OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1849 in rail transport

This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1849.

## Events
### January events

* January 27 – The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the North Carolina Railroad to complete a rail line from Goldsboro through Raleigh and Salisbury to Charlotte.

### February events

* February 20 – The Scioto and Hocking Valley Railroad (which eventually was absorbed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) is chartered in Ohio to build a railroad from Portsmouth through Piketon and Chillicothe to Lancaster.

### March events

* March 3 – The Pacific Railroad, a predecessor of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, is chartered in Missouri.
* March 5 – The Blue Ridge Railroad is chartered by the Virginia General Assembly to construct a rail line over the Blue Ridge Mountains for the Louisa Railroad.
* March 24 – The Pittsburg and Steubenville Railroad, which eventually became the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway after a foreclosure sale, is chartered in Pennsylvania.
* March – The governments of India and England form the first agreements of the Old Guarantee System providing land grants to English companies for railroad construction in India.

### June events

* June 20 – First tube of Robert Stephenson's Britannia Bridge is floated into position on the Menai Strait for the Chester and Holyhead Railway's North Wales Coast Line with many leading British railway civil engineers present.

### July events

* July 5 – First part of Paris-Est–Strasbourg-Ville railway opens in France.
* July 20 – The Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway opens to the public in England, the first suburban railway.

### August events

* August 15 – Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge for the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway at Newcastle upon Tyne, England is opened permanently for rail traffic.
* August 17 – The Old Guarantee System providing land grants to English companies for railroad construction in India is finalised.

### September events

* September 1 – The first segment of the Pennsylvania Railroad, from Lewiston to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, opens for service.
* September – Train ferry PS Leviathan, designed by Thomas Grainger for the Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee Railway, is delivered for carrying freight cars across the Forth estuary in Scotland between Granton and Burntisland.

### November events

* November 1 – The Caledonian Railway is opened throughout between Glasgow, Carstairs and Carlisle, completing a through rail route by the West Coast Main Line and providing the first service of through carriages between Scotland and England.

## Births
### October births

* October 17 – Sir William Mackenzie, part-owner of the Toronto Street Railway, builder of Canadian Northern Railway predecessors (d. 1923).

### December births

* December 12 – William Kissam Vanderbilt, heir to Cornelius Vanderbilt and president of the New York Central system (d. 1920).
# 1877 in China

Events from the year 1877 in China.

## Incumbents

* Guangxu Emperor (3rd year)
** Regent: Empress Dowager Cixi

### Viceroys

* Viceroy of Zhili — Li Hongzhang
* Viceroy of Min-Zhe — He Jing
* Viceroy of Huguang — Li Hanzhang
* Viceroy of Shaan-Gan — Zuo Zongtang
* Viceroy of Liangguang — Liu Kunyi
* Viceroy of Yun-Gui — Liu Changyou
* Viceroy of Sichuan — Ding Baozhen
* Viceroy of Liangjiang — Shen Baozhen

## Events

* Dungan Revolt (1862–77)
* Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79
** Shandong Famine Relief Committee was established with the participation of diplomats, businessmen, and Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries to combat the famine
* Woosung Road railway purchased and dismantled by Viceroy of Liangjiang Shen Baozhen

## Deaths

* Gu Taiqing (Chinese: 顾太清; Pinyin: Gù Tàiqīng; 1799 – c. 1877) writer and poet, one of the top-ranked women poets of the Qing Dynasty.
* Yaqub Beg, killed in the Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
# 1877 in France

Events from the year 1877 in France.

## Incumbents

* President: Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta
* President of the Council of Ministers:
** until 17 May: Jules Simon
** 17 May-23 November: Albert, 4th duc de Broglie
** 23 November-13 December: Gaëtan de Rochebouët
** starting 13 December: Jules Armand Dufaure

## Events

* 16 May – Constitutional crisis which ultimately seals the defeat of the royalist movement.
* 14 October – Legislative election held.
* 28 October – Legislative election held.
* 'Yablochkov candles' (a form of arc lamp) are first used commercially in the 'Marengo hall' of the department store Galeries du Louvre in Paris.

