OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cryptoperiod

A cryptoperiod is the time span during which a specific cryptographic key is authorized for use. Common government guidelines range from 1 to 3 years for asymmetric cryptography, and 1 day to 7 days for symmetric cipher traffic keys.
Factors to consider include the strength of the underlying encryption algorithm, key length, the likelihood of compromise through a security breach and the availability of mechanisms of revoking keys.
In traditional cryptographic practice, keys were changed at regular intervals, typically at the same time each day. The code word for a key change, in NSA parlance, is HJ or Hotel Juliet in the NATO phonetic alphabet.
When cryptographic devices began to be used in large scale, those who had to update the key had to set a specific time to synchronize the re-key. This was accomplished at the hour (H) the Julian (J) Date changed, among crypto-accountants, managers and users the jargon "HJ" became the accepted term meaning it was time to change the crypto-key.

## NESTOR in Vietnam

During the Vietnam War, the United States issued its forces a series of secure voice encryption equipment code-named NESTOR. According to a U.S. Army history: "To maintain compatibility, key changes had to occur simultaneously in all units. The time chosen for this change was midnight, tactically the worst possible time because the greatest number of enemy contacts occurred from 2200 to 0200. Moreover, where several units shared the same keying device, having to move at night to change key settings was inconvenient and dangerous and added to the reasons for not using the equipment. Later the time of the daily NESTOR key change was moved to 0600."
# Crystal chemistry

Crystal chemistry is the study of the principles of chemistry behind crystals and their use in describing structure-property relations in solids, as well as the chemical properties of periodic structures. The principles that govern the assembly of crystal and glass structures are described, models of many of the technologically important crystal structures (alumina, quartz, perovskite) are studied, and the effect of crystal structure on the various fundamental mechanisms responsible for many physical properties are discussed.
The objectives of the field include:
* identifying important raw materials and minerals as well as their names and chemical formulae.
* describing the crystal structure of important materials and determining their atomic details
* learning the systematics of crystal and glass chemistry.
* understanding how physical and chemical properties are related to crystal structure and microstructure.
* studying the engineering significance of these ideas and how they relate to foreign products: past, present, and future.
Topics studied are:
* Chemical bonding, Electronegativity
* Fundamentals of crystallography: crystal systems, Miller Indices, symmetry elements, bond lengths and radii, theoretical density
* Crystal and glass structure prediction: Pauling's and Zachariasen’s rules
* Phase diagrams and crystal chemistry (including solid solutions)
* Imperfections (including defect chemistry and line defects)
* Phase transitions
* Structure – property relations: Neumann's law, melting point, mechanical properties (hardness, slip, cleavage, elastic moduli), wetting, thermal properties (thermal expansion, specific heat, thermal conductivity), diffusion, ionic conductivity, refractive index, absorption, color, Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics, and Magnetism
* Crystal structures of representative metals, semiconductors, polymers, and ceramics
# Back Creek, New South Wales (Mid-Coast Council)

Back Creek is a small rural locality in the Mid-Coast Council, part of the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.
# BLAST (telescope)

The Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) is a submillimeter telescope that hangs from a high-altitude balloon. It has a 2-meter primary mirror that directs light into bolometer arrays operating at 250, 350, and 500 μm. These arrays were developed for the SPIRE instrument on the Herschel Space Observatory. The project is carried out by a multi-university consortium headed by the University of Pennsylvania and which also includes University of Toronto, Brown University, the University of Miami, the University of British Columbia, JPL, INAOE, and Cardiff University. The third flight of BLAST in Antarctica was a scientific success, but much of telescope was destroyed after landing. It has been rebuilt for a flight from Antarctica in the 2010-11 austral summer. This most recent flight of BLAST (aka BLAST-Pol) has a polarimeter to observe the polarized light from star forming cores. The light is polarized due to magnetic fields. It is thought that the magnetic fields inhibit the collapse of the cores. The Herschel Space Observatory does not have a polarimeter.
BLAST's primary science goals are:
* Measure photometric redshifts, rest-frame FIR luminosities and star formation rates of high-redshift starburst galaxies, thereby constraining the evolutionary history of those galaxies that produce the FIR/submillimeter background.
* Measure cold pre-stellar sources associated with the earliest stages of star and planet formation.
* Make high-resolution maps of diffuse galactic emission over a wide range of galactic latitudes.
Filmmaker Paul Devlin made a documentary film titled BLAST! about the project. Paul is the brother of cosmologist Mark Devlin, Principal Investigator of the BLAST project.

