OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hemostat

A hemostat (also called a hemostatic clamp; arterial forceps; and pean, after Jules-Émile Péan) is a tool used to control bleeding during surgery. Similar in design to both pliers and scissors, it is used to clamp exposed blood vessels shut.
Hemostats belong to a group of instruments that pivot (similar to scissors, and including needle holders, tissue holders, and some other clamps) where the structure of the tip determines the tool's function.
A hemostat has handles that can be held in place by their locking mechanism, which usually is a series of interlocking teeth, a few on each handle, that allow the user to adjust the clamping force of the pliers. When the tips are locked together, the force between them is about 40 N (9 lbf).
Often in the first phases of surgery, the incision is lined with hemostats on blood vessels that are awaiting ligation.

## History

The earliest known drawing of a pivoting surgical instrument dates from 1500 B.C. and is on a tomb at Thebes, Egypt. Later Roman bronze and steel pivot-controlled instruments were found in Pompeii. In the ninth century A.D., Abulcasis made illustrations of pivoting instruments for tooth extraction.
The concept of clamping a bleeding vessel with an instrument before tying it off is generally attributed to Galen, in the second century A.D. This method of hemostasis was largely forgotten until it was rediscovered by a French barber-surgeon, Ambroise Paré, in the 16th century. He made the predecessor to the modern hemostat and called it the Bec de Corbin (crow's beak). With it he could clamp a bleeding vessel before securing it with a ligature.
* Bec de Corbin
* Pean forceps
Credit for the modern hemostat has been given to several persons, the foremost of whom is Jules-Émile Péan. Later surgeons, such as William Halsted, made small changes to the design.

## List of hemostats

* Rankin forceps
* Kelly forceps
* Satinsky clamps
* Kocher forceps
* Crile forceps
* Halsted Mosquito forceps
* Mixter "right angle" forceps
* Spencer Wells artery forceps (the father of all artery forceps used today)
# Matt McCullough

Matt McCullough (born 9 September 1981) is a former Irish rugby union player, who played in the second row for Ulster and Ireland
McCullough was educated at Ballymena Academy, captaining the school's 1st XV to the 2000 Ulster Schools' Cup final, and represented Ulster and Ireland at schools level. He was named Ulster Schools Player of the Year in the 2000 Ulster Rugby Awards. He studied at Trinity College Dublin, but left when he was offered a contract at Ulster in 2001, and continued his studies at the University of Ulster at Jordanstown.
He made his first appearance for Ulster against Connacht in the 2001–02 season, but saw little action in his early seasons with the province, while turning out for Ballymena in the All-Ireland League and captaining the Ireland under-21 team. He made 21 appearances, including 17 start, for Ulster in the 2003–04 season, and 26 appearances, including 25 starts, in the 2004–05 season, and his form was rewarded with selection for the 2005 Ireland tour of Japan. He won two caps on that tour, and two more against New Zealand and Australia in the 2005 autumn internationals.
In the 2005–06 season he made 23 appearances, all starts, for Ulster as they won the Celtic League. In the summer of 2006, after playing for Ireland A in the Churchill Cup, he was badly injured in a car crash in the Canadian Rockies, sustaining a deep head wound, and credits teammates Andy Maxwell and Roger Wilson with helping to save his life.
Persistent injury problems led to his retirement in 2010.
He is married to model Lucy Evangelista.
# George Bishop

George Bishop is the name of:
* George Bishop (astronomer) (1785–1861), British astronomer
** George Bishop's Observatory, the observatory built by Bishop in London
* George Bishop (priest) (1852–1939), Australian Anglican, Archdeacon of Kyneton
* George Bishop (footballer) (1901–?), Welsh football player
* George Bishop (civil servant) (1913–1999), British civil servant
* George Bishop (businessman) (born 1937), American oil industry billionaire
* George Bishop (rugby league) (1902–1972), Australian rugby league footballer
# Ashmun

