OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Archer Porter Tait

William Archer Porter Tait FRSE FRMS MICE (1866–1929) was a 19th/20th century Scottish civil engineer, and part of the Guthrie Tait dynasty. He was Vice President of the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1929.

## Life

William Tail was born on 25 March 1866, at 6 Greenhill Gardens in south-east Edinburgh, the second son of Peter Guthrie Tait and his wife, Margaret Porter. He was named after his maternal uncle, William Archer Porter.
He was educated at Edinburgh Academy. From 1881, he studied engineering at Edinburgh University under Prof Fleeming Jenkin, graduating BSc in 1885. He was then apprenticed for a year at Brown Brothers Engineering on Broughton Road in Edinburgh. In 1886/7 he did work creating the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. In 1887 he was articled to Sir John Wolfe Barry then to Henry Marc Brunel. Here he worked on the foundations of Tower Bridge and on the Barry Docks. He continued with Wolfe Barry for three years after his articles were complete, and accompanied him on several court hearings
He returned to Scotland in 1891 as assistant engineer to the Glasgow Subway project under Charles de Neuville Forman. In August 1894 he joined Leslie and Reid alongside Alexander Leslie to replace Robert Carstairs Reid. His main project was Talla Reservoir on the Talla Water in the Scottish Borders which played a major role in serving Edinburgh and allowing its expansion.
In 1898, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, Charles Alexander Stevenson, George Barclay and John Sturgeon Mackay. He received an honorary doctorate (DSc) from the University of Edinburgh in 1910. He served as Vice President to the Society from 1921 to 1924.
In 1910, he had offices at 72 George Street in Edinburgh's First New Town and lived at 38 George Square.
Tait died in Edinburgh on 23 June 1929. He is buried with his parents and siblings in st John's churchyard at the west end of Princes Street in Edinburgh. The grave lies on one of the lower eastern terraces, behind a grey granite Celtic cross to his brother, Frederick Guthrie Tait.
He bequeathed his collection of legal books to the library at One Great George Street in London.

## Family

Tait's siblings included John Guthrie Tait and Frederick Guthrie Tait.

## Publications

* The Talla Water Supply of Edinburgh (1907)
# Claudia Williams

Claudia Williams may refer to:
* Claudia Williams (artist) (1933–2024), Welsh artist
* Claudia Williams (tennis) (born 1996), New Zealand tennis player
# William Andrew Macdonell

Bishop William Andrew Macdonell, Roman Catholic Bishop of Alexandria in Ontario, Canada was born on 30 November 1853 at Rivière-aux-Raisins, Saint Clair County, Michigan.

## Life

On 11 September 1881, aged 27, he was ordained a priest. On 21 March 1906, aged 52, he was appointed Bishop of Alexandria in Ontario, Canada, and was ordained as such three months later, on 24 June 1906.

## Death

He died on 17 November 1920, aged 67. He had been a priest for 39 years and a bishop for 14 years.
# Nederlandse Landwacht

The Nederlandse Landwacht was a Dutch paramilitary organization founded by the German occupation forces in Holland on November 12, 1943. It should not be confused with the military volunteer corps 'Landwacht Nederland', which was established in March 1943 and renamed Landstorm Nederland in October, and which became part of the Waffen-SS.

## Characteristics and conduct

The Landwacht was first seen on the street in March 1944. The Landwacht mostly was made up of Dutch National Socialist movement (NSB) members equipped with shotguns. The populace nicknamed them the "Jan-Hagel", Dutch slang for a rabble but also related to the Dutch word for a shotgun (hagelgeweer). The Landwacht was mainly used to guard buildings, check identity cards, and carry out arrests, house searches, and raids. They did not wear a uniform initially, but were identified by a red bracelet.
The Landwacht was feared and hated by the population, among other things because during the Hongerwinter, the Dutch famine in the winter of 1944–45, the Landwacht confiscated food parcels from Dutch civilians. Many thousands of Dutch people had traveled hundreds of kilometers to obtain bread or some potatoes. On 27 March 1945 the illegal Het Parool newspaper devoted an article to the Landwacht's many arrests and executions. Het Parool opined that the Landwachters deserved execution once liberation came.

