OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# National Cipher Challenge

The National Cipher Challenge is an annual cryptographic competition organised by the University of Southampton School of Mathematics. Competitors attempt to break cryptograms published on the competition website. In the 2017, more than 7,500 students took part in the competition. Participants must be in full-time school level education in order to qualify for prizes.

## Format

The competition is organised into eight to ten challenges, which are further subdivided into parts A and B. The part A challenge consists of a comparatively simpler cryptogram, and usually provides some useful information to assist in the solving of part B. Part B is usually more complex. In later challenges the cryptograms become harder to break. In the past, part A cryptograms have been encrypted with the Caesar cipher, the Affine cipher, the Keyword cipher, the Transposition cipher, the Vigenère cipher and the 2x2 Hill cipher.
The part B challenges are intended to be harder. These begin with relatively simple substitution ciphers, including the Bacon cipher and Polybius square, before moving on to transposition ciphers, Playfair ciphers and polyalphabetic ciphers such as the Vigenère cipher, the Autokey cipher and the Alberti cipher. In the later stages of the competition, the ADFGVX cipher, the Solitaire cipher, the Double Playfair cipher, the Hill cipher, the Book cipher and versions of the Enigma and Fialka cipher machines have all been used. The 2009 challenge ended with a Jefferson Disk cipher, the 2012 challenge ended with the ADFGVX Cipher, the 2014 with the Playfair Cipher, and the most recent challenge ended with a sectioned Cadenus transposition.

## Prizes

£25 cash prizes are awarded to eight random entrants who submit a correct solution for each part A of the challenge. Leaderboards for the part B challenges are also compiled, based on how accurate solutions are and how quickly the entrant broke the cipher. Prizes are awarded to the top three entrants at the end of the challenge. In the 2009/10 challenge, the sponsors provided several prizes: IBM provided iPod Touches to each member of the team winning the Team Prize, Trinity College provided a cash prize of £700, and GCHQ provided a cash prize of £1000. In previous years prizes such as an IBM Thinkpad laptop have been awarded.
After the challenge the winners of the top prizes and other randomly selected entrants are invited to a day held at Bletchley Park consisting of lectures (with subjects such as the Semantic Web, World War II cryptography and computer programming) and the prize-giving ceremony.
Current sponsors of the competition include GCHQ, IBM, British Computer Society, Trinity College, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Winton Capital Management and EPSRC.
# National Association for Special Educational Needs

The National Association for Special Educational Needs (NASEN) is the leading organisation in the United Kingdom which aims to promote the education, training, advancement and development of all those with special and additional support needs. The organisation provides advice, training and support to education professionals and its work on behalf of its members helps to inform special educational needs policy.

## History

The organisation began in December 1991 when the National Association for Remedial Education (NARE) joined with the National Council for Special Education (NCSE) in order to create NASEN. NASEN now operates at many levels and is open to all those who wish to advance the education of those with special needs.

## Activities

NASEN produces resources such as teaching programmes for special needs education and provides an advisory service to help inform policy on members' behalf. The charity also publishes a range of journals including the British Journal of Special Education, Support for Learning, Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, as well as the education magazine Special.
NASEN runs events and conferences that are focused on developing the professional skills and practices that are needed for working with children and young people with special and additional educational needs and disabilities. The annual NASEN Live offers targeted CPD seminars and helps educators keep abreast of policy changes and changes to schools' statutory responsibilities. In 2017, NASEN's Chief Executive, Dr Adam Boddison, replaced the long-standing 'Special' magazine, with the more modern 'NASEN Connect'.
In 2018, NASEN acquired the Whole School SEND consortium from London Leadership Strategy and Dr Adam Boddison was appointed as Chair of the consortium.
In 2021, Prof Adam Boddison left NASEN to become CEO of the Association for Project Management. Annamarie Hassall MBE was appointed as CEO of NASEN in October 2021.

## Structure

A Board of Trustees govern the affairs of the Association in line with the powers expressed in the Memorandum and Articles of the Association. The Trustees delegate the day-to-day business of the Association to the Chief Executive Officer.
NASEN's Advisory Groups have the responsibility of providing sector-specific intelligence and support to the Trustees and the CEO to ensure the aims and objects of the Association are fully achieved in line with the Strategic Plan.
# Catholic Church in Uzbekistan

The Catholic Church in Uzbekistan is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
In 2020, there were approximately 4000 Catholics in the country of 27 million; this is a decrease of 20% from 2008. They are organized under a single Apostolic Administration of Uzbekistan (missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction). The main church building is Sacred Heart Cathedral, located in Tashkent.

