OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Passaglia Grenade

Passaglia Grenades, also known as P Bombs or Pazzaglia, are homemade weapons used by Italian soldiers during World War II, especially in the North African theater to overcome the chronic lack of effective weapons against armored enemies.

## Description

The bomb consisted of a block of explosive, into which was inserted a metal tube of about 7 cm containing an OTO Mod. 35 hand grenade (known to the British as the "Red Devil") to serve as a detonator. The whole assembly was then covered with a canvas bag fitted with a transport hook.
Built in two variants of 1 kg and 2 kg, they required a good physical strength for the launch because of the weight but they were only effective if launched precisely on the engine compartment, in which case they were able to destroy any armored vehicle. For this reason the soldier who wanted to use it necessarily had to approach the objective avoiding being hit by machine-gun fire on board or by the infantry who followed the tanks during their advance.
In 1942 samples of "Pazzaglia" Bombs were sent to be studied in Italy by the military engineering but they never were mass-produced in homeland factory.

## Operative use

For an effective launch the bomb must be handled with the right hand on the handle and using the left hand to withdraw the safe. To be properly launched it had to be thrown by standing up with a circular path from 'top down and possibly at least 20/25 mt.
Normally Italian soldiers, when they judged the distance of their objective, jumped out of their defensive positions (trenches or holes) and rushed to approach the tank. Other times crawling in between the moving carts and, to avoid being crushed by the tracks, even leaving that these would pass over them and then get up and launch their weapons after the tank had passed.
Besides the risk of being hit by enemy weapons or being crushed by the tracks, the same use of the bomb was dangerous because high flames immediately blazed with its explosion of the engine compartment, also hot hydraulic fluid squirted in all directions and ammunition inside the tank could explode.
Seeing in action the Italian Bersaglieri with their Passaglia, Erwin Rommel wrote in his commentary: «The German soldiers have impressed the world but the Italian bersaglieri have impressed the German soldiers».

## Note

* ↑ "Bomb description on Talpo.it". Archived from the original on 2016-12-28.
* ↑ "Information on Talpo.it". Archived from the original on 2016-12-28.
# 2002 in Fighting Network Rings

The year 2002 is the eighth year in the history of Fighting Network Rings, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Japan. In 2002 Fighting Network Rings held 7 events beginning with, Rings: World Title Series Grand Final.

## Events list

| # | Event Title | Date | Arena | Location |
| 77 | Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 6: Dynamite | December 14, 2002 | | Kaunas, Lithuania |
| 76 | Rings Holland: One Moment In Time | December 1, 2002 | Vechtsebanen Sport Hall | Utrecht, Netherlands |
| 75 | Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 5: Shock | November 9, 2002 | Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports | Vilnius, Lithuania |
| 74 | Rings Lithuania: Rampage | August 2, 2002 | | Palanga Beach Palanga, Lithuania |
| 73 | Rings Holland: Saved by the Bell | June 2, 2002 | Sport Hall Zuid | Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands |
| 72 | Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 4 | May 4, 2002 | Kaunas Sport Hall | Kaunas, Lithuania |
| 71 | Rings: World Title Series Grand Final | February 15, 2002 | Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium | Kanagawa, Japan |

## Rings: World Title Series Grand Final

Rings: World Title Series Grand Final was an event held on February 15, 2002 at The Yokohama Cultural Gymnasium in Kanagawa, Japan.

### Results
## Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 4

Rings: World Title Series 5 was an event held on May 4, 2002 at The Kaunas Sport Hall in Kaunas, Lithuania.

### Results
## Rings Holland: Saved by the Bell

Rings Holland: Saved by the Bell was an event held on June 2, 2002 at The Sport Hall Zuid in Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands.

### Results
## Rings Lithuania: Rampage

Rings Lithuania: Rampage was an event held on August 2, 2002 in Palanga Beach Palanga, Lithuania.

### Results
## Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 5: Shock

Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 5: Shock was an event held on November 9, 2002 at The Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports in Vilnius, Lithuania.

### Results
## Rings Holland: One Moment In Time

Rings Holland: One Moment In Time was an event held on December 1, 2002 at The Vechtsebanen Sport Hall in Utrecht, Netherlands.

