OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Polynomial-time counting reduction

In the computational complexity theory of counting problems, a polynomial-time counting reduction is a type of reduction (a transformation from one problem to another) used to define the notion of completeness for the complexity class ♯P. These reductions may also be called polynomial many-one counting reductions or weakly parsimonious reductions; they are analogous to many-one reductions for decision problems and they generalize the parsimonious reductions.

## Definition

A polynomial-time counting reduction is usually used to transform instances of a known-hard problem $X$ into instances of another problem $Y$ that is to be proven hard. It consists of two functions $f$ and $g$, both of which must be computable in polynomial time. The function $f$ transforms inputs for $X$ into inputs for $Y$, and the function $g$ transforms outputs for $Y$ into outputs for $X$.
These two functions must preserve the correctness of the output. That is, suppose that one transforms an input $x$ for problem $X$ to an input $y=f(x)$ for problem $Y$, and then one solves $y$ to produce an output $z$. It must be the case that the transformed output $g(z)$ is the correct output for the original input $x$. That is, if the input-output relations of $X$ and $Y$ are expressed as functions, then their function composition must obey the identity $X=g\circ Y\circ f$. Alternatively, expressed in terms of algorithms, one possible algorithm for solving $X$ would be to apply $f$ to transform the problem into an instance of $Y$, solve that instance, and then apply $g$ to transform the output of $Y$ into the correct answer for $X$.

## Relation to other kinds of reduction

As a special case, a parsimonious reduction is a polynomial-time transformation $f$ on the inputs to problems that preserves the exact values of the outputs. Such a reduction can be viewed as a polynomial-time counting reduction, by using the identity function as the function $g$.

## Applications in complexity theory

A functional problem (specified by its inputs and desired outputs) belongs to the complexity class ♯P if there exists a non-deterministic Turing machine that runs in polynomial time, for which the output to the problem is the number of accepting paths of the Turing machine. Intuitively, such problems count the number of solutions to problems in the complexity class NP. A functional problem $Y$ is said to be ♯P-hard if there exists a polynomial-time counting reduction from every problem $X$ in ♯P to $Y$. If, in addition, $Y$ itself belongs to ♯P, then $Y$ is said to be ♯P-complete. (Sometimes, as in Valiant's original paper proving the completeness of the permanent of 0–1 matrices, a weaker notion of reduction, Turing reduction, is instead used for defining ♯P-completeness.)
The usual method of proving a problem $Y$ in ♯P to be ♯P-complete is to start with a single known ♯P-complete problem $X$ and find a polynomial-time counting reduction from $X$ to $Y$. If this reduction exists, then there exists a reduction from any other problem in ♯P to $Y$, obtained by composing a reduction from the other problem to $X$ with the reduction from $X$ to $Y$.
# Torotoro, Bolivia

Torotoro (or Toro Toro) is a town in the Charcas Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia.
Torotoro was founded in the late colonial period by mestizo migrants from Cochabamba and legally confirmed as a municipality (municipio) on 21 November 1883. The municipality has an area of 1,169 km² and a population of 10,535 (2001).
Torotoro lies at an altitude of 2,676 m. It can only be reached by road from Estancia Sucusuma at the Río Caine. The town is at the centre of Torotoro National Park. It is 140 km south of Cochabamba.
18°8′3″S 65°45′48″W﻿ / ﻿18.13417°S 65.76333°W﻿ / -18.13417; -65.76333
# Rising Moon: Setting Sun

Rising Moon: Setting Sun is the third studio album by American metalcore band Sirens and Sailors. The album was released on August 7, 2015 through Artery Recordings.

## Personnel

Credits by Allmusic

### Sirens and Sailors

* Kyle Bihrle - lead vocals
* Doug Court - drums
* Todd Golder - rhythm guitar, clean vocals
* Jimm Lindsley - lead guitar
* Steven Goupil - bass

### Production

* Kellen McGregor - Producer
* Brian Hood - Engineer, mastering, mixing
* Jordon Rigby - Engineer
* Josiah Moore - Art Direction, design
# New Beginnings (Gerald Albright album)

New Beginnings is an album by Gerald Albright. It was nominated for Best Pop Instrumental Album at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007 which became his first nomination in that category in his music career.

