OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tina Loo

Tina Merrill Loo FRSC (born 1962) is a Canadian historian. Loo is a professor of history at the University of British Columbia (UBC) with interests in Canadian, legal and environmental history. At UBC she has held a Canada Research Chair in Environmental History and a Brenda and David McLean Chair in Canadian Studies.

## Career and honours

Loo received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of British Columbia in 1984, a Master of Arts degree from the University of Toronto in 1986, and her PhD from UBC in 1990. Prior to joining UBC's Department of History in 2003, Loo taught at McGill University, where she was the youngest-ever holder of the Seagram Chair of Canadian Studies, and Simon Fraser University. In 2003 Loo was appointed by then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to an Advisory Committee for the development of the Canada History Centre. She is a Fellow at the University of Toronto's Centre of Criminology. Loo also trained as a climate change educator as part of the Climate Reality Project.
Loo's research has won numerous accolades. Her 1994 book Making Law, Order, and Authority in British Columbia won the Canadian Historical Association's 1995 Clio Prize for the best book in British Columbia and/or Yukon history. Her 2006 book States of Nature was awarded the 2007 Sir John A. Macdonald Prize (now the CHA Best Scholarly Book in Canadian History Prize) for the best book in Canadian history from the CHA, and was short-listed for the Association's 2010 François-Xavier Garneau Medal. The book was also the winner of the 2008 Harold Adams Innis Prize for best English book in the Social Sciences from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Loo's 2011 article, co-written with Meg Stanley, "An Environmental History of Progress," won the 2011 Canadian Historical Review award for best article. Her latest book, Moved by the State, was awarded the CHA's 2020 Best Book in Political History Prize.
In 2016 Loo was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

## Selected works

* Making Law, Order, and Authority in British Columbia, 1821-1871. University of Toronto Press, 1994.
* States of Nature: Conserving Canada's Wildlife in the Twentieth Century. UBC Press, 2006.
* "Disturbing the Peace: Environment and Justice on a Northern River." Environmental History special issue on Canada. 12 (4): 895-919. 2007.
* "An Environmental History of Progress: Damming the Peace and Columbia Rivers." With Meg Stanley. Canadian Historical Review. 92 (3): 399-427. September 2011.
* "High Modernism, Conflict, and the Nature of Change in Canada: A Look at Seeing Like a State." Canadian Historical Review. 97 (1): 34-58. 2016.
* Moved by the State: Forced Relocation and Making a Good Life in Postwar Canada. UBC Press, 2019.
# Pseudophoxinus antalyae

Pseudophoxinus antalyae, also known as the Antalya minnow or Antalya spring minnow, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found only in Turkey. Its natural habitats are rivers and intermittent rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Tjoflot

Tjoflot is a village in the municipality of Ullensvang in Norway's Hardanger district, in Vestland county.
Tjoflot lies next to the sea on the Oksen Peninsula, with Hardanger Fjord in front of the village to the southwest and Mount Oksen (1,241 meters or 4,072 feet) rising behind it. The village obtained a road connection in 1984.
The origin of the village name Tjoflot, as the toponym is written today, is uncertain. Descendants from Ytrabødn (also known as Garen or Erlingsgarden), the main farm in the settlement, usually write their surname as Tjoflot or Tjoflaat.
Genealogical records show that the toponym was previously spelled Þiodaflar in 1378, Thiodhaflar in 1427, Tiodaaflaa in 1463, Tyofflo in 1521, and Thioflodt in 1667. The locals say that Tjod (or Þjod) means 'people' and that the name originates from the location of an old assembly site at a level area where such an assembly could be held.
* The boathouse area inside the bay at Tjoflot
* View from Tjoflot across Samla Fjord in Hardanger Fjord in July 2006
* View from Tjoflot toward Kinsarvik and Lofthus in Hardanger Fjord. In the foreground the fjord splits into South Fjord and Eid Fjord.

## Notable people

Notable people that were born or lived in Tjoflot include:
* Nils Tjoflot (1865–1898), violinist
# Ptolemaeus (lunar crater)

Ptolemaeus is an ancient lunar impact crater close to the center of the near side, named for Claudius Ptolemy, the Greco-Roman writer, mathematician, astronomer, geographer and astrologer. It measures approximately 154 kilometers in diameter.