### Results
## Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 6: Dynamite

Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 6: Dynamite was an event held on December 14, 2002 in Kaunas, Lithuania.
# Part performance in New Zealand law

Part performance is an equitable doctrine in New Zealand law.
Cases relevant to this doctrine include:
* Young v Anderson and Others; Anderson and Others v Young and Others
* Boviard v Brown
* Boutique Balmoral Ltd v Retail Holdings Ltd
* Ward v Metcalfe
* T A Dellaca Ltd v PDL Industries Ltd
* Fleming v Beevers
* Mahoe Buildings Ltd v Fair Investments Ltd

## Mahoe Buildings Ltd v Fair Investments Ltd

Mahoe Buildings Ltd v Fair Investments Ltd [1994] 1 NZLR 281 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding the doctrine of part performance.

### Background

Mahoe leased a building from Fair Investments. At the end of the four-year lease, both parties agreed orally to renew the lease. However, as such leases to be legally enforceable under the Contracts Enforcement Act 1956, they must be in writing, and not merely agreed orally. Later, one of the parties tried to get out of the lease, on the basis that it was not legally enforceable as the lease renewal was not put in writing. The other party claimed, that even though it was not put in writing, the lease was still legally enforceable due to the doctrine of part performance.

### Held

The court ruled that the doctrine of part performance applied here, making the renewal of the lease legally enforceable.
# Part of the Whole

The Part of the Whole EP is the first solo ep by jazz pianist Mike Garson, and was released in 2007 via his Myspace site.

## Track listing

* Part of the Whole I
* Part of the Whole II
* Part of the Whole III
* Part of the Whole IV
# 2005 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay

The men's 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2005 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Incheon, South Korea on September 2–4.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Japan Yuki Yamaguchi Yuzo Kanemaru Hideo Togashi Mitsuhiro Sato | Sri Lanka Rohan Pradeep Kumara Rohitha Pushpakumara Manura Kuranage Perera Prasanna Amarasekara | India Anil Kumar Rohil Bhupinder Singh Satbir Singh Patlavath Shankar Aboo Backer* |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Sri Lanka | Rohan Pradeep Kumara, Rohitha Pushpakumara, Manura Kuranage Perera, Prasanna Amarasekara | 3:07.98 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | India | Satbir Singh, Aboo Backer, Anil Kumar Rohil, Bhupinder Singh | 3:10.00 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Saudi Arabia | Bandar Yahya Sharahili, Bilal Al-Housaoui, Hamdan Al-Bishi, Hamed Al-Bishi | 3:11.13 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | South Korea | Kim Jae-da, Kim Jun-hyung, Choi Myong-Joon, Cho Sung-Kwon | 3:11.34 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Japan | Hideo Togashi, Mitsuhiro Sato, Yuzo Kanemaru, Yuki Yamaguchi | 3:11.65 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Iran | Mohammad Akefian, Reza Bouazar, Ehsan Mohajer Shojaei, Sajjad Moradi | 3:11.79 | q |
| 7 | 2 | Philippines | Julius Nierras, Jimar Aing, Ronnie Marfil, Ernie Candelario | 3:12.27 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Kazakhstan | Boris Khamzin, Grigoriy Aksenov, Vadim Linnik, Yevgeniy Meleshenko | 3:12.64 | q |
| 9 | 1 | Chinese Taipei | Yi Wei-Chen, Liu Shih-Hsien, Chang Chi-Sheng, Lai Chun-Nan | 3:15.21 | |

### Final

| Rank | Team | Name | Time | Notes |
| | Japan | Yuki Yamaguchi, Yuzo Kanemaru, Hideo Togashi, Mitsuhiro Sato | 3:03.51 | |
| | Sri Lanka | Rohan Pradeep Kumara, Rohitha Pushpakumara, Manura Kuranage Perera, Prasanna Amarasekara | 3:04.12 | |
| | India | Anil Kumar Rohil, Bhupinder Singh, Satbir Singh, Patlavath Shankar | 3:07.45 | |
| 4 | Iran | Reza Bouazar, Mohammad Akefian, Ehsan Mohajer Shojaei, Sajjad Moradi | 3:08.75 | NR |
| 5 | South Korea | Kim Jae-da, Kim Jun-hyung, Choi Myong-Joon, Cho Sung-Kwon | 3:10.60 | |
| 6 | Kazakhstan | Boris Khamzin, Grigoriy Aksenov, Vadim Linnik, Yevgeniy Meleshenko | 3:10.73 | |
| 7 | Philippines | Julius Nierras, Jimar Aing, Ronnie Marfil, Ernie Candelario | 3:11.70 | |
| | Saudi Arabia | Hamdan Al-Bishi, Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily, Hamed Al-Bishi, Mohammed Al-Salhi | DQ | |
# Pasteur (name)

Pasteur is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Cheryl Pasteur, African-American politician
* Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), French chemist and microbiologist
* Marie Pasteur (1826 - 1910), Louis Pasteur's wife
* Simon Pasteur (born 1985), Cameroonian soccer player
* William Pasteur (1855–1943), Swiss-British physician
Given name:
# Patient-delivered therapy

Patient-delivered (partner) therapy (PDT or PDPT), is the practice of treating the sex partners of people diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea by providing prescriptions or medications to the person to take to their partner without the health care provider first examining the partner. EPT may also include other forms of implementation than PDPT.

