OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Godfrey Township

Godfrey Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:
* Godfrey Township, Madison County, Illinois
* Godfrey Township, Polk County, Minnesota
# Masinaickenpatti

Masinaickenpatti is a census town in the Vazhapadi taluk of Salem district, in Tamil Nadu, India.

## Geography

Masinaickenpatti is within Vazhapadi taluk, which is in the central part of Salem district. It is in the western part of the taluk, near the border with Salem taluk. It is located 19 kilometres (12 mi) west of Vazhapadi, the taluk headquarters, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Salem, the district headquarters, and 270 kilometres (170 mi) southwest of the state capital of Chennai. It is south of the Shevaroy Hills which surround the town of Yercaud. National Highways 79 and 179A run through the town.

## Demographics

In 2011 Masinaickenpatti had a population of 9,098 people. 4,695 (51.6%) of the inhabitants were male, while 4,403 (48.4%) were female. 903 children in the town, about 10% of the population, were at or below the age of 6. The literacy rate in the town was 70.6%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for about 22% and 0.02% of the population, respectively.
# Mary Peck

Mary Elizabeth Peck (born 1952) is an American photographer.
Her work is included in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts Houston, the Denver Art Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
# Masonville, West Virginia

Masonville is an unincorporated community in Grant County, West Virginia, United States. Its post office is closed. It was also known as Spring Gap.
# Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors with Applications to Transistor Electronics

Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors with Applications to Transistor Electronics is a book by Nobel Prize winner William Shockley, first published in 1950. It was a primary source, and was used as the first textbook, for scientists and engineers learning the new field of semiconductors as applied to the development of the transistor. This was the invention that led to electronic computers, ubiquitous communication devices, compact electronics controllers, and a host of other important inventions of the last half of the twentieth century.
The book was printed by D. Van Nostrand in New York, and went through many later printings.
An earlier version containing some of the material appeared in the Bell Labs Technical Journal in 1949.

## Contents

The arrangement of chapters is as follows:
Part I INTRODUCTION TO TRANSISTOR ELECTRONICS
* Chapter 1: THE BULK PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS
* Chapter 2: THE TRANSISTOR AS A CIRCUIT ELEMENT
* Chapter 3: QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF INJECTION OF HOLES AND ELECTRONS
* Chapter 4: ON THE PHYSICAL THEORY OF TRANSISTORS
* Chapter 5: QUANTUM STATES, ENERGY BANDS, AND BRILLOUIN ZONES
PART II DESCRIPTIVE THEORY OF SEMICONDUCTORS
* Chapter 6: VELOCITIES AND CURRENTS FOR ELECTRONS IN CRYSTALS
* Chapter 7: ELECTRONS AND HOLES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
* Chapter 8: INTRODUCTORY THEORY OF CONDUCTIVITY AND HALL EFFECT
* Chapter 9: DISTRIBUTIONS OF QUANTUM STATES IN ENERGY
* Chapter 10: FERMI-DIRAC STATISTICS FOR SEMICONDUCTORS
* Chapter 11: MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF CONDUCTIVITY AND HALL EFFECT
* Chapter 12: APPLICATIONS TO TRANSISTOR ELECTRONICS
PART III QUANTUM MECHANICAL FOUNDATIONS
* Chapter 13: INTRODUCTION TO PART III
* Chapter 14: ELEMENTARY QUANTUM MECHANICS WITH CIRCUIT THEORY ANALOGUES
* Chapter 15: THEORY OF ELECTRON AND HOLE VELOCITIES, CURRENTS AND ACCELERATIONS
* Chapter 16: STATISTICAL MECHANICS FOR SEMICONDUCTORS
* Chapter 17: THE THEORY OF TRANSITION PROBABILITIES FOR HOLES AND ELECTRONS
* APPENDIX A Units
* APPENDIX B Periodic Table
* APPENDIX C Values of the physical constants
* APPENDIX D Energy conversion chart
* NAME INDEX
* SUBJECT INDEX
# Electronium

The Electronium, created by Raymond Scott, is an early combined electronic synthesizer and algorithmic composition / generative music machine.
Its place in history is unusual, because while in intention it is analogous to the digital algorithmic composition systems that would follow it, it was implemented entirely as an analog electronic machine.

