# Lyssacinosida

Lyssacinosida (also spelled Lyssacinosa) is an order of glass sponges (Hexactinellida) belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora. These sponges can be recognized by their parenchymal spicules usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less tightly connected skeleton. Lyssacine sponges have existed since the Upper Ordovician, and three families (four including Aulocalycidae) are still alive today. The Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) is one of the most well-known and culturally significant of the glass sponges.

## Subgroups

* Family Aulocalycidae? Ijima, 1927 [Upper Jurassic–present]
* Family †Brachiospongiidae Beecher, 1889 [Upper Ordovician–Silurian (Ludlow)]
* Family Euplectellidae Gray,1867 [Upper Ordovician–present]
* Family Leucopsacidae Ijima, 1903 [Paleogene (Eocene)–present]
* Family †Malumispongiidae Rigby, 1967 [Upper Ordovician–Carboniferous (Tournaisian)]
* Family Rossellidae Schulze, 1885 [Upper Ordovician–present]
* Incertae sedis Genera
** †Calycomorpha Bodzioch, 1993 [Triassic]
** Clathrochone Tabachnick, 2002 [present]
** †Crepospongia Finks & Rigby, 2004 [Upper Triassic (Carnian)]
** †Gomphites Carter, 1871 [Lower Cretaceous]
** Hyaloplacoida Tabachnick, 1989 [present]
** †Krainerella? Krainer & Mostler, 1992 [Middle Triassic]
** †Lumectospongia Rigby & Chatterton, 1989 [Silurian (Ludlow)]
** †Opeamorphus de Laubenfels, 1955 [Ordovician–Carboniferous]
** †Pyritonema? Mc'Coy, 1850 [Silurian]
** †Pyruspongia Rigby, 1971 [Upper Ordovician]
** †Stauractinella de Laubenfels, 1955 [Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)–Neogene]
** †Toomeyospongia Rigby, Horrocks, & Cys, 1982 [Permian (Guadalupian)]
** †Trimonactinophora Wu & Xiao, 1989 [Triassic]

## Sources

* 1 2 Botting, J. P.; Janussen, D.; Muir, L. A.; Dohrmann, M.; Ma, J.; Zhang, Y. (March 2022). "Extraordinarily early Venus' flower basket sponges (Hexactinellida, Euplectellidae) from the uppermost Ordovician Anji Biota, China". Palaeontology. 65 (2). doi:10.1111/PALA.12592. ISSN 0031-0239. Wikidata Q111529763.
* 1 2 Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Order Lyssacinosida Zittel, 1877", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1387–1387, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_145, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2023-05-06
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
* ↑ Reiswig, Henry M. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Aulocalycidae Ijima, 1927", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1362–1371, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_140, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2023-05-06
* ↑ Tabachnick, Konstantin R. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Euplectellidae Gray, 1867", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1388–1434, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_146, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2023-05-06
* ↑ Tabachnick, Konstantin R. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Leucopsacidae Ijima, 1903", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1435–1440, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_147, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2023-05-06
* ↑ Li, Lixia; Janussen, Dorte; Zhan, Renbin; Reitner, Joachim (2019). "Oldest known fossil of Rossellids (Hexactinellida, Porifera) from the Ordovician–Silurian transition of Anhui, South China". PalZ. 93 (4): 559–566. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00452-3. ISSN 0031-0220.
* ↑ Tabachnick, Konstantin R. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Rossellidae Schulze, 1885", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1441–1505, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_148, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2023-05-06
* 1 2 Tabachnick, Konstantin R. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Lyssacinosida incertae sedis", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1506–1509, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_149, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2023-05-06
* Identification key for Lyssacinosa
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