OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bumpkin Island

Bumpkin Island, also known as Round Island, Bomkin Island, Bumkin Island, or Ward's Island, is an island in the Hingham Bay area of the Boston Harbor. Bumpkin Island is part of Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park. The island has an area of 30 acres (120,000 m$^2$), plus an intertidal zone of a further 31 acres (130,000 m$^2$). It is composed of a central drumlin with an elevation of 70 feet (21 m) above sea level, surrounded by a rock-strewn shoreline. A sand spit, exposed at low tide, connects the eastern end of the island to Sunset Point in Hull.
In 1902, Albert Burrage, a Boston philanthropist, had a summer hospital opened on the island for children with physical disabilities. During World War I the island was used by the U.S. Navy. Starting around 1940, the island was used as a facility for polio patients. However, the hospital closed during World War II and burned down in 1945.
# Mark Rice-Oxley

Mark Rice-Oxley is a British journalist. He is an editor and columnist at The Guardian newspaper, whose credits include award-winning work such as WikiLeaks, Qatar's World Cup Slaves and the Shirt on Your Back .
Rice-Oxley is the author of Underneath the Lemon Tree, an autobiography that describes his journey through depression and recovery.
# Bob Haak

Bob Haak may refer to:
* Bob Haak (American football) (1916–1992), American football player
* Bob Haak (art expert) (1926–2005), Dutch art historian
# Mineralization

Mineralization may refer to:
* Biomineralization (mineralization in biology), when an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix
** Mineralized tissues are tissues that have undergone mineralization, including bones, teeth, antlers, and marine shells
*** Bone remodeling, involving demineralization and remineralization in bones
**** Ossification (osteogenesis), mineralization of bone
* Mineralization (geology), the hydrothermal deposition of economically important metals in the formation of ore bodies or lodes
* Mineralization (soil science), the release of plant-available compounds such as ammonium during decomposition
# Andrew Curtis (umpire)

Andrew Curtis is a former Australian rules football goal umpire.

## Umpiring career
### WAFL

Curtis began his career as a goal umpire with the North Pilbara Football League in 1986. He was transferred by his employer BHP to Launceston, Tasmania where he continued his umpiring career with the Tasmanian Football League. In 1991, he returned to Perth, Western Australia and joined the Western Australian Football League. He umpired in the 1996 WAFL Grand Final between East Perth Football Club and Claremont Football Club. By the time of his retirement in 2006 he had umpired 143 WAFL league matches.
In 2003, he was inducted as a Life Member to the West Australian National Football League Umpiring Association.

### AFL

Curtis joined the Australian Football League umpiring panel in 1996. In 2000, he was appointed to his first AFL final and was also selected to officiate in an exhibition match held at The Oval in London. Between 1996 and 2006 Curtis umpired 107 AFL senior matches which included 10 finals.
He was appointed to umpire in both the 2003 and 2005 International Rules Series matches between Australia and Ireland, played at Subiaco Oval in Perth.
Curtis was appointed as a goal umpire in the 2004 AFL Grand Final played between Port Adelaide Football Club and Brisbane Lions. This was the first interstate AFL grand final between AFL football clubs not based in Victoria. In 2006, he was chosen to officiate in an exhibition match in Los Angeles, USA on the UCLA campus.

### Retirement

In August 2006 Curtis created a controversy in the last quarter of the Round 21 Western Derby match between West Coast and Fremantle when he indicated goals using his thumbs rather than the customary forefingers.
Curtis was awarded life membership with the Australian Football League Umpires Association in 2007.
# Cité Mémoire

Cité Mémoire is an ongoing art installation created by Michel Lemieux and Victor Pilon, displayed in Old Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is scheduled to last for four years, and features 80 projectors creating images on old buildings. Cité Mémoire has been called the "largest such installation in the world". On the days when the projection is active, which varies during the year, it is available from dusk to close to the end of the day.
# Waterloo Round Tower

The Waterloo Round Tower is a folly bell tower in Waterloo village in Ballygibbon townland, 2 kilometers north of Blarney in county Cork, Ireland. It is situated next to St. Mary's church on a hill, and overlooks the River Martin and the 18th-century Putland's Bridge which predates the tower. The tower was built in 1843 to resemble mediaeval round towers which are common in Ireland, but is otherwise unrelated to them.

