OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pronoun avoidance

Pronoun avoidance is the use of kinship terms, titles and other complex nominal expressions instead of personal pronouns in speech.

## Linguistics

Many languages feature the T–V distinction, where two or more different pronouns are used contextually to convey formality or familiarity. In contrast, languages with pronoun avoidance tend to feature complex systems of honorifics and use pronoun avoidance as a form of negative politeness, instead employing expressions referring to status, relationship or title. In these languages, second person pronouns still exist, but are used primarily to address social equals and inferiors.
Languages with pronoun avoidance cluster in East and South-East Asia. For example, in Indonesian, the standard terms of respectful forms of address are Bapak (literally "father") and Ibu ("mother") for men and women respectively, and the neologism Anda was invented in the 1950s to function as a polite second-person pronoun. Japanese, well known for its elaborate system of honorific speech, also exhibits pronoun avoidance, to such an extent that Maynard suggests that Japanese “lacks a pronominal system”.
Pronoun avoidance may extend to first and third person pronouns as well. In Vietnamese, a set of finely graded kinship terms largely replace all pronouns, but it is also common particularly for women to refer to themselves by name, and titles are often used for third parties.
As well, there may be sociolects or dialects where pronoun avoidance occurs while more prevalent forms of the language lack it. Many Orthodox Jews, when addressing a rabbi, teacher, or other spiritual authority, will address him with the word "Rebbi" instead of "you." The practice is very old, dating at least to the Talmud, and has been noted in Halachic literature. However, though some English-speaking Jews do this, this practice is absent in English as a whole.

### Languages featuring pronoun avoidance

The World Atlas of Language Structures characterizes the following languages as exhibiting pronoun avoidance:
* Burmese
* Indonesian
* Japanese
* Khmer
* Korean
* Thai
* Vietnamese

## Autism

Children with autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently exhibit pronoun reversal or pronoun avoidance, using proper names instead. Since autistic children often have difficulty with pronouns, this phenomenon has been attributed variously to input from adults avoiding pronouns, or abnormalities in how children with ASD experience the self.
# Brazoria

Brazoria may refer to:
* Brazoria County, Texas
* Brazoria, Texas, a town in Brazoria County
* Brazoria (plant), a plant genus in the family Lamiaceae
# Chamek

Chamek (Jawi: چمق, Chinese: 占美) is a village in Kluang District, Johor, Malaysia. The name originated from the Chinese variation of the word Jambi, which is rather hard to pronounce.
The village is a multiracial village, having all Chinese, Malays and Indians. Mostly, the Malays are of the Javanese descendants, and they practiced the Javanese culture in their everyday life. The populations mainly work in rubber plantation, palm plantation, and a few opened grocery stores.
The village is located nearer to a small town of Paloh, where the public amenities, such as post office, health center, and police station are more available.

## Transportation

The town was served by Chamek Railway Station of Keretapi Tanah Melayu. The station was closed permanently on 7 September 2020 due to the Gemas-Johor Bahru electrification and double tracking project.
* SJKC Chian Bee
* Church
* Gerbang Pintu Kampung Melayu Chamek
* Letter Post
* Police Station Building
* Multi Purpose Hall
* Playground
* Houses with national flag
# Hugo Alpen

Hugo Alpen (26 October 1842 – 20 June 1917) was a German-born Australian composer, choral conductor and singing teacher.

## Early life

Born on 26 October 1842 in Kellinghusen, (then part of Denmark), Alpen came to Australia in 1858 at the age of 16.

## Career

After spending several years in Melbourne, Alpen was appointed director of the Vocal Philharmonic Society in the New South Wales town of Tumut in 1862, and from 1865 was based in Albury. He moved to Sydney in 1880 to work as a singing master for the newly established Department of Public Instruction (now the Department of Education), teaching at Fort Street and Hurlstone teacher training colleges. In 1884 he was appointed Superintendent of Music in the department.
He advocated enlightened modern methods of music teaching for school children, emphasising aural development and sight-singing, and in 1897 he published a treatise, Practical Hints for the Teaching of Vocal Music in Public Schools.
In the earliest precursors of today's Schools Spectaculars, Alpen led massed student choirs in gala performances, often including his own compositions. His Commemoration Ode (1899) celebrated Fort Street School's Golden Jubilee. At the celebrations of the Inauguration of the Commonwealth in Centennial Park on 1 January 1901, he conducted an estimated 10,000 school children in a performance of his work Federated Australia.
Alpen was also the organist at St Patrick's on Church Hill and St Benedict's on Broadway, both in Sydney.
Among his later works, with words by Roderick Quinn, was Hail! Men of America, Hail!, which was performed as an "ode of welcome to the American Fleet" on its hugely popular first visit to Sydney Harbour in 1908.

