OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bull v Hall

Bull and another v Hall and another [2013] UKSC 73 was a Supreme Court of the United Kingdom discrimination case between Peter and Hazelmary Bull and Martin Hall and Steven Preddy. Hall and Preddy, a homosexual couple, brought the case after the Bulls refused to give them a double room in their guesthouse, citing their religious beliefs. Following appeals, the Supreme Court held the rulings of the lower courts in deciding for Hall and Preddy and against the Bulls. The court said that Preddy and Hall faced discrimination which could not be justified by the Bulls' right to religious belief. It was held that people in the United Kingdom could not justify discrimination against others on the basis of their sexual orientation due to their religious beliefs.

## Background

In September 2008, Steven Preddy and Martin Hall, a homosexual couple in a civil partnership, booked a double room at a guesthouse in Marazion, Cornwall over the telephone. When they arrived, the Bulls, who are Christians, refused the couple a double room as they found extramarital sex incompatible with their religious beliefs. Hall and Preddy were offered a two-bed room or two singles, but left and found alternative accommodation. They then filed a complaint of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation to the County Court which found in their favour and ordered the Bulls to pay £1800 to each of them in damages. The Court of Appeal agreed with the lower court but the Bulls appealed to the Supreme Court.

## Case

The Bulls argued that the Court of Appeal had been wrong in their judgement as they had not discriminated on the couple's sexual orientation but rather their marital status, which is allowed in English law. They accepted that this resulted in indirect discrimination for same-sex couples (who could not at the time get married) but maintained that this was justified because of their sincerely held religious beliefs.

## Judgment

The appeal was dismissed unanimously, with all judges ruling that the indirect discrimination could not be justified by religion and a majority of three judges holding that it still constituted direct discrimination. Lady Hale wrote and delivered the majority decision, with which Lord Kerr and Lord Toulson agreed. Lord Neuberger and Lord Hughes dissented on the ruling of direct discrimination but concurred with the other justices in a unanimous agreement that the case constituted unlawful indirect discrimination.

## Reaction

LGBT rights organisation Stonewall said they were "pleased" that the Court had upheld the rights they had "fought so hard to secure". A statement from the Christian Institute criticised the outcome, saying that "the powers of political correctness have reached all the way to the top of the judicial tree".
# USS Tattnall

USS Tattnall may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:
* USS Tattnall (DD-125), a Wickes-class destroyer launched in 1918; converted to a high-speed transport and redesignated APD-19 in 1943; struck in 1946
* USS Tattnall (DDG-19), a Charles F. Adams-class guided missile destroyer launched in 1961 and struck in 1993
# Udaya Kumar

Udaya Kumar or Udayakumar may refer to:
* Udaya Kumar (academic), professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University
* Udaya Kumar (designer), designer of the Indian rupee sign
* Udaya Kumar (director), Indian film director and editor
* K. Udayakumar, Indian volleyball player
* R. V. Udayakumar, Tamil actor and director
* S. P. Udayakumar, Indian anti-nuclear activist
* Udaykumar (1933–1985), Indian film actor and producer in Kannada cinema
# Udo Pastörs

Udo Pastörs (born 1952) is a German politician and convicted Holocaust denier. He is the former leader of the far-right NPD, and served as a representative in the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern until 2016.
Pastörs was considered one of the leading cadres within the traditional right-wing extremist scene in Germany until AfD emerged. Criminal investigations were repeatedly initiated against Pastörs. He was convicted several times for incitement to hatred and Holocaust denial and openly represented racist and anti-Semitic views. His political positions are based on historical National Socialism.

## Personal life

Pastörs was born on 24 August 1952 in Wegberg, West Germany. He was also member and "Unterführer" of the Neo-Nazi organization Wiking-Jugend.
His learned profession is that of a clockmaker. He is married and has one daughter with his wife, Marianne Pastörs.
He joined the NPD in 2000. In 2005 he became the leader of the party in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. He was first elected to state parliament in 2006, receiving 7.3% of the vote. He has been leading the party fraction since 2006.

## Controversies

In a speech on 25 February 2009, Pastörs referred to the Federal Republic of Germany as a "Jew republic", to Turkish-German men as "semen cannons", and to Alan Greenspan as a "hook-nose". A local court found him guilty of "incitement of popular hatred" in May 2010, sentencing him to a suspended sentence of ten months and a €6,000 fine.

