OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Minakuchi-juku

Minakuchi-juku (水口宿, Minakuchi-juku) was the fiftieth of the fifty-three stations of the Tōkaidō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. It was located in the Minakuchi neighborhood of the present-day city of Kōka, Shiga Prefecture, Japan.

## History

Minakuchi-juku developed as early as the Muromachi period, as its location was convenient for travelers going to the Ise Grand Shrine and Ise Bay. In the early Edo period, the system of post stations on the Tōkaidō was formalized by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1601, Minakuchi-juku became an official post station. It was on the sankin-kōtai route by many western daimyō to-and-from the Shogun's court in Edo. Minakuchi Castle was constructed in 1634 on the western border of the town by Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu as a way station where he could stay at during his travels between Edo and Kyoto. It was built in a similar fashion to Nijō Castle. Minakuchi was thus both a post station and a castle town, In 1682, Minakuchi Domain was created with a cadet branch of the Katō clan ruling until the Meiji restoration.
Per the 1843 "東海道宿村大概帳" (Tōkaidō Shukuson Taigaichō) guidebook issued by the Inspector of Highways (道中奉行, Dōchu-būgyō), the town had a population of 2692 in 692 houses, including one honjin, one waki-honjin, and 41 hatago. It had one Tonyaba, for the stabling of packhorses and warehousing of goods, and one kōsatsu for the display of official notifications. It was 443.8 kilometers from Edo.
Minakuchi was noted for three famous local products. Minakuchi-zaiku (水口細工) was a form of basketry made from woven wisteria vines, and occasionally from thin strips of wood. It formed lightweight containers which (amongst many other uses) could be used as a form of suitcase for travelers on the highway. Minakuchi-kiseru (水口煙管) was a pipe for smoking powdered tobacco, and was a popular souvenir for travelers to purchase. The production of kanpyō, dried shavings of a type of calabash, which was a popular ingredient in Edo period Japanese cuisine was the third local speciality.

## Minakuchi-juku in The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

Utagawa Hiroshige's ukiyo-e Hōeidō edition print of Minakuchi-juku dates from 1833 -1834. The print depicts a straggling row of thatch-roofed structures. In the foreground are two women (one with a baby on her back) hanging up strips of kanpyō to dry on lines, while a third woman with a knife is peeling more from a calabash. More strips of drying kanpyō are shown on the fences of the buildings in the background. A solitary traveller is walking away from the viewer on the road.

## Neighboring post towns
### Tōkaidō

    Tsuchiyama-juku - Minakuchi-juku - Ishibe-juku
# Mikhail Zaitsev's shrew

Mikhail Zaitsev's shrew (Crocidura zaitsevi) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to Vietnam.

## Distribution

The species is restricted to Ngoc Linh mountain in the Vietnamese province of Kon Tum. This species is named after the late Russian general Mikhail Zaitsev (1923–2009). Along with Crocidura sokolovi, this species is endemic to Ngoc Linh.
# Military education and training

Military education and training is a process which intends to establish and improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles. Military training may be voluntary or compulsory duty. It begins with recruit training, proceeds to education and training specific to military roles, and sometimes includes additional training during a military career. Directing staff are the military personnel who comprise the instructional staff at a military training institution.
In some countries, military education and training are parts of the compulsory education. The organizers believe that military education can bring some benefits and experiences that cannot be obtained from normal class like setback education. Moreover, participants are able to learn survival skills during the military education, like co-operations and resilience, which help participants improve the capabilities of military personnel in their respective roles.

## Recruit training

The primary and initial form of military training, recruit training, makes use of various conditioning techniques to resocialize trainees into a military system, to ensure that they will obey all orders without hesitation, and to teach basic military skills. Resocialization as a sociological concept involves the process of mentally and emotionally "retraining" individuals so that they can operate in a new environment; it promotes changes to an individual's attitudes and behaviours. The drill instructor has the task of making the service members fit for military use.

## Role-specific training

After their recruit training, personnel may undergo further training specific to their military role, including the use of any specialist equipment. They are then normally deemed fit for military service.