## Uniforms

Members of the Landwacht generally wore the black NSB party uniforms: black shirts, black trousers or riding breeches, black leather motorcycle or riding boots, and a black leather belt with matching carrying strap. Depending on the weather, a black tunic or black overcoat could be worn. Though the Landwacht were poorly armed, black pistol holsters were sometimes carried.

## Organization

Kees van Geelkerken, the second-ranked official in the NSB, was appointed Inspector General of the Landwacht by Arthur Seyss-Inquart in November 1943.$^{:272}$ After 5 September 1944 the Landwacht fell directly under Hanns Albin Rauter, the highest SS and police leader in the occupied Netherlands. After Rauter was severely wounded by the Dutch resistance in March 1945, German SD leader Karl Eberhard Schöngarth became his deputy.
The Voluntary Auxiliary Police was merged with the Landwacht after Dolle Dinsdag, 5 September 1944, when celebrations were prompted after broadcasts claimed that Breda, in occupied Netherlands, had been liberated by Allied forces.
The Landwacht's headquarters was located in Villa Bloemenheuvel, at 23-25 Hoofdstraat in Driebergen.

## Regional organization of the Landwacht

| Name | Region | Commander |
| Stormban I | South Holland and Zeeland | H.A.M. van der Heijden (NSB) |
| Stormban II | North Holland and Utrecht | W. Slob (NSB) |
| Stormban III | Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe | T.J.S. van Efferen (Germanic SS) |
| Stormban IV | Gelderland and Overijssel | N.J. Alblas (NSB) |
| Stormban V | North Brabant and Limburg | V G. Rollema (Germanic SS) |
After the war, three former Landwachters, Gerard Rollema (1915), Gerrit Sanner (1909) and Dirk Eijkelboom (1895) were sentenced to death.
# Andreas Gröndahl

Andreas Gröndahl (born September 11, 1990) is a former Swedish professional ice hockey winger who played for Södertälje SK of the Elitserien.
# Clathrus bicolumnatus

Clathrus bicolumnatus is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. It is known only from Japan.
Species has been reclassified as Laternea columnata.
# William Baume

William Baume (1885–1956) was a Swiss watchmaker who established the Baume & Mercier company in Geneva in 1918 with his partner, Paul Mercier.

## Early life and family

William Baume was born into a notable family of watchmakers in the village of Les Bois in the Swiss Jura. His grandfather, Louis Victor Baume, and his great-uncle, Célestin Baume had founded the Frères Baume watch dealership in Les Bois in 1830. It was to become one of Switzerland’s major watch manufacturers in the 19th century, with branches in London, Geneva and Philadelphia. The Baume watch brand won distinctions at the universal expositions between 1860 and 1900, including a number of gold medals and Grand Prix for its watches. In 1892, its tourbillon chronometer set an absolute timekeeping record at the Kew Observatory trials that stood for 10 years.

## Management of Baume company

William Baume, who took over the management of the Baume company in Les Bois in 1910, represented the third generation after his grandfather and father. He had previously completed his watchmaking apprenticeship with Mathey-Tissot at Les Ponts-de-Martel, about 30 kilometers from Les Bois between Le Locle and Neuchâtel. Mathey-Tissot, established in 1886, was specialised in complicated watches, especially minute-repeaters and precision chronographs. It was thus with this specialist background that William Baume joined the family firm in 1909, working for a year with his father until he was entrusted with the management of the company in 1910. William Baume had then just turned 25. Meanwhile the London branch of Frères Baume, run by William’s uncle, Arthur Baume, was playing a leading role in the affairs of the business. After a family row, William Baume left Les Bois in 1918, shortly after the end of World War I. He settled in Geneva with the intention of starting a watch company.