## Efficacy

PDPT works as an addition to the usual patient referral, the latter being that the index patient has a responsibility for informing sex partners of their exposure to a sexually transmitted infection. PDPT significantly reduces the risk of persistent or recurrent infection compared with patient referral alone; a review found that addition of PDPT gives a relative risk of 0.73, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.57 to 0.93.
Pitfalls include that PDT may compromise the quality of care provided to partners, especially when used as a first-line approach for partners who would otherwise seek clinical services. For instance, the medication could cause serious adverse reactions, including allergy, which could have been foreseen by a visit to a health care provider.
# Garnedd-Wen Formation

The Garnedd-Wen Formation (also known as the Garnedd-Wen Beds) is an Ordovician lithostratigraphic formation (a sequence of rock strata) in Mid Wales. The rock of the formation is a mixture of mudstones, siltstones, fine- to coarse-grained sandstones, greywackes and conglomerates. The formation extends from Dinas Mawddwy in the north-east to Tywyn in the south-west.

## Geography

The Garnedd-Wen Formation is the upper strata of rock across a wide part of western Mid Wales. In particular, it forms the upper rock beds of the Tarren Hills on the south side of the Bala Fault, west of Talyllyn Lake.
# The Sweet-Shop Owner

The Sweet-Shop Owner is the debut novel of English author Graham Swift. It was published in 1980 to largely favourable reviews.

## Plot introduction

The book is set on a sunny Friday in June 1974 and describes the routine of what turns out to be the last day in the life of Willy Chapman, the eponymous owner of a South London sweet shop. Central to the book is his relationship with his beautiful and yet distant wife Irene who bore him a daughter on the unspoken agreement that no love would be expressed between them. Interspersed with flashbacks to his earlier life, Willy attempts to justify himself to his estranged unforgiving daughter Dorry via an internal monologue.

## Reception

* "It might be thought that at moments there is something too writerly about Mr. Chapman's monologue," noted the New Statesman, "spoiling its potential pathos with a too poetic or designed articulacy. Even so his final walk across the common on a hot summer day, in excruciating pain from angina, is masterly; intercut with the recollection of a mile race he won at school, the experience is both exciting and deeply poignant."
* Michael Gorra of The New York Times criticizes the novel for leaving Irene and Dorry's motives obscure but despite this concludes "The Sweet-Shop Owner is on the whole a remarkable novel - remarkable for its evocation of the catch in the throat of fatherhood, for the sharp comedy with which Mr. Swift describes the bickering of Willy's shop assistants, above all for the skill behind Mr. Swift's ambitious account of the changes time brings to the street where Willy has his shop, to the greengrocer across the way, the barber, the real-estate agent. There is a touch of Joyce in Graham Swift's revelation of the hidden poetry of small men's lives, and The Sweet-Shop Owner joins Waterland in establishing him as one of the brightest promises the English novel has now to offer.

## Publication history

* 1980, UK, Allan Lane, ISBN 0-7139-1247-2, Pub date Aug 1980, Hardback
* 1983, UK, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-005161-9, Pub date Feb 1983, Paperback
* 1985, US, Washington Square Press, ISBN 0-671-54611-2, Pub date Jun 1985, Paperback
* 1986, UK, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-008688-9, Pub date Jan 1986, Paperback
* 1993, UK, Vintage, ISBN 0-679-73980-7, Pub date May 1993, Paperback
* 1997, UK, Picador, ISBN 0-330-35372-1, Pub date May 1997, Paperback
* 1998, Canada, Vintage, ISBN 0-679-30906-3, Pub date Sep 1997, Paperback
* 2010, UK, Picador, ISBN 0-330-50787-7, Pub date Apr 2010, Paperback
* 2011, US, Audiobooks, ISBN 0792780922, Pub date Nov 2011, Audio CD, read by James Wilby
# Ann Harrison (lung transplant recipient)

Ann Harrison (September 24, 1944 – April 20, 2001) was the recipient of the world's first successful human double lung transplant. She survived for almost fifteen years after the surgery and died of unrelated causes.

