OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative

Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) was approved in June 2005 by the finance ministers of the G8 during the 31st G8 Summit, held at Gleneagles, Scotland. MDRI is different to HIPC, but operationally related. Countries in the termination point get full relief of their debt with IMF, International Development Association (IDA) and the African Development Bank (AfDB). MDRI was approved for encouraging debtor countries to continue their political reforms. For reasons of equal treatment of Low Income Countries (LIC) the relieved debts were counted when new ancillary remedies were guaranteed by IDA and AfDB. G8 members committed themselves to compensate IDA and AfDB refluxes with further remedies. These compensations will be shared among IDA and AfDB beneficiary countries according to the efforts they make (performance based allocation).

## How it works

IMF, IDA and AfDB fully relieve the debt of countries which attain (after complying with specific conditions that are detailed in HIPC page) termination point—the step where a country is eligible to receive total and irrevocable relief of its debt—in HIPC's frame.
The difference with HIPC consists of MDRI not covering all creditors, only IMF, IDA and AfDB. Besides, under MDRI, IMF also provided debt relief to non-HIPC countries whose per capita income did not exceed $380 and were indebted with IMF until the end of 2004. Thus a uniform treatment in IMF resources management is guaranteed.

## Cost

Total debt relief provided by IMF through MDRI lied around US$3.4 billion, in nominal terms. Besides IMF granted Liberia a debt relief of US$172 million as June 30, 2010. "26 HIPC countries that had reached the completion point as of June 2009 will receive $29 billion (in end-2008 net present value terms) in debt relief under the MDRI." As February 2, 2015, no pending debt rested eligible for MDRI, so its bills were liquidated and the remnants were transferred to the Disaster Relief and Contention Trust Fund.

## Participating countries

Thirty-seven countries have benefited from MDRI: Afghanistan, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Comores, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Niger, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leona, Tanzania, Tajikistan, Togo, Uganda and Zambia.
# Umbilicaria aprina

Umbilicaria aprina is a species of foliose lichen in the family Umbilicariaceae. It is primarily found on exposed boulders in high alpine and polar regions worldwide.

## Taxonomy

Umbilicaria aprina was first described by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1863. He later (1891) proposed it be reclassified in genus Gyrophora. The holotype of Umbilicaria aprina was collected from Ras Dashen in Ethiopia, at an elevation of about 14,200 ft (4,300 m).

## Description

The thallus of Umbilicaria aprina is single-leaved (monophyllous), shield-shaped (peltate), and rigid, measuring up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter. The upper surface is light grey, typically featuring radiating ridges from the central, elevated point known as the umbo. The lower surface is predominantly sooty black with a light grey rim about 2–3 mm wide along the margins. This lower surface is covered with single-celled reproductive propagules known as thalloconidia and adorned with white rhizinomorphs—root-like extensions that are unbranched or sparsely branched and densely populate the rim. Reproductive structures (apothecia) are rare, black, and may be up to 2.5 mm in diameter.

## Habitat and distribution

Umbilicaria aprina is commonly found in the high alpine regions near glaciers and is present worldwide, including extreme arctic and Antarctic areas. Although it is not commonly found in the Andes, it exists throughout the mountain range. The species grows on boulders in these cold, exposed environments, which helps it avoid competition and survive in harsh conditions.
# Pretty/Groovy

Pretty/Groovy is an album by jazz trumpeter Chet Baker recorded in 1953 and 1954 (with one track from 1957) and released on the World Pacific label in 1958. The album compiles tracks previously released on the 1953 10-inch LP Chet Baker Quartet featuring Russ Freeman along with previously unissued recordings.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Allmusic rated the album with 3 stars.

