OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Columbia T-23

The Columbia T-23, or Columbia T23, is an American sailboat that was designed by Australian Alan Payne and first built in 1973. The "T" designation indicates that the boat is designed to be trailerable.

## Production

The design was built by Columbia Yachts in the United States, from 1973 until 1977, with 400 boats completed, but it is now out of production.
The molds were widely reused to build other boats and led to the Coronado 23-2, the Charger 23, Corsair 23 and the Lancer 25. Copies were also built by Bayliner, US Yachts and Pearson Yachts.

## Design

The Columbia T-23 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed shoal draft fin keel. It displaces 2,300 lb (1,043 kg) and carries 810 lb (367 kg) of lead ballast.
The boat has a draft of 1.08 ft (0.33 m) with the standard keel, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.
The boat is normally fitted with a small 3 to 6 hp (2 to 4 kW) outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.
The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee quarter berths in the main cabin. The galley is located on both side just aft of the bow cabin. The galley is equipped with a sink and an optional stove. The optional head is located centered under the bow cabin "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is 51 in (130 cm). The fresh water tank has a capacity of 5 U.S. gallons (19 L; 4.2 imp gal).
The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 264 and a hull speed of 6.0 kn (11.1 km/h).

## Operational history

In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "here's another boat with a reverse transom in which the marketer has added in the "rump" to come up with boat length—which should be LOD, but is given as hull length. And so once again we cut this boat down to size, in this case 21' 10" instead of the claimed 22! 7". The Columbia T23 is said to be identical to the Coronado 23 Mk II, except for the gelcoat colors and cabin windows. This is understandable since in the 1970s the Whittaker Corporation owned both the Columbia and Coronado brands, and deemed that they could be intermingled. Best features: No notable features perceived by us. Worst features: Compared to her comp[etitor]s, the T23 has about the same shallow draft, but is the only vessel without a centerboard option. Consequently her upwind performance predictably will be the worst of the group—notwithstanding her PHRF rating. At least one owner reports that two drains in the aft end of the cockpit are plumbed through the transom, but are close enough to the waterline so that when the boat heels with any significant weight in the cockpit, water will drain into the cockpit rather than out of it."
# Wilton by-election

Wilton by-election may refer to one of several parliamentary by-elections held for the British House of Commons constituency of Wilton in Wiltshire:
* 1841 Wilton by-election
* 1855 Wilton by-election
* 1877 Wilton by-election
* 1900 Wilton by-election
* 1918 Wilton by-election
# Arrastra

An arrastra (or arastra) is a primitive mill for grinding and pulverizing (typically) gold or silver ore. Its simplest form is two or more flat-bottomed drag stones placed in a circular pit paved with flat stones, and connected to a center post by a long arm. With a horse, mule or human providing power at the other end of the arm, the stones were dragged slowly around in a circle, crushing the ore. Some arrastras were powered by a water wheel; a few were powered by steam or gasoline engines, and even electricity.
Arrastras were widely used throughout the Mediterranean region since Phoenician times. The Spanish introduced the arrastra to the New World in the 16th century. The word "arrastra" comes from the Spanish language arrastrar, meaning to drag along the ground. Arrastras were suitable for use in small or remote mines, since they could be built from local materials and required little investment capital.
For gold ore, the gold was typically recovered by amalgamation with quicksilver. The miner would add clean mercury to the ground ore, continue grinding, rinse out the fines, then add more ore and repeat the process. At cleanup, the gold amalgam was carefully recovered from the low places and crevices in the arrastra floor. The amalgam was then heated in a distillation retort to recover the gold, and the mercury was saved for reuse.
For silver ore, the patio process, invented in Mexico in 1554, was generally used to recover the silver from ore ground in the arrastra.
# Arsiyah