## Operation

Harrison suffered from end-stage emphysema and thoracic surgeon Joel D. Cooper had told her that without surgery, she had only a few months to live. The operation was performed at Toronto General Hospital on November 26, 1986, when she received the lungs of an 18-year-old Kingston, Ontario, native who had recently died in a car accident. Cooper had previously successfully performed a single lung transplant on pulmonary fibrosis victim Tom Hall on November 7, 1983, but this was the first successful double lung transplant.

## Death

Ann Harrison died aged 56 at Toronto General Hospital on April 20, 2001, of a brain aneurysm unrelated to her operation. She was the world's longest surviving double-lung recipient until her 15-year record was broken in 2005 by cystic fibrosis patient Howell Graham of Wilmington, North Carolina.
Her surgeon Dr Joel Cooper in a eulogy said of her, "Ann began a new era, one that has brought immense relief to emphysema patients. Having received this gift, she became a den mother for so many other patients, encouraging them in their quest, celebrating with them their victories, and consoling them and their families in their losses." Dr Cooper shows a picture of Ann Harrison every time he lectures on transplantation and says, "I still marvel when someone so close to death is returned to a vigorous life."
# Yogananda Institute of Technology and Science

Yogananda Institute of Technology and Science (YITS) is located in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established by the Yogananda Educational Society (YES) in 2008. The Society established the engineering college to impart education to the children hailing from the backward areas of Rayalaseema region. Yogananda Educational Society is headed by Smt.D.Subhadramma as Chairperson, Sri D.Mohan Reddy as secretary and correspondent of YITS.
YITS is located at a distance of 10 km from Tirupati, 3 km from Tirupati Airport on the 205 Chennai-Tirupati-Bangalore National Highway and 2 km from Renigunta Junction railway station.

## Academics

The college is approved by AICTE, New Delhi & affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur. The institute offers six Engineering undergraduate courses viz. Civil Engineering (CE), Computer Science & Engineering (CSE), Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Electrical and Electronics engineering (EEE), Information Technology (IT) and Mechanical Engineering (ME) along with Master of Business Administration (MBA). The institute is firmly committed in getting itself recognized with NBA.
# SAB World of Beer

SAB World of Beer was a museum of beer, and conference venue operated by South African Breweries; it was located in Newtown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
It closed in September 2019.
# Armand Goubert

Armand Goubert (born 14 July 1899, date of death unknown) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1927 Tour de France.
# Gangshang, Hebei

Gangshang (simplified Chinese: 岗上; traditional Chinese: 崗上; pinyin: Gǎngshàng) is a town under the administration of Gaocheng City in southwestern Hebei province, China, located approximately halfway between Shijiazhuang and Gaocheng and just south of G1811 Huanghua–Shijiazhuang Expressway. As of 2011, it has 11 villages under its administration.
# Bigo Bay

Bigo Bay (65°43′S 64°30′W﻿ / ﻿65.717°S 64.500°W﻿ / -65.717; -64.500) is a bay 8 nautical miles (15 km) long and 6 nautical miles (11 km) wide, indenting the west coast of Graham Land between Cape Garcia and Magnier Peninsula surmounted by the Magnier Peaks and Lisiya Ridge.
The French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, first sighted this bay but charted it as the southern part of Leroux Bay. The British Graham Land Expedition, 1934–37, determined that the peninsula surmounted by the Magnier Peaks separates this bay from Leroux Bay. It was named by John Rymill after Mount Bigo, a mountain at the head of the bay.

## Maps

* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 1993–2016.
# Peziza varia

Peziza varia, commonly known as the spreading brown cup fungus, Palomino cup or recurved cup, is a species of fungus in the genus Peziza, family Pezizaceae.

## Description

Peziza varia can be identified by its growth on rotted wood or wood chips, its brown upper surface (at maturity) that is usually somewhat wrinkled near the center; a whitish and minutely fuzzy under surface; a round, cuplike shape when young, and a flattened-irregular shape when mature; attachment to the wood under the center of the mushroom, rather than under the whole cup; thin, brittle flesh (rather than thick and gelatinous) and smooth, elliptical spores that lack oil droplets.
The cup at first is pale brown or whitish overall, the under surface minutely fuzzy and the upper surface smoother, with a tiny stem-like structure. In maturity it is flattened-irregular or bent backwards, 2–12 cm across, the margin often splitting, upper surface brown and smooth, often "pinched" or somewhat wrinkled over the center, under surface whitish and minutely fuzzy, attached to the substrate centrally, without a stem. It has no odor. The flesh is brownish or pale, and brittle.
Peziza means a sort of mushroom without a root or stalk.
Microscopic features: Spores 11–16 x 6–10 μm; smooth; elliptical; without oil droplets. Asci eight-spored; up to 225 x 15 μm.