## Further training

Military personnel may continue to receive training during their career.
# Collins Nzovu

Collins Nzovu is a Zambian politician. He is the current Minister of Water Development and Sanitation of Zambia and the current member of parliament for Nangoma. He is a member of the United Party for National Development (UPND).
# A11 road (Botswana)

The A11 is a 37.5-kilometre-long (23.3 mi) road to the South African border at Ramotswa. It is used to bypass Gaborone in reaching the Botswana-South Africa border.
# A12

A12, A.12 or A-12 may refer to:

## Aviation

* A-12 Shrike, a World War 2–era American attack aircraft
* Abrial A-12 Bagoas, a French experimental glider of the 1930s
* Aero A.12, a Czechoslovak light bomber built after World War I
* Lockheed A-12, codenamed Oxcart, a high-altitude, high-speed reconnaissance aircraft, manufactured for the CIA
* McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II, an early attempt by the United States to develop stealth aircraft, cancelled due to cost overruns

## Military

* Aggregate 12, a German rocket design in World War II that was never constructed
* Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12), a French-built aircraft carrier in use by the Brazilian Navy
* HMS A12, a British A-class submarine of the Royal Navy
* Matilda II (tank), built to General Staff specification A12, a British tank of World War 2

## Science and technology

* A12 Authentication, a CHAP-based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network to authenticate a 1xEV-DO Access Terminal
* ARM Cortex-A12, a 32-bit multicore processor
* Apple A12, a 7-nanometer 64-bit ARM SoC
* ATC code A12 Mineral supplements, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
* British NVC community A12 (Potamogeton pectinatus community), a British Isles plant community
* A Rhodopsin-like receptors subfamily
* Samsung Galaxy A12, an Android phone

## Other uses

* A12 road, in several countries
* Fiat A.12, a 1916 Italian, 6–cylinder, liquid-cooled in-line engine
* LSWR A12 class, an 1887 British steam locomotive model
* Route A12 (WMATA), a bus route in Washington, USA
* A12 scale, musical tuning based on the 4:7:10 triad
* One of the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings codes for the English Opening
* Unite the Right rally, referred to as "A12" locally, a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, which took place on August 12, 2017
* X Æ A-12, the son of Elon Musk
* A highly desirable performance option for the 1969 Plymouth Road Runner and Dodge Super Bee with a 440 engine and special transmission and differential features.
# 9,10-Diphenylanthracene

9,10-Diphenylanthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It has the appearance of a slightly yellow powder. 9,10-Diphenylanthracene is used as a sensitiser in chemiluminescence. In lightsticks it is used to produce blue light. It is a molecular organic semiconductor, used in blue OLEDs and OLED-based displays.
# Chernoff's distribution

In probability theory, Chernoff's distribution, named after Herman Chernoff, is the probability distribution of the random variable
    $Z={\underset {s\in \mathbf {R} }{\operatorname {argmax} }}\ (W(s)-s^{2}),$
where W is a "two-sided" Wiener process (or two-sided "Brownian motion") satisfying W(0) = 0.
If
    $V(a,c)={\underset {s\in \mathbf {R} }{\operatorname {argmax} }}\ (W(s)-c(s-a)^{2}),$
then V(0, c) has density
    $f_{c}(t)={\frac {1}{2}}g_{c}(t)g_{c}(-t)$
where g$_c$ has Fourier transform given by
    ${\hat {g}}_{c}(s)={\frac {(2/c)^{1/3}}{\operatorname {Ai} (i(2c^{2})^{-1/3}s)}},\ \ \ s\in \mathbf {R}$
and where Ai is the Airy function. Thus f$_c$ is symmetric about 0 and the density ƒ$_Z$ = ƒ$_1$. Groeneboom (1989) shows that
    $f_{Z}(z)\sim {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {4^{4/3}|z|}{\operatorname {Ai} '({\tilde {a}}_{1})}}\exp \left(-{\frac {2}{3}}|z|^{3}+2^{1/3}{\tilde {a}}_{1}|z|\right){\text{ as }}z\rightarrow \infty$
where ${\tilde {a}}_{1}\approx -2.3381$ is the largest zero of the Airy function Ai and where $\operatorname {Ai} '({\tilde {a}}_{1})\approx 0.7022$. In the same paper, Groeneboom also gives an analysis of the process $\{V(a,1):a\in \mathbf {R} \}$. The connection with the statistical problem of estimating a monotone density is discussed in Groeneboom (1985). Chernoff's distribution is now known to appear in a wide range of monotone problems including isotonic regression.
The Chernoff distribution should not be confused with the Chernoff geometric distribution (called the Chernoff point in information geometry) induced by the Chernoff information.

