OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cartan–Karlhede algorithm

The Cartan–Karlhede algorithm is a procedure for completely classifying and comparing Riemannian manifolds. Given two Riemannian manifolds of the same dimension, it is not always obvious whether they are locally isometric. Élie Cartan, using his exterior calculus with his method of moving frames, showed that it is always possible to compare the manifolds. Carl Brans developed the method further, and the first practical implementation was presented by Anders Karlhede [sv] in 1980.
The main strategy of the algorithm is to take covariant derivatives of the Riemann tensor. Cartan showed that in n dimensions at most n(n+1)/2 differentiations suffice. If the Riemann tensor and its derivatives of the one manifold are algebraically compatible with the other, then the two manifolds are isometric. The Cartan–Karlhede algorithm therefore acts as a kind of generalization of the Petrov classification.
The potentially large number of derivatives can be computationally prohibitive. The algorithm was implemented in an early symbolic computation engine, SHEEP, but the size of the computations proved too challenging for early computer systems to handle. For most problems considered, far fewer derivatives than the maximum are actually required, and the algorithm is more manageable on modern computers. On the other hand, no publicly available version exists in more modern software.

## Physical applications

The Cartan–Karlhede algorithm has important applications in general relativity. One reason for this is that the simpler notion of curvature invariants fails to distinguish spacetimes as well as they distinguish Riemannian manifolds. This difference in behavior is due ultimately to the fact that spacetimes have isotropy subgroups which are subgroups of the Lorentz group SO$^+$(1,3), which is a noncompact Lie group, while four-dimensional Riemannian manifolds (i.e., with positive definite metric tensor), have isotropy groups which are subgroups of the compact Lie group SO(4).
In 4 dimensions, Karlhede's improvement to Cartan's program reduces the maximal number of covariant derivatives of the Riemann tensor needed to compare metrics to 7. In the worst case, this requires 3156 independent tensor components. There are known models of spacetime requiring all 7 covariant derivatives. For certain special families of spacetime models, however, far fewer often suffice. It is now known, for example, that
* at most one differentiation is required to compare any two null dust solutions,
* at most two differentiations are required to compare any two Petrov D vacuum solutions,
* at most three differentiations are required to compare any two perfect fluid solutions.
# Marsi (disambiguation)

Marsi is a tribe of ancient Italy.
Marsi may also refer to:
* Marsi (Germanic), a tribe of ancient Germany
* Counts of Marsi, counts in Southern Italy from the 11th and 12th centuries AD
* Bishop of Marsi of the Diocese of Marsi, a former central Italian Roman Catholic bishopric
* Marsi Gallery, a gallery in Thailand

## Surname

* Francesca Marsi (1926-1989), Italian actress
* Márk Marsi (born 1973), Hungarian fencer
* Paolo Marsi (1440-1481), Italian humanist

## Given name

* Marsi Paribatra (1931-2013), Thai princess
# Marlborough (CDP), New Hampshire

Marlborough is a census-designated place (CDP) and the main village in the town of Marlborough in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,066 at the 2020 census, out of 2,096 in the entire town.

## Geography

The CDP is in the northwestern part of the town of Marlborough, in the valley of Minnewawa Brook, a westward-flowing tributary of The Branch and part of the Connecticut River watershed. The CDP is bordered to the northwest by the city of Keene and to the west by the town of Swanzey. The southern border of the CDP follows Laurel Street, Hill Street, Bixby Street, and Ryan Road, to the easternmost extent of the CDP at New Hampshire Route 101. The eastern border of the CDP follows NH 101 and Roxbury Road until north of Minnewawa Brook, and the northern border strikes west to the Keene line near Heath Road.
Route 101 (Marlborough's Main Street) leads east 15 miles (24 km) to Peterborough and west 5 miles (8 km) to its terminus at Route 9 on the western side of Keene. Route 124 has its western terminus at Route 101 in the center of the CDP, and leads southeast 12 miles (19 km) to Jaffrey.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Marlborough CDP has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 km$^2$), all of it recorded as land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,094 people, 457 households, and 282 families residing in the CDP. There were 492 housing units, of which 35, or 7.1%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 96.6% White, 0.6% African American, 0.0% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% some other race, and 1.6% from two or more races. 1.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 457 households in the CDP, 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were headed by married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 2.85.
21.2% of people in the CDP were under the age of 18, 7.7% were from 18 to 24, 26.7% were from 25 to 44, 27.1% were from 45 to 64, and 17.4% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.
For the period 2011-15, the estimated median annual income for a household was $44,391, and the median income for a family was $54,038. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,466. 13.3% of the population and 12.9% of families were below the poverty line.
# Catopta cashmirensis

Catopta cashmirensis is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Kashmir, the north-western Himalayas in India, Nepal, Bhutan and China (Tibet, northern Yunnan).
# Catopta kendevanensis

Catopta kendevanensis is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by Franz Daniel in 1937. It is found in Iran and Afghanistan.