## History

The foundation stone was laid on July 27, 1836 by a local parish priest, father Matt Horgan, based on the design by John Windele. The foundation was a gift to the parish by the landlord at the time, named Putland, after whom a nearby bridge is also named. Father Horgan, whose choice of the design was prompted by his studies of the origins of ancient Irish monastery towers, died in 1848 and is said to have been buried in the grounds of the church and the tower.

## Design

The tower narrows towards the top following a barrel shape curve, anecdotally because of the draining of funds towards the end of the construction, which earned it the moniker "Father Matt's Butterchurn". The four-stage construction is built of rubble stone, with raised entrance modelled on the mediaeval towers, small elongated window openings, two incisions ("1843" and the name "Matthew" in Gaelic script), and a belfry at the top.

## Renovation

In 2009, the tower was renovated at the cost of EUR 35,000, following an 18-month effort and fund rising by the local community Waterloo Renewal Group, including from Heritage Council (Ireland) grants. The bell was automated, and the area around the tower was revamped. A climbing walkway leading to the tower and a picturesque sloping garden were built. The tower was re-dedicated in August 2009 by Archbishop Dermot Clifford of Cashel. The tower is catalogued under the identification RMP CO062-200002- by the Record of Monuments and Places.
# Bunchosia cauliflora

Bunchosia cauliflora is a species of plant in the family Malpighiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
# Mark Richard Zubro

Mark Richard Zubro is an American mystery novelist. He lives in Mokena, Illinois and taught 8th grade English at Summit Hill Jr. High in nearby Frankfort Square, Illinois.
Zubro writes bestselling mysteries set in Chicago and the surrounding Cook County area, which are widely praised as fast-paced, with interesting plots and well-rounded, likeable characters. His novels feature gay themes, and Zubro is himself gay.
His longest running series features high school teacher Tom Mason, and Tom's boyfriend, professional baseball player Scott Carpenter. The other series Zubro is known for is the Paul Turner mysteries, which are about a Chicago police detective. The books are a part of the Stonewall Inn Mystery series, published by St. Martin's Press. Zubro won a Lambda Literary Award for Gay Mystery for his book A Simple Suburban Murder.

## Books
### Tom and Scott mysteries

* A Simple Suburban Murder (1990)
* Why Isn't Becky Twitchell Dead? (1991)
* The Only Good Priest (1991)
* The Principal Cause of Death (1992)
* An Echo of Death (1995)
* Rust on the Razor (1996)
* Are You Nuts? (1999)
* One Dead Drag Queen (2001)
* Here Comes the Corpse (2002)
* File Under Dead (2004)
* Everyone's Dead But Us (2006)
* Schooled in Murder (2008)
* Another Dead Republican (2012)
* A Conspiracy of Fear (2014)

### Paul Turner mysteries

* Sorry Now? (1991)
* Political Poison (1994)
* Another Dead Teenager (1996)
* The Truth Can Get You Killed (1998)
* Drop Dead (1999)
* Sex and Murder.com (2002)
* Dead Egotistical Morons (2003)
* Nerds Who Kill (2005)
* Hook, Line, and Homicide (2007)
* Black and Blue and Pretty Dead Too (2011)
* Pawn of Satan (2013)

### Roger and Steve young adult mysteries

* Safe (2014)
* Hope (2015)
* Always (2018)

### Alien Danger gay science fiction trilogy

* Alien Quest (2013)
* Alien Home (2014)
* Alien Victory (2015)

### Shane and Corey teen mysteries

* Gentle (2016)
* Forever (2020)
* Peace (2024)
# Louisbourg Grenadiers

The Louisbourg Grenadiers was a temporary unit of grenadiers formed by General James Wolfe in 1759 to serve with British Army forces in the Quebec campaign of the Seven Years' War.
Grenadiers from the 22nd, 40th, and 45th regiments were brought together by Wolfe at the Fortress of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia in preparation for action along the St. Lawrence River. The unit was involved in numerous battles during the months-long prelude to the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, including the ill-fated Battle of Beauport on July 31, 1759. After Quebec City's capture, the Grenadiers went on to be involved in the fall of Montreal the next year. After the end of the Seven Years' War, the unit was disbanded and its members returned to their original regiments.
# Mineralization (soil science)

