OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Commuting zone

A commuting zone is a geographic area used in population and economic analysis. In addition to the major use of urban areas, it may be used to define rural areas which share a common market.
According to the Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture:
   The geographic areas of non-metro America exhibit a great deal of variation in economic and social characteristics. In addition to agricultural areas, non-metro America includes sparsely populated mountainous regions, millions of acres of heavily forested areas, small towns, light manufacturing areas, tiny coastal hamlets, and the suburban fringes of growing metro areas. What we know about this heterogeneity is based largely on data for counties. This means that our understanding of non-metro diversity comes from data on arbitrary political units.
   Commuting zones (CZ's) and labor market areas (LMA's) were developed because county boundaries are not adequate confines for an area's economy. A local economy and its labor market are bounded not by the nearest county line, but by interrelationships between buyers and sellers of labor. If we are to understand the diversity of non-metro America we need a geographic standard capturing variations in local economic and labor force activities. The central objective of CZ's and LMA's was to develop such a geographic unit that better captures the economic and social diversity of non-metro areas.
   For 1990, 741 commuting zones were delineated for all U.S. counties and county equivalents. These commuting zones were developed without regard to a minimum population threshold and are intended to be a spatial measure of the local labor market. Where necessary, the commuting zones were aggregated into 394 labor market areas that met the Bureau of the Census criterion of a 100,000 population minimum. This was done to acquire a special 1990 Census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS-L) that identifies labor market areas in which individuals work. The commuting zones and labor market areas were also classified by the population of the largest city within each of them.
   In 2000, there were 709 commuting zones delineated for the U.S. using the same methodology as was used in the previous decades. Labor market areas were not estimated for 2000, because many researchers found them to be too large and not as useful as the commuting zones.
# Ascelin (bishop)

Ascelin (or Anselm) was a medieval Bishop of Rochester.
Ascelin was prior of Dover Priory in Kent before being selected as bishop. He was consecrated in 1142. He died on 24 January 1148.

## Citations

* ↑ British History Online Bishops of Rochester Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine accessed on 30 October 2007
* ↑ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 267
# Wolfgang Lindenhofer

Wolfgang Lindenhofer is an Austrian hair stylist and make-up artist living and working in Vienna.

## Career

Lindenhofer styled several personalities from music, film and fashion while they stayed in Austria − amongst them musicians Andrew Butler, Feist and Róisín Murphy, Burgtheater actresses Jasna Fritzi Bauer und Birgit Minichmayr, movie stars Pamela Anderson, Isabelle Huppert and Isabella Rossellini, as well as models Naomi Campbell, Milla Jovovich, Carmen Kass, Karolína Kurková and many more. He collaborated with photographers such as Andreas Bitesnich, Michel Comte, Thomas Lohr, Elfie Semotan, Mario Testino and Erwin Wurm. His work has been published in nearly every Austrian paper and magazine, as well as in AnOther Magazine and Neon, in the German edition of Interview, in Marie Claire, Sleek, L'Officiel and in the Indian edition of Harper’s Bazaar.
The stylist was employed at several runway shows at the fashion week in Paris, i.e. for Fabric Interseason, Wendy & Jim, Cosmic Wonder and Petar Petrov. In Paris he also assisted Tomohiro Ohashi at runway shows of Maison Martin Margiela, Zuhair Murad and Maxime Simoëns. He was committed to campaigns for national and international brands such as BIPA, Brandmair, Braun, Deichmann, Salvatore Ferragamo, Kniže & Comp., Levi’s, Mexx, Nokia, Palmers, Popp & Kretschmer, Royal Stag, Roy Robson, Silhouette, Vöslauer, Wüstenrot, X-ray. For several times, he was engaged by Dame Vivienne Westwood; in December 2013, she designed the costumes for the dancers at the Vienna New Year's Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic, Lindenhofer created the hair styling. Since 2005, he is responsible for the Celebrity Styling at the Life Ball in Vienna. Since 2013, Lindenhofer serves as a teacher at the University of Arts and Industrial Design in Linz.

