OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Buellia nashii

Buellia nashii is a species of lichen characterized by its crustose thallus, typically found in the Sonoran Desert Region and adjacent areas. It was first described by Bungartz et al. The species is named in honor of Dr. Thomas H. Nash III, a notable lichenologist and the Ph.D. supervisor of the author.

## Morphology

The thallus appears as a crust, dense in texture, showcasing a spectrum of hues ranging from ivory to deep brown or gray. Its surface varies from smooth to deeply fissured, sometimes adorned with fine or coarse pruina.
Apothecia are lecideine in nature, meaning they are sessile and predominantly black, often with thin to thick margins. As they mature, the disc typically darkens and becomes convex.
Ascospores are brown, with a single septum, and are shaped either oblong or ellipsoid.
Pycnidia are infrequent and take on an urceolate to globose form, housing bacilliform conidia within.

## Chemistry

Typically, Buellia nashii contains the depside atranorin and the depsidones norstictic and connorstictic acid. However, some specimens may lack norstictic acid and instead contain stictic and hypositictic acids. Spot tests usually result in K+ yellow to red, P+ yellow reactions, and negative reactions for C, KC, and CK. The thallus is not amyloid, but apothecia react amyloid in Lugol's solution.

## Ecology

Buellia nashii is commonly found on a variety of siliceous rock substrates, occasionally on sandstones with small amounts of carbonates. It thrives in arid environments, particularly in the Sonoran Desert Region.

## Distribution

The species has a wide distribution throughout the Sonoran Desert Region and adjacent areas, such as Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Chihuahua.

## Identification

Buellia nashii closely resembles B. dispersa but can be distinguished by its chemistry and exciple pigmentation. While both species have similar thalli, B. nashii contains norstictic acid and exhibits a characteristic aeruginose pigment in the outer exciple cells.
# McCaslin

McCaslin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bob McCaslin Jr. (born 1957), American politician
* Bob McCaslin Sr. (1926–2011), American politician
* Donny McCaslin (born 1966), American jazz saxophonist
* Eugene McCaslin (born 1977), American football player
* Jason McCaslin (born 1980), Canadian musician
* John McCaslin (born 1957), American talk radio host and writer
* Mary McCaslin (born 1946), American folk singer
* Matthew McCaslin (born 1957), American artist
* Richard McCaslin (1964–2018), American criminal
* Susan McCaslin (born 1947), Canadian poet
# 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

The women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 20 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center. The last champion was the United States.
This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. Each of the four swimmers completed two lengths of the pool. The first swimmer had to touch the wall before the second could leave the starting block.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
| World record | Netherlands (NED) Inge Dekker (53.61) Ranomi Kromowidjojo (52.30) Femke Heemskerk (53.03) Marleen Veldhuis (52.78) | 3:31.72 | Rome, Italy | July 26, 2009 |
| Pan Pacific Championships record | United States (USA) Amanda Weir (53.76) Natalie Coughlin (53.21) Kara Lynn Joyce (54.54) Lacey Nymeyer (54.29) | 3:35.80 | Victoria, Canada | August 19, 2006 |

## Results

All times are in minutes and seconds.
| KEY: | q | Fastest non-qualifiers | Q | Qualified | CR | Championships record | NR | National record | PB | Personal best | SB | Seasonal best |

### Heats

Heats weren't performed, as only five teams had entered.

### Final

The final was held on August 20, at 20:06.
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 5 | Natalie Coughlin (54.25) Jessica Hardy (53.43) Amanda Weir (53.85) Dana Vollmer (53.58) | United States | 3:35.11 | CR |
| | 4 | Yolane Kukla (55.51) Emily Seebohm (53.86) Alicia Coutts (54.34) Felicity Galvez (54.35) | Australia | 3:38.06 | |
| | 2 | Victoria Poon (54.46) Julia Wilkinson (54.60) Erica Morningstar (54.73) Genevieve Saumur (54.35) | Canada | 3:38.14 | |
| 4 | 3 | Haruka Ueda (54.70) Yayoi Matsumoto (54.44) Tomoko Hagiwara (54.94) Hanae Ito (54.78) | Japan | 3:38.86 | |
| 5 | 6 | Hayley Palmer (56.28) Tash Hind (54.97) Amaka Gessler (55.30) Penny Marshall (55.60) | New Zealand | 3:42.15 | |
# Det Kvindelige Velgørende Selskab