Arsiyah (other forms of the word include - Lariçiyeh, al-Larisiya) was the name used for a group of Muslim mercenaries in the service of the Khazar Khaganate. Whether the Arsiyah were a single tribe or composed of Muslims from a number of different tribes is unclear. Also unclear is their origin; many historians regard them as deriving from Khwarazm, but some scholars point to the fact that "As" is the Turkic term for Alans and believe that the Arsiyah were Alanic in origin. Other scholars derive the name from the Iranian Auruša (white).
According to Arabic text with French translation "Les Prairies d'or" translated by Charles Barbier de Meynard and Abel Pavet de Courteille. This word reads correctly from Arabic as - lariçiyeh. Which, according to the "Book of the Huns" by Alexandre Vincent, is translated from the Khazar language - guards.
According to Muslim sources, the lariçiyeh formed the core of the Khazar army and were extremely influential in Khazar politics, but these assertions may be designed to exaggerate the importance of the Muslim community in Khazaria. The lariçiyeh did often act independently of their government. Part of the treaty binding them to Khazar service guaranteed that they would not be used to fight other Muslims. In 913, the lariçiyeh ambushed a Varangian fleet that had been granted passage to the Caspian Sea by the Khazar government, wiping out thousands of Rus warriors.
# Arsita

Arsita is a medieval town and comune in Province of Teramo in the Abruzzo region of eastern Italy. It was called Bacucco until 1905. It is located in Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park.

## Geography

Arsita is a communal capital in the Province of Teramo in the Abruzzo Region of Italy. Arsita is located at an elevation of 470 metres (1,540 ft) 36 kilometres (22 mi) from Teramo.
In the early 19th century the waters from a spring in this area were said to have healing powers.

## Events

Each year on 17 January, the residents of Arsita, in collaboration with the towns of Cermignano, Tossicia, and Bisenti celebrate the Feast of Saint Antonio Abate. Another festival features the townsfolk dressed up in costumes representing the 12 months of the year.
# Combined Shipping Adjustment Board

The Combined Shipping Adjustment Board or Combined Shipping Board was a joint American-British war agency 1942-45 nominally in charge of commercial shipping. It proved ineffective as much more powerful boards, such as the Combined Munitions Assignments Board, ignored it. The U.S. Army and Navy controlled most shipping and refused to share responsibility with the Board as did the powerful War Shipping Administration. For practical purposes the agency was inactive by spring 1943.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill set it up in January 1942 with a 6-point mandate:
    1. In principle the shipping resources of the two countries will be deemed to be pooled. The fullest information will be interchanged.
    2. Owing to the military and physical facts of the situation around the British Isles, the entire movement of shipping now under the control of Great Britain will continue to be directed by the Ministry of War Transport.
    3. Similarly, the appropriate authority in the United States will continue to direct the movements and allocations of U.S. shipping or shipping of other Powers under U.S. control.
    4. In order to adjust and concert in one harmonious policy the work of the British Ministry of War Transport and the shipping authorities of the U.S. Government, there wilt be established forthwith in Washington a Combined Shipping Adjustment Board consisting of a representative of the United States and a representative of the British Government who will represent and act under the instructions of the British Minister of War Transport.
    5. A similar Adjustment Board will be set up in London consisting of the Minister of War Transport and a representative of the U.S. Government.
    6. In both cases the executive power will be exercised solely by the appropriate shipping agency in Washington and by the Minister of War Transport in London.
# Combined Systems, Inc.

Combined Systems, Inc. is a U.S.-based company (often marketed and produced under the brand name Combined Tactical Systems (CTS)), specializing in the manufacture of military and police equipment such as tear gas canisters, flash grenades, breaching munitions, and handcuffs. It supplies these products to police and military in the United States as well as Egypt and Israel. Evidence has also been collected by the War Resisters League that its products have been used to disperse protests in Tunisia, Chile, Bolivia, Guatemala, Germany, Netherlands, India, East Timor, Hong Kong, Argentina, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Cameroon, Colombia, Sierra Leone, The United States and Egypt. Discovery of the use of tear gas produced by the US company in various police actions against demonstrations around the world was met with controversy in the social media discussions related to events of the Arab Spring. In February 2012, the online activist group Anonymous claimed to have hacked the company's website in retaliation for the company's supply of protest suppression weapons to various countries.

## History

The company was founded by Michael Brunn and Jacob Kravel and is owned by Point Lookout Capital Partners. On November 25, 2019, MarketWatch, Inc. reported that the Carlyle fund holding Combined Systems’ stock has been closed, and its assets sold off. The company's main manufacturing plant is in Jamestown, Pennsylvania.
# Art Johnson (racing driver)

Arthur Hurst Johnson (June 16, 1888 – August 27, 1949) was an American racing driver.