## History

Development was begun in 1959, with a workable unit by 1969. Scott, however, never ceased to modify and further develop the device by the time of his death in 1994.
It was one of the very few electronic creations of Scott to be sold to a customer, as he was normally highly secretive about his devices. A single Electronium machine was sold to Motown Records, following a 1969 meeting between Scott and Motown's Berry Gordy. The initial contract required that Scott visited Motown for three months to teach staff how the machine is used. This culminated in the 1971 hiring of Scott to serve as director of Motown's electronic music and research department in Los Angeles, California, a position that Scott held until 1977. No Motown recordings using Scott's electronic inventions have yet been publicly identified.
Guy Costa, Head of Operations and Chief Engineer at Motown from 1969 to 1987, said about Scott's hiring:
   He started originally working [on the Electronium] out of Berry's house. They set up a room over the garages, and he worked there putting stuff together so Berry could get involved and see the progress. At one point Scott worked out of a studio. The unit never really got finalized — Ray had a real problem letting go. It was always being developed. That was a problem for Berry. He wanted instant gratification. Eventually his interest started to wane after a period of probably two or three years. Finally Ray took the thing down to his house and kept working on it. Berry kind of lost interest. He was off doing Diana Ross movies.
Scott later said he "spent 11 years and close to a million dollars developing the Electronium."
Much remains to be discovered about the machine's functionality, since detailed documentation on its workings are not currently available, and the single remaining machine is not in working order.
In a patent application, Scott wrote that "The entire system is based on the concept of Artistic Collaboration Between Man and Machine, (…) The new structures being directed into the machine are unpredictable in their details, and hence the results are a kind of duet between the composer and the machine."
Adding to the difficulty of defining what the Electronium was and how it worked is the fact that it was never finished. Scott continued to develop it during his employment at Motown, and after his dismissal there he carried on working on the machine, stopping only when his deteriorating health abruptly halted him from carrying on, after his first of several strokes.
The Electronium is currently owned by Devo's co-founder and lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh, who has initiated efforts towards its restoration. In 2017, Brian Kehew began working on the restoration of the Electronium, in an effort partially financed by Gotye.
# Elizabeth Bellamy (disambiguation)

Elizabeth Bellamy may refer to:
* Elizabeth Bellamy, fictional character
* Elizabeth Bellamy (missionary) (1845–1940), New Zealand Anglican missionary
* Elizabeth Whitfield Croom Bellamy (1837–1900), American writer
# Masterman (horse)

Masterman (1899–1911) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse that was the winner of the 1902 Belmont Stakes.
At the 1903 dispersal sale of Belmont's stable, Masterman was purchased by John Boden for $2,500. Masterman was later given to the Canadian Breeding Bureau by Boden in September 1908 for use as a sire for cavalry horses. Masterman was euthanized in June 1911 after breaking a leg at a contract farm in Petite Cote, Quebec where he was being stabled.
# Elizabeth Kitchenman Coyne

Elizabeth Kitchenman Coyne (June 21, 1892 – April 11, 1971) was a Pennsylvania impressionist painter, best known for her landscapes and paintings of horses. Her works are included in the permanent collections of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Woodmere Art Museum and the Philadelphia Art Alliance.

## Education

Elizabeth Kitchenman Coyne was born on June 21, 1892, to George S. Coyne, a Philadelphia chemical manufacturer, and Mary A. (Kitchenman) Coyne, a daughter of textile manufacturer James Kitchenman.
Coyne graduated from Friends Central School in 1910. She then studied at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women (now Moore College of Art and Design) with Leopold Seyffert and later at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art with Cecilia Beaux, Edwin Blashfield, Hugh H. Breckenridge and Philip Leslie Hale. Coyne received a Cresson Traveling Scholarship from PAFA in 1918.

## Career

Coyne was a fellow of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA). She exhibited with the Society of Independent Artists in 1934. She was an active exhibitor at PAFA, The Plastic Club, the Corcoran Gallery, and the Pyramid Club among others. As well as showing works in oils, she exhibited in the Philadelphia Water Color Exhibition.
She received a number of awards and medals. At the Plastic Club in 1931, she received First Prize for Water Color for one of a trio of paintings of Niagara Falls. Other awards include the Alumnae Award Medal from the Women's School of Design, Philadelphia in 1931; the Alumnae Purchase Award from Moore College of Art and Design in 1934; the Gold Medal of the Plastic Club in 1938; and the Gold Medal of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1939.
   The Annual Oil Show at the Plastic Club ... Elizabeth Coyne’s “Flowers and Mirror,” which was awarded the Gold Medal, is a study in reflections—those of the vase in the mirror and of the brilliant flowers in the surface of the black vase.
The Elizabeth Coyne Memorial Prize is given in her memory by the Woodmere Art Museum.
# Matoaca

Matoaca may refer to:

## People

* Pocahontas, Matoaca Rebecca Rolf
* Matoaca Gay, 19th Century United States society writer and Shakespeare scholar

## Other

* Matoaca, Virginia, a census-designated place (CDP) in Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States
* Matoaca High School, a secondary school in Matoaca, Virginia
# Elizabeth Haddon

Elizabeth Estaugh, née Haddon (May 25, 1680 – March 30, 1762) was an American pioneer. She was the founder of Haddon Township and Haddonfield, New Jersey.

