OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bin Samikh Tower

Bin Samikh is a skyscraper located in Doha, Qatar, which opened in 2014.

## Background

Ali bin Samikh Al Marri is a Qatari human rights figure and politician, chairman of the National Commission on Human Rights. He is also the CEO of Tamniyat Qatar Real Estate Investment (itself owned by Grand Heritage International), the company in charge of building the tower. Bin Samikh Holding, which combines the assets of Ali bin Samikh al-Marri, operates in the construction and real estate management sectors according to the rules imposed by Sharia law.
Construction of the Bin Samikh Tower began in 2007 and was completed in 2014.

## Description

The construction of the tower, which was originally called the Swiss Deluxe Grand Hotel, required a budget of $150 million. The tower has 24 luxury hotel rooms, 170 residential apartments, 234 rooms, 192 apartments, and 4 restaurants. The hotels and apartments are managed by the Swiss companies Swiss luxury hotel management group and Swiss-Attixs International Hotels Group (SAIH).
# 1877 Grand National

The 1877 Grand National was the 39th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 23 March 1877.

## Finishing Order

| Position | Name | Jockey | Handicap (st-lb) | SP | Distance |
| 01 | Austerlitz | Fred Hobson | 10-8 | 15-1 | 4 lengths |
| 02 | Congress | Joe Cannon | 12-7 | 20-1 | A Neck |
| 03 | The Liberator | Tommy Pickernell | 10-12 | 25-1 | |
| 04 | Chimney Sweep | John Jones | 10-13 | 7-1 | |
| 05 | Dainty | John? Goodwin | 10-14 | 20-1 | |
| 06 | Shifnal | Robert I'Anson | 11-5 | 100-14 | |
| 07 | Citizen | Bill Reeves | 10-5 | 12-1 | |

## Non-finishers

| Fence | Name | Jockey | Handicap (st-lb) | SP | Fate |
| | Regal | James Jewitt | 12-2 | 8-1 | Fell |
| | Reugny | Ted Wilson | 11-6 | 100-15 | Pulled Up |
| | Pride of Kildare | W Canavan | 11-4 | 12-1 | Fell |
| 21 | Zero | J Sherrington | 11-2 | 50-1 | Refused |
| | Lancet | Mr Daniels | 11-0 | 33-1 | Pulled Up |
| | Gamebird | Mr Appleton | 10-11 | 25-1 | Fell |
| | Sultana | Tommy Beasley | 10-11 | 50-1 | Pulled Up |
| | Earl Marshall | Gilbert Elliott | 10-10 | 100-1 | Fell |
| 25 | Arbitrator | Hiram(?) Crawshaw | 10-6 | 14-1 | Fell |
# Cryptosporangium aurantiacum

Cryptosporangium aurantiacum is a bacterium.
# Crocothemis nigrifrons

Crocothemis nigrifrons is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. Its common names include black-headed skimmer and blue-scarlet dragonfly. It is found in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.
The male is blue and black, and the female is yellow to brown in color.
The species is usually found near still or sluggish waters and is common over much of its range.

## Gallery

* Young female
* Male
* 5. Orthetrum nigrifrons (previous name) in: Australian insects (1907) Walter W. Froggatt.
* Female wings
* Male wings
# Mappsville, Virginia

Mappsville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Accomack County, Virginia, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 311.
Wharton Place was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## Geography

It lies at an elevation of 46 feet.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Mappsville CDP, Virginia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 49 | 28 | 11.14% | 9.00% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 148 | 116 | 33.64% | 37.30% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 11 | 0 | 2.50% | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 10 | 4 | 2.27% | 1.29% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 222 | 163 | 50.45% | 52.41% |
| Total | 440 | 311 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
# Titus Menenius Lanatus (consul 452 BC)

Titus Menenius Lanatus (fl. c. 452 BC) was a Roman senator during the 5th century BC. He served as consul in 452 BC.

