OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eva Sivertsen

Eva Sivertsen (8 July 1922 – 22 November 2009) was a Norwegian linguist. She was known for her work on the Cockney dialect of the working-class, which was “one of the first investigations of an urban dialect in Britain.” In 1961 she became the first female professor of English linguistics in Norway.

## Biography

Born on 8 July 1922 in Trondhjem, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway, Eva Sivertsen was the daughter of John Ludvig Sivertsen (1879–1970) and Ragna Oline Moe (1891–1992). She enrolled at the department of English in the University of Oslo in 1943. In addition she did a postgraduate diploma in phonetics at the department of phonetics, in the University College London, where she conducted the field study for her doctoral thesis on Cockney, an accent and dialect of English, mainly spoken by working-class and lower middle-class Londoners, in Bethnal Green. She later completed her doctoral thesis from the University of Oslo. She also had study stay in Michigan, USA. Her work on Cockney has been criticised by K.M. Petyt for offering a description of a dialect spoken by millions based on a sample of just four elderly women.
In 1957 she started her teaching career as a lecture at the department of English in the University of Oslo. Between 1961 and 1992, she served as the professor of English linguistics at the Norwegian College of General Sciences, earlier known as the Norwegian Teachers' College, which was part of the University of Trondheim. For a period of 15 years, she headed the department of English at Trondheim University. She also served as a rector of the University of Trondheim from 1975 to 1981. She was the secretary of the Eighth International Congress of Linguists, held in Oslo in 1957 and edited its proceedings.
She was influenced by the works of Charles F. Hockett, a noted American linguist. She also worked with renowned scholars like Gordon R. Peterson and Kenneth L. Pike during her stay in abroad. Her works on phonetics and phonology were published by the Oslo University Press as Cockney Phonology in 1960.
She was the member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, a Norwegian learned society based in Trondheim. She was also associated with the Norsk Tipping and the Norwegian Lottery Association. She held several administrative responsibilities in a number of professional organizations including the Norwegian Adult Education institute, the Norwegian UNESCO Committee, the Research Council for the Norwegian School Board and the Council for Humanistic Research.
She was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Strathclyde in 1980. To recognize her distinguished services, she was conferred the Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav in 1982.
She died in Trondheim on 22 November 2009.
# Wang Guosheng

Wang Guosheng may refer to:
* Wang Guosheng (general): general of the People's Liberation Army
* Wang Guosheng (politician): governor of Hubei province
# Busi Mavuso

Busisiwe Mavuso (born 1977 or 1978) is a South African businesswoman and the chief executive officer of Business Leadership South Africa. Before her appointment to that position in July 2019, she was the chief executive officer of the Black Management Forum between 2016 and 2017.

## Early life and education

Mavuso was born in 1977 or 1978 in Soweto, where she grew up in the White City neighbourhood of Jabavu. She and her three siblings were raised by their mother, a widowed teacher who died in 2012. In 1994, at the age of 16, Mavuso matriculated at Lofentse Girls School in Orlando East.
Although her family circumstances meant that she was forced to enter the workforce immediately after matriculation, she also enrolled part-time in the University of South Africa, intending to become a chartered accountant. She completed her Bachelor's degree in accounting several years later and then completed a Master's in business leadership at the same university. In 2018, she qualified as a member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants.

## Early corporate career

Mavuso entered banking in 1995; her first job was an internship at Allied Bank. She went on to work in various consulting, telecommunications, and healthcare companies.
In 2009, she became the chief financial officer of the Black Management Forum; she ultimately spent eight years at the Forum, rising to become managing director. Upon her appointment as managing director in 2016, she professed herself in favour of strict and punitive enforcement of transformation targets in South African companies.

