OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Universe Tankships Inc. of Monrovia v International Transport Workers' Federation

Universe Tankships Inc. of Monrovia v International Transport Workers' Federation [1982] 2 All ER 67 is an English contract law case relating to duress.

## Facts

The International Transport Workers' Federation black listed a Universe Tankship Inc. ship in the context of a trade dispute. To secure the release of the ship, Universe Tankships Inc. paid $6,480 into ITWF's welfare fund. ITWF admitted this was an agreement procured by duress, but it argued its actions were protected by immunity from tort in Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 s 13.

## Judgment

Lord Diplock said duress is not about not knowing what you are contracting for, but 'his apparent consent was induced by pressure exercised on him by that other party which the law does not regard as legitimate, with the consequence that the consent is treated in law as revocable unless approbated either expressly or by implication after the illegitimate pressure has ceased to operate on his mind.' It was not appropriate to say the conduct was commercial pressure 'wherever one party to a commercial transaction is in a stronger bargaining position than the other party' should give rise to a right of redress.
Lord Scarman said that duress not only renders a contract voidable but is also a tort if it causes damage or loss (referring to Barton v Armstrong and Pao On v. Lau Yiu Long). It comes from (1) pressure amounting to compulsion of the will of the victim; and (2) the illegitimacy of the pressure exerted. The 'lack of any practicable choice but to submit' should be proved for (1) and here, for (2) the question was whether it was a trade dispute. The majority held the payment was unconnected with terms and conditions of employment and therefore not a trade dispute within s 29(1). Hence the act was duress.
# CDNA (disambiguation)

CDNA, cDNA or C-DNA might stand for:

## Genetics

* Complementary DNA, DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA
* C-DNA, C form DNA, one of many possible double helical structures of DNA

## Sports

* PFC CSKA Sofia, a Bulgarian professional association football club

## Technology

* CDNA (microarchitecture), a graphics processing unit microarchitecture by AMD for data centers and supercomputers
# Acylurea

Acylureas (also called N-acylureas or ureides) are a class of chemical compounds formally derived from the acylation of urea.

## Uses
### Insecticides

A subclass of acylureas known as benzoylureas are insecticides. They act as insect growth regulators by inhibiting the synthesis of chitin resulting in weakened cuticles and preventing molting. Members of this class include diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, and teflubenzuron.

### Anticonvulsants and sedatives

The acylurea functional group is also found in some pharmaceutical drugs such as the anticonvulsants phenacemide, pheneturide, chlorphenacemide, and acetylpheneturide (which are phenylureides), and the sedatives acecarbromal, bromisoval, and carbromal (which are bromoureides). Others include apronal (apronalide), capuride, and ectylurea. Barbiturates (a class of cyclic ureas) are structurally and mechanistically related to them. The phenylureides are also closely related to the hydantoins, such as phenytoin, and may be considered ring-opened analogues of them.

## Related
### Diureides

A diureide is a complex nitrogenous substance regarded as containing two molecules of urea or their radicals, e.g. uric acid or allantoin.

### Hydantoins

Hydantoin, or glycolylurea, can be considered the cyclic form of acylurea.
# Acyphas semiochrea

Acyphas semiochrea, the omnivorous tussock moth, is a moth of the subfamily Lymantriinae first described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1855. It is found along most of the coast of Australia, including: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.
The wingspan is about 30 mm.
It is considered a pest on Pinus radiata, but has also been recorded feeding on Acacia, Eucalyptus, Pultenaea, Dodonaea, Choretrum, Myoporum and Tamarix.
# CRTT

CRTT may refer to:
* Certified Respiratory Therapist
* Creation theory
* Computational/Representational Theory of Thought
# Academy of Medical Sciences (disambiguation)

Academy of Medical Sciences may refer to:
* Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
* Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Iran
* NRI Academy of Medical Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
* SUT Academy of Medical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
* USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
* University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan; also known as the Academy of Medical Sciences and Technology
# Adaleres flandersi

Adaleres flandersi is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
# Adaleres ovipennis