## Consulship

In 452 BC, he was consul with Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus. During their consulship, the delegates left to study Greek law in Athens. After returning to Rome, the tribunes of the plebs called together officials to create a commission to write the law down. Publius Sestius supported this proposition, contrary to Titus Menenius, who pondered the question before falling ill; then he was rendered inactive until the end of his term as consul. Publius Sestius refused to take the initiative on his own in creating the commission. So he deferred the decision to the following year.
Titus Menenius was the father of Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, consul in 439 BC.
# Uppugudem

Uppugudem is a village in Eluru district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is administered under of Eluru revenue division.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census of India, Uppugudem has population of 121 of which 51 are males while 51 are females. Average Sex Ratio is 1373. Population of children with age 0-6 is 11 which makes up 9.09% of total population of village, Child sex ratio is 120. Literacy rate of the village was 50.91%.
# Llawhaden Bridge

Llawhaden Bridge is a Grade II* listed medieval stone arch bridge spanning the Eastern Cleddau river near Llawhaden village in Pembrokeshire, Wales, in the community of Llawhaden and about 1 mile (1.6 km) upstream of the river's tidal limit at Canaston Bridge. It is a scheduled ancient monument.

## Location

The bridge carries a minor road indirectly from the village of Llawhaden across the river towards Clynderwen and Narberth. The bridge is on the Landsker Borderlands Trail.

## History

The present structure dates from the mid-18th century. The Royal Commission states that the bridge dates from the 18th century, but says this is disputed. The earliest known illustration of a bridge below the castle is 1740.
The original bridge was probably altered or rebuilt by the Skyrme family of Llawhaden House when they established a corn mill and a new left-bank road in 1765.
The bridge fell into decay over the rest of the 18th century and John Rees (another reliable source says James) of Nevern was contracted to repair it in 1809. His contract for £190 included maintenance for seven years, and part of the works included new parapets and river walls. The west arch, originally over the tail-race of the mill, became a land arch when the race dried up following the mill's falling out of use.
Other remedial work was carried out subsequently.

## Structure

A 1740 engraving of Llawhaden Castle shows the bridge with five arches and another in 1769 shows the bridge with possibly more than seven. The listing includes the river bank wall. The bridge was not named on a pre-1850 parish map, but is marked as an ancient monument on modern maps.
The 1809 reconstruction reduced the bridge to three semicircular arches. The central arch spans about 10 metres (33 ft), with the other two arches slightly smaller. The carriageway is 4.5 metres (15 ft) wide. The two piers have cutwaters, which rise to pedestrian refuges. The east pier, and the only one now standing permanently in water, has had modern protective work. The east parapet extends some way beyond the bridge.
The main arches are constructed of ashlar limestone, and the parapets are rubble stone.
# 164th meridian

164th meridian may refer to:
* 164th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian
* 164th meridian west, a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian
| 164°class=notpageimage| 164th meridian west | 164°class=notpageimage| 164th meridian east |
# Vadugappattu

Vadugappattu is a village in Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located 96 km from Chennai.
Tiruvannamalai and Tiruvethipuram are the district and sub-district headquarters of Vadugapattu village respectively. As per 2009 stats, Vadugapattu village is itself a gram panchayat.
The total geographical area of village is 170.7 hectares. According to Census 2011 information Vadugapattu has a total population of 840 peoples. There are about 191 houses in Vadugapattu village. Thiruvethipuram is nearest town to Vadugapattu which is approximately 10 km away.
The nearest city is Tiruvettipuram. The Cheyyar River, originating from the Javvadhu Hills, runs through the southern part of the town Cheyyar (Tiruvettipuram).
Spread over an area of 10.76 km$^2$. With a population of over 3,201, the economy of the town revolves around the manufacture of Cotton lungies and Sarees products.
The hot and dry climate prevailing in the region has been one of the various factors contributing to the growth of the hosiery industry in the town.
# Cryptospore

Cryptospores are microscopic fossilized spores produced by embryophytes (land plants). They first appear in the fossil record during the middle of the Ordovician period, as the oldest fossil evidence for the colonization of land by plants. A similar (though broader) category is miospores, a term generally used for spores smaller than 200 μm. Both cryptospores and miospores are types of palynomorphs.

## Evidence that cryptospores derive from land plants
### Occurrence

Cryptospores are generally found in non-marine rocks and decrease in abundance with distance offshore. This suggests that any cryptospores found in the marine environment were transported there by the wind from the land, rather than originating from the marine environment.

### Wall ultrastructure

The walls of cryptospores consist of many lamellae (thin sheets). Liverworts, thought to be the most primitive land plants, also have this spore wall morphology.