Ashmun is a surname that may refer to:
* Eli P. Ashmun (1770–1819), Massachusetts State Representative 1803–04, Massachusetts State Senator 1808–10, Massachusetts Governor's Councilman 1816, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 1816–18. Father of George Ashmun
* George Ashmun (1804–1870), Massachusetts State Representative 1833–37, Massachusetts State Senator 1838–40, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts 1845–51, delegate to the Republican National Convention 1860. Son of Eli P. Ashmun
* George Parish Ashmun, doctor and state senator in Ohio who served in the Union Army and served as mayor of Hudson, Ohio
* Jehudi Ashmun (April 21, 1794 – August 25, 1828), religious leader and social reformer in New England
* Margaret Ashmun (July 10, 1875 – March 15, 1940), writer from Wisconsin
* Eli P. Ashmun (June 24, 1770 – May 10, 1819), United States Senator from Massachusetts
# Big Spring, Virginia

Big Spring is an unincorporated community in Page County, in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is the birthplace of Dr. Charles Pepper.
# Campanicola

Campanicola is a genus of spiders in the family Theridiidae. It was first described in 2015 by Yoshida.

## Species

As of May 2022 it contains ten species, found only in Asia:
* Campanicola anguilliformis Li & Liu, 2021 – China
* Campanicola campanulata (Chen, 1993) – China
* Campanicola chitouensis Yoshida, 2015 – Taiwan
* Campanicola falciformis Li & Liu, 2021 – China
* Campanicola ferrumequina (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – China, Korea, Japan
* Campanicola formosana Yoshida, 2015 – Taiwan
* Campanicola heteroidea Li & Liu, 2021 – China
* Campanicola tanakai Yoshida, 2015 – Taiwan
* Campanicola tauricornis Li & Liu, 2021 – China (Hainan)
* Campanicola volubilis Li & Liu, 2021 – China
# Billy Mercer

Billy Mercer may refer to:
* Billy Mercer (footballer, born 1892) (1892–1956), former Hull City, Huddersfield Town and Blackpool goalkeeper
* Billy Mercer (footballer, born 1896) (1896–1975), former Preston North End, Blackpool, Lancaster Town and Boston Town player
* Billy Mercer (footballer, born 1969), former Rotherham United and Chesterfield player, now goalkeeping coach at Burnley FC
* Billy Mercer (musician), bassist for Strays Don't Sleep
# A. A. N. M. & V. V. R. S. R. Polytechnic

A. A. N. M. & V. V. R. S. R. Polytechnic is a polytechnic located in Gudlavalleru village, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to the Andhra Pradesh State Board of Technical Education and Training, Hyderabad. The polytechnic is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education.

## History

The polytechnic was established in 1981 by the late Adusumilli Aswardha Narayana Murthy and Valluripalli Venkata Rama Seshadri Rao, via the AANM & VVRSR Educational Society, which also established Gudlavalleru Engineering College in Gudlavalleru in 1998. Ch. Venkatramanna was the founding principal for almost 20 years.
# General Sinclair

General Sinclair may refer to:
* George Brian Sinclair (1928–2020), British Army major general
* John Sinclair (British Army officer) (1897–1977), British Army major general
* Patrick Sinclair (1736–1820), British Army lieutenant general
* Santiago Sinclair (born 1927), Chilean Army general
* Volodymyr Sinclair (1879—1946), Ukrainian People's Army major general
# Hemosiderin

Hemosiderin or haemosiderin is an iron-storage complex that is composed of partially digested ferritin and lysosomes. The breakdown of heme gives rise to biliverdin and iron. The body then traps the released iron and stores it as hemosiderin in tissues. Hemosiderin is also generated from the abnormal metabolic pathway of ferritin.
It is only found within cells (as opposed to circulating in blood) and appears to be a complex of ferritin, denatured ferritin and other material. The iron within deposits of hemosiderin is very poorly available to supply iron when needed. Hemosiderin can be identified histologically with Perls' Prussian blue stain; iron in hemosiderin turns blue to black when exposed to potassium ferrocyanide. In normal animals, hemosiderin deposits are small and commonly inapparent without special stains. Excessive accumulation of hemosiderin is usually detected within cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) or occasionally within epithelial cells of the liver and kidney.
Several disease processes result in deposition of larger amounts of hemosiderin in tissues; although these deposits often cause no symptoms, they can lead to organ damage.
Hemosiderin is most commonly found in macrophages and is especially abundant in situations following hemorrhage, suggesting that its formation may be related to phagocytosis of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Hemosiderin can accumulate in different organs in various diseases.
Iron is required by many of the chemical reactions (i.e., oxidation-reduction reactions) in the body but is toxic when not properly contained. Thus, many methods of iron storage have developed.