## Death

In retirement he lived in Strathfield until his death on 20 June 1917.
# Hacımahmutuşağı

Hacımahmutuşağı is a village in the Ortaköy District, Aksaray Province, Turkey. Its population is 170 (2021).
# George Craig

George Craig may refer to:
* George Henry Craig (1845–1923), U.S. Representative from Alabama
* George Craig (baseball) (1887–1911), baseball player for 1907 Philadelphia Athletics
* George N. Craig (1909–1992), governor of Indiana
* George Craig (musician) (born 1990), English frontman of band One Night Only
* George B. Craig (1930–1995), American biologist and entomologist
* George Craig (architect) (1852–1927), Scottish architect and amateur geologist
# Fade to Grey (Jars of Clay song)

"Fade to Grey" is the first song ever written by Jars of Clay. It originally was recorded for the group's debut demo album, Frail, which was released in 1994. However, when the group recorded tracks for their self-titled debut album, time and budget issues were problems in being able to record the track.
For the group's second album, Much Afraid, they decided to include the song, though many changes were made with the new recording, including some lyrical and overall arrangement changes. The new version was released as the third radio single from the Much Afraid album and reached #1 on the U.S. Christian radio charts.

## Track listing

* "Fade to Grey" – 3:34 (Dan Haseltine, Charlie Lowell, Matt Bronlewee, Stephen Mason, Matt Odmark)

## Performance credits

* Dan Haseltine – vocals, percussion
* Charlie Lowell – keyboards, piano, organ, background vocals
* Stephen Mason – guitars, background vocals
* Matt Odmark – guitars, background vocals
* Greg Wells – drums, bass
* Nashville Strings – strings

## Technical credits

* Stephen Lipson – producer
* Robert Beeson – executive producer
* Heff Moraes – engineering, mixing
* Chuck Linder – recording
* Mike Griffith – engineering
* Adam Hatley – engineering assistant
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering
* Don C. Tyler – digital editing
# Cypress Lake Preserve

Cypress Lake Preserve is a 324-acre (1.31 km$^2$) nature preserve in Ridge Manor, Florida. The preserve is located in the vicinity of US 98/SR 50 and Ridge Manor Boulevard in Ridge Manor, Florida. It includes approximately 600 feet (180 m) of frontage on the Withlacoochee River and offers walking and hiking trails.
Cypress Lake Preserve has two signs. One of which is on Paul N. Steckle Drive between the Withlacoochee River and a Hernando County Firehouse, and the other on Ridge Manor Boulevard across from the intersection with Olancha Road.
# Gil Flores

Gilberto Garcia Flores (born October 27, 1952) is a retired Major League Baseball player.
Originally signed by the Baltimore Orioles as an amateur free agent in 1970, he batted .288 in a little over one season in their farm system. Following the 1972 season, he went to the California Angels in the minor league draft. He made his major league debut in 1977, and batted .278 with one home run and 26 runs batted in.
He began the 1978 season assigned to the triple A Salt Lake City Gulls before being dealt to the New York Mets for a player to be named later on July 28. He joined the Mets as a September call-up, and batted .276 in eleven games. His batting average dipped to .194 in 1979. He remained in the minors with the Mets through 1984.
# Goodeinae

Goodeinae is a subfamily of splitfins from Mexico, part of the family Goodeidae. They are small fish which mostly live in fresh water, especially around Mesa Central, west of Mexico City. Members of the subfamily are also found in brackish water on both the east and west coasts. They typically have small ranges and many are seriously threatened (some already extinct). The subfamily takes its name from its type genus Goodea and so is ultimately named after the American ichthyologist George Brown Goode (1851-1896).

