# Elastic properties of the elements (data page)

Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress. They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength.
Material properties are most often characterized by a set of numerical parameters called moduli. The elastic properties can be well-characterized by the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, Bulk modulus, and Shear modulus or they may be described by the Lamé parameters.

## Young's modulus

Young's modulus E (GPa) :
| number | symbol | name | use | WEL | CRC |
| 3 | Li | lithium | 4.9 | 4.9 | |
| 4 | Be | beryllium | 287 | 287 | |
| 11 | Na | sodium | 10 | 10 | |
| 12 | Mg | magnesium | 45 | 45 | |
| 13 | Al | aluminium | 70 | 70 | |
| 14 | Si | silicon | 130–188 | 130–188 | |
| 20 | Ca | calcium | 20 | 20 | |
| 21 | Sc | scandium | 74.4 | 74 | 74.4 |
| 22 | Ti | titanium | 116 | 116 | |
| 23 | V | vanadium | 128 | 128 | |
| 24 | Cr | chromium | 279 | 279 | |
| 25 | Mn | manganese | 198 | 198 | |
| 26 | Fe | iron | 211 | 211 | |
| 27 | Co | cobalt | 209 | 209 | |
| 28 | Ni | nickel | 200 | 200 | |
| 29 | Cu | copper | 130 | 130 | |
| 30 | Zn | zinc | 108 | 108 | |
| 33 | As | arsenic | 8 | 8 | |
| 34 | Se | selenium | 10 | 10 | |
| 37 | Rb | rubidium | 2.4 | 2.4 | |
| 39 | Y | yttrium | 63.5 | 64 | 63.5 |
| 40 | Zr | zirconium | 68 | 68 | |
| 41 | Nb | niobium | 105 | 105 | |
| 42 | Mo | molybdenum | 329 | 329 | |
| 44 | Ru | ruthenium | 447 | 447 | |
| 45 | Rh | rhodium | 275 | 275 (possibly incorrect) | |
| 46 | Pd | palladium | 121 | 121 | |
| 47 | Ag | silver | 83 | 83 | |
| 48 | Cd | cadmium | 50 | 50 | |
| 49 | In | indium | 11 | 11 | |
| 50 | Sn | tin | 50 | 50 | |
| 51 | Sb | antimony | 55 | 55 | |
| 52 | Te | tellurium | 43 | 43 | |
| 55 | Cs | caesium | 1.7 | 1.7 | |
| 56 | Ba | barium | 13 | 13 | |
| 57 | La | lanthanum | (α form) 36.6 | 37 | (α form) 36.6 |
| 58 | Ce | cerium | (γ form) 33.6 | 34 | (γ form) 33.6 |
| 59 | Pr | praseodymium | (α form) 37.3 | 37 | (α form) 37.3 |
| 60 | Nd | neodymium | (α form) 41.4 | 41 | (α form) 41.4 |
| 61 | Pm | promethium | (α form) est. 46 | 46 | (α form) est. 46 |
| 62 | Sm | samarium | (α form) 49.7 | 50 | (α form) 49.7 |
| 63 | Eu | europium | 18.2 | 18 | 18.2 |
| 64 | Gd | gadolinium | (α form) 54.8 | 55 | (α form) 54.8 |
| 65 | Tb | terbium | (α form) 55.7 | 56 | (α form) 55.7 |
| 66 | Dy | dysprosium | (α form) 61.4 | 61 | (α form) 61.4 |
| 67 | Ho | holmium | 64.8 | 65 | 64.8 |
| 68 | Er | erbium | 69.9 | 70 | 69.9 |
| 69 | Tm | thulium | 74.0 | 74 | 74.0 |
| 70 | Yb | ytterbium | (β form) 23.9 | 24 | (β form) 23.9 |
| 71 | Lu | lutetium | 68.6 | 69 | 68.6 |
| 72 | Hf | hafnium | 78 | 78 | |
| 73 | Ta | tantalum | 186 | 186 | |
| 74 | W | tungsten | 411 | 411 | |
| 75 | Re | rhenium | 463 | 463 | |
| 77 | Ir | iridium | 528 | 528 | |
| 78 | Pt | platinum | 168 | 168 | |
| 79 | Au | gold | 78 | 78 | |
| 81 | Tl | thallium | 8 | 8 | |
| 82 | Pb | lead | 16 | 16 | |
| 83 | Bi | bismuth | 32 | 32 | |
| 90 | Th | thorium | 79 | 79 | |
| 92 | U | uranium | 208 | 208 | |
| 94 | Pu | plutonium | 96 | 96 | |