## Early life

Elizabeth Haddon was born in Southwark, London, England, May 25, 1680. She was the third child of John Haddon, a blacksmith, and Elizabeth, née Clarke. Her father was a Quaker who faced religious persecution and was convinced by William Penn to move abroad. In 1702, he bought a 500-acre (2 km$^2$) tract of land in Gloucester County in the English colony of West Jersey. However, he was appointed as an officer of the Pennsylvania Land Company and the London Lead Company, so he did not leave England.

## Career

Haddon, a single woman, set sail from Southwark to the New World in 1701 without her family at the age of twenty or twenty-one. Her father had a house built for her at Cooper's Creek, Newtown Township. With the help of a widowed friend and two manservants, she developed the Haddonfield plantation.
She had met John Estaugh (1676–1742), a Quaker minister, at Bermondsey years before. Their courtship was described, fancifully, by Lydia Maria Child in The Youthful Emigrant. A True Story of the Early Settlement of New Jersey, first published on May 21, 1845, in the New-York Daily Tribune. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow drew on Child's account in writing Elizabeth, a poem in the third volume of his Tales of a Wayside Inn. They were married on the banks of the Cooper's Creek on December 1, 1702.
At first, the couple were engaged in establishing themselves and run the land owned by Elizabeth’s father. This would, however, change as time passed on. Haddon and John had no children, but they brought her sister's son, Ebenezer Hopkins, to America from Southwark when he was about five, and raised him as their son and heir. Ebenezer was the son of Benjamin and Sarah (Haddon) Hopkins, and the grandson of William and Katheryn Hopkins. Ebenezer was the progenitor of the Hopkins family of Haddonfield, New Jersey.
In 1713, John and Elizabeth built a three-story brick mansion called New Haddonfield Plantation, where Haddon managed the family property and her husband tended to his missionary journeys; the Brew House she built in 1713 still stands in the backyard. Although the first recorded commercial female brewer in the Colonies was Mary Lisle, who inherited her father's Philadelphia brewpub in 1734, there is reason to believe that across the river in South Jersey, Haddon was running a more-than-average homebrew operation.
She and her husband were active in the Quaker community. She was very close with Elizabeth Woolman, the sister of John Woolman. Elizabeth died at her Haddonfield home at the age of 82 on March 30, 1762. She was buried in an unmarked grave in the Burial Ground of the Haddonfield Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).
# Ellsworth, Ohio

Ellsworth is an unincorporated community in central Ellsworth Township, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area. It lies at the intersection of U.S. Route 224 and State Route 45, and has a post office with the ZIP code 44416.

## History

The community has the name of Oliver Ellsworth, a Connecticut politician and local landowner. A variant name was Ellsworth Center. A post office was established at Ellsworth in 1819. Besides the post office, Ellsworth Center had a sawmill and a station on the Pennsylvania Railroad.
# Ella Kam Oon Chun

Ella Kam Oon Chun, also Ella Chun (March 28, 1915 – December 3, 1979) was a journalist active in Hawaii, notable as the first Asian American woman reporter on the Honolulu Advertiser.

## Biography

She attended University of Hawaii and was a member of many clubs; she graduated in 1937. Chun joined The Honolulu Advertiser in 1937, where she was the first Asian American woman reporter.
Chun was the first woman journalist of any ethnic background at The Honolulu Advertiser to break away from the "society" pages when she became a City Hall reporter. In 1956, on the newspapers' centennial, Chun was honored as the longest serving reporter at the paper. Chun's work often covered Chinese life in Hawaii, from 150 years of Chinese presence there, to discussions of everyday life of fish sellers. Her work emphasized the positive aspects Chinese Americans brought to Hawaiian and American life. Her work also described cultural differences to overcome prejudices.
She also wrote on human interest affairs, particularly on women.
Chun also served as managing editor for the groundbreaking Waikiki Beach Press, established in 1952, which was one of the first four-color tourist brochures and included serious articles on Hawaiian life, authors, and culture.
Chun was friends with American actor Jack Lord.

