OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paréage

In Medieval France a paréage or pariage was a feudal treaty recognising joint sovereignty over a territory by two rulers, who were on an equal footing, pari passu; compare peer. On a familial scale, paréage could also refer to the equal division of lands and the titles they brought between sons of an inheritance.
Such a power-sharing contract could be signed between two secular rulers or, most usually, by a secular and an ecclesiastic ruler, as in the case of the most famous, the Act of paréage of 1278 that founded a legal basis for the Principality of Andorra, signed by the Count of Foix and Viscount of Castellbo and the Bishop of Urgell. The Count and the Bishop were to receive taxes in alternate years, to appoint local representatives to administer justice jointly, and should forbear to make war within Andorra, where each might levy soldiers, nevertheless. The wording of a paréage, an exercise in defining reciprocity without sacrificing suzerainty, was the special domain of ministerial lawyers, being produced in the universities from the late eleventh century.
Contracts of paréage were very numerous in the regions of intensely protected local rights, Languedoc and Catalonia, during the high and late Middle Ages, especially between lay and clerical interests. Erecting new towns called bastides repopulated "desert" or uninhabited lands: "in an effort to colonize the wooded wilderness of southwest France, almost seven hundred towns were founded during the two centuries between 1200 and 1400". A formal agreement of paréage was often necessary. By the terms of several paréages agreed upon between the Cistercian abbey of Bonnefont-en-Comminges on the one hand and the local seigneur or the king on the other, the Abbey granted the land from one of its outlying granges, the king granted certain liberties, such as market privileges, that made the new village attractive, and the two agreed to split tax revenues. An example of a paréage that was settled through the arbitration of William Durant the Younger, established the "paréage of Mende" (1307), between the bishop of Mende in the Lozère and Philip IV of France; it remained in effect until 1789.
# París, Lajas, Puerto Rico

París is a barrio in the municipality of Lajas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 968.

## History

París was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of París barrio was 875.
# Perittia passula

Perittia passula is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in California, United States.
The length of the forewings is 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in).
The larvae feed on Lonicera hispidula. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Thiotricha hemiphaea

Thiotricha hemiphaea is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1919. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
The wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are grey, towards the base suffused with silvery white except for a long dorsal wedge, broadest at the base. There is a white costal dot at five-sixths and black dots on the apex and mid-termen, edged anteriorly with white. The hindwings are grey with an apical fuscous dot.
# Yellow Sands

Yellow Sands may refer to:
* Yellow Sands (play)
* Yellow Sands (film)
* Members of the Yellow Sand Society, a Chinese secret society
# Waghad Dam

Waghad Dam, is an earthfill dam on Kalwan river near Dindori, Nashik district in the state of Maharashtra in India.

## Specifications

The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is 45.6 m (150 ft) while the length is 952 m (3,123 ft). The volume content is 1,783 km$^3$ (428 cu mi) and gross storage capacity is 76,480.00 km$^3$ (18,348.53 cu mi).

## Purpose

* Irrigation
# 2015–16 in Kuwaiti football

2015–16 in Kuwaiti football includes several notable national tournaments held in Kuwait for the 2015-16 Football Season.
* 2015–16 Kuwaiti Premier League
* 2015–16 Kuwait Emir Cup
* 2015–16 Kuwait Crown Prince Cup
* 2015–16 Kuwait Federation Cup
* Kuwait Super Cup
# Rutajärvi (Urjala)

Lake Rutajärvi is a lake in Finland situated in the municipality of Urjala, in the Pirkanmaa region. It forms part of the Kokemäenjoki basin. Lake Rutajärvi was known as 'The Airanne' until the 17th century.
The lake is a part of a chain of lakes and rivers that consists of the lakes Nuutajärvi, Rutajärvi and Kortejärvi in Urjala and Tarpianjoki River in Kalvola (now part of Hämeenlinna), Urjala, Kylmäkoski and Viiala (now part of Akaa). In Kylmäkoski Tarpianjoki runs through lake Jalanti and finally mouths into the Lake Vanajavesi in Viiala.
Lake Rutajärvi is fed by the Nuutajärvi and Kortejärvi, and collects a significant amount water from across the Urjala region.
Water flows from Lake Rutajärvi into the Urjalankylä River and into Lake Kortejärvi, where it flows from the Tarpianjoki River to Jalantijärvi and further to the Vanajavesi route. The settlement of Urjala was historically formed and has largely remained along the banks of these courses and the area between Lakes Rutajärvi and Kortejärvi.
# Clarinda, Victoria

Clarinda is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 18 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Kingston local government area. Clarinda recorded a population of 7,441 at the 2021 census.