## Track listing

* "We Got The Groove" (Gerald Albright, Jeff Lorber) - 4:07
* "New Beginnings" (Albright) - 5:10
* "Deep into My Soul" (Albright, Lorber) - 4:04
* "And the Beat Goes On" - 4:36
* "Georgia on My Mind" - 5:23
* "Take Your Time" (Albright, Lorber) - 4:35
* "I Want Somebody" (Albright, Chuckii Booker) - 4:28
* "You Are My Love" (Albright, Luther Hanes) - 5:15
* "Last But Not Least" (Albright) - 4:38
* "I Need You" (Albright, Booker) - 3:53
* "Big Shoes" (Albright, Lorber, Marion McClain) - 5:09
* "Georgia on My Mind" (reprise) - 3:52

## Personnel

* Gerald Albright – alto saxophone, baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone, flute, bass guitar (1, 3, 4, 6-11), drum programming (1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 12), arrangements
* Jeff Lorber – keyboards (1, 3, 6), guitars (1, 3, 6), arrangements (1, 3, 6, 11), drum programming (3, 6)
* Tracy Carter – keyboards (2, 5, 9, 12), arrangements (2, 5, 9, 12)
* Patrice Rushen – acoustic piano solo (2)
* Rex Rideout – keyboards (4), drum programming (4), arrangements (4)
* Chuckii Booker – keyboards (7, 10), drum programming (7, 10), arrangements (7, 10), backing vocals (10)
* Luther Hanes – keyboards (8), backing vocals (8), arrangements (8)
* Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars (1, 3, 11)
* John "Jubu" Smith – guitars (2, 5, 12)
* Darrell Crooks – guitars (4)
* Rick Watford – guitars (8, 9)
* Marlon McClain – guitars (11)
* Melvin Lee Davis – bass guitar (2, 5, 12)
* Teddy Campbell – drums (1, 3, 6, 11)
* Anthony Moore – drums (2, 5, 12)
* Chris Botti – trumpet (11)
* Walter Scott – vocals (4)
* Wallace "Scotty" Scott – vocals (4)

## Production

* Andi Howard – executive producer
* Mark Wexler – executive producer
* Jeff Lorber – producer (1, 3, 6, 11), engineer (1, 3, 6, 11)
* Gerald Albright – engineer (1, 3, 4, 6-11), producer (2, 5, 9, 12)
* Rex Rideout – producer (4), engineer (4)
* Chuckii Booker – producer (7, 10), engineer (7, 10)
* Luther Hanes – producer (8)
* Dave Rideau – engineer (1, 3, 6, 11)
* Anthony Jeffries – engineer (2, 5, 12)
* Tracy Carter – engineer (9)
* Sonny Mediana – art direction
* MAD Design – art direction
* Carl Studna – photography
* Phil Collins – liner notes
* Chapman Management – management
Studios
* Recorded at JHL Sound (Pacific Palisades, California); Castle Oaks Studio (Calabasas, California); Riverphio Studios (Anaheim, California); KAR Studios and Da Crib Studio (Sherman Oaks, California).
# The Scythe of Time

The Scythe of Time may refer to:
* a humorous short story by Edgar Allan Poe, later published as "A Predicament"
* "Scythe of Time," a track on Grave Digger's album The Grave Digger based on Poe's story
# Pál Gábor

Pál Gábor (2 November 1932 – 21 October 1987) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter. He directed 20 films between 1962 and 1987. In 1979, he was a member of the jury at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival.
His most famous work was 1978's Angi Vera, about a woman in a re-education camp in post-war Hungary. His films usually focused on the concerns of people in communist Hungary.

## Selected filmography

* Tiltott terület (1968)
* Horizont (1970)
* Utazás Jakabbal (1972)
* A járvány (1975)
* Angi Vera (1978)
* Kettévált mennyezet (1981)
* Hosszú vágta (1983)
* A menyasszony gyönyörű volt (1986)
# Maulvi Abdul Karim

Maulvi Abdul Karim is an Afghan leader of the Taliban militant organization and currently the Deputy Minister of Justice since 14 March 2022. Karim has also been a member of the Taliban negotiating team in Qatar office.
Karim is from Herat province. He is considered a close associate of Mullah Baradar.
# Planolites

Planolites is an ichnogenus found throughout the Ediacaran and the Phanerozoic that is made during the feeding process of worm-like animals. The traces are generally small, 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in), unlined, and rarely branched, with fill that differs from the host rock.

## Distribution

Planolites fossils have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, Antarctica, and the Americas (with most specimens found in North America).

## Ichnospecies

Ichnospecies in Planolites include:
* P. annularis Walcott, 1890
* P. annularius Walcott, 1890
* P. ballandus Webby, 1970
* P. beverleyensis Billings, 1862
* P. incipiens (Billings, 1861)
* P. montanus Richter, 1937
* P. reticulatus Alpert, 1975
* P. serpens Webby, 1970
* P. striatus (Hall, 1852)
* P. terraenovae Fillion and Pickerill, 1990
* P. virgatus (Hall, 1847)
# Charles Mosier

Charles Mosier (March 23, 1941 – July 28, 2006) was the General Bishop of the Pentecostal Church of God based in Joplin, Missouri from 2005 until his death of cancer in 2006.