## Description

To the south-southwest, Ptolemaeus is joined to the rim of the crater Alphonsus by a section of rugged, irregular terrain, and these form a prominent chain with Arzachel to the south. To the southeast is Albategnius and to the north is the smaller but well-defined Herschel.
The features of Ptolemaeus are highlighted when the Sun is at low angles during the first and last quarter. At full Moon the Sun is directly overhead and the crater contours become more difficult to discern.
The crater has a low, irregular outer rim that is heavily worn and impacted with multiple smaller craters. The rim has a discernibly polygonal shape, although overall it remains circular. The largest of the peaks along the rim, designated Ptolemaeus Gamma (γ), has an altitude of 2.9 km and is located along the northwest rim. The crater has no central peak, a lava-flooded floor, and lacks a ray system. Impact sites of this form are often classified as walled plains, due to their resemblance to the maria.
The somewhat dark-hued floor of Ptolemaeus is notable for several ghost craters, formed where lava has covered a pre-existing crater. These leave only a slight rise where the rim existed, and are difficult to detect except at low angles of sunlight. There are also multiple smaller craters across the floor surface, most notably Ammonius in the northeastern quadrant.
On either side of this crater are linear, irregular gashes in the lunar surface, forming valley-like features. These features are approximately parallel to each other and radiate from the direction of Mare Imbrium to the north-northwest.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Ptolemaeus.
| Ptolemaeus | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| B | 7.9° S | 0.7° W | 17 km |
| C | 10.1° S | 3.3° W | 3 km |
| D | 8.2° S | 2.5° W | 4 km |
| E | 10.2° S | 4.5° W | 32 km |
| G | 7.1° S | 0.1° E | 7 km |
| H | 7.1° S | 5.4° W | 7 km |
| J | 9.6° S | 5.4° W | 5 km |
| K | 8.2° S | 4.6° W | 8 km |
| L | 8.8° S | 4.0° W | 4 km |
| M | 9.4° S | 3.4° W | 3 km |
| O | 7.2° S | 3.6° W | 5 km |
| P | 11.4° S | 3.2° W | 4 km |
| R | 6.7° S | 1.2° W | 6 km |
| S | 10.5° S | 0.5° W | 4 km |
| T | 7.5° S | 0.0° E | 7 km |
| W | 9.1° S | 1.4° E | 4 km |
| X | 10.9° S | 0.3° E | 4 km |
| Y | 9.3° S | 0.7° E | 6 km |
The following crater has been renamed by the IAU.
* Ptolemaeus A — See Ammonius.
# Copper(II) lactate

Copper(II) lactate, also referred to as cupric lactate, is the chemical compound with the formula Cu(C$_3$H$_5$O$_3$)$_2$. It is a green powder that readily dissolves in hot water to form a green solution, often more blue than the acetate. This complex has been used to modify the solubility of copper(II) in alkaline media, which allows controlled electrodeposition of cuprous oxide.
# Pseudopyrausta marginalis

Pseudopyrausta marginalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in Panama and North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska, Quebec, Texas and Wisconsin.
The wingspan is 14–15 mm. Adults are on wing from May to November.
# Cantalice

Cantalice is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Rome and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northeast of Rieti.
# Chauvin, Alberta

Chauvin (/ˈʃoʊvən/ SHOH-vən) is a village in east central Alberta, Canada. It is located 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Wainwright, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the Saskatchewan border. It is also the home of Susie the Softball, the world's largest softball.

## History

Chauvin started as a railroad siding in 1908. It was incorporated as a village in 1912. The village has the name of George Von Chauvin, a railroad official.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Chauvin had a population of 304 living in 143 of its 162 total private dwellings, a change of -9.3% from its 2016 population of 335. With a land area of 2.22 km$^2$ (0.86 sq mi), it had a population density of 136.9/km$^2$ (354.7/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Chauvin recorded a population of 335 living in 145 of its 156 total private dwellings, a 0.3% change from its 2011 population of 334. With a land area of 2.24 km$^2$ (0.86 sq mi), it had a population density of 149.6/km$^2$ (387.3/sq mi) in 2016.
The population of the Village of Chauvin according to its 2016 municipal census is 345, a 1.5% change from its 2011 municipal census population of 340.
# China War Medal (1842)

The China War Medal was issued by the British Government in 1843 to members of the British and Indian forces who took part in the First Opium War (1839–42). The medal was designed by William Wyon.

## Recipients

The China War Medal was originally intended by the Governor-General of India, in October 1842, to be awarded exclusively to all ranks of the Honourable East India Company's Forces. Instead, in 1843, under the direction of Queen Victoria, the British Government authorised its award to all members of the British Army, Royal Navy and the Indian Army and Navy, who had belonged to units that had "served with distinction" in China between 5 July 1840 and 29 August 1842. The award covered the following actions:
* Canton River operations of 1841 (First and Second Battle of Canton).
* First and second capture of Chusan, in 1840 and 1841.
* Battles of Amoy, Ningpo, Chinhai, Tzeki, Chapu, Woosung, in the Yangtze River, and the assault of Chinkiang.
This campaign became known as the First Opium War, ending in the seizure of Nanking. The resultant treaty opened five ports to trade, and ceded Hong Kong to Great Britain.

