OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Iron Snake

The Iron Snake is an ancient tribal prophecy attributed to the Maasai, Kĩkũyũ, Kamba and Kalenjin tribes in Kenya in which a railway is described as an iron snake.

## Background

The iron snake would someday cross their land and would be a bad omen creating trouble as it went.
The religious gikuyu prophet Mugo wa Kibiru prophesied the coming of the whites many years before they arrived on the coast. In eastern Kenya the prophecy was attributed to Masaku, a Kamba sage and chief, and Mwenda Mwea a famous medicine man as well as a seer from Embu. They both saw a black snake coming and all the cattle disappearing, plundered from the Africans by the ‘red people,’ as the early white colonizers would be known. In western Kenya, Kimnyole the Nandi Orkoiyot also predicted the arrival of Europeans (the white tribe) and the railways (the Iron Snake) who were to change everything for the Nandi.
A similar end-of-the-world myth speaking of snakes of iron appears in the Hopi tradition of the New World as the fourth sign on Hopi tablets.

## In literature

In 1965, Ronald Hardy published a book about the building of the East African Railroad called The Iron Snake (Collins, London).
The Iron Snake is the title of a novel about the same railroad by John Gaudet published by Brandylane Publishers, Richmond, Virginia.
# Cheilosia uviformis

Cheilosia uviformis is a Palearctic hoverfly. It is found in Fennoscandia south to the Pyrenees and from Ireland eastwards through Central Europe to Yugoslavia.

## Determination

External imagesCheilosia uviformis is closely related to several species in theCheilosia proxima group and difficult to identify.
# Bosporan era

The Bosporan era (BE or AB), also called the Bithynian era, Pontic era or Bithyno-Pontic era, was a calendar era (year numbering) used from 149 BC at the latest until at least AD 497 in Asia Minor and the Black Sea region. It originated in the Bithynian Kingdom and was also used in the Pontic Kingdom and, for the longest time, in the Bosporan Kingdom. The calendar era begins with the assumption of the royal title by Zipoetes I of Bithynia in October 297 BC (in the Gregorian calendar), which marks the start of its year one. The Bosporan year began at the autumnal equinox.
The earliest evidence for the use of the Bithynian era is some coins dating from 149/8 BC, when Nicomedes II overthrew his father, Prusias II. Since earlier Bithynian coins carry no date, it is possible that the calendar was invented on this occasion. The era was adopted in Pontus under Mithridates VI, who introduced it onto the Pontic coinage sometime before 96/95 BC, replacing the Seleucid era used up to then. Since Pontus and Bithynia were rivals at the time, the most likely date for the introduction of the Bithynian era into Pontus was during the brief alliance between the two countries during the invasion of Paphlagonia in 108 BC.
The Bithyno-Pontic era fell out of use in northern Asia Minor following the Roman conquest in 63 BC. There is no evidence that it was suppressed by Roman authorities. Rather, the local authorities preferred to adopt new eras commemorating their joining the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus. The province thus had several dating systems in use, including the Seleucid era, but the Bithyno-Pontic era was not among them.
There is no evidence from Asia Minor of the Bithyno-Pontic era ever being used on anything other than coins. Inscriptions, however, survive from the northern shore of the Black Sea, the region that fell under the Bosporan Kingdom in the first four centuries AD. In the Bosporus, the era was used in conjunction with the months of the Macedonian calendar. The first Bosporan coins bearing the era are from the reign of Mithridates VI's son, Pharnaces II, who never controlled Pontus and whose kingdom was thus restricted to the Cimmerian Bosporus. His coins were minted in Bosporus, but were of the Pontic type. The first distinctly Bosporan coins, which bear Bosporan era dates, are from 281 BE (17/16 BC) and were issued by Queen Dynamis.
The earliest inscription dated with the Bosporan era can be read either 325 BE (AD 29) or else 313 (17) and mentions the reigning king, Aspurgus. While the Bosporan series of coins ends with Rhescuporis VI in AD 341, the latest inscription is from 794 BE (AD 497/8).
# CCTT

CCTT may refer to:
* The Cable Company of Trinidad and Tobago
* The Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists
* International Coordinating Council on Trans-Eurasian Transportation
# Documentary collection

