OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Naive semantics

Naive semantics is an approach used in computer science for representing basic knowledge about a specific domain, and has been used in applications such as the representation of the meaning of natural language sentences in artificial intelligence applications. In a general setting the term has been used to refer to the use of a limited store of generally understood knowledge about a specific domain in the world, and has been applied to fields such as the knowledge based design of data schemas.
In natural language understanding, naive semantics involves the use of a lexical theory which maps each word sense to a simple theory (or set of assertions) about the objects or events of reference. In this sense, naive semantic theory is based upon a particular language, its syntax and its word senses. For instance the word "water" and the assertion water(X) may be associated with the three predicates clear(X), liquid(X) and tasteless(X).
# NRJ (disambiguation)

NRJ is a French radio station.
NRJ may also refer to:
* NRJ Group, a French multimedia group; owner of NRJ radio
** NRJ (Belgium)
** NRJ (Lebanon)
** NRJ (Quebec), Canada; now known as Énergie
** NRJ Russia
** NRJ 12, a French TV channel
** NRJ Music Award
* Northern Rhodesia Journal, a 1950-1965 government-published history journal
* Naval Air Station Sanford (IATA code 1942–1969)
# Genoveva Rivero

María Genoveva Rivero Giménez is a Venezuelan model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss World Venezuela 1976 and was the official representative of Venezuela at the Miss World 1976 held in London, United Kingdom when she classified in the Top 15 semifinalists.
Rivero competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1976 and obtained the title of Miss World Venezuela. She represented the Lara state.
# Nahiz

Nahiz is a village in Dhofar Governorate, in southwestern Oman.
# Naloxol

Naloxol is an opioid antagonist closely related to naloxone. It exists in two isomeric forms, α-naloxol and β-naloxol.
α-naloxol is a human metabolite of naloxone. Synthetically, α-naloxol can be prepared from naloxone by reduction of the ketone group, and β-naloxol can be prepared from α-naloxol by a Mitsunobu reaction.
Naloxol can be said to be the oxymorphol analogue of naloxone.
# Nakanooku Stele

The Nakanooku Stele (中ノ尾供養碑, Nakanooku kuyōhi) is a stone monument erected in the Sengoku period to honor the dead of a battle between the Itō clan and the Shimazu clan, located in the Tonodokoro neighborhood of the city of Nichinan, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1934.

## Overview

During the Sengoku period, Hyūga Province was a contested area between the Shimazu clan, who had been expanding their power from their base in southern Hyūga from the Kamakura period to the Muromachi period, and the Itō clan, who had been expanding their area of control in central Hyūga from the Muromachi period. In April 1547, the Itō attacked the Obi region and built forts at Nakanoo and Ikinoo overlooking Obi Castle. The Shimazu counterattacked at Nakanoo in the early hours of the morning, killing over 300 Itō defenders in one battle.
This stone monument was erected in November 1547 by the Shimazu clan in a corner of Nakanoo Fort as a kuyōtō to placate the souls of the Itō war dead, and is thus slightly different from the more secular cenotaph. It is in the form of a Jizō Bosatsu with a boat-shaped halo. The monument is 1.2 meters high and 50 centimeters wide. The Obi region was later conquered by the Itō in 1568, but lost to the Shimazu again in 1576, and became part of the Itō clan's Obi Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate from 1601 to the Meiji restoration in 1871. The monument is approximately a 30-minute walk from Obi Station on the JR Kyushu Nichinan Line.
# Nagla Bal

Nagla Bal (Naglā Bāl), also transliterated as Nagla Baal, is a village in Bewar block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a population of 263, in 47 households.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Nagla Bal had a population of 263, in 47 households.$^{:193}$ This population was 55.9% male (147) and 44.1% female (116). The 0-6 age group numbered 27 (17 male and 10 female), or 10.3% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.$^{:142–3}$
The 1981 census recorded Nagla Bal (spelled "Naglawal" in English, but Naglā Bāl in Devanagari) as having a population of 223 people, in 33 households.$^{:186–7}$
The 1961 census recorded Nagla Bal as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 175 people (82 male and 93 female), in 27 households and 17 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 214 acres.$^{:xcviii}$

