OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Valery Engel

Valery Engel (born June 19, 1961 in Moscow) is a Russian historian and public figure. He has served as the Deputy Chairman of the international human rights movement "World without Nazism" (WWN), the first deputy of the World Congress of Russian Jewry, the president of the European Centre for the Development of Democracy in Latvia, and is a member of the European Jewish Parliament, where he represents Latvia.

## Biography

Valery Engel was born in Moscow, USSR. In 1983 he graduated from the history faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical University. In 1995, at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Science, he defended his thesis on "The Jewish Question in Russian-American relations late XIX - early XX centuries."; Ph.D. in History.
Since the mid-1980s, Engel has been an active member of the independent Jewish Movement in Russia, and was one of the founders of the Vaad of the USSR.
In October 1987 he created the Jewish Historical Society. In 1989 he organized the first Soviet international scientific conference on Judaism and Hebraicism.
Other positions he has held include President of the Association for Jewish Studies and Jewish culture from 1990-1993, member of the executive committee of the World Jewish Congress from 1991-1996, and member of the Advisory Council on National-Cultural Autonomy of the Russian government from 1996-2000. He received an Honorary Doctorate from the department of Hebraic at the University of Sorbonne.
From 2001 to 2008 he worked as executive vice president of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia (FJC). He was the first vice-president of the World Congress of Russian Jewry. In June 2010 he became deputy chairman of World without Nazism (WWN), and since 2011 he has headed the European Centre for Democracy.
In 2015 he left WWN and joint the European Tolerance Center in Riga (the President Vladimir Sternfeld, head of the Jewish Cultural Authonimy of Russian Federation, Director - Rabbi Menachem Barkan (Latvia) - the Head of the Riga's Getto Museum) like the Chair of the Expert Board. Inside of this center he implemented in 2015-2017 the project "Annual Report about the Xenophobia and Radicalism in Europe." About 10 experts from the European Universities and research centers are taking part in this program.
From 2013 Dr. Valery Engel is the Member of the Political Board of the Russian liberal opposition party "Civic Initiative" (Chairman - the Minister of Economy of Russia in 1992-93 Andrey Nechaev). In 2018 the party nominated a candidate for presidency of Russia daughter of a comrade-in-arms President Boris Yeltsin, former mayor of St. Petersburg Anatoly Sobchak Mrs. Ksenia Sobchak.
Since 2008 Valery Engel has lived in Latvia with his family. He has two children.
# Canton of Sartenais-Valinco

The canton of Sartenais-Valinco is an administrative division of the Corse-du-Sud department, southeastern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Propriano.
It consists of the following communes:
* Altagène
* Arbellara
* Aullène
* Belvédère-Campomoro
* Bilia
* Cargiaca
* Foce
* Fozzano
* Giuncheto
* Granace
* Grossa
* Loreto-di-Tallano
* Mela
* Olmeto
* Olmiccia
* Propriano
* Quenza
* Sainte-Lucie-de-Tallano
* Santa-Maria-Figaniella
* Sartène
* Serra-di-Scopamène
* Sorbollano
* Viggianello
* Zérubia
* Zoza
# Pinna muricata

Pinna muricata is a species of bivalves belonging to the family Pinnidae.
The species is found in almost all oceans.
# Bulbophyllum tumidum

Bulbophyllum tumidum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# CDMF

In cryptography, CDMF (Commercial Data Masking Facility) is an algorithm developed at IBM in 1992 to reduce the security strength of the 56-bit DES cipher to that of 40-bit encryption, at the time a requirement of U.S. restrictions on export of cryptography. Rather than a separate cipher from DES, CDMF constitutes a key generation algorithm, called key shortening. It is one of the cryptographic algorithms supported by S-HTTP.