## Track listing

* "Look for the Silver Lining" (Buddy DeSylva, Jerome Kern) – 2:42
* "Time After Time" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 2:48
* "Travelin' Light" (Trummy Young, Jimmy Mundy, Johnny Mercer) – 3:10
* "My Funny Valentine" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 2:21
* "There Will Never Be Another You" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon) – 3:01
* "The Thrill Is Gone" (Lew Brown, Ray Henderson) – 2:48
* "But Not for Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 3:05
* "Band Aid" (Russ Freeman) – 2:45
* "The Lamp Is Low" (Peter DeRose, Bert Shefter) – 2:33
* "Carson City Stage" (Carson Smith) – 2:37
* "Long Ago (and Far Away)" (Jerome Kern, Ira Gershwin) – 2:15
* "Easy to Love" (Cole Porter) – 3:03
* "Winter Wonderland" (Felix Bernard, Richard B. Smith) – 2:28
* "Batter Up" (Freeman) – 2:56
* Recorded in Los Angeles on July 27, 29 & 30, 1953 (tracks 9–12 & 14), at Radio Recorders in Hollywood on October 3, 1953 (tracks 6 & 8) and October 27, 1953 (track 13), at Capitol Studios in Hollywood on February 15, 1954 (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5 & 7) and in New York City on December 9, 1957 (track 3)

## Personnel

* Chet Baker – trumpet, vocals
* Jimmy Giuffre – clarinet (track 5)
* Bill Perkins – tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 2, 4 & 7)
* Russ Freeman – piano (tracks 1, 2 & 4–14)
* Dave Wheat – guitar (track 3)
* Joe Mondragon (track 13), Russ Saunders (track 3), Carson Smith (tracks 1, 2, 4–8, 10–12 & 14), Bob Whitlock (track 9) – bass
* Larry Bunker (tracks 6, 8, 10–12 & 14), Shelly Manne (track 13), Bob Neal (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5 & 7), Bobby White (track 9) – drums
# Ugyuligmiut

The Ugyuligmiut were a geographically defined Copper Inuit band in the Canadian Arctic's Northwest Territories. They were located on Victoria Island north of Minto Inlet, and on Banks Island in the Aulavik National Park region.
The Minto Inlet Ugyuligmiut were noted during the Arctic voyages of both Sir Richard Collinson and Sir Robert McClure in the mid 19th century. However, at the time of Vilhjalmur Stefansson's explorations in 1914, the Victoria Island Inuit told him of the Ugyuligmiut, a "numerous population", but that they were now extinct, either from famine or from being shot.
# İlter Turan

Adil İlter Turan is a Turkish academic. He is a professor of Political Science in the Department of International Relations at Istanbul Bilgi University. He was Rector of the University from 1998 to 2001. He was the Program Chair of the 21st World Congress of Political Science, organized by the International Political Science Association (IPSA) in 2009.
İlter Turan was the president of International Political Science Association(IPSA) 2016-2018, the most prestigious international association of political science.
# XOP

XOP may refer to:
* XML-binary Optimized Packaging, a W3C recommendation for embedding binary data in XML
* External Operations in IGOR Pro, used to add data acquisition, manipulation and analysis features
* X-ray Oriented Programs, a widget-based driver software that is used as front-end interface optical simulations
* XOP instruction set, a computer instruction set introduced by AMD in 2009
* A touhou-like game, but without the Japanese.
# Come Saturday Morning

Come Saturday Morning may refer to:
* Come Saturday Morning (song), a popular song by Fred Karlin and Dory Previn, published in 1970
* Come Saturday Morning (Jackie Gleason album), a 1970 album by Jackie Gleason
* Come Saturday Morning (Liza Minnelli album), 1969
* Come Saturday Morning (The Sandpipers album), 1970
# Multilateral export control regime