## Early life

Bishop Mosier was born in Campbell, Missouri to John V. and Kathleen Mosier. He was a graduate of Chelsea High School, Chelsea, Michigan and he received his Associate of Arts from Evangelical Christian College and an Honorary Doctorate from School of Bible Theology.
On April 1, 1961 he married Barbara Ann White. He is survived by two daughters, Deborah Ann Brannon and husband Michael of Flint, MI, Patricia Ann Kilbreath and husband Timothy of Burton, MI; three brothers, Clyde E. of Williamsville, MO, Ronald D. of Kansas City, MO, and Gary W. of Tulsa, OK.

## Duties

Since 1961, Rev. Mosier has served in various capacities in the Pentecostal Church of God. He began his full-time ministry in 1961 as the pastor of Bethel Tabernacle in Jackson, MI. He also pastored Jackson Avenue Pentecostal Church of God in Ann Arbor, MI. After serving in various District positions, he pastored Glad Tidings Tabernacle of Flint, MI. During his forty-five years of ministry, he served the Pentecostal Church of God in the following capacities: 5 years as Michigan District PYPA (Pentecostal Young People's Association) President, 9 years as Michigan District Secretary/Treasurer, 7 ½ years as Michigan District Superintendent, 14 years as Assistant General Superintendent, 10 years as World Missions Director, 38 years as a Member of the Pentecostal Church of God General Board, and 11 months as General Bishop.
# Brachylampis

Brachylampis is a genus of fireflies in the family Lampyridae. There are at least two described species in Brachylampis.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Brachylampis.
* Brachylampis blaisdelli Van Dyke, 1939
* Brachylampis sanguinicollis Van Dyke, 1939
# Nessia hickanala

Nessia hickanala, also known as the shark-headed snake skink and Hickanala nessia, is a species of skink endemic to island of Sri Lanka.

## Description

Midbody scales rows 2–21. Body is elongated and limbless. Head flattened, wedge-shaped. Eyes greatly reduced. Lower eyelid comprising three transparent scales. Ears are small. Dorsal scales enlarged. Dorsum and venter are pinkish brown. Scales dark brown.

## Distribution and habitat

A fossorial skink, known only from the dry North West. One specimen was found from a depth of 6 cm under a heap of coconut branches at Pomparippu, Snout 8 km from the coast. Species is also known from Wilpattu National Park.

## Ecology and diet

Inhabits lowlands, under 50m.

## Reproduction

2 eggs are laid in loose soil.
# Mickaël Vendetta

Mickaël Adon (French pronunciation:; born October 3, 1987, in Paris), better known as Mickaël Vendetta, is a French Internet phenomenon and entrepreneur whose notoriety followed upon the buzz he created on the internet through his personal blog.

## Background

He lists as his personal objectives, to become an actor, to market a clothing line, and release a single of house music. He also considers becoming a politician like Arnold Schwarzenegger, and, along with Bernard Tapie, supports Nicolas Sarkozy.

## Career

Vendetta worked briefly in real estate before leaving that business to develop his philosophy of "Bogossitude" ("good looking guy-ness") and promoting it on his blog and in media. He created a buzz by publishing partly naked videos of him on his personal blog, showing his physique and establishing having a strong personality, by being purposefully arrogant and pretentious in order to gain public response.
He appeared on the site Trendywebtv.com, a site which had previously produced Cindy Sander.
Vendetta appeared on various TV and radio shows and acted for several TV commercial spots for Pringles chips, produced a house music single, and won La Ferme Célébrités (Celebrity Farm) (2010). He has produced a house music single named "The bogoss Life" on XIII Bis Records, as well as making appearances in business schools and night clubs.

### Television and radio

Among the shows in which Vendetta has appeared are La méthode Cauet (The Cauet Method) on TF1, Chez Morandini on Direct8, LCI, as well as on Swiss TV and on Virgin Radio. His appearance on La méthode Cauet made the audience of the show become quite heated in response.