### Similar species

Similar species include Peziza arvernensis, P. domiciliana, P. vesiculosa, and P. violacea.
Peziza repanda, Peziza cerea and Peziza micropus are synonyms.

## Ecology

Well decayed logs may sport the Palomino cup fungus, which is saprobic, usually on the wood of hardwoods. Soil rich in decayed wood and occasionally that which is covered with wood chips may support Palomino cup; growing alone, gregariously, or in clusters. This member of the cup fungi is commonly found in colder weather (spring and autumn in temperate regions), but sometimes appearing in summer.

## Edibility

Peziza varia is nonpoisonous but inedible.

## Distribution

Peziza varia is widely distributed throughout America and Europe.
# Peziza vesiculosa

Peziza vesiculosa, commonly known as the common dung cup, is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae.

## Description

The pale, cup-shaped ascocarps grow to 1–6 centimetres (1⁄2–2+1⁄2 inches) in width and often form clusters. The spore print is white.

### Similar species

The species is difficult to identify from other Peziza without microscopy. Species with purplish tints, particularly within the cup, have been split off into Geoscypha. Similar species may also be found in the Tarzetta and Jafnea genera, as well as purplish species of Legaliana and Phylloscypha.

## Distribution and habitat

The species can be found year-round throughout North America; usually within its December–April season on the West Coast. It is common in Europe, with scattered records in other parts of the world. It is found on nutrient-rich soils, e.g. manure and compost.

## Toxicity

The species is considered poisonous.
# Peziza petersii

Peziza petersii is a species of apothecial fungus belonging to the family Pezizaceae. This is a European species with rather small and irregular brown saucer-shaped ascocarps up to 5 cm in diameter. It is most often encountered in tightly packed groups on burned ground from summer to autumn.
# Pherbellia argyra

Pherbellia argyra is a species of fly in the family Sciomyzidae. It is found in the Palearctic.
# Ambikasuthan Mangad

Ambikasuthan Mangad is an Indian Malayalam language writer. He was a professor of Malayalam at Nehru Arts and Science College, Kanhangad. His literary contributions range from short stories to novels in Malayalam. He has written more than 40 books.
He is active in protests against the known pesticide Endosulfan. His novel Enmakaje portrays the life of victims in the village Enmakaje of Kasaragod. "Neelakandan" is the famous character in this novel. His work drew international attention of the people to this malady. His book has played a major role in banning the pesticide. The novel Enmakaje has translated into English by J. Devika as Swarga. Enmakaje was translated to Tamil and Kannada languages also.

## Personal life

Born in Bare village in Kasargod district on 8 October 1962, Ambikasutan Mangad holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology, a Master's Degree in Malayalam and an MPhil. He was a professor at Nehru College of Arts and Science, Kanhangad. Presently he's full time engaged in activism.

## Major works

* Enmakaje (2009)
* Randu Malsyangal
* Neeraaliyan
* Marakkappile theyyangal
* Sadharana Veshangal
* Rathri
* Jeevithathinte Mudra
* Othenante Vaal

## Films

Ambikasuthan Mangad wrote the script and dialogues for critically acclaimed movie Kaiyoppu.

## Television

Ambikasuthan Mangad won an award for the Best Story writer from Kerala State Government for the telefilm Commercial Break.

## Awards

* 2000 - Commercial Break - Edasseri Memorial Award
* 2004 - Marakkappile theyyangal - Cherukad Award
* 2005 - Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award (Novel)
* 2014 - Neeraaliyan - Sathyalal Anusmaras Award
* 2015 - Prof. Sivaprasad Foundation Award for the best college teacher in Kerala
* 2017 - Ente priyappetta kadhakal (collection of short-stories) - Deshabhimani sahithya puraskaram
* 2022 - Pranavayu (collection of short-stories) - Odakkuzhal Award
* Ankanam award
* Ithal puraskaram
* V.P. Sivakumar Keli award
* Malayayattoor prize
* SBT award
* VT Bhattathirippad award
* Kovilan award