In soil science, mineralization is the decomposition (i.e., oxidation) of the chemical compounds in organic matter, by which the nutrients in those compounds are released in soluble inorganic forms that may be available to plants. Mineralization is the opposite of immobilization.
Mineralization increases the bioavailability of the nutrients that were in the decomposing organic compounds, most notably (because of their quantities) nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Whether the decomposition of an organic compound will result in mineralization or immobilization is dependent on its concentration proportionate to that of the carbon in the organic matter. As a rule of thumb, if the concentration of a specific element exceeds the needs of the decomposer for biosynthesis or storage, then it will mineralize.

## Ratio of carbon to nitrogen

Whether nitrogen mineralizes or immobilizes depends on the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) of the decomposing organic matter. In general, organic matter contacting soil has too little nitrogen to support the biosynthetic needs of the decomposing soil microbial population. If the C:N ratio of the decomposing organic matter is above circa 30:1 then the decomposing microbes may absorb nitrogen in mineral form as, e. g., ammonium or nitrates. This mineral nitrogen is said to be immobilized. This may reduce the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the soil and thus the nitrogen is not available to plants.
As carbon dioxide is released during the generation of energy in decomposition, a process called "catabolism", the C:N ratio of the organic matter decreases. When the C:N ratio is less than circa 25:1, further decomposition causes mineralization by the simultaneous release of inorganic nitrogen as ammonium. When the decomposition of organic matter is complete, the mineralized nitrogen therefrom adds to that already present in the soil and therefore increases the total mineral nitrogen in the soil.
# Cité Niger

12°38′09″N 7°58′27″W﻿ / ﻿12.635700°N 7.974239°W﻿ / 12.635700; -7.974239 Cité Niger, also called "Cité du Niger" is a Bamako neighborhood, and an island in the Niger River. The Cité du Niger is located in the Commune 2 of the Bamako district.
# Saddleback

Saddleback may refer to:

## Fauna

* Saddleback (bird), two species of New Zealand bird of the family Callaeidae
** North Island saddleback, the North Island species
** South Island saddleback, the South Island species
* Saddleback caterpillar, Acharia stimulea, the larva of a species of moth native to eastern North America
* Saddleback clownfish, Amphiprion polymnus, a black and white species of anemonefish
* Saddleback seal, or harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus
* Saddleback toad, a genus of small, colourful toads the family Brachycephalidae
* British Saddleback, a modern British breed of domestic pig
* Wessex Saddleback, a breed of domestic pig originating in the West Country of England
* Angeln Saddleback, a rare breed of domestic pig grown mainly in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

## Geographic features

* Saddleback Hill, a mountain in Massachusetts
* Saddleback Mountain (disambiguation), a number of mountains worldwide
* Saddleback Point, a headland on the northern coast of Elephant Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica
* Saddleback Valley, South Orange County, California, U.S.

## Institutions, schools, and organizations

* Saddleback Church, Lake Forest, California, U.S.
* Saddleback College, Mission Viejo, California, U.S.
* Saddleback High School, Santa Ana, California, U.S.
* Saddleback Valley Unified School District, South Orange County, California, U.S.

## Other uses

* Saddleback roof, usually on a tower, with a ridge and two sloping sides
* Saddleback Maine (ski resort), a ski area on Saddleback Mountain in Rangeley, Maine, U.S.
# Disclosure widget

A disclosure widget, expander, or disclosure triangle is a graphical control element that is used to show or hide a collection of "child" widgets in a specific area of the interface. The widget hides non-essential settings or information and thus makes the dialog less cluttered.
The disclosure widget may be expanded or collapsed by the user; when this occurs, the containing window may be expanded to accommodate the increased space requirement. The state of the widget is often signified by a label with a triangle next to it, pointing sideways when it is collapsed and downward when it is expanded (corresponding to the widget's current state), or a button with an arrow pointing downward when it is collapsed and upward when it is expanded (corresponding to how the widget will change state if the button is clicked). Some disclosure widgets can appear as a plus button when collapsed and a minus button when expanded.
In some implementations, the widget may be able to remember its state between invocations; this may increase user familiarity with the interface. In other implementations, the widget may disappear when clicked in order to make room for the newly revealed controls; this state is not remembered.
Some user interface designers call this widget a "norgie", or "twistie".
# Eimmart (crater)