## Pathophysiology

Hemosiderin often forms after bleeding (haemorrhage). When blood leaves a ruptured blood vessel, the red blood cell dies, and the hemoglobin of the cell is released into the extracellular space. Phagocytic cells (of the mononuclear phagocyte system) called macrophages engulf (phagocytose) the hemoglobin to degrade it, producing hemosiderin and biliverdin. Excessive systemic accumulations of hemosiderin may occur in macrophages in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. These accumulations may be caused by excessive red blood cell destruction (haemolysis), excessive iron uptake/hyperferraemia, or decreased iron utilization (e.g., anaemia of copper toxicity) uptake hypoferraemia (which often leads to iron deficiency anemia).
Cellular iron is found as either ferritin or hemosiderin. It is identified in cells by the Perls or Prussian blue reaction, in which ionic iron reacts with acid ferrocyanide to impart a blue color.<Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology>

## Diseases associated with hemosiderin deposition

Hemosiderin may deposit in diseases associated with iron overload. These diseases are typically diseases in which chronic blood loss requires frequent blood transfusions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
# Ellenberger

Ellenberger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* C. Leroy Ellenberger (born 1942), American academic
* Gisela Ellenberger (born 1950), German runner
* Irene Ellenberger (born 1946), German architect
* Jake Ellenberger (born 1985), American mixed martial artist
* Jules Ellenberger (1871–1973), Imperial civil servant
* Henri Ellenberger (1905–1993), Canadian psychiatrist, medical historian, and criminologist
* Norm Ellenberger (1932–2015), American basketball coach
# Pissonotus albovenosus

Pissonotus albovenosus is a species of delphacid planthopper, in the family Delphacidae.

## Habitat

It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, and North America.
# Women's Football Association (2002–03)

The Women's Football Association was a women's American football league formed in 2002 and which folded in 2003. Many of the league's members had been part of the Women's American Football League.

## Teams
### Central Conference

* Birmingham Steel Magnolias
* Georgia Enforcers
* Indianapolis Vipers
* New Orleans Voodoo Dolls

### Southern Conference

* Carolina Crusaders
* Jacksonville Dixie Blues
* Orlando Fire
* Tampa Bay Force

## Championship game

* 2002–03 season — Jacksonville Dixie Blues won 68–20 over the Indianapolis Vipers.
# Big Spring, Wisconsin

Big Spring is an unincorporated community located in the town of New Haven, Adams County, Wisconsin, United States. Big Spring is 7 miles (11 km) east-northeast of Wisconsin Dells.

## Notable people

* Alonzo L. Best, Wisconsin State Representative, farmer, and teacher, was born in Big Spring.
* Sophronius S. Landt, Wisconsin State Representative, lived in Big Spring.
* Una R. Winter, suffragist, was born in Big Spring.
# Rachid Lousteque

Rachid Lousteque is a Moroccan professional football manager, who is the current head coach of the Somalia national team.

## Managerial career

In December 2019, following the sacking of Rachid Taoussi, Lousteque was named as interim manager of Olympique de Khouribga after previously working as an assistant coach under Taoussi. On 5 July 2022, Lousteque was appointed as manager of Somalia.
# Bimantara World Badminton Junior Invitation Championships

The Bimantara World Junior Championships was an international invitation badminton tournament for junior players. It was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 1987 to 1991. Sponsor of the annually held event was the Indonesian Bimantara Group.
After the fifth edition of the Bimantara World Junior Championships, the event was replaced by the official World Junior Championships for badminton players under 19 years old by the International Badminton Federation.