## Critique

While he was part of the cast, and eventual winner, of La Ferme Célébrités 2010, the media had earlier criticized him for being arrogant, conceited and contemptuous. In 2008, David Abiker of France Info compared Vendetta to Paris Hilton, in that he was engaged in a similar race for notoriety. Ecrans called Vendetta "une marchandise dont le contenu n'est rien d'autre que son propre message publicitaire" (a commodity whose content is nothing other than his own publicity).
# The Scythe (short story)

"The Scythe" is a short story by American author Ray Bradbury. It was originally published in the July 1943 issue of Weird Tales. It was first collected in Bradbury's anthology Dark Carnival and later collected, in revised form, in The October Country and The Stories of Ray Bradbury.

## Plot summary

Through an odd stroke of luck, a poor family inherits a house, the wheat field surrounding it, and a strange scythe with the inscription "Who wields me--wields the world!" Every day the man of the family goes out to use the scythe in the field, but he notices strange things about the wheat and the way it grows. Over time, he comes to realize that every blade of wheat represents a human life, and that by accepting the house, the field and the scythe, he has unwittingly accepted the job of Grim Reaper.
# Pál Harrer

Pál Harrer (18 October 1829 – 27 July 1914) was a Hungarian councillor and politician, who served as the first and only Mayor of Óbuda from 10 November 1872 until its unification with the towns of Buda and Pest to form Budapest in 1873.

## Biography

Pál Harrer was born into a poor farming family of Swabian origin as the son of Pál Harrer Sr. and Katalin Thaller. His mother tongue was the German language. Due to a congenital disorder affecting his left hand, Harrer chose an administrative career after finishing his secondary studies in Esztergom and Buda. Because of his family's financial situation, he was unable to start his studies in higher education. He entered civil service in 1848, working as a clerk at the Óbuda local government. He was appointed notary of Óbuda on 1 January 1850, when the town was administratively attached to Buda.
In 1872, Óbuda received the status of "town with settled council" (or borough) from King Francis Joseph. Harrer was elected the first mayor of the town on 10 November 1872. He held the position until the election of the first Mayor of Budapest, Károly Kamermayer, on 4 November 1873. Harrer actively supported the merger process. After the unification, Harrer functioned as prefect of Óbuda (3rd district or prefecture of Budapest, today called Óbuda-Békásmegyer) until his retirement in 1886.
His son was the jurist and MP Ferenc Harrer, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1919, and was a key promoter of the establishment of Greater Budapest.
Harrer's life-size bronze statue sculpted by László Kutas was unveiled on 5 March 2010 in Óbuda, next to the town hall. A local secondary grammar school is also named after him.

## Sources

* Harrer, Ferenc (1968). Egy magyar polgár élete [=The Life of a Hungarian Bourgeois] (in Hungarian). Gondolat Kiadó.
# Charles Brunier

Charles Brunier (31 May 1901 – 26 January 2007) was a French convicted murderer and veteran of both the First and Second World Wars, who claimed in 2005 to have been the inspiration for Papillon. Circumstantial evidence, including his butterfly tattoo and him having been on Devil's Island at the time, supported the claim.

## Biography

Born in Paris, Brunier served in Syria in 1918 and was wounded in action, also receiving the Croix de Guerre for saving a lieutenant's life. In 1923, however, he was accused of murder and armed robbery, and later convicted; his military medals were revoked as a result, and he was not on the official list of French World War I veterans although he did serve.
Brunier was sent to the penal colony off the coast of French Guiana. After the outbreak of World War II he escaped to Mexico and joined the Free French Forces as a fighter pilot, serving in the Battle of the Caribbean for two years before transferring to the infantry under Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, and also in Africa (where Charles de Gaulle personally decorated him) and Italy; he was imprisoned again after the war, but released in 1948 in recognition of his services.
In 1992, Brunier moved into an old people's home in the suburbs of the French capital, where he lived until his death in 2007 at the age of 105.
# Plaza Insurgentes

Plaza Insurgentes is an enclosed neighborhood shopping center along Avenida Insurgentes in Colonia Roma, Mexico City. It opened in 1999 on the site of the first Sears Mexico store which had opened in 1947 and was subdivided to add mall stores. When the Sears was built, it was far from the upscale shopping districts at that time, downtown along Avenida Juárez and the department stores just south of the Zócalo.
Plaza Insurgentes is anchored by a Sears, Sanborns restaurant and junior department store, and a Cinemex multicinema. It measures 8,327 square metres (89,630 sq ft) of gross leasable area with 31 stores distributed over 2 levels, with parking for 807 cars and 150,000 visitors per month. A freestanding Woolworth and multistory freestanding Miniso also line Avenida Insurgentes nearby, forming a small shopping district.
# Charles Morton Aikman

Charles Morton Aikman FRSE FIC FCS (10 May 1861 – 14 November 1902) was a 19th century Scottish agricultural chemist and scientific author.