### Honors, awards, and recognition

She was included in Notable Women of Hawaii. The Asian American Journalists Association has honored Chun in the Honor Roll of Asian American Pioneers in Journalism.
# Ella Kalsbeek

Neeltje Adriana "Ella" Kalsbeek (born 5 January 1955) is a former Dutch politician. She was a member of House of Representatives of the Netherlands for the Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid, 1989–2001, 2002–2006). She was State Secretary of Justice under Wim Kok (2001–2001). Since 1 March 2007 she is president of the board of directors of Altra College, an institute for youth care and special education in Amsterdam.
# Gbagbam

Gbagbam (also known as Grand Babam) is a town in southern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Fresco Department in Gbôklé Region, Bas-Sassandra District.
Gbagbam was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Gbagbam was 23,649.

## Villages

The six villages of the sub-prefecture of Gbagbam and their population in 2014 are:
* Digbodou (549)
* Gabililié (1 920)
* Gbagbam (13 654)
* Grogbaledou (3 523)
* Kroukrou (2 918)
* Zakpaberi (1 085)
# Physalaemus moreirae

Physalaemus moreirae is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to the Serra do Mar in the São Paulo state, Brazil.

## Description

Males measure 25–27 mm (0.98–1.06 in) and females 25–28 mm (0.98–1.10 in) in snout–vent length.

## Habitat and conservation

Its natural habitats are primary forests where it occurs in leaf-litter or on stones near water, often in association with small temporary pools (even those formed in boot prints). However, breeding takes place in temporary streams; the eggs are laid in foam nests in wide pools in the streams. Habitat loss is a probable threat. Also chytridiomycosis could be a threat.
# Birley (disambiguation)

Birley is an electoral ward in the city of Sheffield, England.
Birley may also refer to:
* Birley, Herefordshire, a village in Herefordshire, England
* Birley (surname), a common English surname, includes a list of people named Birley
* Birley Collieries, coal mines in Sheffield, England
* Birley Community College, a secondary school and technology college in Birley, Sheffield
* Birley Spa, a community bath hall in Sheffield, England
# Pierre Cressoy

Pierre Cressoy (born Pierre Jules Lazare Cresson; March 25, 1924 – October 31, 1980) was a French film actor.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1947 | La Dernière Chevauchée | Èmile Valérian | |
| 1948 | The Tragic Dolmen | Jacques Mauclerc | |
| 1949 | At the Grand Balcony | Charlier | |
| 1949 | Mademoiselle de la Ferté | Jacques | |
| 1950 | Le Grand Cirque | Pierre Despont | |
| 1950 | Banco de Prince | Le prince d'Austravie, qui se fait passer pour M. Lefèvre | |
| 1951 | Darling Caroline | Pont-Bellanger / Malenger | |
| 1951 | Duel in Dakar | M. Pascal | |
| 1952 | At Sword's Edge | Don Sebastiano | |
| 1952 | Immortal Melodies | Pietro Mascagni | |
| 1953 | I sette dell'Orsa maggiore | Silvani | |
| 1953 | The Unfaithfuls | Osvaldo Dal Prà | |
| 1953 | The War of the Worlds | Man | Uncredited |
| 1953 | Les Compagnes de la nuit | Paul Gamelan | |
| 1953 | The Pagans | Massimo Colonna | |
| 1953 | Frine, Courtesan of Orient | Iperide | |
| 1953 | For You I Have Sinned | Guido | |
| 1953 | Verdi, the King of Melody | Giuseppe Verdi | |
| 1954 | The King's Prisoner | Henri / Louis XIV | |
| 1954 | Concert of Intrigue | Franco Alberti | |
| 1954 | Guai ai vinti | Franco | |
| 1954 | The Shadow | Gerardo Landi | |
| 1954 | A Free Woman | Gerardo Villabruna | |
| 1955 | The Last Five Minutes | Dagoberto | |
| 1956 | Walk Into Paradise | Jeff Clayton | |
| 1956 | Il prezzo della gloria | | |
| 1957 | El Alamein | Capitano John Moore | |
| 1957 | Le belle dell'aria | Pierre | |
| 1957 | La chiamavan Capinera... | Paolo | |
| 1959 | Le donne ci tengono assai | Giacomo | |
| 1959 | Cavalier in Devil's Castle | Astolfo | |
| 1959 | Winter Holidays | Le comte Alfredo Parioli | |
| 1959 | Caterina Sforza, la leonessa di Romagna | | |
| 1960 | David and Goliath | Gionata | |
| 1960 | Caccia al marito | Dario Alberti | |
| 1961 | The Mongols | Igor | |
| 1962 | Marco Polo | Cuday | |
| 1964 | Coriolanus: Hero without a Country | King Aufidio | |
| 1964 | The Lion of Thebes | Ramses | |
| 1964 | The Triumph of Hercules | Prince Milo | |
| 1964 | Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas | Vince | |
| 1964 | Blood for a Silver Dollar | Captain of the Young India | |
| 1964 | Squillo | | |
| 1965 | Blood for a Silver Dollar | McCoy | |
| 1965 | Adiós gringo | Clayton Ranchester | |
| 1966 | Seven Guns for the MacGregors | Bandido | |
| 1966 | Navajo Joe | Dr. Chester Lynne | |
| 1969 | Eros e Thanatos | | |
| 1970 | Tulips of Haarlem | | |
| 1971 | Long Live Robin Hood | Sir Guy | |
| 1972 | Pianeta Venere | | (final film role) |
# Pierre Legendre (ecologist)