## Business Leadership South Africa

In November 2017, she was appointed as the chief operating officer of Business Leadership South Africa (BLSA), working under her mentor, Bonang Mohale, who had recently been appointed as BLSA CEO. She succeeded Mohale as CEO on 1 July 2019.
Simultaneously, between 2018 and 2022, Mavuso was a member of the board of Eskom; she was appointed to her seat in January 2018, when the board was chaired by Jabu Mabuza. In April 2022, she made national headlines for walking out of a meeting between the board and Parliament's Standing Committee on Public Accounts. When Mavuso told the Committee that the board and André de Ruyter would not accept being made "the fall guy for this ANC-led government" and its "mess" (the ongoing energy crisis), Committee chairperson Mkhuleko Hlengwa told Mavuso to "Either behave yourself or excuse yourself from this meeting" and she promptly excused herself. The Ministry of Public Enterprises called Mavuso's conduct "unbecoming", but Mavuso maintained that she had no obligation to "behave and be pliable to Parliament". She resigned from the Eskom board in September 2022.
Mavuso also served on the board of Business Unity South Africa. Her weekly newsletter, serialised in several newspapers, has a wide readership in South Africa.

## Personal life

As of 2016, Mavuso had two young children. She lives in Johannesburg.
# Ronda, West Virginia

Ronda is an unincorporated community and coal town in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States, along Cabin Creek. Its post office is closed.
# Paul François

Paul François is a French agricultor and author, who has been decorated with the Legion of Honour. He is notable chiefly because he demonstrated to a court of law that he was poisoned by a Monsanto product.

## Early life

François is a native of Bernac, Charente.
He chose to specialise in cereal agriculture from an early age.
François considers himself to have been "a pure product of the chemical agriculture industry", up until his rupture with it because of his poisoning.

## Toxic incident

François inhaled the poison on 27 April 2004. He was ill enough to spit blood when interned in hospital. As late as November that year, the long-term effects of the poison caused him to faint, and in May 2005 it was determined that monochlorobenzene—a solvent used in Lasso to dilute the Alachlor—was present in his bloodstream.
Betimes, Alachlor was prohibited by the French government in November 2007.

## Formal recognition of hazard

An employment tribunal formally recognised in 2010 that François in fact had been poisoned.

## François v Monsanto
### Trial court

The Monsanto product with which François was poisoned is known commercially as Lasso.
In December 2011, final arguments to the court were heard.
In February 2012, the Tribunal de Grande Instance of Lyon condemned Monsanto to pay damages to François.

### Appeal court

In 2015 at the appeal court, Monsanto lawyers repeatedly refused to concede that their product was toxic and that the damages owed were fictitious.
Monsanto is fighting a nasty rear-guard action, and as of 2017, refused quantum.
In second appeal on 11 April 2019, the court found Monsanto guilty of the damage endured by Paul François, finding that the firm, being aware of Lasso’s dangers, should have clearly indicated on Lasso’s labelling and instructions for use “a notice on the specific dangers of using the product in vats and reservoirs”.

### Court of cassation

The case was finally set against Monsanto on 21 October 2020 by the Court of Cassation (French highest appeal court), which rejected Monsanto’s bid to overturn the 2019 sentence.
In a ruling handed down on 7 November 2022, the Lyon judicial court sentenced the German agrochemical giant Bayer (which bought Monsanto in 2018) to pay Paul François the sum of €11,135.

## Author

François wrote, with Anne-Laure Barret, Un paysan contre Monsanto to document his battle against Monsanto. This book, which was released to market in October 2017, was published by Fayard press.
With the benefit of hindsight, François has considered how his perspective has changed:
   We were never worried about the toxicity of herbicides. For us, they served as the medication for plants.
# SPI1

Transcription factor PU.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPI1 gene.

## Function

This gene encodes an ETS-domain transcription factor that activates gene expression during myeloid and B-lymphoid cell development. The nuclear protein binds to a purine-rich sequence known as the PU-box found on enhancers of target genes, and regulates their expression in coordination with other transcription factors and cofactors. The protein can also regulate alternative splicing of target genes. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
The PU.1 transcription factor is essential for hematopoiesis and cell fate decisions. PU.1 can physically interact with a variety of regulatory factors like SWI/SNF, TFIID, GATA-2, GATA-1 and c-Jun. The protein-protein interactions between these factors can regulate PU.1-dependent cell fate decisions. PU.1 can modulate the expression of 3000 genes in hematopoietic cells including cytokines. It is expressed in monocytes, granulocytes, B and NK cells but is absent in T cells, reticulocytes and megakaryocytes. Its transcription is regulated by various mechanisms .
PU.1 is an essential regulator of the pro-fibrotic system. In fibrotic conditions, PU.1 expression is perturbed in fibrotic diseases, resulting in upregulation of fibrosis-associated genes sets in fibroblasts. Disruption of PU.1 in fibrotic fibroblasts leads to them returning into their resting state from pro-fibrotic fibroblasts. PU.1 is seen to be highly expressed in extracellular matrix producing-fibrotic fibroblasts while it is downregulated in inflammatory/ ECM degrading and resting fibroblasts. The majority of the cells expressing PU.1 in fibrotic conditions remain to be fibroblasts with a few infiltrating lymphocytes. PU.1 induces the polarization of resting and inflammatory fibroblasts into fibrotic fibroblasts.