## Poisson's ratio

Poisson's ratio $\nu$ (dimensionless) :
| number | symbol | name | use | WEL | CRC |
| 4 | Be | beryllium | 0.032 | 0.032 | |
| 12 | Mg | magnesium | 0.29 | 0.29 | |
| 13 | Al | aluminium | 0.35 | 0.35 | |
| 20 | Ca | calcium | 0.31 | 0.31 | |
| 21 | Sc | scandium | 0.279 | 0.28 | 0.279 |
| 22 | Ti | titanium | 0.32 | 0.32 | |
| 23 | V | vanadium | 0.37 | 0.37 | |
| 24 | Cr | chromium | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
| 26 | Fe | iron | 0.29 | 0.29 | |
| 27 | Co | cobalt | 0.31 | 0.31 | |
| 28 | Ni | nickel | 0.31 | 0.31 | |
| 29 | Cu | copper | 0.34 | 0.34 | |
| 30 | Zn | zinc | 0.25 | 0.25 | |
| 34 | Se | selenium | 0.33 | 0.33 | |
| 38 | Sr | strontium | 0.28 | 0.28 | |
| 39 | Y | yttrium | 0.243 | 0.24 | 0.243 |
| 40 | Zr | zirconium | 0.34 | 0.34 | |
| 41 | Nb | niobium | 0.40 | 0.40 | |
| 42 | Mo | molybdenum | 0.31 | 0.31 | |
| 44 | Ru | ruthenium | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| 45 | Rh | rhodium | 0.26 | 0.26 | |
| 46 | Pd | palladium | 0.39 | 0.39 | |
| 47 | Ag | silver | 0.37 | 0.37 | |
| 48 | Cd | cadmium | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| 50 | Sn | tin | 0.36 | 0.36 | |
| 57 | La | lanthanum | (α form) 0.280 | 0.28 | (α form) 0.280 |
| 58 | Ce | cerium | (γ form) 0.24 | 0.24 | (γ form) 0.24 |
| 59 | Pr | praseodymium | (α form) 0.281 | 0.28 | (α form) 0.281 |
| 60 | Nd | neodymium | (α form) 0.281 | 0.28 | (α form) 0.281 |
| 61 | Pm | promethium | (α form) est. 0.28 | 0.28 | (α form) est. 0.28 |
| 62 | Sm | samarium | (α form) 0.274 | 0.27 | (α form) 0.274 |
| 63 | Eu | europium | 0.152 | 0.15 | 0.152 |
| 64 | Gd | gadolinium | (α form) 0.259 | 0.26 | (α form) 0.259 |
| 65 | Tb | terbium | (α form) 0.261 | 0.26 | (α form) 0.261 |
| 66 | Dy | dysprosium | (α form) 0.247 | 0.25 | (α form) 0.247 |
| 67 | Ho | holmium | 0.231 | 0.23 | 0.231 |
| 68 | Er | erbium | 0.237 | 0.24 | 0.237 |
| 69 | Tm | thulium | 0.213 | 0.21 | 0.213 |
| 70 | Yb | ytterbium | (β form) 0.207 | 0.21 | (β form) 0.207 |
| 71 | Lu | lutetium | 0.261 | 0.26 | 0.261 |
| 72 | Hf | hafnium | 0.37 | 0.37 | |
| 73 | Ta | tantalum | 0.34 | 0.34 | |
| 74 | W | tungsten | 0.28 | 0.28 | |
| 75 | Re | rhenium | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
| 76 | Os | osmium | 0.25 | 0.25 | |
| 77 | Ir | iridium | 0.26 | 0.26 | |
| 78 | Pt | platinum | 0.38 | 0.38 | |
| 79 | Au | gold | 0.44 | 0.44 | |
| 81 | Tl | thallium | 0.45 | 0.45 | |
| 82 | Pb | lead | 0.44 | 0.44 | |
| 83 | Bi | bismuth | 0.33 | 0.33 | |
| 90 | Th | thorium | 0.27 | 0.27 | |
| 92 | U | uranium | 0.23 | 0.23 | |
| 94 | Pu | plutonium | 0.21 | 0.21 | |