Det Kvindelige Velgørende Selskab ("The Female Charitable Society") was an organization in Denmark, established in 1815 when king Frederick VI of Denmark had been inspired while visiting the Congress of Vienna in Austria, and finally disestablished on 28 October 2004 following a meeting inside the Garrison Church in Copenhagen.
Queen Marie of Denmark was appointed protector of the organization, a position which was then held by someone from the Danish royal family. Queen Marie's birthday was always celebrated as an observance by the organization. They gave awards to domestic workers who had been in long-time service, while most others of them left by the age of 25-30 to form their own family. The organization ran a school for housemaid girls. In 1828, they also opened Denmark's first daycare center.
The organization was disestablished as their activity had been outdated, even if the housemaid girls at some places had been replaced by modern nanny girls.
When the organization was disestablished, Niels Gustav Bardenfleth published the book For lang og tro tjeneste. Det Kvindelige Velgørende Selskab 1815-2004.
# Marguerite Lamarche

Marguerite du Tertre de Lamarche (1638–1706) was a French midwife.
Marguerite Dutertre was born in 1638 to a poor family in Paris, and was orphaned at an early age. She was brought up by a woman named LaTouche, who acted as a mother to her. She was intending to become a nun until meeting a nurse from the Hôtel-Dieu, Paris who inspired her to take up midwifery. She attended classes at the Hôtel-Dieu, studying midwifery, anatomy and medicine. She married Jean Didiot, sieur de Lamarche when she was aged 23, and a year later became the head midwife of the Hôtel-Dieu, teaching students. At the request of the administrators of the Hôtel-Dieu, she produced her book on the principles of midwifery, D'instructions familières et très-faciles, faites par questions et réponses touchant toutes les choses principales qu une sagefemme doit savoir pour Vexercice de son art. (Familiar and very easy instructions, made up of questions and answers, touching on all the main things that a midwife must know to practice her art.) in the form of a series of questions and answers. It was published in 1677 and dedicated to the jurist Guillaume de Lamoignon, marquis de Basville.
Her book D'instructions familières ... has been said to be "the first medical textbook written by a woman in Europe" ("den första medicinska läroboken skriven av en kvinna i Europa"), but Louise Bourgeois, known as La Boursier, has also been described as "the first female author in [France] to publish a medical text", as her Observations diverses sur la stérilité, perte de fruict, foecondité, accouchements et maladies des femmes et enfants nouveaux naiz (Various observations on sterility, loss of fruit, fecundity, childbirth and illnesses of women and newly born children) was published in three volumes from 1609 onwards.
Lamarche's book was divided into three sections:
* "les choses que la sage-femme doit savoir, qui précèdent l'accouchement" ("things the midwife needs to know before childbirth")
* "les choses qui arrivent dans le temps de l'accouchement, dont la sage-femme doit avoir connaissance" ("things that happen during childbirth, of which the midwife must be aware")
* "les choses qui suivent l'accouchement, dont la connaissance est nécessaire à la sagefemme" ("things that follow childbirth, knowledge of which is necessary for the midwife").
It was originally published in 1677, and a second edition, with additional material by Louise Boursier, was published in 1710.
Lamarche died in Paris in 1706.

## Publications

* D'instructions familières et très-faciles, faites par questions et réponses touchant toutes les choses principales qu une sagefemme doit savoir pour l'exercice de son art. (Familiar and very easy instructions, made up of questions and answers, touching on all the main things that a midwife must know to practice her art.) Published 1677. Second edition, 1710, with additional material by Louise Boursier, printed by Laurent d'Houry [fr] Second edition available online via Gallica
# Carolyn Gusoff

Carolyn Gusoff is an American television news reporter and author, working as a Long Island reporter at WCBS-TV in New York City. Prior to that, she spent three years as a reporter at Fox 5 in New York City, and before that she worked for 15 years at WNBC in New York City as the Long Island Bureau Chief/Reporter and anchor of Weekend Today in New York. Her book, Buried Memories: Katie Beers' Story, which she wrote in collaboration with kidnapping victim Katie Beers, is a New York Times bestseller.

## Career

Gusoff graduated from George W. Hewlett High School, Cornell University with a bachelor's degree in English and Government and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, where she earned a master's degree in Journalism.
Gusoff started her career in Fort Myers, Florida where she worked at WEVU-TV, an ABC affiliate at the time, and WLEQ-FM. In the late 1980s, Gusoff began working at News 12 Long Island. In August 1993, Gusoff joined WNBC, the NBC owned and operated station in New York City. Gusoff was the Long Island Correspondent and Bureau Chief. During her time on NBC 4, she covered the crash of TWA Flight 800, the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 and the Blizzard of 1996. Until fall 2008, Gusoff anchored Today in New York on Saturday and Sunday mornings on WNBC. On December 31, 2008, Gusoff was let go from WNBC amid station-wide downsizing. Gusoff joined WNYW Fox 5 in the Spring of 2009 and covered breaking news in the metropolitan area for Good Day New York. In January 2012, she was hired by WCBS-TV to cover the Long Island Beat. Buried Memories was released in January 2013. A new edition, published by Beaufort Books of New York was released in April 2015.