## Life

He was born on 10 May 1861, the son of Glasgow merchant and shipping agent Thomson Aikman (1817-1893) and his wife Janet Morton (1815-1857). They lived at Hamilton Crescent in Partick.
He studied Sciences at Glasgow University specialising in Organic Chemistry. He graduated MA in 1883, gaining a further BSc in 1885 and a doctorate (DSc) in 1894.
In 1888 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Andrew Peebles Aitken, James Burgess Readman, William Dittmar and Thomas A. G. Balfour. At this stage he was living at Middlefield House in Partickhill.
In 1891 he began lecturing in Chemistry at Glasgow University. In 1893 (aged only 32) he was created Professor of Chemistry at Glasgow Veterinary College.
In 1900 his address was given as 21 Snowdon Place in Stirling.
He died on 14 November 1902 and is memorialised on the family stone in the Glasgow Necropolis.

## Publications

* Potash Manuring
* The Food of Crops and How to Apply It
* Milk its Nature and Composition (1895)
* The Book of the Dairy
* Farmyard Manure: Its Nature, Composition and Treatment
* Manures and the Principles of Manuring (1910)
# Ponte da Barca, Vila Nova da Muía e Paço Vedro de Magalhães

Ponte da Barca, Vila Nova da Muía e Paço Vedro de Magalhães is a parish in Ponte da Barca Municipality, Viana do Castelo District, Minho-Lima Subregion, Norte Region, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Ponte da Barca, Vila Nova da Muía and Paço Vedro de Magalhães. The population in 2011 was 4,372, in an area of 8.84 km$^2$.
# Brachylaimidae

Brachylaimidae is a family of parasitic flukes in the sub-class Digenea. Adults are usually found within the digestive tracts and other organs of mammals or birds and have a complex three-stage life cycle.

## Characteristics

The adult body is elongate or occasionally oval or subglobular. sometimes with fine spines. The suckers are well-developed and usually at the anterior end. There is usually a prepharynx, the pharynx is muscular, the oesophagus, if present, is short and the caeca long, terminating near the posterior end. The gonads are posterior to the ventral sucker and the genital pore opens on the ventral surface.

## Hosts

Adult flukes in this family are found in mammals, birds and occasionally amphibians. There are two intermediate hosts, both terrestrial molluscs. The cercariae leave the first intermediate host with easily shed, rudimentary tails and the metacercariae in the second intermediate host may or may not be encysted.
# Acrocercops epiclina

Acrocercops epiclina is a moth of the family Gracillariidae, known from Assam, India. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918.
# Dixeia capricornus

Dixeia capricornus, the Capricorn white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and Angola. The habitat consists of forests.

## Subspecies

* Dixeia capricornus capricornus (eastern Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, southern Nigeria, western and central Cameroon)
* Dixeia capricornus falkensteinii (Dewitz, 1879) (southern Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola)
# Microhyla fusca

Microhyla fusca (common names: brown rice frog or Dalat pigmy frog) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Vietnam: it is only known from its type locality, Da Lat on Lang Biang Plateau in southern Vietnam. Its natural habitats are swamps, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. Its status is insufficiently known.
# The Summer (ATB song)

"The Summer" is a single released by ATB from his album Two Worlds.

## CD single track listings
### The Summer (Germany release 1)

* "The Summer" (Airplay Mix) – 3:49
* "The Summer" (Clubb Mix) – 7:09
* "The Summer" (Instrumental Clubb Version) – 6:30
* "The Summer" (Ibiza Influence Version) – 5:31

### The Summer (Germany release 2)

* "The Summer" (Airplay Mix) – 3:47
* "The Summer" (Clubb Mix) – 7:04

### The Summer (Australia release)

* "The Summer" (Airplay Mix) – 3:49
* "The Summer" (Clubb Mix) – 7:09
* "The Summer" (Instrumental Clubb Version) – 6:30
* "The Summer" (Ibiza Influence Version) – 5:31
* "The Summer" (Enhanced Video)

### The Summer (Portugal release)

* "The Summer" (Airplay Edit) – 3:49
* "The Summer" (Clubb Mix) – 7:09
* "The Summer" (Instrumental Clubb Version) – 6:30

## Charts

Chart performance for "The Summer" :
| Chart (2000) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 61 |
| Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) | 82 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 20 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 21 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 72 |
| Portugal (AFP) | 10 |
| Romania (Romanian Top 100) | 1 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 47 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 46 |
# Pyretaulax

Pyretaulax is a genus of moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It contains only one species, Pyretaulax miltogramma, which is found on Java.