Eimmart is a lunar impact crater that is located near the east-northeastern limb of the Moon, to the northeast of the Mare Crisium. The northern and eastern outer rim of this crater borders on the narrow Mare Anguis. To the northwest of Eimmart are the smaller crater Delmotte and the prominent Cleomedes.
The rim of this crater has been lightly eroded, especially along the south-southeastern portion, but most of the edge remains intact. The small crater Eimmart A lies along the eastern rim, and is surrounded by a skirt of higher albedo material, particularly to the south and west across the interior of Eimmart. The interior floor is relatively level, and is marked by the ray material from Eimmart A.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Eimmart.
| Eimmart | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| A | 24.0° N | 65.7° E | 7 km |
| B | 21.4° N | 66.5° E | 11 km |
| C | 22.4° N | 61.2° E | 24 km |
| D | 23.0° N | 69.1° E | 11 km |
| F | 23.3° N | 61.9° E | 8 km |
| G | 25.5° N | 64.8° E | 14 km |
| H | 22.1° N | 64.4° E | 16 km |
| K | 20.2° N | 67.6° E | 13 km |
* Eimmart H
* Eimmart C
# Blything Hundred

Blything was a hundred of eastern Suffolk, and with an area of 87,641 acres (354.67 km$^2$) was the largest of Suffolk's 21 hundreds.
The origins of the hundred centre on the ancient royal estate of Blythburgh, whose hall housed the hundred's central meeting place.
Listed as Blidinga in the Domesday Book, the hundred's name means "the people of the Blyth" a subgroup of the Iceni who populated the valleys of the River Blyth; the hundred corresponds closely to the drainage basin of the River Blyth together with other minor rivers. The name "Blyth" itself means 'blithe' or 'pleasant' and shares its name with a river in Northamptonshire, and one in Northumberland.

## Parishes

Blything Hundred consisted of the following parishes:
| Parish | Area (acres) |
| Aldringham | 628 |
| Benacre | 2576 |
| Blythburgh | 4111 |
| Blythford | 1373 |
| Bramfield | 2547 |
| Brampton | 1967 |
| Chediston | 2378 |
| Cookley | 1552 |
| Covehithe | 1524 |
| Cratfield | 2000 |
| Darsham | 1493 |
| Dunwich | 1334 |
| Easton Bavents | 260 |
| Frostenden | 1292 |
| Halesworth | 1420 |
| Henham | 1500 |
| Heveningham | 1900 |
| Henstead | 1920 |
| Hulverstreet | 293 |
| Holton | 1132 |
| Huntingfield | 2011 |
| Knodishall | 1731 |
| Leiston | 4966 |
| Linstead Magna | 1304 |
| Linstead Parva | 554 |
| Middleton cum Fordley | 2024 |
| Peasenhall | 1972 |
| Reydon | 2675 |
| Rumburgh | 1370 |
| Sibton | 2680 |
| Sotherton | 1084 |
| South Cove | 1198 |
| Southwold | 632 |
| Spexhall | 1482 |
| Stoven | 762 |
| Theberton | 2050 |
| Thorington | 1411 |
| Ubbeston | 1207 |
| Uggeshall | 1455 |
| Walberswick | 1771 |
| Walpole | 1624 |
| Wangford | 829 |
| Wenhaston | 2327 |
| Westhall | 2194 |
| Westleton | 6103 |
| Wissett | 2260 |
| Wrentham | 1280 |
| Yoxford | 2670 |
# CHASOS

CHASOS was a satirical art activism project, launched 2011 by Andreas Heusser. It consisted of several actions performed by the pastor Wilfried Stocher as president of a fictitious charity organization "Christian Humanitarian Asylum Self-Aid Organization Switzerland" (CHASOS).

## Inspiration

The project was launched in 2011 in response to political debates on the feared influx of refugees to Switzerland due to the Arab Spring. At the time some Swiss politicians, such as Lukas Reimann, SVP, and Christian church representatives were not concerned about how to help, but how to avoid the refugees. The satirical project was aimed to question the moral status of these arguments by means of subversive affirmation and parody.