## Flights

* BLAST's first flight was an engineering (test) flight. BLAST launched at approximately 15:10 UTC September 28, 2003 from the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility base in Fort Sumner, New Mexico, and landed approximately 26 hours later near Newcomb, New Mexico.
* BLAST's second flight was its first scientific flight. BLAST launched at 1:10 UTC June 12, 2005 from Esrange, near Kiruna, Sweden and landed at 6:15 UTC June 16, 2005 on Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, Canada.
* BLAST's third flight was its second scientific flight. BLAST launched at 1:54:10 UTC December 21, 2006 from McMurdo Station, Antarctica and landed at 1:05 UTC January 2, 2007 756 km southwest of McMurdo. The telescope's third landing was disastrous; the parachute failed to release itself from the gondola (upon landing) and the Antarctic winds dragged it along the surface of the ice for 24 hours, with it finally coming to rest in a crevasse 200 km from the landing site. The hard drives containing the data it had collected were eventually located and recovered from the drag path, but the telescope was mostly destroyed.
* BLAST's fourth flight (the first as BLAST-Pol) launched at 4:06 UTC December 27, 2010 from Willy Field, McMurdo Station, Antarctica and landed on the Ross Ice Shelf.
# Cuevas del Silvino

Cuevas del Silvino is a limestone cave system in Guatemala. It is located at km 260 on the road connecting Guatemala City to Puerto Barrios, in the municipality of Morales in the department of Izabal.
The Silvino cave system was declared a national park in 1972.
# Badel, Somalia

Badel is a small village in Somalia. In 2007, it was the target of an attack on al-Qaeda by American forces.
# Cryptanthus acaulis

Cryptanthus acaulis is a plant species in the genus Cryptanthus. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* Cryptanthus 'Bivittato-Acaulis'
* Cryptanthus 'Cabo Frio Cabbage'
* Cryptanthus 'Cochleatus'
* Cryptanthus 'Grace'
* Cryptanthus 'Makoyanus'
* Cryptanthus 'Mary Jo'
* Cryptanthus 'Variegata'
* Cryptanthus 'Whirligig'
* × Neotanthus 'Ted Will'
# Babcock Airplane Corporation

The Babcock Airplane Corporation was a short-lived aviation company from 1939 to 1945, located in DeLand, Florida.

## History

"The Babcock Aircraft corporation was incorporated May 12, 1939, under laws of the state of Florida with an authorized capitalization of $150,000. It is wholly a Florida company, according to Maj. [Fred L.] Foster, owned and operated by Florida people." Foster was president while Vearne C. Babcock was vice-president and chief engineer.
The Daytona Beach Morning Journal reported on 11 June 1940 that DeLand Mayor A. C. Hatch cut the ribbon attached to fuselage machinery signifying the start of production at the new facility on 10 June. The factory was described as composed of three rooms, one for painting, one for welding fuselage structures, and one for attaching fabric. President Fred L. Foster stated that plans and specifications had been on file in Washington since 7 April.
"Interviewed on the opening of production at the DeLand factory this afternoon, Major Foster said that the corporation has been turning down plane orders pending word from the government on a number of training ships it would require from the local source. He also revealed Babcock officials had been approached by the allied purchasing officials and that a 10-acre factory site adjoining the DeLand airport is under option by the corporation if and when the government orders begin pouring in. The corporation has turned down orders from several schools for training ships."
The plant could produce three aircraft a day at this time, with all fabrication except for motors done on location. Wings were removed for transport to the local airport where flight tests were conducted. Powerplants were shipped from Van Nuys, California.
The Okaloosa News-Journal, Crestview, Florida, reported on 19 July 1940, that "The Babcock Airplane Corporation recently purchased all assets of the Rover Aircraft Motors of Dayton, Ohio, and plans to begin the production of airplane motors at its new plant (at Deland, Florida) [sic] by Aug. 15, officials announced last week.
"The recent purchase included all engineering data, master drawings, tools, machinery, and a large stock of unfinished engines of the Rover organization, the total value of stock and material included in the deal being $185,000 was announced by President Fred L. Foster of the Babcock Airplane Corporation."
Vearne Babcock organized the DeLand Pool by 1942, a complex of small manufacturing and fabricating shops in Central Florida. Babcock Aircraft's first contract was for assembly stands on which airplane motors could be assembled. The plans called for worm gears and drives that Babcock could not produce. They turned the contract over to the LaRoe Machine Shop of Eustis, Florida, part of the pool. The LaRoe Family Home Historic District is now on the National Register of Historic Places.
During World War II, Babcock constructed 60 Waco CG-4 gliders as CG-4A-BBs, in two batches.
The company "was out of production by 1945. Unit cost of these CG-4A was $51,000. Their manufacturing facility was a circus tent," states one source.
# Babcock (disambiguation)