## Births
### January to March

* 29 January – Georges Catroux, military officer and diplomat (died 1969)
* 17 February – André Maginot, politician, advocate of the Maginot Line (died 1932)
* 19 February – Louis Aubert, composer (died 1968)
* 21 February – Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Catholic theologian (died 1964)
* 28 February – André Simon, wine merchant, gourmet and writer (died 1970)
* 21 March – Maurice Farman, motor racing driver, aviator, aircraft manufacturer and designer (died 1964)
* 29 March – Jules Boucherit, violinist and teacher (died 1962)

### April to June

* 15 April – Jules Basdevant, law professor (died 1968)
* 26 May – Jean Schlumberger, writer and journalist (died 1968)
* 31 May – Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion, née Renaudot, astronomer (died 1962)
* 14 June – Jane Bathori, opera singer (died 1970)

### July to December

* 4 July – Jacques Bacot, explorer and Tibetologist (died 1965)
* 5 July – Georges Saillard, actor (died 1967)
* 6 July – Arnaud Massy, golfer (died 1950)
* 8 July – René Navarre, actor (died 1968)
* 19 July – Cécile Brunschvicg, politician (died 1946)
* 18 November – Jules Isaac, historian (died 1963)
* 13 December – Edmond Locard, pioneer in forensic science (died 1966)

## Deaths

* 31 March – Antoine Augustin Cournot, economist, philosopher and mathematician (born 1801)
* 9 April – Pierre Louis Alphée Cazenave, dermatologist (born 1795)
* 26 April – Louise Bertin, composer (born 1805)
* 28 June – Jacques-Maurice De Saint Palais, Archbishop of Indianapolis (born 1811)
* 3 September – Adolphe Thiers, politician, historian and Prime Minister of France (born 1797)
* 23 September – Urbain Le Verrier, mathematician (born 1811)
* 16 October – Théodore Barrière, dramatist (born 1823)
* 26 December
** Aristide Boucicaut, creator of Le Bon Marché department stores (born 1810)
** Jean-Jacques Meyer, steam locomotive engineer (born 1805)
* 31 December – Gustave Courbet, painter (born 1819)
# North Waghi Rural LLG

North Waghi Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Jiwaka Province, Papua New Guinea.

## North Waghi Wards & CUs:

N/Waghi Rural LLG:
* Kimil 1: 14 CUs
* Kimil 2: 12 CUs
* Bung 1: 13 CUs
* Koskala 2: 8 CUs
* Koskala 1: 7 CUs
* Kakinjep 1: 15 CUs
* Molka 1: 6 CUs
* Kwiena 1: 11 CUs
* Kwiena 2: 7 CUs
* Dumbola 1: 14 CUs
* Talu 1: 11 CUs
* Kendu 1: 9 CUs
* Bolimba 1: 8 CUs
* Bung 2: 6 CUs
* Bung 3: 9 CUs
* Koskala 3: 11 CUs
* Kakinjep 2: 6 CUs
* Molka 2: 11 CUs
* Dumbola 2: 7 CUs
* Talu 2: 14 CUs
* Kendu 2: 25 CUs
* Bolimba 2: 4 CUs
* Kakinjep 3: Disregard, Non-existent
* Banz Town: 4 CUs
# 1713 Irish general election

The 1713 Irish general election returned members to serve in the House of Commons. The election took place during a high-point for party politics in Ireland, and saw heavy losses for the Tories and the emergence of a Whiggish majority in the commons.