## Description

Obverse: the diademed head of Queen Victoria with the legend "VICTORIA REGINA". Reverse: a shield bearing the Royal coat of arms with a palm tree and trophy of arms behind, with the inscription "ARMIS EXPOSCERE PACIM" above and "CHINA 1842" in the exergue below.
This reverse design was also used for the Second and Third China War Medals.
The First China War Medal's reverse was originally designed depicting the British lion trampling on the fallen Chinese dragon. However, this was considered too insensitive to the Chinese and so the reverse described above was used, although a number of specimens of the first type were made.
The non-swiveling suspender is plain and straight being sweated directly to the medal.
The 35 millimetres (1.4 in) wide ribbon is crimson with wide yellow edges, the crimson representing the heraldic colour of Great Britain, and the yellow the imperial colour of China.
No clasps were authorised for this medal.
The medals were named in bold block capital letters with stars used to fill in the spaces as on the Waterloo Medal. However, since new punches were used for this medal the naming appears somewhat sharper than on Waterloo Medal examples.
Recipients of this medal who also qualified for the Second China War Medal in 1861 received a clasp inscribed China 1842 to add to their existing medal, in addition to any clasps relating to the second war to which they were entitled. Although these clasps were intended to be fixed to the earlier medal, the different width and style of the two suspenders meant that it was not clear how this was to be done. As a result, the clasps were often simply slipped over the ribbon which was sometimes replaced with the narrower 32mm type supplied with the second medal. Other recipients of the earlier medal replaced the original suspender with one similar to that found on the second medal.
# Peest

Peest is a village in the Netherlands and it is part of the Noordenveld municipality in Drenthe. The Airport Norg used to be located near the village.

## History

Peest is an esdorp which developed around the heath. It was first mentioned around 1300 as "apud Peest". The etymology of the name is unclear. The farms which were constructed prior to 1850 are parallel to the communal pasture while the later farms are at right angles. In 1840, the village had 80 inhabitants.
The hunebed (dolmen) D5 [nl] is located of the road to Zeijen.

## Airport Norg

In the summer of 1940, the German authorities started to construct Fliegerhorst Norg near Peest. 2,500 workers were brought in to build an airport with three runways on a 280 hectares (690 acres) terrain. The airport suffered from serious drainage problems and was hardly ever used. A large pond was made in the centre to solve the drainage problem, but to no avail. The road around the pond was named Hitlerring.
Even though the airport had operational problems, it was mined in April 1945 by French paratroopers. After the war, the airport was used a dump site for ammunition. Between 1999 and 2011, there was de-fusion operation to remove the 200,000 pieces of ammunition from the site.
The airport seemingly resembles a swastika from the air, however that is a visual illusion. The Germans even painted to roads in order to obscure the airport from view.

## Gallery

* Farm in Peest
* Pumping station for the airstrip
* House in Peest
* Fuel storage at Airport Norg
# 2024 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

The men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2024 African Championships in Athletics was held on 23 and 24 June in Douala, Cameroon.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Ghana Fuseini Ibrahim Isaac Botsio Edwin Gadayi Abdul-Rasheed Saminu | Nigeria Kanyinsola Ajayi Usheoritse Itsekiri Alaba Akintola Godson Oghenebrume Alexander Chukwukelu* Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ojeli* | Ivory Coast Gnamien Nehemie N'Goran Ismael Koné Arthur Gue Cissé Kouadio Éric Kouame Jacky Yapo Uleich Adzeu* |
*Athletes who competed in heats only