## Partnership with Paul Mercier

In Geneva he came across his friend, Paul Mercier, whom he had met in 1912 as marketing manager of Haas of Geneva, one of the big names in Swiss watchmaking.
The two men joined forces to found Baume & Mercier in Geneva in 1918. Paul Mercier looked after the business side, while William Baume supervised the technical and watchmaking aspects. Their complementary talents ensured the quick success of the business, which relied on William Baume’s experience and the reputation of the Baume firm.
As an accomplished watchmaker and hard worker, William Baume was instrumental in qualifying Baume & Mercier watches in 1919 for the prestigious Poinçon de Genève, the hallmark of the best quality Geneva watchmaking.
William Baume’s watchmaking competence and Paul Mercier’s business acumen enabled Baume & Mercier to prosper during the economic crises of the late 1920s. In 1935, William Baume retired from the company for health reasons, and his sons had no interest in the business. Paul Mercier, retired two years later, selling his stake to the new partner, Ernesto Ponti, a businessman from the Piedmont who had acquired a stake in Baume & Mercier in 1934. William Baume died in Geneva in 1956.
# Araguaína Airport

Araguaína Regional Airport (IATA: AUX, ICAO: SWGN) is the airport serving Araguaína, Brazil.
It is operated by Esaero.

## History

The airport has been renovated and works included the ramp, runway, runway lighting, and the terminal building.

## Airlines and destinations

No scheduled flights operate at this airport.

## Access

The airport is located 8 km (5 mi) from downtown Araguaína.
# Clavus glaucozona

Clavus glaucozona is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 16 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Red Sea.
# Andreas Holm

Andreas Holm may refer to:
* Andreas Holm (politician) (1906–2003), Norwegian politician
* Andreas Holm (singer), German Schlager singer and composer
# Apomempsis

Apomempsis is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
* Apomempsis bufo (Chevrolat, 1855)
* Apomempsis densepunctata Breuning, 1939
* Apomempsis similis Breuning, 1939
# Aquasco Speedway

Aquasco Speedway, no longer in operation, was the first quarter-mile dragstrip on the United States East Coast. It was built in the mid-1950s and was home to the President's Cup Nationals, which are now held at Maryland International Raceway. Richard Petty, Shirley Muldowney, Don Prudhomme, Bunny Burkett are among some of the great drag racers who raced on the now defunct speedway.
To date, the site still exists. Aquasco Speedway sits in Aquasco, Maryland, untouched and unvandalized. The track was shut down in the 1970s.
In the early 1980s, the American Motorcyclist Association leased the land and build a small motocross track there. No formal sanctioned events were held at the track, although there were many races held there by smaller, more local organizations.
# Andrew M. Bruckner

Andrew Michael Bruckner (born December 17, 1932) is an American retired mathematician, known for his contributions to real analysis.
He got his PhD in mathematics from University of California, Los Angeles (1959) on the dissertation Minimal Superadditive Extensions of Superadditive Functions advised by John Green (mathematician). He joined the faculty at University of California, Santa Barbara. The "Andy Award" is given annually in his name, to significant contributors to real analysis.
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

## Books

* Differentiation of real functions (American Mathematical Society, 1994)
* Real analysis (1997). With Judith B. Bruckner and Brian S. Thomson.
* Elementary real analysis (2001). With B. Thomson and J. Bruckner.
# Class 50

Class 50 may refer to:
* British Rail Class 50
* DRB Class 50, a German steam locomotive built for the Deutsche Reichsbahn
# Andrew M. Horton

Andrew Marcus Horton (born August 28, 1949) is an American lawyer who has served an associate justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court since 2020.

## Education

Horton earned a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University in 1972 and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1977.

## Career

Horton has over 42 years of experience as an attorney, including 21 years in law practice and 21 years as a judge.

### State judicial service

He was first appointed to the Maine District Court in 1999 by Governor Angus King, then to the Maine Superior Court in January 2007 by Governor John Baldacci. He was renominated in January 2014 by Governor Paul LePage.

### Maine Supreme Judicial Court

On January 6, 2020, Governor Janet Mills announced the nomination of Horton to the seat to be vacated by Donald G. Alexander who retired at the end of January 2020. On January 30, 2020, his nomination was approved by the Judiciary Committee of the Maine Legislature by a 11–0 vote. On February 4, 2020, he was confirmed unanimously by the Maine Senate.
# Diva X Machina 3

Diva X Machina 3 is a various artists compilation album released in 2000 by COP International. The compilation peaked at #19 on the CMJ RPM charts in the U.S.