## Structure

The ETS domain is the DNA-binding module of PU.1 and other ETS-family transcription factors.

## Interactions

SPI1 has been shown to interact with:
* FUS,
* GATA2,
* IRF4, and
* NONO.
# Malthodes curvatus

Malthodes curvatus is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America.
# Little Wars (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Skinny | |
| Tiny Mix Tapes | |
Little Wars is an album by Unwed Sailor. It was recorded between December 27, 2002 and November 7, 2007. The album was released on April 1, 2008, by Burnt Toast Vinyl.

## Critical reception

PopMatters called the album "geometrically precise yet warmly organic, serenely unperturbed but with a bubbling undercurrent of mirth," writing that "this is what might happen to post-rock if you put it in a warm corner of the garden and allowed it to grow." Exclaim! called it "instrumental post-rock covered in molasses ... the pace is lethargic, barely creeping beyond a plod."

## Track listing

* "Copper Islands"
* "Little Wars"
* "The Garden"
* "Aurora"
* "Campanile"
* "Echo Roads"
* "Nauvoo"
* "Lonely Bulls"
* "Numeral"

## Personnel

* Stalactite Oracle Studio Session (December 27–28, 2002)
** Jonathan Ford
** Matthew Putman
** Matthew Depper
** Brooks Tipton
** Nic Tse
** Jeff Shoop
** James McAllister
* Ester Drang Studio Session (mid-2004)
** Jonathan Ford
** Aaron Ford
** Brooks Tipton
** Stephen Tucker
** Bryce Chambers
** James McAllister
** Matthew Magee
* Little Wars Blackwatch Studio Sessions 1 and 2 (October 12–19, 2007 and November 5–7, 2007)
** Jonathan Ford
** Nic Tse
** Matthew Putman
** Brooks Tipton
** Matthew Depper
** Patrick Ryan
** Andrew Haldeman
** Ryan Lindsey
** Chad Copelin
# Eckstine

Eckstine is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Billy Eckstine (1914–1993), ballad singer and bandleader during the Swing era
* Guy Eckstine (born 1956), American music industry executive
* Ronnie Eckstine (born 1946), American actor and music manager, stepson of Billy
# Michael McKinnell

Noel Michael McKinnell (December 25, 1935 – March 27, 2020) was a British-born American architect and co-founder of the Kallmann McKinnell & Wood architectural design firm. In 1962, McKinnell, who was a Columbia University graduate student at the time, and Columbia professor Gerhard Kallmann submitted the winning design for Boston City Hall, which opened in 1968. McKinnell and Kallman moved to Boston shortly after winning the competition and founded their firm, now known as Kallmann McKinnell & Wood, in 1962.

## Early life and education

McKinnell was born on December 25, 1935, in Salford area of Manchester, England, His father was an accountant and war veteran. He graduated from the University of Manchester in 1958 with a first class degree in architecture. He studied architecture at Columbia University on a Fulbright Scholarship, graduating with a master's degree. At Columbia, McKinnell first met Gerhard Kallmann, who was then an associate professor to whom McKinnell was a teaching assistant. Kallmann and McKinnell entered a design competition for Boston City Hall in 1962, and won, beating 255 other submissions.