## Awards

Her honors include four New York Emmy Awards and seventeen New York Emmy nominations. She won an Emmy and AP award for "Littered Landscape," an investigative report about litter uncollected on privately adopted highways. She was nominated for writing and research of "37%" a documentary about the poorly performing Hempstead School District. She was part of the winning team that earned WCBS an Emmy for its coverage of Superstorm Sandy. In 2004, she was awarded a New York Emmy Award for On-Camera Performance/General Assignment Reporting for the Mepham Hazing Scandal and earlier, for coverage of an Instant Breaking News Story. Gusoff's Emmy nominations honored her reporting of the American Airlines Flight 587 crash and the Belmont Stakes. She has garnered dozens of Long Island Fair Media Council FOLIO awards in categories ranging from "Best Feature" to "Best Blog," “Enterprise Reporting” and “Investigative Journalism,” and multiple first-place Society of Professional Journalists/Press Club of Long Island awards. Carolyn has also been recognized by The American Women in Radio and Television, The Associated Press/New York Spot News Award and United Press International/New York Broadcast Award.

## Personal life

In September 1991, Gusoff married facial cosmetic surgeon Dr. Jon Turk. They have two children.
# Public finances in Costa Rica

The pattern of public expenditure and revenue in Costa Rica is typical of a middle income country. According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2012, central government revenue was US$6.949 billion, while expenditure was $8.937 billion. In recent years, expenditure has grown faster than income, producing deficits.

## Revenue

The major sources of revenue are income taxes, indirect taxes, social security contributions and customs duties. According to figures prepared by the Costa Rican government for the International Monetary Fund, the basic breakdown as a percentage of GDP is as in the table below.
| Item (% GDP) | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| Tax revenue | 15.2 | 15.6 | 13.9 |
| Direct taxes | 4.6 | 5.1 | 4.7 |
| Sales tax | 5.9 | 6.0 | 5.0 |
| Excise, customs, and others | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.3 |
| Nontax revenue | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Contributions to social security | 6.3 | 6.7 | 7.1 |
| Operating balance of public enterprises | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Total Revenues | 22.8 | 23.1 | 21.9 |
There is no VAT in Costa Rica, but there is a generally applied sales tax of 13% that, combined with excise taxes on specific consumption goods raises around half of government revenue. Income tax rates rise with reported income, beginning at 10% for annual income over Costa Rican colón 41,112,000. As of 2010, the top rate of 30% applies to people earning in excess of Costa Rican colón 82,698,000. Nominally, employers are responsible for the bulk of social security contributions.

## Expenditure

The largest components of expenditure are education (21.3% of government expenditure in 2007/08), social protection (21.1%) and healthcare (19%). There is no expenditure on defence. In cash terms, expenditure has risen steeply: healthcare expenditure rose by a factor of 4.5 between 1999 and 2008, while social protection rose by a factor of 4 over the same period.

## Borrowing and debt

According to the IMF (the source for the table below), in most years recently Costa Rica has run fiscal deficits, but in 2007 and 2008 small surpluses were reported. Combined with some growth of the economy this has produced a decline in the debt-to-GDP ratio. The year 2009 saw a significant decline in the state of public finances and the IMF is forecasting deficits from 2010 to 2013.
| Item (% GDP) | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 (est.) |
| Overall balance (% GDP) | 1.2 | 0.1 | -4.0 | -4.5 |
| Combined Public Sector Debt (%GDP) | 43.2 | 35.7 | 37.9 | 37.9 |
Externally held public sector debt fell from 7.7% of GDP in 2007 to 5.5% in 2008.
# Philippine House Committee on Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources

The Philippine House Committee on Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources, or House Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources Committee is a standing committee of the Philippine House of Representatives.

