OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Parental responsibility (criminal)

In Canada and the United States, the term parental responsibility refers to the potential or actual liability that may be incurred by parents for the behavior of their children.

## In Canada law

Parental responsibility legislation has been enacted in three Canadian provinces: Manitoba (1997), Ontario (2000), and British Columbia (2001).
Under the Parental Responsibility Act, 2000, a "child" is anyone under the age of 18 years, and "parent" means:
* either the biological, adoptive, or legal guardian parent of the child,
* or the person who has lawful custody of, or a right of access to, the child.
Small claims court may order such parents to compensate those suffering any loss or damage intentionally caused by their child, unless the parent was exercising reasonable supervision over the child at the time the child engaged in the activity that caused the loss or damage and made reasonable efforts to prevent or discourage the child from engaging in the kind of activity that resulted in the loss or damage.

## In U.S. law

There is a political movement for greater parental accountability, following of a number of highly publicized violent crimes committed by children. While all U.S. states allow parents to be sued for the various actions of their children, the idea of criminal legislation to enable the prosecution of adults for “neglectful” parenting is relatively new. For example, a number of states have enacted or proposed laws that will:
* automatically hold parents financially responsible for all expenses associated with a second false bomb threat or 911 call made by a child;
* impose a prison term of up to 18 months and order payment of restitution to any victims if the child commits a serious crime;
* imposes a fine and/or a prison term if a child uses a gun owned by the parent to commit a crime;
* fine and/or imprison parents whose children fail to attend school or skip school more than 10 times in a year.
Such legislation is constitutionally problematic in that it is often both broad and vague, and may very well infringe upon the privacy of the family. The sponsors of these laws argue that parental delinquency is usually the cause of the juvenile delinquency, but opponents argue that there is little evidence to support the claim that youth crime is caused by “bad parenting” and that there are many other social, cultural and economic causes that should be addressed. Opponents argue that the increased work hours and multiple jobs that a growing number of parents must take to provide for their families' basic needs decreases their ability to supervise their child(ren), thus creating an injustice with regard to the parents' culpability in the child's action. In 1988, California enacted the Street Terrorism and Prevention Act, which provides for prison sentences of up to one year and fines up to $2,500 for parents who “grossly” or “culpably” deviate from the “normal” standards of supervision. The Supreme Court of California later upheld the constitutionality of this act.
# Bust-a-Move Universe

Bust-a-Move Universe, known in Japan as Tobidasu! Puzzle Bobble 3D, and in the PAL region as Puzzle Bobble Universe, is a puzzle video game developed by Taito and Arika and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo 3DS. It was released in Japan as a launch title on February 26, 2011, and was released in North America on March 27.

## Gameplay

Bust-a-Move Universe is similar to its predecessors in that the goal is to connect three bubbles of the same color to make them disappear. Different modes of play include boss battles, 100-second, 300-second, or Challenge Mode. Bubble dragon duo Bub and Bob travel the universe in a spaceship as doors open on planets, which release bubbles that turn into space debris. Bub must save Bob from being captured.

## Development

First shown at Nintendo World 2011, it was later revealed to be a Japanese launch title.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 49/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| 1Up.com | D+ |
| Famitsu | 24/40 |
| Game Informer | 6/10 |
| GamePro | |
| GameRevolution | D+ |
| GameSpot | 5/10 |
| GameTrailers | 4.6/10 |
| IGN | 6/10 |
| Nintendo Life | |
| Nintendo World Report | 4.5/10 |
| Official Nintendo Magazine | 60% |
| Pocket Gamer | |
| Common Sense Media | |
The game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Nintendo Life said that the game was "a disappointingly thin package as it offers virtually nothing new to the series or long-time fans." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of all four sixes for a total of 24 out of 40.
# Bredemeyera

Bredemeyera is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Polygalaceae.
Its native range is Southern Mexico to Tropical America.