### 2019 European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR) Decision

On 3 October 2019, the European Court of Human Rights unanimously decided on the case Pastörs v. Germany (application no. 55225/14) that a decision from the German Courts sentencing him to eight months' imprisonment, suspended on probation, based on the fact that a speech made by German politician Udo Pastörs stating that "the so-called Holocaust is being used for political and commercial purposes", as well as other Holocaust denial comments, incurred in violation of the memory of the dead and of the intentional defamation of the Jewish people was not a violation of Article 10 (freedom of expression) of the European Convention on Human Rights. Also, the ECtHR also decided by four votes to three that there had been no violation of Article 6 § 1 (right to a fair trial) of the European Convention on Human Rights.
# Burditt

Burditt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Albert Burditt (born 1972), American basketball player
* George Burditt (lawyer) (1922–2013), American lawyer and politician
* George Burditt (writer) (1923–2013), American screenwriter
* Jack Burditt, American screenwriter and son of George Burditt
* Ken Burditt (1906–1977), English footballer
* Whitney Kroenke Burditt (born 1977), American film producer and philanthropist
# Bulltown

Bulltown may refer to:
* Bulltown, Ontario, Canada, an unincorporated hamlet now known as Laskay, Ontario
* Bulltown, New Jersey, an unincorporated community in Burlington County
* Bulltown, West Virginia, a former settlement in Braxton County
** Battle of Bulltown, a Civil War skirmish fought near Bulltown, West Virginia
# Free as a Bird (disambiguation)

"Free as a Bird" is a 1995 single by the Beatles.
Free as a Bird may also refer to:
* Free as a Bird (album), an album by Supertramp
** "Free as a Bird" (Supertramp song), the title track from the album
* Vogelfrei, a concept in Germanic law that translates to "free as a bird"
* "Free as a Bird", a song by Emeli Sandé from the album Real Life
# 2023–24 Mumbai Premier League

The 2023–24 Mumbai Premier League was the 111th season of the top-tier football league run by the Mumbai Football Association in Mumbai, representing the fifth tier of the Indian football league system.
Before the season began, the trophy was taken on a tour of Mumbai's most iconic locations such as the Gateway of India, Bandra railway station, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Shiv Sena Bhavan, and the Municipal Corporation Building.
Ambernath United Atlanta were the defending champions.

## Venues

Matches are played at the Neville D'Souza Football Turf in Bandra.

## Teams

Sixteen teams are participating in the 2023–24 edition of the Mumbai Premier League.
| Teams | Location |
| Ambernath United–Bombay Muslims | Ambernath |
| Ambernath United–Bombay Muslims | Mumbai Central |
| Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mother | Malad |
| Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mother | Borivali |
| PIFA Colaba | Colaba |
| Maharashtra Oranje | Powai |
| Community Football Club India (CFCI) | Dahisar |
| Hope United (Karnataka Sports Association) | Churchgate |
| Sellebrity | Bandra |
| Mumbai Kenkre | Mahim |
| Millat FC | Jogeshwari |
| DK Pharma | Badlapur |
| Mumbai Knights (JMJ Sports) | Bandra |
| Silver Innings (Protrack) | Mira Road |
| Iron Born–Rudra | Andheri |
| Kalina Rangers CFF | Santacruz |
| Reliance FYC | Navi Mumbai |
| ICL Payyade Mumbai FC | Borivali |

### Promoted/relegated teams

| from 2022 Super Division | to 2023-24 Mumbai Super League |
| Kalina Rangers Reliance FYC | Mumbai Strikers India Rush |

