OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biggs, Missouri

Biggs was an unincorporated community in northeast Douglas County, Missouri, United States.
The community was located above the west bank of the North Fork River just south of the confluence of Indian Creek approximately two miles south of Topaz on County Road E-277. Missouri Route 181 is two miles east along County Road 284. The prominent Round Valley Knob rises approximately 160 feet above the surrounding North Fork floodplain adjacent to the east side of the community site.
The community had a post office from 1894 until 1920 and was named for local mill operator, Monroe Biggs.
# Ganges (1861)

Ganges was the first of three Nourse Line ships named for the Ganges river in northern India.
The first Nourse Line ship was the 839-ton sailing ship Ganges built by William Pile of Sunderland and launched on 9 July 1861. Ganges was considered a large vessel for her time and had a figurehead beneath the bowsprit represented Mother Ganges a symbol of fertility. She was the first of many Nourse Line vessels to be named after rivers. Immediately after being built, Ganges sailed to India to commence trading between Calcutta and Australia where James Nourse hired her out to Sandbach, Tinne & Company, who were involved in the transport of sugar, coffee, rum and molasses, and indentured labourers.
As the Nourse Line went into the business of transporting Indian indentured labourers to the West Indies, Ganges made four voyages to Trinidad. On the first, on 9 April 1872, she transported 408 labourers, six of whom died on the voyage. The second trip on 11 May 1874 transported 383 labourers, with five deaths. The third voyage, on 10 February 1876, carried 379 passengers, with three deaths. The fourth, on 5 February 1878, carried 477 passengers, with 14 deaths. She also made a trip to St Lucia and on the return journey in 1867 brought 451 repatriated labourers back to India.
She was a fast ship, covering the distance between British Guiana and Cape Town in 42 days. However, lengthening her by 35 feet (11 m) and increasing her tonnage from 839 to 1161 reduced her speed.
On 14 October 1881, she was wrecked on Goodwin Sands off Kent, en route from Middlesbrough to Calcutta with railway iron. Three people died in the wrecking.
# Peter MacGregor (Queensland politician)

Peter Balderston Macgregor K.C. (9 April 1866 – 10 April 1936) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## Biography

Macgregor was born in Helidon, Queensland, the son of Alexander Macgregor and his wife Frances Elizabeth (née Eves). He attended East Ipswich State School, Ipswich Grammar School and then Balliol College, Oxford where he studied law. He became a law clerk for Lilley & O'Sullivan before being employed by Samuel Griffith as an assistant. In 1894 he had his own practice and in 1900-1901 he was an acting district judge. He was also an acting judge on the Queensland Supreme Court in 1932.
In 1899 Macregor married Mabel Newton and together had two sons and two daughters. His daughter Frances Mary Macgregor had a career as an actress in Australia, England, and Hollywood as Mary Macgregor. Her brother Richard Alexander Macgregor had a career in radio as Peter Macgregor. The brother and sister occasionally worked together.
Macgregor died in 1936 and his funeral proceeded from his New Farm residence, "Craigroyston", to the Mt Thompson Crematorium.

## Public career

Representing the Nationalist Party, he won the seat of Merthyr in the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1920, defeating the sitting member, Peter McLachlan of the Labor Party. He served one term before being defeated three years later by McLachlan.
MacGregor was the editor of the State Reporter and Law Journal, a member of the Queensland Club, and president of the Women's College Council from 1914-1936. He was also a champion lawn tennis player.
# Galaxaura rugosa

Galaxaura rugosa is a species of red algae in the family Galaxauraceae. The species is the type species of its genus, Galaxaura. The species is found in the Pacific and Indian oceans, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Macaronesia.
# Petit-Couronne

Petit-Couronne (French pronunciation:, before 1984: Le Petit-Couronne) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A port town of oil refineries, light industry and forestry situated by the banks of the Seine, just 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the centre of Rouen at the junction of the D3 and the N338 roads.

## Coat of arms

| Arms of Petit-Couronne | The arms of Petit-Couronne are blazoned : Azure, an anchor argent surmounted by 2 torches in saltire Or, and on a chief wavy azure fimbriatd argent, 3 lions heads erased gules. (created 1986) |

## Places of interest

* Menhirs from pre-Roman times.
* The church of St. Aubin, dating from the seventeenth century.
* The sixteenth-century house of writer Pierre Corneille, now a museum.
* Several 17th/18th-century houses and a dovecote.