## History

The area was once coastal heathland and first occupied by John O'Shannessy during the early 1840s, who took a squatting licence to encompass a 40,000-acre (160 km$^2$) block, around suburbs known today as Clarinda, Clayton South, Dingley and Heatherton. O'Shannessy later passed on his licence to John and Richard King in 1846, which saw the transformation of the area.
In May 1905, Brighton Council advised it had received an offer from the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works that it was prepared to lay an extension of the Glenhuntly Road water main into Clarinda Road with the view of opening up 'little populated localities'.
In June 1905, Moorabbin Council called for estimates to form and gravel 20 chains of Clarinda Road from Bunny Road, requesting the owners in the meantime to clear off 'furze'.
The 6 July 1907 edition of the Brighton Southern Cross newspaper carried an advertisement from a florist named Curtis seeking an employee to work in Clarinda Road, Bald Hills, Clayton.
The area was originally called Bald Hills but because there were many places of the same name, it was changed to Bayview then later Clarinda.
The Moorabbin Council voted to support the construction of Clarinda Road at a meeting in April 1908. It noted it was the only through road between Heatherton and Bald Hills. It was proposed to source gravel for the project from nearby Robertson's Estate. Ratepayers had agreed to work valued at £30 and had already undertaken preparatory work themselves. In July the council agreed with an engineer's report recommending Clarinda Road be gravelled for a distance of four chains, and concurred the area should then be 'left alone for a little while'.
Clarinda Post Office opened on 13 September 1911 and closed in 1971. When the suburb was developed it reopened in 1984.
Clarinda is now a multicultural suburb with existing communities from the Philippines, India, Greece, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

## Education

* Clarinda Primary School
* St. Andrew's Catholic Primary School
* Heatherton Christian College

## Facilities

* Bao Minh Temple, a Vietnamese Buddhist temple on Kingston Road.

## Transport

* Clarinda is accessible by a number of PTV bus routes servicing the area.
# Apnenik, Šentjernej

Apnenik (pronounced) is a settlement in the foothills of the Gorjanci range in the Municipality of Šentjernej in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
# Cladanthus mixtus

Cladanthus mixtus, commonly known as the Moroccan chamomile, is a mostly Mediterranean species of flowering plant in the aster family, often considered a weed but is also distilled for essential oil, which changes in composition depending on where it grows.

## Distribution

Cladanthus mixtus is found throughout the Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe (from the Eastern Mediterranean west to the Canary Islands north to the British Isles), being especially prominent in western Iberia. It has been introduced to Madeira, the Azores, Uruguay and is sparingly naturalized in a few widely scattered locations in North America.

## Habitat and ecology

The Moroccan chamomile grows best in moist and rich soil, but it also has the ability to grow in soils that are more salty around the Mediterranean Sea. Cladanthus mixtus does not need extreme amounts of water as it can retain water because of its thicker cuticle, allowing the species to hold water for longer durations. Cladanthus mixtus can tolerate both warm/cool and hot environments. It is an annual plant and does not interact with other vegetation much.

## Morphology

Individuals of the species Cladanthus mixtus have a yellowish to orange base with white flower petals. Stems are about 4–10 cm long and the leaves of the plant are simple and ordinary in structure but are more like branching leaves. Petals are closely arranged together next to each other surrounding the flower.

## Flowers

Flowers of Cladanthus mixtus bloom only during a rainy season that provides with plant with enough water and nutrients to bloom. The plant is fully mature once the flowers bloom. The flower then dies after a rainy season and awaits the next rainy season to bloom once again.