## Subspecies

* Catopta kendevanensis kendevanensis (northern and central Iran)
* Catopta kendevanensis anjumanica Daniel, 1964 (north-eastern and central Afghanistan)
# Marjory Swope

Marjory Mason Swope (1940–2007) was a conservationist, environmentalist, and civic leader. Swope served as executive director of the New Hampshire Association of Conservation Commissions (1981-2006) and chaired the Concord Conservation Commission.

## Early life and education

Swope was born in Orange, New Jersey to Virgil and Edith Rae Mason Swope on June 5, 1940. She graduated from the Beard School (now Morristown-Beard School) in 1958. Swope then completed her bachelor's degree at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts in 1962.

## Civic work

Swope served in multiple civic roles for the city of Concord, New Hampshire. She served on the city council for 11 years (1996-2007) and on the school board for six years (1975-1981). Swope ran the League of Women Voters office in Concord. She also served on the board of directors of the Turkey River Basin Trust and on Groundwork Concord's committee for the improvement of green spaces in the city.

## Environmental Honors and Swope Park

Swope earned notoriety as the "grandmother" of local conservation commissions. In 2007, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency awarded her their Environmental Merit Lifetime Achievement Award, one of their highest honors. That year, the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests awarded Swope their Sarah Thorne Conservation Award. Swope also had an honorary membership in the New Hampshire Association of Natural Resource Scientists. In 2012, Concord held a ceremony to name a 77-acre park near Long Pond after her. Swope's husband John and her family donated the land for the park to the city.

## Family

Swope married John Swope in 1962. John Swope's grandfather, Gerard Swope, served as the third president of General Electric. His father served as the company's international counsel and headed Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory.
# Catopsis werckleana

Catopsis werckleana is a species in the genus Catopsis. This species is native to Costa Rica.
# Radęca

Radęca (or Rdęca) is a river in western Poland, a tributary of the Orla. It meets the Orla at Jutrosin, where it is dammed to create Zbiornik Justrosin (Lake Justrosin) just north of the town and above the confluence.
* This article related to a river in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Bouzou, Central African Republic

Bouzou is a village situated in Ouham-Pendé Prefecture, Central African Republic.

## History

There was a clash in Bouzou on 21 November 2015, prompting the residents to flee to Makounzi-Wali, Yade, and Mbikamba. In September 2016, 3R rebels attacked Bouzou.
A clash between rebels and the government forces occurred in Bouzou on 20 August 2021. Two civilians were killed, and the residents sought refuge in the bush, Koui, Bocaranga, and Cameroon. Wagner mercenaries massacred women and children in Bouzou on unknown date of August 2021. FACA and Wagner clash with 3R rebels in the village on 23 August. Wagner and FACA burned several houses and a mosque in Bouzou on 6 October, causing the residents fled either to Cameroon or the nearby settlements.

## Education

The village has one school.

## Healthcare

There is an health post in Bouzou.
# Olethreutes hamameliana

Olethreutes hamameliana is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae.
The MONA or Hodges number for Olethreutes hamameliana is 2804.
# Achryson chacoense

Achryson chacoense is a species in the longhorned beetle family Cerambycidae. It is found in Argentina.
# Mustafa Čengić

Mustafa Čengić, known by his nickname MuČe, is a Bosnian record producer, sound engineer, music pedagogue, and guitarist. He first found mainstream success as an original lineup member of a Bosnian garage rock band Zabranjeno Pušenje and by his stage name at the time Mujo Snažni (transl. Mujo the Strong).