## Motorsports career results
### Indianapolis 500 results

| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |
| 1916 | 26 | 17 | 83.690 | 19 | 8 | 120 | 0 | Running |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | 120 | 0 | |
| Starts | 1 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Front Row | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Top 5 | 0 |
| Top 10 | 1 |
| Retired | 0 |
# Arthur Robinson (anatomist)

Arthur Robinson FRSE FRCS FRCSE LLD (1862–1948) was a British anatomist who served as President of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1920 to 1922. He created the terms "opposed placentae" and "conjoined placentae".

## Life

He was born on 8 April 1862 in Manchester, the son of James Robinson.
He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh graduating MBChB in 1883. He then became a Demonstrator in William Turner's anatomy class. He then went to Owen's College in Manchester as a Demonstrator to Professor A.H. Young and the Victoria University in Manchester. He received his doctorate (MD) from the University of Edinburgh in 1890.
In 1896 he went to Middlesex Hospital in London replacing John Bland-Sutton as a lecturer in anatomy. In 1900 he went to King's College, London as Professor of Anatomy. In 1905 he moved to the University of Birmingham as Professor of Anatomy and Sub-Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. In 1909 he returned to the University of Edinburgh to replace Daniel John Cunningham as Professor of Anatomy.
In 1910 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, George Chrystal, Cargill Gilston Knott, and John Sutherland Black. He served as Secretary to the Society 1912 to 1918 and as Vice President 1918 to 1921. He won the Society's Neill Prize for the period 1925/27.
He received an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1932 for his books.
He died in Eastbourne on 3 December 1948.

## Family

In 1888 he married Emily Baily. They had no children.

## Publications

He was editor to the numerous revisions of Cunningham's Manual of Practical Anatomy and Cunningham's Textbook of Anatomy
* A Glance at Anatomy 1705 to 1909 (1909)
* Surface Anatomy (1928)
# Colonial Cup (rugby union)

The Colonial Cup (named after sponsors The Colonial National Bank) is a defunct rugby union football competition that was played in Fiji between 2004 and 2008. The Colonial Cup was Fiji's first attempt at a professional rugby competition, but it did not draw sufficient crowds and ceased after five seasons.

## History

In 2004, with the gap between provincial rugby in Fiji and test rugby at an unacceptable level, the Fiji Rugby Union introduced a brand new, streamlined competition to identify and prepare local players for the international stage. The 30-odd provincial unions were grouped into four franchises along geographical lines. Players not selected for one team could be picked up by one of the others. Players were paid £40 a week plus lodgings.
The new competition started on 3 April 2004 and finished 22 May 2004 in time for the international test window. The four teams played a round-robin followed by semi-finals and a grand final. The Coastal Stallions held off a late rally from the Suva Highlanders to claim the inaugural Colonial Cup 26-21
In 2005 an extra team was added, Northern Sharks, made of players from Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Ovalau. Previously the Northern Division had belonged to the Suva franchise. Suva Highlanders won the Grand final with a 35-27 win over Western Crusaders.
In 2006, with the introduction of a Super 14 style tournament called the Pacific Rugby Cup, the void in the Pacific Island competition pathway between club or provincial rugby in the respective islands and Test rugby was on its way to being filled. Coastal Stallions defeated Suva Highlanders 29-15 in a tough encounter to clinch the 2006 title.
Bligh Roosters joined the 2007 competition, Western Crusaders gave up Tavua, Vatukoula, Ba and Ra to the new franchise.
It was announced in 2008 that the competition would cease due to not achieving its player performance aims and low crowds.

## Structure

Fiji’s best 150 players are divided up into 6 professionally run franchises. These franchises play each other over 10 weeks culminating in a semi-final and final. The league uses 4 points for a win; 2 for a draw; 1 bonus point for scoring four or more tries in a match; 1 bonus point for losing by 7 points or less. The top four teams then proceed to the semi-finals.