## People

* Pierre Corneille, writer, poet and dramatist once lived here.
* Marcelly, full name Marcel Jules Turmel, Music-hall singer (1882-1966)
* Germaine Beaumont, writer and journalist, was born here.

## Twin towns

* Ahlem, Hanover, Germany
* Beccles, England
* Vila Verde, Portugal
# Petito

Petito is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Antonio Petito (1822–1876), Italian actor and playwright
* Enzo Petito (1897–1967), Italian actor
* Gabby Petito (1999–2021), American homicide victim
* Giuseppe Petito (born 1960), Italian cyclist
* Roberto Petito (born 1971), Italian cyclist
# Bien Aimée

Bien Aimée or Bien-Aimée (French for "beloved") may refer to:
* La Bien-aimée, a 1967 French television drama
* Bien Aimée, a 1928 one-act ballet choreographed by Bronislava Nijinska
* "La Bien-aimée!", a 1904 song by Eugène Héros
* French frigate Dur (1671), a 24-gun frigate later renamed Bien Aimée - see List of sail frigates of France
* French frigate Dur (1673), a 28-gun frigate later renamed Bien Aimée - see List of sail frigates of France
# Garibald

Garibald was the young son of Grimoald I of Benevento, king of the Lombards, and Theodota, daughter of Aripert I. After his father's death in 671, he reigned briefly for three months until the numerous adherents of Perctarit, his uncle, who had been exiled by Grimoald nine years earlier, besought their candidate to return and elected him, deposing the young king. He was the last Arian king in Europe.
# Garhi Islamnagar

Garhi Islamnagar is a village in Salon block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,830 people, in 503 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities, and it hosts a periodic haat but not a permanent market.
The 1961 census recorded Garhi Islamnagar as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 1,197 people (576 male and 621 female), in 236 households and 227 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 559 acres.
The 1981 census recorded Garhi Islamnagar as having a population of 1,455 people, in 394 households, and having an area of 225.81 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.
# Petkau effect

The Petkau effect is an early counterexample to linear-effect assumptions usually made about radiation exposure. It was found by Dr. Abram Petkau at the Atomic Energy of Canada Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, Manitoba and published in Health Physics March 1972. The Petkau effect was coined by Swiss nuclear hazards commentator Ralph Graeub in 1985 in this book Der Petkau-Effekt und unsere strahlende Zukunft (The Petkau effect and our Radiating Future).
Petkau had been measuring, in the usual way, the radiation dose that would rupture a simulated artificial cell membrane. He found that 3500 rads delivered in 2+1⁄4 hours (26 rad/min = 15.5 Sv/h) would do it. Then, almost by chance, Petkau repeated the experiment with much weaker radiation and found that 0.7 rad delivered in 11+1⁄2 hours (1 millirad/min = 0.61 mSv/h) also ruptured the membrane. This was counter to the prevailing assumption of a linear relationship between total dose or dose rate and the consequences.
The radiation was of ionizing nature, and produced negative oxygen ions (free radicals). Those ions were more damaging to the simulated membrane in lower concentrations than higher (a somewhat counter-intuitive result in itself) because in the latter, they more readily recombine with each other instead of interfering with the membrane. The ion concentration directly correlated with the radiation dose rate and the composition had non-monotonic consequences.

## Radio-protective effects of superoxide dismutase

Petkau conducted further experiments with simulated cells in 1976 and found that the enzyme superoxide dismutase protected the cells from free radicals generated by ionizing radiation, obviating the effects seen in his earlier experiment. Petkau also discovered that superoxide dismutase was elevated in the leukocytes (white blood cells) in a sub-population of nuclear workers occupationally exposed to elevated radiation (ca. 10 mSv in 6 months), further supporting the hypothesis that superoxide dismutase is a radioprotective agent. Thus, Petkau's original 1972 experiment apparently revealed the potential effects of ionizing radiation on cells without natural radioprotective mechanisms in place.
# Ganem

Ganem is a surname and given name which may refer to:

## Surname

* Donald Ganem (born 1950), American physician and virologist
* Edy Ganem, American actress