Babcock is a surname.
Babcock may also refer to:

## Places

* Babcock (crater), a lunar crater
* Babcock, Georgia
* Babcock, Indiana
* Babcock, Michigan
* Babcock, Wisconsin
* Babcock Lake (disambiguation)
* Babcock Peak, a mountain in Colorado
* Babcock State Park, West Virginia

## Science

* Babcock model, a mechanism to describe sunspot patterns
* Babcock test, which determines the fat content of milk

## Corporations

* Babcock & Brown, an Australian investment bank
* Babcock & Wilcox, an American company producing energy production and pollution control equipment
* Babcock International, a British engineering and services company
* Babcock Electric Carriage Company, early 20th century US automobile maker
* Deutsche Babcock, a German engineering and manufacturing company
* Babcock Borsig Service, a German engineering and services company
* Deutsche Babcock Middle East, a German engineering and services holding company in UAE
* Debaj - Deutsche Babcock Al Jaber, a German engineering and services joint-venture company in Qatar
* Doosan Babcock, a British energy services company

## Schools

* Babcock University, Seventh-Day Adventist university in Nigeria
* Babcock Graduate School of Management, Wake Forest University's business school, located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina

## Other

* Babcock (crater), a lunar crater
* Babcock Amendment, U.S. state of Minnesota constitutional amendment
* USS W. F. Babcock (ID-1239), a collier in commission in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919
# Babcock Borsig Service

Babcock Borsig Service GmbH (BBS GmbH) is the parent company of Babcock Borsig Service Group. BBS GmbH is an international service provider in the energy-producing industry, with around 2,800 employees.

## History

In 1970 Deutsche Babcock bought the company Borsig AG; therefore, years later the company name changed to Babcock Borsig AG.
Since 2005, the Babcock Borsig Service Group is a subsidiary company of Bilfinger Berger AG. Before the integration some branches were established abroad, just like Deutsche Babcock Middle East and also some joint-ventures, as Deutsche Babcock Al Jaber.
After this integration, the BBS GmbH – as all its subsidiaries, branches and joint-ventures – operates since May 2006 under the umbrella of the Bilfinger Berger Power Services (BBPS GmbH).
In addition to the GmbH is a number of subsidiaries belonging to the Group. The main companies are Steinmüller, Babcock Noell and Babcock Borsig Power Holding.

## Business activity

The Bilfinger Berger Power Services division deals with maintenance, service, efficiency enhancement and lifetime extension and the supply of components. The BBPS GmbH provides services for conventional and nuclear power plants, environmental and water treatment plants, mining and other industries such as waste incineration, chemical and petrochemical industries, steel mills, and research centers of particle physics, nuclear fusion and nuclear engineering.
# York Gate

York Gate or Yorkgate may refer to:
* York Gate, Leeds, house and garden
* York Gate, London, an entrance to Regent's Park
* York Gate Library, Adelaide, Australia
* York Gate Collections, London, now the Royal Academy of Music Museum
* Yorkgate railway station, Belfast, Northern Ireland
# Badminton at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL3

The men's singles SL3 tournament at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo took place between 1 and 4 September 2021 at Yoyogi National Gymnasium.

## Seeds

These were the seeds for this event:
* Pramod Bhagat (IND) (gold medalist)
* Daniel Bethell (GBR) (silver medalist)

## Group stage

The draw of the group stage revealed on 26 August 2021. The group stage was played from 1 to 3 September. The top two winners of each group advanced to the knockout rounds.

### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Pramod Bhagat (IND) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | +3 | 105 | 63 | +42 | 2 | Advance to semi-finals |
| 2 | Manoj Sarkar (IND) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | +1 | 84 | 88 | −4 | 1 | Advance to semi-finals |
| 3 | Oleksandr Chyrkov (UKR) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | −4 | 46 | 84 | −38 | 0 | |
| Date | Time | Player 1 | Score | Player 2 | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 |
| 1 Sep | 21:20 | Pramod Bhagat | 2–1 Archived 2021-09-04 at the Wayback Machine | Manoj Sarkar | 21–10 | 21–23 | 21–9 |
| 2 Sep | 16:40 | Pramod Bhagat | 2–0 Archived 2021-08-28 at the Wayback Machine | Oleksandr Chyrkov | 21–12 | 21–9 | |
| 3 Sep | 7:30 | Manoj Sarkar | 2–0 Archived 2021-09-04 at the Wayback Machine | Oleksandr Chyrkov | 21–16 | 21–9 | |

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Daniel Bethell (GBR) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | +4 | 84 | 38 | +46 | 2 | Advance to semi-finals |
| 2 | Daisuke Fujihara (JPN) (H) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 60 | 65 | −5 | 1 | Advance to semi-finals |
| 3 | Ukun Rukaendi (INA) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | −4 | 43 | 84 | −41 | 0 | |
| Date | Time | Player 1 | Score | Player 2 | Set 1 | Set 2 |
| 1 Sep | 21:20 | Daniel Bethell | 2–0 Archived 2021-08-28 at the Wayback Machine | Daisuke Fujihara | 21–11 | 21–7 |
| 2 Sep | 16:40 | Ukun Rukaendi | 0–2 Archived 2021-08-28 at the Wayback Machine | Daisuke Fujihara | 5–21 | 18–21 |
| 3 Sep | 11:00 | Daniel Bethell | 2–0 Archived 2021-09-01 at the Wayback Machine | Ukun Rukaendi | 21–8 | 21–12 |

## Finals

The knockout stage was played from 4 to 5 September.
| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Gold medal match |
| A1 | Pramod Bhagat (IND) | 21 | 21 | | | | | |
| B2 | Daisuke Fujihara (JPN) | 11 | 16 | | | | | |
| B2 | Daisuke Fujihara (JPN) | 11 | 16 | A1 | Pramod Bhagat (IND) | 21 | 21 | |
| | | | | B1 | Daniel Bethell (GBR) | 14 | 17 | |
| A2 | Manoj Sarkar (IND) | 8 | 10 | B1 | Daniel Bethell (GBR) | 14 | 17 | |
| B1 | Daniel Bethell (GBR) | 21 | 21 | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match |
| | | | | B2 | Daisuke Fujihara (JPN) | 20 | 13 | |
| | | | | A2 | Manoj Sarkar (IND) | 22 | 21 | |
# HMS Saga

HMS Saga was a S-class submarine of the third batch built for the Royal Navy during World War II. She survived the war and was sold to Portugal.

## Design and description

The last 17 boats of the third batch were significantly modified from the earlier boats. They had a stronger hull, carried more fuel and their armament was revised. The submarines had a length of 217 feet (66.1 m) overall, a beam of 23 feet 9 inches (7.2 m) and a draught of 14 feet 1 inch (4.3 m). They displaced 814 long tons (827 t) on the surface and 990 long tons (1,006 t) submerged. The S-class submarines had a crew of 48 officers and ratings. They had a diving depth of 350 feet (106.7 m).
For surface running, the boats were powered by two 950-brake-horsepower (708 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 650-horsepower (485 kW) electric motor. They could reach 14.75 knots (27.32 km/h; 16.97 mph) on the surface and 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) underwater. On the surface, the third batch boats had a range of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km; 8,600 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) and 120 nmi (220 km; 140 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) submerged.
Saga was armed with six 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. She carried six reload torpedoes for a grand total of a dozen torpedoes. Twelve mines could be carried in lieu of the torpedoes. The boat was also equipped with a 4-inch (102 mm) deck gun.

## Construction and career

HMS Saga built by Cammell Laird and launched on 14 March 1945. Thus far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name Saga, after the Norse Sagas. Built as the Second World War was drawing to a close, she did not see much action. On 10 February 1946 Saga collided with, and sank, the trawler Girl Lena in the English Channel. Saga was sold to the Portuguese Navy in 1948 and renamed NRP Náutilo.
# Fatima Yasmin

Fatima Yasmin is a Bangladeshi bureaucrat and vice-president of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). She served as senior secretary of the Finance Division. She is the first female Secretary of finance division in the history of Bangladesh. Before, promoted to senior secretary to the Finance division she has served as secretary at Economic Relations Division since Feb 23, 2020. Prior to this position, she was Vice-Chairman, Export Promotion Bureau (EPB), Ministry of Commerce and Director General, Institute of Public Finance (IPF), Ministry of Finance.

