OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arkad Chubanov

Arkad Chubanov (1840–1894) was a Buddhist priest of Kalmyk origin who was born in the Iki-Burul aimak in the Salsk District of the Don Cossack Host sometime in 1840.
Lama Chubanov was born in 1840 in the Namrovskaia sotnia of the Ike Burul aimak. He was the second son of Chuban Manzhikov. His uncle, Roman Manzhikov, was the Baksha of the khurul in his native aimak. Following his uncle's path, Arkad Chubanov became a mandji (novice) at the age of 9, serving until the age of 13 in 1853. He then furthered his studies of Buddhism under the guidance of Lama Djimba Gandjinov and then in the Bolshederbotovskii ulus under Lama Sandji Yavanov, the Ochir Lama.
After he completed his studies in 1872, Arkad Chubanov returned home to become a monk in his native khurul. He remained in that position until 1873, when he was elected to replace Koti Badjuginov as "Lama of the Don Kalmyks" - the spiritual leader of the Kalmyk community in the Salsk District of the Don Cossack Host.
Upon becoming the Lama of the Don Kalmyks, Arkad Chubanov promoted education among Buzava (or Don Kalmyk) youth. In his native Namrovskaia sotnia, for example, Arkad Chubanov established a parish school - the first official school for Buzava youth in the Salsk District and perhaps the first school for Kalmyk boys in general. Arkad Chubanov also compiled and published the Kalmyk lunar calendar.
Arkad Chubanov died in 1894 after serving 21 years as Lama of the Don Kalmyks. He was succeeded by Lama Djimba Mikulinov, the Baksha of the khurul in the Ike Burul aimak.
# 1935 Italian Grand Prix

The 1935 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 8 September 1935.

## Classification

| Pos | No | Driver | Team | Car | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Points |
| 1 | 12 | Hans Stuck | Auto Union | Auto Union B | 73 | 3:40:09 | 5 | 1 |
| 2 | 20 | René Dreyfus | Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo 8C-35 | 73 | +1:41 | 9 | 2 |
| 2 | 20 | Tazio Nuvolari | Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo 8C-35 | 73 | +1:41 | 9 | n/a |
| 3 | 36 | Paul Pietsch | Auto Union | Auto Union B | 70 | +3 Laps | 17 | 3 |
| 3 | 36 | Bernd Rosemeyer | Auto Union | Auto Union B | 70 | +3 Laps | 17 | n/a |
| 4 | 28 | Attilio Marinoni | Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo Tipo B | 68 | +5 Laps | 13 | 4 |
| 5 | 4 | Piero Taruffi | Bugatti | Bugatti T59 | 59 | +14 Laps | 2 | 4 |
| Ret | 34 | Hermann Lang | Daimler-Benz AG | Mercedes-Benz W25 | 55 | Engine | 16 | 4 |
| Ret | 10 | Tazio Nuvolari | Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo 8C-35 | 45 | | 4 | 5 |
| Ret | 26 | Manfred von Brauchitsch | Daimler-Benz AG | Mercedes-Benz W25 | 42 | Accident | 12 | 5 |
| Ret | 6 | Rudolf Caracciola | Daimler-Benz AG | Mercedes-Benz W25 | 41 | Transmission | 3 | 5 |
| Ret | 6 | Luigi Fagioli | Daimler-Benz AG | Mercedes-Benz W25 | 41 | Transmission | 3 | n/a |
| Ret | 16 | Jean-Pierre Wimille | Bugatti | Bugatti T59 | 27 | | 7 | 6 |
| Ret | 30 | Bernd Rosemeyer | Auto Union | Auto Union B | 19 | Rear axle | 14 | 6 |
| Ret | 24 | Goffredo Zehender | Scuderia Subalpina | Maserati 6C-34 | 15 | Mechanical | 11 | 7 |
| Ret | 14 | Philippe Étancelin | Scuderia Subalpina | Maserati V8-RI | 15 | Accident | 6 | 7 |
| Ret | 22 | Achille Varzi | Auto Union | Auto Union B | 14 | Engine | 10 | 7 |
| Ret | 18 | Luigi Fagioli | Daimler-Benz AG | Mercedes-Benz W25 | 11 | | 8 | 7 |
| Ret | 32 | Pietro Ghersi | Scuderia Subalpina | Maserati 6C-34 | 4 | Engine | 8 | 7 |
| DNS | 2 | Giuseppe Farina | Scuderia Subalpina | Maserati V8-RI | | Engine | 1 | 8 |
# Minkowski's bound

In algebraic number theory, Minkowski's bound gives an upper bound of the norm of ideals to be checked in order to determine the class number of a number field K. It is named for the mathematician Hermann Minkowski.