## Species

* Bredemeyera atlantica M.Mota & J.F.B.Pastore
* Bredemeyera barbeyana Chodat
* Bredemeyera bracteata Klotzsch ex Hassk.
* Bredemeyera brevifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch ex A.W.Benn.
* Bredemeyera confusa Chodat
* Bredemeyera cuneata Klotzsch ex Hassk.
* Bredemeyera densiflora A.W.Benn.
* Bredemeyera disperma (Vell.) J.F.B.Pastore
* Bredemeyera divaricata (DC.) J.F.B.Pastore
* Bredemeyera floribunda Willd.
* Bredemeyera hebeclada (DC.) J.F.B.Pastore
* Bredemeyera isabelliana Barb.Rodr.
* Bredemeyera laurifolia (A.St.-Hil. & Moq.) Klotzsch ex A.W.Benn.
* Bredemeyera lucida (Benth.) Klotzsch ex Hassk.
* Bredemeyera martiana A.W.Benn.
* Bredemeyera moritziana Klotzsch ex Hassk.
* Bredemeyera myrtifolia A.W.Benn.
* Bredemeyera petiolata M.Mota & J.F.B.Pastore
# Bulbophyllum micropetalum

Bulbophyllum micropetalum is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is found in Cameroon and the island of Bioko in Equatorial Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Paleoconus

Paleoconus is a genus of belemnite from the Mississippian Epoch.
# Madame Two Swords

Madame Two Swords is a fantasy novelette by Tanith Lee. It was first published in 1988 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. in an edition of 600 copies and was issued without a jacket. All copies were signed by the author and the artist. The story is a fantasy set during the French Revolution.
# Parkstown

Parkstown is a townland in County Tipperary in Ireland. Occupying 624 acres, it is located in the civil parish of Ballymoreen in the barony of Eliogarty in the poor law union of Thurles.
Its name in Irish, Baile na Páirce, was, in mid-20th century, used as the official Irish name of the village of Horse and Jockey, the northern half of which is built on the townland, at its south-western corner; it appeared on official road-signs and was the name used in the postmark at the post office in the village.

## Parkstown House

There is a townland house or estate house, Parkstown House. The Lamphier family lived at Parkstown House from at least the 1770s; Thomas John Lanphier was the freeholder in 1776. Henry Langley lived there in 1814 and John Pennefather Lamphier was living there in 1837 and in the early 1850s; he held the property, whose buildings were valued at more than £23, from the Court of Chancery and was the occupant at the time of its sale in 1852.
The Parkstown lands of the Lanphier family were part of the land which, in the mid-19th century, Vernon Lamphier (who was elected, on 3 October 1848, as rate collector for Moycarkey poor law district) held from Viscount Hawarden. The 385-acre estate of John P. Lanphier was advertised for sale in the Encumbered Estates' Court in April 1852. The property was held under a grant in perpetuity, dated 17 February 1852 and made by Wray Palliser to John P. Lanphier and Vernon Lanphier.
Since the 1852 sale, the house and some of the land that forms part of Parkstown townland have passed through various hands, including families called O'Keeffe and Armitage; it has belonged to the Maher family since 1955. The building is still, in the early 21st century, a fine residence.

## Parkstown Castle

Just to the west of Parkstown House, roughly where the walled orchard now stands, is the site of a medieval castle, Parkstown Castle.
# Ma Hancheng

Ma Hancheng (Chinese: 马汉成; born January 1968) is a Chinese politician of Hui descent, currently serving as deputy party branch secretary of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and head of the United Front Work Department.
He was a delegate to the 12th and 13th National People's Congress. He is a member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He is a representative of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and an alternate member of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

## Early life and education

Ma was born in Tongxin County, Ningxia, in January 1968. In 1986, he enrolled at the Minzu University of China, where he majored in economic management. From June 2003 to June 2005 he did his postgraduate work at the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party.

## Career

Ma joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in December 1987 in his sophomore year.
Starting in 1990, he served in several posts in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Planning Commission (later was reshuffled as Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Development and Reform Commission), including deputy director of the Industrial Department, deputy director of the Office, and director of the Office.
He was director of the Management Committee of Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base in September 2005, in addition to serving as deputy party secretary. He also served as party secretary of Lingwu from June 2007 to November 2009.
He was appointed vice mayor of Shizuishan in November 2009 and was admitted to member of the CCP Shizuishan Municipal Committee, the city's top authority. He was made deputy party secretary in October 2012, concurrently serving as secretary of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission.
In October 2012, he was named acting mayor of Guyuan, concurrently holding the deputy party secretary position. In January 2018, he was promoted to vice chairman of Ningxia and in April 2021 was admitted to member of the CCP Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Committee, the region's top authority. He also served as party secretary of Guyuan between April 2021 and March 2022.
He was chosen as deputy party branch secretary of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and head of the United Front Work Department in March 2022.
# Brazilian ship Amazonas