## League table
### Mumbai Premier League

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | MYJ–GMSC (C) | 14 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 46 | 9 | +37 | 38 | Eligible for 2024–25 I-League 3 |
| 2 | Maharashtra Oranje | 14 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 50 | 12 | +38 | 32 | |
| 3 | Hope United (KSA) | 14 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 38 | 13 | +25 | 30 | |
| 4 | Millat | 14 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 35 | 12 | +23 | 27 | |
| 5 | Reliance FYC | 13 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 26 | 14 | +12 | 27 | |
| 6 | Kalina Rangers | 13 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 41 | 19 | +22 | 25 | |
| 7 | Iron Born–Rudra | 14 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 21 | 18 | +3 | 24 | |
| 8 | Mumbai Kenkre | 13 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 31 | 18 | +13 | 22 | |
| 9 | DK Pharma | 14 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 32 | 27 | +5 | 20 | |
| 10 | ICL Mumbai | 14 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 26 | 25 | +1 | 14 | |
| 11 | CFCI | 14 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 19 | 32 | −13 | 13 | |
| 12 | Silver Innings (Protrack) | 14 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 9 | 54 | −45 | 9 | |
| 13 | Ambernath United–Bombay Muslims | 14 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 40 | −34 | 6 | |
| 14 | Sellebrity | 12 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 41 | −37 | 5 | |
| 15 | PIFA | 14 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 4 | 57 | −53 | 2 | |
| 16 | Mumbai Knights (JMJ) (W) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Relegation to Mumbai Super League |
# Multilateral Force

The Multilateral Force (MLF) was an American proposal to produce a fleet of ballistic missile submarines and warships, each crewed by international NATO personnel, and armed with multiple nuclear-armed Polaris ballistic missiles. Its mission would be a nuclear defence of Western Europe against Soviet threats in the Cold War while allowing NATO members besides the U.S. to play a role in nuclear warfare. The proposal was floated by the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson administrations. It was opposed by Britain and faded out in the mid 1960s. It was never adopted.

## History

The proposal was inspired by complaints of NATO countries that the nuclear defense of Europe was beholden to the Americans, who held the bulk of nuclear capability. The proposed fleet of warships would be crewed and operated by NATO command, instead of an assortment of independent forces ultimately under their own national banners. In this way, other NATO powers were theoretically ensured an active role in European defense.
The idea of using surface ships as part of the force received criticism in Europe, who felt that surface ships would be vulnerable to attack, while a wholly submarine force would be more difficult to eliminate. President Kennedy argued that using only submarines would defeat the purpose of minimizing American control of the force, as the United States was the primary power capable of building the requisite number of submarines and training their crews. Including surface vessels would allow for greater European involvement in both construction and training, argued Kennedy, who also dismissed the notion that an entire pan-Europe nuclear-armed fleet could be eliminated before any of them could commit retaliatory strikes.
The proposal eventually fell flat when American and European differences over basing strategies and financing could not be reconciled. The Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi was actually refitted with four launchers for Polaris missiles. Despite the successful launching tests, the U.S. never went ahead with the MLF. Instead the Italian government set out to develop an indigenous nuclear weapons program, with a successful missile called Alfa, officially halted by Italian Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ratification.
The prospect of having West Germany in the Multilateral Force was mocked by Tom Lehrer in the satirical song "MLF Lullaby".

## MLF experiment on USS Claude V. Ricketts

From June 1964 to the end of 1965 USS Claude V. Ricketts (DDG-5) was part of a mixed-manning experiment for the proposed MLF. Its crew consisted of 10 officers and 164 crew from the US Navy with the remainder (normally 24 officers and 330 enlisted) filled by sailors from West Germany, Italy, Greece, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Though the MLF never was created, Secretary of the Navy Paul Nitze stated that the project on Claude V. Ricketts was successful.
# Canton of Val de Tardoire

The canton of Val de Tardoire is an administrative division of the Charente department, southwestern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in La Rochefoucauld-en-Angoumois.
It consists of the following communes:
* Agris
* Bunzac
* Charras
* Chazelles
* Coulgens
* Écuras
* Eymouthiers
* Feuillade
* Grassac
* Mainzac
* Marillac-le-Franc
* Marthon
* Montbron
* Moulins-sur-Tardoire
* Orgedeuil
* Pranzac
* Rivières
* La Rochefoucauld-en-Angoumois
* La Rochette
* Rouzède
* Saint-Adjutory
* Saint-Germain-de-Montbron
* Saint-Sornin
* Souffrignac
* Taponnat-Fleurignac
* Vouthon
* Yvrac-et-Malleyrand
# Tomás Villalba