## Election

Since 1703 Irish politics had taken on a far more confrontational hue, with clear party dividing lines being drawn along Tory-Whig lines, mirroring the division in England (and later Great Britain). Simultaneously Irish politics, like British politics, had come to focus on questions of religion, with the ruling Anglican elite fearing subversion from both the majority Catholic population, and the growing, and equally hostile, Presbyterian population in Ulster.
Irish Whigs advocated protestant unity, seeing Catholics as the greatest threat, and thereby advocated further penal laws. In contrast the Tories regarded Ireland's Catholics as a spent force, and focused their efforts on dealing with Ireland's growing Presbyterian population. The Tories therefore advocated retaining the Sacramental Test clause of the 1704 Popery Act, which excluded from public office those who refused to receive the sacrament in the manners according to the established church, which in Ireland's case was the Anglican Church of Ireland.
Whilst the Tories could rely on support for their views on the Test clause, they were vulnerable on issues relating to succession. Irish public opinion, fearful of a return of the Jacobites, rallied behind the Whigs, ushering in a pro-Hanoverian and anti-ministerial majority in the commons. The Irish Whigs used the popular cry "No peace without Spain" as an electoral slogan.
The voting for the Dublin City constituency was hotly disputed, leading to the Dublin election riot.

## Dates of election

At this period elections did not take place at the same time in every constituency. The returning officer in each county or parliamentary borough fixed the precise date (see hustings for details of the conduct of the elections).
# Not on Top

Not On Top is a 2005 album by Herman Düne.
On this record Herman Düne are augmented by Canadian singer-songwriter Julie Doiron, who plays bass and provides some of the vocals. This is Herman Düne's first record to make significant use of bass guitar. It was recorded at Hall Place Studios in Leeds, England. Unusually for an album of the 21st century it was deliberately recorded in mono.

## Track listing

* "Little Wounds" – 3:15
* "Not On Top" – 3:32
* "Had I Not Known" – 3:04
* "Walk, Don't Run" – 3:37
* "Slow Century" – 3:15
* "This Will Never Happen" – 3:51
* "German Green" – 0:59
* "Recording Farfisa" – 0:51
* "You Could Be A Model, Goodbye" – 3:18
* "Seven Cities" – 3:05
* "Good For No One" – 4:07
* "Orange Hat" – 3:01
* "Whatever Burns The Best Baby" – 3:42
* "Eleven Stones" – 3:07
* "Warning Spectrum" – 1:18

## Personnel

* David-Ivar Herman Düne – vocals, Gibson & Levin guitars, ukulele, piano
* André Herman Düne – vocals, Silvertone guitar, Simon & Patrick guitar, piano, lapsteel guitar
* Neman – drums, percussion, saw, flute
* Julie Doiron – eko bass, vocals, ukulele
* Lisa Li-Lund – vocals
* Dave Tatersall – vocals, Gibson guitar, handclaps
* Rachel MacWatt – vocals
* Gill Iles – vocals
* Alice Hubley – vocals
* This article about a 2000s folk rock album is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Notelaea linearis

Notelaea linearis, also known as the native olive, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family that is endemic to Australia.

## Description

The species grows as a shrub to about 2 m in height. The linear, or lance-shaped, leaves are 20–70 mm long and 7–12 mm wide. The inflorescences of about four pale yellow flowers are 4–10 cm long. The white or blue oval fruits are 5–7 mm long and 4–5 mm wide.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, where it grows in dry sclerophyll forest and heathy scrub, usually on a granite substrate.
# Normal crossing singularity

In algebraic geometry a normal crossing singularity is a singularity similar to a union of coordinate hyperplanes. The term can be confusing because normal crossing singularities are not usually normal schemes (in the sense of the local rings being integrally closed).

## Normal crossing divisors

In algebraic geometry, normal crossing divisors are a class of divisors which generalize the smooth divisors. Intuitively they cross only in a transversal way.
Let A be an algebraic variety, and $Z=\bigcup _{i}Z_{i}$ a reduced Cartier divisor, with $Z_{i}$ its irreducible components. Then Z is called a smooth normal crossing divisor if either
    (i) A is a curve, or
    (ii) all $Z_{i}$ are smooth, and for each component $Z_{k}$, $(Z-Z_{k})|_{Z_{k}}$ is a smooth normal crossing divisor.
Equivalently, one says that a reduced divisor has normal crossings if each point étale locally looks like the intersection of coordinate hyperplanes.