### Chemical composition

(Some) cryptospores are composed of sporopollenin and have the same chemical makeup as co-occurring trilete spores.

## Other information

Recently, fossils of plant sporangia have been found in Oman with cryptospores showing concentric lamellae in their walls, similar to liverworts. The earliest known cryptospores are from Middle Ordovician (Dapingian) strata of Argentina. Spores from the Lindegård Mudstone (late Katian–early Hirnantian) represent the earliest record of early land plant spores from Sweden and possibly also from Baltica and implies that land plants had migrated to the palaeocontinent Baltica by at least the Late Ordovician. This discovery reinforces the earlier suggestion that the migration of land plants from northern Gondwana to Baltica in the Late Ordovician was facilitated by the northward migration of Avalonia, which is evidenced by the co-occurrence of reworked, Early–Middle Ordovician acritarchs, possibly suggesting an Avalonian provenance in a foreland basin system.
# Azaserine

Azaserine is a naturally occurring serine derivative diazo compound with antineoplastic and antibiotic properties deriving from its action as a purinergic antagonist and structural similarity to glutamine. Azaserine acts by competitively inhibiting glutamine amidotransferase, a key enzyme responsible for glutamine metabolism.

## Mechanism of Action

Azaserine inhibits the rate limiting step of the metabolic hexosamine pathway and irreversibly inhibits γ-glutamyltransferase by acting directly at the substrate-binding pocket. Independent of hexosamine pathway inhibition, azaserine has been demonstrated to protect against hyperglycemic endothelial damage by elevating serum concentrations of manganese-superoxide dismutase, directly reducing the concentration of reactive oxygen species.
Azaserine also downregulates the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in response to TNF-α, and research indicates that it may have potential in identifying the L-leucine-favoring system transporter in human T-lymphocytes.

## Properties

Azaserine has a solubility of 50 mg/mL in water, a melting point of 146-162 °C, a vapor pressure of 1.53x10$^{−10}$mmHg at 25 °C, and decomposes before melting.
# Brünlasberg

Brünlasberg is a mountain of Saxony, southeastern Germany.
50°34′31″N 12°40′41″E﻿ / ﻿50.57528°N 12.67806°E﻿ / 50.57528; 12.67806
* This Saxony location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Big & Rich's Super Galactic Fan Pak 2

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Country Weekly | |
Big & Rich's Super Galactic Fan Pak 2 is the second EP and DVD set released by the American country music duo Big & Rich. The compilation, released in late 2008, is a follow-up to their 2004 EP/DVD combo Big & Rich's Super Galactic Fan Pak. This set is composed of a three-song CD and a live DVD featuring a full-length concert.
Big Kenny later included "Find a Heart" as "To Find a Heart" on his 2009 solo album The Quiet Times of a Rock and Roll Farm Boy.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums | 54 |
# Titus Mussidius Pollianus

Titus Mussidius Pollianus was a Roman senator active during the Principate. He was the only member of the gens Mussidia to reach the consulate; this office he held as the colleague of Titus Axius in an as yet undetermined year during the earlier part of the reign of emperor Claudius. Pollianus is known from several inscriptions found in Rome.
The portion of the cursus honorum up to his consulate can be reconstructed from a statue base found in Rome, although the offices are listed out of logical order. The earliest office Pollianus would have held was in the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one of the four boards that formed the vigintiviri; membership in one of these four boards was a preliminary and required first step toward gaining entry into the Roman Senate. Next was as quaestor, and upon completion of this traditional Republican magistracy Pollianus would be enrolled in the Senate. Two more of the traditional Republican magistracies followed: plebeian tribune and praetor.
The three offices Pollianus held after his praetorship are scattered through the inscription on the statue base. Another inscription, now lost, reportedly puts them in the following order: curator viarum (curator of a number of unspecified roads); praefectus frumenti dandi (the prefect responsible for the distribution of Rome's free grain dole); and governor of the public province of Gallia Narbonensis. A. L. F. Rivet dates his governorship of Narbonensis to the years AD 34 to 37. Pollianus' consulate followed.
His life following his consulate is a blank, and his date of death is unknown.
# Aframomum pseudostipulare