## Algorithm

Like DES, CDMF accepts a 64-bit input key, but not all bits are used. The algorithm consists of the following steps:
* Clear bits 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 (ignoring these bits as DES does).
* XOR the result with its encryption under DES using the key 0xC408B0540BA1E0AE.
* Clear bits 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 64.
* Encrypt the result under DES using the key 0xEF2C041CE6382FE6.
The resulting 64-bit data is to be used as a DES key. Due to step 3, a brute force attack needs to test only 2$^{40}$ possible keys.
# 1930 The Citadel Bulldogs football team

The 1930 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1930 college football season. Johnny Floyd served as head coach for the first season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 20 | Stetson | Johnson Hagood StadiumCharleston, SC | W 13–7 |
| September 27 | Erskine | Johnson Hagood StadiumCharleston, SC | W 13–0 |
| October 3 | vs. Clemson* | Florence Memorial StadiumFlorence, SC | L 7–13 |
| October 11 | VMI* | Johnson Hagood StadiumCharleston, SC (rivalry) | W 7–6 |
| October 18 | vs. Davidson* | Central High School StadiumCharlotte, NC | L 0–6 |
| October 25 | Presbyterian | Johnson Hagood StadiumCharleston, SC | L 0–6 |
| October 30 | vs. South Carolina* | County FairgroundsOrangeburg, SC | L 0–13 |
| November 11 | vs. Quantico Marines* | Maher FieldRoanoke, VA | T 0–0 |
| November 15 | Chattanooga | Johnson Hagood StadiumCharleston, SC | T 7–7 |
| November 22 | at Furman* | Manly FieldGreenville, SC (rivalry) | L 6–31 |
| November 29 | at Wofford | Snyder FieldSpartanburg, SC (rivalry) | W 7–6 |
| *Non-conference game |||||
# Bulbophyllum expallidum

Bulbophyllum expallidum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Orculella creantirudis

Orculella creantirudis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Orculidae.

## Geographic distribution

O. creantirudis is endemic to Greece, where it occurs on the islands of Antikythera and Crete.
# Empirical valence bond

In theoretical chemistry, the Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) approach is an approximation for calculating free-energies of a chemical reaction in condensed-phase. It was first developed by Israeli chemist Arieh Warshel, and was inspired by the way Marcus theory uses potential surfaces to calculate the probability of electron transfer.
Where most methods for reaction free-energy calculations require at least some part of the modeled system to be treated using quantum mechanics, EVB uses a calibrated Hamiltonian to approximate the potential energy surface of a reaction. For a simple 1-step reaction, that typically means that a reaction is modeled using 2 states. These states are valence bond descriptions of the reactants and products of the reaction. The function that gives the ground energy then becomes:
$E_{g}={\frac {1}{2}}{\bigglH_{11}+H_{22}-{\sqrt {(H_{11}-H_{22})^{2}+4H_{12}^{2}}}{\biggr )}$
where H$_{11}$ and H$_{22}$ are the valence bond descriptions of the reactant and product state respectively, and H$_{12}$ is the coupling parameter. The H$_{11}$ and H$_{22}$ potentials are usually modeled using force field descriptions U$_{reactants}$ and U$_{products}$. H$_{12}$ is a bit trickier as it needs to be parameterized using a reference reaction. This reference reaction can be experimental, typically from a reaction in water or other solvents. Alternatively quantum chemical calculations can be used for calibration.

## Free energy calculations

To obtain free-energies from the created ground state energy potential one needs to perform sampling. This can be done using sampling methods like molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations at different states along the reaction coordinates. Typically this is done using a free energy perturbation / umbrella sampling approach.

## Application

EVB has been successfully applied to calculating reaction free energies of enzymes. More recently it has been looked at as a tool to study enzyme evolution and to assist in enzyme design.

## Software

* Molaris
* Q
* RAPTOR (Rapid Approach for Proton Transport and Other Reactions)
# Cheesewood

Cheesewood is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* Alstonia scholaris (White cheesewood)
* Sphaerocoryne lefevrei (White cheesewood), often referred to by the invalid name Melodorum fruticosum, native to southeast Asia
* Pittosporum species
* Nauclea orientalis (Leichhardt tree, yellow cheesewood, Canary cheesewood)
# Mebutamate

Mebutamate (Capla, Dormate) is an anxiolytic and sedative drug with antihypertensive effects of the carbamate class. It has effects comparable to those of barbiturates such as secobarbital, but is only around 1/3 the potency of secobarbital as a sedative. Side effects include dizziness and headaches.
Mebutamate is one of many GABAergic drugs which act via allosteric agonism of the GABA$_A$ receptor at the β-subreceptor similar to barbiturates. In contrast, benzodiazepines act at the α-subreceptor. As such, carbamates and barbiturates, possess analgesic properties while the benzodiazepine class of drugs are strictly psychoactive.
Other carbamates with the same mechanism of action and pharmacological properties include meprobamate, carisoprodol, felbamate, and tybamate.