## Genera

The following genera make up the subfamily Goodeinae:
* Allodontichthys C. L. Hubbs & C. L. Turner, 1939
* Alloophorus Hubbs & Turner, 1939
* Allotoca Hubbs & Turner, 1939
* Ameca R. R. Miller & Fitzsimons, 1971
* Ataeniobius Hubbs & Turner, 1939
* Chapalichthys Hubbs, 1926
* Characodon Günther, 1866
* Girardinichthys Bleeker, 1860
* Goodea Jordan, 1880
* Hubbsina de Buen, 1940
* Ilyodon Eigenmann, 1907
* Skiffia Meek 1902
* Xenoophorus Hubbs & Turner, 1939
* Xenotaenia Turner, 1946
* Xenotoca Hubbs & Turner, 1939
* Zoogoneticus Meek, 1902
# Pregonero

Pregonero is a town in Táchira State, Venezuela. It is the administrative centre for Uribante Municipality. Pregonero is located high in the Andes Mountains at an elevation of 1,327 m. on the banks of the Uribante River.
Traditionally, Pregonero was founded by Francisco de Borja y Mora in 1727 with settlers from La Grita, although there was already an indigenous village there.

## Geography

The town is located above the Uribante River on a river terrace which was formed in Pleistocene times. The climate is classified as tropical savanna with wet summers and dry winters. Annual rainfall is around 1,400 mm. Located nearby is the Uribante Caparo dam.
There are two large plazas, Bolivar Plaza located in front of the church of San Antonio de Padua and the Plaza Miranda in front of the church of Nuestra Señora del Carmen.

## Notable people

* Bartus Bartolomes
# Richard C. Harrington

Richard Charles Harrington (1956-10-22 in Birmingham – 2004-05-23 in Manchester) was professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at the University of Manchester, England. His work on psychiatric disorders of children and adolescents, especially on children with depressive illness, is a milestone in this medical field.
# Hubert Lyman Clark

Hubert Lyman Clark (January 9, 1870 – July 31, 1947) was an American zoologist. The son of Professor William Smith Clark, he was born at Amherst, Massachusetts, and educated at Amherst College and Johns Hopkins University.
From 1899 to 1905 he was professor of biology at Olivet College. Beginning in 1905, Clark worked as assistant in invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. He was curator of echinoderms from 1910 to 1927, and curator of marine invertebrates and associate professor of zoology beginning 1927. He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1947.

## Work

He carried on scientific investigations in Jamaica, Bermuda and Australia, where he collected in 1913, 1929 and 1932, and published many papers dealing with birds, snakes, echinoderms and flowers. His publications include:
* The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity (1887)
* The Echinoderms of Porto Rico (1901)
* A New Ophiuran from the West Indies (1910)
* North Pacific Ophiurans in the Collection of the United States National Museum (1911)
* The echinoderm fauna of Australia (1946) (recording all known species including fossils)
He contributed to the New International Encyclopaedia and the Dictionary of American Biography.
# Euchromius gratiosella

Euchromius gratiosella is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Spain, Italy, Russia, Algeria, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadzhikistan and Mongolia.
The wingspan is 15–23 mm.
# Zadock Thompson

Zadock Thompson (1796–1856), was a Vermont naturalist, professor, and Episcopal priest.

## Biography

Zadock Thompson was born in Bridgewater, Vermont on May 23, 1796. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1823.
Thompson published numerous books on Vermont's history, the most notable being the History of the State of Vermont (1833) and History of the State of Vermont, Natural, Civil and Statistical (1842).
Thompson married Phebe Boyce and had three children: George Boyce Thompson, Harriet Towner Thompson, and Adeline Perry Thompson. Only his daughter, Adeline, survived childhood; she had four children before her death, at 30.
Zadock Thompson died in Burlington, Vermont on January 19, 1856.
# Mild sauce