Adaleres ovipennis is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
# Adam Neuhaus

Adam Neuhaus is an American producer and entertainment executive noted for producing non-fiction television programming. He is Senior Director of Development for ESPN Films, leading creative development for the 30 for 30 documentary series, including feature documentaries, shorts, and podcasts. Neuhaus helped create 30 for 30 Podcasts, which launched in 2017.
He is the founder of Neuhaus Ideas, an ideas company serving the media industry, and the founder of NYC-based media networking group Headsets & Highballs. He has been an active member on the board of directors and advisory board for the Ghetto Film School, a Bronx-based nonprofit organization that teaches high school students about film-making.
Neuhaus's notable producer credits include Sterling Affairs, Be Water, Once Upon A Time in Queens, 144, and Lance of the 30 for 30 franchise, as well as the video game 1979 Revolution: Black Friday.
His past positions include senior director of development, media and entertainment at Radical Media, director of development at Original Media LLC, and roles in the motion picture literary departments of the Paradigm Talent Agency and William Morris Agency.
# Rifat Latifi

Rifat Latifi (born 1955) is a Kosovar Albanian–American surgeon and former Minister of Health of Kosovo.
Latifi was born in Kllodernica, Skenderaj, and completed secondary education in Pristina. He received his MD degree from the University of Prishtina in 1982 and emigrated to the United States later that year.
He initially worked as a researcher in Houston, Texas, then completed his residency in surgery at the University of Cleveland and Yale University. He completed a fellowship in traumatology and surgical critical care at the New York College of Medicine.
Latifi has worked with clinical centers in Texas, Philadelphia, New York, Qatar, and Arizona. He has taught at the University of Arizona and served as president of the Arizona Chapter of the American College of Surgeons. He pioneered telemedicine in Kosovo and Albania, and authored tens of articles published in scientific journals.
He was appointed minister of health in the second Kurti government on 16 November 2021. He resigned on 6 October 2022.
# Aculus gemmarum

Aculus gemmarum is a species of mite which causes galls on the buds of willows (Salix species). It was first described by Alfred Nalepa in 1892.

## Description

The buds are enlarged and hairy, and the mites are found between the small distorted leaves on Salix aegyptiac, S. aurita, S. babylonica, S. caprea, S. cinerea, S. elaeagnos, S. matsudana, S. repens (and possibly on Salix herbacea and Salix triandra).

## Distribution

Aculus gemmarum has been found in Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Sweden.
# CSKFTA

CSKFTA or CKFTA can refer to:
* Canada–South Korea Free Trade Agreement (also known as the Canada–Korea Free Trade Agreement)
* China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement (also known as the China–Korea Free Trade Agreement)
# United States v. Carroll Towing Co.

United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d. Cir. 1947), is a decision from the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals that proposed a test to determine the standard of care for the tort of negligence. The judgment was written by Judge Learned Hand wherein he described what is now called the Hand formula, a classic example of a balancing test.

## Background

The case was the result of the sinking of the barge Anna C that took place on January 4, 1944 in New York Harbor. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company chartered the Anna C from Conners Marine Company, which was loaded with flour owned by the United States. Before the accident, the Anna C was moored at Pier 52 on the North River along with several other barges. The barges at Pier 52 were tied together by mooring lines and one barge at Pier 52 was tied to another set of barges at the adjacent Public Pier. On the day of the accident the tug Carroll was sent to remove a barge from the Public Pier. In the process of removing the barge, the line between the barges at Pier 52 and the barges at the Public Pier was removed. After the removal of the line, the barges at Pier 52 broke free. This resulted in the sinking of Anna C. The United States, lessee of the Anna C, sued Carroll Towing Co., owner of the Carroll in an indemnity action.

