OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gnaw

Gnaw is a New York City noise band founded in 2006 by Alan Dubin (of OLD, Khanate), Carter Thornton (of Enos Slaughter and others), Jun Mizumachi (a former live member of Ike Yard) and drummer Jamie Sykes (of Burning Witch). Guitarist/sound designer Brian Beatrice and drummer Eric Neuser later joined the group. The current lineup consists of Dubin, Thornton, Brian Beatrice, Dana Schechter (Insect Ark, Angels of Light, Swans), Robin Fowler (Pants Exploder, Drownyard), and Adam Morosky (Time Ghost). Founding member Mizumachi, while no longer touring, is still a contributing member.

## Style

In addition to the traditional 4 piece rock format and string and wind instruments, Gnaw utilizes synthesis modulation, found sound and manipulated recordings. In issue 302, The Wire magazine called Gnaw "a terrifying rock sextet whose blackened vision has enough dark energy to blot out the sun". The publication described Gnaw's debut album, This Face, as "unsettling but vital listening".

## History

Gnaw's debut album, This Face, was named number 17 of the year in Rock-A-Rolla magazine and Fact went on to post it as number 23 on its list of best "post-metal" albums ever made.
In 2013, Gnaw signed with Seventh Rule Recordings who released their second album, Horrible Chamber, on October 15. "Horrible Chamber" was reviewed positively by most publications including Pitchfork, Wire and Dusted, who said, "Gnaw’s combination of murderous riffs, sludgy bass, dark ambience and soulless electronica is mastered expertly on Horrible Chamber, resulting in a seven-song suite that pulls in all directions whilst staying wholly cohesive." WIRE said, "Horrible Chamber raises goosebumps, instils despair, and suggests fruitful future paths for metal in the process".
After Mizumachi's return to Japan in 2016, Dana Schechter of Insect Ark began performing live with the band and, after contributing to recordings, joined the band full time in January, 2017. The band's third album, Cutting Pieces, was released to wide acclaim on October 27, 2017.
With Schecter's increased commitment to Insect Ark and Swans, Morosky began filling in on live dates in September 2019 before joining as a full time contributing member. Gnaw's Barking Orders EP was released in January 2020 on Sleeping Giant Glossolali and they are currently composing a full length follow up to Cutting Pieces. Initial tracks were recorded in July 2019 at Menegroth The Thousand Caves Recording Studios with Colin Marston.

## Members

* Alan Dubin (vocals, synthesizing, processing)
* Brian Beatrice (guitar, bass, studio production, manipulation and processing)
* Carter Thornton (guitar, bass, multi-instrumentalist, sound recordings and manipulation)
* Adam Morosky (synthesis, sound effects, noise contraptions)
* Jun Mizumachi (synthesis, recording and studio manipulation)
* Robin Fowler (drums)
* Past members: Jamie Sykes (drums), Eric Neuser (drums), Dana Schechter (lap steel)

## Discography

* This Face (Conspiracy Records, 2009)
* Horrible Chamber (Seventh Rule Recordings, 2013)
* Cutting Pieces (Translation Loss, 2017)
* Barking Orders (Sleeping Giant Glossolalia, 2020)
# Ornithocephalus gladiatus

Ornithocephalus gladiatus is a species of orchid found from Grenada, Trinidad, the Guianas, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil.
# Matt Watts

Matt Watts is a Canadian comedian, actor and writer, best known for his work on Ken Finkleman's The Newsroom.
He was a writer, executive producer and the star of the Canadian television sitcom Michael, Tuesdays and Thursdays, which debuted on CBC Television in September 2011. Watts worked for CBC Radio One, writing and performing in the dramas Steve, The First, its sequel Steve, The Second and Canadia: 2056 and was co-creator and co-star of the web series The Writers' Block. He is credited as a writer and consulting producer on The Kids in the Hall 2022 eight-episode season on Amazon Prime.
# Edward Kynaston

Edward Kynaston may refer to:
* Edward Kynaston (actor) (c. 1640–1712), English actor
* Edward Kynaston (1709–1772), MP
* Sir Edward Kynaston, 2nd Baronet (1758–1839) of the Kynaston baronets
# Glipostenoda taiwana

Glipostenoda taiwana is a species of beetle in the genus Glipostenoda. It was described in 1934.
# Gmina Myślenice

Gmina Myślenice is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Myślenice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Myślenice, which lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of the regional capital Kraków.
The gmina covers an area of 153.7 square kilometres (59.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 40,783 (out of which the population of Myślenice amounts to 18,070, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 22,713).