Mild sauce is a condiment, similar to barbecue sauce and mumbo sauce. It was made popular by fried chicken and barbecue restaurants on the South and West Sides of Chicago such as Harold's Chicken Shack, Uncle Remus Saucy Fried Chicken, and Lem's Bar-B-Q. Mild sauce is particularly associated with Black communities in Chicago. While recipes vary substantially, many formulations involve a combination of ketchup, barbecue sauce, and hot sauce.
# Porticus Octavia

The Porticus Octavia (Latin for the "Octavian Portico"), also known as the Portico of Octavius, was a portico in ancient Rome built by Gnaeus Octavius in 168 BC to commemorate his capture of Perseus of Macedonia during the Third Macedonian War. It stood between the Theatre of Pompey and the Circus Flaminius beside the Porticus Metelli. Pliny describes it as a double portico with bronze Corinthian capitals, for which it was also called the Corinthian Portico (Porticus Corinthia). It may have been the earliest use of this architectural order in Rome and is possibly to be identified with remains on the Via S. Nicola ai Cesarini, represented in the Severan Marble Plan (frg. 140). Velleius Paterculus called it "by far the loveliest" (multo amoenissima) of the porticoes of his time.
The portico surrounded the Temple of Hercules Musarum ("Hercules of the Muses") which the consul and censor Marcus Fulvius Nobilior erected c. 187 BC. It may have replaced or refurbished the portico that he supposedly erected around his temple at the time of its construction.
In 33 BC, Octavian (the future Augustus) recovered the military standards lost by Gabinius to the Illyrians and displayed them at the Porticus Octavia. Octavian and his stepbrother L. Marcius Philippus then entirely rebuilt it and the temple within to commemorate the conquest of Dalmatia. Cassius Dio (XLIX.43) confounded this Porticus Philippi ("Portico of Philippus") and the adjacent Porticus Octaviae, which Octavian established around the same time over the former Portico of Metellus. The Porticos of Octavius and Philippus have both left few traces.
# Goodenia schwerinensis

Goodenia schwerinensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to inland areas of Western Australia. It is a prostrate to low-lying herb with elliptic to lance-shaped leaves with toothed or lyrate edges, and racemes of yellow flowers.

## Description

Goodenia schwerinensis is a prostrate to low-lying annual herb with stems up to 40 cm (16 in) long, the foliage covered with soft hairs. The leaves at the base of the plant and are narrow elliptic to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 50–120 mm (2.0–4.7 in) long and 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) wide with toothed or lyrate edges. The flowers are arranged in racemes up to 300 mm (12 in) long on peduncles 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long with leaf-like bracts and linear bracteoles 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) long. The sepals are linear, 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long, the petals yellow, 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) long. The lower lobes of the corolla are 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long with wings about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) wide. Flowering occurs from May to September and the fruit is a cylindrical capsule about 10 mm (0.39 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

Goodenia schwerinensis was first formally described in 1980 by Roger Charles Carolin in the journal Telopea from material collected by David Eric Symon at the eastern end of the Schwerin Mural Crescent Range in 1962. The specific epithet (schwerinensis) refers to the type location.

## Distribution and habitat

This goodenia grows in scrub and spinifex grassland in central eastern Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Goodenia schwerinensis is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# Zabiello

Zabiello is a Polonized variant of the Lithuanian surname Zabiela. Ukrainian form: Zabila, Russified: Zabela. Notable people with the surname include:
* Szymon Zabiełło
* Józef Zabiełło
# Zakaria Matur Makuer

Zakaria Matur Makuer is a South Sudanese politician. He is a member of the legislative parliament and is the current chairperson of Higher Education, Science, and Technology in the cabinet of South Sudan.

## Education and early life

Makuer was born on January 1, 1963, in Rumbek, Lakes State, South Sudan. He attended Rumbek Secondary School between 1976 and 1980 and then attained a scholarship that saw him leave for Lebanon where he graduated with a Master of Education from the American University of Beirut.