## Normal crossing singularity

In algebraic geometry a normal crossings singularity is a point in an algebraic variety that is locally isomorphic to a normal crossings divisor.

## Simple normal crossing singularity

In algebraic geometry a simple normal crossings singularity is a point in an algebraic variety, the latter having smooth irreducible components, that is locally isomorphic to a normal crossings divisor.

## Examples

* The normal crossing points in the algebraic variety called the Whitney umbrella are not simple normal crossings singularities.
* The origin in the algebraic variety defined by $xy=0$ is a simple normal crossings singularity. The variety itself, seen as a subvariety of the two-dimensional affine plane is an example of a normal crossings divisor.
* Any variety which is the union of smooth varieties which all have smooth intersections is a variety with normal crossing singularities. For example, let $f,g\in \mathbb {C} [x_{0},\ldots ,x_{3}]$ be irreducible polynomials defining smooth hypersurfaces such that the ideal $(f,g)$ defines a smooth curve. Then ${\text{Proj}}(\mathbb {C} [x_{0},\ldots ,x_{3}]/(fg))$ is a surface with normal crossing singularities.
# Normal fan

In mathematics, specifically convex geometry, the normal fan of a convex polytope P is a polyhedral fan that is dual to P. Normal fans have applications to polyhedral combinatorics, linear programming, tropical geometry and other areas of mathematics.

## Definition

Given a convex polytope P in R$^n$, the normal fan N$_P$ of P is a polyhedral fan in the dual space, (R$^n$)* whose cones consist of the normal cone C$_F$ to each face F of P,
    $N_{P}=\{C_{F}\}_{F\in \operatorname {face} (P)}.$
Each normal cone C$_F$ is defined as the set of linear functionals w such that the set of points x in P that maximize w(x) contains F,
    $C_{F}=\{w\in (\mathbb {R} ^{n})^{*}\mid F\subseteq \operatorname {argmax} _{x\in P}w(x)\}.$

## Properties

* N$_P$ is a complete fan, meaning the union of its cones is the whole space, (R$^n$)*.
* If F is a face of P of dimension d, then its normal cone C$_F$ has dimension n – d. The normal cones to vertices of P are full dimensional. If P has full dimension, the normal cones to the facets of P are the rays of N$_P$ and the normal cone to P itself is C$_P$ = {0}, the zero cone.
* The affine span of face F of P is orthogonal to the linear span of its normal cone, C$_F$.
* The correspondence between faces of P and cones of N$_P$ reverses inclusion, meaning that for faces F and G of P,
       $F\subseteq G\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad C_{F}\supseteq C_{G}.$
* Since N$_P$ is a fan, the intersection of any two of its cones is also a cone in N$_P$. For faces F and G of P,
       $C_{F}\cap C_{G}=C_{H}$
    where H is the smallest face of P that contains both F and G.

## Applications

* If polytope P is thought of as the feasible region of a linear program, the normal fan of P partitions the space of objective functions based on the solution set to the linear program defined by each. The linear program in which the goal is to maximize linear objective function w has solution set F if and only if w is in the relative interior of the cone C$_F$.
* If polytope P has the origin in its interior, then the normal fan of P can be constructed from the polar dual of P by taking the cone over each face of the dual polytope, P°.
* For f a polynomial in n variables with coefficients in C, the tropical hypersurface of f is supported on a subfan of the normal fan of the Newton polytope P of f. In particular, the tropical hypersurface is supported on the cones in N$_P$ of dimension less than n.
# 17β-Aminoestrogen