## Film

* Vogelfrei, Hors la Loi, Outlaw (2011) - Make-Up Artist

## Accolades

* 2010 Vienna Fashion Award, category Hair Stylist
* 2013 Vienna Fashion Award, category Hair Stylist
# Companiganj Upazila

Companiganj is the name of two Upazilas in Bangladesh:
* Companiganj Upazila, Noakhali
* Companiganj Upazila, Sylhet
# Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (U)
## U

| Stock Name | Symbol |
| UEX Corporation | UEX |
| Uni-Select Inc. | UNS |
| Unisync Corp. | UNI |
| United Corporations Limited | UNC |
| Ur-Energy Inc. | URE |
| Uranium Participation Corporation | U |
| Urbana Corporation | URB |
# Asaiah

Asaiah (Hebrew: עשיה "God made me") was the personal secretary of Josiah, king of Judah in the 7th century BCE, and according to the Bible (II Kings, Chapter 22, and Books of Chronicles 2, Chapter 34), is one of Josiah's deputation to the prophet Huldah. A seal with the text Asayahu servant of the king probably belonged to him.

## Other biblical figures

* Asaiah (Simeonite) a prince of the tribe of Simeon who attacked and captured Gedor, and settled there (I Chron. iv. 36)
* Asaiah (Levite) a Levite appointed to take part in bringing back the Ark of the Covenant (I Chron. vi. 15 [A. V. 30]; xv. 6, 11)
* Asaiah (Shilonite) a Shilonite residing in Jerusalem (I Chron. ix. 5) identical with Maaseiah (Neh. xi. 5)
# Asaichandpur, Ghazipur

Asaichandpur, also known as Ashiya Chand Pur and previously known as Alipur, is a village in Zamania Tehsil in the Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India. The land where Asaichandpur is located was owned by the descendants of Mahmud Khan of Rasulpur, the eldest son of Daud Khan. Asaichandpurn was once a small settlement of farmers. The village's population increased to more than 1,200 by 2011.
# Wolfe cycle

The Wolfe Cycle is a methanogenic pathway used by archaea; the archaeon takes H$_2$ and CO$_2$ and cycles them through a various intermediates to create methane. The Wolfe Cycle is modified in different orders and classes of archaea as per the resource availability and requirements for each species, but it retains the same basic pathway. The pathway begins with the reducing carbon dioxide to formylmethanofuran. The last step uses heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr) to reduce heterodisulfide into Coenzyme B and Coenzyme M using Fe$_4$S$_4$ clusters. Evidence suggests this last step goes hand-in-hand with the first step, and feeds back into it, creating a cycle. At various points in the Wolfe Cycle, intermediates that are formed are taken out of the cycle to be used in other metabolic processes. Since intermediates are being taken out at various points in the cycle, there is also a replenishing (anaplerotic) reaction that feeds into the Wolfe cycle, this is to regenerate necessary intermediates for the cycle to continue. Overall, including the replenishing reaction, the Wolfe Cycle has a total of nine steps. While Obligate ${\ce {CO2}}$ reducing methanogens perform additional steps to reduce CO$_2$ to ${\ce {CH3}}$.

## Discovery

In 1971, in a review published by Robert Stoner Wolfe, information regarding methanogenesis in M. bryantii was published. At the time, the only thing known about this process was that Coenzyme M was involved. In addition, methanogenesis was thought to follow a linear pathway. It was not until 1986 that the reduction of ${\ce {CO2}}$ to ${\ce {CH4}}$ was proposed to occur in a cycle when it was shown that Steps 8 and 1 are coupled.

## Steps

The Wolfe Cycle follows multiple pathways, depending on the microbe. Below are generalized steps in the Wolfe Cycle.
| steps | reactants | Enzymes | Products used in cycle |
| 1 | ${\ce {CO2 + MF +2H+}}$ | Formyl-methanofuran dehydrogenase | ${\ce {Formyl - MFR}}$ |
| 2 | ${\ce {N-Formyl - MFR + H4MPT}}$ | Formyltransferase | ${\ce {N-Formyl-H4MPT}}$ |
| 3 | ${\ce {Formyl - H4MPT + H+}}$ | methenyl-H$_4$MPT cyclohydrolase | ${\ce {methenyl-H4MPT}}$ |
| 4 | ${\ce {Methenyl - H4MPT + F420H2}}$ | methylene-H$_4$MPT dehydrogenase | ${\ce {methylene-H4MPT}}$ |
| 5 | ${\ce {Methylene - H4MPT + F420H2}}$ | methylene-H$_4$MPT reductase | ${\ce {methyl-H4MPT}}$ |
| 6 | ${\ce {methyl-H4MPT + HS-CoM}}$ | methyl-H$_4$MPT/HSCoM methyl transferase | ${\ce {CH3-S-CoM}}$ |
| 7 | ${\ce {CH3-S-CoM + HS-CoB}}$ | methyl-S-CoM reductase | ${\ce {CoM-S-S-CoB}}$ |
| 8 | ${\ce {CoM-S-S-CoB + Fdx (ferredoxin)}}$ | electron bifurcating hydrogenase-heterodisulfide reductase complex | ${\ce {Fdx^2- + HS-CoB + HS-CoM}}$ |
| 9 | ${\ce {F420 + H2 + HCO2H}}$ | F$_{420}$-reducing hydrogenase | ${\ce {CO2 + F420H}}$ |
# Wolrad I, Count of Waldeck