## Given name

* Ganem W. Washburn (1823–1907), American lawyer, judge, and politician
# Bill Doran

Bill Doran may refer to:
* Bill Doran (motorcyclist) (1916–1973), Grand Prix motorcycle road racer
* Bill Doran (second baseman) (born 1958), American baseball second baseman
* Bill Doran (third baseman) (1898–1978), American baseball third baseman
* William Doran (1834–1903), mayor of Hamilton, Ontario
* William C. Doran (1884–1965), associate justice of the California Court of Appeal
# Peter Roach

Peter Roach may refer to:
* Peter Roach (cricketer) (born 1975), Australian cricketer
* Peter Roach (phonetician) (born 1943), British phonologist (Emeritus Professor of Phonetics at Reading University)
# Phellodon confluens

Phellodon confluens, commonly known as the fused cork hydnum, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described in 1825 as Hydnum confluens by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Czech mycologist Zdenek Pouzar transferred it to the genus Phellodon in 1956. The fungus is found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.
# Petite rivière Smith

The Petite rivière Smith (English: Little Smith River) is a tributary of the northwest shore of the Smith River. This stream flows in the unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier, in the La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.
This small forest valley is served by a forest that goes from south to north by the east bank. Forestry is the main economic activity in this valley; second, recreational tourism.
Because of its altitude, the surface of "Petite rivière Smith" is generally frozen from late November to early April; however, safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to the end of March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation; the spring flood occurs in March or April.

## Geography

The "Petite rivière Smith" rises at the confluence of two forest streams (altitude: 610 metres (2,000 ft)) in the forest area. This source is located between two mountains in the unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier, at:
* 1.1 kilometres (0.68 mi) north of a mountain peak (altitude: 814 metres (2,671 ft));
* 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) south of another mountain peak (altitude: 1,022 metres (3,353 ft));
* 4.4 kilometres (2.7 mi) north-east of the confluence of the Smith River and Montmorency River;
* 32.6 kilometres (20.3 mi) north of the mouth of the Montmorency River.
From it source, the Petite rivière Smith descends on 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) in the forest zone, with a drop of 63 metres (207 ft) according to the following segments:
* 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) south-west in a deep valley, crossing a small wild lake (length: 0.2 kilometres (0.12 mi); altitude: 569 metres (1,867 ft)), to its mouth;
* 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) first towards the southwest and curving towards the south, to its mouth.
From the confluence of "Petite rivière Smith", the current descends the Smith River on 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) southwest, then on 40.7 kilometres (25.3 mi) generally south along the course of the Montmorency river, to the northwest bank of the Saint-Laurent river.

## Toponymy

The toponym "Petite rivière Smith" is linked to its main stream, the "Smith River".
The toponym "Petite rivière Smith" was formalized on November 1, 1988 at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.
# Pfaltz

Pfaltz, an obsolete spelling of Pfalz, may refer to:

## People with the surname

* Andreas Pfaltz (born 1948), Swiss chemist
* Hugo Pfaltz (1932–2019), American politician
# Garden District

The Garden District can refer to:

## Place names
### Canada

* Garden District, Toronto

### United States

by state then city
* Alexandria Garden District, Alexandria, Louisiana
* Garden District (Montgomery, Alabama), listed on the NRHP in Alabama
* Garden District, DeLand, Florida
* Garden District, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
* Garden District, New Orleans, Louisiana

## Theatre

* Garden District, (1958) the title of a double-bill of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams, set in New Orleans' Garden District, Suddenly Last Summer and Something Unspoken
# Bill McFarlane

William McLean McFarlane (March 30, 1930 – June 28, 2020) was a professional Canadian football end who played for the Toronto Argonauts. He was drafted first overall in the 1954 CFL Draft by the Argonauts.
# Phenylmercuric borate

Phenylmercuric borate is a topical antiseptic and disinfectant that is soluble in water, ethanol and glycerol.
It was used until the 1990s as an active ingredient in disinfectants and in the field of wound treatment for the skin, mouth and throat, for example under the trade name Merfen Orange. However, it has been replaced by other substances due to the high mercury content.
# Garshelis effect

The Garshelis effect causes springs made of magnetostrictive material to have their magnetization changed due to the compression of the spring. It is a correlation between magnetization and torsional stress. If the magnetization is due to direct current, it is the inverse of the Wiedemann effect.
It is named after Ivan Garshelis, who investigated the effect.
# Philip Barzilla

Philip Joseph Barzilla (born January 25, 1979) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Houston Astros in 2006.