## Career

In 1976, Čengić was a founding member and guitarist of a Sarajevo-based hard rock band Prvi čin (transl. The First Act). In the next year, the band was disbanded with no album released.
Čengić joined a Sarajevo-based garage rock band Zabranjeno Pušenje in fall 1980. As a lead guitarist, he performed on the band's first two studio albums: Das ist Walter (1984) and Dok čekaš sabah sa šejtanom (1985). In 1986, he left the band with some other members.
At twenty-seven, Čengić left his career as a guitarist to devote himself to the study of sound engineering and became a record producer. During the late 1980s, he produced records of several Sarajevo-based bands and musicians, such as LaBanda, Bombarder, Major, Elvis J. Kurtović & His Meteors, and Milić Vukašinović. In 1990, he co-founded the Rasa Music Production, an independent record label that survived the siege of the city thanks to its anti-war efforts. At the same time, Čengić became a music producer on the Bosnia and Herzegovina Television and organized several light music festivals.
Čengić moved to Italy in the mid-1990s. As the creator of the Rock sotto l'assedio (transl. Rock Under the Siege) project he had a concert at San Siro in Milan in August 1995 led by Vasco Rossi. At the time in Italy he worked as a freelancer for various musical and theatrical groups, including the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Also, he created a recording studio at the Container Club in Bologna where he recorded, mixed and produced for several groups including Opa Cupa, The Childbirth of Heavy Clouds, Amarcord, Bernstein School Of Musical Theater, World Youth Chamber Orchestra, Oblivion.
In recent years, Čengić carries out a pedagogical activity, devoting himself to training both in the music industry and in sound engineering.
Čengić has been living in Bologna, Italy, since the mid-1990s.

## Discography
### Zabranjeno pušenje

* Das ist Walter (1984)
* Dok čekaš sabah sa šejtanom (1985)

### Major

* Son Late Zigi Daj (1989)
# Bridal Oak

60°25′21.40572″N 6°32′34.59084″E﻿ / ﻿60.4226127000°N 6.5429419000°E﻿ / 60.4226127000; 6.5429419000
The Bridal Oak (in Norwegian: Brureika) is an oak tree (Quercus robur) which in 2007 was named Norway's largest tree (The circumference 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) above ground is 10.80 m (35.4 ft)).
The tree is located on the Lothe farm at Utne in Hardanger, Norway. The oak tree was preserved and protected by law as Lote naturminne on May 21, 1920. The trunk is hollow, divided into two parts with common roots, and the two parts are joined by two iron bars to avoid further splitting. Although the tree is hollow and split, the foliage is still lush.

## The name

The name comes from past times, when bridal gatherings gathered under this tree after marriage.

## Gallery

* Brureika, 2009
* Brureika, 2009
* Brureika, 2009
* Brureika, 2009
* Brureika, 2009
* Brureika, 2009
# My Old Flame

"My Old Flame" is a 1934 song composed by Arthur Johnston with lyrics by Sam Coslow for the film Belle of the Nineties. It has since become a jazz standard.

## History

"My Old Flame" first appeared in the 1934 film Belle of the Nineties when it was sung by Mae West, backed by the Duke Ellington Orchestra. Six weeks after filming wrapped with West, Ellington recorded the tune with singer Ivie Anderson, released on Commodore 585. It became a No. 7 hit for Guy Lombardo later that year but it was not until the early 1940s that the tune re-emerged, entering the repertoire of the orchestras of Benny Goodman and Count Basie.

## Notable recordings

"My Old Flame" has since become a jazz standard, and sung by the likes of Billie Holiday, Peggy Lee, Dinah Washington, Helen Humes and Marlena Shaw, with instrumental interpretations by Charlie Parker for the Dial label in 1947, Gerry Mulligan with Chet Baker in 1953, trombonist J.J. Johnson on his 1957 album Trombone Master, Sonny Rollins on his 1993 album Old Flames and many others. The tune was also recorded by the Stan Kenton orchestra, and Zoot Sims in a "sensitive rendition" according to Jazz Improv magazine. Spike Jones and his City Slickers recorded a spoof version in 1947 featuring vocals by Paul Frees (imitating Peter Lorre). John Scofield included the song in his 2022 solo album.