Tomás Villalba y Albin (9 December 1805 – 12 July 1886) was a Uruguayan politician who served as interim President for five days (15 to 20 February 1865), at the end of the Uruguayan War, which had begun on 10 August 1864. The war was fought between the governing Blanco Party and the Colorado Party, with the latter supported openly by the Empire of Brazil and covertly by the Argentine president, Bartolomé Mitre. The Uruguayan War was part an almost continuous struggle between the Blanco and Colorado factions since Uruguayan independence in 1828, and was closely linked to a wider regional conflict involving Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay which culminated in the Paraguayan War (also known as the War of the Triple Alliance). The Colorado leader Venancio Flores started a rebellion in 1863 to overthrow Blanco President Bernardo Berro, who led a coalition Colorado–Blanco government. After a series of battles, the Colorados and the Brazilian army controlled most of the country, with the Blancos left in control of just the capital, Montevideo.$^{:235}$ On March 1, 1864, President Berro stepped down and was replaced by a hard-line senator, Atanasio Aguirre.
On 2 February 1865, the Brazilian navy began a blockade of Montevideo, but temporarily relaxed it to allow foreigners to be evacuated to Buenos Aires.$^{:234–235}$ The relaxation of the blockade was extended to the middle of February to allow the Uruguayan Senate to elect a new President of the Senate.$^{:235}$ Anastasio Aquirre's term ended on 15 February, whereupon the Senate elected the moderate Tomás Villalba to replace him. Villalba immediately asked for a contingent of foreign troops, from Britain, France, Italy and Spain, to land in Montevideo as a means of preventing the more radical members of the Blanco Party from attempting to overthrow Villalba.$^{:236}$ The new president reached an agreement with Flores and a peace accord was signed on 20 February, which included a general amnesty for Blancos and Colorados. Villalba stepped down to allow Flores to become interim president, prior to new elections.$^{:236}$
Before assuming the national presidency, Villalba had been the President of the Senate of Uruguay from 24 April 1863 until 15 February 1865. Previously, Villalba had also served as the Minister of Finance from 29 March 1860 to 22 June 1861, in the second government of President Berro, prior to which he appears to have served as Accountant General in 1858. After stepping down from the presidency, Villalba published a report on 18 March 1865, about the Uruguayan banking industry, followed by a decree on 23 March 1865, which created banking regulations for the first time in Uruguayan history.
# Nauvoo Legion (disambiguation)

The Nauvoo Legion is the militia for the city of Nauvoo, Illinois.
Nauvoo Legion may also refer to:
* The Utah Territorial Militia, also called the "Nauvoo Legion"
* The Militia of the State of Deseret and early saints after they went west
# Rosalie Julie von Bonar

Baroness Rosalie Julie von Bonar (1814, Vienna – ?) was an Austrian noblewoman. She appeared in the Gallery of Beauties gathered by Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1840.

## Life

Rosalie was the daughter of Morovian Imperial Chevalier Wüllerstorf-Urbair and his wife, Polish Countess Grohorska. She married the British ambassador to Vienna, Ernst, Baron von Bonar, in 1834 at the age of 20. Nothing else is known of her life.

## Portrait

Rosalie dresses in an old-fashioned style with a belt, natural waistline and a white flower crown in her portrait.
# Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase

In enzymology, an aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.11) is an enzyme that is very important in the biosynthesis of amino acids in prokaryotes, fungi, and some higher plants. It forms an early branch point in the metabolic pathway forming lysine, methionine, leucine and isoleucine from aspartate. This pathway also produces diaminopimelate which plays an essential role in bacterial cell wall formation. There is particular interest in ASADH as disabling this enzyme proves fatal to the organism giving rise to the possibility of a new class of antibiotics, fungicides, and herbicides aimed at inhibiting it.
The enzyme catalyzes the reversible chemical reaction
    L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ L-4-aspartyl phosphate + NADPH + H$^+$
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, phosphate, and NADP$^+$, whereas its 3 products are L-4-aspartyl phosphate, NADPH, and H$^+$. However, under physiological conditions the reaction runs in the opposite direction.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of a donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating). Other names in common use include aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde:NADP+ oxidoreductase, (phosphorylating), aspartic beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, and ASA dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and lysine biosynthesis.
Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase may be cis-regulated by an Asd RNA motif found in the 5' UTR of some Asd genes.