## Definition

Let D be the discriminant of the field, n be the degree of K over $\mathbb {Q}$, and $2r_{2}=n-r_{1}$ be the number of complex embeddings where $r_{1}$ is the number of real embeddings. Then every class in the ideal class group of K contains an integral ideal of norm not exceeding Minkowski's bound
    $M_{K}={\sqrt {|D|}}\left({\frac {4}{\pi }}\right)^{r_{2}}{\frac {n!}{n^{n}}}\ .$
Minkowski's constant for the field K is this bound M$_K$.

## Properties

Since the number of integral ideals of given norm is finite, the finiteness of the class number is an immediate consequence, and further, the ideal class group is generated by the prime ideals of norm at most M$_K$.
Minkowski's bound may be used to derive a lower bound for the discriminant of a field K given n, r$_1$ and r$_2$. Since an integral ideal has norm at least one, we have 1 ≤ M$_K$, so that
    ${\sqrt {|D|}}\geq \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)^{r_{2}}{\frac {n^{n}}{n!}}\geq \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)^{n/2}{\frac {n^{n}}{n!}}\ .$
For n at least 2, it is easy to show that the lower bound is greater than 1, so we obtain Minkowski's Theorem, that the discriminant of every number field, other than Q, is non-trivial. This implies that the field of rational numbers has no unramified extension.

## Proof

The result is a consequence of Minkowski's theorem.
# Phasis pringlei

Phasis pringlei, the Pringle's arrowhead, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to South Africa, where it is found in the Roggeveld escarpment of Northern Cape.
The wingspan is 32–38 mm for males and 36–43 mm females. Adults are on wing from September to December with a peak in November. There is one generation per year.
# Piedmont Avenue

Piedmont Avenue may refer to:
* Piedmont Avenue (Oakland, California), a neighborhood and street
* Piedmont Avenue (Berkeley), a historic street
* Piedmont Avenue and Piedmont Road, a major thoroughfare in Atlanta
# 2009 Asian Baseball Cup

The 2009 Asian Baseball Cup was hosted in Bangkok, Thailand after being scheduled to be held in the Philippines. The tournament was won by Indonesia in the final against Pakistan. Indonesia will continue to the 2009 Asian Baseball Championship.

## Teams
### Group A

* Thailand
* Pakistan
* Sri Lanka
* Malaysia

### Group B

* Hong Kong
* Indonesia
* Myanmar
* Cambodia

## Preliminary round
### May 25

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Indonesia | 6 - 0 | Cambodia |
| Hong Kong | 11 - 1 | Myanmar |
| Sri Lanka | 3 - 1 | Thailand |
| Pakistan | 20 - 0 (5) | Malaysia |

### May 26

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Pakistan | 10 - 0 | Sri Lanka |
| Thailand | 16 - 0 (5) | Malaysia |
| Indonesia | 11 - 1 | Myanmar |
| Hong Kong | 10 - 0 | Cambodia |

### May 27

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Indonesia | 7 - 2 | Hong Kong |
| Myanmar | 3 - 1 | Cambodia |
| Pakistan | 9 - 4 | Thailand |
| Sri Lanka | 9 - 1 | Malaysia |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Pakistan | 7 - 2 | Hong Kong |
| Indonesia | 7 - 4 | Sri Lanka |
| Thailand | 5 - 0 | Myanmar |
| Cambodia | 20 - 8 | Malaysia |

## Finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Type |
| Sri Lanka | 6 - 5 | Hong Kong | 3rd Place Game |
| Indonesia | 3 - 2 | Pakistan | Championship |
# Luis Arrieta

Luis Arrieta (born 23 July 1982), is a Mexican film actor, television actor producer, director and writer.