## Bulk modulus

Bulk modulus K (GPa) :
| number | symbol | name | use | WEL | CRC | other |
| 3 | Li | lithium | 11 | 11 | |
| 4 | Be | beryllium | 130 | 130 | |
| 5 | B | boron | (β form) 185 | 320 | | β 185(7) GPa, α 224(15) GPa |
| 6 | C | carbon | 33 | 33 | |
| 11 | Na | sodium | 6.3 | 6.3 | |
| 12 | Mg | magnesium | 45 | 45 | |
| 13 | Al | aluminium | 76 | 76 | |
| 14 | Si | silicon | 100 | 100 | |
| 15 | P | phosphorus | 11 | 11 | |
| 16 | S | sulfur | 7.7 | 7.7 | |
| 17 | Cl | chlorine | | (liquid) 1.1 | |
| 19 | K | potassium | 3.1 | 3.1 | |
| 20 | Ca | calcium | 17 | 17 | |
| 21 | Sc | scandium | 56.6 | 57 | 56.6 |
| 22 | Ti | titanium | 110 | 110 | |
| 23 | V | vanadium | 160 | 160 | |
| 24 | Cr | chromium | 160 | 160 | |
| 25 | Mn | manganese | 120 | 120 | |
| 26 | Fe | iron | 170 | 170 | |
| 27 | Co | cobalt | 180 | 180 | |
| 28 | Ni | nickel | 180 | 180 | |
| 29 | Cu | copper | 140 | 140 | |
| 30 | Zn | zinc | 70 | 70 | |
| 31 | Ga | gallium | 56 | | | 56 average |
| 32 | Ge | germanium | 75.8 | | | 75.8 |
| 33 | As | arsenic | 22 | 22 | |
| 34 | Se | selenium | 8.3 | 8.3 | |
| 35 | Br | bromine | | 1.9 | |
| 37 | Rb | rubidium | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
| 39 | Y | yttrium | 41.2 | 41 | 41.2 |
| 41 | Nb | niobium | 170 | 170 | |
| 42 | Mo | molybdenum | 230 | 230 | |
| 44 | Ru | ruthenium | 220 | 220 | |
| 45 | Rh | rhodium | 380 | 380 (possibly incorrect) | |
| 46 | Pd | palladium | 180 | 180 | |
| 47 | Ag | silver | 100 | 100 | |
| 48 | Cd | cadmium | 42 | 42 | |
| 50 | Sn | tin | 58 | 58 | |
| 51 | Sb | antimony | 42 | 42 | |
| 52 | Te | tellurium | 65 | 65 | |
| 53 | I | iodine | 7.7 | 7.7 | |
| 55 | Cs | caesium | 1.6 | 1.6 | |
| 56 | Ba | barium | 9.6 | 9.6 | |
| 57 | La | lanthanum | (α form) 27.9 | 28 | (α form) 27.9 |
| 58 | Ce | cerium | (γ form) 21.5 | 22 | (γ form) 21.5 |
| 59 | Pr | praseodymium | (α form) 28.8 | 29 | (α form) 28.8 |
| 60 | Nd | neodymium | (α form) 31.8 | 32 | (α form) 31.8 |
| 61 | Pm | promethium | (α form) est. 33 | 33 | (α form) est. 33 |
| 62 | Sm | samarium | (α form) 37.8 | 38 | (α form) 37.8 |
| 63 | Eu | europium | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 |
| 64 | Gd | gadolinium | (α form) 37.9 | 38 | (α form) 37.9 |
| 65 | Tb | terbium | (α form) 38.7 | 38.7 | (α form) 38.7 |
| 66 | Dy | dysprosium | (α form) 40.5 | 41 | (α form) 40.5 |
| 67 | Ho | holmium | 40.2 | 40 | 40.2 |
| 68 | Er | erbium | 44.4 | 44 | 44.4 |
| 69 | Tm | thulium | 44.5 | 45 | 44.5 |
| 70 | Yb | ytterbium | (β form) 30.5 | 31 | (β form) 30.5 |
| 71 | Lu | lutetium | 47.6 | 48 | 47.6 |
| 72 | Hf | hafnium | 110 | 110 | |
| 73 | Ta | tantalum | 200 | 200 | |
| 74 | W | tungsten | 310 | 310 | |
| 75 | Re | rhenium | 370 | 370 | |
| 76 | Os | osmium | 462 | | | 462 |
| 77 | Ir | iridium | 320 | 320 | |
| 78 | Pt | platinum | 230 | 230 | |
| 79 | Au | gold | 180 | 180 | |
| 80 | Hg | mercury | | 25 | |
| 81 | Tl | thallium | 43 | 43 | |
| 82 | Pb | lead | 46 | 46 | |
| 83 | Bi | bismuth | 31 | 31 | |
| 90 | Th | thorium | 54 | 54 | |
| 92 | U | uranium | 100 | 100 | |

