OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Phosphoglucosamine mutase

In enzymology, a phosphoglucosamine mutase (EC 5.4.2.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate $\rightleftharpoons$ D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate, and one product, D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically the phosphotransferases (α-D-phosphohexomutases), which transfer phosphate groups within a molecule. The systematic name of this enzyme class is alpha-D-glucosamine 1,6-phosphomutase. This enzyme participates in aminosugars metabolism.
Crystal structures of two bacterial phosphoglucosamine mutases are known (PDB entries 3I3W and 3PDK), from Francisella tularensis and Bacillus anthracis. Both share a similar dimeric quaternary structure, as well as conserved features of the active site, as found their enzyme superfamily, the α-D-phosphohexomutases.
# Picea brachytyla

Picea brachytyla or Sargent's spruce is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It is found in China and northeast India. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Picea farreri

Picea farreri is a species of conifer in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is known by the common name Farrer's spruce. It is native to China, where it is known only from Yunnan, and to Myanmar.
This tree can reach 35 meters tall. It grows on limestone soils in cool, wet mountainous habitat.
Picea farreri is named after the plant collector Reginald Farrer who travelled extensively in China and what was then Burma.
# Phra Khanong

Phra Khanong may refer to:
* Phra Khanong area, the neighbourhood in Bangkok usually referred to by the name Phra Khanong
* Phra Khanong Subdistrict in Khlong Toei District, Bangkok, which covers part of the area
* Phra Khanong Nuea Subdistrict in Watthana District, Bangkok, which covers part of the area
* Phra Khanong District in Bangkok, which formerly covered the area
* Phra Khanong Tai Subdistrict in Phra Khanong District, Bangkok, which is south of the Phra Khanong area.
* Phra Khanong BTS station, which serves the neighbourhood
# Photographic assistant

A photographic assistant, also known as a photo assistant, photographer's assistant, or also second shooter, is "an individual with both photographic and related skills who assists a professional photographer". The work of an assistant photographer is often referred to simply as "assisting". The photo assistant is most often employed on a freelance basis, but in some instances photo assistants are full-time employees primarily in major markets and with big-name photographers. Second shooters participate in actively documenting an event by capturing more angles and cover more of the event than just one person can.
The latter will often involve assisting a studio or location photographer, not just helping out on shoots, but also carrying out the mundane day-to-day running of the studio. A freelance photo assistant will typically assist a number of different photographers on a shoot-by-shoot basis.
Previously, the main tasks of the photographic assistant would be loading and processing film (primarily 35mm, 120 and 220 roll films, & 4x5, 5x7, 8x10 and 11x14 sheet film), setting up lights, doing meter reading, and color temperature readings, shooting lighting test Polaroids, and basically presenting the photographer with a set that is ready for the photographer to simply press the button and create the images. Now with digital having replaced traditional film photography, the photographer's assistant also needs to be a highly skilled lighting technician; as these skills are no longer being passed on by photographers, who themselves are less technically proficient than their counterparts 20 years ago.
With the onset of digital photography, the task of the assistant increasingly involves digital work, be it downloading compactflash cards or setting up the computer for digital capture. However, the traditional onset skills of lighting and metering are still the basis of the assistant's duties.
An important ongoing task of the assistant photographer, whether they work with digital or film, is setting up lighting, taking light meter readings and, generally speaking, doing all of the manual setup on a shoot.
# Photographic emulsion

Photographic emulsion is a light-sensitive colloid used in film-based photography. Most commonly, in silver-gelatin photography, it consists of silver halide crystals dispersed in gelatin. The emulsion is usually coated onto a substrate of glass, films (of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate or polyester), paper, or fabric. The substrate is often flexible and known as a film base.
Photographic emulsion is not a true emulsion, but a suspension of solid particles (silver halide) in a fluid (gelatin in solution). However, the word emulsion is customarily used in a photographic context. Gelatin or gum arabic layers sensitized with dichromate used in the dichromated colloid processes carbon and gum bichromate are sometimes called emulsions. Some processes do not have emulsions, such as platinum, cyanotype, salted paper, or kallitype.

## Components

Photographic emulsion is a fine suspension of insoluble light-sensitive crystals in a colloid sol, usually consisting of gelatin. The light-sensitive component is one or a mixture of silver halides: silver bromide, chloride and iodide. The gelatin is used as a permeable binder, allowing processing agents (e.g., developer, fixer, toners, etc.) in aqueous solution to enter the colloid without dislodging the crystals. Other polymer macromolecules are often blended, but gelatin has not been entirely replaced. The light-exposed crystals are reduced by the developer to black metallic silver particles that form the image. Color films and papers have multiple layers of emulsion, made sensitive to different parts of the visible spectrum by different color sensitizers, and incorporating different dye couplers which produce superimposed yellow, magenta and cyan dye images during development. Panchromatic black-and-white film also includes color sensitizers, but as part of a single emulsion layer.