Aframomum pseudostipulare is a species of plant in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It was first described by Ludwig Eduard Loesener, Gottfried Wilhelm Johannes Mildbraed, and Jean Koechlin.
# Björn Westerlund

Björn Georg Wilhelm Westerlund, titled Vuorineuvos (27 January 1912 in Hanover, Germany – 11 March 2009 in Helsinki, Finland), was a Finnish businessman and a short-time minister in the government of Finland. He was the former and first President and CEO of Nokia Corporation that was formed in a 1967 merger between the three Finnish companies Nokia Company, Finnish Rubber Works and Kaapelitehdas (Cable Company). He was the CEO until his retirement in 1977. He remained Chairman of the Board until 1979.
He was also the Minister of Trade and Industry for a short while (19 June to 14 July 1961) in V. J. Sukselainen's second government, as a representative of Swedish People's Party.
# Rochelle Saunders

Rochelle Saunders (born 21 May 1975) is a New Zealand rower.
In 2001, she won silver at the World Championships in Lucerne, Switzerland as bow in the four with teammates Jackie Abraham-Lawrie (bow), Kate Robinson (2), and Nicky Coles (stroke).
# Cutting balloon

A cutting balloon is an angioplasty device invented by Barath et al. used in percutaneous coronary interventions. It has a special balloon tip with small blades, that are activated when the balloon is inflated. This procedure is different from Rotoblation (Percutaneous Transluminal Rotational Atherectomy or PCRA) whereby a diamond tipped device spins at high revolutions to cut away calcific (chalky) atheroma usually prior to coronary stenting. Boston Scientific's Flextome is the most widely used cutting balloon.
Cutting balloons have also been used in the treatment of refractory or recurrent laryngotracheal stenosis, particularly in cases where a dense ring of circumferential fibrosis has formed in the trachea or either bronchus'.
# Azasetron

Azasetron is an antiemetic which acts as a 5-HT$_3$ receptor antagonist, pK$_i$ = 9.27 It is used in the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy (such as cisplatin chemotherapy). Azasetron hydrochloride is given in a usual dose of 10 mg once daily by mouth or intravenously. It is approved for marketing in Japan, and marketed exclusively by Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. under the trade names "Serotone I.V. Injection 10 mg" and "Serotone Tablets 10 mg". Pharmacokinetics data from S. Tsukagoshi.
Arazasetron besylate (SENS-401) is an investigational drug formulation containing exclusively the R-enantiomer of azasetron. The compound has been studied to prevent hearing loss related to sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), acoustic trauma, and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
# Carlie Craig

Carlie Craig is an American musical comedy writer and performer.
A native of Florida, Craig graduated from the Florida State University College of Fine Arts in 2013. She was a cast member on the 15th season of Mad TV in 2016, known for performing impressions of stars such as Ariana Grande. Other roles including being on the cast of Todrick on MTV in 2015. In 2022, her song "Who The Fuck Was That?" went viral on TikTok.
# Bryophilinae

Bryophilinae is a subfamily of moths in the family Noctuidae. The subfamily was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

## Genera

* Acopa Harvey, 1875
* Athaumasta Hampson, 1906
* Bryolymnia Hampson, 1908
* Bryomoia Staudinger, 1892
* Bryonycta Boursin, 1955
* Bryophila Treitschke, 1825
* Cryphia Hübner, 1818
* Nyctobrya Boursin, 1957
* Stenoloba Staudinger, 1892
* Victrix Staudinger, 1879
# List of women who obtained doctoral degrees before 1800

Although doctoral degrees appeared in the universities of West Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, for a long time they were given only to men. Below is a list of the women who obtained doctoral degrees before 1800. The list includes only academic degrees, not Doctors of Divinity.[clarification needed]
Constance Calenda (fl. 1415) may have received a medical degree from the University of Naples. Juliana Morell "defended theses" in 1606 or 1607, although claims that she received a doctorate in canon law in 1608 have been discredited. The putative 13th-century instance of Bettisia Gozzadini at the University of Bologna is discounted by Holt N. Parker.
| Person | Year | University | Degree |
| Elena Cornaro Piscopia | 1678 | University of Padua | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Laura Bassi | 1732 | University of Bologna | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Cristina Roccati | 1750 | University of Bologna | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Dorothea Erxleben | 1754 | University of Halle | Doctor of Medicine |
| Maria Pellegrina Amoretti | 1777 | University of Pavia | Doctor of Laws |
| María Pascuala Caro Sureda | 1779 | University of Valencia | Doctor of Philosophy |
| María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda | 1785 | Complutense University of Madrid | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer | 1787 | University of Göttingen | Doctor of Philosophy |
| Maria Dalle Donne | 1799 | University of Bologna | Doctor of Medicine |
* Maria Pellegrina Amoretti, one of the first female doctors of laws
* Elena Cornaro Piscopia, the first female doctor of philosophy
* Dorothea Erxleben, one of the first female doctors of medicine
# Qayyum Papa Stadium