## Villages

Apart from the town of Myślenice, Gmina Myślenice contains the villages and settlements of Bęczarka, Borzęta, Bulina, Bysina, Droginia, Głogoczów, Jasienica, Jawornik, Krzyszkowice, Łęki, Osieczany, Polanka, Poręba, Trzemeśnia, Zasań and Zawada.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Myślenice is bordered by the gminas of Dobczyce, Mogilany, Pcim, Siepraw, Skawina, Sułkowice and Wiśniowa.
# Elektropop (Oleg song)

"Elektropop" is a song by Oleg Nejlik that became his debut single on Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish Singles Chart. Nejlik sang his original song in the premiere of Idol 2011, the eighth season of the Swedish Idol on 4 September 2011. Although he didn't qualify for the finals of the show, "Elektropop" became an instant hit with the Swedish public and charted on the Swedish Singles Chart.

## Commercial performance

Universal Music released the single in the same week that Oleg performed it on the show. It entered the Swedish Singles Chart at number 3 on 16 September 2011 and it stayed at that position for a second straight week, before slipping down. The song also placed at number 99 on the Swedish Singles year-end chart for 2011 and was certified Platinum.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (2011) | Peak position | Certification |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 3 | GLF: Platinum |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2011) | Position |
| Swedish Singles (Sverigetopplistan) | 99 |
# Gmina Grodków

Gmina Grodków is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Grodków, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south of Brzeg and 41 km (25 mi) west of the regional capital Opole.
The gmina covers an area of 286.39 square kilometres (110.6 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 19,149.

## Villages

Apart from the town of Grodków, Gmina Grodków contains the villages and settlements of Bąków, Bogdanów, Gałązczyce, Gierów, Głębocko, Gnojna, Gola Grodkowska, Jaszów, Jędrzejów, Jeszkotle, Kobiela, Kolnica, Kopice, Lipowa, Lubcz, Mikołajowa, Młodoszowice, Nowa Wieś Mała, Osiek Grodkowski, Polana, Przylesie Dolne, Rogów, Starowice, Strzegów, Sulisław, Tarnów Grodkowski, Więcmierzyce, Wierzbna, Wierzbnik, Wojnowiczki, Wojsław, Wójtowice, Żarów, Żelazna and Zielonkowice.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Grodków is bordered by the gminas of Kamiennik, Niemodlin, Olszanka, Pakosławice, Przeworno, Skoroszyce and Wiązów.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Grodków is twinned with:
* Beckum, Germany
* Borshchiv, Ukraine
# Gmina Podgórzyn

Gmina Podgórzyn is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Jelenia Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Podgórzyn, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Jelenia Góra and 101 km (63 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.
The gmina covers an area of 82.47 square kilometres (31.84 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 8,260.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Podgórzyn is bordered by the towns of Jelenia Góra, Karpacz, Kowary and Piechowice and the gmina of Mysłakowice. It also borders the Czech Republic.

## Villages

The gmina contains the villages of Borowice, Głębock, Marczyce, Miłków, Podgórzyn, Przesieka, Ściegny, Sosnówka, Staniszów and Zachełmie.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Podgórzyn is twinned with:
* Desná, Czech Republic
* Górzyca, Poland
* Schirgiswalde-Kirschau, Germany
* Smołdzino, Poland
* Špindlerův Mlýn, Czech Republic
# Gmina Poczesna

Gmina Poczesna is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Poczesna, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Częstochowa and 53 km (33 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.
The gmina covers an area of 60.13 square kilometres (23.2 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 12,684.

## Villages

Gmina Poczesna contains the villages and settlements of Bargły, Brzeziny Nowe, Brzeziny-Kolonia, Dębowiec, Huta Stara A, Huta Stara B, Kolonia Borek, Kolonia Poczesna, Korwinów, Mazury, Michałów, Młynek, Nierada, Nowa Wieś, Poczesna, Słowik, Sobuczyna, Wrzosowa and Zawodzie.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Poczesna is bordered by the city of Częstochowa and by the gminas of Kamienica Polska, Konopiska, Olsztyn and Starcza.
# Godfrey Chidyausiku

Godfrey Guwa Chidyausiku (23 February 1947 – 3 May 2017) was a Zimbabwean judge and politician. He was involved in politics during Rhodesia's unilaterally declared independence, being a member of the Rhodesian House of Assembly.
After Zimbabwean independence in 1980, he was elected as a Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) member to the Zimbabwean House of Assembly, and served in the government as Attorney-General. After becoming a Judge he headed the Constitutional Convention in 1999, and was appointed Chief Justice in 2001. He retired on 31 March 2017 after reaching the 70-year mandatory retirement age of Zimbabwean judges. He then died on 3 May 2017 in a South African hospital.

