OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score

The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response (AIR) score is a diagnostic scoring system used to assist with the identification of appendicitis in children and adults.

## History

The scoring system was developed in 2008. The AIR score was developed to overcome some of the drawbacks of the Alvarado score, another diagnostic scoring system for identifying appendicitis. The AIR score is one of the two scores (the other being the Adult Appendicitis Score, AAS) recommended by the 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis.

## Scoring and interpretation

The AIR score is calculated by tallying "points" ascribed to meeting its criteria, which are:
* Vomiting (no = 0, yes = 1)
* Right iliac fossa (RIF) pain (no = 0, yes = 1)
* Rebound tenderness (none = 0, light = 1, medium = 2, strong = 3)
* Febrile (internal temperature ≥101.3°F or 38.5°C) (no = 0, yes = 1)
* Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (<70% = 0, 70-84% = 1, ≥85% = 2)
* White blood cell count (<10×10$^9$/L = 0, 10-14.9×10$^9$/L = 1, ≥15×10$^9$/L = 2)
* Serum C-reactive protein (<10 mg/dL = 0, 10-49 mg/dL = 1, >50 mg/dL = 2)

## Validation

A 2017 review found that the AIR score has a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 63% if a score of 5 is used as a cut off for indicating a positive test, whereas the sensitivity is 20% and the specificity is 97% if a score of 8 is used.

## Limitations

While the AIR score has better predictive power than certain other diagnostic tools for appendicitis (e.g. the Alvarado score), it has only been validated in a small number of studies as of 2017.
# Appendicula calcarata

Appendicula calcarata is a species of orchid that can be found on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo in Indonesia and Malaysia, from elevations of 700–1,300 m. It can be found in lower riverine montane forests, and it flowers from July–September. It is threatened by loss of forest cover, mining activities, logging, agriculture and development.
# Nikolai Danilov

Nikolai Danilov (April 25, 1867 – May 1934) was an Imperial Russian corps and army commander. He was promoted to Podpolkovnik (lieutenant colonel) in 1898, Polkovnik (colonel) in 1902, major general in 1908 and lieutenant general in 1911. After the October Revolution, he entered the service of the Soviet Red Army.

## Works

* Historical overview of the development of military governance in Russia. ST. PETERSBURG, 1902.
* Historical overview of the activities of the Office of the Ministry of war. ST. PETERSBURG, 1909.
* The role of infantry in modern battle. ST. PETERSBURG, 1911.
* The influence of the great world war on the economic situation in Russia: lectures, chitannye in the military engineering Academy at 1920-21 Stud. year. -PG, 1922.
* Hybrid operation in the Gulf of Riga in June–August 1916, g.-l., Naval Academy of the RKKA, 1927.
# Nigel de Grey

Nigel de Grey CMG OBE (27 March 1886 – 25 May 1951) was a British codebreaker. Son of the rector of Copdock, Suffolk, and grandson of the 5th Lord Walsingham, he was educated at Eton College and became fluent in French and German. In 1907 he joined the publishing firm of William Heinemann. As he was shy and physically small, a colleague labelled him "the dormouse".

## World War I

Nigel de Grey joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and served in Belgium. In September 1915 he was transferred to Naval Intelligence Division, Room 40 codebreaking section. He, Dilly Knox and Reverend William Montgomery decrypted the Zimmermann Telegram on 17 January 1917. The Zimmermann Telegram was from the German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt in Mexico, telling him to offer the Mexican government the return of the states of Arizona, Texas and New Mexico as an inducement to Mexico to side with Germany against the United States. The public disclosure of this secret Mexican-German pact brought the US into World War I. Later in 1917, de Grey was promoted, assigned to run the NID's Mediterranean section in Rome, to liaise with the director of Italian naval intelligence and to focus on Austrian cipher traffic.

## World War II

In World War II Nigel de Grey was assigned to the "Government Code and Cypher School" (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, where he concentrated on German traffic encrypted on the Enigma cipher machine. In September 1941 he provided a report to the Prime Minister with the first references from German authorities to their own police battalions systematically levelling villages and removing their populations. One signal boasted of 30,000 executions "in the central area". Following a warning made in a speech to parliament by Churchill, a German circular in October 1941 cautioned that no further references to "sensitive operations" should be made on wireless channels.
After World War II de Grey remained with GC&CS, which became GCHQ in 1946. Eventually he became a deputy director and led a team working on Soviet cable traffic. He retired in 1951 and died a very short time later of a heart-attack in Piccadilly, London. His wife, whom he married in 1910, survived him.
# Apensar

Apensar (aka Wordie) is a "brain trainer" mobile game, developed by ICO Group in 2013 (now known as The Fastmind). The game is available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian. Gameplay consists of finding the common word between four images to reach the next level. It is available for iOS and Android, Amazon Appstore and Facebook.