17β-Aminoestrogens are a group of synthetic, steroidal estrogens derived from estradiol which have an amine substitution in place of the hydroxyl group at the C17β position. They are estrogenic similarly, but, unlike estradiol, show sustained anticoagulant activity that appears to be mediated by non-genomic mechanisms. As such, it is thought that they may have a reduced risk of venous thromboembolism. The 17β-aminoestrogens include the base or parent estrogen aminoestradiol (AE$_2$) and the extended-chain derivatives butolame, hexolame, pentolame, prodiame, and prolame. They are a homologous series of steroids.
# North American Mycological Association

The North American Mycological Association (NAMA), is a non-profit organization of amateurs and professionals who are interested in fungi, including mushrooms, morels, truffles, molds, and related organisms. NAMA aims "to promote, pursue, and advance the science of mycology."

## Membership

Membership is open to all persons interested in fungi, including both professionals and amateurs of any skill level.

## Publications

The official journal of NAMA is McIlvainea: The Journal of Amateur Mycology, which is published bi-annually.
NAMA members also receive The Mycophile, NAMA's bi-monthly newsletter.
NAMA members also provide educational material for teaching and learning about fungi via their website.

## Activities

Since 1961, NAMA has sponsored an annual foray, at which members meet to collect and identify mushrooms and other fungi. Each year the foray takes place in a different location in North America.
NAMA tracks North American mushroom poisoning cases (of humans and animals), and maintains a registry for submission of new cases. NAMA also provides a guide to mushroom poisoning symptoms.
# Novello, Piedmont

Novello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region of Piedmont. It is located approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Turin and 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 968 and covered an area of 11.6 square kilometres (4.5 sq mi). Novello shares borders with the following municipalities: Barolo, Lequio Tanaro, Monchiero, Monforte d'Alba, and Narzole.

## International relations

Novello is twinned with:
* Kristinestad, Finland
# 1894 Hampden–Sydney Tigers football team

The 1894 Hampden–Sydney football team represented Hampden–Sydney College during the 1894 college football season. In their only game of the 1894 season, Hampden–Sydney beat the then-unnicknamed William & Mary for their football program's first ever win.

## Schedule

| Opponent | Site | Result |
| William & Mary | | W 28–0 |
# Adolf von Hüpsch

Johann Wilhelm Carl Adolph von Honvlez-Ardenn Hüpsch Lontzen or Baron Hupsch (31 August 1730 – 1 January 1805) was a German writer, collector and charlatan who titled himself as a baron. He was an indiscriminate collector of objects including those of natural history specimens, art, clothing, weaponry and antiquities. He also claimed to have invented a machine to destroy ants and control other insects in 1777.
Hüpsch was born Jean Guilleaume Fiacre, the son of a court official Gerard Honvlez (d. 1746) and Anna Maria Kesler in Vielsalm (now in Belgium). He studied at the Marianum in Aachen and the Tricoronatum Gymnasium in Cologne (1749-50) before studying law, medicine, and natural sciences in Cologne. In 1755 he took the title and surname from his grandmother von Hupsch from Lontzen. He published various books on geophenomenology (1764), natural history of lower Germany (1781) and on ancient inscriptions in 1801. He gradually enhanced his name and titles and called himself Johann Wilhelm Carl Adolph Freiherr von Hüpsch, Herr zu Lotzen, zu Krickelhausen und auf der Motte claiming a pedigree back to the Roman family of Aemilianus. He made money selling patent medicines and from 1768 lived in the Lützeroder farm. He filled his home with collections and his housekeeper Mechtild Happertz (1725 – 1805) gave tours of his cabinet to visitors. In his will, he appointed the collector Ludwig X, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt as his heir. Ludwig had purchased the mineral collection of Hüpsch in 1802. Many of his collections are now in the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt.
In 1775 Hüpsch was elected an honorary member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and in 1790 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
# Amaea ferminiana