## Career

After graduating from the American University in Beirut in Lebanon, Makuer returned to South Sudan and worked with Across for several years, helping the local community in Rumbek. Then he was elected as a member of Parliament on May 1, 2012. He became the chairperson of the Committee of Higher Education and Technology in the Cabinet of South Sudan on January 3, 2022.
# Zafrona samadiae

Zafrona samadiae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

## Distribution

This deep-water marine species occurs off New Caledonia.
# Zajeziorze, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Zajeziorze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Samborzec, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south of Samborzec, 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and 79 km (49 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
# Banasa

Banasa may refer to:
* Iulia Valentia Banasa, a Roman-Berber city in northern Morocco
* Banasa (bug), a shield bug genus in the tribe Pentatomini
# Cécile Dolmetsch

Cécile Dolmetsch became Cécile Dolmetsch Ward (March 22, 1904 – August 9, 1997) was a British expert on the pardessus de viole. The Dolmetsch family were all enthusiasts for early music and the instruments that it was played on.

## Life

Dolmetsch was born in Dorking in 1904. She was the first child born to (Eugène) Arnold Dolmetsch and his third wife Mabel (born Johnston). Her family moved abroad shortly after her birth and her father had to make a special trip to collect her in June. They spent seven years in America and three years in France where her father worked as a musical instrument maker. She had three siblings and a half-sister but she and her father were estranged. The family would always speak French at home and the family's interest in early musical instruments resulted in a family concert every evening where they would all try different instruments and they would be joined by friends. This led to the formation of a family concert group.
In 1917 the whole family moved to their new home at Hazlemore at a house called "Jesses". They were moved as a favour by the French-Canadian army as they had befriended them as fellow francophones. The Haslemere Festival began in 1925 and Cécile would play each year until the 1990s.
Everyone in the family could play several instruments but she was the only one known for her singing. In 1930 she sang John Dowland's "Awake Sweet Love" from 1575 on Columbia's first volume of their "History of Music" edited by Percy Scholes. She was accompanied by a viol and a lute.
In 1948 she was a founder of the Viola da Gamba Society and her sister, Nathalie, served for many years as President. Cecile took over from her when she died in 1989.
She became an advocate for the pardessus de viole which is the descant member of the viol family. In some years she was the only professional musician to play the pardessus de viole. Dolmetsch also used her time to find lost music for the pardessus de viole in French libraries. The music collection she curated included solo compositions by Jean-Baptiste Barrière, Thomas Marc and Caix d'Hervelois.
Dolmetsch died in 1997 in Guildford.
# Zapolje

Zapolje may refer to:
* Zapolje, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a village near Bratunac
* Zapolje, Croatia, a village near Rešetari
# Mild and Hazy

Mild and Hazy is a 7" vinyl single by the Canadian singer-songwriter Hayden. It was released in 1996 on Hayden's own label, Hardwood Records as well as on Lunamoth. The cover is a photograph of Hayden as a toddler. The song "Gouge Away" is a cover of the Pixies' song, from their album Doolittle.

## Track listing

All songs written by Paul Hayden Desser, except where noted.
Side A:
* "In September" – 2:38
* "Mild" – 1:04
Side B:
* "Gouge Away" (Black Francis) – 2:48
* "Hazy" – 1:06
# Bandobena

Bandobena is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Milt Trost

Milton Frank Trost (March 4, 1913 – April 2, 1986) was an American football player. He was a lineman who played at the tackle position for Marquette University from 1931 to 1934 and in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears (1935-1939) and Philadelphia Eagles (1940).
Trost was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1913. He attended Washington High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He then enrolled at Marquette University where he played college football for the Marquette Golden Avalanche football teams of 1931, 1932, 1933, and 1934.
Trost played professional football at the tackle position for the Chicago Bears for five years from 1935 to 1939. He appeared in 44 games for the Bears, principally as a backup to the Bears' Hall of Fame tackle Joe Stydahar.
In February 1940, the Bears traded Trost to the Philadelphia Eagles. At 244 pounds, Trost was the second heaviest player on the Eagles' roster in 1940. He appeared in seven games for the Eagles and was released in November 1940.
After his release by the Eagles, Trost signed with the Newark Bears of the American Association, finishing the 1940 season there. He also played for the Milwaukee Chiefs of the American Football League during the 1941 season. During World War II, Trost served in the U.S. Army and played for the 1943 Camp Grant Warriors football team.
Trost died in 1986 in Broward County, Florida.