## Reception

In reviewing Diva X Machina 3, Elektronski Zvuk noted the popularity of the series and Hexedene as a standout of the collection. Alex Steininger of In Music We Trust called the album a "a powerful, seductive breath of life that will allow you to never look at the originals in the same light again."

## Personnel

Adapted from the Diva X Machina 3 liner notes.
* Kim Hansen (as Kim X) – compiling
* Nadine – cover art, illustrations Stefan Noltemeyer – mastering
* Christian Petke (as Count Zero) – compiling, design

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 2000 | COP Intl. | CD | COP 057 |
# Aporesthus

Aporesthus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
* Aporesthus anomalus (Bates, 1871)
* Aporesthus suturalis (Liebke, 1951)
* Aporesthus titschacki (Liebke, 1951)
# Divadlo DISK

DISK Theatre (abbreviation: Theatre State Conservatory) is a theatre in Prague, Czech Republic. It constitutes part of the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. Performers are students of the Department of Dramatic Theatre (KCD) and of the Department of Alternative and Puppet Theatre.

## History

The theater was founded in 1945 as part of the State Conservatory. Until 1999, the theater used the Celetná Theatre for its work. In February 1999, the conservatory moved into the new atrium of the Academy of Performing Arts, designed by architects Karel Hubacek and George Hakulína. Inauguration took place in February 1999. The new space has a capacity of about 130 seats.
# Neil Smuts

Captain Neil Ritz Smuts (born 23 December 1898, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories.
Smuts was credited with an Albatros D.V and four Fokker D.VIIs driven down out of control from 6 April 1918 until 4 October 1918.
# William Brainard

William C. "Bill" Brainard (born c. 1935) is an American economist. He is the Arthur Okun Professor Emeritus of Economics at Yale University, and he served as the provost of the university from 1981 to 1986. Brainard is the namesake of the William C. Brainard chair, which current Yale provost Ben Polak holds. Brainard earned both his economics M.A. (1959) and Ph.D. (1963) at Yale. He has been teaching at Yale since 1962.
Along with his frequent collaborator James Tobin, Brainard developed the theory of Tobin's q. The concept first appeared in Brainard and Tobin's 1968 article "Pitfalls in Financial Model Building" The letter "Q," however, was not introduced until Tobin's 1969 article "A general equilibrium approach to monetary theory." So, while references to "Q theory" generally carry only Tobin's name, Brainard and Tobin jointly introduced the concept. Brainard was co-editor with George Perry of the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity from 1980 through 2007, and continues to serve on its advisory panel. Brainard's fields of interest are: Microeconomics, microeconomics and macroeconomic theory, monetary theory and policy, market valuation of firms, and models of financial markets.
# Claude Woodruff

Claude E. Woodruff (died June 15, 2009) was a U.S. marine, college football player and head coach, as well as an assistant football and assistant track coach at various high schools in Central Florida including Union Academy in Bartow, Florida. Programs he coached in produced many players who went on to college football stardom, often at Florida A&M University (FAMU). Several became NFL players. As a player, he was on the 1950 FAMU team that won the Black College National Title. As a coach his teams won five track and field state titles. He is a member of the FAMU and Central Florida Sports Hall of Fame.

## Early life

Woodruff dropped out of school and served as a United States Marine in Japan. He returned to Union Academy a war hero and became a star athlete who was recruited by the coaches at Florida A&M University. As a 175-pound lineman he helped the Rattlers win the Black College National Title in 1950 playing for Alonzo “Jake” Gaither.
He planned to enlist in the Army after graduation, but FAMU coach Gaither and Union Academy principal James E. Stephens encouraged him to become a teacher and coach.

## Career in education and coaching

He taught science and physical education at several high schools in the Central Florida from 1952 until 1986, including at Union Academy where teams he worked with won five state championships in track and field. Players he worked with included Cincinnati Bengal and FAMU head football coach Ken Riley. His coaching stints also included time as Osceola High School's head coach
He also worked on a ranch and opened Osceola Q in Kissimmee. He had his recipes published in Great Black-American Cooking.
Marion County rancher Tom Silas was his uncle.
On February 25, 2002, he was interviewed about his experiences and career.