Pierre Legendre CM FRSC OQ (born 5 October 1946), is a professor of ecology at Université de Montréal. He is the founder of Numerical Ecology, which is a quantitative subdiscipline of community ecology, with his brother the oceanographer Louis Legendre.
Pierre Legendre obtained an MSc in zoology from McGill University in 1969, and at age 24, he earned a PhD in evolutionary biology from the University of Colorado in 1971. From 1971 to 1972, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Lund University. From 1972 to 1980, he was employed at Université du Québec à Montréal. Since 1980, he is professor in the Département de sciences biologiques of Université de Montréal.
As of October 2021, Legendre had published 12 books and over 340 scientific papers. He has been listed as a Web of Science Highly Cited Researcher in Ecology/Environment in all lists that have been published to this day: in 2001, then from 2014 to 2021. His Hirsch index (h) is 80 on Web of Knowledge, which does not count the citations of his books, and 114 on Google Scholar, which includes these citations.
By the number of citations, he is the most cited author of ecology journals such as Ecology, Ecological Monographs, Journal of Classification, Plant Ecology.

## Scientific prizes

* 1986 – Michel-Jurdant Prize (with Louis Legendre), Acfas
* 1994 – Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award, International Congress of Ecology
* 1995 – Miroslaw Romanowski Medal, Royal Society of Canada
* 1999 – Twentieth Century Distinguished Service Award, Ninth Lukacs Symposium, Bowling Green State University, US
* 2005 – Prix Marie-Victorin, Government of Québec
* 2013 – President's Award, Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution
* 2015 – Adrien-Poulliot Award, Acfas
* 2019 – Alexander von Humboldt Medal, International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS)

## Teaching prizes

* 2011 – Excellence in Teaching Award, Université de Montréal
* 2011 – Excellence in Teaching Award, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université de Montréal

## Other distinctions

* 1989 – Killam Research Fellow, Canada Council for the Arts
* 1992 – Elected Fellow, Royal Society of Canada
* 2007 – Officer of the National Order of Québec, Government of Québec
* 2016 – Corresponding Member, Academia Mexicana de Ciencias
* 2019 – Honorary Member, Sociedad Ibérica de Ecología
* 2001 – ISI Highly Cited Researcher in Ecology/Environment awarded by the Institute for Scientific Information, US
* 2014 to 2021 – Web of Science Highly Cited Researcher in Environment/Ecology awarded by Thomson Reuters, then by Clarivate Analytics, US
# Binospirone

Binospirone (MDL-73,005-EF) is a drug which acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT$_{1A}$ somatodendritic autoreceptors but as an antagonist at postsynaptic 5-HT$_{1A}$ receptors. It has anxiolytic effects.
# Piet Cillié

Petrus Johannes "Piet" Cillié (18 January 1917 – 20 October 1999) was a South African journalist and the editor of Die Burger from 1954 to 1977. He was strongly supportive of the National Party government and has been described as with "most influential thinker", alongside Hendrik Verwoerd, in the Afrikaner nationalist movement in the early decades of apartheid. For many years, Cillié wrote a popular weekly political column for Die Burger under the pseudonym "Dawie." The first of these columns appeared on 28 January 1946.