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Nagla Bal had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both kachcha and pakka materials.$^{:193–8}$
# Nagla Bhai Khan

Nagla Bhai Khan (Naglā Bhāī Khān) is a village in Barnahal block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a population of 332, in 61 households.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Nagla Bhai Khan had a population of 332, in 61 households.$^{:124}$ This population was 54.1% male (991) and 45.8% female (839). The 0-6 age group numbered 283 (142 male and 141 female), or 15.5% of the total population. 597 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 32.6% of the total.$^{:100–1}$
The 1961 census recorded Nagla Bhai Khan as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 207 people (110 male and 97 female), in 28 households and 28 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,430 acres.$^{:lii}$

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Nagla Bhai Khan had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes. There was no public library. Streets were made of a mix of both kachcha and pakka materials.$^{:124–9}$
# Geometry instancing

In real-time computer graphics, geometry instancing is the practice of rendering multiple copies of the same mesh in a scene at once. This technique is primarily used for objects such as trees, grass, or buildings which can be represented as repeated geometry without appearing unduly repetitive, but may also be used for characters. Although vertex data is duplicated across all instanced meshes, each instance may have other differentiating parameters (such as color, or skeletal animation pose) changed in order to reduce the appearance of repetition.

## API support

Starting in Direct3D version 9, Microsoft included support for geometry instancing. This method improves the potential runtime performance of rendering instanced geometry by explicitly allowing multiple copies of a mesh to be rendered sequentially by specifying the differentiating parameters for each in a separate stream. The same functionality is available in Vulkan core, and the OpenGL core in versions 3.1 and up but may be accessed in some earlier implementations using the EXT_draw_instanced extension.

## In offline rendering

Geometry instancing in Houdini, Maya or other 3D packages usually involves mapping a static or pre-animated object or geometry to particles or arbitrary points in space, which can then be rendered by almost any offline renderer. Geometry instancing in offline rendering is useful for creating things like swarms of insects, in which each one can be detailed, but still behaves in a realistic way that does not have to be determined by the animator. Most packages allow variation of the material or material parameters on a per instance basis, which helps ensure that instances do not appear to be exact copies of each other. In Houdini, many object level attributes (e.g. such as scale) can also be varied on a per instance basis. Because instancing geometry in most 3D packages only references the original object, file sizes are kept very small and changing the original changes all of the instances.
In many offline renderers, such as Pixar's PhotoRealistic RenderMan, instancing is achieved by using delayed load render procedurals to only load geometry when the bucket containing the instance is actually being rendered. This means that the geometry for all the instances does not have to be in memory at once.

## Video cards that support geometry instancing

* GeForce 6000 and up (NV40 GPU or later)
* ATI Radeon 9500 and up (R300 GPU or later).
* PowerVR SGX535 and up (found in Apple iPhone 3GS and later)
# Nachingwea District, Lindi

Nachingwea is a district in the Lindi Region of Tanzania. The district is bordered to the north by the Ruangwa District, to the east by the Lindi Rural District, to the south-east by the Mtwara Region, and to the south-west by the Ruvuma Region.
According to the 2022 national census, the Nachingwea District had a population of 233,655.
The district has a hospital, a teachers' training college, a secondary school, four primary schools, a nursery school, and a day care centre. Nachingwea Airport and an army barracks also are in the district. The district was one of the centres for the groundnut scheme in the 1950s.
The Nachingwea Medal is named after this place.

## Twinnings

The Anglican Parish of St. Andrew is linked with St. Andrew's Church, Stapleford, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom.