A documentary collection is a process in which a seller instructs their bank to forward documents related to the export of goods to a buyer's bank with a request to present these documents to the buyer for payment, indicating when and on what conditions these documents can be released to the buyer.
The buyer may obtain possession of goods and clear them through customs, if the buyer has the shipping documents (original bill of lading, certificate of origin, etc.). The documents, however, are only released to the buyer after payment has been made ("Documents against Payment") or payment undertaking has been given - the buyer has accepted a bill of exchange issued by the seller and payable at a certain date in the future (maturity date) ("Documents against Acceptance").
Documentary Collections facilitate import/export operations. They do not provide the same level of security as Letters of Credit, but, as a result, the costs are lower. Unlike the Letters of Credit, for a Documentary Collection, the bank acts as a channel for the documents but does not issue any payment covenants (does not guarantee payment). The bank that has received a documentary collection may debit the buyer's account and make payment only if authorised by the buyer.

## Possibilities and advantages

Make international trade operations more flexible, Use Documentary Collection in cases when the seller does not want to deliver goods to the buyer on "open account" basis, but due to a long-term stable business relationship between the parties there is no need for security provided by a Letter of Credit or payment guarantee, Documentary collection is suitable to the seller: if the seller has no doubts about the buyer's ability to meet its payment obligations, if the political and economic situation in the buyer's country is stable, if there are no foreign exchange restrictions in the seller's country; Documentary collection is convenient for the buyer because: there is no need for an advance payment; payment for goods can be made when shipping documents have been received, in cases of documents released against acceptance the buyer has the possibility to sell the goods first and afterwards make payment to the seller. Documentary Collection assures the seller that the shipping documents will be released to the buyer only upon payment or acceptance of a Bill of Exchange.
# Fabio Duque Jaramillo

Fabio Duque Jaramillo (12 May 1950 – 9 February 2022) was a Colombian Roman Catholic bishop.
Duque Jaramillo was born in Colombia and was ordained to the priesthood in 1975.
He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Armenia, Colombia, from 2003 to 2012 and was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Garzón, Colombia, from 2012 until his death in 2022.
Jaramillo died on 9 February 2022, at the age of 71, from COVID-19, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia.
# Bob Cooper (racing driver)

Bob Cooper (born November 13, 1935) is a retired driver who raced in the Grand National Series from 1962 to 1969.

## Career

Cooper has raced 64 races over the course of eight years resulting in nine finishes in the top ten. He has also done 8,982 laps earning $17,495 in the process ($145,357.73 when considering inflation). Average finishes for this driver's career is 21st while his average career start is in 23rd place.
Dirt track racing was Bob Cooper's greatest strength, with his average finishes on tracks of that kind being 14th place. However, Cooper would find his weakness on tri-oval intermediate tracks with a finish of 34th place being typical.
# Pressman (name)

Pressman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Barney Pressman (1894–1991), American businessman
* David Pressman (born 1977), American attorney and diplomat
* Edward R. Pressman (1943–2023), American film producer
* Fred Pressman (1923–1996), American businessman
* Gabe Pressman (1924–2017), American television reporter
* Jacob Pressman (1919–2015), American conservative rabbi from Los Angeles, California
* Jessica Pressman, American literary scholar
* Kevin Pressman (born 1967), English professional football player
* Lawrence Pressman (born 1939), American actor
* Lee Pressman (1906–1969), American New Deal government official and self-confessed communist
* Lynn Pressman Raymond (c. 1912–2009), American business executive
* Roger S. Pressman (contemporary), American technology writer
* Sally Pressman (born 1981), American ballet dancer and actress
* Steven Pressman (born 1955), American legal journalist
* Steven Pressman (economist) (born 1952), American economist
* Thelma Pressman (1921–2011), American microwave cooking consultant and cookbook author
* Yassi Pressman (born 1995), Filipina-British model, actress, TV personality, singer and dancer
# Maurizio Creuso

Maurizio Creuso (23 May 1943 – 25 November 2023) was an Italian politician. A member of Christian Democracy, he served in the Senate of the Republic from 1992 to 1994.
Creuso died on 25 November 2023, at the age of 80.
# Platymantis insulatus

Platymantis insulatus is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae. It is endemic to the Gigante Islands just northeast of Panay, the Philippines. This frog is variously known as the Gigantes wrinkled ground frog, island forest frog, South Gigante Island frog, Gigantes forest frog, and Gigantes limestone frog. Originally described from South Gigante, it is now known to occur on at least three other islands.