## Franchises

* Bligh Roosters
Tavua, Vatukoula, Ba, Ra
* Coastal Stallions
Nadroga-Navosa, Namosi, Serua and Malolo
* Northern Sharks
Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Ovalau, and Island Zone
* Suva Highlanders
Suva, Naitasiri, Kadavu
* Tailevu Knights
Tailevu, Northland, and Rewa
* Western Crusaders
Lautoka, Nadi, and Yasawa

## Past winners

* 2004 Coastal Stallions
* 2005 Suva Highlanders
* 2006 Coastal Stallions
* 2007 Coastal Stallions
* 2008 Western Crusaders
# Colonial Creek Falls

Colonial Creek Falls is the tallest waterfall in the continental United States. In a horizontal traverse of more than 4,200 feet (1,300 m), it falls 2,568 feet (783 m) vertically in 13 distinct drops, with an average incline of 65 degrees.
According to the World Waterfall Database, it is the tallest waterfall in the continental United States, and is the 15th tallest in the world, exceeding the more renowned Yosemite Falls in height by 143 feet.
# Come into My Life

Come into My Life may refer to:
* Come into My Life (Joyce Sims album), 1987 including title track
* Come into My Life (Gala album), 1997
** "Come into My Life" (Gala song), 1997
* Come into My Life (Jermaine Jackson album), 1973
* "Come into My Life" (Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito song), 1988
# Come into My Head

"Come into My Head" is a song performed and co-written by New Zealand recording artist Kimbra, issued as the sixth and final single from her debut studio album Vows. Although no physical single was released for the song, a music video was released, directed by Guy Franklin.

## Background and music video

Kimbra told American Songwriter that she was "particularly excited" by the song because "it was sort of my moment to get really indulgent musically, and throw in lots of key changes and interesting rhythmic moments." She added: "it's one of the more lyrically aggressive tracks on the record and has some really fun turnarounds and surprises." Deantoni Parks (then of The Mars Volta) plays drums on the song.
The music video for "Come into My Head" was released in September 2012. Directed by Guy Franklin, it features Kimbra as a psychiatric hospital patient being examined by a doctor. The video cuts between a tranquil interview session environment and frenzied dance sequences.
"Come into My Head" was also featured during the end credits and on the soundtrack for the 2013 film The Heat, and featured in the soundtrack for the EA Sports video game, FIFA 13.

## Critical reception

The song has received positive reviews from critics. Cole Waterman of PopMatters stated that the song has "funk swagger" and that Kimbra is "at her sauciest" in the song. Jens Ulvedahl Carlsen of Sound of Jens gave the song an A+ rating and also felt that the song is better than Kimbra's previous single, "Two Way Street". Erin Brady of Interview magazine wrote: "Blending elements of pop and '70s funk with expansive vocals, 'Come Into My Head' ricochets from relative calm to full-blown groove as effortlessly as it does from interior to exterior, imagination to actuality."
# Art of Revolution

Art of Revolution is an EP by American electronic music artist Bassnectar, released in 2009 on Amorphous Music.
# Wipperfeld

Wipperfeld is a village and a district in the town of Wipperfürth which is a Northrhine-Westphalian municipality in the Oberbergischer Kreis, about 40 km north-east of Cologne.

## Geographical position

Wipperfeld is set in the west of Wipperfürth, next to the federal road B506 from Wipperfürth to Bergisch Gladbach.
Villages proximate to Wipperfeld are Lamsfuß, Erlen, Grüterich, Überberg and Oberholl.
The river "Wipperfelder Bach" runs through the village.

## The district Wipperfeld

The district Wipperfeld consists of the following villages:
* Arnsberg
* Birkerhof
* Boxberg
* Buchholz
* Ente
* Erlen
* Fahlenbock
* Frößeln
* Gerhardsfeld
* Grund
* Grunewald
* Hamböcken
* Heid
* Herweg
* Hüffen
* Julsiefen
* Kofeln
* Lamsfuß
* Lieth
* Mittelschneppen
* Mittelschwarzen
* Neumühle
* Niederdhünn
* Oberholl
* Obermausbach
* Oberschneppen
* Oberschwarzen
* Pannenhöh
* Sommerberg
* Überberg
* Unterholl
* Untermausbach
* Unterschneppen
* Unterschwarzen
* Wüstenhof

## History
### Mediaeval Times

In mediaeval times the village formed a part of the department of Steinbach (Lindlar) and belonged to the district of the country court in Lindlar.
The parish church of Wipperfeld was built in the 12th century. The present-day church was built in 1892 and consecrated in 1894.