## Wards

The district is divided administratively into the following 26 wards:
* Chiola
* Kiegei
* Kilima Rondo
* Kilimani Hewa
* Kipara Mnero
* Lionja
* Marambo
* Matekwe
* Mbondo
* Mkoka
* Mkotokuyana
* Mnero Miembeni
* Mnerongongo
* Mpiruka
* Mtua
* Naipanga
* Naipingo
* Namapwia
* Namatula
* Nambambo
* Namikango
* Nangowe
* Nditi
* Ndomoni
* Ruponda
* Stesheni
# Geoffrey Wickham

Geoffrey Gordon Wickham AO (28 October 1933 – 23 April 2024) was one of the pioneers of cardiac pacemaking.
Geoffrey was born in 1933 in Camperdown, Victoria, Australia to dairy farmer parents. In 1963 he co-founded the medical instruments company Telectronics Pty Ltd in Sydney, and served as the company's Chief Engineer from 1963 to 1970 and Technical Director from 1963 to 1978. He was elected an Honorary Life Governor of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney in 1982, and was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia in June 2000 "for service to the design of medical equipment, particularly in the development of the implantable cardiac pacemaker".
Wickham had no formal engineering training, finishing High School at Year 8 to commence work as a radio and electrical repairman. At age 21 he passed the Year 12 examinations by night study at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries, while working as a technician at the Department of Supply, Long Range Weapons Establishment in South Australia, and being appointed the same year on merit as an electrical engineer at graduate level by T.C.A. Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of the Dutch company Philips. In 1958-59 he studied the application of the new technology of the transistor at Philips' establishments in the Netherlands and England; being relocated after that to Philips' Sydney office.
In 1964, after being co-founder of Telectronics Pty Ltd in 1963, the company was invited to participate in artificial cardiac pacemaker research in which Wickham as head of research and development and co-founder and initial financier Noel Gray made significant contributions. His involvement as a director of Telectronics ceased in about 1982 when control of the company was gained by Nucleus Limited.
Subsequently, while continuing involvement in bio-engineering (particularly in paediatrics), he studied aerodynamics and structural engineering, which led to construction of a fuel efficient light aircraft which was awarded the Sport Aircraft Association of Australia's Henry Millicer Innovation Award for Best Australian Technical Innovation or Design in 1998. In 2007, he was the recipient of Engineers Australia's David Dewhurst Medal "In recognition of his outstanding contribution to the profession of Biomedical Engineering".
At age 77, he was the lead co-researcher of a team at Sydney's The Children's Hospital at Westmead developing and clinically trialling a new form of therapy for a childhood condition, funded by a AUS$330,000 grant by the National Health and Medical Research Council.
He was a father of four and has 11 grandchildren.
# Namsai, Myanmar

Namsai is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Myanmar.
# Georg Kelling

Georg Kelling (7 July 1866 – 14 February 1945) was a German internist and surgeon who was a laparoscopy pioneer and in 1901 performed the first laparoscopic surgery on a dog.
He studied medicine at the Universities of Leipzig and Berlin. He earned his medical doctorate in 1890, and later worked as a physician at the city hospital in Dresden. In the 1890s, Kelling devised an esophagoscope
Kelling specialized in gastrointestinal physiology and anatomy. He is credited with performing the first laparoscopic examination, a procedure he referred to as "celioscopy". In 1901 he performed the procedure on the abdomen of a dog using a Nitze-cystoscope. Prior to cystoscopic viewing of the abdomen, Kelling insufflated it with filtered air via a device known as a trocar. Insufflation was used to create a pneumoperitoneum in order to prevent intra-abdominal bleeding.
Kelling and his wife were killed during the Allied bombing of Dresden in 1945.
# Naila–Schwarzenbach am Wald railway

The Naila–Schwarzenbach am Wald railway was a small branch line in the state of Bavaria in southern Germany. It ran for 9.88 kilometres from Naila alongside the Culmitz stream to Schwarzenbach am Wald. The single-tracked, standard-gauge railway line was built by the Royal Bavarian State Railways and opened on 1 July 1910.

## History

On 30 September 1973, passenger services were withdrawn and, in 1994, it was finally closed and dismantled. The timetable route number (Kursbuchnummer) for this line was 420g up to 1970 and 838 from 1970 to 1992.
Since Spring 2010 there is a cycle path along much of the old line.

