OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# VS-MK2 mine

The VS-MK-2 is a plastic bodied scatterable anti-personnel blast mine manufactured by the now-defunct Valsella Meccanotecnica, SpA, an Italian high-tech defence contractor that specialized in the development and production of area denial systems. The mine is extremely difficult to detect because of its low metal content i.e. it is a minimum metal mine. Additionally, it is resistant to blast overpressure due to a pneumatic system in the fuze. The mine will also function in up to 1 metre of water. An electrically fused anti-handling version of the mine was also produced designated VS-MK-2-EL, VS-MK-2-E or VS-MK2 AR-AN to hinder clearance attempts. Although Italy has ceased production of this mine it may still be found in uncleared minefields located in Angola, Sudan and the Western Sahara.

## Description

The mine is circular and normally olive green or sand colored. The top of the mine has a black neoprene plunger/pressure plate, which rests on a small spring. The mine is internally divided into two sections separated by a small air bleed hole. When the plunger is compressed, air is forced through the bleed hole equalizing pressure in the upper and lower section. When the mine experiences sudden overpressure an air bladder inflates caused by the differential in pressure between the upper and lower sections, this prevents the activation of the mine. When constant pressure is applied the pressure equalizes gradually and the mine is activated, a firing pin is flipped sideways by the plunger into a stab-detonator, which fires the horseshoe-shaped main explosive charge.
The amount of explosive in a VS-Mk 2 mine is comparatively small in relation to other anti-personnel mines because it is designed to disable victims, not kill them. Although the blast wound from an VS-Mk 2 is unlikely to be fatal (assuming that prompt emergency medical care is provided) it usually destroys a significant part of the victim's foot, thereby leading to some form of permanent disability regarding their gait. However, in situations where the victims are barefoot or wearing sandals, the blast wounds are more severe.

## Specifications

* Weight: 135 g
* Explosive content: 33 g of RDX phlegmatized with paraffin wax.
* Diameter: 90 mm
* Height: 32 mm
* Operating pressure: 12 kg
# Craig Stewart

Craig Stewart may refer to:
* Craig Stewart (politician) (1928–2009), Canadian politician, MP for Marquette, 1968–1979
* Craig Stewart (Australian footballer) (1956–2023), Australian rules footballer
* Craig Stewart (English footballer), former English footballer and current head manager for the Providence Friars men's soccer team
* Craig Stewart (Jamaican footballer) from 2004 CFU Club Championship
* Craig Stewart (film editor) from Hard Hunted
# Ramovš

Ramovš is a Slovenian surname that may refer to
* Anton Ramovš (1924–2011), Slovenian geologist and paleontologist.
* Darko Ramovš (born 1973), Serbian football player
* Fran Ramovš (1890–1952), Slovenian linguist
* Primož Ramovš (1921–1999), Slovenian composer and librarian
# Bryan Leininger

Bryan Leininger (born 18 April 1963) is a former US National Champion in judo. He competed in the Olympic festival as a preliminary to the Olympic trials in 1991. He typically competed in the over 209lbs division.

## Judo

He was a national champion and a long time member of the US team. Leininger won a gold medal in the 1996 US National Championships in San Jose, California.
He is the brother of Christophe Leininger as part of the "Flying Leininger Brothers". They studied judo under Hayward Nishioka at Los Angeles City College, with their father Maurice Leininger. They additionally trained with the French national judo team. Bryan Leininger won at the Colorado State Championships, the US National Collegiate and French National Collegiate championships. He also won medals six times in the US National Championships. In 1994, Leininger won the United States Judo Association award for most improved competitor. He placed second in the 2001 World Masters Judo Championships.
# Aegoidus earlii

Aegoidus earlii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1840.
# Birchdale, Minnesota

Birchdale is an unincorporated community in Koochiching County, Minnesota, United States.
The community is located between International Falls and Baudette on State Highway 11 (MN 11), 42 miles west of International Falls and 26 miles east of Baudette, within Northwest Koochiching Unorganized Territory
Franz Jevne State Park and the Rainy River are both in the vicinity.
Popular events include the annual 4 July and Holiday Lights parades.