## Manufacture

A solution of silver nitrate is mixed into a warm gelatin solution containing potassium bromide, sodium chloride or other alkali metal halides. A reaction precipitates fine crystals of insoluble silver halides that are light-sensitive. The silver halide is actually being 'peptized' by the gelatin. The type and quantity of gelatin used influences the final emulsion's properties. A pH buffer, crystal habit modifier, metal dopants, ripener, ripening restrainer, surfactants, defoamer, emulsion stabilizer and biocide are also used in emulsion making.
Most modern emulsions are "washed" to remove some of the reaction byproducts (potassium nitrate and excess salts). The "washing" or desalting step can be performed by ultrafiltration, dialysis, coagulation (using acylated gelatin), or a classic noodle washing method.
Emulsion making also incorporates steps to increase sensitivity by using chemical sensitizing agents and sensitizing dyes.
# Bird collision

Bird collision may refer to:
* Bird–skyscraper collisions
* Towerkill: due to antenna towers and masts
* Bird strike with cars or planes
# Birinci Varlı

Birinci Varlı is a village and municipality in the Salyan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,069.
# Phrygian cap (anatomy)

In medicine, a Phrygian cap is the folded portion of some gallbladders that resembles the Phrygian cap (a soft conical cap with the top pulled forward, associated in antiquity with the inhabitants of Phrygia, a region of central Anatolia). It is a normal anatomical variant seen in 1-6% of patients. It is caused by a fold in the gallbladder where the gallbladder fundus joins the gallbladder body. Apart from the chance of being mistaken for stones on a sonogram, it has no other medical implications nor does it predispose one to other diseases. However, due to potential decrease in bile flow, it may warrant a preventive removal of the gallbladder.
# Birkett

Birkett may refer to:

## People with the surname

* Arthur Birkett (1875–1941), English cricketer
* Bill Birkett, British nature writer and photographer
* Charles Blair Birkett, Canadian diplomat
* Cliff Birkett (1933–1997), English footballer
* Dea Birkett (born 1958), British writer
* Glenn W. Birkett (1888–1950), American politician and farmer
* Joe Birkett (born 1955), the DuPage County State's Attorney and former Republican nominee for Illinois Lieutenant Governor
* Lionel Birkett (1905–1998), West Indian Barbadian cricketer
* Myles Birkett Foster (1825–1899), watercolour artist in the Victorian period
* Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett (1883–1962), British barrister and judge
* Ralph Birkett (1913–2002), English footballer
* Reg Birkett (1849–1898), English footballer
* Rowena Birkett (1860–1915) Australian scientific illustrator and artist
* Thomas Birkett (1844–1920), mayor of Ottawa, Canada in 1891 and a member of the Canadian House of Commons representing Ottawa City from 1900 to 1904
* Thomas Miles Birkett (1872–?), Ontario merchant and political figure
* William Birkett (cricketer) (1874–1934), English cricketer
* Zoe Birkett (born 1985), one of the youngest contestants on the ITV show Pop Idol

## People with the given name

* Birkett D. Fry (1822–1891), an adventurer, soldier, lawyer, cotton manufacturer, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War

## Other uses

* Baron Birkett, a hereditary title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
* Birkett (hill), a British hill categorisation for peaks above 1,000 ft in the Lake District
# Bishwo Shanti Higher Secondary School

The Bishwo Shanti Higher Secondary School is situated in the Deurali V.D.C. of Kaski, Nepal. This is located on the eastern side of Kaski district. It was established in 1954 (2011 B.S.) having the name Rastriya Pra. Bi.(National Primary School) and later it was renamed as Bishwa Shanti Ma. Vi. on 2022 B.S.
# BinDawood Stores

BinDawood Stores is a supermarket and hypermarket chain in Saudi Arabia. It is owned by BinDawood Holding. The first BinDawood store was opened in Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 1984. As of August 2020, BinDawood operates 27 hypermarkets and supermarkets in the Kingdom in major cities such as Mecca and Madinah. In 2018, BinDawood superstores released the findings from an international survey conducted by Nielsen on behalf of BinDawood that was designed and developed to promote health awareness for those undertaking their Hajj pilgrimage. The survey was conducted across six of the source markets for Hajj pilgrims, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Egypt, Bangladesh, India and Indonesia. In April 2019, the BinDawood App, a digital eCommerce platform was launched.
In July 2022, BinDawood Holding Co. received approval from its shareholders to acquire an 80.5 percent stake in Ykone, a subsidiary of French TF1 Group. The acquisition would be made through its newly established French subsidiary Future Retail for Information Technology Co, and it will assist Ykone in improving the technology platform to enable the company to expand into other industries and verticals and to gain deeper access to the Middle Eastern markets.