## Career

McKinnell's architectural firm, Kallmann McKinnell & Wood, was originally known for its design of concrete buildings, but in the late 1970s began to focus on other materials, as in the firm's design of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
McKinnell's other projects have included Boston's Hynes Convention Center, and the Independence Visitor Center in Philadelphia, as well as embassies, courthouses, libraries, and buildings at numerous universities including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Emory. He served on the faculty of Harvard's Graduate School of Design for 25 years and as the Professor of the Practice of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McKinnell has lectured and taught at many other universities, and in 1989 was the Architect in Residence at the American Academy in Rome. McKinnell received the Royal Manchester Institution Silver Medal and was recognized by the Boston Society of Architects with its Award of Honor in 1994. McKinnell was appointed to the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts in 2005 and served until 2011.
McKinnell Kallman & Wood has received eight honor awards and the 1984 Firm of the Year award from the American Institute of Architects.
McKinnell was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

## Death

He died March 27, 2020, in Beverly, Massachusetts, from complications of COVID-19.

## Personal life

McKinnell married Jane D'Esopo in 1961; they had two children and subsequently divorced. McKinnell married Stephanie Mallis, his architectural partner, in 2003. In addition to his two children, McKinnell was survived by four grandchildren.
# American Women's History Initiative

The American Women's History Initiative (AWHI) was launched by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. in 2018. The initiative aims to collect, research, educate, and disseminate compelling historical record of the accomplishment of American women.

## History

In 2016, the American Museum of Women's History Congressional Commission submitted a report to Congress, addressing the need for a museum to be dedicated to women's history in the United States, the content and location of the museum, and how it will be funded. Acknowledging that U.S. history is incomplete without women's history, the Commission recommended that a Women's History Initiative be established within the Smithsonian Institution, as the first step toward a permanent museum. The report also set out a concrete path for the museum to be built within the Smithsonian museum district.
In 2020, Congress established the Smithsonian American Women's History Museum.

## Development and exhibitions

The initiative has its own curators who develop programs and exhibitions to showcase women's history. It also intends to offer mentorship programs within the existing Smithsonian museums.
AWHI focuses its research on the diverse and missing history of American women spanning every race, class, ethnicity, religion, interest, political affiliation, and geographical region.
Since its inception, the American Women History Initiative has presented both online and on-site exhibitions such as "Her Story: A Century of Women Writers" at the National Portrait Gallery, "Girlhood: It's Complicated" at the National Museum of American History, among others.
# Rhabdotis ugandensis

Rhabdotis ugandensis is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.
# Christoph Schmidberger

Christoph Schmidberger (born 1974 in Eisenerz, Austria) is a painter based in Los Angeles. He studied from 1989 to 1994 at the Higher Technical College of Graphic Art in Graz, Austria, and graduated with an Honours and Master of Art from the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna in 2002.
His works, drawn or painted in a hyperreal style, typically use traditional compositional forms (woodland scenes, reclining lovers, portraits with pets, etc.) to portray youthful eroticised figures relaxing in modern suburban settings. ("Christoph Schmidberger paints a kitschy dream of pre-Raphaelite surrender, revelling in pornography's influence on today's sexual economy").
Schmidberger's work has been shown internationally at galleries and museums such as the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, the Frederick R. Weisman Museum of Art in California, the Landesmuseum Joanneum (Joanneum National Museum) in Graz, Austria, and the Royal Academy in London. His work features in several important collections including the Saatchi Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Joslyn Museum of Art, and Österreichische Galerie Belvedere.
He is represented by Patrick Painter Inc. in Santa Monica, California, and Union Gallery in London.

## Selected Public Collections

* Museum Of Fine Arts, Boston, MA
* The Saatchi Collection, London
* Los Angeles County Museum Of Art, Los Angeles, CA
* Museum Of Contemporary Art, San Diego, CA
* Joslyn Museum Of Art, Omaha, NE
* Frederic R. Weismann Collection, Los Angeles, CA
* Neue Galerie Am Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz
* Korban Art Foundation, New York
* Vanhaerents Art Collection, Brüssels
* Volpinum Kunstsammlung, Vienna
# Paul Fraser

Paul Ian Fraser (born May 1955) is a British businessman. He came to prominence through his involvement in the purchase and sale of the famous stamps firm Stanley Gibbons which he sold at a great profit, only to see most of the proceeds lost following trading difficulties. Before this Fraser had a background in accountancy, mail-order, retailing and property development.