## Champions

| Year | Boys' singles | Girls' singles | Boys' doubles | Girls' doubles | Mixed doubles |
| 1987 | Ardy Wiranata | Susi Susanti | Wu Wenkai Jin Feng | Susi Susanti Lilik Sudarwati | Ardy Wiranata Susi Susanti |
| 1988 | Thomas Stuer-Lauridsen | Susi Susanti | Aras Razak Ricky Subagja | Susi Susanti Lilik Sudarwati | Ricky Subagja Lilik Sudarwati |
| 1989 | Heryanto Arbi | Kim Ji-hyun | Choi Ji-tae Lee Heung-soon | Eliza Nathanael Finarsih | John Quinn Joanne Wright |
| 1990 | Henry G. Wijadi | Yuni Kartika | Seng Kok Kiong Hadi Sugianto | Ye Zhaoying Liu Hong | Hu Zhilang Peng Xingyong |
| 1991 | Indra Wijaya | Yao Yan | Dadan Hidayat Kurnia | Gu Jun Han Jingna | Thomas Damgaard Rikke Olsen |
# 73rd Armoured Regiment (India)

73 Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment of the Indian Army.

## Formation

The 73 Armoured Regiment has the unique distinction of being raised during wartime, being formed on 3 December 1971, the day the Indo-Pak war broke out. It was raised at Vijay Lines, Ahmednagar, with a unique class composition of three martial communities - Sikhs, Rajputs and Qaimkhani Muslims. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) KM Dhody.

## History

The Regiment with its T-55 tanks took part in the Republic Day parade in 1992.
The Regiment was presented the President's Standard on 27 November 2011 by the then President of India Mrs Prathiba Patil. 73 Armoured Regiment along with four other Armoured Regiments of the 1 Armoured Division were presented with the colours in Patiala.

## Equipment

The Regiment was equipped with the T-55 tanks at raising. It is now equipped with the T-90 tanks.

## Operations

It has participated in Operation Trident, Operation Vijay, Operation Rakshak and Operation Parakram. It has also performed exceedingly well in deserts, thereby earning the sobriquet 'The Desert Rats'. The regiment has won two Vir Chakras.

## Regimental Insignia

The Regiment’s crest comprises crossed lances with the Sheesh Kavach of the legendary Prithviraj Chauhan and a scroll at the base. The Sheesh displays his temporal powers while the Kavach exhibits his skill at using arms. The motto of the Regiment is 'पवित्रता, दृढ़ता और वीरता' ('Pavitrata, Dridhta, Veerta'). The Regimental colours are Purple and Black.
# General Simón Bolívar

Simón Bolívar, Durango, Mexico is a city and seat of the municipality of General Simón Bolívar, in the state of Durango, north-western Mexico. As of 2010, the town of General Simón Bolívar had a population of 1,321.
# Charles Kaufman (judge)

Charles Kaufman (February 13, 1920 – June 30, 2004) was an American judge for the Third Circuit Court of Michigan, with jurisdiction over south-east Michigan and its largest city, Detroit. He is known for sentencing Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz to probation for the 1982 killing of Vincent Chin in Detroit.

## Biography

Born on February 13, 1920, Kaufman served as a navigator for the Army Air Force during World War II. He became a POW (prisoner of war) in Japanese prison camp when his plane was shot down after 27 missions.
After the war, Kaufman graduated from Wayne State University Law School in 1948, and joined his father's firm before winning the election for Common Pleas Court Judge in 1959, and Wayne County Third Circuit Court of Michigan in 1964 where he served for 30 years. He also was a candidate for the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals in 1968 and 1982, and a Michigan State Supreme Court candidate in 1976.

### Vincent Chin ruling

Kaufman is the judge who sentenced former Chrysler plant superintendent Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz on March 16, 1983, to three years' probation and $3,780 in fines and court costs after they were convicted of manslaughter for the killing of Vincent Chin. Asian-American advocacy groups were outraged. Ebens had gone with Nitz to hunt down Chin and the only other Asian in his group of four friends and had Nitz hold Chin down as Ebens used a baseball bat to viciously beat Chin in the head. The act was alleged by some advocacy groups to be a hate crime, as multiple witnesses claimed to hear Ebens say, "It's because of you little motherfuckers that we're out of work," referring to the Japanese auto industry, particularly Chrysler's increased sales of captively-imported Mitsubishi models rebadged and sold under the Dodge and now-defunct Plymouth brands, and Nitz's layoff from Chrysler in 1979, despite the fact that Chin was of Chinese descent, not Japanese.
Citing the judge's POW record in a Japanese prison camp as one of several reasons to invalidate the sentence in favor of a more stringent punishment, advocacy groups unsuccessfully tried to vacate the original sentence. Kaufman cited the defendants' clean prior criminal records and that there was no minimum sentence for a manslaughter plea as he responded, "These weren't the kind of men you send to jail... You don't make the punishment fit the crime; you make the punishment fit the criminal."
Kaufman's sentence was upheld as valid and final, due to the Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy, and the advocacy groups shifted their efforts toward a Federal prosecution for the violation of Vincent Chin's civil rights. This would also prove ultimately unsuccessful after an appeal and retrial of Ebens' original 1984 federal conviction resulted in acquittal.
Kaufman later retired from the Third Circuit Court, and died on June 30, 2004.
# Gottlob