## Media
### Television

| Channel | Callsign | Affiliation | Branding | Subchannels | Subchannels | Owner |
| (Virtual) | Callsign | Affiliation | Branding | Channel | Programming | Owner |
| 9.1 | K35MY-D (KAWE Translator) | PBS | Lakeland PBS | 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 | First Nations Experience PBS Kids Create PBS Encore Minnesota Channel | County of Koochiching |
| 11.1 | K31PK-D (KRII Translator) | NBC | KBJR 6 | 11.2 11.3 | CBS H&I/MyNetworkTV | County of Koochiching |
| 13.1 | K33PL-D (WIRT Translator) | ABC | WCCO 4 | 13.2 13.3 | MeTV Ion Television | County of Koochiching |
# Norwich Lanes

The Norwich Lanes, known locally as The Lanes, is an area of Norwich, a city in Norfolk, England. It consists of a series of mostly pedestrian-oriented small lanes, alleyways and streets. Norwich Lanes is noted for its independent retailers, and eating and drinking establishments. The area also contains some of the city's cultural attractions, including museums, theatres, pubs and bars. As part of a nationwide drive to recognise the importance of the character and individuality of Britain's high streets, and to maintain it, Norwich Lanes won the Great British High Street Awards 2014 in the "City" category.
# VS-HCT mine

The VS-HCT series of mines are Italian plastic cased anti-tank mines that use Misznay Schardin effect warheads and have a dual seismic and magnetic fuze. The mines are no longer produced and differ in size and shape.

## VS-HCT

The VS-HCT has a circular case with vertical ribbing. The mine can be either mechanically laid or laid by hand and incorporates both electronic and mechanical arming delays. The mine's fuze has a battery-powered seismic sensor which is used to detect approaching targets, plus a magnetic sensor which triggers the mine at the optimum point. Once triggered the mine fires a clearing charge, which clears up to 100 millimeters of earth that may have been laid on top of the mine. Once the clearing charge has been fired, the main charge is triggered. The main charge throws a heavy metal slug upwards, which is capable of penetrating up to 175 millimeters of armour.
A self neutralizing period of between 1 and 128 days can be selected. The mine's status can also be checked remotely. It has provision for the fitting of an anti-handling device.
The mine entered series production by the Italian company, Valsella, in 1978 and was in service with the Italian army. The mine is no longer produced, but has been reported in Iraq.

## VS-HCT2

The VS-HCT2 was developed to meet NATO and FINABEL requirements for anti-tank mines. The mine has a square plastic case with a chunky carrying handle set into one corner, with a large raised circular section in the centre of the mine. The electronic fuze is more sophisticated than the VS-HCT, able to discriminate between types of targets, and can vehicle count to strike a particular vehicle. In testing the mine's warhead penetrated 50 millimeters of armour half a meter above the mine, followed by five 25 millimeter witness plates. The mine can self-neutralize after a pre-set period and incorporates an anti-handling device.
The mine is no longer in production.

## VS-HCT4

The VS-HCT4 was a development of the VS-HCT2 with a case designed to aid mechanical mine laying. The mine's plastic case is rectangular with rounded ends. The mine's warhead and fuze are similar to the type used in the VS-HCT2, with similar performance characteristics. Physically the mine is somewhat similar to the French ADWAT and MI AC PR series of mines.

## Specifications

| Model | VS-HCT | VS-HCT-2 | VS-HCT-4 |
| Length / diameter | 222 mm | 260 mm | 280 mm |
| Height | 110 mm | 128 mm | 104 mm |
| Width | - | 260 mm | 188 mm |
| Weight | 4 kg | 6.8 kg | 5.5 kg |
| Explosive content | 2.05 kg of Composition B | 2.3 kg of Composition B | 2.3 kg of Composition B |
# Ayo Fasanmi

Ayorinde Fasanmi // (27 September 1925 – 29 July 2020) was a Nigerian pharmacist and politician.