## Plastic Wax

In 1976 Fraser became a partner in Plastic Wax, a company in Bristol which specialised in collectible records and still exists. In 1978 the firm started to offer music memorabilia and this became the collectibles firm Fraser's Autographs. Ultimately, Fraser's Autographs became part of Stanley Gibbons in 1996.

## Stanley Gibbons

Fraser first invested in Stanley Gibbons in 1989 when he acquired a large block of shares in the company from Clive Feigenbaum. He purchased a further 30% stake in the company from New Zealand businessman Sir Ron Brierley who is a stamp collector. In 1990 he was appointed Executive Chairman of the firm. By 1995 Fraser had acquired 76.83% of Gibbons shares and he purchased the rest of the shares in December 1995.

## Flying Flowers

In June 1998, Stanley Gibbons was sold for £13.5 million to Flying Flowers. In the deal Fraser took shares in Flying Flowers instead of cash and he was left with an 8% stake in the enlarged company following the transaction. The merger was not a success and in 2000 the two companies were demerged again after a series of profits warnings and trading problems. Fraser's stake was reduced in value from £13.5 million to £4 million. The demerged Stanley Gibbons became Communitie.com and was listed on AIM. The chairman of Flying Flowers was quoted as saying the deal "...was at the wrong price and at the wrong time."
In August 2007, Paul Fraser resigned as Executive Chairman of Stanley Gibbons and in April 2008 he sold his remaining shares to focus on Paul Fraser Collectibles.

## Paul Fraser Collectibles

Paul Fraser's current venture is Tika Lifestyles Limited, trading as Paul Fraser Collectibles, a company that specialises in the sale of high-end collectibles such as rare stamps, vintage wine and autographs.
The firm also provides a news service and a collectibles video channel known as PFC TV.

## Coull

On 14 March 2014 TechCrunch revealed Fraser to be the largest single investor in a $4m investment round in Coull, an online video ad tech company based in the United Kingdom.

## JewelStreet

On 27 June 2017 online handmade jewellery marketplace Jewelstreet issued a Companies House notification that Paul Ian Fraser was a person with significant control, as of 7 April 2016, holding directly or indirectly, 75% or more of the shares in the Company.
# SOHO 3Q

SOHO 3Q is a shared office space in China managed by SOHO China. It is headquartered at Chaowai SOHO in Beijing. As of June 2019, the coworking space had 30 spaces in China.

## History

3Q was initiated by the real estate firm SOHO China, established in 1995, after it began exploring the concept of co-working spaces, a model similar to those of companies like Airbnb and Uber. The project was formally announced in January 2015 by SOHO China's chairman, Pan Shiyi.
The initial spaces, Wangjing 3Q in Beijing and Fuxing 3Q in Shanghai, opened on February 1, 2016. By the end of 2016, 3Q had establishments in 11 locations in Beijing and Shanghai, accommodating various Chinese corporations, such as LeTV and Meituan.
In April 2016, Guanghualu II 3Q opened in the Beijing central business district as the largest space with over 3000 desk.

## Architecture and design

3Q's parent company is known for its architectural design, and Wangjing SOHO, one of the first 3Q spaces, was designed by Zaha Hadid Architects and led by founder Zaha Hadid. The building, which is LEED-certified, was designed to resemble a mountain range. The middle floors are dedicated to 3Q coworking, occupying 6,000 square meters.
Another early building, Fuxing 3Q, was designed by GMP Architecture and AIM Architecture.
Guanghualu SOHO II building was designed by GMP Architecture, hosting the largest 3Q Space of approximately 21,000 square meters containing over 3300 desks. The space was initially designed as a shopping mall, but was converted into the coworking space by AIM Architecture. Distinctive features include an oak staircase that frames a venue for events and a second atrium called The Park.
More than 80% of all 3Q projects are housed in existing SOHO China properties, including refurbished shopping malls, office towers, and mixed-use buildings.

## Facilities

3Q provides both private offices and individual workstations in an open-office layout. Tenants rent individual desks on a weekly basis, with prices ranging from of 560 yuan ($93) to 1,000 yuan ($160) per desk per week. Additional services available include WIFI, conference rooms, printing machines, and phone booths. 3Q also organizes entrepreneurship events.