## Players he coached

* Ken Riley, cornerback for the Cincinnati Bengals
* Nate James
* Major Hazelton, Chicago Bear after leaving FAMU
* Sam Silas, Boston Patriots player
# Clepitoides

Clepitoides is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Robin O. S. Clarke in 2009.

## Species

Clepitoides contains the following species:
* Clepitoides anae Clarke, 2009
* Clepitoides crocata (Bates, 1873)
* Clepitoides gerardi Clarke, 2009
* Clepitoides neei Clarke, 2009
* Clepitoides pallidicornis (Zajciw, 1966)
* Clepitoides picturata (Gounelle, 1911)
* Clepitoides thomasi Santos-Silva, Martins & Clarke, 2013
* Clepitoides virgata (Gounelle, 1911)
# Andrzejewski

Andrzejewski (Polish pronunciation:; feminine Andrzejewska; plural Andrzejewscy) is a Polish surname derived from the given name Andrew. In the early 1990s there were 26,917 people in Poland with the name. Notable people with this name include:
* Andrzej Andrzejewski (1961–2008), Brigadier General of the Polish Air Force
* Bohdan Andrzejewski (born 1942), Polish fencer
* B. W. Andrzejewski (1922–1994), Polish-British Somalist
* Jadwiga Andrzejewska (1915–1977), Polish actress
* Jerzy Andrzejewski (1909–1983), Polish writer
* Leonard Andrzejewski (1924–1997), Polish actor
* Pat Benatar (born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski; 1953), American singer
* Tadeusz Andrzejewski (1923–1961), Polish archeologist
* Stanisław Andrzejewski (1919–2007), Polish-British sociologist
* Stanisław Andrzejewski (1916–1997), Polish footballer
* Stanley Andrews (born Stanley Martin Andrzejewski; 1891–1969), American actor
# Burt strut

A Burt strut, also known as a timing strut or beam splitter, is a black, rectangular plate attached to the front of a competition vehicle, usually a racing car, to provide a standardised, repeatable method by which to break a timing light beam at the start and finish of events timed to high-degrees of accuracy. These events are commonly those in which competitors race against the clock, rather than physically against another vehicle, such as sprint or hillclimb races. The strut was invented in 1967 by Ron Smith; manager, chief mechanic and future husband to 1970 British sprint champion Patsy Burt. As the strut made its first appearance on the front of Burt's McLaren-Oldsmobile her name was used as its official title. In recent years the generic term timing strut has also become common.
The Burt strut was introduced to replace previous timing mechanisms, whereby a chock with a sensor was placed behind the rear wheel of a car at the start. Due to the chock being related to the rear of the car at the start, and readings being taken from the front of the car at the finish, the degree of precision within which cars could be timed was limited. As most British hillclimb courses are somewhat less than 1500 yards (1372 m) long, it is not uncommon for competitors' times to be separated by only a few hundredths of a second. The introduction of more accurate light beam timing required that all cars provide a consistent surface with which to break the beam at both start and finish of the timed section. However, owing to the variable shape of vehicles and inconsistencies in the placing of the beam sensors, this was not a simple condition to meet before the introduction of the Burt strut.
The Burt strut has since been made compulsory in most national and international timed sprint events. Within the United Kingdom the rules governing the size and position of the strut are determined by the Royal Automobile Club Motor Sports Association. The strut is currently defined in the MSA Competitors' Yearbook (the Blue Book) regulations document as being a single rectangular plate, painted matt black on both sides, no less than 254 mm (10.0 in) in height and 51 mm (2.0 in) in width, the lower edge of which should be mounted not more than 200 mm (7.9 in) from the ground, with the upper edge being at least 454 mm (17.9 in) from the ground. The strut must be the most forward part of the vehicle. There are no restrictions on the material used to make the strut, so long as the strut itself conforms to the regulations, and some designs can be very simple to construct.