## Early life

He was born in 1925 at Iye Ekiti, a local government area of Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria. He attended St Paul's primary school, Ebutte Metta and Government School, Ibadan before he proceeded to the Pharmacy School of Yaba where he received a diploma certificate in pharmacy. He practiced as a pharmacist at Oshogbo briefly before he joined the Nigerian politics.

## Political career

He joined the Unity Party of Nigeria in 1978 and was a candidate in the Ondo State gubernatorial primary election but lost to Michael Adekunle Ajasin, the former governor of Ondo State. In 1983, he was elected member of the Federal House of Representatives representing Ondo North. He later served as member of the Board of Directors of the Old Western Nigeria Housing Corporation. During the Fourth Nigerian Republic, he served as the National Vice Chairman of the Alliance for Democracy, Southwest zone.

## Personal life

He was married to the late Madam Adejoke who died at the age of 82 years in October 2014.
# Habillah District

Habillah is a district of West Darfur state, Sudan.
# Manugonda

Manugonda is a village in Geesugonda mandal in Warangal district of Telangana State, India. As part Telangana Districts re-organisation, Manugonda Village Geesugonda Mandal re organised from Warangal District to Warangal Rural district. It is located 16 km towards East from District headquarters Warangal. 3 km from Geesgonda.
Manugonda Pin code is 506330 and postal head office is Dharmaram (Warangal).
Geesgonda ( 3 km ), Gangadevarapalle ( 3 km ), Akkampet ( 4 km ), Elkurthy ( 4 km ), Bodduchintalpalle ( 5 km ) are the nearby Villages to Manugonda. Manugonda is surrounded by Duggondi Mandal towards East, Atmakur Mandal towards North, Sangam Mandal towards South, Warangal Mandal towards west .
Warangal, Jangaon, Yellandu, and Karimnagar are all towns close to Manugonda.
Telugu is the Local Language here. The total population of Manugonda is 2942. Males are 1515 and Females are 1,427 living in 688 Houses. Total area of Manugonda is 919 hectares.
* This article about a location in Telangana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Diamond Island (Tasmania)

Diamond Island also known locally as Cod Rock, is a low granite island with an area of 6.76 ha. Diamond Island lies roughly 200m off the central east coast of Tasmania and has a maximum elevation of 9m.
It is located just off the town of Bicheno. Depending on the tide it is connected to the mainland by a sand spit during which time it is accessible by foot. It is a nature reserve.

## Fauna

The island is a little penguin rookery numbering 200 breeding pairs. Species of seabird and wader have also been recorded breeding on Diamond island including the sooty oystercatcher.
# Calvin Coolidge Elementary School

The Calvin Coolidge Elementary School is a former school building located at 3701 Van Buren Avenue in Flint, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
The school was constructed in 1928, with additions in 1951 and 1970. It closed its doors in 2011. In 2018, Communities First began plans to renovate the building into apartments and commercial space.
# North Cimahi

North Cimahi is a district of Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia. North Cimahi had a population of 158,633 in 2014.

## Villages

North Cimahi is divided into four villages:
* Cipageran (40511)
* Citeureup (40512)
* Cibabat (40513)
* Pasirkaliki (40514)
# Current crowding

Current crowding (also current crowding effect, or CCE) is a nonuniform distribution of current density through a conductor or semiconductor, especially in the vicinity of electrical contacts and over p–n junctions.
Current crowding is one of the factors limiting the efficiency of light-emitting diodes. Materials with low mobility of charge carriers (e.g., aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP)) are especially prone to current crowding phenomena. It is the dominant loss mechanism in some LEDs, where the current densities, especially around the P-side contacts, reach an area of the emission characteristics with lower brightness/current efficiency.
Current crowding can lead to localized overheating and formation of thermal hotspots, in catastrophic cases leading to thermal runaway. Nonhomogenous distribution of current also aggravates electromigration effects and the formation of voids (see, e.g., the Kirkendall effect). Formation of voids causes localized nonhomogeneity of current density, and the increased resistance around the void causes further localized temperature rise, which in turn accelerates the formation of the void. Conversely, localized lowering of current density may lead to deposition of the migrated atoms, leading to further lowering of current density, further deposition of material, and formation of hillocks, which may cause short circuits.
In large bipolar junction transistors, the resistance of the base layer influences the distribution of current density through the base region, especially at the emitter side.
Current crowding occurs especially in areas of localized lowered resistance, or in areas where the field strength is concentrated (e.g., at the edges of layers).
# Cape Ballard Formation