## Description

Adult males measure 38–42 mm (1.5–1.7 in) and adult females 40–46 mm (1.6–1.8 in) in snout–vent length. The overall appearance is relatively slender. The head is relatively narrow and the snout is rounded-pointed. The tympanum is relatively large, and a supratympanic fold is present. The fingers relatively long and narrow and bear discs but no webbing. The toes are slender with basal webbing and terminal discs. Preserved individuals are dorsally grayish olive green to live-brown; the lighter-shaded specimens are heavily mottled with large, irregular, brownish or dark blotches. The hind limbs have rather narrow, irregular, dark cross bands.

## Habitat and conservation

Platymantis insulatus inhabits limestone karst forest and caves in forested lowlands less than 600 m (2,000 ft) above sea level. These frogs are frequently recorded from the most moist and coolest parts of caves, but it appears that both adults and juveniles venture out into the forest for feeding. Development is direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage), with individual fecundity up to 48 eggs.
Platymantis insulatus is common on all four islands it inhabits, and it is abundant when the weather is appropriate (during heavy rains). However, the islands are experiencing habitat loss and deterioration. In particular, guano mining and the quarrying of limestone are likely to harm the habitat of this species, and the populations are believed to be declining. This species does not occur in any protected areas, but there are efforts towards better environmental protection in the area. As of late 2019, establishment of a captive colony was on the way.
# Maya Govind

Maya Govind (17 January 1940 – 6 April 2022) was an Indian lyricist who wrote songs for many Bollywood films. She has written popular songs such as "Mera Piya Ghar Aaya", " Gale Mein Laal Tai", "Maine Paayal Hai Chhankayi", " Main Khiladi Tu Anari", "Aankhon Mein Base Ho Tum" etc. She wrote lyrics in films like Aarop (1974), Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994), Takkar (1995), Yaarana (1995), Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2001) etc. She has written over 800 songs.

## Career

Maya was married to late director Ram Govind. She started her career after marriage, with a song in Aarop (1974), starring Vinod Khanna. The music was composed by Bhupen Hazarika and was rendered by Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar. At a time of Urdu-poets' prominence and male domination in the songwriting industry, she established herself with her songs. She has written songs for such composers as Kalyanji-Anandji, Bappi Lahiri, Khayyam, Dilip Sen–Sameer Sen and Anu Malik. Anu Malik was her most frequent collaborator, with whom she worked in commercially successful films including, Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994), Takkar (1995), and Yaarana (1995).
Apart from films, she wrote title songs in numerous television series such as Maayka, Phulwa, Mahabharat (1987), etc. She also penned Falguni Pathak's 2000 Indie-pop song "Maine Paayal Hai Chhankayi", which emerged as a nationwide rage.

## Death

She died on 6 April 2022 following a heart attack, at the age of 82.
# Tovero

The Tovero (also known as Tobero) coloration is a mix of tobiano and overo colorations in Pinto horses and American Paint Horses. The genetics of pinto coloration are not always fully understood, and some horses have a combination of patterns that does not fit cleanly in either category.
Some characteristics of a Tovero colored horse include:
* Dark pigmentation around the ears, sometimes called a "Medicine Hat" or a "War bonnet"
* Dark pigmentation around the ears, expanding to cover the forehead and/or eyes.
* Isolated "shield" dark markings completely surrounded by white, particularly on the face or chest.
* One or both eyes blue.
* Dark pigmentation around the mouth, which may extend up the sides of the face and form spots.
* Chest spot(s) in varying sizes. These may also extend up the neck.
* Flank spot(s) ranging in size. These are often accompanied by smaller spots that extend forward across the barrel, and up over the loin.
* Spots, varying in size, at the base of the tail.
# River Ems

The river name Ems may refer to:
* Ems (river), a river in northwestern Germany and northeastern Netherlands, discharges in the Dollart Bay
* Ems (Eder), a river of Hesse, Germany, tributary of the Eder
* River Ems (Chichester Harbour), a river in the English counties of West Sussex and Hampshire
# Anne Petersen

Anne Petersen may refer to:
* Anne C. Petersen (born 1944), American psychologist
* Anne Helen Petersen, American writer and journalist
# Fabio Fabbri

Fabio Fabbri (15 October 1933 – 4 January 2024) was an Italian politician and lawyer.