## Activities
### Prevention campaign for foreigners

The project started with the publication of a propaganda video where Stocher addresses potential "waves of refugees" and tries to deter them from "rolling" into Switzerland. The video was a satire on a previous deterrence TV spot produced by the Swiss Government which was aimed at potential immigrants from Africa.

### Petition for art relocation

Stocher next launched an online petition which demanded that all funds for artists and cultural institutions should be suspended, and that their funds and spaces should be used for refugee aid. The petition triggered outraged reactions, especially among artists.

### Refugee camp hall 32

During the Art Basel, a refugee camp only equipped with the bare essentials was installed in hall Nr. 32. It was electronically secured with a high barbed wire fence and video monitored. Its main function was not to give shelter to refugees, but to protect the Swiss population by imprisoning them. According to the artist, it was the original intention to have it populated with "real" refugees during the duration of the Art Basel, but the prospect participants left before the start of the project.

## Reception

The project was covered in a blog discussing the question of how far political art can or must go to gain attention.
# Feldmoching-Hasenbergl

Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (Central Bavarian: Fejdmoching-Hosnbeagl) is a borough in the northern part of the city of Munich in Bavaria, Germany. It contains the S-Bahn railway station of München-Feldmoching.

## Location

Feldmoching-Hasenbergl is surrounded by: Allach-Untermenzing, Moosach and Milbertshofen-Am Hart in the south, and Karlsfeld and Oberschleißheim in the north.

## Description

It contains four lakes, the Lerchenauer See, Fasaneriesee, Feldmochinger See (Dreiseenplatte) and Landschaftssee Allacher Lohe as well as part of the Oberschleißheim regatta course. Green areas include Panzerwiese, Schwarzhölzl and Hartelholz.
# Andrej Kračman

Andrej Kračman (born 22 August 1982) is a tennis player from Slovenia.

## Tennis career
### Juniors

As a junior Kračman reached as high as No. 79 in the junior world singles rankings in 1998 (and No. 23 in doubles).

### Pro tour

He has played multiple seasons of Davis Cup including the 2009 Slovenia Davis Cup team.
# Russell Alger Memorial Fountain

Russell Alger Memorial Fountain is a Detroit, Michigan fountain, one of the "most successful collaborations" created by the sculptor, Daniel Chester French and architect Henry Bacon. The bronze statue was cast by the Gorham Manufacturing Company. It is located in Grand Circus Park and was dedicated on July 27, 1921.
The Beaux-Arts styled bronze monument consists of a "spirited" female personification of "Michigan" with one hand raised in greeting while the other holds a sword and shield. The crest of the state of Michigan is on the shield in shallow relief. There is a bas relief portrait of Alger on the granite base. Lion heads on the base serve as founts to pour water into the surrounding bowl.
Russell Alger (1836–1907) was a Civil War veteran (he enlisted as a private and ended the war as a general), politician (Governor of Michigan, U.S. Senator from Michigan, and U.S. Secretary of War), and a very successful businessman. Following Alger's death a "memorial society" of Civil War veterans convened and commissioned the work.
# Long-term prediction (communications)

In GSM, a Regular Pulse Excitation-Long Term Prediction (RPE-LTP) scheme is employed in order to reduce the amount of data sent between the mobile station (MS) and base transceiver station (BTS).
In essence, when a voltage level of a particular speech sample is quantified, the mobile station's internal logic predicts the voltage level for the next sample. When the next sample is quantified, the packet sent by the MS to the BTS contains only the error (the signed difference between the actual and predicted level of the sample).
# Terha

Terha is a village and gram panchayat in Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Terha holds a market twice per week, on Sundays and Thursdays, and the main items of trade are gur, vegetables, and cloths. As of 2011, the population of Terha is 3,909, in 759 households, and it has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.
The 1961 census recorded Terha as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 2,423 (1,214 male and 1,209 female), in 474 households and 472 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,008 acres. Average attendance of the biweekly market was listed as around 1,000 people. The Hublal Inter College in Terha, founded in 1949, was in 1961 recorded as having a faculty of 13 teachers (all male) and a student body of 265 (also all male). The village had the following small industrial establishments: 1 producer of edible fats/oils, 1 garment manufacturer, 4 bicycle repair shops, and 6 miscellaneous manufacturer/repairers. It also had a medical practitioner and a post office at the time.