At least four ships of the Brazilian Navy have borne the name Amazonas
* Brazilian destroyer Amazonas (1908), a Pará-class destroyer launched in 1908 and stricken in 1931
* Brazilian destroyer Amazonas (1943), an Acre-class destroyer launched in 1943 and stricken in 1973
* Brazilian submarine Amazonas, a Balao-class submarine acquired in 1973 and scrapped in 2001
* Brazilian corvette Amazonas, an Amazonas-class corvette launched in 2009 as Port of Spain for the Trinidad and Tobago Coastguard she was acquired by Brazil in 2012
# Ed Peterson

Edward T. Peterson (June 27, 1924 – March 20, 1984) was an American professional basketball player.
A 6'9" center from Cornell University, Peterson played three seasons in the NBL and NBA as a member of the Syracuse Nationals and Tri-Cities Blackhawks.
He was elected into the Sphinx Head Society during his senior year at Cornell University.

## Career statistics
### NBA

Source

#### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | PPG |
| 1949–50 | Syracuse | 62 | .428 | .600 | | .5 | 7.2 |
| 1950–51 | Syracuse | 17 | .370 | .606 | 2.2 | .5 | 4.7 |
| 1950–51 | Tri-Cities | 36 | .330 | .675 | 6.9 | 1.6 | 7.8 |
| Career | Career | 115 | .384 | .627 | 5.4 | .9 | 7.0 |

#### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | PPG |
| 1949–50 | Syracuse | 11 | .419 | .571 | | .1 | 4.0 |
# Paleoendemism

Paleoendemism along with neoendemism is a possible subcategory of endemism. Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area. Neoendemism refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation or through hybridization and polyploidy in plants.

## Etymology

The first part of the word, paleo, comes from the Greek word palaiós, meaning "ancient". The second part of the word, endemism is from Neo-Latin endēmicus, from Greek ενδήμος, endēmos, "native". Endēmos is formed of en meaning "in", and dēmos meaning "the people".

## Causes

Changes in climate are thought to be the driving force in creating paleoendemic species, generally due to habitat loss. Regions where the climate has remained relatively stable form refugia which are more likely to be endemic hotspots today. This applies to both neoendemism and paleoendemism. However, paleoendemism differs as it does not require additional factors such as barriers and ecological opportunities as it does not rely on adaptive radiation like neoendemism does. It instead relies on the instability of other regions' climate, which may limit the range of a species to a more stable region, thus turning that species paleoendemic. Limited ability for dispersal is also important in the creation of endemic species. The two terms can essentially be defined as "cradles" of new species (neoendemism), or "museums" of old species (paleoendemism).

## Examples

It is not always clear whether a particular species is paleoendemic or neoendemic.
Ginkgos are a paleoendemic genus. From the Mesozoic to the mid-Cenozoic, these trees could be found throughout the world. However, today, they can only be found in China in the wild.
Several examples occur in plants native to the southeastern United States:
* Abies frasieri
* Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum
* Franklinia alatahama
* Gaylussacia brachycera
* Gymnocladus dioicus
* Taxus floridana
* Torreya taxifolia
* Vandenboschia boschiana

### Paleoendemism on islands

Islands as harbors for endemic species are explained by the theory of island biogeography. However, in order to be considered a paleoendemic on an island, the species must have had a widespread distribution previously, thus eliminating newly formed islands as potential refuges of paleo-endemics.
# Petchiomyces

Petchiomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
# The Golden Web (1920 film)

The Golden Web is a 1920 British silent mystery film directed by Geoffrey Malins and starring Milton Rosmer and Ena Beaumont. It is based on the 1910 novel The Golden Web by the British writer E. Phillips Oppenheim, later adapted into a 1926 American film of the same title.