## Game characteristics

The game features over 3,500 levels. To pass each level and receive coins, the user must guess the word in common between four images. If they are unsure, they can ask their contacts through social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp), text message, email, or pay for clues with coins.

## Reception

Apensar was ranked in the top 10 free games in over 30 countries, in the top 3 in the United States, [when?], and first in Venezuela. The app currently has over 20,000,000 downloads worldwide, and each player remains active, on average, for 12 minutes a day.
# Apptek

Applications Technology (AppTek) is a U.S. company headquartered in McLean, Virginia that specializes in artificial intelligence and machine learning for human language technologies. The company provides both managed and professional services for natural language processing (NLP) technologies including automatic speech recognition (ASR), neural machine translation (MT), natural-language understanding (NLU) and neural speech synthesis. AppTek's automatic speech recognition covers over 45 languages and dialects. The neural MT engine covers over 1000 language pairs between languages.
AppTek's Head of Science, Prof. Dr. -Ing Hermann Ney, was awarded the IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award in 2019 and the ISCA Medal for Scientific Achievement in 2021 for his work in natural language processing.

## History

AppTek was acquired in 1998 by Lernout & Hauspie (at the time a NASDAQ publicly traded company), AppTek organized a management buy-out and went private again in 2001. In 2014, the company sold its hybrid machine translation technology to eBay and has since rebuilt the platform to modern neural-based approaches for machine translation. In 2020, SOSi acquired non-controlling interest in AppTek and became an exclusive reseller of AppTek products for U.S. federal, state, and local government entities.
# Nikolai Dubov

Nikolai Ivanovich Dubov (1910–1983) was a Soviet Russian children's writer. He was born in Omsk and moved permanently to Kyiv in 1944 where he spent the rest of his life. He was one of several Russian-speaking writers there who were occasionally referred to as the "Kiev School". Others in the group included V.P. Nekrasov, L.N. Volynsky, and M.N. Parkhomov. Dubov gained enormous popularity through his children's stories, the most successful of which were turned into popular films, notably Огни на реке (Lights on the River, 1953) and Какое оно, море? (1965, based on the story "Boy by the Sea"). They were also translated for international distribution.
# Aparekke Punnananda Thero

Aparekke Punnananda was a Sri Lankan politician and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

## Child sex abuse charges

Punnananda appeared before Colombo Magistrates Court on 18 March 2011 after admitting he had sexually abused five underage novice Buddhist monks under his care. Two of Punnananda's alleged victims gave evidence to the magistrate who has ordered the police to produce the other three alleged victims before the court. The magistrate also ordered the police to investigate whether other underage novice monks were abused in the Budhhist temple where Punnananda is the chief incumbent. Punnananda is on bail
# Doyle Glacier

Doyle Glacier (66°0′S 65°18′W﻿ / ﻿66.000°S 65.300°W﻿ / -66.000; -65.300) is a glacier flowing to the west coast of Graham Land on both sides of Prospect Point. It was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill, 1934–37, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the first Englishman to make a full day's journey on skis, in March 1893.
# Aqueduct Museum of Hsinchu City

The Aqueduct Museum of Hsinchu City (traditional Chinese: 新竹水道取水口展示館; simplified Chinese: 新竹水道取水口展示馆; pinyin: Xīnzhú Shuǐdào Qǔshuǐ Kǒu Zhǎnshìguǎn) is a museum in East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.

## History

The museum was opened in April 2019.

## Exhibitions

The museum exhibits the history of water supply in Hsinchu City and about the museum building itself.