## Activities

Various religious orders such as the Franciscans and Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity have a presence in the country and assist in activities such as caring for the poor, prisoners, and the sick.
There are also attempts to introduce the Catholic charity group Caritas, but has so far been unsuccessful. All missionary and other efforts to convert people to Catholicism from other religions are barred by Uzbek law.
In 2020, there were 9 priests and 12 nuns serving 5 parishes. There are plans to open two more parishes.

## Ecumenical relations

Muslim-Christian relations in the country are positive. There are no official relations between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches in Uzbekistan, however, at the local level priests of the two communities are in dialogue. Relations between Armenian Apostolic Christians, Lutherans and local Catholic communities are positive.
# New York State Route 209

New York State Route 209 may refer to:
* New York State Route 209 (1930–1935) in Orleans County
* U.S. Route 209 in New York, the only route numbered "209" in New York since the mid-1930s
# 407 Arachne

407 Arachne is a large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. It was discovered on 13 October 1895, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory.
407 Arachne has been observed to occult 9 stars between 2002 and 2023.
# Roy Weir

William Franklin "Roy" Weir (February 25, 1911 – September 30, 1989) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched parts of four seasons for the Boston Bees from 1936 until 1939.
During World War II, Wier served in the navy as a gunnery officer. He later had a career with New England Telephone and Illinois Bell.
Born in Portland, Maine, Wier died in Anaheim, California, aged 78.
# Trinidad Andazola House

The Trinidad Andazola House, in the Mimbres Valley near Dwyer, New Mexico (also known as Faywood, New Mexico) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
It is Vernacular New Mexico in style, and was built around 1893.
It is located on the west side of the Mimbres River, opposite the San Jose church, about 50 feet (15 m) southeast of New Mexico State Road 61 and .3 miles (0.48 km) south of the Eby Ranch Road.
It is a stuccoed adobe house with gabled roofs and a stuccoed external chimney. It was the home of Trinidad Andazola, who homesteaded 40 acres (16 ha) on the east side of the Mimbres River. It is "a good example of the Hispanic New Mexico Vernacular type, modified during the historic period under Anglo-American design influences. The original single file section with side facing gables was expanded in traditional fashion by a gabled rear addition and by an Anglo-style shed-roofed front porch."
It was listed on the National Register as part of a 1988 study of historic resources in the Mimbres Valley of Grant County.
# Olivellinae

Olivellinae, are a subfamily of small predatory sea snails with smooth, shiny, elongated oval-shaped shells, in the family Olividae. The shells sometimes show muted but attractive colors, and may have some patterning.
These animals are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Olivoidea, within the order Neogastropoda according to the taxonomy of Bouchet and Rocroi.

## Distribution

Olivella snails are found worldwide, but mostly Ecuador in subtropical and tropical seas and oceans.

## Habitat and habit

These snails are found on sandy substrates intertidally and subtidally. These snails are all carnivorous sand-burrowers.

## Shell description

The shells are basically oval and cylindrical in shape. They have a well-developed stepped spire. Olivella shells have a siphonal notch at the posterior end of the long narrow aperture. The siphon of the living animal protrudes from the siphon notch.
The shell surface is extremely glossy because in life the mantle almost always covers the shell.

## The fossil record

Olive shells first appeared during the Campanian.

## Genera

* Callianax H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853
* Cupidoliva Iredale, 1924
* Olivella Swainson, 1831

### Genera brought into synonymy

* Dactylidia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853: synonym of Olivella Swainson, 1831
* Olivina d'Orbigny, 1841: synonym of Olivella Swainson, 1831
* Olivella biplicata
* Olivella biplicata
# Brachylaima

Brachylaima is a genus of trematodes that can infect the gastrointestinal tract of human beings.