## Gallery

* Naila station
* The Selbitz bridge at Naila
# Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex

Geoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex and 4th Earl of Gloucester (c. 1191 – 23 February 1216) was an English peer. He was an opponent of King John and one of the sureties of the Magna Carta.
Geoffrey and his brother took the surname Mandeville because of the lineage of their mother, Beatrice de Say, who was a granddaughter of Beatrice de Mandeville, the sister of Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex (d. 1144). The elder Beatrice inherited the Mandeville honour in 1189, on the death of her nephew William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex. Richard I of England allowed her lands and the earldom to pass to her granddaughter's husband Geoffrey Fitz Peter. Their eldest son, Geoffrey, inherited the earldom of Essex from his father in 1213.
His first marriage was to Matilda, daughter of Robert Fitzwalter, a member of the Clare family and one of the leaders of the opposition to King John. She died childless.
In 1214, the new earl gained the earldom of Gloucester and much of the honour by right of marriage to Isabel of Gloucester. He was Isabel's second husband, her marriage to John of England having been annulled many years earlier. The king charged Geoffrey 20,000 marks, an unprecedented amount, for her marriage and inheritance.
On his death, in a tournament in February 1216, Geoffrey was succeeded by his brother William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex. His widow Isabel was remarried to Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent but died within weeks of the wedding.
# Geology of Aruba

The island of Aruba formed within the past 145 million years, beginning in the Cretaceous, as part of the Lesser Antilles island arc. The island is built on a thick sequence of volcanic rock, but also has carbonate sediment deposits because it was submerged for parts of its existence.

## Stratigraphy & Geologic History

The three kilometer thick Aruba Lava Formation is the oldest unit on the island, from the Cretaceous, which is intruded by a tonalite pluton. Older geologic research referred to this unit as the Diabase-Schist-Tuff Formation. Although mainly basalt, it also includes volcaniclastic conglomerate, dolerite, chert and chert limestone. Small sedimentary inclusions preserve ammonite fossils, suggesting it formed during the Turonian, while rubidium-strontium dating gives an age of 85 to 70 million years ago. Remnant pillow lava and sheet-flows record ancient eruptions, flowing down to and often cooling very quickly in seawater. The intrusion of the pluton caused contact metamorphism in some of the surrounding basalt and left behind epidote, hornblende, albite and uralite in the rocks. Geochemists have found that the major and trace element chemistry of the rocks is almost the same as in Curaçao.
The hornblende tonalite batholith is a major part of Aruba's geology. The "roof" of the formation is made out of the oldest intrusive material, norite and gabbro. The norite shifts from hypersthene to augite while the gabbro has abundant augite, hornblende and quartz. The tonalite is mainly plagioclase, interstitial quartz and potassium feldspar as well as dark minerals like hornblende, biotite, clinopyroxene and magnetite. There are also small occurrences of trondhjemite.

## Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)

A small outcrop of Eocene and Oligocene limestone occurs at Butucu Ranch in east-central Aruba, without quartz, but containing fossils from the time period such as algae and foraminifera. Named for exposures on Curaçao, the Neogene Seroe Domi Formation is on the southeastern side of Aruba and includes a series of detrital limestone and conglomerates.
In 1942, two French friars using divining rods instructed a team to drill the Oranjestad borehole down 302 meters, which revealed the Oranjestad sands and clays from the Pliocene and Late Miocene, as well as a hypersaline artesian well. Five limestone terraces formed during the past 2.5 million years of the Quaternary.
# Nakasato Station

Nakasato Station is the name of several train stations in Japan:
* Nakasato Station (Iwate) (中里駅)
* Nakasato Station (Nagano) (中佐都駅)
# Naranjo de Alajuela

Naranjo is a district of the Naranjo canton, in the Alajuela province of Costa Rica.

## Geography

Naranjo has an area of 17.26 km$^2$ and an elevation of 1,043 metres. It is in the Central Valley (Valle Central), 31 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital city of Alajuela, and 47 kilometers from the national capital city of San Jose. It is also in close proximity to Ciudad Quesada, the Northern Lowlands, Monteverde, Guanacaste, and Arenal.