## Transportation

The museum is accessible within walking distance east of North Hsinchu Station of Taiwan Railways.
# Condensate

Condensate may refer to:
* The liquid phase produced by the condensation of steam or any other gas
* The product of a chemical condensation reaction, other than water
* Natural-gas condensate, in the natural gas industry
* Condensate (album), a 2011 album by The Original 7ven, the band formerly known as The Time

## Quantum physics

* Canonical quantization or vacuum expectation value, in quantum field theory
* Bose–Einstein condensate, a substance which occurs at very low temperatures in a system of bosons
* Fermionic condensate, a substance which occurs at very low temperatures in a system of fermions
* Gluon condensate, a non-perturbative property of the QCD vacuum

### Theoretical states

* Color-glass condensate, an extreme type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light
* Top quark condensate, an alternative theory to the Standard Model
# Bouarij

Bouarej (also spelled Bouarij, Bouârej, Buariji or Bwareg) is a village located on the eastern side of the Church Mountain, Beqaa.

## Population

Bouarij has 1,274 registered voters in the 2009 elections. The population follow Sunni Islam. In the municipal Lebanese elections of 2004, Bouarej counted 1,905 registered voters of which 1,141 voted. For the past 150 years, the village has been populated by four main families: Chahine, Jabr, Jaber and AlBast.
# Cascamorras

The Fiesta de Cascamorras is a festival that takes place in the towns of Guadix and Baza in the province of Granada, Spain, annually on September 6. The two towns fight for possession of a statue of the Virgen de la Piedad. In 2013, the festival was declared a Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain.

## History

Guadix and Baza are two Andalusian towns in the Province of Granada, neighbors, sisters and rivals. Cascamorras, a worker from Guadix, found a buried sacred image of the Virgen de la Piedad (Our Lady of Mercy) while working on the land of Baza. Encouraged by his Guadixan countrymen, he attempted to carry the sacred image to Guadix, but Bazans snatched it before he arrived, punishing what they considered a sacred theft. When Cascamorras returned to Guadix empty-handed, his countrymen, who expected the image of the Virgin, were deeply disappointed and viciously pursued those they considered responsible for their frustration. Finally, hero and people reconciled, they prayed to the Virgin who was in the other town. Since then, recalling those events that unite and oppose them, Baza and Guadix celebrate the Fiesta de Cascamorras for three days in the late summer of each year.
# Château de Saint-Élix-le-Château

The Château de Saint-Élix is a 16th-century castle in the commune of Saint-Élix-le-Château in the Haute-Garonne département of France.
Built in the 1540s, it is privately owned and has been listed since 1927 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. Of note are the orangery, stables, walls and pigeon loft.
# Benefit, Georgia

Benefit is an unincorporated community in White County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

A post office called Benefit was established in 1899, and remained in operation until 1906. In 1900, the community had 52 inhabitants.
# Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic

The Lord Almoner's Professorships of Arabic were two professorships, one at the University of Oxford and one at the University of Cambridge. They were both founded before 1724, but records of the holders of the chairs only date from that year. The professors were appointed by the Crown and their salaries (£50 a year each) were paid by the Crown by a grant to the Lord Almoner. The Crown ceased to appoint the professors in 1903.
Both universities had existing chairs in Arabic, the Laudian Professorship at Oxford and Sir Thomas Adams's Professorship at Cambridge.

## Oxford

At Oxford the chair, although endowed for the teaching of Arabic, was sometimes used for teaching Hebrew, and sometimes held by the same person as the Laudian Professor.
The chair was discontinued on the retirement of the incumbent in 1909.

## Cambridge

At Cambridge the chair was initially founded as a readership. Before it was upgraded to a professorship before or in 1815 it was usually combined with the Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic chair and held by the same person.
The chair, "which for two centuries" had "a distinguished record, but carried only a nominal stipend", was discontinued on the death of the incumbent, Professor Anthony Ashley Bevan, in 1933.

### Lord Almoner's Readers

* David Wilkins (1724)
* Leonard Chappelow (1729)
* Samuel Hallifax (1768)
* William Craven (1770)

### Lord Almoner's Professors

* George Cecil Renouard (1815–1821)
* Thomas Musgrave (1821)
* Thomas Robinson (1837–1854)
* Theodore Preston (1855)
* Edward Henry Palmer (1871–1882)
* William Robertson Smith (1883)
* Ion Grant Neville Keith-Falconer (1886)
* Robert Lubbock Bensly (1887)
* Anthony Ashley Bevan (1893) - contributor to the Encyclopaedia Biblica
# Paul Graham (novelist)

Paul Graham is an American novelist.
He graduated from St. Lawrence University summa cum laude with a BA, and from the University of Michigan with an MFA Program in 2001. He teaches at St. Lawrence University.