## Ruling

The author of the opinion, Judge Learned Hand, stated that there was no general rule with which to deal with liability when a barge with no one on board breaks free and causes damage. Consequently, Judge Hand proposed an algebraic formula to determine if the standard of care has been met.
    Since there are occasions when every vessel will break from her moorings, and since, if she does, she becomes a menace to those about her; the owner's duty, as in other similar situations, to provide against resulting injuries is a function of three variables: (1) The probability that she will break away; (2) the gravity of the resulting injury, if she does; (3) the burden of adequate precautions. Possibly it serves to bring this notion into relief to state it in algebraic terms: if the probability be called P; the injury, L; and the burden, B; liability depends upon whether B is less than L multiplied by P: i.e., whether B < PL.
Simply put, the test says:
If (Burden < Cost of Injury × Probability of occurrence), then the accused will not have met the standard of care required.
If (Burden ≥ Cost of injury × Probability of occurrence), then the accused may have met the standard of care.
On the facts, the Court ruled that leaving a barge unattended during the daylight hours poses significant risk such that it would be fair to require a crew member to be aboard the ship. Thus, the accused was found liable for negligence for being absent from the ship without excuse.
This case is most famous for its first expression of Judge Hand's formula, C > GL (cost is greater than gravity of loss) or in the more common shorthand, BPL. This formula was first suggested, however, in The T.J. Hooper, another tugboat case.
# Ahohiva Levi

Ahohiva Levi is a Niuean politician. He served as Speaker of the Niuean Assembly from 2011 to 2014.
Between 2005 and 2010 he served on the board of the Pacific Islands Association of Non Governmental Organisations.
Levi was elected Speaker following the 2011 election. He was succeeded by Togiavalu Pihigia following the 2014 election.
# Plebejus anna

Plebejus anna, or Anna's blue, is a species of blue in the butterfly family Lycaenidae. It is found in North America.
Once considered as one species with the Northern Blue(Plejebus idas), they are now recognised as a distinct species. The Anna's blue can be very similar to the Melissa Blue in appearance. For the males they may be more bluish white and white outlines around the wings. As for the females they are known to be slightly varied such as having brown wings with orange submarginal bands which are often less developed than those that can be found on the Melissa Blue(Plejebus idas) and sometimes can be completely absent, and whitish outline on the wings. The Anna's normally takes fight during the summer (1 Brood).
Larval food plant: Blueberry and other heaths, and legumes.
The MONA or Hodges number for Plebejus anna is 4374.1.

## Subspecies

These six subspecies belong to the species Plebejus anna:
* Plebejus anna anna (W. H. Edwards, 1861)
* Plebejus anna azureus (J. Emmel, T. Emmel & Mattoon in T. Emmel, 1998)
* Plebejus anna benwarner Scott, 2006
* Plebejus anna lotis (Lintner, 1878)
* Plebejus anna ricei Cross, 1937
* Plebejus anna vancouverensis (C. Guppy & J. Shepard, 2001)
# 1993 Northeast Conference men's basketball tournament

The 1993 Northeast Conference men's basketball tournament was played from March 2–5, 1993 at campus sites of the higher seeded teams. The tournament featured the league's ten teams, seeded based on their conference record. Rider won their first ever championship with a thrilling last second shot by Darrick Suber, defeating Wagner 65–64, and received the conference's automatic bid to the 1993 NCAA Tournament.

## Format

The NEC Men's Basketball Tournament consisted of a ten-team playoff format with all games played at the venue of the higher seed. The first round was played by the four lowest seeds (7–10) and the other teams received a bye.