## Protein families

This domain contains both N-acetyl-glutamine semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AgrC), which is involved in arginine biosynthesis, and aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of various amino acids from aspartate. It also contains the yeast and fungal Arg5,6 protein, which is cleaved into the enzymes N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase and acetylglutamate kinase. These are also involved in arginine biosynthesis. All proteins in this entry contain a dimerisation domain of semialdehyde dehydrogenase.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 24 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1BRM, 1GL3, 1MB4, 1MC4, 1NWC, 1NWH, 1NX6, 1OZA, 1PQP, 1PQU, 1PR3, 1PS8, 1PU2, 1Q2X, 1T4B, 1T4D, 1TA4, 1TB4, 1YS4, 2EP5, 2GYY, 2GZ1, 2GZ2, and 2GZ3.
# Ralph Mortimer

Sir Ralph George Elphinstone Mortimer (7 July 1869 – 3 May 1955) was an English landowner and public servant who had a fleeting career as a first-class cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played for Lancashire. He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland and died in Milbourne Hall, near Ponteland, Northumberland.
As a cricketer, Mortimer made just one first-class appearance for Lancashire, in a University match against Oxford University in 1891. In the only innings in which he batted, he scored 22 not out. But he remained a player at a lower level and, representing Northumberland, he played in the Minor Counties Championship from 1896 to 1906; he later served as president and chairman of the cricket club.
Mortimer studied at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1891, he inherited Milbourne Hall from a maternal relative and thereafter was occupied with good works in the Northumberland area. He was involved from early days with the Boy Scout movement and was chairman or vice-chairman of Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary for 36 years; at the age of 72, The Times reported in his obituary, he was involved in more than 50 local committees. He was awarded the OBE in 1920 and knighted in 1934.
# Raising of the son of the widow of Nain

The raising of the son of the widow of Nain (or Naim) is an account of a miracle by Jesus, recorded in the Gospel of Luke chapter 7. Jesus arrived at the village of Nain during the burial ceremony of the son of a widow, and raised the young man from the dead. (Luke 7:11–17)
The location is the village of Nain, two miles south of Mount Tabor. This is the first of three miracles of Jesus in the canonical gospels in which he raises the dead, the other two being the raising of Jairus' daughter and of Lazarus.

## Biblical account

The miracle is described thus in Luke 7:
   11 Soon afterwards Jesus went to a town named Nain, accompanied by His disciples and a large crowd. 12 And when He arrived at the gate of the town, a funeral procession was coming out. A young man had died, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow. And a large crowd from the town was with her. 13 And when the Lord saw her, His heart was filled with pity for her, and He said to her, "Do not weep". 14 Then He walked over and touched the coffin, while the pallbearers stood still. Jesus said to the dead man, "Young man, I say to thee, arise!" And he who was dead, sat up and began to talk, and Jesus gave him back to his mother.
   16 Then they all were filled with awe and praised God. And they said, "A great prophet has risen among us", and "God has visited His people".
   17 This news about Jesus went out through all the country and the surrounding territory.

## Interpretation

The raising of the son of the widow of Zarephath, by the Old Testament prophet Elijah (1 Kings 17), is seen by Fred Craddock as the model for this miracle, as there are several parallels in the details, especially some verbal parallels. The raising of the son of the woman of Shunem (2 Kings 4) by Elisha is also similar, including the reaction of the people. In particular, the location of Nain is very close to Shunem, identified with modern Sulam. Sinclair Ferguson calls attention to this as an example of a repeated pattern in the history of redemption. He concludes that the pattern repetition
   "comes to its fullness in the person of Jesus Christ, the great prophet who heals not merely through delegated authority from God, but on his own authority, without rituals or prayers, but with a simple word of power. Here is the great God and Saviour of Israel in the flesh"...
The woman in the story had lost both her husband and her only son, so that there was no one left to support her. As she could not have inherited the land, the loss of her only son would have left her dependent on the charity of more distant relatives and neighbours.
Both this account and the preceding one of the healing of the Centurion's servant (Luke 7:1–10) serve as a precursor to Jesus' assurance to the imprisoned John the Baptist that He is truly, 'the one who is to come' (7:19), since, 'the dead are raised.' (7:22).