## Epidemiology and transmission

The first documented case of Brachylaima infestation (known as brachylaimiasis) in a human was in 1996, with 8 subsequent cases in the next 4 years. Diagnosis has spread from Australia to other parts of the world, such as the Spanish cities of Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Tudela, Valencia, and Zaragoza. In 2020, it was reported that snails in France were also infected by metacercariae of two species of Brachylaima. Moreover, a study in 2022, from the United Kingdom identified three Brachylaima (Brachylaima arcuate, B. fuscata and B. mesostoma) were present in wild terrestrial gastropod species in the city of Nottingham.
Transmission occurs via the ingestion of infected undercooked (or raw) terrestrial gastropods, such as Cornu aspersum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora). Gastropods act as both the first and second intermediate host in the terrestrial life cycle of Brachylaima species. The first intermediate host harbors asexual sporocysts and produces cercaria through their mucous glands to infect other gastropods via skin to skin contact. The second intermediate host harbors unencysted metacercariae in their kidneys (e.g. Cochlicella acuta, Cernuella virgata and Theba pisana). Definitive hosts of this species include various species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles. It was first believed that the infection of humans was from children who had purposely eaten the snails, and adults have accidentally ingested snails on vegetables and become infected. Though this may be the case in some parts of the world, it has been shown that humans actively ingest these snails as a source of food in some areas. One study showed that the Spanish city of Tudela had a very high prevalence of the parasite in the snails that were sold as food, though this prevalence fluctuates throughout the year, with the peak season being autumn. This prevalence has become a public concern in many Spanish countries due to the spread of brachylaimiasis. Eggs of this species can remain viable in feces/soil for up to twelve months. The sporocyst infection is 7–10 weeks after the eggs have been ingested.

## Clinical features

Clinical features have varied from recurrent short-lived episodic abdominal pain to recurrent severe watery diarrhea, which has a 5-10% mortality rate
Cardiac arrhythmias associated with heart failure refractory to treatment were present in a child infected and completely resolved with anti-helminthic treatment.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is by examination of stools, in search of the eggs of the parasite, but is highly dependent on the skill and technique of the laboratory worker, with previous diagnoses missed by other hospital labs and only noted after examination at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Woodville, Adelaide, South Australia.

## Treatment

Treatment with a round of praziquantel results in complete resolution of symptoms and clearance of eggs from stools.
# Achrosis

Achrosis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, found in Europe, Asia, and Australia.

## Species

These 51 species belong to the genus Achrosis:
* Achrosis addicta Yazaki, 2020
* Achrosis alienata (Walker, 1862)
* Achrosis anagoga (Prout, 1931)
* Achrosis berytana (Rebel, 1911)
* Achrosis calcicola Holloway, [1994]
* Achrosis classeyi Holloway, [1994]
* Achrosis cochinchinensis Tautel, 2020
* Achrosis costimaculata (Moore, 1868)
* Achrosis elegans (West, 1929)
* Achrosis euchroes (Prout, 1917)
* Achrosis excitata (Prout, 1928)
* Achrosis fulvifusa (Warren, 1901)
* Achrosis grammicaria Yazaki, 2020
* Achrosis incitata (Walker, 1862)
* Achrosis innotata (Warren, 1897)
* Achrosis intexta (Swinhoe, 1891)
* Achrosis isochyta Meyrick, 1915
* Achrosis jacquelinae Orhant, 2000
* Achrosis kerangatis Holloway, 1996
* Achrosis likianga (Wehrli, 1940)
* Achrosis lilacina (Warren, 1901)
* Achrosis lithosiaria (Walker, 1862)
* Achrosis longifurca Holloway, [1994]
* Achrosis major Tautel, 2020
* Achrosis multidentata (Warren, 1894)
* Achrosis obliquilineata (Warren, 1893)
* Achrosis pallida (Moore, 1877)
* Achrosis paupera (Butler, 1881)
* Achrosis perfulvata (Prout, 1924)
* Achrosis pudens Tautel, 2020
* Achrosis pulchra (Wileman, 1914)
* Achrosis pulchricolor (Warren, 1906)
* Achrosis purpurascens (Warren, 1894)
* Achrosis pyrrhularia Guenée, [1858]
* Achrosis quadraria Warren, 1893
* Achrosis recitata Holloway, [1994]
* Achrosis rigorata (Prout, 1932)
* Achrosis rondelaria (Fabricius, 1775)
* Achrosis rosearia (Leech, 1891)
* Achrosis rufescens (Butler, 1880)
* Achrosis rufipennis (Warren, 1898)
* Achrosis sandroi Beck & Karisch, 2004
* Achrosis saturata Yazaki, 2020
* Achrosis selinae Beck & Karisch, 2008
* Achrosis semifulva (Pagenstecher, 1886)
* Achrosis semirubra (Warren, 1907)
* Achrosis serpentinaria (Walker, 1866)
* Achrosis spurca (Swinhoe, 1902)
* Achrosis tinctoria Tautel, 2020
* Achrosis transviridis Holloway, [1994]
* Achrosis viridapex (Holloway, 1976)
# Muslims Like Us