Count Wolrad I of Waldeck (c. 1399 – after 1 February 1475) was a son of Count Henry VII of Waldeck and his wife Margaret of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein. He was named after his maternal grandfather, and was the first Wolrad in the House of Waldeck. He succeeded his father as the reigning Count of Waldeck-Waldeck in 1442 – whether this was before or after his father's death is still unclear. The House Waldeck had been split since 1397 into the senior Waldeck-Landau line and the junior Waldeck-Waldeck line.

## Life

Before he took office in Waldeck, Wolrad was appointed by Archbishop Conrad III of Mainz as magistrate and bailiff of the towns and castles of Amöneburg, Battenberg, Neustadt, Rosenthal, Hausen in Knüllwald, Fritzlar, Jesberg, Hofgeismar, Naumburg, Wetter and Rhoden near Diemelstadt, plus the associated villages and bailiwicks, in Electoral Mainz. In 1438, Count John II of Ziegenhain succeeded him on this post. John II was in turn succeeded in 1439 by Landgrave Louis I of Hesse.
Wolrad died in 1475 and was succeeded by his son Philip I. When Philip I died later that year, his younger brother Philip II became regent for Philip I's minor son Henry VIII. In 1486, Henry VIII and Philip II decided to split the county: Henry VIII received Waldeck-Wildungen, the southern part, and Philip II received the northern part, Waldeck-Eisenberg.

## Marriage and issue

In March 1440 Wolrad married Barbara of Wertheim, a daughter of Count Michael I of Wertheim and Sophie von Henneberg. Wolrad and Barbara joined the Kalands Brethren in Korbach.
They had three children:
* Philip I (1445–1475), Count of Waldeck-Waldeck
* Philip II (born: 3 March 1453; died: 26 October 1524), canon, acted from 1475 as the regent of his nephew, Henry VIII of Waldeck-Waldeck; became Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg in 1486
* Elizabeth (born: c. 1455; died: 15 March 1513), married on 15 October 1471 Duke Albert II of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1419–1485) lived and after his death on the Old Castle at Osterode am Harz.
# Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe

Ernst Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (19 April 1887 – 15 June 1962) was head of the Princely House of Schaumburg-Lippe.

## Biography

He was born at Stadthagen, the fourth son of Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe and his wife, Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg (1864–1918). He succeeded his brother Prince Adolf II as head of the Princely House following his death in a plane crash in Mexico on 26 March 1936. Following his death at Hanover, he was succeeded as head of the Princely House by his second son, Philipp-Ernst.

## Marriage and children

He was married at Simbach am Inn in April 1925 to his second cousin, Princess Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe (1903–1983), only daughter of Prince Albert of Schaumburg-Lippe and Duchess Elsa of Württemberg. They had four children:
* Adolf Friedrich Georg-Wilhelm Wolrad Hans-Werner, Hereditary Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (1926–1945)
* Friedrich August Philipp-Ernst Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (1928–2003)
* Prince Konstantin Karl-Eduard Ernst-August Stephan Alexander of Schaumburg-Lippe (1930-2008)
* Princess Elsa Viktoria Luise Marie Barbara Elisabeth Bathildis Wera of Schaumburg-Lippe (1940)

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Wolrad, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe :
# Ashbourne Green

Ashbourne Green is an area of Derbyshire, England. It is located in the Peak District, 1 mile north-east of Ashbourne in the Offcote and Underwood parish.
The owner of The Green Hall residence in Ashbourne has traditionally held the freehold of Ashbourne Green, which is around 46 acres of common land.
# Woodfall

Woodfall may refer to:

## People

* Henry Sampson Woodfall (1739–1805), English printer and journalist
** His brother William Woodfall (1746–1803), English printer and publisher
** His son George Woodfall (1767–1844), English printer
* George's son Henry Dick Woodfall (1796–1869), English businessman active in Norway

