# Chief Justice of Ghana

The chief justice of Ghana is the highest-ranking judge of the Supreme Court of Ghana. The chief justice is also the head of the Judiciary of Ghana and is responsible for its administration and supervision. In order of state precedence, the chief justice is the fourth highest official in Ghana.

## Historical background

The Supreme Court Ordinance of 1876 ended the 10-year absence of a Supreme Court, establishing a Supreme Court of Judicature for the Gold Coast Colony. The court consisted of the chief justice and not more than four puisne judges. This led to the appointment of the first chief justice, Sir David Patrick Chalmers by the British colonial authorities in 1876. The nature of the office of chief justice evolved with the years. The 1954 Gold Coast constitution provided for the chief justice to be appointed on the advice of the prime minister while other judges and judicial officers were appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. Under the 1957 Ghana constitution, on the attainment of independence, the chief justice and all superior justices were appointed on the advice of the prime minister as the Judicial Service Commission was abolished. Sir Kobina Arku Korsah became the first Ghanaian chief justice. Under the 1969 constitution, the chief justice was appointed by the president acting in consultation with the Council of State. The office has not changed much since the 1979 constitution though the court system underwent a lot of changes under various military governments between 1972 and 1993.

## Appointment and office tenure

The chief justice is appointed by the president of Ghana in consultation with the Council of State of Ghana and with the approval of the Parliament of Ghana. A person qualified to be the chief justice of Ghana must be of a high moral character and have proven integrity and must have been a lawyer for at least fifteen years to have been eligible for appointment to the Supreme Court in the first place. Where the office of the chief justice is vacant or the chief justice is incapacitated and unable to carry out his duties, the most senior of the justices of the Supreme Court is expected to act in his place until he is able to resume or a new substantive chief justice is appointed by the president. The chief justice and any other justice of the superior courts may voluntarily retire on reaching the age of 60 years or stay on till the compulsory retiring age of 70 years.

## Supreme Court and other superior courts

The Supreme Court consists of the chief justice and at least nine other judges. The chief justice is expected to preside at all sittings of the Supreme Court whenever present. The chief justice is the most senior member and oversees the administration of the Court of Appeal. The chief justice is also a member and administrator of the High Court and the Regional Tribunals.

## Judicial Council

The chief justice is the chairman of the Judicial Council of Ghana. The council is expected to propose judicial reforms to the Ghana government to help improve the level of administration of justice and efficiency in the Judiciary. It is also expected to be a forum to enhance the administration of justice in Ghana.

## Other duties

* Administer the presidential oath and the vice presidential oaths before parliament prior to both assuming their offices.
* Administer the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath to all justices of the superior courts or designate someone to act in his stead.
* Chairman of the Rules of Court Committee which makes rules regulating the practice and procedure of all courts in Ghana.
* To set up a tribunal to resolve grievances against the Electoral Commission of Ghana.
* Convene and chair a tribunal to oversee proceedings relating to the removal of the president of Ghana from office.
* Appoint judicial officers on the advice of the Judicial Council and subject to the approval of the president.

## Current Chief Justice

The current chief justice is Gertrude Torkornoo. She succeeded Kwasi Anin-Yeboah as the 15th Chief Justice of Ghana and the third female to hold this position in the history of Ghana. Torkornoo was sworn in as Chief Justice by President Akufo-Addo on 12 June 2023.

## Early Chief Justices (and Judicial Assessors)

* 1853–?1854 James Coleman Fitzpatrick
* 1854–1857 Henry Connor
* 1861–1866 William Hackett (acting 1861–1863)
* 1868 William Alexander Parker