## Filmography

Films :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2003 | Corazón de melón | Bailarin | |
| 2007 | El ride | Juan | Short film |
| 2007 | Without Finishing My Coat | Philoshoper Morgan | |
| 2007 | El besito de las buenas noches | Unknown role | Video short |
| 2007 | Celluloid Filth | Enrique / Connie | Short film |
| 2008 | The Price of the American Dream II | Manny Munoz | |
| 2008 | Chicano Blood | Chicano Gangster | Video |
| 2009 | Dragonball Evolution | Weaver | |
| 2009 | Paradas Contínuas | Emilio | |
| 2009 | Borderline | Arturo | |
| 2010 | Playa Limbo: Te dejé | Unknown role | Short film |
| 2010 | Preludio | Él | |
| 2010 | Sin ella | Andrés "Andi" | |
| 2010 | Love Equation | Esteban | |
| 2011 | Los inadaptados | Armando | Producer/writer |
| 2011 | La última muerte | Checho | |
| 2013 | Detrás del poder | Miguel | Producer/writer |
| 2014 | Cuatro lunas | Alfredo | co-producer |
| 2014 | Cantinflas | Billy | |
| 2014 | Tiempos felices | Max Quintana | |
| 2015 | A la mala | Pablo | |
| 2015 | Que viva la música | Leopoldo | |
| 2015 | Luter | Luter | Short film |
| 2018 | A ti te quería encontrar | | |
| 2023 | Unhappily Ever After | Ignacio Rosas | |
Television :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2002 | Sin permiso de tus padres | Unknown role | |
| 2002 | Agua y aceite | Unknown role | |
| 2002 | Por tí | Beto | Recurring role |
| 2002 | Súbete a mi moto | Unknown role | |
| 2003 | Dos chicos de cuidado en la ciudad | Unknown role | |
| 2004 | Belinda | Alfredo Arismendi | Recurring role |
| 2005–06 | La vida es una canción | Antonio / Erick | Episodes: "Tú sonrisa" Episode: "No sabes como duele" |
| 2006 | Lo que callamos las mujeres | René | Episodes: "Tiene mi sangre, segunda parte" |
| 2010 | XY. La revista | Tavo | Episode: "El hombre comprometido" (Season 2, Episode 3) Episode: "El arte de bluffear con el pie izquierdo" (Season 2, Episode 5) Episode: "En busca del padre perdido" (Season 2, Episode 7) Episode: "Porque lo digo yo" (Season 2, Episode 10) |
| 2011 | A corazón abierto | Damián Velasco | |
| 2011 | El encanto del águila | Secretario John | Episode: "La traición de los herejes" (Season 1, Episode 4) Episode: "El Apostol sacrificado" (Season 1, Episode 5) |
| 2012 | Paramedicos | Salvador García | Recurring role |
| 2024–present | Casados con hijos | Esteban "Steve" de la Madrid | Main cast |
# Procrica dinshona

Procrica dinshona is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ethiopia.
The wingspan is about 25 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is yellow, slightly tinged with orange and with brown and pale brownish strigulae (fine streaks) and dots. The hindwings are greyish cream.

## Etymology

The species name refers to Dinsho Lodge in the Bale Mountains, the type locality.
# Paracimmerites

Paracimmerites is a genus in the ground beetle family Carabidae. This genus has a single species, Paracimmerites nanus. It is found in Russia.
# Armesocarb

Armesocarb (developmental code name MLR-1019), also known as (R)-mesocarb or L-mesocarb, is a selective atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI). It is currently under development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and sleep disorders.
It is the active (R)-enantiomer of the formerly clinically used stimulant-like drug mesocarb (MLR-1017; brand name Sydnocarb).

## Pharmacology

Mesocarb is known to be a highly selective DRI. However, in 2021, it was discovered that mesocarb is not a conventional DRI but acts as a dopamine transporter (DAT) allosteric modulator or non-competitive inhibitor.
In accordance with its nature as an atypical DAT blocker, the drug exhibits atypical effects compared to conventional DRIs. For example, mesocarb shows greater antiparkinsonian activity in animals compared to other DRIs.
Mesocarb has wakefulness-promoting effects in animals. Armesocarb, as the active enantiomer of mesocarb, shows greater therapeutic potency than the racemic form in animals. In contrast, the (S)- or D-enantiomer of mesocarb is virtually inactive in animal behavioral tests.

## History

Armesocarb was first described in the scientific literature as an enantiopure compound by 2005 and again in 2017.

## Clinical studies

As of April 2023, armesocarb is undergoing phase 1 clinical trials for Parkinson's disease and is in preclinical development for sleep disorders. The latter indication may specifically target excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in people with Parkinson's disease. Armesocarb is also in development for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
# 1970–71 Idaho Vandals men's basketball team

The 1970–71 Idaho Vandals men's basketball team represented the University of Idaho during the 1970–71 NCAA University Division basketball season. Charter members of the recently expanded Big Sky Conference, the Vandals were led by fifth-year head coach Wayne Anderson and played their home games on campus at the Memorial Gymnasium in Moscow, Idaho. They were 14–11 overall and 8–6 in conference play.
Senior forward Malcolm Taylor was selected for the all-conference team, and senior forward John Nelson was on the second team.
# Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies

In mathematics, Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies is a geometrical result due to the German mathematician Hermann Minkowski. The inequality is closely related to the Brunn–Minkowski inequality and the isoperimetric inequality.

## Statement of the inequality

Let K and L be two n-dimensional convex bodies in n-dimensional Euclidean space R$^n$. Define a quantity V$_1$(K, L) by
    $nV_{1}(K,L)=\lim _{\varepsilon \downarrow 0}{\frac {V(K+\varepsilon L)-V(K)}{\varepsilon }},$
where V denotes the n-dimensional Lebesgue measure and + denotes the Minkowski sum. Then
    $V_{1}(K,L)\geq V(K)^{(n-1)/n}V(L)^{1/n},$
with equality if and only if K and L are homothetic, i.e. are equal up to translation and dilation.