## Jurisdiction

As prescribed by House Rules, the committee's jurisdiction includes the following:
* Aquaculture and fisheries education and training including extension services, conservation of streams, rivers, lakes and other fisheries resources
* Aquaculture and fisheries production and development
* Business of aquaculture
* Fishpond and fisheries culture production and development including related technical, financial and guarantee assistance programs
* Fresh water and fisheries culture research and technology applications
* Use of aquatic resources

## Members, 18th Congress

| Position | Members | Party | Province/City | District |
| Chairperson | Leo Rafael Cueva | NUP | Negros Occidental | 2nd |
| Vice Chairpersons | Ciriaco Gato Jr. | NPC | Batanes | Lone |
| Vice Chairpersons | Diego Ty | NUP | Misamis Occidental | 1st |
| Vice Chairpersons | Janice Salimbangon | NUP | Cebu | 4th |
| Vice Chairpersons | Alan 1 Ecleo | PDP–Laban | Dinagat Islands | Lone |
| Vice Chairpersons | Rommel Rico Angara | LDP | Aurora | Lone |
| Vice Chairpersons | Gil Acosta | PPP | Palawan | 3rd |
| Vice Chairpersons | Macnell Lusotan | MARINO | Party-list | Party-list |
| Members for the Majority | Abdullah Dimaporo | NPC | Lanao del Norte | 2nd |
| Members for the Majority | Leonardo Babasa Jr. | PDP–Laban | Zamboanga del Sur | 2nd |
| Members for the Majority | Esmael Mangudadatu | PDP–Laban | Maguindanao | 2nd |
| Members for the Majority | Samier Tan | PDP–Laban | Sulu | 1st |
| Members for the Majority | John Reynald Tiangco | Partido Navoteño | Navotas | Lone |
| Members for the Majority | Jake Vincent Villa | NPC | Siquijor | Lone |
| Members for the Majority | Gerardo Valmayor Jr. | NPC | Negros Occidental | 1st |
| Members for the Majority | Michael John Duavit | NPC | Rizal | 1st |
| Members for the Majority | Arnold Celeste | Nacionalista | Pangasinan | 1st |
| Members for the Majority | Romeo Jalosjos Jr. | Nacionalista | Zamboanga del Norte | 1st |
| Members for the Majority | Shirlyn Bañas-Nograles | South Cotabato | PDP–Laban | 1st |
| Members for the Minority | Argel Joseph Cabatbat | MAGSASAKA | Party-list | Party-list |
| Members for the Minority | Isagani Amatong | Liberal | Zamboanga del Norte | 3rd |
| Members for the Minority | Ferdinand Gaite | Bayan Muna | Party-list | Party-list |
| Members for the Minority | Gabriel Bordado Jr. | Liberal | Camarines Sur | 3rd |
| Members for the Minority | Eufemia Cullamat | Bayan Muna | Party-list | Party-list |

## Historical members
### 18th Congress
#### Member for the Majority

* Bernardita Ramos (Sorsogon–2nd, NPC)
# The Heart Has Its Reasons

The Heart Has Its Reasons may refer to:
* The Heart Has Its Reasons (memoir), a 1956 memoir by Wallis, Duchess of Windsor
* "The Heart Has Its Reasons" (song), a song from Roger Daltrey's 1987 album Can't Wait to See the Movie
* "The Heart Has Its Reasons" (2point4 children), an episode of 2point4 Children
* The Heart Has Its Reasons, translation of Dil-o-Danish by Krishna Sobti
# Buellia phillipensis

Buellia phillipensis is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae, described in 2020. It is only known to occur on Phillip Island in the Southwest Pacific.

## Taxonomy

Buellia phillipensis was formally described as a new species by the Australian lichenologist John Elix in 2020. It is named after its type locality on Phillip Island, which is one of three islands that collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island.

## Description

The thallus of Buellia phillipensis is crustose and has a rimose to rimose-areolate texture, spreading up to 15 mm wide. The areoles are crowded, measuring 0.3–1 mm wide, irregular, angular, and flat. The upper surface is white, shiny, with a prominent black prothallus at the margins. The medulla is white, does not contain calcium oxalate, and the photobiont cells measure 10–16 μm in diameter. The apothecia are small, 0.1–0.4 mm wide, initially lecanorine then changing to biatorine or lecideine, and separate or grouped. The thalline margin of the apothecia ultimately becomes excluded with age. The disc is black, non-powdery (epruinose), and either weakly concave or flat. The proper exciple is thin, persistent, and black, with an outer zone that is aeruginose-black, 25–30 μm thick. The epihymenium is dark brown to aeruginose, while the hypothecium beneath is brown to deep brown and 50–86 μm thick. The hymenium is 50–60 μm thick, colorless, and the subhymenium beneath it is pale brown, 10–15 μm thick. Paraphyses are 1.5–2 μm wide, sparsely branched, with dark brown capped tips. The asci are of the Bacidia type, containing eight spores. The ascospores are Buellia-type, brown, ellipsoid, measuring 9–13 by 5–8 μm, and the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. The pycnidia are brown to black, immersed, with bacilliform conidia measuring 4–5 by 0.7–1 μm. Chemically, the medulla contains no lichen substances.
Buellia phillipensis shares similarities with Buellia cranwelliae, but is distinguished by having cryptolecanorine apothecia and the absence of calcium oxalate in the medulla.

