certain pathological abnormalities in a select group of her patients. Foreign visitors who had arrived in droves to indulge in the sumptuous beauty and art of the city were stricken by sudden and mysterious psychosomatic episodes that were induced by their identification with select and "personalized" art. "The Stendhal Syndrome occurs most frequently in Florence, because we have the greatest concentration of Renaissance art in the world."
Her study The Stendhal Syndrome (La Sindrome di Stendhal), published in 1989, is a description of her statistical methodology and, most importantly, a detailed description of some of her most interesting cases. Many of the case histories describe a foreigner who arrives in Florence, Italy and is overwhelmed by unrelenting depictions of Renaissance art and culture.
In the 'Inge Case,' Inge arrived from a Scandinavian country where she taught Italian to children. Her marriage was unsatisfactory and she was filled with the guilt of leaving her failing father, for whom she was a caregiver. Her Florence trip is the first she has taken in many years. Upon arrival she immediately felt 'out of sorts' and when she attended an Italian class for a second day, she noticed someone had taken her seat from the day before. Inge took this as a sign that no one wanted her in Florence. Suddenly, she was afflicted with an overwhelming sense of paranoia. Later, she visited one of Florence's famous cathedrals. She was drawn to one version of The Last Supper. Inge had palpitations and saw flashes of lights. In between flashes, she saw herself in the painting, as one of the women carrying a fruit basket to the table of Jesus. After a steady decline in her mental condition, she was admitted to the Santa Maria Nuova Hospital for observation.
From these cases, Magherini made some startling conclusions about the effects of artwork on the psyche, including that during the mirroring between art and subject, a sublime, aesthetic, and uncanny event occurs. Therein the art experience hooks a repressed trauma beneath the conscious sea of the subject rapidly pulling the trauma to the surface. The subject acts much like a distressed fish out of water. Magherini's job was to unhook the patient from this episode while under observation and gently place the patient back into society.

## Personal life and death

A widow with three children, Graziella Magherini died on 10 December 2023 in Florence, at the age of 96.
# Ninchi

Ninchi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Annibale Ninchi (1887–1967), Italian actor, playwright and drama teacher
* Arnaldo Ninchi (1935–2013), Italian actor, voice actor, and basketball player
* Ave Ninchi (1915–1997), Italian actress
* Carlo Ninchi (1897–1974), Italian actor
# Encholirium horridum

Encholirium horridum is a xerophytic bromeliad native to the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo in eastern Brazil.
# Enchocrates picrophylla

Enchocrates picrophylla is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1886. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia and New South Wales.
The wingspan is 20–21 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous grey with the costal edge, inner margin, and all veins obscurely lined with dull flesh colour. There is a fuscous dot beneath the costa at one-sixth and a dark fuscous dot on the fold before the middle, and a second in the disc at two-thirds, as well as three very obscure dull flesh-coloured transverse lines, the first from one-third of the costa, becoming obsolete beneath, the second from the middle of the costa to the anal angle, very strongly angulated in the middle, the third from three-fourths of the costa to the anal angle, strongly curved above the middle. There is a row of well-defined dark fuscous dots along the hindmargin and apical part of the costa. The hindwings are grey whitish.
# Grandpont Bridge

Grandpont Bridge is a footbridge across the River Thames near the centre of Oxford, England that was temporarily closed in March 2021. It links Friars Wharf in St Ebbes on the north bank to the Geoffrey Arthur Building of Pembroke College, built in 1990, and the Grandpont area. It crosses the Thames on the reach between Iffley Lock and Osney Lock.
The bridge was also used by cyclists. It lies on the Hanson Way, part of National Cycle Network route 5.
The Environment Agency refers to the bridge as "Grandpont Bridge". Other sources also call the bridge "Oxford footbridge", and "Gasworks Pipe Bridge", the name being for the town gas, chiefly methane, produced by the treatment of coal and its less congealed coke form in particular.
The bridge was built in the 1930s. The bridge only carried a utility pipe and lacked a walkway in 1977. Following a survey which revealed a danger of collapse, it was closed to traffic in March 2021. A contractor was appointed to fix the bridge in April 2023, and works are scheduled to be complete by October 2023.
The bridge takes its name from Grandpont, the area south of the bridge, which itself takes its name from a much earlier bridge-causeway which included the next bridge downstream, now known as Folly Bridge.
# Graptacme

Graptacme is a genus of molluscs belonging to the family Dentaliidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

Species:
* Graptacme acutissima (R. B. Watson, 1879)
* Graptacme acutistriata G. Steiner & Kabat, 2004
* Graptacme africana (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903)
* Graptacme calamus (Dall, 1889)
* Graptacme eborea (Conrad, 1846)
* Graptacme elpis (Winckworth, 1927)
* Graptacme inversa (Deshayes, 1826)
* Graptacme lactea (Deshayes, 1826)
* Graptacme marchadi (Nicklès, 1979)
* Graptacme multistricta (Finlay & Marwick, 1937) †
* Graptacme nielseni Lamprell & Healy, 1998
* Graptacme novaehollandiae (Chenu, 1843)
* Graptacme pareorensis (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897) †
* Graptacme perlonga (Dall, 1881)
* Graptacme secta (Deshayes, 1826)
* Graptacme semistriata (W. Turton, 1819)
* Graptacme semistriolata (Guilding, 1834)
* Graptacme splendida (G. B. Sowerby I, 1832)
* Graptacme takakoae Tsuchida & Tachi, 1999
# Nindorf

Nindorf is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
# Nindorf (Bergen)

Nindorf is a village administered by the Lower Saxon town of Bergen in the northern part of Celle district on the Lüneburg Heath in North Germany. It lies about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northwest of Bergen on the B 3 federal road and has 215 inhabitants (2019).