## Lyrics and structure

The music has an AABA structure. It is written in the key of G major, and features a change to B♭ in the 'B' section.
As a vehicle for West, while the lyric contains "characteristically flippant lines – 'My old flame/ I can't even remember his name' – it suggests that her brazen sexuality is the carapace for a lost youthful love": 'But their attempts at love/ Were only imitations of/ My old flame'.
# Nelson Betancourt

Nelson Betancourt ISO (4 June 1887 – 12 October 1947) was a cricketer, a right-handed wicketkeeper-batsman. He was born in Trinidad and Tobago and died there.
Betancourt's first-class cricket extended from 1905 to 1930 but he played only sporadically, with long periods of cricket inactivity. His first-class debut came in Trinidad's victory over Jamaica at Sabina Park, Kingston in August 1905, but it was more than two years before he made his second appearance. His highest score, 71 not out, was scored against British Guiana in an Inter-Colonial tournament match in 1928/29 but this was the only time that he surpassed fifty runs in an innings.
Betancourt's sole Test for the West Indies came against England at Port of Spain, Trinidad, in February 1930, this being the second Test of the series. In a match won by the visitors, he captained the West Indies (on account of the home administration's policy of having a local captain for each match of the series) and scored 39 and 13. At 42 years and 242 days old, Betancourt remains the oldest Test debutant for the West Indies. His death in 1947 went unrecorded in cricket circles and therefore no obituary appeared in Wisden.
He was latterly Assistant Inspector of Mines in Trinidad and sat occasionally in the Legislative Council. He received the Imperial Service Order upon his retirement in 1946.
# Nes Castra

Nes Castra was a Bosnian commercial radio station, broadcasting from Banja Luka from 2007 until 23 July 2018.
Formatted as Urban radio, Nes Castra it was intended for the local audience in Banja Luka at single frequency 97.6 MHz. Its sister station was Nes radio.
# Nelson House

Nelson House may refer to:

## Canada

* Nelson House, Manitoba

## United Kingdom

* Nelson House, London, Grade II* listed house

## United States

(by state then city or town)
* Nelson House (Latham, Alabama), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Baldwin County, Alabama
* Nelson House (Helena-West Helena, Arkansas), NRHP-listed in Phillips County
* Nelson Ranch, Woodland, California, NRHP-listed in Yolo County
* John B. Nelson House, Port Penn, Delaware, NRHP-listed
* Wilhelmina Nelson House and Cabins, St. Charles, Idaho, NRHP-listed in Bear Lake County
* Daniel Nelson House and Barn, Oskaloosa, Iowa, NRHP-listed in Mahaska County
* F. P. Nelson House, Greencastle, Indiana, NRHP-listed in Putnam County
* Pollard-Nelson House, Logansport, Indiana, NRHP-listed in Cass County
* Nelson House (Lake Providence, Louisiana), NRHP-listed in East Carroll Parish
* Nelson Homestead, Crisfield, Maryland, NRHP-listed
* Nelson-Reardon-Kennard House, Abingdon, Maryland, NRHP-listed
* Henry Nelson House, New Market, Maryland, NRHP-listed
* Christina Nelson Three-Decker, Worcester, Massachusetts, NRHP-listed
* John R. Nelson House, Quincy, Massachusetts, NRHP-listed
* Knute Nelson House, Alexandria, Minnesota, listed on the NRHP in Minnesota
* Perry Nelson House, West Concord, Minnesota, NRHP-listed
* John Nelson Site, Willows, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
* Nelson Tenement, Pascagoula, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
* John C. Nelson House, Pascagoula, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
* Thomas Nelson House (Boonville, Missouri), NRHP-listed
* Dr. J.A. Hay House, La Grange, Missouri, also known as Nelson House
* Nelson House (Washington Crossing, New Jersey), Washington Crossing State Park, NRHP-listed
* Thomas Nelson House (Peekskill, New York), NRHP-listed
* Luman Nelson House, Ravenna, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Ohio
* Carl E. Nelson House, Salem, Oregon, NRHP-listed
* Otto W. and Ida L. Nelson House, Portland, Oregon, NRHP-listed
* John H. Nelson House, Fallowfield, Pennsylvania, NRHP-listed
* Maurice Nelson House, Rapid City, South Dakota, listed on the NRHP in South Dakota
* Nelson-Kirby House, Germantown, Tennessee, listed on the NRHP in Tennessee
* August M. and Mabel Jensen Nelson House, Sandy, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Utah
* Nels A. Nelson House, Sandy, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Utah
* Nelson-Beesley House, Salt Lake City, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Utah
* Nelson House (Nordland, Washington), listed on the NRHP in Jefferson County, Washington
* Charles F. Nelson House, Olalla, Washington, listed on the NRHP in Washington
* Nelson Hall, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin
* Charles E. Nelson Sr. House, Waukesha, Wisconsin, listed on the NRHP in Waukesha County, Wisconsin
# Nettleship v Weston

Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 is an English Court of Appeal judgment dealing with the breach of duty in negligence claims. In this case the court had considered the question of the standard of care that should be applied to a learner driver, and whether it should be the same as is expected of an experienced driver.