## Career

Chidyausiku was born in Domboshawa, Southern Rhodesia. He attended Mutake School at Makumbi Mission, and then St Ignatius College in Chishawasha. He won a place at the University of Rhodesia from 1968 to 1972 where he read law. He went into private legal practice. At the 1974 general election he won the Harari African Roll constituency, standing with the unofficial support of the African National Council which had been set up by ZANU, ZAPU and FROLIZI. He acted in opposition to the government of Ian Smith. Chidyausiku stood down at the 1977 election.
In the 1980 election, Chidyausiku was elected as 12th on ZANU-PF's list for Mashonaland East when ZANU-PF won 14 seats. He was Deputy Minister of Local Government and Housing and of Justice from 1980, and was promoted to be Attorney-General in 1982.
Chidyausiku was later promoted to be a judge and served as chair of the Constitutional Convention charged with drafting a new constitution for Zimbabwe. He ensured that the constitution accorded with the wishes of the government, including an executive Presidency; many members of the convention had argued against it. However, in the referendum on the constitution, held in February 2000, the electorate rejected the text.
After the resignation of Chief Justice Anthony Gubbay, Chidyausiku was named as Zimbabwe's new Chief Justice in July 2001.

## Personal life

Chidyausiku was married to Sheila Madzima (1948–2009).

## Death

Godfrey Chidyausiku died of complications from cancer in South Africa. He was survived by 3 children and two grandchildren. He was buried at the National Heroes' Acre in Harare, Zimbabwe on Saturday, 13 May 2017.
# Eleanor Lausch Dietrich

Eleanor Lausch Dietrich (Brooklyn, NY, July 30, 1912 – Island Park, NY, May 4, 2001) was an American operatic soprano. She was active at the Vienna Volksoper and the Bayreuth Festival during the 1940s.
# Electoral reform in Georgia

Electoral reform in Georgia may refer to:
* Electoral reform in Georgia (country)
* Electoral reform in Georgia (U.S. state)
# New Spaceways Comic Annual

The New Spaceways Comic Annual was published in 1954 by London's Boardman Books under their Popular Press imprint. The Book is about 10.75 x 7.75 inches. hardcover, printed boards, 158 pages. Contents are a combination of comic book and illustrated text stories. Illustrated in four color and black and white. Denis McLoughlin, creative director for the series, based most of the spacemen, rockets, flying saucers, space creatures, robots, etc. on the toys then carried by Woolworth's. Woolworth's were the primary distributor of the Boardman annuals in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and all over the former British Empire.
Some of the Pyro/Kleeware/Tudor Rose toys used as models for this annual include: X-300 Space Cruiser (silver - top front cover); X-300 Space Cruiser (landed - front cover foreground); Johillco Spacemen (front cover); and Tudor Rose Space Clipper (front cover bottom left inset).

## Contents

The comic contents include three British original stories by Denis McLoughlin and a third by an unknown artist. One McLoughlin story features hard boiled detective Roy Carson while the other has science fiction hero Swift Morgan. The story Swift Morgan and the Flying Saucers is a reprint from 1949. As such, it is a very early UFO story. The other comic content is reprinted (in color and black and white) from U.S. Quality Comics Group. Comic content includes:
* Zip O'Daly Rocket Ship Pilot (British original?)
* Swift Morgan and the Flying Saucers by Denis McLoughlin
* Eric Falcon - The Surrender of Eric Falcon
* Chop Chop by Matt Baker
* Plastic Man - Grandma Crookes by Jack Cole
* The Whip - Crimson Vengeance (origin) by Reed Crandall
* Doll Man - The Full Moon Monster
* Corsair Queen - King of Corpse Cay
* Swift Morgan and the Ancient Egyptians by Denis McLoughlin
* Roy Carson Strikes Again by Denis McLoughlin
* Arizona Raines Water Hogs Die Broke might be by Matt Baker

## Sources

* Gore, Matthew H. "Collector's Corner: Denis McLoughlin," Goldenage Treasury Volume One. AC Comics: Longwood, Florida, 2003. Unpaginated.
* Hertzberg, Francis. Denis McLoughlin: The Master of Light & Shade. Gryphon Books: Brooklyn, New York, 1995.
* Holland, Steve. "The Lancashire Cowboy and the Bloodhound: The Art of Denis McLoughlin," Paperback Parade #24 (June, 1991), 60-62.
* Holland, Steve. The Mushroom Jungle. Zeon Books: Dilton Marsh, England, 1993.
* Lesser, Thomas M. "The Boardman Hardcovers," Paperback Parade #38 (April, 1994), 21-44.
* Young, S. Mark, Steve Quinn, and Mike Richardson. Blast Off: Rockets, Robots, Ray Guns and Rarities from the Golden Age of Space Toys. Dark Horse Books: Milwaukie, Oregon, 2001.
# Elementary theory