### Medicinal

Cladanthus mixtus has been used to collect certain oils to be used for perfumes and other skin products that calm people down and soothe their skin. The whole flower is crushed up to try to extract these oils. A study confirms that the Cladanthus mixtus species has different oil compositions depending on the area in which the plant is grown. In some areas the concentrations of the oils would be higher than that of the same species in different areas. In some cases the same species was found to produce oils that would not be used in mixtures of skin ointments and other products.
# Cladara atroliturata

Cladara atroliturata, the scribbler, is a moth in the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Cladara atroliturata is 7639.
# Clarisse Imaniriho

Imaniriho Clarisse (born 1995) is a Rwandan politician who has served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2019. She represents a seat reserved for the Rwandan youth in the Chamber of Deputies.

## Early life and education

Imaniriho was born in 1995 in Bwishyura, Karongi District. She was the last born of four children who were raised by a their single widowed mother. She received a bachelor's degree from the University of Rwanda in 2017.

## Career

Elected at age 23 in the 2018 Rwandan parliamentary election, Imaniriho became the youngest MP in the country after taking office.
# William Alexander Kerr

William Alexander Kerr, VC (18 July 1831 – 21 May 1919) was a Scottish soldier, writer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Details

Kerr was a 25 year old lieutenant in the 24th Bombay Native Infantry (now 6th Battalion The Baloch Regiment, Pakistan Army) who was serving with the Southern Mahratta Horse during the Indian Mutiny, when the following deed took place on 10 July 1857 at Kolapore, India for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC):
   24th Bombay Native Infantry. Lieutenant William Alexander Kerr. Date of Act of Bravery, 10th July, 1857.
   On the breaking out of a mutiny in the 27th Bombay Native Infantry in July, 1857, a party of the mutineers took up a position in the stronghold, or paga, near the town of Kolapore, and defended themselves to extremity. Lieutenant Kerr, of the Southern Mahratta Irregular Horse, took a prominent share of the attack on the position, and at the moment when its capture was of great public importance, he made a dash at one of the gateways, with some dismounted horsemen, and forced an entrance by breaking down the gate. The attack was completely successful, and the defenders were either killed, wounded, or captured, a result that may with perfect justice be attributed to Lieutenant Kerr's dashing and devoted bravery.
   (Letter from the Political Superintendent at Kolapore, to the Adjutant-General of the Army, dated 10th September, 1857.)
Kerr attended Loretto School. He achieved the rank of captain. His VC is on display at the Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Imperial War Museum, London.
# Clara Marín

Clara Marin (born 17 March 1997) is a Chilean track and field athlete who specializes in the 100 metres hurdles and 400 metres hurdles.
She won the 2014 South American Youth Championships in Athletics on 400 m hurdles and got second place on the [100 m hurdles. She won the 2015 South American Junior Championships in Athletics on 100 m hurdles, achieving the championship record with a time of 13.48 seconds. She holds the youth and junior Chilean record in the 100 m hurdles and the youth Chilean record of the 400 m hurdles.

## Personal bests

| Category | 100 m hurdles | 400 m hurdles |
| Youth | 13.53 (+0.5) Cali, Colombia | 1.01.21 Cali, Colombia |
| Junior | 13.48 (-0.4) Cuenca, Ecuador | |
| Adult | 13.48 (-0.4) Cuenca, Ecuador | |
# Clathrulina elegans

Clathrulina elegans is a species of heliozoan eukaryotes in the order Desmothoracida, which are a group of organisms usually sessile and found in freshwater environments.
# Araeolaimida

Araeolaimida is an order of marine free living nematodes.
# Araeomolis albipicta

Araeomolis albipicta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1909, originally under the genus Aphyle. It is found in French Guiana, Colombia and the Brazilian state of Amazonas.
# António Borges (equestrian)

António Borges d'Almeida (18 October 1898 – 24 September 1959) was a Portuguese horse rider. He competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924, Borges and his horse Reginald won the bronze medal as part of the Portuguese show jumping team, after finishing fifth in the individual jumping competition.
# Clavus formosus

Clavus formosus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

Its description is almost identical to Clavus laeta (Hinds, 1843)

## Distribution

This species occurs in the demersal zone of the Red Sea and the tropical Pacific Ocean off the Philippines. and off Papua New Guinea .
# Clavus ebur

Clavus ebur is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The shell is pure white, strongly nodulosely plicate and obsoletely spirally striate. The length of the shell is 17 mm.