## Facts

Mr. Nettleship, the plaintiff (claimant), agreed to teach Mrs Weston, the defendant, to drive in her husband’s car, after he had inquired the insurance policy. During one of the lessons, the defendant lost control of the car and caused an accident in which the plaintiff was injured. The defendant argued that the plaintiff was well aware of her lack of skill and that the court should make allowance for her since she could not be expected to drive like an experienced motorist.

## Judgment

The Court of Appeal, consisting of Lord Denning MR, Salmon LJ and Megaw LJ held that applying a lower standard to the learner driver because the instructor was aware of her inexperience would result in complicated shifting standards. It would imply, for example, that an inexperienced doctor owed his patient a lower standard of care if the patient was aware of his lack of experience. The standard of care for a learner driver would be the usual standard applied to drivers: that of an experienced and skilled driver. The policy consideration that played a role in this decision was that the learner driver was covered by insurance. It is essential to consider an objective standard while dealing with a case of negligence. The court took different fields of law into consideration while concluding the matter of Nettleship and Weston.
Over the dissent of Salmon LJ, the Court of Appeal held that the instructor was also responsible for the accident as he was partially in control of the car and should only be able to recover half of his damages due to contributory negligence.
# Nelsonagrilus

Nelsonagrilus is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the jewel beetles. The genus was erected in 2006 with the description of three new species. N. typicus and N. bambula occur in Laos and N. suzannae is native to Sumatra.
These beetles have small bodies with relatively large, convex heads and eyes and short antennae. Of the specimens collected so far, N. suzannae is the largest, reaching about 4.5 millimeters long. It is black with a green iridescence and a coat of white hairs. N. bambula is black with a "silky tinge" and N. typicus is coppery in color with a reddish sheen.
Species:
* Nelsonagrilus bambula Jendek, 2006
* Nelsonagrilus suzannae Jendek, 2006
* Nelsonagrilus typicus Jendek, 2006
# New Barbuda Development Movement

New Barbuda Development Movement is a political party in Barbuda, Antigua and Barbuda. NBDM was an offshoot of the Antigua Labour Party. The party contested the March 1997 elections to the Barbuda Council, but won no seats (Barbuda People's Movement won all seats).
As of 2006 the party remained a valid party in Antigua and Barbuda.
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# Neravy taluk

Neravy taluk (also called as Neravy Firka) is one of the six taluk of the Karaikal district, Puducherry Union Territory, India.This taluk contains 3 villages and 6 sub villages which is also called hamlets.

## Villages in Neravy Taluk

The three villages in Neravy taluk are:
* Vizhithiyur
* Oduthurai
* Neravy

## Sub villages in Neravy taluk

The six sub villages in Neravy taluk are:
* Vizhithiyur
* Kottupalayam
* Manamutti
* Kela Oduthurai
* Mela Oduthurai
* Neravy
# Neufchâtel

Neufchâtel may refer to:

## Places

* Neuchâtel, city in Switzerland, formerly spelled Neufchâtel
** Canton of Neuchâtel, whose capital is the city
** Neuchâtel (district), within the canton, contains the city
** Lake Neuchâtel, with the city on its shore
* Neufchâtel-Hardelot, a municipality in Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
* Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne, a municipality in Picardy, France
* Neufchâtel-en-Bray, a municipality in Normandy, France
* Neuchâtel-Urtière, a commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
* Neufchâtel, Quebec, a place in Quebec

## Others

* Neufchâtel cheese, a Normandy cheese
* Nicolas Neufchatel (ca. 1527 – ca. 1590), Flemish artist
# Netherlands Rugby League Bond

The Netherlands Rugby League Bond (NRLB) is the governing body for the sport of rugby league football in the Netherlands. Formed in 2009, they obtained observer status with the RLEF (now European Rugby League) in February 2012, and affiliate membership in June 2017.