A multilateral export control regime is an informal group of like-minded supplier countries that seek to contribute to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, delivery systems, and advanced conventional weapons through national implementation of guidelines and control lists for exports. For a chart of national membership in different regimes, see the SIPRI Yearbook chapter on "Transfer controls".
There are currently four such regimes:
* The Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies
* The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), for the control of nuclear and nuclear-related technology
* The Australia Group (AG) for the control of chemical and biological technology that could be weaponized
* The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) for the control of rockets and other aerial vehicles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction
While not formally an export control regime, the Zangger Committee has developed guidance on nuclear export restrictions required by the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
The following 30 countries are members of all of the above four regimes:
* Argentina
* Australia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Japan
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
The following 13 countries are members of at least three of these regimes:
* Croatia (AG, NSG, WA)
* Estonia (AG, NSG, WA)
* Iceland (AG, MTCR, NSG)
* India (AG, MTCR, WA)
* Latvia (AG, NSG, WA)
* Lithuania (AG, NSG, WA)
* Malta (AG, NSG, WA)
* Mexico (AG, NSG, WA)
* Romania (AG, NSG, WA)
* Russia (MTCR, NSG, WA)
* Slovakia (AG, NSG, WA)
* Slovenia (AG, NSG, WA)
* South Africa (MTCR, NSG, WA)
The following two countries are members of at least two of these regimes:
* Brazil (MTCR, NSG)
* Cyprus (AG, NSG)
The following five countries and political entities are members of at least one of these regimes:
* Belarus (NSG)
* China (NSG)
* Kazakhstan (NSG)
* Serbia (NSG)
* European Union (AG)
# Acacia toondulya

Acacia toondulya is a tree belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae native to southern Australia.

## Description

The tree typically grows to a height of 3 metres (9.8 ft) and has an erect and wispy habit. The glabrous branchlets are coated in a fine white powder and are angled at extremities. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen phyllodes have an elliptic or obovate shape and a length of 3 to 12 cm (1.2 to 4.7 in) and a width of 1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 in) and have prominent marginal nerves and midrib. It blooms between June and September and produces axillary inflorescences located on the racemes or panicles with spherical to obloid flower-heads that contain 80 to 106 densely packed yellow flowers. Following flowering seed pods form that have a narrowly oblong shape and are raised over the seeds. The firmly chartaceous to slightly coriaceous pods are 30 to 50 mm (1.2 to 2.0 in) in length and 9 to 13 mm (0.35 to 0.51 in). The seeds are transversely arranged and have an oblong-elliptic shape and are 4 to 7 mm (0.16 to 0.28 in) in length with a dark red-brown, clavate aril.

## Distribution

It is endemic only in a small area in South Australia from south western parts of the Gawler Range in the north and on the Eyre Peninsula in the south to around the southern parts of the Tothill Ranges in the south where it is found on rocky hills. It is found from Toondulya Bluff in the west to around the hills near Hiltaba in the east and down to Lake Acraman in the south where it is found on low rocky hills composed of granite and shale growing in loamy soils as a part of open shrubland and Triodia grassland communities.
# Bukovany (Olomouc District)

Bukovany is a municipality and village in Olomouc District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Bukovany lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Olomouc and 217 km (135 mi) east of Prague.
# Bölükelma, Palu

Bölükelma (Kurdish: Tov) is a village in the Palu District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 14 (2021).
# Boston Massacre Monument

The Boston Massacre Monument, also known as the Crispus Attucks Monument and Victory, is an outdoor bronze memorial by Adolph Robert Kraus, installed in Boston Common, in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

## Description and history

The monument was dedicated on November 14, 1889. The designer of the base was Boston architect Carl Fehmer.
The monument was surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program in 1993. The survey's description says, "The monument consists of an allegorical female figure representing the Spirit of the Revolution standing atop a granite base in front of a tall granite obelisk adorned with a band of thirteen stars around the top. The female figure is loosely draped and holds a furled American flag in her proper left hand. Her proper right arm is raised and in her proper right hand she holds a broken piece of chain. Beneath her proper right foot is a broken British crown. An eagle ready to take flight is perched by her proper left foot. On the base, beneath the female figure, is a bronze relief plaque depicting the Boston Massacre. It shows five men, Crispus Attucks, Samuel Maverick, James Caldwell, Samuel Gray, and Patrick Carr, slain by the British soldiers in front of the Massachusetts State House." These deaths took place on March 5, 1770.
Crispus Attucks was a freed African American who was the first to die in the line of fire between the British and the colonist. Crispus Attucks was a part of the first group to start attacking the British soldiers with throwing balls of ice and stones at the troops. Attucks was glorified by some colonists as an emblem of resisting against the British power.
# Ľubomír Kadnár