## Distribution and ecology

Known only from its type locality, Buellia phillipensis was collected from a rock outcrop in a valley dominated by African olive trees. Associated lichen species in the habitat include Diploschistes actinostomus, Lecidella enteroleucella, Lecidella granulosula, Parmotrema tinctorum, Pertusaria xanthoplaca, Rinodina luridata, and Rinodina oxydata.
# McCaskie

McCaskie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Norman McCaskie (1911–1968), English cricketer
* Sonja McCaskie (1939–1963), British alpine skier
* Zachary McCaskie (born 1996), Barbadian cricketer
# Marguerite Lai

Marguerite Lai is a French Polynesian dancer and choreographer. She is the leader of O Tahiti E, one of French Polynesia's most renowned dance troupes.
Lai is from Rangiroa in the Tuamotus, and is of Chinese-Polynesian descent. She began dancing at the age of 12, after moving to Papeete. In 1986 she founded the O Tahiti E dance troupe, which won the "best professional group" category at the Heiva competition four times, in 1987, 1998, 2005, and 2012. The troupe won again in 2019. In April 2017 she was responsible for a welcoming ceremony for the canoe Hōkūleʻa, which involved 200 dancers.
In 2002 she was made a knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In January 2018 she was made a knight of the Ordre national du Mérite.
# Mariya Tikhvinskaya

Mariya Tikhvinskaya (born 24 February 1970) is a Russian snowboarder. She competed in the women's parallel giant slalom event at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
# Thiergeville

Thiergeville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 27 miles (43 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D17 and D69 roads.

## Places of interest

* The church of St. Martin, dating from the eighteenth century.
* Two chateaus.
* The motte of a feudal castle.
# Toad (instrumental)

"Toad" is an instrumental by British rock band Cream and was released on their 1966 debut album, Fresh Cream. Composed by drummer Ginger Baker, the piece is a five-minute drum solo (with a brief guitar and bass introduction and ending). Although drum solos are common in jazz, "Toad" is one of the earliest recorded by a rock group.

## Background

"Toad" grew out of "Camels and Elephants", a composition Baker had recorded with the Graham Bond Organisation in 1965. When he formed Cream, "Toad" was first recorded for their debut album, Fresh Cream (1966). Baker plays a sequence of drum patterns that are built up, varied, and then dropped, giving way to a new pattern. On the piece, Baker often produced complementary rhythms on the hi-hat, ride cymbal, double-bass drums and tom-toms simultaneously.

## Other recordings

An extended sixteen-minute live version (of which 13 minutes is drum solo) appears on Cream's 1968 album Wheels of Fire. A slightly longer version of this recording, with some additional guitar and bass edited into the introduction from another performance, appears on Cream's four-disc compilation album Those Were the Days (1997). "Toad" also featured in Cream's reunion concert in May 2005 at the Royal Albert Hall, and appears on the Royal Albert Hall London May 2-3-5-6, 2005 album.
"Toad" was performed by Ginger Baker's Air Force, and a 13-minute version with drum solos by Baker, Remi Kabaka and Phil Seamen appears on their 1970 live album, Ginger Baker's Air Force, recorded at the Royal Albert Hall in January 1970. "Toad" later evolved into "Toady", which featured on Ginger Baker's Air Force 2 (1970).

## Reception and influence

The Cream website, Those Were the Days, described "Toad" as "a coherent drums solo that remains unequalled in Rock Music. It influenced many contemporaries and innumerable budding drummers." "Toad" has been "widely imitated", and "paved the way for a decade of heavy-metal drum solos". Spin magazine gave it the "dubious distinction of introducing the drum solo to the rock LP", and The Drummer: 100 Years of Rhythmic Power and Invention called Baker's drumming on "Toad" "a milestone in drum soloing". In a review of Cream, Life magazine said that "Toad" "features sustained, imaginative drumming that would knock out a Carnegie jazz audience".
In a review of Wheels of Fire in Rolling Stone, Jann S. Wenner described Cream's live performance of "Toad" as "pretty good", and "much better" than the studio version on Fresh Cream. Wenner remarked that Baker's "tendency to be sloppy is not evident, and he gets moving quickly and sustains the tension well".