## Financial Performance

For the year 2021, BinDawood Holding Co. has posted profit of SR 240 million and revenues of SR 4.3 billion.
For the year 2020, BinDawood Holding Co. has posted profit of SR 447 million and revenues of SR 5.1 billion.
# Birley (surname)

Birley is a common English surname, and may refer to any of the following people:
* Andrew Birley (born 1974), British archaeologist, son of Robin Birley (archaeologist) and Patricia Birley
* Anthony Birley (1937–2020), Professor of Ancient History at University of Manchester (1974–90), son of Eric Birley
* Barbara Birley (born 1976), archaeologist and museum curator
* Caroline Birley (1851–1907), English geologist, niece of Hugh Birley
* Dawn Birley (born 1977), Canadian taekwondo practitioner and actress
* Derek Birley (1926–2002), English educator and writer
* Eric Birley (1906–1995), British historian and archaeologist, great-grandson of Hugh Hornby Birley
* Francis Birley (1850–1910), England international footballer who won the FA Cup three times, nephew of Hugh Birley
* Hugh Birley (1817–1883), Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Manchester from 1868 to 1883, nephew of Hugh Hornby Birley
* Hugh Hornby Birley (1778–1845), leading Manchester Tory who is reputed to have led the fatal charge of troops at the Peterloo Massacre
* India Jane Birley (born 1961), British artist and businessperson, daughter of Mark Birley
* Mark Birley (1930–2007), British entrepreneur and founder of Annabel's nightclub, son of Oswald Birley
* Mathew Birley (born 1986), English professional footballer
* Oswald Birley (1880–1952), British portrait painter, great-grandson of Hugh Hornby Birley
* Patricia Birley (born 1948), British archaeologist, wife of Robin Birley (archaeologist)
* Patrick Birley (born 1965), chief executive of European Climate Exchange, son of Robin Birley (archaeologist)
* Robert Birley (1903–1982), English educationalist who was headmaster of Charterhouse School and Eton College, and an anti-Apartheid campaigner
* Robin Birley (businessman) (born 1958), English businessman and political activist, son of Mark Birley
* Robin Birley (archaeologist) (1935-2018), British archaeologist, son of Eric Birley
# Gastone Simoni

Gastone Simoni (9 April 1937 – 28 August 2022) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church serving as the bishop of Diocese of Prato from 1992 to 2021.

## Biography

Simoni was born in Castelfranco di Sopra, in the province of Arezzo, Italy on 9 April 1937. He studied theology at Small Diocesan Seminary of Strada in Casentino and the Seminary of Fiesole. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1960 by the bishop of Fiesole, Antonio Bagnoli.
As a priest, Simoni served as provicar general (1969–1975) and vicar general (1975–1991) for the diocese of Fiesole. He was also rector of the diocesan seminary (1970–1978).
On 7 December 1991 Pope John Paul II appointed Simoni as bishop of the Diocese of Prato, Italy. In January 1992 Simoni was consecrated as a bishop in St. Peter's Basilica by Pope John Paul II. He served as bishop of Prato until his retirement in 2012, after which he became a bishop emeritus.
Simoni died on 28 August 2022. The funeral Mass for Simoni was celebrated at the Prato Cathedral on 31 August.
# Pierre Cottereau

Pierre Cottereau is a French cinematographer. He is most noted for his work on the 2011 film Café de Flore, for which he won the Jutra Award for Best Cinematography at the 14th Jutra Awards, and was a Genie Award nominee for Best Cinematography at the 32nd Genie Awards.