## Companies

* Woodfall Film Productions, a British film production company
# Woodentop

Woodentop may refer to:
* The Woodentops (TV series), a 1950s BBC children's series
* The Woodentops, a British rock band
* Woodentop, a pejorative term used by plain-clothed British police for uniformed police officers
* "Woodentop" (The Bill), the pilot episode of the long-running television programme The Bill
# Brampton Meadow

Brampton Meadow is a one hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-west of Brampton in Cambridgeshire, England.
The site has a rich variety of plant species on calcareous clay pasture, a declining habitat. Plants include quaking-grass, adder's tongue fern, cowslip and green-winged orchid.
The site is on private land with no public access.
# Martinikerk

Martinikerk may refer to one of several churches in the Netherlands:
* Martinikerk (Bolsward)
* Martinikerk (Doesburg)
* Martinikerk (Easterein), Easterein
* Martinikerk (Franeker), Franeker
* Martinikerk (Groningen)
* Martinikerk (Sneek), Sneek

## Other uses

* Martinikerk Rondeau, a documentary
# Cotton Abbotts

Cotton Abbotts is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Waverton, in the borough of Cheshire West and Chester and ceremonial county of Cheshire in England. In 2001 it had a population of 3. Cotton-Abbotts was formerly a township in the parish of Christleton, in 1866 Cotton Abbotts became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 2015 the parish was abolished and merged with Waverton.
# Angamos

Angamos may refer to:
* Angamos Hill, in the South Shetland Islands
* Angamos Island, in South Chile
* Angamos, Requena, capital of Yaquerana District, Peru
* Angamos metro station, in Lima, Peru
* Punta Angamos [es], a peninsula near Mejillones, Chile
* Battle of Angamos, a decisive naval battle during the War of the Pacific, fought off Punta Angamos
* Transporter Angamos (1890), a ship of the Chilean Navy, sunk in 1928
* BAP Angamos (SS-31), a submarine of the Peruvian Navy
# Phenotype (disambiguation)

A phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
Phenotype may also refer to:
* Phenotype (igneous petrology), an aphanitic igneous rock which is identified and classified according to the mineralogy of its phenocrysts
* Phenotype (clinical medicine), the presentation of a disease
* Phenotype (album), a 2016 album by the band Textures
# Puka Urqu

Puka Urqu (Quechua puka red, urqu mountain, "red mountain", also spelled Puca Orcco, Puca Orco, Puca Orjo, Puca Orkho, Puca Urco, Pucaorcco, Pucaorco, Pucaorkho, Pucaorjo, Pucaurco, Puka Orqo) may refer to:
* Puka Urqu (Antabamba), a mountain in the Antabamba District, Antabamba Province, Apurímac Region, Peru
* Puka Urqu (Arequipa), a mountain in the Arequipa Region and in the Ayacucho Region, Peru
* Puka Urqu (Ayacucho), a mountain with an archaeological site of that name in the Ayacucho Region, Peru
* Puka Urqu (Bolivia), a mountain in the Tomás Frías Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia
* Puka Urqu (Calca), a mountain in the Calca Province, Cusco Region, Peru
* Puka Urqu (Canas-Canchis), a mountain on the border of the Canas Province and the Canchis Province, Cusco Region, Peru
* Puka Urqu (Canchis), a mountain in the Canchis Province, Cusco Region, Peru
* Puka Urqu (Charcas), a mountain in the Charcas Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia
* Puka Urqu (Chuquisaca), a mountain in the Chuquisaca Department, Bolivia
* Puka Urqu (Oropesa), a mountain in the Oropesa District, Antabamba Province, Apurímac Region, Peru
* Puka Urqu (Puno), a mountain in the Puno Region, Peru
# Purnima Verma

Purnima Verma (born 25 November 1960) is a political and social worker and a Member of Parliament elected from the Mohanlalganj constituency in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh being a Bharatiya Janta Party candidate.

## Early life

Purnima was born on 25 November 1960 in Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh). She married Shripal Verma 10 May 1973 and has three sons and a daughter.

## Education and career

Purnima was educated at Rohilkhand University, Bareilly. She was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha in 1996.