## Cast

* Milton Rosmer as Sterling Deans
* Ena Beaumont as Winifred Rowan
* Victor Robson as Sinclair
* Nina Munro as Rosalie
# C20H26N4O

The molecular formula C$_{20}$H$_{26}$N$_4$O (molar mass: 338.45 g/mol, exact mass: 338.2107 u) may refer to:
# Pari (letter)

Pari (asomtavruli Ⴔ, nuskhuri ⴔ, mkhedruli ფ, mtavruli Ფ) is the 24th letter of the three Georgian scripts.
In the system of Georgian numerals it has a value of 500.
Pari represents the voiceless bilabial plosive /p/, like the pronunciation of ⟨p⟩ in "part".

## Letter

| asomtavruli | nuskhuri | mkhedruli |

### Stroke order
## Computer encodings

| asomtavruli | nuskhuri | mkhedruli |
| U+10B4 | U+2D14 | U+10E4 |

## Braille

* mkhedruli
# MG Music Awards

The MG Music Awards is an annual music awards show presented by the Musicians Guild Nagaland. The annual ceremony was first held over a virtual ceremony on 21 June 2021.

## Ceremonies

| Edition | Date | Venue | Venue City | Host | Ref. |
| 1st | 21 June 2021 | Online event | Online event | Mengu Süokhrie and Yanpvüo Kikon | |
| 2nd | 18 June 2022 | RCEMPA Hall | Kohima | Ruopfüzhano Whiso | |

## Categories

* Best Electronic Artist
* Best Folk Fusion
* Best Gospel Artist
* Best Hip Hop Artist
* Best Indie Artist
* Best Music Video
* Best Pop Duo/Group
* Best Pop Female
* Best Pop Male
* Best Rock Artist
* Best Song of the Year
* Best Sound Engineer

## Song of the Year

| Year | Winner | Song |
| 2022 | Klanjan | "Knight in Shining Armour" |
| 2021 | Trance Effect | "Clowns" |

## Best Music Video

| Year | Artist | Song |
| 2022 | Lily Sawian x B4NSHAN & Lucy | "Suri" |
| 2021 | Abdon Mech | "Give Me My Soul Back" |
# 3rd Tank Regiment

3rd Tank Regiment may refer to:
* 3rd Royal Tank Regiment, a British unit extant 1917 – 1992
* 3rd Tank Regiment (Japan), extant 1937 – 1945
# Edoardo Airoldi

Edoardo Maria Airoldi is the Millard E. Gladfelter Professor of Statistics and Data Science in the Fox School of Business at Temple University. Prior to fall 2018 he was an associate professor in the Department of Statistics at Harvard University, where he founded and directed the Harvard Laboratory for Applied Statistics & Data Science, until spring 2017. Additionally, he held visiting positions at MIT and Yale University. His work is primarily in statistics and machine learning.

## Recognition

Airoldi was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2019, and as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2020.
# Panegyrtes davidsoni

Panegyrtes davidsoni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 1998. It is known from Brazil.
# Personera

Personera is a technology startup based in Cape Town, South Africa. It allows the use of variable data printing technology to create customized on-demand print products that are personalized with a user's Facebook content (such as photos, events and friends’ birthdays). These products are printed by commercial printers and delivered.

## History

Personera was founded in February 2008 by Sheraan Amod and Jaco de Wet, both MSc students at Stellenbosch University. Michael Champanis, a University of Cape Town graduate, also joined the team as a co-founder.
On November 11, 2009, Personera launched its public beta – a hard-copy personalized Facebook calendar, which includes users’ photos, birthdays and events.
The company's headquarters are currently located in Cape Town, South Africa.

## Technology

Personera's personalized print platform is built using variable data printing technology and Facebook’s API. Users' Facebook content is placed into predesigned layouts, with users having the ability to choose which specific photos to use and to manually input additional events. Personera's method of producing a printed product is currently patent pending under the World Intellectual Property Organization.

## Investors

Personera has secured $9k in seed funding and $125k in angel funding to date. Investors include Vinny Lingham, Michael Leeman and Tom Van den Berckt.
# The Golden Wedding

"La Cinquantaine" (French "the fiftieth anniversary") is a piece of music which was composed by Jean Gabriel-Marie in 1887.
A swing arrangement of the work by James "Jiggs" Noble, recorded in New York City in late 1940 or early 1941 by Woody Herman and his orchestra as "Golden Wedding", became a 1941 hit and a jazz standard. The record is notable for its extended (34 bars) drum solo by Frankie Carlson.