## Awards

* 2005 Dana Award, Novel: A Trained Voice

## Works

* A Trained Voice. 2005.
* Crazy Season Stories. Kitsune Books. 2012. ISBN 9780984005802.
** Crazy Season
** Visitation
** On the Funeral Trail
** Ring of Silance
** Snow in Summer
** Thin Boundaries
** Slider
** Risk Management
** Two Lives
** Safe House
** Furlough
# Mercury(II) nitrate

Mercury(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Hg(NO$_3$)$_2$. It is the mercury(II) salt of nitric acid HNO$_3$. It contains mercury(II) cations Hg$^{2+}$ and nitrate anions NO−3, and water of crystallization H$_2$O in the case of a hydrous salt. Mercury(II) nitrate forms hydrates Hg(NO$_3$)$_2$·xH$_2$O. Anhydrous and hydrous salts are colorless or white soluble crystalline solids that are occasionally used as a reagents. Mercury(II) nitrate is made by treating mercury with hot concentrated nitric acid. Neither anhydrous nor monohydrate has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The anhydrous material is more widely used.

## Uses

Mercury(II) nitrate is used as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis, as a nitrification agent, as an analytical reagent in laboratories, in the manufacture of felt, and in the manufacture of mercury fulminate. An alternative qualitative Zeisel test can be done with the use of mercury(II) nitrate instead of silver nitrate, leading to the formation of scarlet red mercury(II) iodide.

## Health information

Mercury compounds are highly toxic. The use of this compound by hatters and the subsequent mercury poisoning of said hatters is a common theory of where the phrase "mad as a hatter" came from.
# Methylacetylene-propadiene gas

Methylacetylene-propadiene (MPS) gas is a type of fuel gas used in oxy-fuel welding and cutting torches, comprising a mixture of several gases.

## MPS gases

An MPS gas is a mixture of two or more of propane, butane, butadiene, methylacetylene (propyne, CH$_3$C≡CH) and propadiene (CH$_2$=C=CH$_2$). They are marketed under different names including: "MPS", "Chem-O-Lean", "Apachi Gas", "FG-2 Gas", "Flamex" and "natural gas". The most commonly known type of MPS gas is the discontinued MAPP gas.
As a fuel gas, it burns hotter than propylene, propane or natural gas.
# Cicero Washington Pruitt

Cicero Washington Pruitt (1857–1946) was among the first Southern Baptist missionaries to Northern China. He was born in Barrettsville, Georgia, on January 31, 1857, the son of John Wesley and Hannah (Rodgers) Pruitt. He was ordained as a Southern Baptist minister at the age of 14 and began his evangelical work by preaching to Native Americans in Georgia. Later he attended the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. He appears to have followed the ideals of Hudson Taylor's China Inland Mission, dressing like the Chinese, learning the language and following Chinese customs. The Pruitt family has many pictures extent of him, dressed in Chinese garb.

## Mission to North China

In January 1882, he traveled to China as a missionary and was stationed in Huangxian in North China, where he met his first wife, Ida Tiffany; she died two years later. Later he married Anna Seward Pruitt and they opened a school for boys that subsequently merged with the Carter School for Girls and Bush Theological Seminary, and became the North China Baptist College. It is still under operation today under another name. Also the church that he, and Anna Seward (and perhaps Ida Tiffany) planted still offers services, over 100 years later.
C.W. and Ann Seward along with William and Effie Sears and Laura Barton were the only missionaries that remained loyal to Lottie Moon during a doctrinal dispute with Tarleton Perry Crawford that led to dividing the Southern Baptist North China Mission. T.P. Crawford believed missionaries should be self-supporting, but received criticism for spending excessive amounts of time in subsequent business ventures. Crawford brought along most of the North China Southern Baptist missionaries in starting his own mission named Gospel Mission.

## Achievements and later years

C.W. considered his greatest achievement to be the translation of his influential teacher John Broadus' Commentary on Gospel of Matthew from English into Chinese. C.W. and Anna Seward were the parents of Ida Pruitt, an influential writer involved in Chinese financial aid and development. Anna Seward and C.W. retired from China missions in 1936 and C.W. at that time because the Dean of Baptist Foreign Mission of North America.
C.W. died on December 27, 1946.
Most of this article is taken from the Radcliff Finding Aid. See link below.
# Chunilal Vaidya

Chunibhai Vaidya (2 September 1917 – 19 December 2014), popularly called Chunikaka, was an Indian activist, author and a Gandhian ideologue from Gujarat, India.