## Results
### Heats

Qualification: First 2 teams of each heat (Q) plus the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Ivory Coast | Gnamien Nehemie N'Goran, Ismael Koné, Jacky Yapo Uleich Adzeu, Kouadio Éric Kouame | 39.53 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Senegal | Boubacar Drame, Mamadou Fall Sarr, Omar Ndoye, Moulaye Sonko | 39.61 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Liberia | Akeem Sirleaf, Emmanuel Matadi, Jabez Reeves, John Sherman | 40.00 | |
| 1 | 2 | Botswana | Thapelo Monaiwa, Mothusi Boitshwarelo, Tumo Stagato van Wyk, Letsile Tebogo | 38.7 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | South Africa | Bayanda Walaza, Sinesipho Dambile, Bradley Nkoana, Benjamin Richardson | 39.0 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Kenya | Meshack Babu, Mike Nyang'au, Mark Odhiambo, Samuel Waweru | 39.4 | q |
| 4 | 2 | Namibia | Hatago Murere, Elvis Gaseb, Onesmus Nekundi, Gilbert Hainuca | 39.7 | q |
| 5 | 2 | Cameroon | Ibrahima Hamayadji, Raphael Ngaguele Mberlina, Emmanuel Eseme, Appolinaire Yimra | 40.4 | |
| 1 | 3 | Ghana | Fuseini Ibrahim, Isaac Botsio, Edwin Gadayi, Abdul-Rasheed Saminu | 39.15 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Nigeria | Alexander Chukwukelu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ojeli, Alaba Akintola, Usheoritse Itsekiri | 39.52 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Gambia | Sengan Jobe, Alieu Joof, Ebrahima Camara, Adama Jammeh | 39.79 | |
| 4 | 3 | Eswatini | Mcebo Mkhaliphi, Mlandvo Maziya, Sibusiso Matsenjwa, Thandaza Zwane | 39.82 | |
| 5 | 3 | Benin | Rémi Adandjo, Jerome Kounou, Jules Waiga, Didier Kiki | 42.41 | |
| | 3 | Zimbabwe | Dickson Kamungeremu, Gerren Muwishi, Tapiwa Makarawu, Ngoni Makusha | DNF | |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Nation | Competitors | Time |
| | 5 | Ghana | Fuseini Ibrahim, Isaac Botsio, Edwin Gadayi, Abdul-Rasheed Saminu | 38.63 |
| | 7 | Nigeria | Kanyinsola Ajayi, Usheoritse Itsekiri, Alaba Akintola, Godson Oghenebrume | 38.84 |
| | 3 | Ivory Coast | Gnamien Nehemie N'Goran, Ismael Koné, Arthur Gue Cissé, Kouadio Éric Kouame | 39.77 |
| 4 | 2 | Namibia | Hatago Murere, Elvis Gaseb, Onesmus Nekundi, Gilbert Hainuca | 39.82 |
| 5 | 1 | Kenya | Meshack Babu, Mike Nyang'au, Mark Odhiambo, Samuel Waweru | 40.11 |
| | 4 | South Africa | Bayanda Walaza, Sinesipho Dambile, Bradley Nkoana, Benjamin Richardson | DNF |
| | 6 | Botswana | Thapelo Monaiwa, Mothusi Boitshwarelo, Stephen Abosi, Tumo Stagato van Wyk | DNF |
| | 8 | Senegal | Lamine Diallo, Mamadou Fall Sarr, Omar Ndoye, Moulaye Sonko | DNF |
# 21 cm Mörser 16

The 21 cm Mörser 16 (21 cm Mrs 16), or 21 cm Lange Mörser M 16/L14.5, was a heavy howitzer used by Germany in World War I and World War II (although classified as a mortar (Mörser) by the German military).

## History

It was based on the earlier 21 cm Mörser 10 but had a longer barrel, a gun shield and other refinements. Originally, it broke down into two loads for transport but the Germans rebuilt surviving guns during the 1930s with rubber-rimmed steel wheels to allow for motor traction in one piece with a limber under the trail and generally removed the gun shield.

## Combat service

In German service, it used two shells, the 21 cm Gr 18 (HE) that weighed 113 kg (249 lb) and the 21 cm Gr 18 Be concrete-piercing shell of 121.4 kg (268 lb) with a filler of 11.61 kg (25.6 lb) of TNT.
They remained in first-line use with the Germans until replaced by the 21 cm Mörser 18 by about 1940. Afterwards, they were used for training, although some equipped units in secondary theaters.
Sweden bought a dozen weapons in 1918 from the Germans and they remained in service until 1950. Finland bought four of these from Sweden during the Winter War, although they did not participate in the war because the Finns lacked vehicles strong enough to tow their great weight to the front. This had been rectified before the Continuation War and the Finns equipped the 10th Separate Super-Heavy Artillery Battery with them for the duration of the war. The Swedes had their own concrete-piercing shells, called 210 tkrv 51/65-ps R-/33 by the Finnish army, weighing 120.75 kg (266.2 lb), which had dispersion problems as the Finns found out. The weapons were put into reserve after the war and remained there until the late 1960s before being discarded.