In mathematical logic, an elementary theory is a theory that involves axioms using only finitary first-order logic, without reference to set theory or using any axioms that have consistency strength equal to set theory.
Saying that a theory is elementary is a weaker condition than saying it is algebraic.

## Examples

Examples of elementary theories include:
* The theory of groups
** The theory of finite groups
** The theory of abelian groups
* The theory of fields
** The theory of finite fields
** The theory of real closed fields
* Axiomization of Euclidean geometry

## Related

* Elementary definition
* Elementary theory of the reals
# Elementary reaction

An elementary reaction is a chemical reaction in which one or more chemical species react directly to form products in a single reaction step and with a single transition state. In practice, a reaction is assumed to be elementary if no reaction intermediates have been detected or need to be postulated to describe the reaction on a molecular scale. An apparently elementary reaction may be in fact a stepwise reaction, i.e. a complicated sequence of chemical reactions, with reaction intermediates of variable lifetimes.
In a unimolecular elementary reaction, a molecule A dissociates or isomerises to form the products(s)
    ${\mbox{A}}\rightarrow {\mbox{products.}}$
At constant temperature, the rate of such a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the species A
    ${\frac {d[{\mbox{A}}]}{dt}}=-k[{\mbox{A}}].$
In a bimolecular elementary reaction, two atoms, molecules, ions or radicals, A and B, react together to form the product(s)
    ${\mbox{A + B}}\rightarrow {\mbox{products.}}$
The rate of such a reaction, at constant temperature, is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the species A and B
    ${\frac {d[{\mbox{A}}]}{dt}}={\frac {d[{\mbox{B}}]}{dt}}=-k[{\mbox{A}}][{\mbox{B}}].$
The rate expression for an elementary bimolecular reaction is sometimes referred to as the law of mass action as it was first proposed by Guldberg and Waage in 1864. An example of this type of reaction is a cycloaddition reaction. This rate expression can be derived from first principles by using collision theory for ideal gases. For the case of dilute fluids equivalent results have been obtained from simple probabilistic arguments.
According to collision theory the probability of three chemical species reacting simultaneously with each other in a termolecular elementary reaction is negligible. Hence such termolecular reactions are commonly referred as non-elementary reactions and can be broken down into a more fundamental set of bimolecular reactions, in agreement with the law of mass action. It is not always possible to derive overall reaction schemes, but solutions based on rate equations are often possible in terms of steady-state or Michaelis-Menten approximations.
# Eleme, Mali

Eleme, also known as Elémé, is a town at 14°57′N 10°30′W﻿ / ﻿14.95°N 10.5°W﻿ / 14.95; -10.5 in northern Kayes Region, Mali, north of Sambanara.
* This Kayes Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# El Salvador (disambiguation)

El Salvador is a country in Central America.
El Salvador may also refer to:

## Places

* El Salvador, Chile
** El Salvador mine
** El Salvador (caldera)
* El Salvador, Cuba
* El Salvador, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
* El Salvador, Quito, Ecuador
* El Salvador, Zacatecas, Mexico
* Villa El Salvador, a district on the outskirts of Lima, Peru

## Music

* "El Salvador" (Peter, Paul and Mary song), 1982
* "El Salvador", a song by Athlete from Vehicles & Animals, 2003
* "El Salvador", a song by White Lion from Fight to Survive, 1985

## Other uses

* El Salvador (ship), an 18th-century Spanish treasure ship
* El Salvador (Mexico City Metrobús), a BRT station in Mexico City
* El Salvador: Another Vietnam, a 1981 documentary film
* Mezquita-Iglesia de El Salvador, Toledo, a church in Toledo, Spain
# Goa Carbon Limited

Goa Carbon Limited is an Indian petrochemical company and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of Calcined Petroleum Coke. It is a public company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange and is the second largest producer of Calcined Petroleum Coke in India. Other specialty consumer segments include titanium dioxide and other chemicals. The company's calcination plant is located approximately 40 kilometers from the Mormugoa Port. It was incorporated and established on 22 June 1967. It has manufacturing facilities in Goa, Paradip and Bilaspur. Total capacity is 1,65,000 MT per annum.