Amaea ferminiana is a species of predatory sea snails, marine prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 38 mm, its maximum diameter is 17 mm.
(Original description) The shell is large, solid, and acute, with eleven or more closely adherent whorls. It exhibits a livid flesh color that fades to white, with the terminal varix being distinctly white. The surface is dull and unpolished. The axial sculpture consists of numerous low, small, sharp lamellae, which are slightly more prominent before the suture on the last two whorls. These lamellae are reticulated by about six prominent, flattened spiral threads with wider interspaces, containing much finer spiral threads. The basal disk is similarly covered with closely set, very fine spiral threads, with the suture positioned along its posterior margin. The aperture is rounded and slightly patulous in line with the axis, and in fully mature shells, a thick, white varicose peritreme is bevelled away from the aperture towards the thicker portion of the varix behind.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in Panama Bay; also off Mexico and Colombia.
# Flashpoint (Australian TV program)

Flashpoint is an Australian current affairs television program that tackled issues concerning Western Australians. It aired on the Seven Network in Perth, and was presented by Tim McMillan, with Peter Rowsthorn and Ben Harvey appearing as recurring co-presenters. The show debuted in September 2019 in a Monday night timeslot, but moved to Sunday mornings in 2022. It was axed in February 2024.
# Brassic (disambiguation)

Brassic is a British comedy series.
Boracic may also refer to:
* Boracic lint, medical dressing made from surgical lint
* "Brassic", Cockney rhyming slang for "skint" (i.e. penniless)
# Cameraria arcuella

Cameraria arcuella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Québec in Canada and Virginia and Maine in the United States.
The wingspan is about 10 mm.
The larvae may feed on Quercus species. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Artyom constituency

The Artyom constituency (No.63) is a Russian legislative constituency in Primorsky Krai. The constituency was created in 2016 from parts of all 3 former Primorsky Krai constituencies. Artyom constituency stretches from Fokino, Vladivostok and Artyom in the south to Spassk-Dalny in the north.

## Members elected

| Election | Election | Member | Party |
| | 2016 | Vladimir Novikov | United Russia |
| | 2021 | Vladimir Novikov | United Russia |

## Election results
### 2016

Summary of the 18 September 2016 Russian legislative election in the Artyom constituency :
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Vladimir Novikov | United Russia | 65,877 | 37.76% |
| | Aleksey Kornienko | Communist Party | 26,392 | 15.13% |
| | Roman Meleshkin | Liberal Democratic Party | 21,900 | 12.55% |
| | Olga Kolchina | Communists of Russia | 15,341 | 8.79% |
| | Aleksey Kozitsky | A Just Russia | 14,559 | 8.35% |
| | Larisa Butenko | Party of Growth | 7,685 | 4.41% |
| | Aleksey Klyotskin | Yabloko | 4,993 | 2.86% |
| | Viktor Kaplunenko | Rodina | 4,076 | 2.34% |
| | Vladimir Shcherbatyuk | The Greens | 2,951 | 1.69% |
| Total | Total | Total | 174,454 | 100% |
| Source: | Source: | Source: | Source: | |

### 2021

Summary of the 17-19 September 2021 Russian legislative election in the Artyom constituency :
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Vladimir Novikov (incumbent) | United Russia | 71,480 | 35.44% |
| | Andrey Akimov | Communist Party | 59,966 | 29.74% |
| | Aleksey Kozitsky | A Just Russia — For Truth | 16,618 | 8.24% |
| | Vyacheslav Baydelyuk | Party of Pensioners | 12,125 | 6.01% |
| | Nikolay Selyuk | Liberal Democratic Party | 10,175 | 5.05% |
| | Denis Grigoryev | New People | 7,063 | 3.50% |
| | Kirill Batanov | Party of Growth | 4,835 | 2.40% |
| | Aleksandr Rudkovsky | Russian Party of Freedom and Justice | 4,238 | 2.10% |
| | Sergey Poltorak | Yabloko | 3,261 | 1.62% |
| Total | Total | Total | 187,691 | 100% |
| Source: | Source: | Source: | Source: | |