# Ottilien languages

The Ottilien or Watam-Awar-Gamay languages are a small family of clearly related languages,
    Watam–Kaian, Gamei (Mbore), and Bosman–Awar.
They are generally classified among the Ramu languages of northern Papua New Guinea.
The Ottilien languages are all spoken in Yawar Rural LLG, in locations mostly along the coast of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Watam and Bosman share plural morphology with Lower Sepik (Nor–Pondo), supporting the Ramu – Lower Sepik language-family proposal.
The family is named for the mouth of the Ottilien River, now known as the Ramu.

## Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:
    *m*n*ŋ *p*t*s*k *mb*nd*ndz*ŋg *w*ɾ*j*ɣ
    *i*ɨ*u *e*ɐ*o *a

## Pronouns

Pronouns in proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) reconstructed by Foley (2005) are:
    singulardualplural 1st person *aŋga*ai 2nd person *(n)oŋgo(a)*ne 3rd person *ma(n)*maniŋg*mi(n)
See also Lower Ramu languages#Pronouns.
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:
    sgdupl 1 *ŋg[o]*aŋga*ai 2 *[n]oŋga*ne(-n) 3 *ma(-n)

## Proto-Ottilien

A phonological reconstruction of proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay (proto-Ottilien) has been proposed by Foley (2005).

### proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay reconstructions (Foley 2005)

    glossproto-Watam-Awar-GamayWatamKaianGamayBosmunAwar one*kakukakukakukabekokumbɨnə two*mbuniŋmbwoinimbuniŋmbuniŋmbuniŋmbuni threegiramotgiramautmbonkakbonkakmbribin person*namotnamotnamotramotmotmot woman/motheraemmeakmeakmes/mamməri/mam fatheraesaesaetsatesat waterarumŋarumpukmokmok fire*s(u)əksaksaktaksuəksuək sun*ra(u)nau/rararalaurau moon*kər(v)indoŋarkarekarvɨikərvikəri stargwigwaegwiɲjempot canoe*korkorkorkorkorkor houseendauendaukaktomuŋto villagen(a)oŋnoŋauŋwunisŋuni breast*mɨrmurmurmɨrmɨrmɨr tooth*nda(r)ndakaindakaindardarndar bloodrumbyakaindrakaindnimbitrerik bone*ɣargagargagargagarɣarɣarɣar tongue*mi(m)mimemraŋmimeitapɲjiekpun ear*kwarkwarkwarkwarkurkur eye*rəmeaknamakrameaklamŋeakrəmakrəmaʔ nose*ŋgumŋgumŋgumŋgumŋgumŋgum leg*or ?ororororrue hairmbunatsabrityakwartwakarɨdəmbar eggyoryorlornuoknuʔ bird*ŋgwarakŋgorakŋgorakŋgorakgwarakŋgorak leaf*(ra)parraparraparraparparpar treepadoŋparaŋikkənkən yesterday*ɣurŋurŋaupŋaurɣurgur tomorrow*ɣurap ?ŋarapŋorapŋorapvuarapgurap oar*anupanupanupnupnuapnop betelnut*mbokmeɲjakmbokmbokmbokmbok lime*awi(r)aiaipakavirverpakvirwa sago*veakwakweakveakvesvek pig*rəkəmmarkummarkummarkəmrəkəmrəgəm crocodilenamkainomgaimugmaiŋgomeŋgumi snake*ndopmindopmindopnduopndupkondok name*ɣiwiwiijigi mosquito*ŋgitnaŋgitnaŋgitŋgitɲjetŋget groundwakarwakartiakartesinterik feces*yu/oyoyupakloyuwurɲjit hear*varakwarakwarakwarakvaivai hitruŋpipiŋaraŋa eat*ambambambambmbamba go*saŋgsaŋgsaŋgtaŋgsaŋgsaŋg come*kɨprukuprukupkɨpkɨpkɨp sit*mbirakmbirakmbirakmbirakberakmbirak stand*-tikutikutikwɨtɨktistik bignakananeakaɲekɣorvret good*ya(o)ŋyaoŋyaoŋlaŋyaŋyandi black*mbəkmbəkmbukmbukmbukmbukmbəkmbəkbəkbəkmbəkmbək hotwiwiwaiovaivɨvigɨgɨr coldgagaugagaugagauɣiɣiatrivut
Below, proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay is listed in comparison with four other Ramu languages that are closely related to, but not part of, Watam-Awar-Gamay: the Misegian languages Kire and Mikarew, and the Tanggu languages Tangu and Igom.

### Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay and Ramu comparisons (Foley 2005)

    glossproto-Watam-Awar-GamayKireMikarewTanguIgom one*kakuibabiraamərawunwanunuʔaka two*mbuniŋpʰuniniponimunaimokupea threepʰunipomənimkasammunainwanmokupea unuʔa person*namotgumagumawanikwuɣu woman/mothermbikaim/amiməinməin fatherndiaapisiyavaiyap watermbɨcupniamniam fire*s(u)əkvaparivruwuv/roguplugu sun*ra(u)raaregarŋgar moon*kər(v)ikəniŋekinimənammənam starkammukoperiyɨndɨklikian canoe*korkemagiam housevun/pentɨpeŋtaŋtaŋ villageŋguuŋipməŋmiaŋ breast*mɨrtaoteŋgyuavgii tooth*nda(r)tharatarimandardər bloodvusunwusiirienməy bone*ɣarxaraɣarɣavaŋɣavaŋ tongue*mi(m)zemɨzmmamiakɨmimiaŋ ear*kwarkwarkwarwukwarɣukwar eye*rəmeakrumaʔtamaraikraik nose*ŋgumkwomwinibamunwameɲjia leg*or ?ruusuemiɲaŋmbwan hairruguntapanariɣasia/ŋgasiarɨgesn eggrerarormɨnduapenwarɨan bird*ŋgwarakkworakkwaraŋgwarakŋgwarak leaf*(ra)parfartafarimraparpat treekʰatepgəkɣək yesterday*ɣurgurmunpɨkɨmruarmugisi tomorrow*ɣurap ?gurmunkuromuwumasanmom oar*anup(n)dabiŋgap betelnut*mbokpukmismiakmiak lime*awi(r)rwiiwimuwurenuɣum sago*veakvikwisimgiav/ŋiavyaŋgia pig*rəkəmdamtaramram crocodilekumkoaviarilaisaŋ snake*ndopkurukkurukyuokkiak name*ɣizinizirigiavrigiaŋ mosquito*ŋgitketciŋgwangwan groundnwiaʔanŋwasnduvʃa feces*yu/ovi(r)buarimgavigmiɲaŋ hear*varakmbara?orakvara/baramwiari hitsoʔsosŋakmənaramu eat*ambmbɨtamaɣam/mikam go*saŋgvu/ŋguusimaŋ/wugigi come*kɨpzəsi/saiɣ/gijikarigi sit*mbirakperaʔapriaipi/pindipwiaŋge stand*-tiktʰəkcuɣambi/ləmberambia bigbakumearuʔaruma/arumarum good*ya(o)ŋvuŋaŋwiswari/arayara black*mbəkmbəkpəkpəkŋes/nəsŋiatʃ hotqurgurfeiuŋtikivarip