## Distribution

This species is found in the demersal zone of tropical waters in the Western Atlantic Ocean.
# Apomecynoides tchadensis

Apomecynoides tchadensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1977.
# Aporandria

Aporandria is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae described by Warren in 1894. Its single species, Aporandria specularia, was first described by Achille Guenée in 1857. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Vietnam, Thailand, the Andamans, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines and Sulawesi.

## Description

The genus was described as having the palpi obliquely porrect (extending forward), thickly scaled, and reaching beyond the sharp frontal tuft. Antennae bipectinated (comb like on both sides), with long branches to two-thirds length in both sexes. Hind tibia not dilated. Forewings with produced and acute apex. The outer margin oblique. Veins 3 and 4 from angle of cell or shortly stalked. Veins 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 stalked and vein 11 free. Hindwings with angled outer margin at vein 4 and veins 3, 4 and 6, 7 stalked.
In the description of the species, it said that the wingspan of the male is about 54 mm and the female 60 mm. It is pea green. Palpi and frons chocolate coloured. Vertex of the head white. Forewings with a dark speck at end of cell. Hindwings with a yellow-green base. A large lunulate pinkish mark with brown edges and a black speck on it at end of cell, extending towards costa and inner margin as an indistinct band. Both wings with traces of waved postmedial line. Ventral side of palpi, thorax and base of wings silvery white.
The larvae are slender, with a green body. Head strongly bifid (cleft). True legs are pale purplish red with darker spots. Early instars are dark yellow. It shows a twig-like posture when at rest. Eggs are thick, elongate-oval disc-shaped. Larvae have been recorded on Mangifera, Terminalia, Eugenia, Areca, Rhizophora and Nephelium species.
It is a lowland species inhabited in both forested and disturbed or cultivated areas.
# Clement Hall

Clement Hall, (1706–1759) was an Anglican missionary and author of numerous religious works. He emigrated to the British colony of North Carolina where he continued in his religious and spiritual writings. He was the author of the first privately written book printed in the Colony of North Carolina. Hall's son, Clement, fought in the American Revolutionary War.

## Early life and family

Clement Hall was born in 1706 in Warwickshire, England. Historians assume that he lived near Coventry where other members of his immediate family lived. On May 29, 1706, Hall was baptized at Saint Mary's Church, in Warwick. He received his basic education in Warwick's public school. In 1731, Hall and his brother Robert emigrated to the Province of North Carolina where they established their residence in Perquimans County, North Carolina. Hall married Frances Foster in the summer of 1742. She was the daughter of Francis Foster who served in the colonial government since 1689. Hall's mother either emigrated with him or arrived soon afterwards. She died in Edenton on February 8, 1752, at age 73, and was interred in the grave yard at Saint Paul's Church. Hall's son, also named Clement, fought in the American Revolutionary War in the Continental Army and later corresponded with George Washington on several occasions.

## Colonial life

In 1731 Hall purchased a 104-acre plantation on the northeastern side of Perquimans River. He was appointed a justice of the Perquimans County Court in 1739. Clement Hall's pursued to be seek ordination as a missionary in the Church of England in the summer of 1743. Several reputable men in the colony regarded Hall as a true Christian and his qualities as a missionary and testified to his "Honour, Diligence and Integrity". Hall spent much time riding alone on horseback about the countryside where he came up with ideas for a religious work he authored, entitled, A Collection of Many Christian Experiences, and Several Places of Scripture. His work was printed, by James Davis, which became historically noted as the first non-legal book published in North Carolina. The only known copy of the book is in the Rare Book Collection, Duke University Library, Durham, North Carolina. Clement's work was reprinted at Raleigh, State Department of Archives and History, 1961.
# Clear Spring School

Clear Spring School is an independent, co-educational school in Eureka Springs, United States. The school teaches approximately sixty students in prekindergarten through grade 12.