## Bracket

| First round Tuesday, March 2, 1993 | First round Tuesday, March 2, 1993 | First round Tuesday, March 2, 1993 | Quarterfinals Wednesday, March 3, 1993 | Quarterfinals Wednesday, March 3, 1993 | Quarterfinals Wednesday, March 3, 1993 | Semifinals Thursday, March 4, 1993 | Semifinals Thursday, March 4, 1993 | Semifinals Thursday, March 4, 1993 | Championship Game Friday, March 5, 1993 ESPN | Championship Game Friday, March 5, 1993 ESPN | Championship Game Friday, March 5, 1993 ESPN |
| | | | 1 | Rider | 92 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Robert Morris | 77 | 9 | Long Island | 85 | | | | | | |
| 9 | Long Island | 80 | | | | 1 | Rider | 93 | | | |
| | | | | | | 5 | Fairleigh Dickinson | 63 | | | |
| | | | 4 | Marist | 62 | | | | | | |
| | | | 5 | Fairleigh Dickinson | 81 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | 1 | Rider | 65 |
| | | | | | | | | | 2 | Wagner | 64 |
| | | | 3 | Mount St. Mary's | 81 | | | | | | |
| 7 | Saint Francis (PA) | 80 | 6 | St. Francis Brooklyn | 78$^{OT}$ | | | | | | |
| 10 | Monmouth | 91 | | | | 2 | Wagner | 65 | | | |
| | | | | | | 3 | Mount St. Mary's | 48 | | | |
| | | | 2 | Wagner | 75 | | | | | | |
| | | | 10 | Monmouth | 66 | | | | | | |

## All-tournament team

Tournament MVP in bold.
1993 NEC All-Tournament Team :
* Darrick Suber, RU
* Miladin Mutavdzic, WC
* Chris McGuthrie, MSM
* Bobby Hopson, WC
* Chris Mikola, RU
* Steve Wriedt, MU
# Eubranchus exiguus

Eubranchus exiguus is a species of small sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eubranchidae.

## Distribution

The type locality is the harbour at Fowey, in England. It is found all round the British Isles and from the Arctic and Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

Eubranchus exiguus was originally discovered and described (under the name Eolis exigua) in 1848, by the British malacologists Joshua Alder and Albany Hancock.
The original text (the type description) reads as follows:
   Eolis exigua.
   Body slender, yellowish white with olive or pale brown markings. Dorsal tentacles linear, moderately long, with a ring of brown near the top: oral tentacles about one-third shorter and of the same colour. Branchiae generally in a single series of five or six on each side, but in fine full-grown specimens there are two on each side in front or sometimes a cluster of three, the third being placed a little behind the others. There is also frequently an additional papilla united with some of the others behind. They are ovate, tapering abruptly to a point: there is a ring of olive or yellowish brown, sometimes reddish, at a short distance from the apex, and frequently two others, less perfect below, but generally these are only indicated by brown spots or streaks. The body is also blotched and spotted with brown, and there is frequently an interrupted line of that colour on each side. Foot rounded in front and nearly linear, with a slight margin of pale brown at the sides. Length 1½ to 2 lines.
   This species was found in considerable abundance in Fowey Harbour on Laminaria saccharina. Mr. Cocks has also found it at Falmouth. It is allied to Eolis despecta, some specimens of which were found in company with it, but it is easily distinguished by not having the waved dorsal line of the latter species. It appears to be the Tergipes lacinulatus of Professor Lovén, but
   we cannot concur in referring it to the Limax tergipes of Forskahl (Doris lacinulatus, Gmelin).
The maximum recorded length is 8 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 10 m.
# Eucalyptus mimica

Eucalyptus mimica is a species of mallet that is endemic to a small area of Western Australia. It has smooth, shiny bark, linear to narrow elliptical leaves held erect, flower buds in groups of three and conical fruit with ribbed sides.

## Description

Eucalyptus mimica is a mallet that typically grows to a height of 5 m (16 ft) and does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth, shiny green bark that is copper-coloured when fresh. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, held erect, linear to narrow elliptical, 35–85 mm (1.4–3.3 in) long and 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) wide on a petiole up to 6 mm (0.24 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three on an unbranched peduncle 7–20 mm (0.28–0.79 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long. Mature buds are oval to spindle-shaped, 12–19 mm (0.47–0.75 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a conical to beaked operculum. The fruit is a woody, conical capsule with three or four ribs along the sides, 7–12 mm (0.28–0.47 in) long and 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) wide with the valves near rim level or slightly protruding. This species is similar to E. steedmanii but has smaller buds and fruit.