The Cape Ballard Formation is a formation cropping out in Newfoundland.
# Ye Keming

Ye Keming (28 March 1937 – 5 October 2021) was a Chinese engineer who was chief engineer at Shanghai Construction Group, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

## Biography

Ye was born in Jinshan County, Shanghai, on 28 March 1937, during the Republic of China. After graduating from Suzhou Construction Engineering School (now Suzhou University of Science and Technology) in 1956, he attended Tongji University, where he majored in industrial and civil buildings.
From January 1957 to January 1977, Ye worked at the Shanghai No. 5 Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. as deputy chief engineer. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in January 1965. In January 1977, he was sent to Albania as leader of Civil Engineering Team of Metallurgical Experts from China to Albania. One year later, he returned to China and became director of Technology Department of Baosteel Group. In January 1981, he continued to work at the Shanghai No. 5 Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. and then moved to the Shanghai No. 8 Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.. In January 1987, he was appointed deputy chief engineer at Shanghai Construction Group, becoming vice chairman in January 1994 and senior engineer in January 1998.
On 5 October 2021, he died of an illness at Huadong Hospital, in Shanghai, aged 84.

## Contributions

Ye had been engaged in civil engineering construction technology and management for a long time. He had chaired the construction of Nanpu Bridge, Yangpu Bridge, Oriental Pearl Tower and Jin Mao Tower, and participated in scientific research and talent training of national key projects such as Runyang Yangtze River Bridge, Sutong Bridge and Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge.

## Honours and awards

* 1995 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) for building Nanpu Bridge
* 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
* 1996 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) for research and application of construction technology and equipment of Oriental Pearl Tower
# Carlos Pascual

Carlos Pascual could refer to:
* Carlos Pascual (baseball) (1931-2011), Cuban baseball player
* Carlos Pascual (diplomat) (born 1959), American diplomat
# Devils Well Hollow

Devils Well Hollow is a valley in Shannon County in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Devils Well Hollow was so named on account of a deep hole in the valley from which spring water could be obtained.
# Pádraig Reidy

Pádraig Reidy is an Irish Gaelic footballer, who has played with the Scartaglin club and the Kerry county team.

## Underage career

Reidy played schools football with St.Patrick's College of Castleisland, and won the 2003 Dunloe Shield. He won two Munster Minor Football Championship medals with Kerry (2003 and 2004), and was a member of the Kerry minor side beaten by Laois in the 2003 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship semi-final and of the team which lost to Tyrone in the 2004 final.
He lined out with the Kerry Under 21's between 2005 and 2007.

## 2005 Kerry Juniors

Reidy was a member of the Kerry squad for the All-Ireland Junior Football Championship in 2005, starting at corner-back. Kerry defeated Tipperary GAA in the quarter-final of the Munster Junior Football Championship. They then overcame Limerick GAA in a replay to reach the final. However, Cork GAA, who subsequently won the All-Ireland championship, beat them in the final.

## Senior career

Reidy made his National Football League debut in 2006, against Mayo.
He first broke through onto the Kerry team in 2007, playing in that season's National Football League. He made his championship debut against Waterford in the Munster Senior Football Championship on 3 June 2007. He played in the corner-back spot vacated by Tom O'Sullivan, who moved to full-back following the retirement of Mike McCarthy. He won his first Munster Senior Football Championship title after over coming Cork in the 2009 final. Reidy played at corner-back as Kerry beat Cork by 3–13 to 1–09. The victory made him the first Scartaglin player to win a senior All-Ireland with Kerry.
He played in all of Kerry's National Football League games in 2008, including the final loss to Derry.
At a club level, Reidy was a member of the team which won the East Kerry Intermediate championship. As a result, the club qualified for the East Kerry Senior Football Championship proper, reaching the semi-finals and almost beating Dr. Crokes in what was described as a "David and Goliath battle". At divisional level however, Reidy's St. Kieran's sides were knocked out in the second round of the Kerry Senior Football Championship by eventual champions Feale Rangers.
As of 2008, Reidy had retained his number four jersey and was one of the starting corner-backs for Kerry in the 2008 National Football League.
# Upper Dumbell Lake