## History

Groeneboom, Lalley and Temme state that the first investigation of this distribution was probably by Chernoff in 1964, who studied the behavior of a certain estimator of a mode. In his paper, Chernoff characterized the distribution through an analytic representation through the heat equation with suitable boundary conditions. Initial attempts at approximating Chernoff's distribution via solving the heat equation, however, did not achieve satisfactory precision due to the nature of the boundary conditions. The computation of the distribution is addressed, for example, in Groeneboom and Wellner (2001).
The connection of Chernoff's distribution with Airy functions was also found independently by Daniels and Skyrme and Temme, as cited in Groeneboom, Lalley and Temme. These two papers, along with Groeneboom (1989), were all written in 1984.
# Percy Dawson (lawyer)

Percy Sydney Dawson (1865–1916) was a founding partner of one of the legal firms that became Blake Dawson (now Ashurst Australia) and the first City Solicitor of the City of Sydney.

## Early life

Dawson was born in Cooma, New South Wales, and educated at Newington College (1881–1883) and the University of Sydney. He was the eighth son of Robert Dawson, who was for over 40 years the police magistrate in Cooma.

## Legal career

In 1886 Dawson was articled to solicitor George Charles King Waldron, and upon admission as a solicitor in 1891 the firm became known as Waldron & Dawson.

## City Solicitor

On 9 February 1899, Dawson was appointed as the first City Solicitor for the City of Sydney.

## Death

Dawson died at home in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga and was at the time the senior partner of the legal firm then known as Dawson, Waldron, and Glover, of Pitt Street. He was survived by a widow and four children, and his papers are held by the State Library of New South Wales.
# CLEC2D

C-type lectin domain family 2 member D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC2D gene.
This gene encodes a member of the natural killer cell receptor C-type lectin family. The encoded protein inhibits osteoclast formation and contains a transmembrane domain near the N-terminus as well as the C-type lectin-like extracellular domain. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified, but the full-length nature of every transcript has not been defined. CLEC2D encodes the gene for the Lectin Like Transcript-1 (LLT1) protein which is a functional ligand for the human NKR-P1A receptor, encoded by the KLRB1 gene. In mice, there are many orthologs of the CLEC2D gene, and the presumed homolog is Clr-b/Ocil (Clec2d). Clr-b has been implicated in missing-self recognition by natural killer cells through engagement of the NKR-P1B receptor.
# Mzwakhe Mbuli

Mzwakhe Mbuli (born 1 August 1959) is a South African poet, Mbaqanga singer and former Deacon at Apostolic Faith Mission Church in Naledi Soweto, South Africa. Known as "The People's Poet, Tall Man, Mbulism, The Voice Of Reason", he is the father of Mzwakhe Mbuli Junior, also known as Robot_Boii.

## Early life

He was born in Sophiatown, and shortly moved after his family was forced to move to Soweto when the government bulldozed his home town.

## Career

His works include a book of poems, Before Dawn (1989), and albums Change Is Pain (1986), Unbroken Spirit (1989), Resistance Is Defence (1992), and Africa (1993). His poems are mainly in English but draw on his native Zulu as well as traditional praise poetry and rap. His best-known poem is "Change Is Pain," a protest piece about oppression and revolution, which was initially banned until growing pressure forced South Africa to allow more freedom of speech. His first performance group was called Khuvhangano.
Throughout the 1980s, Mbuli was repeatedly detained by the authorities and denied a passport to travel while playing a leading role in the cultural activities of the United Democratic Front. His international career began in 1990 in Berlin, Germany when he shared the stage with Youssou N'dour, Miriam Makeba and Thomas Mapfumo. An imposing figure, standing well over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, he performed at the funeral of Chris Hani, the assassinated head of the South African Communist Party, and at the presidential inauguration Nelson Mandela in 1994. In 1996 Mbuli was invited to London to co-host, with British poet and activist Benjamin Zephaniah, the Two Nations Concert at the Albert Hall to honor President Nelson Mandela on his visit to London. Later in the year, he returned to the UK to join Peter Gabriel, Youssour N'dour and other prominent African artists to record the fundraising Aids Album.
In 1990, he was profiled in the documentary film Songololo: Voices of Change.
Mbuli was convicted in March 1999 of armed robbery and possession of a hand grenade-–crimes he has consistently denied committing; he and his supporters have always insisted he was framed by the government for speaking out against corruption. He was held at the Leeuwkop Maximum Security Prison, until his release in November 2003. His most recent release is Mbulism.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Change Is Pain (1986) Shifty (Rounder - USA)
* Unbroken Spirit (1988) Shifty Records
* Resistance Is Defence (1992) Stern's Earthworks
* Afrika (1993) CCP/EMI South Africa
* Izigi (1994) CCP/EMI, South Africa
* KwaZulu-Natal (1996) CCP / EMI South Africa
* Umzwakhe Ubongu Ujehovah (1997) CCP/EMI South Africa
* Mbulism (2004) CCP/EMI South Africa

### Singles

* "Mandela" (with Zahara) (2013)
# Brătcuța

The Brătcuța is a left tributary of the river Crișul Repede in Romania. It discharges into the Crișul Repede near Bratca. Its length is 14 km (8.7 mi) and its basin size is 37 km$^2$ (14 sq mi).
# Alagöz, Kiğı

Alagöz is a village in the Kiğı District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and had a population of 47 in 2021.
# Charles A. Curtze

Charles A. Curtze (April 8, 1911 – December 26, 2007) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. He was born in Erie, Pennsylvania and died at age 96 in Millcreek Township, Pennsylvania. He served as Deputy Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Ships during the Vietnam War. He is buried at the Erie Cemetery.