## Biography

Fabbri was born in Ciano d'Enza, Italy, on 15 October 1933. He graduated from the University of Parma with a law degree, and began a career as a lawyer.
Fabbri was a Senator from 1976 to 1994 for the Italian Socialist Party. He was an Undersecretary for Agriculture and Forestry in the 2nd Cossiga government, in the Forlani government and the two Spadolini governments, and the Secretary of the Council of Ministers in the first Amato government. He also served as minister for regional affairs in the fifth Fanfani government, as minister of community policies in the second Craxi government and as minister of defence in the Ciampi government.
After leaving office he worked on protecting the Apennine Mountains through an editorial initiative and the Man and the Biosphere Programme.
Fabio Fabbri died in Parma on 4 January 2024, at the age of 90.

## Honours and awards

* Italy: Chancellor and Treasurer of the Military Order of Italy (From 28 April 1993 to 10 May 1994)
* Italy: Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Rome, 11 May 1994)
# 2023 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup

The 2023 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup consists of two sections:
* 2023 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup – Men's tournament
* 2023 FIBA 3x3 AmeriCup – Women's tournament
# Charles Hoy

Charles Hoy may refer to:
* Charles M. Hoy (1897–1923), American field naturalist
* Charles Sew Hoy (1836–1901), New Zealand merchant, Chinese leader and gold-dredger
# Charles Tennyson

Charles Tennyson may refer to:
* Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt (1784–1861), British politician, uncle of the poet Lord Tennyson
* Charles Tennyson Turner (1808–1879), his nephew and brother of the poet Lord Tennyson
* Charles Tennyson (civil servant) (1879–1977), grandson of the poet Lord Tennyson, British civil servant and industrialist
* Charles Julian Tennyson (1915–1945), his son and great-grandson of the poet Lord Tennyson, English writer and historian
* Charles Jonathan Tennyson (physicist) (born 1955), his nephew and great-great-grandson of the poet Lord Tennyson, British physicist
# Bossé

Bossé can be:
# Boys Abre: The Preacher

Boys Abre: The Preacher is a Ghanaian comic and drama TV series produced and directed by Abraham Kofi Davies. The series is aired on United Television Ghana (UTV).

## Cast

* Abraham Kofi Davies (Salinko)
* Justice Hymns (Mmebusem)
* Matilda Asare
* Ama Odumaa Odum (Safoa Hemaa)
* Koo Appiah
* Quappiah
* Wofa K
* Kompany
* Amankwah

## Awards

* The movie won the 2018-2019 Radio & TV Personality Awards (RTP) as local TV series of the year.
# United States at the 1988 Winter Paralympics

The United States competed at the 1988 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck, Austria. 45 competitors from the United States won 7 gold medals, 17 silver medal and 6 bronze medal and finished 6th in the medal table.

## Alpine skiing

The medalists are:
* Dan Ashbaugh, Men's Downhill LW1
* Dan Ashbaugh, Men's Giant Slalom LW1
* Dan Ashbaugh, Men's Slalom LW1
* Paul Dibello, Men's Giant Slalom LW3
* Diana Golden, Women's Downhill LW2
* Diana Golden, Women's Giant Slalom LW2
* Lana Jo Chapin, Women's Downhill LW4
* Lana Jo Chapin, Women's Giant Slalom LW4
* Cara Dunne, Women's Downhill B1
* Cara Dunne, Women's Giant Slalom B1
* Mark Godfrey, Men's Downhill LW1
* Mark Godfrey, Men's Giant Slalom LW1
* Mark Godfrey, Men's Slalom LW1
* Nancy Gustafson, Women's Downhill LW6/8
* Marilyn Hamilton, Women's Giant Slalom LW10
* Martha Hill, Women's Downhill LW2
* Martha Hill, Women's Slalom LW2
* David Jamison, Men's Slalom LW2
* Greg Mannino, Men's Downhill LW2
* Greg Mannino, Men's Giant Slalom LW2
* Kathy Pitcher, Women's Giant Slalom LW6/8
* Kip Roth, Men's Downhill LW5/7
* Kip Roth, Men's Slalom LW5/7
* Don Garcia, Men's Slalom LW9
* Rik Heid, Men's Downhill LW4
* Rik Heid, Men's Slalom LW4
* Robert Stroshine, Men's Downhill LW9
* Robert Stroshine, Men's Giant Slalom LW9

## Biathlon

Four athletes competed in two events in biathlon: Tom Gall, William Henry, Richard Riley and Reed Robinson. No medals were won.

## Cross-country

The medalists are:
* Robert Walsh, Men's Short Distance 15 km B3
* Joe Walsh, Men's Long Distance 30 km B3
# Max Grünbaum

Maier "Max" Grünbaum (12 August 1817 – 11 December 1898) was a German Orientalist, historian, folklorist, and philologist.