Gottlob is a family name, which may refer to:
Gottlob is a given name, which may refer to:
* Gottlob Berger (1896–1975), senior German Nazi official
* Gottlob Burmann (1737–1805), German Romantic poet and lipogrammatist
* Gottlob Frege (1848–1925), German philosopher, logician and mathematician
* Gottlob Frick (1906–1994), German operatic bass
* Gottlob E. Weiss (1820–1900), American politician
Gottlob as a middle name may refer to:
* Christian August Gottlob Eberhard (1769–1845), German writer
* Christian Gottlob Heine (1729–1812), German classical scholar and archaeologist
* Johann Gottlob Lehmann (disambiguation)
** Johann Gottlob Lehmann (classicist) (1782–1837) German expert in classical studies and noted director of the Gymnasium at Luckau, Germany
** Johann Gottlob Lehmann (scientist) (1719–1767) German mineralogist and geologist
* Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost (1715–1794), German doctor and theologian who first described the scientific phenomenon eponymously named the Leidenfrost effect
* Adam Gottlob Moltke (1710–1792), Danish courtier, statesman and diplomat
* Christoph Gottlob Müller (1785–1858), Considered to be the founder of the Wesleyan Church in Germany
* Christian Gottlob Neefe (1748–1798), German opera composer and conductor
* Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger (1779–1850), Danish poet and playwright
* Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider (1750–1822), German classicist and naturalist
* Eugen Gottlob Winkler (1912–1936), German writer and essayist
* Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1792–1849), German classical scholar known for his work in the field of Latin philology
Gottlob may also refer to the following places:
# Elliott's Cove Formation

The Elliott's Cove Formation is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland.
* This article about a specific stratigraphic formation in Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Blended-metal bullets

The US Navy defines blended-metal bullets as, "projectiles which utilize cores manufactured with materials other than lead, using processes other than melting." The solicitation elaborates as follows:
   The base metals used in these formulations are usually a very fine powder. Copper, tungsten, and brass are examples of some of the base powdered metals used to date. These powdered metals are mixed with a binder such as tin, zinc, or a polymer such as nylon. Once the powdered metal(s) and binder(s) are mixed, they are pressed or molded into the final projectile core form, and in some cases sintered.
Blended-metal rounds are commercially available at this time in limited quantities from independent dealers in a variety of calibers, and sintered non-lead bullets have been available for handloading since at least 2006.

## RBCD Performance Plus, Inc.

One now-defunct company, RBCD Performance Plus, Inc. of San Antonio, Texas, produced ammunition marketed as blended-metal bullets. However, RBCD's "Blended-Metal Technology" (BMT) was a trademark and not a description of bullet composition. Independent testing by Gary Roberts showed that RBCD ammunition was, "nothing but lightweight, repackaged varmint bullets disguised with a black coating of moly, and driven to higher than normal velocities with concomitantly higher than normal pressures." Roberts cites a USSOCOM and ARDEC study published in 2007 which supports his findings.
# Wojciech Szpankowski

Wojciech Szpankowski (born February 18, 1952, in Wapno) is the Saul Rosen Professor of Computer Science at Purdue University. He is known for his work in analytic combinatorics, analysis of algorithms and analytic information theory. He is the director of the NSF Science and Technology Center for Science of Information.

## Biography

Szpankowski received his MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Technical University of Gdańsk in 1970 and 1980 respectively.

## Awards and honors

* Fellow of IEEE
* The Erskine Fellow
* Flajolet Lecture Prize
* Humboldt Research Award