Ľubomír Kadnár (27 September 1941 – 11 November 2008) was a Czechoslovak sprint canoer who competed in the early 1970s. He finished ninth in the K-4 1000 m event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.
# Come See About Me (Freda Payne album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Come See About Me was Freda Payne's fifteenth studio album and her first in five years. The album itself is a combination of the musical styles of pop, R&B, and jazz. Primarily a cover album, this album contains only five original songs: "Let's Make Beautiful Music", "First Impression", "I Live for New York City", "You Complete Me", and "Just Like That" (the last of which is a duet with the Temptations' Ali-Ollie Woodson). Inside the album cover is an essay written by Lee Hildebrand in December 2000 that discusses Payne's life and career and personal comments by Payne herself.

## Track listing

* "Just Like That" is a duet with Ali-Ollie Woodson with Preston Glass and Karen Newman on background vocals.

## Personnel

* Freda Payne – lead vocals
* Mic Gillette – trumpet, trombone
* George Brooks – saxophones
* Ray Obeido – guitars
* Preston Glass – keyboards, sitar, electric guitar, drum and synthesizer programming
* Steve Fontano – keyboards, programming whistle
* Troy Luccketta – drums
* Roberta Freeman, Angel Sessions, Preston Glass – background vocals

### Production

* Arrangements by Preston Glass except track 3 by Steve Fontano
* Produced by F.L. Pittman and Preston Glass (track 3 co-produced by Steve Fontano) except track 11 produced by F.L. Pittman and Felton Pilate
* Executive producer: Phil Jones
* Recording and mixing engineer: Steve Fontano
* Additional engineering: Stephen Hart
* Mastering: George Horn (Fantasy)
* Art direction, design: Jamie Putnam
* Photography: Steve Maruta
* Wardrobe and jewelry: L.S.O. Designs
* Recorded (Fall 2000) at Fantasy Studios, Berkeley
# Acacia trapezoidea

Acacia trapezoidea is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae. It is native to an area in south western Australia.
# Bukovany

Bukovany may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
* Bukovany (Benešov District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
* Bukovany (Hodonín District), a municipality and village in the South Moravian Region
* Bukovany (Olomouc District), a municipality and village in the Olomouc Region
* Bukovany (Příbram District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
* Bukovany (Sokolov District), a municipality and village in the Karlovy Vary Region
* Bukovany, a village and part of Nový Bor in the Liberec Region
# Puhovo, Croatia

Puhovo, Croatia is a settlement in the Dugo Selo town of Zagreb County, Croatia. As of 2011 it had a population of 710 people.
# Lynn Singer

Roselyn "Lynn" Brod Singer (born March 13, 1925 in Manhattan – died November 30, 2005) was an American activist for the rights of Soviet Jewry 'refuseniks'. As the leader of the Long Island Committee for Soviet Jewry and a member of the board of the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews, she brought the issue of Jews trapped in the Soviet Union to international attention through a series of political actions, including sit-ins at the United Nations and the Soviet compound in Glen Cove, as well as protests and marches.

## Biography
### Early life

Born to Harry Brod and Sarah "Sally" Kandel Brod, both of them New York born Jews, Lynn married Murray Singer in New York in 1948, and was initially a housewife living in Queens, and then Long Island, raising two children, before becoming more and more involved in community activism and civil rights.

### Activist career in the 1980s

Throughout the 1980s, Singer personally made long-distance phone calls to refuseniks trapped in Moscow and Leningrad daily, as part of a grassroots network of activists run by Cleveland scientist and Soviet Jewry activist Lou Rosenblum.
She was the national coordinator in the United States for the group Women for Ida Nudel (WIN), which appealed to elected women officials to press for the release of Ida Nudel, an anti-Soviet activist who was sentenced to four years in a Siberian prison after seven years of challenging the Soviet treatment of Jewish political prisoners.
After Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policy in the late 1980s started to release some of the more high-profile refuseniks from prison, and allowed some of them to emigrate, Singer and her fellow activists continued to fight, but began concentrating more on more typical Soviet Jewish families who were still trapped behind the Iron Curtain.