## Structural analogs

* Lorbamate
* Carisoprodol
* Pentabamate
* Meprobamate
* Felbamate
* Tybamate
# Mebroot

Mebroot is a master boot record based rootkit used by botnets including Torpig. It is a sophisticated Trojan horse that uses stealth techniques to hide itself from the user. The Trojan opens a back door on the victim's computer which allows the attacker complete control over the computer.

## Payload

The Trojan infects the MBR to allow itself to start even before the operating system starts. This allows it to bypass some safeguards and embed itself deep within the operating system. It is known that the Trojan can intercept read/write operations, embed itself deep within network drivers. This allows it the ability to bypass some firewalls and communicate securely, using a custom encrypted tunnel, to the command and control server. This allows the attacker to install other malware, viruses, or other applications. The Trojan most commonly steals information from the victim's computer, in an attempt for small financial gain. Mebroot is linked to Anserin, which is another Trojan that logs keystrokes and steals banking information. This gives further evidence showing that financial motive is most likely behind Mebroot.

## Detection/removal

The Trojan tries to avoid detection by hooking itself into atapi.sys. It also embeds itself in the Ntoskrnl.exe. Mebroot has no executable files, no registry keys, and no driver modules, which makes it harder to detect without antivirus software. In addition to running antivirus software, one can also remove the Trojan by wiping or repairing the master boot record, the hard drive, and the operating system.

## Distribution

Three variants of Mebroot have been discovered. It was estimated that the first version was compiled in November 2007. In December, Mebroot started drive-by downloads. In early 2008, a second wave of attacks arrived. In February 2008 a second variant was discovered which is accompanied by a modified installer. In March 2008 a third variant was discovered, in which attacks became more widespread. Since the third variant, the Trojan has been upgraded to try and outwit antivirus software. It is unknown if Mebroot is still in the wild. Mebroot is currently known to be distributed by visiting malicious websites, or by way of an application exploit. It is estimated that over 1,500 websites have been compromised, mostly in the European region. Traffic to websites infected with Mebroot can reach 50,000 to 100,000 views per day.
# Chengalam East

Chengalam East is a village in Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, India.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Chengalam East had a population of 11879 with 5865 males and 6014 females.
# Mecyclothorax cordicollis

Mecyclothorax cordicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was first described by Thomas Gibson Sloane in 1900, as Cyclothorax cordicollis. It is found in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
# Medal of the Order for Merits to Lithuania

The Medal of the Order For Merits to Lithuania (Lithuanian: Ordino „Už nuopelnus Lietuvai“ medalis) is a state award of Lithuania. Established in 2002. The 2020 revision of the law states that it is awarded by a decree of the President of Lithuania to persons for their merits in promoting the name of Lithuania in the fields of culture, science, education, business, production, health, social security, military, sports, economy and other fields, as well as for humanitarian aid to Lithuania, for merits for maternity, paternity, guardianship or care. For example, it is awarded to mothers who have given birth to and raised well seven or more children.
The medal is silver, 36 mm in diameter. On the obverse the Order for Merits to Lithuania is engraved. On the reverse a wreath, the inscription "Pro Lituania" and the year when the medal was instituted (2002) are engraved. The medal uses the ribbon the Order.
# Chester Township, Minnesota

Chester Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Minnesota:
* Chester Township, Polk County, Minnesota
* Chester Township, Wabasha County, Minnesota
# McKillip

McKillip is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Britt McKillip (born 1991), Canadian actress and singer
* Carly McKillip (born 1989), Canadian actress and musician
* Patricia A. McKillip (1948–2022), American author
# Cherbonnières

Cherbonnières (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.
# Chetostoma admirandum

Chetostoma admirandum is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Chetostoma of the family Tephritidae.
# Chetostoma californicum

Chetostoma californicum is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Chetostoma of the family Tephritidae.
# Mediglia

Mediglia (Milanese: Medija) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Milan.
# Medvezhyegorsky