## Biography

Grünbaum was born to Jewish parents at Seligenstadt, Hesse, and studied philology and philosophy at the Universities of Giessen and Bonn. By the end of the 1830s he had taken up work as a tutor for wealthy Jewish families in Amsterdam, London, Trieste, and Vienna. In 1858 he emigrated to the United States, and became director of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum in New York City.
He returned to Europe in 1870, and spent the remainder of his days in Munich. There he was able to devote his energy to research, which included the study of history of aggadic themes and their influence on Islam, and of the structure and history of Yiddish and Ladino. In addition to his own well-tended book collection, he made use of the extensive holdings of the Bavarian State Library. Following the model of Moritz Steinschneider for Oxford, Leyden, Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich itself, Grünbaum undertook the re-cataloguing of the Library's Hebrew holdings. He was confined to his room from 1892 as a result of increasing physical and then mental deterioration, but kept himself lively with his scholarly ideas and plans.
Grünbaum died on 11 December 1898, at the age of 81. He bequeathed his library to the Munich Verein für jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur (lit. 'Society for Jewish History and Literature'). After 1862 nearly all his papers on Oriental philology and folklore had appeared in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft; and after his death they were re-edited by Felix Perles under the title Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sprach- und Sagenkunde (Berlin, 1901).

## Partial bibliography

* Jüdisch-Deutsche Chrestomathie. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus. 1882. hdl:2027/uiuo.ark:/13960/t5w75021x.
* Mischsprachen und Sprachmischungen. Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher vorträge,HFT. 473. Berlin: Carl Habel. 1885. hdl:2027/uc1.aa0004143012.
* Neue Beiträge zur Semitischen Sagenkunde. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1893. hdl:2027/mdp.39015010743899.
* Die Jüdisch-Deutsche Litteratur in Deutschland, Polen, und America. Trier: Sigmund Mayer. 1894. hdl:2027/hvd.hnk6qu.
* Jüdisch-Spanische Chrestomathic. Frankfurt: J. Kauffmann. 1896.
* Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sprach- und Sagenkunde. Berlin: S. Calvary & Co. 1901.
# 2014 Croatian Football Super Cup

The 2014 Croatian Football Super Cup was the eleventh edition of Croatian Football Super Cup, a football match contested by the winners of the Croatian First League and Croatian Football Cup competitions. The match was played on 11 July 2014 at Stadion Kantrida in Rijeka between 2013–14 Croatian First League winners Dinamo Zagreb and 2013–14 Croatian Football Cup winners Rijeka.

## Match details

| Rijeka | Dinamo Zagreb |
RIJEKA: :
| GK | 25 | Ivan Vargić |
| DF | 11 | Ivan Tomečak |
| DF | 22 | Marin Leovac |
| DF | 15 | Matej Mitrović | 38' |
| DF | 19 | Miral Samardžić |
| MF | 30 | Josip Brezovec |
| MF | 89 | Vedran Jugović |
| MF | 8 | Mato Jajalo | | 68' |
| MF | 10 | Anas Sharbini (c) | | 50' |
| FW | 88 | Moisés |
| FW | 99 | Ivan Krstanović | 87' |
| Substitutes: |||
| MF | 20 | Zoran Kvržić | | 50' |
| FW | 91 | Andrej Kramarić | | 68' |
| Manager: |||
| Matjaž Kek |||
DINAMO ZAGREB: :
| GK | 34 | Eduardo Carvalho |
| DF | 27 | Jerko Leko | 11' |
| DF | 4 | Josip Šimunić (c) |
| DF | 19 | Josip Pivarić |
| DF | 22 | Leonardo Sigali |
| MF | 8 | Domagoj Antolić |
| MF | 23 | Gonçalo Santos | | 46' |
| MF | 16 | Arijan Ademi | 31' |
| MF | 20 | Marko Pjaca | 51' | 61' |
| MF | 10 | Paulo Machado |
| FW | 90 | Duje Čop |
| Substitutes: |||
| MF | 77 | Marcelo Brozović | | 46' |
| FW | 15 | Dejan Radonjić | 90+3' | 61' |
| Manager: |||
| Zoran Mamić |||
| Assistant referees: Dalibor Conjar (Osijek) Miro Grgić (Osijek) Fourth official: Tihomir Pejin (Donji Miholjac) | Match rules 90 minutes. Penalty shoot-out if scores still level; no extra time. Seven named substitutes. Maximum of three substitutions. |