## Gallery

* Moving into action, Ham, March 1918.
* A 21 cm Mörser carriage being transported.
* A 21 cm Mörser barrel being transported.
# Quicksand (Caro Emerald song)

"Quicksand" is the thirteenth single by Dutch singer Caro Emerald. It was released as a Digital download on April 24, 2015, in the Netherlands as the planned lead single from her third studio album. It was added to the 'B' list on BBC Radio Two. The song eventually didn't end up on any album.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (2015) | Peak position |
| Hungary (Single Top 40) | 10 |
| The Netherlands (Megacharts) | 103 |
| The Netherlands (Top 40) | 53 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2015) | Position |
| Hungary (Single Top 40) | 99 |
# Quercus pentacycla

Quercus pentacycla is an uncommon Asian species of tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It has been found only in the Province of Yunnan in southwestern China. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis.
Quercus pentacycla is a tree up to 15 meters tall. Twigs are grayish brown. Leaves can be as much as 14 cm long.
# Bohr compactification

In mathematics, the Bohr compactification of a topological group G is a compact Hausdorff topological group H that may be canonically associated to G. Its importance lies in the reduction of the theory of uniformly almost periodic functions on G to the theory of continuous functions on H. The concept is named after Harald Bohr who pioneered the study of almost periodic functions, on the real line.

## Definitions and basic properties

Given a topological group G, the Bohr compactification of G is a compact Hausdorff topological group Bohr(G) and a continuous homomorphism
    b: G → Bohr(G)
which is universal with respect to homomorphisms into compact Hausdorff groups; this means that if K is another compact Hausdorff topological group and
    f: G → K
is a continuous homomorphism, then there is a unique continuous homomorphism
    Bohr(f): Bohr(G) → K
such that f = Bohr(f) ∘ b.
Theorem. The Bohr compactification exists and is unique up to isomorphism.
We will denote the Bohr compactification of G by Bohr(G) and the canonical map by
    $\mathbf {b} :G\rightarrow \mathbf {Bohr} (G).$
The correspondence G ↦ Bohr(G) defines a covariant functor on the category of topological groups and continuous homomorphisms.
The Bohr compactification is intimately connected to the finite-dimensional unitary representation theory of a topological group. The kernel of b consists exactly of those elements of G which cannot be separated from the identity of G by finite-dimensional unitary representations.
The Bohr compactification also reduces many problems in the theory of almost periodic functions on topological groups to that of functions on compact groups.
A bounded continuous complex-valued function f on a topological group G is uniformly almost periodic if and only if the set of right translates $_g$f where
    $[_{g}f](x)=f(g^{-1}\cdot x)$
is relatively compact in the uniform topology as g varies through G.
Theorem. A bounded continuous complex-valued function f on G is uniformly almost periodic if and only if there is a continuous function f$_1$ on Bohr(G) (which is uniquely determined) such that
    $f=f_{1}\circ \mathbf {b} .$

## Maximally almost periodic groups

Topological groups for which the Bohr compactification mapping is injective are called maximally almost periodic (or MAP groups). For example all Abelian groups, all compact groups, and all free groups are MAP. In the case G is a locally compact connected group, MAP groups are completely characterized: They are precisely products of compact groups with vector groups of finite dimension.
# Bohr model of the chemical bond

In addition to the model of the atom, Niels Bohr also proposed a model of the chemical bond.
He proposed this model first in the article "Systems containing several nuclei" - the third and last of the classic series of articles by Bohr, published in November 1913 in Philosophical Magazine.
According to his model for a diatomic molecule, the electrons of the atoms of the molecule form a rotating ring whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of the molecule and equidistant from the atomic nuclei. The dynamic equilibrium of the molecular system is achieved through the balance of forces between the forces of attraction of nuclei to the plane of the ring of electrons and the forces of mutual repulsion of the nuclei. The Bohr model of the chemical bond took into account the Coulomb repulsion - the electrons in the ring are at the maximum distance from each other.
Thus, according to this model, the methane molecule is a regular tetrahedron, in which center the carbon nucleus locates, and in the corners - the nucleus of hydrogen. The chemical bond between them forms four two-electron rings, rotating around the lines connecting the center with the corners.
The Bohr model of the chemical bond could not explain the properties of the molecules. Attempts to improve it have been undertaken many times, but have not led to success.
A working theory of chemical bonding was formulated only by quantum mechanics on the basis of the principle of uncertainty and the Pauli exclusion principle. In contrast to the Bohr model of chemical bonding, it turned out that the electron cloud mainly concentrates on the line between the nuclei, providing a Coulomb attraction between them. For many-electron atoms, the valence bond theory, laid down in 1927 by Walter Heitler and Fritz London, was a successful approximation.