# Chialvo map

The Chialvo map is a two-dimensional map proposed by Dante R. Chialvo in 1995 to describe the generic dynamics of excitable systems. The model is inspired by Kunihiko Kaneko's Coupled map lattice numerical approach which considers time and space as discrete variables but state as a continuous one. Later on Rulkov popularized a similar approach. By using only three parameters the model is able to efficiently mimic generic neuronal dynamics in computational simulations, as single elements or as parts of inter-connected networks.

## The model

The model is an iterative map where at each time step, the behavior of one neuron is updated as the following equations:
${\begin{aligned}x_{n+1}=&f(x_{n},y_{n})=x_{n}^{2}\exp {(y_{n}-x_{n})}+k\\y_{n+1}=&g(x_{n},y_{n})=ay_{n}-bx_{n}+c\\\end{aligned}}$
in which, $x$ is called activation or action potential variable, and $y$ is the recovery variable. The model has four parameters, $k$ is a time-dependent additive perturbation or a constant bias, $a$ is the time constant of recovery $(a<1)$, $b$ is the activation-dependence of the recovery process $(b<1)$ and $c$ is an offset constant. The model has a rich dynamics, presenting from oscillatory to chaotic behavior, as well as non trivial responses to small stochastic fluctuations.

## Analysis
### Bursting and chaos

The map is able to capture the aperiodic solutions and the bursting behavior which are remarkable in the context of neural systems. For example, for the values $a=0.89$, $c=0.28$ and $k=0.025$ and changing b from $0.6$ to $0.18$ the system passes from oscillations to aperiodic bursting solutions.

### Fixed points

Considering the case where $k=0$ and $b<<a$ the model mimics the lack of ‘voltage-dependence inactivation’ for real neurons and the evolution of the recovery variable is fixed at $y_{f0}$. Therefore, the dynamics of the activation variable is basically described by the iteration of the following equations
${\begin{aligned}x_{n+1}=&f(x_{n},y_{f0})=x_{n}^{2}exp(r-x_{n})\\r=&y_{f0}=c/(1-a)\\\end{aligned}}$
in which $f(x_{n},y_{f0})$ as a function of $r$ has a period-doubling bifurcation structure.

## Examples
### Example 1

A practical implementation is the combination of $N$ neurons over a lattice, for that, it can be defined $0>d<1$ as a coupling constant for combining the neurons. For neurons in a single row, we can define the evolution of action potential on time by the diffusion of the local temperature $x$ in:
$x_{n+1}^{i}=(1-d)f(x_{n}^{i})+(d/2)[f(x_{n}^{i+1})+f(x_{n}^{i-1})]$
where $n$ is the time step and $i$ is the index of each neuron. For the values $a=0.89$, $b=0.6$, $c=0.28$ and $k=0.02$, in absence of perturbations they are at the resting state. If we introduce a stimulus over cell 1, it induces two propagated waves circulating in opposite directions that eventually collapse and die in the middle of the ring.

### Example 2

Analogous to the previous example, it's possible create a set of coupling neurons over a 2-D lattice, in this case the evolution of action potentials is given by:
$x_{n+1}^{i,j}=(1-d)f(x_{n}^{i,j})+(d/4)[f(x_{n}^{i+1,j})+f(x_{n}^{i-1,j})+f(x_{n}^{i,j+1})+f(x_{n}^{i,j-1})]$
where $i$, $j$, represent the index of each neuron in a square lattice of size $I$, $J$. With this example spiral waves can be represented for specific values of parameters. In order to visualize the spirals, we set the initial condition in a specific configuration $x^{ij}=i*0.0033$ and the recovery as $y^{ij}=y_{f}-(j*0.0066)$.
The map can also present chaotic dynamics for certain parameter values. In the following figure we show the chaotic behavior of the variable $x$ on a square network of $500\times 500$ for the parameters $a=0.89$, $b=0.18$, $c=0.28$ and $k=0.026$.
The map can be used to simulated a nonquenched disordered lattice (as in Ref), where each map connects with four nearest neighbors on a square lattice, and in addition each map has a probability $p$ of connecting to another one randomly chosen, multiple coexisting circular excitation waves will emerge at the beginning of the simulation until spirals takes over.

## Chaotic and periodic behavior for a neuron

For a neuron, in the limit of $b=0$, the map becomes 1D, since $y$ converges to a constant. If the parameter $b$ is scanned in a range, different orbits will be seen, some periodic, others chaotic, that appear between two fixed points, one at $x=1$ ; $y=1$ and the other close to the value of $k$ (which would be the regime excitable).