Medvezhyegorsky (masculine), Medvezhyegorskaya (feminine), or Medvezhyegorskoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Medvezhyegorsky District, a district of the Republic of Karelia, Russia
* Medvezhyegorskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of Medvezhyegorsk and three rural localities in Medvezhyegorsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia are incorporated as
# Medrese, Balya

Medrese is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Balya of Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 87 (2022).
# Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad

The Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad (reporting mark CI&S) is a former railroad which operated in the states of Illinois and Indiana during the early 20th century. The CI&S formed in 1906 from the consolidation of the two other railroads: the Indiana, Illinois and Iowa Railroad and the Indiana Harbor Railroad. The new railroad also owned the capital stock of the Danville and Indiana Harbor Railroad. The stock of the new company itself was wholly owned by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway and the Michigan Central Railroad, both of which were part of the New York Central system. A 1907 report called the CI&S a "tributary to the Lake Shore." The railroad operated two lines: a north–south line between Indiana Harbor (East Chicago, Indiana) and Danville, Illinois, and a line from the Spring Valley coalfields at Seatonville, Illinois, to South Bend, Indiana. Together the two lines controlled 301 miles (484 km) of track. In 1914 the CI&S was one of several railroads consolidated to form the modern New York Central Railroad.
# Chicago Tribune March

"Chicago Tribune March" is an American march by William Paris Chambers, composed in 1892 and published by R. F. Seitz the same year. The march was written for the Chicago Tribune newspaper and was first performed in September 1892 during "Music Day" at the Illinois State Fair.

## History

Paris wrote the march in 1892 "for the iconic Chicago newspaper company," and it was first performed at "Music Day" at the Illinois State Fair in Peoria on Friday, September 30, 1892. The march was published in 1892 by R. F. Seitz, and an arrangement for piano was published in 1893; the march has been described as Chambers' "most popular march," a "distinctive" piece with "skillful interplay between melody and countermelody," along with "brilliant running woodwind parts."
The Chicago Tribune newspaper reported on music day at the state fair, describing how four of the best bands in Illinois, in addition to a chorus of 100, were participating. The four bands entered an arena for the first event of the day, a "March of the Nations," with "music, 'soldiery' and colors representing France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States." The bands then performed "America" with a chorus accompaniment, with "all four bands and chorus" joining "together in unison to perform the last stanza." After this, all "four bands then formed again" in front of the grandstand and made the first performance of "Chicago Tribune March" to "great applause."
# Chicago Transit Authority (disambiguation)

Chicago Transit Authority may refer to:
* Chicago Transit Authority, the operator of mass transit within the City of Chicago, Illinois.
* Chicago (band), formerly named The Chicago Transit Authority
** The Chicago Transit Authority, eponymous album by the mentioned band
# Megachile minima

Megachile minima is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Ashmead in 1900.
# Megachile miranda

Megachile miranda is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Vachal in 1908.
# Megachile mitchelli

Megachile mitchelli is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Raw in 2004.
# Megachile varipes

Megachile varipes is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Vachal in 1908.
# Megachile variscopa

Megachile variscopa is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodosio De Stefani Perez in 1895.
# Blind Willie

"Blind Willie" may refer to:

## People

* Blind Willie Dunn, a pseudonym of American Jazz guitarist, Eddie Lang (1902–1933)
* Blind Willie Johnson (1897–1945), a gospel blues singer and guitarist
* Blind Willie McTell (1898–1959), a Piedmont and ragtime blues singer and guitarist
* William Purvis (1752–1832), a Tyneside concert hall songwriter and performer
* Blind Willie Walker (1896–1933), an early American blues guitarist and singer

## Media

* Blind Willie McTell, a song by Bob Dylan, titled after the blues singer
* Blind Willie, a fictional blues singer in Shel Silverstein's theatrical sketch, Blind Willie and the Talking Dog
* Blind Willie, a novella by Stephen King from his book Hearts in Atlantis
# Abilene Aces

The Abilene Aces were a West Texas League baseball team based in Abilene, Texas, United States that played from 1928 to 1929. They reached the league finals in 1928, ultimately losing the playoff. Notable players include Debs Garms and Euel Moore.
# CDMS

CDMS may refer to:
* Charge detection mass spectrometry
* Clinical Data Management System
* Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis
* Cryogenic Dark Matter Search
# 1930 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship

The 1930 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 40th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.
Thurles Sarsfields were the defending champions.
Toomevara won the championship after a 4–01 to 1–00 defeat of Boherlahan in the final. It was their eighth championship title overall and their first title since 1923.
# Chris Black

Chris Black may refer to:
* Chris Black (hammer thrower) (born 1950), Scottish hammer thrower
* Chris Black (screenwriter), American television screenwriter and producer
* Chris Black (footballer) (born 1982), English football (soccer) player
* Chris Black (rugby union) (born 1978), Scottish rugby union player
# Bulbophyllum viguieri

Bulbophyllum viguieri is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum found in Madagascar.
# Orcula zilchi

Orcula zilchi is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Orculidae. This species is known from the type locality in Bulgaria and three localities in Turkey.
# No. 173 Squadron RAF

No. 173 Squadron RAF was a Royal Air Force Squadron that was a communications unit in World War II.

## History
### Formation in World War II

The squadron formed on 9 July 1942 at Heliopolis, Egypt and equipped with the Hawker Audax and it went on to operate many other types of aircraft. It was renamed the 'Middle East Communications Squadron' on 29 February 1944.

### Postwar

The squadron reformed as a ferry unit on 1 February 1953 and was finally disbanded on 2 September 1957.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by no. 173 Squadron RAF :
| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| Jun 1942 | Feb 1943 | Hawker Audax | I |
| Jul 1942 | Jul 1943 | Westland Lysander | II |
| Jul 1942 | Aug 1943 | Hawker Hart | II |
| Jul 1942 | Sep 1943 | Hawker Hurricane | I |
| Jul 1942 | Sep 1943 | Bristol Blenheim | IV |
| Jul 1942 | Sep 1943 | Airspeed Oxford | III |
| Jul 1942 | Oct 1943 | de Havilland Moth Major | |
| Jul 1942 | Oct 1943 | Percival Gull | Six |
| Jul 1942 | Oct 1943 | Miles Magister | I |
| Jul 1942 | Jan 1944 | Douglas Boston | III |
| Jul 1942 | Jan 1944 | Lockheed Electra | |
| Jul 1942 | Feb 1944 | Percival Proctor | I |
| Jul 1942 | Feb 1944 | Lockheed Lodestar | |
| Jul 1942 | Feb 1944 | Fairchild Argus | I |
| Aug 1942 | Oct 1942 | de Havilland Dragon Rapide | |
| Dec 1942 | Apr 1943 | Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 | I |
| Feb 1943 | Feb 1943 | Stinson Reliant | |
| Feb 1943 | Feb 1943 | Junkers Ju 52 | 3m |
| Feb 1943 | Sep 1943 | Short Scion Senior | |
| Mar 1943 | Apr 1943 | Hawker Hardy | I |
| Apr 1943 | Sep 1943 | Bristol Beaufighter | IF |
| Sep 1943 | Feb 1944 | Avro Anson | I |
| Feb 1953 | Sep 1957 | Avro Anson | C.19 |
| Feb 1955 | Sep 1957 | Vickers Varsity | T.1 |
# Endamoeba

Endamoeba is a genus of amoeboids in Amoebozoa. It includes the species Endamoeba blattae (type species), Endamoeba lutea, and Endamoeba similans.
# Nizhal Thangal of Pambankulam

This Thangal of Pambankulam was the seventh among the Primary Nizhal Thangals (places of worship). It is west of Kadambankulam in the Tirunelveli-Kanyakumari National Highway east of Panakkudy.
A thangal was constructed during the 'Desa-sanjara' of Vaikundar. It was called the Pattakasalai Pathi.
# Nind

Nind may refer to:

## People

* Anthony Nind (1926-?), British priest
* Isaac Scott Nind (1797–1868), British colonial doctor, artist and pharmacist
* Mary Clarke Nind (1825–1905), British philanthropist
* Philip Henry Nind (1831–1896), British rower

## Places

* Nind Nature Reserve, England
* Nind, Missouri, United States
# No Time (EP)

No Time is the fourth EP released by the American anarcho street punk band Defiance, released on Profane Existence in 1997.

## Track listing

A side
* No Time - 4:18
B side
* Your Country Is Shit - 3:22
* Fight the Real Enemy - 2:55
* This 1990s punk rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e