## Filmography

* 2000: To the Extreme (In extremis)
* 2000: Regarde-moi (en face)
* 2004: A Common Thread (Brodeuses)
* 2004: Clara et Moi
* 2005: Journal IV
* 2006: Fragments of Antonin (Les Fragments d'Antonin)
* 2007: La Part animale
* 2007: Les Yeux bandés
* 2007: Surviving with Wolves (Survivre avec les loups)
* 2007: Teen Spirit (Tel père telle fille)
* 2008: Mascarades
* 2009: Sisters (Gamines)
* 2010: In Their Sleep (Dans ton sommeil)
* 2010: Stranded (Djinns)
* 2010: Beyond Suspicion (Insoupçonnable)
* 2011: Café de Flore
* 2011: Nobody Else but You (Poupoupidou)
* 2012: Granny's Funeral (Adieu Berthe)
* 2012: Bad Seeds (Comme un homme)
* 2012: Welcome to Argentina (Mariage à Mendoza)
* 2013: Eyjafjallajökull
* 2014: Young Tiger (Bébé tigre)
* 2014: The Man from Oran (L'Oranais)
* 2014: Le Père Noël
* 2015: Come What May (En mai, fais ce qu'il te plaît)
* 2015: Rosalie Blum
* 2016: Fanny's Journey (Le Voyage de Fanny)
* 2017: Gauguin: Voyage to Tahiti (Gauguin : Voyage de Tahiti)
* 2017: Just to Be Sure (Ôtez-moi d'un doute)
* 2018: Conviction (Une intime conviction)
* 2018: Best Intentions (Les Bonnes Intentions)
* 2019: The Wolf's Call (Le Chant du loup)
* 2019: Man Up! (Un vrai bonhomme)
* 2019: Of Love and Lies (Fourmi)
* 2021: Black Box (Boîte noire)
* 2021: Third Grace (CE2)
* 2022: Driving Madeleine (Une belle course)
# Bisphenol AF

Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a fluorinated organic compound that is an analogue of bisphenol A in which the two methyl groups are replaced with trifluoromethyl groups. It exists as a white to light-gray powder.

## Biological and Chemical Action

Bisphenol AF is an endocrine disrupting chemical. Whereas BPA binds with human estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERR-γ), BPAF all but ignores ERR-γ. Instead, BPAF activates ERR-α and binds to and disables ERR-β.
The chemical shifts in $^1$H, $^{13}$C and $^{19}$F NMR spectroscopy are given in the literature.

## Applications

Bisphenol AF is used as a crosslinking agent for certain fluoroelastomers and as a monomer for polyimides, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonate copolymers and other specialty polymers. Polymers containing Bisphenol AF are useful in specialties such as high-temperature composites and electronic materials. Industries include cosmetics, chemical manufacturing, production of metals and rubber. It can also be a plastic additive.
# Gdynia Point

Gdynia Point (62°10′S 58°33′W﻿ / ﻿62.167°S 58.550°W﻿ / -62.167; -58.550) is the eastern point of Dufayel Island, lying in Ezcurra Inlet, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. It was named in 1979 by the Polish Antarctic Expedition after Gdynia, Poland, a port city on the Baltic Sea.
# Gdynia Port Centralny railway station

Gdynia Port Centralny is a PKP freight railway station in Gdynia (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.

## Lines crossing the station

| Start station | End station | Line type |
| Gdynia Port Centralny | Gdynia Chylonia | Freight |
| Gmina Nowa Wieś Wielka | Gdynia Port Centralny | Freight |
| Rumia | Gdynia Port Oksywie | Freight |
# Gastroxides ater

Gastroxides ater is a species of horsefly found in India. The larvae live in humus, tree-holes etc. and feed on organisms in the moist debris. The pupae take six days and the adults emerge mainly in June and July. The male has a reddish yellow band on the abdomen. They complete only one life-cycle a year and the larvae grow very slowly and undergo a diapause in the dry season.
Saunders created the genus Gastroxides on the basis of this species. His type specimen came from "northern India" and was a female with completely black abdomen (ater referring in Latin to black) and a few years later he saw a male in the collections of Colonel Hearsey with a "rufous" band. He described the genus as having three ocelli on the vertex of the head and also separated it from the genus Tabanus based on relative sizes of the three segments of the ringed antenna and the shape of the abdomen.
# Bitstream format

A bitstream format is the format of the data found in a stream of bits used in a digital communication or data storage application. The term typically refers to the data format of the output of an encoder, or the data format of the input to a decoder when using data compression.