Upper Dumbell Lake is a lake in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut. It is the northernmost named lake of Canada. It is located 5.2 km (3.2 mi) southwest of Alert, Canada's northernmost settlement, on the coast of Lincoln Sea, Arctic Ocean. The lake is roughly circular and 1 km (0.62 mi) in diameter.
* This Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Dionicio

Dionicio is a given name. Notable people with the given name include:
* Dionicio Cerón (born 1965), Mexican marathon runner
* Dionicio Escalante (born 1990), Mexican footballer
* Dionicio Gustavo (born 1983), Dominican karateka
* Dionicio Morales (1918-2008), American Latino civil rights leader
* Dionicio Rodriguez (1891–1955), Mexican-born, US-based artist and architect
# 1648 Shajna

1648 Shajna, provisional designation 1935 RF, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1935, by Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Two weeks later, it was independently discovered by Cyril Jackson at Johannesburg Observatory, South Africa. It was later named after the discoverer and her husband, Russian astronomers Grigory Shajn.

## Orbit and classification

Shajna orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,221 days). Its well-determined orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1921, Shajna was first identified as 1921 GB at Heidelberg Observatory. Its first used observation was taken at Uccle in 1934, when it was identified as 1934 CK$_1$, extending the body's observation arc by one year prior to its official discovery observation.

## Rotation period

In July 2005, a rotational lightcurve of was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.4140 hours with a brightness variation of 0.65 magnitude (U=3). Two modeled lightcurves from various surveys including the Lowell photometric database gave similar periods of 6.41368 and 6.41369 hours (U=n.a.). Photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2012, gave nearly identical periods of 6.4140 and 6.4248 hours in the R- and S-band, respectively (U=2/2).

## Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Shajna measures between 8.26 and 9.45 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.191 and 0.35. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.23 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.54.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of the late couple of Russian astronomers Grigory Shajn (1892–1956) and the discoverer herself, Pelageya Shajn (1894–1956), first woman ever to discover a minor planet. The asteroid 1190 Pelagia is also named after her, while her husband is honored by the lunar crater Shayn. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1962 (M.P.C. 2117).
# Crassaluna

Crassaluna is an extinct genus of cystoporate bryozoan of the family Anolotichiidae, known from the Ordovician period. It had an encrusting growth habit or, in the case of C. fungiforme, formed cup-shaped colonies. Its colonies possessed a vesicular skeleton and monticules. Its cyst-like interzooecial spaces are a distinguishing feature.

## Species

* Crassaluna epidermata (Ulrich, 1890)
* Crassaluna cystata (Conti, 1990)
* Crassaluna fungiforme (Ernst and Key, 2007)
# Ramshead Publishing

Ramshead Publishing is an American game company that produces role-playing games and game supplements.

## History

Mike Holmes and Ralph Mazza were members of the Gaming Outpost who were later among the founding members and prolific posters on the Forge, and worked together to develop a game using their ideas Universalis: The Game of Unlimited Stories.$^{:168–169}$ Holmes and Mazza published Universalis (2002) through Ramshead Publishing.$^{:411}$ Mazza had been using his initials since childhood, and based the name of this company on his initials.$^{:169}$ Mazza bought out the share of Universalis from Holmes in January 2003, so that he owned both the game and Ramshead Publishing alone.$^{:171}$ Ramshead published the Robots & Rapiers Quick Start Rules (2004) as a PDF at first, and then printed in book form at Gen Con Indy 2004.$^{:172}$ Adept Press, Burning Wheel, Driftwood Publishing, and Ramshead Publishing sponsored the Forge booth at Gen Con in 2004.$^{:408}$ Ramshead released its second complete game, Blood Red Sands (2013), first in May 2013 as a PDF to backers of its successful 2012 Kickstarter, with a print book published in early 2014.$^{:173}$