## Interests and social activities

Purnima has been involved in social service, welfare of women, child and youth development and women & child education. She spends her time reading books and participating in social programmes along with working on the development work in the constituency and participation in political activities.
# Pymatuning Central, Pennsylvania

Pymatuning Central is a census-designated place (CDP) in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,269 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Pymatuning Central is located in southwestern Crawford County at 41°34′47″N 80°29′8″W﻿ / ﻿41.57972°N 80.48556°W﻿ / 41.57972; -80.48556 (41.579639, -80.485570), on the eastern shore of Pymatuning Reservoir, one of the largest reservoirs in Pennsylvania. The CDP is in North Shenango and South Shenango townships and includes the unincorporated communities of Espyville and Westford.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 16.4 square miles (42.6 km$^2$), of which 16.4 square miles (42.4 km$^2$) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km$^2$), or 0.38%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,216 people, 998 households, and 667 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 135.3 inhabitants per square mile (52.2/km$^2$). There were 2,713 housing units at an average density of 165.6 per square mile (63.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.87% White, 0.23% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41% of the population.
There were 998 households, out of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.65.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.1% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 25.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,607, and the median income for a family was $34,536. Males had a median income of $31,544 versus $20,238 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,923. About 7.6% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.
# Putaoa

Putaoa is a genus of East Asian araneomorph spiders in the family Linyphiidae, and was first described by G. Hormiga & L. Tu in 2008. As of June 2019 it contains only three species, found only in Taiwan and China: P. huaping, P. megacantha, and P. seediq.
# 2022 Estoril Open

The 2022 Estoril Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 7th edition of the tournament and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2022 ATP Tour. It took place at the Clube de Ténis do Estoril in Cascais, Portugal, from 25 April through 1 May 2022.

## Champions
### Singles

* Sebastián Báez def. Frances Tiafoe, 6–3, 6–2

### Doubles

* Nuno Borges / Francisco Cabral def. Máximo González / André Göransson, 6–2, 6–3

## Points and prize money
### Point distribution

| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Q | Q2 | Q1 |
| Singles | 250 | 150 | 90 | 45 | 20 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 0 |
| Doubles | 250 | 150 | 90 | 45 | 0 | — | — | — | — |

### Prize money

| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Q2 | Q1 |
| Singles | €81,310 | €47,430 | €27,885 | €16,160 | €9,380 | €5,730 | €2,645 | €1,375 |
| Doubles* | €28,250 | €15,110 | €8,860 | €4,950 | €2,920 | — | — | — |
$_{*perteam}$

## Singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| CAN | Félix Auger-Aliassime | 9 | 1 |
| ARG | Diego Schwartzman | 15 | 2 |
| CRO | Marin Čilić | 22 | 3 |
| ESP | Alejandro Davidovich Fokina | 27 | 4 |
| USA | Frances Tiafoe | 29 | 5 |
| ESP | Albert Ramos Viñolas | 32 | 6 |
| USA | Tommy Paul | 35 | 7 |
| USA | Sebastian Korda | 37 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 18 April 2022

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
* Nuno Borges
* João Sousa
* Dominic Thiem
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Pablo Cuevas
* Hugo Dellien
* Pierre-Hugues Herbert
* Bernabé Zapata Miralles
The following players received entry as lucky losers:
* Carlos Taberner
* Fernando Verdasco

### Withdrawals
#### Before the tournament

* Pablo Carreño Busta → replaced by Richard Gasquet
* Laslo Đere → replaced by Pablo Andújar
* Pedro Martínez → replaced by Jiří Veselý
* Cameron Norrie → replaced by Carlos Taberner
* Arthur Rinderknech → replaced by Sebastián Báez
* Diego Schwartzman → replaced by Fernando Verdasco

## Doubles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| GBR | Jamie Murray | NZL | Michael Venus | 31 | 1 |
| AUS | Matthew Ebden | AUS | Max Purcell | 59 | 2 |
| CRO | Ivan Dodig | USA | Austin Krajicek | 64 | 3 |
| RSA | Raven Klaasen | JPN | Ben McLachlan | 87 | 4 |
* Rankings are as of 18 April 2022

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Nuno Borges / Francisco Cabral
* Pablo Cuevas / João Sousa

### Withdrawals
#### Before the tournament

* Marcelo Arévalo / Jean-Julien Rojer → replaced by Jonny O'Mara / Ken Skupski
* Federico Coria / Pedro Martínez → replaced by Federico Coria / Benoît Paire
* Máximo González / Marcelo Melo → replaced by Máximo González / André Göransson
* Andrés Molteni / Andrea Vavassori → replaced by Nathaniel Lammons / Tommy Paul
* Jamie Murray / Édouard Roger-Vasselin → replaced by Jamie Murray / Michael Venus
# Pygmaeopsis

Pygmaeopsis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.