## History

Clear Spring School was founded in 1974 by Will and Laurie Fulton and Molly Fulton Seeligson. Will and Molly’s father, Dr. Bernard Fulton, had previously founded the Greenhill School in Dallas, Texas. The vision of Clear Spring School, following the founders’ philosophy of true education, was to promote a lifelong love of learning. They recognized that when students make a personal and meaningful connection with a subject, then knowledge, skill, and growth naturally follow.
Beginning as a one-room school for students in grades 1 – 6, Clear Spring School gradually expanded to serve pre-primary students and later added a middle school and then high school program. Over the school’s early years, it was housed in four different donated spaces as the program grew, including Eureka Springs’ historic “Old Red Brick School House” (later destroyed by fire in 1990). With the school’s growth came the acquisition of 16 wooded acres, and a master plan that resulted in the construction of five buildings housing classrooms and administrative offices.
Clear Spring School has been nationally accredited through the Independent School Association of the Central States (ISACS) since 1999. In addition to ISACS accreditation, CSS is also a member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS).
Clear Spring School is divided into the following programs:
* Pre-Primary Program—prekindergarten (PK) and kindergarten (KG)
* Ełementary School—two classrooms divided into grades 1–3 and grades 4–5.
* Middle School—grades 6 through 8 on a block schedule.
* High School—grades 9 through 12 on a block schedule.
# Clear Springs Nature Preserve

Clear Springs Nature Preserve is a nature preserve located in Montague Township, Michigan, less than half a mile from the interchange between US Highway 31 (US 31) and Business US 31 near Montague. It is heavily forested and features a pond, a creek, and six different hiking trails, the Rim Trail, Pond Side Trail, Crest Trail, Spring Trail, East Boundary Trail, and West Boundary Trail. These trails can be hiked in two different loop distances. The long loop goes from Spring Trail to the West Boundary trail to the Rim Trail, and ends with the East Boundary Trail, a total of 1.5 mils (3.8×10$^{−8}$ km) while the short loop goes from Spring Trail to the Pond Side Trail and ends with the Rim Trail, a total of 0.9 miles (1.4 km). In total, there are 2.6 miles (4.2 km) of hiking trails. There are no other developed facilities except for a donation box, map display, and a small dirt parking area located at the main entrance near Fruitvale Road and the US 31 interchange, while the other entrance is located at Walsh Road. The nature preserve also has many benches and signposts that inform visitors of the many different species and tree types, most notably the red pine tree.
* Red Pine trees
* Information board
* One of the trails with a bench, informational sign, and picnic table.

## History

In 1848, the land was used for one of the first trading posts in the Montague area. Later in the 1800s, U.S. Senator Thomas W. Ferry owned the land; the only Michigan senator to have held position in multiple congresses, (44th and 45th) and the only Michigan politician to be the president pro tempore of the United States Senate. In the 1940s and early 1950s, the property would be home to North Star Fishery, where fish were raised on the property for over 10 years, with the remains of a hatchery viewable from the Spring trail. In 1960, John Harvey would purchase the land because he wanted to preserve the nature. He would maintain the land until the 1990s, when plans were made for the property to be turned into a 90-home housing district, however Montague Township would end up buying the land in 2000 for $950,000 (equivalent to $1.6 million in 2023); $703,000 (equivalent to $1.18 million in 2023) came from a Michigan Natural Trust Fund to preserve the nature. On September 28, 2016, the donation box located at the main entrance was cut open and money was stolen.
43°26′30″N 86°19′55″W﻿ / ﻿43.441529°N 86.332027°W﻿ / 43.441529; -86.332027
# Clear Springs, Kentucky

Clear Springs is an unincorporated community in Graves County, Kentucky, United States.