## Demographics

For the 2011 census, Naranjo had a population of 15,936 inhabitants.

## Transportation
### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:
* National Route 118
* National Route 141
* National Route 148
* National Route 706
* National Route 709
* National Route 715
* National Route 725

## Notable People

* Brandon Aguilera, footballer.
# Naldini

Naldini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Giovanni Battista Naldini (1535–1591), Italian painter
* Nico Naldini (born 1929), Italian novelist, poet and film director
* Paolo Naldini (1632–1713), Italian Roman Catholic bishop
* Pietro Paolo Naldini (1619–1691), Italian sculptor
# George Chamberlayne

George Chamberlayne (c. 1703 – 14 May 1757), of Wardington Manor, Oxfordshire. and Hillesden, Buckinghamshire, was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1728 to 1747.

## Biography

Chamberlayne was the only son of George Chamberlayne of Wardington and his wife Elizabeth Denton, daughter of Alexander Denton, MP of Hillesden. He matriculated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford on 24 March 1721, aged 17. He married Constance Hardy, daughter of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, MP on 27 May 1732.
Chamberlayne was returned as a Whig Member of Parliament for Buckingham at a by-election on 20 February 1728 on the interest of his uncle, Alexander Denton. In Parliament he voted with the Administration on the army 1732 and on the Excise Bill in 1733. He was returned unopposed for Buckingham at the 1734 British general election and went into opposition, probably under Lord Cobham and the Grenvilles. He voted against the Government on the Spanish convention in 1739 and on the chairman of the elections committee in 1741. He was returned again at the 1741 British general election. After Walpole's fall in 1742, there is no record of his voting. He seems to have broken with the Grenvilles, who went over to the Government, and remained in opposition. He was not put forward for Buckingham in 1747 and he never stood again.
Chamberlayne succeeded his uncle Alexander Denton at Hillesden 1740 and took name of Denton. He died on 14 May 1757 leaving one daughter, Elizabeth, who married Wenman Coke.
# George Germain

George Germain may refer to:
* George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, British soldier and politician
* George W. Germain, member of the Michigan House of Representatives
# Namur Roller Derby

Namur Roller Derby (NRD), formerly known as Namur Roller Girls, is a flat track roller derby league based in Namur, Belgium. Founded in 2011, the league currently consists of three female teams and one male team which compete against teams from other leagues. Namur Roller Derby is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

## History

The league was founded in March 2011 by five friends. At first with the help of trainers from the Brussels Derby Pixies, the skaters learned the basics of roller derby before becoming gradually autonomous. The Namur Roller Derby A team played its first bout against the Dom City Dolls from Utrecht in September 2012.
In January 2014, Namur Roller Derby was accepted as member of the WFTDA Apprentice Program. Later that year, a second team, the Namur Roller Derby B, was founded. The league also launched a male team that year, the Namur Glorious Basterds.
In the beginning of 2016, a third female team was established, the Namur Roller Derby C.
Namur Roller Derby graduated to full WFTDA membership in March 2017.
In March 2022, the league, previously known as Namur Roller Girls, renamed itself to Namur Roller Derby.
# Namurachi

Namurachi is a rural community located in Urique Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico. It had a population of 4 inhabitants at the 2010 census, and is situated at an elevation of 2,022 meters above sea level.
# George Ladd (Medal of Honor)

George Ladd (1828 or 1829 – August 13, 1889) was a private in the Union Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the American Civil War.
At the age of 35, Ladd enlisted in the Army from Camillus, New York in January 1864. He mustered out with his regiment in August 1865.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Private, Company H, 22d New York Cavalry. Place and date: At Waynesboro, Va., March 2, 1865. Entered service at: Carmillus, Onondaga County, N.Y. Birth: Carmillus, N.Y. Date of issue: March 26, 1865.
Citation:
   Captured a standard bearer, his flag, horse and equipment.