Muslims Like Us is a British reality television series shown on BBC Two in December 2016. In the show, ten British Muslims of varying beliefs and backgrounds were placed in a house together. It was produced by Mobeen Azhar.

## Synopsis

The ten housemates came from various backgrounds and beliefs: Nabil Abdulrashid, a comedian of Nigerian heritage; Abdul Haqq, a black former boxer born Anthony Small who believes in strict gender segregation; fashion follower Mehreen Baig; Saba, a 76-year-old white convert born Hilary; Ferhan Khan, who is gay; and Zohra, a Shia Muslim.
Events in the series included the housemates going to feed the homeless, with Baig responding to anti-immigrant sentiments from some of them; Bara hugging a member of the English Defence League in an attempt to change his views; and Abdul Haqq's strict views on gender being challenged by others. Abdul Haqq also refused to give an answer on whether it would be wrong to kill Zohra's Shia family.

## Reception

There was significant debate from Muslim columnists on whether it was appropriate and representative to include a hardliner such as Abdul Haqq, although it was also pointed out that his fellow housemates disagreed vehemently with his views.
The series won Best Reality and Constructed Factual at the 2017 British Academy Television Awards.
In February 2018, a Sydney-based version of the show was shown on Australia's Special Broadcasting Service. This version included a gay man, a bisexual Sufi woman, a woman in a niqab and a non-practising Shia.
# GNG7

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNG7 gene.

## Interactions

GNG7 has been shown to interact with GNB5.
# Gajaraja

Gajaraja, also known as Mahipala, was an early Chudasama king known only from the ballads and folklore of Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India.

## In bardic legends

It is difficult to decide the correct dates of the king as the information about him is derived only from bardic tales and folklore. According to the Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Mahipala had succeeded his father Raisimha.
During his reign, the Raja Vachhraja (Vatsaraja) of Sirsa (now in Haryana) invaded Sorath and marched against Junagadh but was defeated and taken prisoner by Gajaraja. Afterwards Gajaraja sent his senapati (general) Chudamani and an army to north and declared that he would give his daughter Motinade to whomsoever should be able to defeat him. Chudamani marched to Mahoba where resided Ala and Udal, maternal cousins of Mal Khan, son of Vachhraja of Sirsa who had succeeded his father on the throne. They accepted Chudamani's challenge on behalf of Mal Khan and defeated his army. Udal vanquishing Chudamani in single combat. Then the marriage was agreed upon but it was arranged that another battle should take place at Junagadh and each party invited their supporters to fight. On Mal Khan's side was Lakhan of Kanauj, Ramaya of Gujargadh, Raja Prithvipat, Raja Makranda of Mohangadh and others while on Gajaraja's side were many chieftains of equal rank. After some fighting Gajaraja was worsted and Mal Khan was married to Motinade. Gajaraja was succeeded by his son Jayamala.
The historical accuracy of these bardic legends is doubtful.

## Dates and succession

It is difficult to decide the correct dates of the king as the information about him is derived only from bardic tales and folklore. According to the Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, he was a son and the successor of Raisimha and reigned from 1184 CE to 1201 CE and succeeded by Jayamala (1201-1230 CE), Mahipala (1230-1253 CE), Khengara (1253-1260 CE). Khengara was succeeded by Mandalika I (1294-1306 CE).
# Musquash

Musquash may refer to:

## Animals

* Muskrat

## Places

* Musquash Parish, New Brunswick, Canada
** Musquash, New Brunswick, an unincorporated community therein
* Musquash River (Ontario), a river in Ontario, Canada
* Musquash River (New Brunswick), a river in New Brunswick, Canada
* Musquash Island (Minnesota/Wisconsin border), a small island in Pool 8 of the Mississippi River
# Mycobacterium branderi

Mycobacterium branderi is a slowly growing, nonchromogenic Mycobacterium first isolated from patients in Finland. Etymology: of Brander, referring to Eljas Brander, the former head of the Tuberculosis Laboratory of the National Public Health Institute, Finland, who collected the strains.