## Products

* Calcined Petroleum Coke
* Recarburiser
* Laddle additive
* Carbon raiser

## Achievements

Goa Carbon's plant is ISO 9001:2008 by Bureau Veritas. It is also ISO 14001:2004 certified.
# Brachymonas denitrificans

Brachymonas denitrificans is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, chemo-organotrophic bacterium from the genus Brachymonas and family Comamonadaceae. B. denitrificans has no flagella and its colonies are cream to pale yellow.
# Nicopolis (courtesan)

Nicopolis (born c.150 BC) was a Roman hetaira possibly of Greek origin.
She was likely a former slave from Greece, who earned her fortune as a prostitute. Ernst Badian suggests that Nicopolis was not her real name.
She is foremost known as the alleged lover and benefactor of the young Sulla, whom she was older than. She was an independently rich woman by the time Sulla became her lover. They had a long term relationship. After her death, she left him her fortune. Their relationship, and the benefit of her fortune on his career, has often been referred to in the history of Sulla. Her fortune in combination with that of his stepmother, helped Sulla on his way in his political career.
She is a character The First Man in Rome by Colleen McCullough.
# D'Entrecasteaux Channel

The D'Entrecasteaux Channel /ˌdɒntrəˈkæstoʊ/ is a body of water located between Bruny Island and the south-east of the mainland of Tasmania, Australia. The channel is the mouth for the estuaries of the Derwent and the Huon Rivers and empties into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean. It was sighted by Abel Tasman in 1642 and surveyed in 1792 by Bruni d'Entrecasteaux.
Towns on the D'Entrecasteaux Channel include Snug, Margate, Kettering, Woodbridge, Flowerpot, Middleton and Gordon.

## History

The area has always been of great significance to the Nuenonne band of the South East tribe of Tasmanian Indigenous peoples. According to The Mercury newspaper, the channel "..... was discovered on 20 April 1792 by the celebrated French "Vice-Admiral Bruni D'Entrecasteaux, who, in the ships Recherche and Esperance, was searching for ill-fated La Perouse. Visiting Van Diemen's Land for the first time, he was attempting to find an anchorage in Adventure Bay, when, being himself ill in bed, the ships' navigators entered the channel to the west of Bruny Island, instead of going to the eastward of it. Thus, the discovery of the great channel was due to an accident. This is Labillardiere's account of the matter. A wrong bearing taken of the Mewstone accounts for the French navigator's error."
Whaling stations operated on the shores of the channel in the first half of the 19th century.

## Geography and environment

The D'Entrecasteaux Channel region sheltered by Bruny Island is increasingly affected by foreshore erosion, in some areas sandbagging aims to reduce the effects.
The channel is a breeding ground for scallops. Prior to 1969, fishing dredges were used to collect scallops from the seafloor. Damage caused by the dredging has led to collection by scuba divers.
The D'Entrecasteaux Channel has become a popular location for keen photographers to capture images of the aurora australis with its numerous southern-facing water views and beaches, although light pollution from the numerous salmon farms is now starting to impact on this visual beauty from many locations.

## Gallery

* D'Entrecasteaux Channel from Kettering.
* Aurora Australis over D'Entrecasteaux Channel near Cygnet.
# Baldon Row

Baldon Row is a hamlet in Toot Baldon civil parish, about 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Oxford in Oxfordshire.
# Robert Nicolaï

Robert Nicolaï is a French linguist specializing in the Songhay languages, professor at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis.
He is also founder and co-editor of the Journal of Language Contact.

## Selected publications

* Nicolaï, Robert (1981). Les dialectes du songhay (contribution à l'étude des changements linguistiques). Paris: SELAF
* Nicolaï, Robert (1984). Préliminaires à une étude sur l'origine du songhay (problématique, matériaux et hypothèses). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
* Nicolaï, Robert (1990). Parentés linguistiques (à propos du songhay). Paris: Editions du CNRS.
* Nicolaï, Robert; Zima, Petr (1997). Songhay. Münich/Newcastle: Lincom Europa.
* Nicolaï, Robert. (2000). La Traversée de l’empirique : essai d’épistémologie sur la construction des représentations de l’évolution des langues. Paris: Ophrys.
* Nicolaï, Robert (2003). La force des choses ou l’épreuve nilo-saharienne : questions sur les reconstructions archéologiques et l’évolution des langues. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* Nicolaï, Robert (2007). La vision des faits, De l'a posteriori à l'a priori dans la saisie des langues. Paris: L'Harmattan.