## Taxonomy

Eucalyptus mimica was first formally described in 2002 by Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper in the journal Nuytsia, from specimens collected by Brooker south of Newdegate. The specific epithet alludes to the similarity of this species to E. steedmanii.
In the same journal, Brooker and Hopper described two subspecies and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
* Eucalyptus mimica subsp. continens Brooker & Hopper
* Eucalyptus mimica Brooker & Hopper subsp. mimica The subspecies differ in the colour of their bark, the form of the operculum and habitat preferences. Subspecies mimica grows in more saline environments.

## Distribution and habitat

This mallet is found on flats and in depressions around salt lakes, growing in sandy-clay soils. Subspecies mimica occurs from east of Pingrup to south of Newdegate. Subspecies continens is only known from roadsides and private land south of Newdegate.

## Conservation status

Both subspecies have been given a priority status by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife. Subspecies continens is listed as "Priority One", meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations that are potentially at risk. Subspecies mimica is classified by the Government of Western Australia as "Priority Three", meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.
# OR5AN1

Olfactory receptor 5AN1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR5AN1 gene.
Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

## Ligands

* Civetone
* Muscone
# OR5AC2

Olfactory receptor 5AC2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR5AC2 gene.
Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.
# Euphorbia fulgens

Euphorbia fulgens, the scarlet plume, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae, native to Mexico. Growing to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall by 1 m (3.3 ft) broad, it is a deciduous shrub with long, weeping branches and narrow leaves. In winter orange-red flowers growing in the leaf axils cover the length of the branches.
The Latin specific epithet fulgens means "shining, glistening".
It is not hardy, requiring temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F). It must therefore be grown under glass in temperate regions. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
# HaMelitz

HaMelitz (Hebrew: המליץ‎) was the first Hebrew newspaper in the Russian Empire. It was founded by Alexander Zederbaum in Odessa in 1860.

## History

HaMelitz first appeared as a weekly, and it began to appear daily in 1886. From 1871, it was published in Saint Petersburg. Publication was suspended several times for lack of support or by order of the authorities. In 1893, Leon Rabinowitz succeeded Zederbaum as the editor.
HaMelitz was a representative of the progressive or haskalah movement, and even so severe a critic as Abraham Kovner admitted that it had been "more useful to the Jews than have the other Hebrew newspapers" (Ḥeḳer Dabar, p. 52 ff., Warsaw, 1866). While it was not so literary or scientific as some of its contemporaries, HaMelitz usually had more news and debates of interest, and was consequently more popular.
J. A. Goldenblum was for many years associated with Zederbaum in its publication. Abraham Shalom Friedberg and Judah Leib Gordon were the best known of its associate editors. Almost every prominent Hebrew writer of its times contributed to it.
Several collections of literary and scientific articles appeared as supplements to HaMelitz in Zederbaum's time: Ḳohelet (Saint Petersburg, 1881), Migdonot (1883), Melitẓ Aḥad Minni Elef (on the occasion of the appearance of No. 1,000; Saint Petersburg, 1884), Leḳeṭ Amarim (1889), and Arba'ah Ma'amarim (1893). Among similar publications issued by Zederbaum's successor were HaYeḳev (Saint Petersburg, 1894), HaOsem and HaGat (1897), and HaGan (1899).
HaMelitz was intermittently published until 1903.
# Eurhythma callipepla

Eurhythma callipepla is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1915. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from the Northern Territories.
The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are dark-fuscous with snow-white markings. The hindwings are white with a pale-fuscous line.
# Eurhynchiastrum

Eurhynchiastrum pulchellum is a species of mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae. It is the sole species of the genus Eurhynchiastrum.
The species is found in temperate to arctic environments in Africa, Eurasia and America.
# Haematocarpus

Haematocarpus is a plant genus in the family Menispermaceae and found in south-east Asia.

## Species

* Haematocarpus subpeltatus Miers - type species – synonyms: Fibraurea elliptica, Fibraureopsis smilacifolia
* Haematocarpus validus (Miers) Bakh.f. ex Forman - synonyms: Baterium validum, Fibraurea haematocarpus, Haematocarpus comptus, H. incusus, H. thomsonii
# Eupithecia gluptata

Eupithecia gluptata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Turkmenistan.