## Life

Chunibhai Vaidya was born on 2 September 1918 in a small village in Patan district, Gujarat. He was a Gandhian and a Sarvodaya veteran. He participated in Indian independence movement and later in Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan Movement. He worked for peace in Assam when violence broke out in 1960s. He was an editor of Bhumiputra. He opposed the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi in 1975 and was imprisoned. He also founded Gujarat Lok Samiti, a voluntary organization, in 1980. During draught from 1986 to 1988 in Gujarat, he was involved in relief work and construction of check dams in Patan district irrigating 12000 hectares of land. He was also critical of 2002 Gujarat violence.
Vaidya wrote Assassination of Gandhi : Facts and Falsehood which was translated and published in eleven languages.
He died on 19 December 2014 at Ahmedabad aged 97. He was cremated at Dadhichi crematorium in Vadaj area of the city.

## Awards

He received Sane Guruji Nirbhay Patrakarita Award for his journalism. He also received Vishva Gujarati Pratibha award by Vishva Gujarati Samaj. He was awarded the Jamnalal Bajaj Award in 2010.
# Chuniophoeniceae

Chuniophoeniceae is a tribe of palms in subfamily Coryphoideae of plant family Arecaceae. The four genera within the tribe are morphologically dissimilar and do not have overlapping distributions. Three of the genera are monotypic, while the fourth genus (Chuniophoenix) has three species.

## Description

Outwardly, the palms in the four genera of Chuniophoeniceae appear quite different. Chuniophoenix are small palms from the forest understory with clustered stems; Kerriodoxa is a squat, single-stemmed rainforest palm; Nannorrhops is a sprawling desert palm with branching stems; and Tahina is a massive solitary palm from exposed limestone outcrops. They differ significantly in their flowering strategies, too. Chuniophoenix species flower regularly throughout their lives (pleonanthic) and produce hermaphroditic flowers (rarely single gender); Kerriodoxa are also pleonanthic, but are always dioecious; Nannorrhops stems die after flowering (hapaxanthic), though the much-branched plant survives; Tahina produces a massive terminal inflorescence and dies after fruiting. All Chuniophoeniceae have palmate leaves with induplicate folds and tubular bracts partially enclosing the flowers.

## Taxonomy

Chuniophoeniceae is one of eight tribes in subfamily Coryphoideae. The tribe is monophyletic and closely related to tribes Caryoteae, Corypheae and Borasseae, forming the syncarpous clade. In a previous classification, prior to the discovery of Tahina, the three other genera were placed in tribe Corypheae, subtribe Coryphinae, together with the genus Corypha. Coincidentally, Corypha and Tahina both share the strategy of producing a massive display of flowers only once before dying.
The four genera have widely disjunct distributions. Chuniophoenix (3 spp.) is found in southern China and Vietnam; Kerriodoxa (1 sp., K. elegans) is restricted to peninsular Thailand; Nannorrhops (1 sp., N. ritchiana) is found in parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the southeastern Arabian Peninsula; while Tahina (1 sp., T. spectabilis) is endemic to a small area of northwestern Madagascar.

### Genera

| Genus | Living Species |
| Chuniophoenix Burret, 1937 | Chuniophoenix hainanensis Burret - China: Hainan Chuniophoenix nana Burret - China: Hainan and northern Vietnam Chuniophoenix suoitienensis Henderson - Southern Vietnam |
| Kerriodoxa J.Dransf., 1983 | Kerriodoxa elegans, white backed palm |
| Nannorrhops H.Wendl., 1879 | Nannorrhops ritchiana, the Mazari palm |
| Tahina J.Dransf. & Rakotoarinivo, 2008 | Tahina spectabilis, the tahina palm |

## Gallery

* Foliage of Chuniophoenix nana
* Distinctive white undersides to the leaves of Kerriodoxa elegans
* Fruits of Kerriodoxa elegans
* Silvery-blue foliage of Nannorrhops ritchiana
* Seedlings of Tahina spectabilis in cultivation