## Audio recordings
### Classical

    1947 – John Serry Sr. with Joe Biviano's Accordion & Rhythm Sextette on the album Accordion Capers for Sonora records
    1954 – John Serry Sr. performed/arranged the composition for accordion & his ensemble for RCA Victor(See RCA Thesaurus).

### Jazz

    1941 – Woody Herman and his Orchestra, recorded NYC 13 February 1941. Personnel: John Owens, Steady Nelson, Cappy Lewis trumpets; Vic Hamman, Neil Reid, Bud Smith trombones; Woody Herman clarinet; Eddie Scalzi, Herb Tomkins alto saxes; Micky Folus, Saxie Mansfield tenor saxes; Tommy Linehan piano; Hy White guitar; Walter Yoder bass; Frank Carlson drums; re-released in UK on Brunswick LAT8092 (10" LP) 1955.
    Herman and his orchestra featured in the 1942 film What's Cookin'?, playing "Golden Wedding", amongst other hits by them, as well as The Andrews Sisters and other contemporary musicians.
    1948 – Adrian Rollini Trio, 1948 film by Video Varieties Corporation, New York, recorded as "The Girl with the Light Blue Hair," described as "Swinging 'La Cinquantaine,' by Jean Gabriel Prosper Marie." It's on YouTube.
# Dasyscolia

Dasyscolia ciliata is a species of scoliid wasp found throughout the Mediterranean. It is the only species in the genus Dasyscolia. It is the only known pollinator of the European Ophrys speculum. The male wasp is tricked into pollinating the Ophrys orchid via pseudocopulation. The orchid's Pouyannian mimicry has the flower effectively mimicking the female wasp in appearance and scent.
# Machi de Uwasa no Tengu no Ko

Machi de Uwasa no Tengu no Ko (町でうわさの天狗の子, "Tengu Child of Town Rumors") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nao Iwamoto. It was published by Shogakukan in Flowers. The first volume was published on 21 December 2007, with the final published on 10 January 2014.

## Characters

* Akihime
* Shun
* Takeru

## Reception

It won the 55th Shogakukan Manga Award for shōjo manga, and was nominated for the 18th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize.
Volume 6 reached the 30th place on the weekly Japanese manga chart and, as of 11 April 2010, has sold 20,479 copies. Volume 8 reached the 29th place and, as of 12 June 2011, has sold 23,916 copies. Volume 9 reached the 17th place and, as of 14 April 2012, has sold 33,931 copies. Volume 10 reached the 24th place and, as of 16 December 2012, has sold 38,371 copies. Volume 11 reached the 31st place and, as of 13 July 2013, has sold 33,179 copies. Volume 12 reached the 48th place and, as of 12 January 2014, has sold 18,568 copies.
# 2002 in philosophy

2002 in philosophy

## Events

* The philosophy magazine Think was founded in 2002.
* In 2002, the first World Philosophy Day was introduced by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to "honour philosophical reflection in the entire world by opening up free and accessible spaces" and "to encourage the peoples of the world to share their philosophical heritage and to open their minds to new ideas, as well as to inspire a public debate between intellectuals and civil society on the challenges confronting our society".

## Publications

* Karl-Otto Apel, Diskursethik und Diskursanthropologie (published in German in 2002, not yet translated into English)
* Bernard Williams, Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy (2002)
* Colin McGinn, The Making of a Philosopher: My Journey Through Twentieth-Century Philosophy (2002)
* Manuel de Landa, Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy (2002)
* Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate (2002)
* Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science (2002)
* Derrick Jensen, The Culture of Make Believe (2002)
* Nick Bostrom, Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy (2002)
* Susan Neiman, Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy (2002)

## Deaths

* January 23 - Pierre Bourdieu (born 1930)
* January 23 - Robert Nozick (born 1938)
* January 29 - R. M. Hare (born 1919)
* March 13 - Hans-Georg Gadamer (born 1900)
* October 2 - Heinz von Foerster (born 1911)
* October 2 - Norman O. Brown (born 1913)
* November 24 - John Rawls (born 1921)
* December 2 - Ivan Illich (born 1926)