## Early life and education

Yasmin joined Bangladesh civil service as a 9th batch officer of the administration cadre at 1991. She completed her MBA from Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka in 1991 and a master’s in development economics from Australian National University, canberra in 1995

## Career

Yasmin worked in different capacities for agriculture, women and children affairs and defence ministry in her job life. She is experienced to work for Asian Development Bank, European Union, and the UN’s International Jute Organization. On 16 June 2022 she has been promoted to the rank of Senior Secretary. She is the Chairperson of Infrastructure Investment Facilitation Company. She has been appointed as the first Bangladeshi vice-president of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in June, 2023. She is serving as Vice-President for sectors, themes at ADB since August, 2023.
# Birotići

Birotići (Serbian Cyrillic: Биротићи) is a village in the municipality of Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Ripe (Slug album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| The Line of Best Fit | |
| Drowned in Sound | |
| Modern Vinyl | 89% |
| Pitchfork | 6.9/10 |
Ripe is the debut album by SLUG, a Field Music production led by former Field Music touring bassist Ian Black. The tracks "Cockeyed Rabbit Wrapped in Plastic", "Running to Get Past Your Heart" and "Greasy Mind" were selected for radio promotion, with a video being produced for the latter. Ian Black describes the writing process for the album as a series of 'what-if' scenarios- "What if we take a stoner metal riff and use it like a dub bass part....that was the idea. Let's add some 4 part harmonies some squelch bass, some hisses and triangle and you've got a peculiar, sinister song." He has cited horror movie soundtracks by Fabio Frizzi, Goblin, Lalo Schifrin, Andrzej Korzyński and John Carpenter as a major influence on his songwriting. Creation and touring of the album was supported by Peter and David Brewis, the core members of Field Music itself.

## Track listing

* "Grimacing Mask" – 1:21
* "Cockeyed Rabbit Wrapped in Plastic" – 2:47
* "Sha La La" – 2:58
* "Eggs and Eyes" – 3:32
* "Greasy Mind" – 2:36
* "Shake Your Loose Teeth" – 3:53
* "Weight of Violence" – 2:29
* "Running to Get Past Your Heart" – 2:25
* "Peng Peng" – 3:06
* "Kill Your Darlings" – 3:16
* "At Least Show That You Care" – 3:14

## Personnel

* Ian Black
* Andrew Lowther
* Rhys Patterson
* Peter Brewis (Field Music)
* David Brewis (Field Music)
* Hugo Everard - Brass
* Tom Dixon - Brass
# Glemsford railway station

Glemsford railway station was a station that served the village of Glemsford in Suffolk, England. It opened in 1865 on the Stour Valley Railway between Sudbury and Cambridge.
The station and line closed in 1967 as part of the Beeching cuts.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Cavendish Line and station closed | Great Eastern Railway Stour Valley Railway | Long Melford Line and station closed |
# Nandoni Dam

Nandoni Dam (Nandoni meaning "the iron smelting ovens" in Venda language), previously known as the Mutoti Dam, is an earth-fill/concrete type dam in Limpopo province, South Africa. It is located on the Luvuvhu River near the villages of ha-Mutoti and ha-Budeli and ha-Mphego just a few kilometres from Thohoyandou in the district of Vhembe. The dam serves primarily for water supply and its hazard potential has been ranked high (3).
The Luvuvhu river follows a course along the southern edge of the Zoutpansberg and eventually joins the Limpopo River in the far northern corner of the Kruger National Park on the border between South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Serious droughts during the early 1990s, when numerous boreholes in Venda and Gazankulu failed and consequently drinking water had to be delivered by tankers, led the Department of Water Affairs to investigate the feasibility of providing a steady water supply to the region.
The Nandoni Dam supplies water to several places in the region. Fishing in the dam attracts tourists, the main species being fished for are Largemouth bass and kurper.
The estimated cost of the Nandoni Dam was R373,3 million. Communities living in the basin of the dam were directly affected by the scheme. The inhabitants of Budeli, Mulenzhe, Tshiulongoma and Dididi have relocated to new houses built by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. The relocation applied to approximately 400 families.
Nandoni Dam consist of various places for fishing competitions, camping and lodging. The most popular fishing and lodging places are Nandoni Villa and Nandoni Fish Eagle.