## Description

Microscopy
* Acid-fast delicate slender rods that are often slightly curved, 1.2 to 3 um long.
Colony characteristics
* Colonies are nonchromogenic and produce smooth, often umbonate, off-white to grayish colonies on Middlebrook 7H11 agar.
Physiology
* Slowly growing, reaching full colony size after 2 to 3 weeks.
* Growth is equally good at 37C and 45C and is only slightly delayed at 25C.
* The type strain is negative for Tween 80 hydrolysis, catalase, urease, and nitrate reductase activities and niacin.
* Strongly positive for arylsulfatase activity in 14-day tests and moderately to weakly positive for nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities.
* In susceptibility tests the type strain was resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and cycloserine but susceptible to ethambutol, streptomycin, ethionamide, and capreomycin.
Differential characteristics
* Differentiation by 16S rRNA sequencing
* Distinguishing of M. branderi from M. celatum by pigment production
* Differentiation of M. branderi from M. xenopi on the basis of good growth of M. branderi at room temperature, the lack of pigment production by M. branderi
* Differentiation of M. branderi and M. cookii: M. cookii is scotochromogenic and does not grow at 37 °C.

## Pathogenesis

* The first strains of M. branderi were isolated from samples obtained from nine patients, some of whom had cavitary mycobacteriosis of the lungs that was resistant to available drugs. In most cases, repeat samples obtained from each patient were positive for acid-fast bacilli as determined by microscopy, and the only cultivable species was M. branderi. M. branderi has to be considered a potential human pathogen.

## Type strain

* Strain 52157 = ATCC 51789 = CIP 104592 = DSM 44624 = JCM 12687.
# Mycobacterium avium silvaticum

Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.
Type strain: strain 6409 = ATCC 49884 = CCUG 47446 = CIP 103317 = DSM 44175.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum Thorel et al. 1990 was previously known as Mycobacterium avium strain wood pigeon.
# Mutan

Mutan is a sticky colorless water-insoluble glucan with predominant α-1-3 linkages is the major component of dental biofilms, which enhances the formation of dental plaque and dental caries. It is a source made from glucans (D-glucose polysaccharides) which are derived form glucose monomers. Little to nothing is known about the alpha glucans that make up the water-insoluble linkages of mutan with dexteran. These values can be derived using NMR techniques.

## Synthesis

Mutan is an extracellular polysaccharide characterized by glucose residues linked through α-1-3 connections. Its synthesis entails transferring monosaccharides from a disaccharide substrate to the elongating oligosaccharide chain's reducing end. Cariogenic and acidophilic oral microorganisms produce mutan via cell-bound or extracellular glucosyltransferases in the presence of dietary sucrose. Mutan structure varies with organism and enzyme type, affecting polymerization, branching, and the ratio of α-1−3 and α-1–6 linkages.

## Clinical significance

As the leading causative agent in oral biofilms, Streptococcus mutans forms an integral part of tooth plaque formation and is the bacteria responsible for degradation of tooth enamel. Glucan sucrase is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of mutans from sucrose, which aids in attachment to hard surfaces such as the facial side of the tooth. While S. mutans is not solely responsible for the function of the biofilm, it creates an EPS (extracellular polysaccharide) environment that provides ideal conditions for countless other species, many of which are acidic and further degrade tooth enamel.
# Galenki RT-70 radio telescope

The Galenki RT-70 radio telescope (Russian: Галёнки РТ-70) is an RT-70 telescope at the East Center for Deep Space Communications, Galenki (Ussuriysk), Russia.
With its 70m antenna diameter, it is among the largest single dish radio telescopes in the world. It forms part of the Soviet Deep Space Network.
Two other RT-70 telescopes are:
* Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope – at the Center for Deep Space Communications, Yevpatoria
* Suffa RT-70 radio telescope – at the Suffa Radio Observatory