## Amateur career

A native of Houston, Texas, Barzilla attended Dulles High School (Sugar Land, Texas), Alvin Community College (Alvin, Texas), and Rice University. In 2000, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Barzilla was selected by the Houston Astros in the 4th round of the 2001 MLB Draft.

## Professional career

Barzilla made his only major league appearance on June 11, 2006, for the Astros against the Atlanta Braves, and faced only two batters. Brian Jordan singled off Barzilla before Todd Pratt flew to center field to end the inning. Barzilla's 1/3rd of an inning is the second shortest career of an Astros pitcher after Larry Yount's appearance in which he was injured whilst warming up on the mound and never threw a pitch.
In 2011, Barzilla played for the Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League.
# Phacelia anelsonii

Phacelia anelsonii is a species of phacelia known by the common name Aven Nelson's phacelia. It is native to the Southwestern United States, where it is known from scattered occurrences in southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and eastern California. It can be found in scrub and woodland habitat. It is named after the botanist Aven Nelson.
It is an annual herb growing erect to a maximum height near 50 centimeters, its stem usually unbranched. It is coated in dark glandular hairs. The leaves are up to 8 centimeters long, the blades oblong in shape and divided into scalloped lobes or teeth. The inflorescence is a one-sided curving or coiling cyme of many bell-shaped flowers each about half a centimeter long. The flower is pale lavender to white. The fruit is a hairy, glandular capsule 2 or 3 millimeters long.
# Phacelia bolanderi

Phacelia bolanderi is a species of flowering plant known by several common names, including Bolander's phacelia, Bolander's scorpionweed, blue-flowered grape-leaf, and caterpillar flower. The plant is native to Oregon and coastal northern California. It was named for the California botanist Henry Nicholas Bolander.
It bears attractive papery inch-wide purple, lavender, or blue flowers and strongly toothed leaves which resemble those of grape. The plant blooms later than most others, and is commonly in flower during the hottest summer months.
# Phacelia adenophora

Phacelia adenophora is a species of phacelia known by the common name glandular yellow phacelia. It is native to the northwestern United States where it can be found in Oregon, northeastern California, and northwestern Nevada. It grows in mountain and plateau habitat. This is an annual herb producing decumbent, creeping, spreading, or upright branched stems up to 40 centimeters long. The leaves are oblong in shape and deeply lobed, measuring up to 3 centimeters long, and concentrated at the base. The inflorescence is a one-sided cyme of many bell-shaped flowers each under 1 cm long. The petals are fused at the base with five lobes. Unlike many phacelias, which bloom in shades of blue and purple, this species has yellow to golden flowers. It occasionally has purple edges on the corolla. It has five hairy stamens. The fruit is a fuzzy, oblong capsule a few millimeters in length containing up to 14 seeds.
The species prefers slightly alkaline regions. It blooms in early summer.
# Pheray

Pheray is a 1949 Pakistani Punjabi-language film directed by Nazir Ahmed Khan. The story of the film was a remake of Nazir's own 1945 Indian film Gaon Ki Gori, that was released before partition. Ghulam Ahmed Chishti composed the music and the lyrics were written by G. A. Chishti and Baba Alam Siyahposh.
The singers were Munawar Sultana and Inayat Hussain Bhatti. The film was released on 28 July 1949.
Pheray (1949 film) was a big musical hit and became Pakistan's first 'Silver Jubilee' film. It was screened in Lahore for 25 weeks at Palace Cinema and in Karachi for 5 weeks at the Taj Mahal Cinema.

## Plot

Film Pheray was an almost identical love story to the famous folk story of Heer Ranjha. Sawarn Lata loves Nazir but her brother Allauddin is against their union. He marries her off to a wealthy man M. Ismael. The Hindu wedding ritual of seven steps around the fire (Pheray) is taken by Sawarn Lata's best friend Zeenat, who is entirely hidden in a traditional wedding dress. Sawarn Lata moves to her new home but plays a sick woman to avoid any sexual relations with her husband. M. Ismael is getting tired of her sickness and finally finds out the real reason for her behavior. He decides to re-arrange Sawarn Lata's wedding ceremony, but not with him this time, but with Sawarn Lata's lover - and that was a happy end of Pakistan's first super-hit musical film.