## Education

Curtze participated in a Rotary Club student exchange to Scandinavia, which led to his appointment to the United States Naval Academy. Curtze was a star gymnast while attending the Naval Academy, winning second place in 1931 in the Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League and leading the midshipmen to the league's championship in 1933. When he qualified for the US gymnastics team attending the 1936 Summer Olympics. The US Navy prohibited his completing in the Olympics Berlin, Germany during Adolf Hitler's rule. Adm. Curtze also qualified for the 1940 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, which was cancelled because of World War II. Curtze graduated from the Naval Academy in 1933. He received his Master's degree in Naval Construction from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

## Career

Curtze was serving as a fleet safety officer aboard the cruiser USS St. Louis at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. He helped guide the ship safely out of harbor, making it one of the few major ships to escape the Japanese bombings. He served with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as the engineering member of the first US team in London. He also served as commander of the San Francisco Naval Shipyard. Curtze and his commanding officer, Rear Admiral William A. Brockett, Chief of the Bureau of Ships, resigned their posts in 1965 to protest Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara's centralization of the U.S. Department of Defense.
# Amblydoras nauticus

Amblydoras nauticus, the marbled talking catfish or marbled raphael catfish, is a species of thorny catfish endemic to Peru where it is found in the upper Amazon basin. This species grows to a length of 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) SL.
It is often found in the aquarium trade where commonly mislabelled as "'Amblydoras hancockii" (a synonym of another species, Platydoras hancockii).
# SLNS

SLNS may refer to:
* SLNS (Sri Lanka), Sri Lanka Navy equipment
* Signed Logarithmic Number System, a type of logarithmic number system
# Ambil

Ambil may refer to the following:
* Ambil, La Rioja, village in Argentina
* Ambil, Looc, island-barangay in the Philippines
# Charles Auguste de la Fare

Charles Auguste, 1st Marquis of La Fare, Count of Laugères, Baron of Balazuc (1644–1712), was a nobleman, poet and French memorialist.

## Biography

La Fare, born at Valgorge located in Vivarais in 1644, was the son of Charles de La Fare and Jacqueline de Borne.
La Fare was captain of the bodyguards of Philippe of Orléans. He entered his military career and served with distinction with the Maréchal de Turenne, with whom he became friends, during the campaigns of 1667 and 1674. A love rivalry with Louvois, secretary of War, concerning Madame de Rochefort, forced him to quit his service in the military.
La Fare fell in love with Marguerite de la Sablière, until he broke with her in 1679, and also had a short romance with Marie Champmeslé. He lived a lazy Epicurean life and was an amateur of good food. He also attended the literary salons and festivals at the Château de Sceaux, organised by the Duchess of Maine. His friend Guillaume Amfrye de Chaulieu said of him that he was "made up of feelings and pleasure, full of amiable weakness". He died in Paris in 1712.

## Works

La Fare's poetry reflected his lifestyle. His verses praised the charms of rest and pleasure and were, according to the author, composed only for pleasure and without purpose.
* He wrote the libretto for an opera, Panthea, put on music by Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans.
* His Poems were collected in volume in 1755.
* His memoirs of the principal events of the reign of Louis XIV (1715), are precise and full of finesse.

## Marriage

On 3 November 1684, La Fare married Jeanne de Lux.