### Modern Times

Up unto the 19th century a flour mill was in operation. The mill is identified in the "Statistik des Bergischen Landes von 1797".
In 1890 Mr Mausbach from Wipperfeld was elected as the mayor of Lindlar.
Up to 1975 an independent municipality of Wipperfeld existed.

## Culture
### Parish Churches

* Catholic church of St. Klemens. Wipperfeld

## Schools

* Catholic elementary school Wipperfeld

## Traffic
### Federal roads

The federal road B506 from Wipperfürth to Bergisch Gladbach runs next to Wipperfeld.

### Bus routes

Bus stops Wipperfeld, Wipperfeld, Wende, Wipperfeld, Kirche:
* VRS (KWS) 427 to Bergisch Gladbach (S) via Kürten-Weiden
* VRS (KWS) 426 to Bergisch Gladbach (S) via Kürten

## Literature
### German

* Führer, Gerhard: Alarm durch Läuten, Blasen und Trommelschlagen : die Feuerwehren von Olpe und Wipperfeld in früherer Zeit. In: Rhein.-Berg. Kalender 66. 1996 (1995) S. 183-187
* 75 Jahre St.-Seb.-Schützenbruderschaft Wipperfeld 1921 e. V. Wipperfeld 1996
# Wippingen

Wippingen is a municipality in the Emsland district, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
# Common first-stage exam

The Common first-stage exam (共通第１次学力試験, Kyōtsū daiichiji gakuryoku shiken) was a standardized test administered in Japan and used for university admissions from 1979 to 1989.
The subjects tested basic skills and covered the following subjects: Japanese literature, mathematics, English, social studies and science. The exam was administered by the National Center for University Entrance Examinations, an Independent Administrative Institution. The test was superseded by the National Center Test for University Admissions.

## Origins

The idea of a standardized test was discussed in the 1960s by the Ministry of Education. In the 1970s, the exam became a reality following approval by the government and ruling party. It was intended to reduce the exam stress encountered by high school seniors battling for a place in their choice of college.
A decision was made in 1988 to change the name of the exam, and this was implemented in 1990.
# Arthur Cutler (cricketer)

Arthur Sydney Hamilton "Ash" Cutler (17 January 1913 – 27 August 1997) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played seven first-class matches for Otago between 1938 and 1947. Later he was a first-class umpire.

## Life and career

A middle-order batsman, Cutler played for Manawatu in the Hawke Cup from 1929 to 1937. He scored a century when Manawatu beat Taranaki to regain the title in December 1934; no other batsman on either side reached 50. He left Palmerston North in February 1937 to take up a position as teacher in charge of a school in the Southland Region.
Cutler married Flora Browne in Invercargill in December 1940. He worked as a schoolteacher and served overseas in the New Zealand Infantry Brigade during World War II as a second lieutenant.
Cutler's best first-class match for Otago was in the 1939–40 Plunket Shield, when he scored 51 and 33 against Auckland. In a low-scoring drawn two-day match in 1944–45, playing for Southland against Otago, Cutler scored 49 and 44; no other Southland batsman exceeded 17. He scored a century for Southland against Otago in 1946–47.
Cutler umpired 13 first-class matches in Dunedin between 1965 and 1974. He also umpired the second unofficial Test between New Zealand and Australia in 1969–70 at Lancaster Park in Christchurch. He umpired the second List A match in New Zealand, a match of 36 eight-ball overs each between Otago and the touring MCC in February 1971.
Cutler died at Invercargill in 1997 aged 84. An obituary was published in the following year's New Zealand Cricket Almanack.
# Window Glass Cutters' League of America

The Window Glass Cutters' League of America (WCGLA) was a labor union representing workers involved in making flat glass in the United States.
The union was founded in on December 6, 1917, in Charleston, West Virginia, as the Cutters' League. It soon renamed itself as the WCGLA, and relocated its headquarters to Columbus, Ohio. It was chartered by the American Federation of Labor on April 14, 1928.
In 1930, the union absorbed the Window Glass Cutters' and Flatteners' Association of America, while in 1933, the Window Glass Cutters' and Flatteners' Protective Association of America merged in.
From 1955, the union was affiliated to the AFL–CIO, and as of 1957, it had 1,600 members. On August 1, 1975, it merged into the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association.

## Presidents

    Glen McCabe
    Howard P. Chester
    Arthur L. Markham