The Qayyum Papa Stadium, also known as Qayyum Ali Changezi Stadium, is a football stadium in Mari Abad, Quetta, Pakistan. Named after the Pakistan national football team former captain Qayyum Ali Changezi, it has the capacity to accommodate up to 10,000 spectators. The stadium has also been used on occasion to celebrate the Hazara culture day.

## History

The stadium was initially built by MPA minister Syed Muhammad Agha Raza in 2014, named after footballer Qayyum Ali Changezi who played for the Pakistan national team in the 1950s and 1960s. It was initially intended to engage local youth in sports and providing a safe environment to deter them from harmful activities like drug use.
In 2019, a Ramazan tournament was held at the stadium where the teams from Quetta and specifically from the Hazara community would play in the venue. In 2020, the stadium also was one of the three venues in the All Pakistan Chief Minister Balochistan Gold Cup Football Tournament, which was held after a lapse of 17 years by the provincial minister Abdul Khaliq Hazara, featuring 21 teams.

### Renovation

Over time, neglect, mismanagement, and funding issues led to the stadium falling into disrepair. Renovation started in February 2023, led by provincial minister Abdul Khaliq Hazara.
In May 2023, the venue was used to hold football matches in the 34th 2023 National Games of Pakistan, which were held after almost 19 years in the province of Balochistan. In July 2023, the stadium became the first-ever synthetic turf football ground in the province of Balochistan, after transitioning from natural grass to artificial turf.
# Robert, Count of Montescaglioso

Robert (died July 1080) was the first Norman count of Montescaglioso.
Robert had a brother, Geoffrey of Conversano. Their mother was a sister of Duke Robert Guiscard.
Along with his brother Geoffrey and his cousins, Abelard and Herman, Robert was constantly in rebellion against his uncle the duke. In April 1064, Robert joined Abelard, Geoffrey, and Joscelin, Lord of Molfetta, in rebellion against Robert, who had just left for Sicily. They received the aid, financial and military, of Perenos, the Byzantine duke of Durazzo. Between 1 September 1065 and 31 August 1066, Byzantine troops landed at Bari. The rebels held out for several years, neither making headway against Robert nor he against them. On 1 January 1068, Romanus Diogenes was acclaimed emperor in Constantinople and the Greeks transferred their military attention to the Seljuk threat to their east. The rebellion fell apart and by February Robert had surrendered.
In 1071, with Abelard, and in 1078, with his cousin Prince Jordan I of Capua, Robert was in rebellion again. Robert and his brother and cousins continued in rebellion after the 1079 peace between Jordan and the Guiscard. Robert was one of the first to cease revolting: he died in July 1080. He left a son, Rudolf, who succeeded him.

## Sources

* Lexikon de Mittelalters.
* Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
* This biography of an Italian noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Black Boys Burning

Black Boys Burning: The 1959 Fire at the Arkansas Negro Boys Industrial School is a 2017 non-fiction book by Grif Stockley, published by University Press of Mississippi. It is about the deadly fire at the Arkansas Negro Boys' Industrial School.

## Contents

There are ten chapters in the book. The history of the institution along with the fire event and emergency services are in the first three chapters. The schooling in the institution is detailed in chapter four. The activism against anti-black practices in the state is detailed in chapter 5.
The book discusses the significant persons involved in the affair. According to the author, the fire became deadly due to neglect as a result of white supremacist sentiment, citing how Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus deliberately underfunded the facility.
The book includes references that are indicated by endnotes.

## Reception

Dionne Danns of Indiana University praised the "accessibly written book" and its "methodological lessons", the latter which she argued was the "greatest contribution".