## Shear modulus

Shear modulus G (GPa) :
| number | symbol | name | use | WEL | CRC |
| 3 | Li | lithium | 4.2 | 4.2 | |
| 4 | Be | beryllium | 132 | 132 | |
| 11 | Na | sodium | 3.3 | 3.3 | |
| 12 | Mg | magnesium | 17 | 17 | |
| 13 | Al | aluminium | 26 | 26 | |
| 19 | K | potassium | 1.3 | 1.3 | |
| 20 | Ca | calcium | 7.4 | 7.4 | |
| 21 | Sc | scandium | 29.1 | 29 | 29.1 |
| 22 | Ti | titanium | 44 | 44 | |
| 23 | V | vanadium | 47 | 47 | |
| 24 | Cr | chromium | 115 | 115 | |
| 26 | Fe | iron | 82 | 82 | |
| 27 | Co | cobalt | 75 | 75 | |
| 28 | Ni | nickel | 76 | 76 | |
| 29 | Cu | copper | 48 | 48 | |
| 30 | Zn | zinc | 43 | 43 | |
| 34 | Se | selenium | 3.7 | 3.7 | |
| 38 | Sr | strontium | 6.1 | 6.1 | |
| 39 | Y | yttrium | 25.6 | 26 | 25.6 |
| 40 | Zr | zirconium | 33 | 33 | |
| 41 | Nb | niobium | 38 | 38 | |
| 42 | Mo | molybdenum | 120 | 120 | |
| 44 | Ru | ruthenium | 173 | 173 | |
| 45 | Rh | rhodium | 150 | 150 | |
| 46 | Pd | palladium | 44 | 44 | |
| 47 | Ag | silver | 30 | 30 | |
| 48 | Cd | cadmium | 19 | 19 | |
| 50 | Sn | tin | 18 | 18 | |
| 51 | Sb | antimony | 20 | 20 | |
| 52 | Te | tellurium | 16 | 16 | |
| 56 | Ba | barium | 4.9 | 4.9 | |
| 57 | La | lanthanum | (α form) 14.3 | 14 | (α form) 14.3 |
| 58 | Ce | cerium | (γ form) 13.5 | 14 | (γ form) 13.5 |
| 59 | Pr | praseodymium | (α form) 14.8 | 15 | (α form) 14.8 |
| 60 | Nd | neodymium | (α form) 16.3 | 16 | (α form) 16.3 |
| 61 | Pm | promethium | (α form) est. 18 | 18 | (α form) est. 18 |
| 62 | Sm | samarium | (α form) 19.5 | 20 | (α form) 19.5 |
| 63 | Eu | europium | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 |
| 64 | Gd | gadolinium | (α form) 21.8 | 22 | (α form) 21.8 |
| 65 | Tb | terbium | (α form) 22.1 | 22 | (α form) 22.1 |
| 66 | Dy | dysprosium | (α form) 24.7 | 25 | (α form) 24.7 |
| 67 | Ho | holmium | 26.3 | 26 | 26.3 |
| 68 | Er | erbium | 28.3 | 28 | 28.3 |
| 69 | Tm | thulium | 30.5 | 31 | 30.5 |
| 70 | Yb | ytterbium | (β form) 9.9 | 9.9 | (β form) 9.9 |
| 71 | Lu | lutetium | 27.2 | 27 | 27.2 |
| 72 | Hf | hafnium | 30 | 30 | |
| 73 | Ta | tantalum | 69 | 69 | |
| 74 | W | tungsten | 161 | 161 | |
| 75 | Re | rhenium | 178 | 178 | |
| 76 | Os | osmium | 222 | 222 | |
| 77 | Ir | iridium | 210 | 210 | |
| 78 | Pt | platinum | 61 | 61 | |
| 79 | Au | gold | 27 | 27 | |
| 81 | Tl | thallium | 2.8 | 2.8 | |
| 82 | Pb | lead | 5.6 | 5.6 | |
| 83 | Bi | bismuth | 12 | 12 | |
| 90 | Th | thorium | 31 | 31 | |
| 92 | U | uranium | 111 | 111 | |
| 94 | Pu | plutonium | 43 | 43 | |