## Chief Justices of the Supreme Court

Since its inception in 1876, the Supreme Court has had 27 chief justices, including 13 in the Gold Coast era.
Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the Gold Coast :
| Chief Justice | Time frame | Period |
| Sir David Patrick Chalmers | 1876 - 1878 | Gold Coast |
| P. A. Smith | 1878 - 1879 | Gold Coast |
| Sir James Marshall | 1880 - 1882 | Gold Coast |
| N. Lessingham Bailey | 1882 - 1886 | Gold Coast |
| H. W Macleod | 1886 - 1889 | Gold Coast |
| Sir Joseph Turner Hutchinson | 1889 - 1895 | Gold Coast |
| Francis Smith (acting) | 1895 | Gold Coast |
| Sir William Brandford Griffith | 1895 - 1911 | Gold Coast |
| Sir Philip Crampton Smyly | 1911 - 1928 | Gold Coast |
| Sir George Campbell Deane | 1929 - 1935 | Gold Coast |
| Sir Philip Bertie Petrides | 1936 - 1943 | Gold Coast |
| Sir Walter Harragin | 1943 - 1947 | Gold Coast |
| Sir Mark Wilson | 1948 - 1956 | Gold Coast |
| Sir Kobina Arku Korsah | 1956 - 5 March 1957 | Gold Coast |
| Chief Justices of Ghana |||
| Chief Justice | Time frame | Period |
| Sir Kobina Arku Korsah | 6 March 1957 - 1963 | Ghana - 1st Republic |
| J. Sarkodee-Addo | 1964 - 1966 | Ghana - 1st Republic |
| Edward Akufo-Addo | 1966 - 1969 | military rule (1966–1969) |
| Edward Akufo-Addo | 1969 - 1970 | 2nd Republic |
| Edmund Alexander Lanquaye Bannerman | 1970 -1972 | 2nd Republic |
| Samuel Azu Crabbe | 1973 - 1977 | military rule |
| Fred Kwasi Apaloo | 1977 - 1986 | military rule (1977–1979) |
| Fred Kwasi Apaloo | 1977 - 1986 | 3rd Republic (24 September 1979 - 31 December 1981) |
| Fred Kwasi Apaloo | 1977 - 1986 | military rule (31 December 1981 – 1986) |
| E. N. P. Sowah | 1986 - 1990 | military rule |
| N. Y. B. Adade (acting) | 1990 - 1991 | military rule |
| Philip Edward Archer | 1991 - 1993 | military rule (1991–1993) |
| Philip Edward Archer | 1993 - 1995 | 4th Republic |
| Isaac Kobina Abban | 1995 - 21 April 2001 | 4th Republic |
| Edward Kwame Wiredu | 2001 - 2003 | 4th Republic |
| George Kingsley Acquah | 4 July 2003 - 25 March 2007 | 4th Republic |
| Georgina Theodora Wood | 15 June 2007 - 8 June 2017 | 4th Republic |
| Sophia Akuffo | 19 June 2017 – 20 December 2019 | 4th Republic |
| Kwasi Anin-Yeboah | 7 January 2020 – 24 May 2023 | 4th Republic |
| Gertrude Tokornoo | 12 June 2023 – incumbent | 4th Republic |
Justice Francis Yaonasu Kpegah, who was at the time the most senior of the Supreme Court judges acted as Chief Justice between March 2007 and June 2007.

### Demographics

| Chief Justice of Ghana | Ethnicity | Religious affiliation |
| Kobina Arku Korsah | Fante (Akan) | Methodist |
| Julius Sarkodee-Addo | Akan | Christian |
| Edward Akufo-Addo | Akuapem (Akan) | Presbyterian |
| Edmund Alexander Lanquaye Bannerman | Ga | Methodist |
| Samuel Azu Crabbe | Ga | Anglican |
| Fred Kwasi Apaloo | Anlo Ewe | Christian |
| E. N. P. Sowah | Ga | Christian |
| Philip Edward Archer | Fante (Akan) | Anglican |
| Isaac Kobina Abban | Fante (Akan) | Methodist |
| Edward Kwame Wiredu | Akan | Anglican |
| George Kingsley Acquah | Fante (Akan) | Anglican |
| Georgina Theodora Wood | Ga | Assemblies of God (raised Methodist) |
| Sophia Akuffo | Akuapem (Akan) | Evangelical Charismatic (raised Presbyterian) |
| Kwasi Anin-Yeboah | Akan | Christian |
| Gertrude Torkornoo | Fante (Akan) | Christian |