## Processing

Standardized interoperability specifications such as the video coding standards produced by the MPEG and the ITU-T, and the audio coding standards produced by the MPEG, often specify only the bitstream format and the decoding process. This allows encoder implementations to use any methods whatsoever that produce bitstreams which conform to the specified bitstream format.
Normally, decoding of a bitstream can be initiated without having to start from the beginning of a file, or the beginning of the data transmission. Some bitstreams are designed for this to occur, for example by using indexes or key frames.
Uses of bit stream decoders (BSD):
* Graphics processing unit (GPU)
* H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
* Unified Video Decoder (UVD) – the video decoding bit-stream technology from ATI Technologies/AMD
* PureVideo – the video decoding bit-stream technology from Nvidia
* Quick Sync Video – the video decoding and encoding bit-stream technology from Intel
# Bitstream Speedo Fonts

Bitstream Speedo, or Speedo, is an obsolete scalable font format created by Bitstream Inc. Speedo was used on Atari ST, Falcon, in the XyWrite word processor, and in very early versions of WordPerfect and Microsoft Windows. Speedo was replaced by more popular font types like Type 1 fonts. Before Speedo was considered obsolete it was supported by the X Window System through the speedo module, and most Linux distributions had a Speedo font package, but support was removed from X in the X11R7.0 release in 2005. Speedo fonts have the file extension .spd.
# BlackBerry Z3

The BlackBerry Z3 is a touchscreen smartphone developed by BlackBerry. Announced in February 2014, it was the first BlackBerry phone produced in partnership with Foxconn. Adopting a similar appearance and dimensions as BlackBerry Z30, Z3 was designed to be an entry-level version of Z30. It was released on May 13, 2014 in Jakarta. To celebrate the first BlackBerry phone designed for Indonesian market, there was a limited edition called "Jakarta Edition" available. On July 3, 2014 BlackBerry released the Z3 in India. It was then released to Malaysia, Philippines and some African markets.

## Development

During the development phase of this phone, it was assigned the codename "Jakarta".
# BlackBook (social network)

BlackBook was an anonymous Darknet social network. It is known as "the Facebook of Tor."
It is not known how popular BlackBook was. The site was hacked and has not recovered. The site was hacked and disabled multiple times in 2018.
It had features similar to those of Facebook. It had chat, pictures, friend requests, status updates, and groups features. Even the landing page of Facebook was copied. It competed with Facebook Onion and Torbook.
# Pietro Kandler

Pietro Paolo Kandler (23 May 1804 – 18 January 1872) was an Italian historian, archaeologist and jurist.

## Biography

Kandler was born in Trieste to a family who moved there from Vienna in the 17th century (but of Scottish descent: the original surname was Chandler) he was multilingual, but preferred to write in Italian.
Trained in the universities of Vienna and Pavia, where he studied law, he was one of the top exponents of the Trieste culture in the 19th century. His work is characterized by an Enlightenment imprint, derived in particular from the observation of the reforms implemented during the French occupation of Trieste.
He was lawyer of his native comune after the death of Domenico Rossetti De Scander, in whose office he had worked, Kandler was nominated in 1856 conservator of monuments for the Austrian Littoral, the only one that the Hapsburg empire chose for the territories that were later part of Italy, of the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia, and dealt at length with the collection and publication of epigraphs and Roman antiquities present in the north-Adriatic area, with particular regard to the Roman bricks, which Theodor Mommsen used for his Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.
Among his best-known works are the Codice diplomatico istriano ("Istrian Diplomatic Code", 1847), in six volumes, in which he collected the statutes of various Istrian cities including Parenzo, Rovigno, Cittanova, and the Storia del consiglio dei patrizi di Trieste ("History of the council of patricians of Trieste", 1858).
Some of his writings bear the pseudonyms of Giusto Traiber and Giovannina Bandelli.

## Works available online

* Guida al forestiero nella città di Trieste, Trieste, Tip. Lloyd Austriaco, 1845 (II ed.)
* Cenni al forestiero che visita Pola, Trieste, Papsch & C., 1845.
* Pel fausto ingresso di Mons. Ill.mo e Rev.mo D. Bartolomeo Legat vescovo di Trieste e Capodistria...nella sua chiesa di Trieste..., Trieste, Papsch & C., 1847.
* Fasti sacri e profani di Trieste e dell'Istria, Trieste, Weis, 1849.
* Notizie storiche di Trieste e guida per la città, Trieste, Coen, 1851.
* Inscrizioni dei tempi romani rinvenuti nell'Istria, Trieste, Tip. Lloyd Austriaco, 1855.
* Indicazioni per riconoscere le cose storiche del Litorale, Trieste, Tip. Lloyd Austriaco, 1855.
* Storia del consiglio dei patrizi di Trieste dall'anno 1382 all'anno 1809, Trieste, Tip. Lloyd Austriaco, 1858.