## Children

* Philippe Charles de La Fare, 2nd Marquis of La Fare (1687–1752), Marshal of France
* Étienne Joseph de La Fare, Bishop of Laon
* Jacqueline-Thérèse de La Fare (1686–1688)
* Marie de La Fare married Jean François de La Fare, Viscount of Montclar, cousin of her father.
# WTSN

WTSN may refer to:
* WTSN (AM), a radio station (1270 AM) licensed to serve Dover, New Hampshire, United States
* WYYW-CD, a television station (channel 36) licensed to serve Evansville, Indiana, United States, which held the call signs WTSN-LP, WTSN-LD, or WTSN-CD from 2009 to 2012
* WTSN (TV channel), a now-defunct women's sports network in Canada
# Waldrada (Lombard)

Waldrada (also Vuldetrada) (531–572), wife (firstly) of Theudebald, King of Austrasia (ruled 548–555), reputed mistress (secondly) of Chlothar I, King of the Franks (ruled until 561), was the daughter of Wacho, King of the Lombards (ruled ca. 510–539) and his second wife called Austrigusa or Ostrogotha, a Gepid.
The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names "Wisigarda…secundæ Walderada" as the two daughters of Wacho and his second wife, specifying that Waldrada married "Scusuald regis Francorum" and later "Garipald". The Historia Langobardorum names "Waldrada" as Wacho's second daughter by his second wife, specifying that she married "Chusubald rex Francorum". Paulus Diaconus names "Wisigarda…[et] secunda Walderada" as the two daughters of King Wacho & his second wife, specifying that Walderada married "Cusupald alio regi Francorum" and later "Garipald". Gregory of Tours names Vuldetrada as the wife of King Theodebald. Herimannus names "Wanderadam" wife of "Theodpaldus rex Francorum" when recording her second marriage to "Lotharius rex patris eius Theodeberti patruus".
According to Gregory of Tours, King Clotaire "began to have intercourse" with the widow of King Theodebald, before "the bishops complained and he handed her over to Garivald Duke of Bavaria", which apparently implies that King Clotaire did not marry Waldrada.
# Waldrausch (1962 film)

Waldrausch is a 1962 Austrian drama film directed by Paul May and starring Marianne Hold, Gerhard Riedmann and Ingeborg Schöner. It is based on the novel Waldrausch by Ludwig Ganghofer. Another film adaptation was made in 1977.

## Plot

An architect proposes a plan to build a dam, flooding a valley.

## Cast

* Marianne Hold ... Beda
* Gerhard Riedmann ... Ambros Lutz
* Ingeborg Schöner ... Annette von Larenburg
* Sieghardt Rupp ... Crispin Sagenbacher
* Paul Hartmann ... Der alte Stuiber
* Peter Toifl ... Der kleine Toni
* Adrienne Gessner ... Die Zieblingen
* Alexander Trojan ... Boris von Larenburg
* Sepp Rist ... Der Mann von Kaprun
* Edd Stavjanik ... Diener Kesselschmidt
* Hans Habietinek ... Regierungsrat
* Raoul Retzer ... Der Lange
* Walter Regelsberger ... Ein Fahrer
* Herbert Fux ... Bauführer Seidl
* Walter Lehr ... Peter Stich
# Waldrada

Waldrada or Walderada (French Waldrade, Italian Gualdrada) is a feminine given name of Germanic origin.
It may refer to:
* Waldrada (Lombard) (531–572), queen of Austrasia
* Waldrada of Worms (born 801), wife of Conrad II of Transjurane Burgundy
* Waldrada of Lotharingia (fl. 855–66), the concubine of Lothair II
* Waldrada of Tuscany (died 997), dogaressa of Venice
# Walbro

Walbro Corporation is a manufacturing company that specializes in small engine carburetion and supplier of auto parts. Otherwise, Walbro carburetors are commonly used on line-trimmers, leaf blowers, chain-saws, and edgers. Walbro was founded by Walter E. Walpole in November 1950. A product typically found in the automotive world of fuel injection, being used by tuners, are the Walbro Fuel Pumps, with the most common being the Walbro 255. TI Automotive purchased Walbro's automotive fuel pump division in approx yr2000, and is the actual manufacturer of all Walbro branded automotive fuel pumps and fuel delivery modules.
# Charles Evans (cricketer, born 1866)

Charles Evans (19 February 1866 — 14 January 1956) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1889 and 1895.
Evans was born at Newbold, Derbyshire, the son of George Evans, an engine wright at a colliery, and his wife Harriett. In 1881, Evans was an engine driver at the colliery at the age of 15.
Evans' first match for Derbyshire was in the 1889 season in the period when Derbyshire's matches were not accorded first-class status, and he played six games at intervals in the period taking 13 wickets at just over 18 runs each. Evans made his first-class debut in the 1894 season in June against Lancashire and his best bowling figures were 4 for 46 against Warwickshire in the same year. He played three games in the County Championship in the 1895 season averaging two wickets a match but at a high cost.
Evans was a right-handed batsman and played 14 innings in 9 matches with a top score of 31 and an average of 13.08. He was a right-arm medium-fast bowler taking 19 wickets at an average of 27.68.
Evans died in Chesterfield at the age of 89.