### Legacy

At her death in 2005, Singer had lived in East Meadow, New York.
Israeli politician and former Soviet prisoner Natan Sharansky told Singer's children, Andrea and Richard, that Singer was "his second mother". Members of the association (Amuta) Remember and Save referred to her as "our Yiddishe Mama" and counted her as a family friend. In 2009, the association published a book about her life, with remembrances from the many refugees she had helped.
She is listed on the posthumous Roll of Honor of the Archive of the American Soviet Jewry Movement.
# David Smaill House

The David Smaill House, at 313 W. Ann St. in Carson City, Nevada, was built in c.1876. Also known as the Smaill House, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
It was deemed significant "for its associations with the early residential development of Carson City, Nevada", according to its NRHP nomination, which went on to note: "The dwelling is representative of the small, vernacular dwellings associated with Carson City's working class in the late 19th century. The building is architecturally noteworthy for its simplicity of design and elaborate exterior ornamentation."$^{:3}$ The original house was built by Smaill at least partway during 1876 and then sold by Smaill in 1877, though David and Rachel Spratte Smaill lived there up to 1879 at least.
# Coordination polymerization

Coordination polymerisation is a form of polymerization that is catalyzed by transition metal salts and complexes.

## Types of coordination polymerization of alkenes
### Heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta polymerization

Coordination polymerization started in the 1950s with heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts based on titanium tetrachloride and organoaluminium co-catalysts. The mixing of TiCl$_4$ with trialkylaluminium complexes produces Ti(III)-containing solids that catalyze the polymerization of ethene and propene. The nature of the catalytic center has been of intense interest but remains uncertain. Many additives and variations have been reported for the original recipes.

### Homogeneous Ziegler–Natta polymerization

In some applications heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta polymerization has been superseded by homogeneous catalysts such as the Kaminsky catalyst discovered in the 1970s. The 1990s brought forward a new range of post-metallocene catalysts. Typical monomers are nonpolar ethene and propene. The development of coordination polymerization that enables copolymerization with polar monomers is more recent. Examples of monomers that can be incorporated are methyl vinyl ketones, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile.
Kaminsky catalysts are based on metallocenes of group 4 metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO). Polymerizations catalysed by metallocenes occur via the Cossee–Arlman mechanism. The active site is usually anionic but cationic coordination polymerization also exists.

### Specialty monomers

Many alkenes do not polymerize in the presence of Ziegler–Natta or Kaminsky catalysts. This problem applies to polar olefins such as vinyl chloride, vinyl ethers, and acrylate esters.

### Butadiene polymerization

The annual production of polybutadiene is 2.1 million tons (2000). The process employs a neodymium-based homogeneous catalyst.

### Principles

Coordination polymerization has a great impact on the physical properties of vinyl polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene compared to the same polymers prepared by other techniques such as free-radical polymerization. The polymers tend to be linear and not branched and have much higher molar mass. Coordination type polymers are also stereoregular and can be isotactic or syndiotactic instead of just atactic. This tacticity introduces crystallinity in otherwise amorphous polymers. From these differences in polymerization type the distinction originates between low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or even ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).

## Coordination polymerization of other substrates

Coordination polymerization can also be applied to non-alkene substrates. Dehydrogenative coupling of silanes, dihydro- and trihydrosilanes, to polysilanes has been investigated, although the technology has not been commercialized. The process entails coordination and often oxidative addition of Si-H centers to metal complexes.
Lactides also polymerize in the presence of Lewis acidic catalysts to give polylactide:
# Mujaahid Maynard

Mujaahid Maynard (born April 9, 1971) is an American wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman 48 kg at the 1996 Summer Olympics.