## History

Nindorf was originally mentioned in 1197 under the name of villa Nendorpe. It is also responsible for Widdernhausen. The village lies on the K 12 district road (Kreisstraße), that runs from Bergen to Wietzendorf. Today it consists of a mixture of original farmsteads, some with old Treppenspeicher barns, but also modern farmhouses.
* 1914–1918 and 1939–1945 war memorial
* Modernised living quarters of a farmhouse
* Old farmhouse with Treppenspeicher barn

## Politics

Since the Lower Saxon administrative reforms of 1973, Nindorf has been part of the town of Bergen. Nindorf is represented by a parish council (Ortsrat) and a chairman (Ortsbürgermeister). The council is empowered, inter alia, to make decisions about public services in the village, is responsible for maintaining the appearance of the village and for overseeing its clubs and societies, and has to be consulted by the town of Bergen on all important matters affecting the village. It consists of five elected representatives who, together with the chair, sit on the Bergen town council. The parish council elects its own chair. The current incumbent is Eckart Borges.
# Emmo

Emmo, a diminutive of a Germanic masculine given name, may refer to:
* Emmo, Count of Hesbaye (d. aft. 982)
* Emmo of Loon (d. 1078), count
# Emmochliophis fugleri

Emmochliophis fugleri, also known commonly as Fugler's shadow snake, the Pichincha snake, and the Pinchinda snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Ecuador. This species went missing in 1969, before an individual was found in 2019 .

## Etymology

The specific name, fugleri, is in honor of American biologist Charles M. Fugler.

## Geographic range

E. fugleri is found in western mainland Ecuador, in Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province.

## Description

A small snake, E. fulgeri has a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of about 25 cm (9.8 in). It is black dorsally, and bluish gray ventrally. The dorsal scales are in 19 rows throughout the length of the body. The ventrals number fewer than 150.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of E. fugleri is forest, at altitudes of about 450 m (1,480 ft).

## Reproduction

E. fugleri is oviparous.
# Nkoroo people

The Nkoroo people are an Ijaw people living in Nkoroo, Rivers State, Nigeria, numbering about 4,700 (1989). The Nkoroo live in a close relationship with the Defaka, with both groups living in the same town (Nkoro town). They speak their own language, called Nkoroo. The Nkoroo people refer to themselves and their language as 'Kirika', though 'Nkoroo' (or Nkọrọọ) is the standard name used by outsiders and in the scholarly literature.
# No. 83 Squadron RAAF

No. 83 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force intelligence unit. It was originally formed in 1943 as a 'home defence' fighter squadron and provided air defence to several locations in Queensland, the Northern Territory and New South Wales before being disbanded in 1945. The squadron was re-raised in 2021, and is responsible for a system which integrates intelligence from multiple sources.

## History
### World War II

No. 83 Squadron was formed at Strathpine, Queensland, on 26 February 1943. Its role was to intercept unidentified and hostile aircraft, ships and submarines in the Brisbane area. The squadron was initially equipped with six P-39 Airacobra fighters and had only 10 officers and 27 airmen out of its authorised strength of 27 officers and 310 airmen.
The squadron's first operations were flown over the Brisbane area. While it responded to numerous reports of potentially hostile activity it did not sight any Japanese submarines or aircraft. Most operations were conducted from Petrie while the squadron headquarters remained at Strathpine. The squadron began to be re-equipped with Australian designed and built Boomerang fighters in June and the Airacobras were withdrawn in September. It reached its full strength of 21 Boomerangs and a single Moth Minor in October 1943.
No. 83 Squadron moved from Queensland to the Northern Territory in late 1943. All its aircraft suffered from technical faults when they first arrived at Milingimbi Island and none could be used in operations until December. The squadron was subsequently deployed to Melville Island in December and remained there until January 1944, when it made a further move to RAAF Airfield Gove on the mainland. While at Gove the squadron's Boomerangs escorted Allied shipping and conducted patrols. By this time few Japanese forces were operating in the area and No. 83 Squadron did not see combat.
The squadron left the Northern Territory in mid-1944, and arrived at Camden, New South Wales in August where it continued operations with its Boomerangs. In February 1945 it moved again to Menangle where it was disbanded on 18 September 1945. At least one of the Boomerangs operated by No. 83 Squadron remains in flying condition under private ownership. A further No. 83 Squadron Boomerang has been preserved at the RAAF Museum and the fuselage of another is at the Australian National Aviation Museum.

### Re-establishment

No. 83 Squadron was re-raised on 1 January 2021 from the Distributed Ground Station Australia unit that had formed part of No. 87 Squadron until January 2020. The RAAF had begun development of the Distributed Ground Station Australia system in 2009. The squadron forms part of the Information Warfare Directorate. The Distributed Ground Station is a system which integrates and disseminates intelligence from multiple sources. The squadron is located at RAAF Base Edinburgh in South Australia.