## Cast

* Swaran Lata
* Nazir Ahmed Khan
* Muhammad Ismael
* Allauddin
* Baba Alam Siaposh
* Nazar
* Zeenat Begum
* Maya Devi
# Petrocalcic horizon

A petrocalcic horizon is a diagnostic horizon in the USDA soil taxonomy (ST) and in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). They are formed when secondary calcium carbonate or other carbonates accumulate in the subsoil to the extent that the soil becomes cemented into a hardpan. Petrocalcic horizons are similar to a duripan (ST – WRB: petroduric horizon) and a petrogypsic horizon (WRB) in how they affect land-use limitations. They can occur in conjunction with duripans where the conditions are right and there are enough free carbonates in the soil. Calcium carbonates are found in alkaline soils, which are typical of arid and semiarid climates. A common field test for the presence of carbonates is application of hydrochloric acid to the soil, which indicates by fizzing and bubbling the presence of calcium carbonates.

## Characteristics

The required characteristics of a petrocalcic horizon according to the Keys to USDA soil taxonomy, twelfth edition, 2014, are:
* The horizon is cemented or indurated by carbonates, with or without silica or other cementing agents; and
* Because of lateral continuity, roots can penetrate only along vertical fractures with a horizontal spacing of 10 cm or more; and
* The horizon has a thickness of:
** 10 cm or more or
** 1 cm or more if it consists of a laminar cap directly underlain by bedrock.

## Genesis

Petrocalcic horizons are typically found in older soils and are considered a mark of advanced soil evolution. Most petrocalcic formed before the Holocene age. They form in soil parent material that contains calcium carbonate or receive regular inputs of carbonates through dust. Carbonates are transported into the subsoil by water that precipitates the carbonates in the subsoil upon evaporation, eventually forming a massive, continuous layer of cemented carbonates. There is also some evidence that petrocalcic horizons can form "in situ" by alteration of limestone parent materials and alternating dissolution/precipitation of calcium carbonates.
# Bihar women's cricket team

The Bihar women's cricket team is a women's cricket team that represents the Indian state of Bihar. Since 2018–19, the team competes in both the Women's Senior One Day Trophy and the Women's Senior T20 Trophy.
# Garypus malgaryungu

Garypus malgaryungu is a species of pseudoscorpion in the Garypidae family. It was described in 2020 by Australian arachnologist Mark Harvey. The specific epithet malgaryungu refers to the type locality.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in coastal northern Australia. The type locality is Malgaryungu, a coastal lagoon in east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, where the holotype was found on driftwood. A paratype specimen has also been obtained from a rotting driftwood log at Boydong Island in the Yamarrinh Wachangan Islands National Park at the northern end of the Cape York Peninsula, Far North Queensland.
# Garypinidae

Garypinidae is a family of pseudoscorpions, first described by Eugen von Daday in 1889.

## Genera

As of October 2023, the World Pseudoscorpiones Catalog accepted the following twenty-one genera:
* Aldabrinus Chamberlin, 1930
* Amblyolpium Simon, 1898
* Caecogarypinus Dashdamirov, 2007
* Galapagodinus Beier, 1978
* Garypinidius Beier, 1955
* Garypinus Daday, 1889
* Haplogarypinus Beier, 1959
* Hemisolinus Beier, 1977
* Nelsoninus Beier, 1967
* Neoamblyolpium Hoff, 1956
* Neominniza Beier, 1930
* Nobilipinus Harvey, 2023
* Oreolpium Benedict & Malcolm, 1978
* Protogarypinus Beier, 1954
* Pseudogarypinus Beier, 1931
* Serianus Chamberlin, 1930
* Solinellus Muchmore, 1979
* Solinus Chamberlin, 1930
* Teratolpium Beier, 1959
* Thaumatolpium Beier, 1931
* †Ajkagarypinus Novák, Harvey, Márton, Hammel, Harms, Kotthoff, Hörweg, Brazidec & Ősi, 2023