## Remarks

* V$_1$ is just one example of a class of quantities known as mixed volumes.
* If L is the n-dimensional unit ball B, then n V$_1$(K, B) is the (n − 1)-dimensional surface measure of K, denoted S(K).

## Connection to other inequalities
### The Brunn–Minkowski inequality

One can show that the Brunn–Minkowski inequality for convex bodies in R$^n$ implies Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies in R$^n$, and that equality in the Brunn–Minkowski inequality implies equality in Minkowski's first inequality.

### The isoperimetric inequality

By taking L = B, the n-dimensional unit ball, in Minkowski's first inequality for convex bodies, one obtains the isoperimetric inequality for convex bodies in R$^n$: if K is a convex body in R$^n$, then
    $\left({\frac {V(K)}{V(B)}}\right)^{1/n}\leq \left({\frac {S(K)}{S(B)}}\right)^{1/(n-1)},$
with equality if and only if K is a ball of some radius.
# Biak triller

The Biak triller (Lalage leucoptera) is a species of bird in the family Campephagidae. It is found on Biak. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the black-browed triller (Lalage atrovirens), but was split as a distinct species by the IOC in 2021.
# Pierre Gauthier (disambiguation)

Pierre Gauthier (born 1953) is an ice hockey executive.
Pierre Gauthier may also refer to:
* Pierre Gauthier (sailor) (1879–?), French sailor
* Pierre Gauthier (politician) (1894–1972), Liberal party and a Bloc populaire member of the Canadian House of Commons
# Bokarina, Queensland

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
Bokarina is a coastal suburb in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia, located within the Kawana Waters urban centre. In the 2021 census, Bokarina had a population of 1,935 people.

## History

The name Bokarina was bestowed at the request of the land developer, Alfred Grant Pty Ltd, in the belief that the name was an Aboriginal expression indicating middle i.e. half-way along the Kawana Waters land-development scheme in 1969.
In the early 1980s, Bokarina emerged as Bokarina Beach, with an initial subdivision between the foreshore reserve and the sports complex on Nicklin Way.
Kawana Waters State High School opened 28 January 1986. Bokarina State School opened on 27 January 1987. On 1 January 2006 the two schools was amalgamated to form Kawana – Bokarina State College, which was renamed on 3 March 2006 to become Kawana Waters State College.
Kawana Waters Uniting Church was dedicated by Reverend Raymond F. Hunt (Moderator of the Uniting Church in Australia, Queensland Synod) on 20 July 1986.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, Bokarina had a population of 1,235 people, 50.9% female and 49.1% male. The median age of the Bokarina population was 38 years, 1 year above the national median of 37. 81.8% of people living in Bokarina were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 5.1%, New Zealand 4.7%, Philippines 0.6%, Scotland 0.5%, Germany 0.5%. 93.9% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% German, 0.6% Mandarin, 0.4% Tagalog, 0.4% Cantonese, 0.3% Punjabi.
In the 2016 census, Bokarina had a population of 1,351 people.
In the 2021 census, Bokarina had a population of 1,935 people.

## Education

Kawana Waters State College is a government primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 119 Sportsmans Parade (26°44′27″S 153°07′35″E﻿ / ﻿26.7409°S 153.1264°E﻿ / -26.7409; 153.1264﻿ (Kawana Waters State College)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1,614 students with 130 teachers (118 full-time equivalent) and 64 non-teaching staff (45 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

## Amenities

Kawana Waters Uniting Church is at 3 Honeysuckle Drive (26°44′11″S 153°07′54″E﻿ / ﻿26.7364°S 153.1317°E﻿ / -26.7364; 153.1317﻿ (Kawana Waters Uniting Church)).
# Procrica mariepskopa

Procrica mariepskopa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in South Africa.
The wingspan is 13 mm for males and 17 mm for females.
# Papa Bear

Papa Bear may refer to:
* Papa Bear (Sesame Street), a member of the Bear family on Sesame Street
* "Papa Bear" (song), a 1998 song by Keith Harling
* George Halas, American football coach
* Bill O'Reilly (political commentator), American news commentator
* One of the Berenstain Bears
* A character from Goldilocks and the Three Bears
* The son of rapper Nicki Minaj
# Arkady Vaksberg

Arkady Iosifovich Vaksberg (Russian:Аркадий Иосифович Ваксберг) (11 November 1927 – 8 May 2011) was a Soviet and Russian lawyer, investigative journalist, writer on historical subjects, film maker and playwright.

## Biography

Vaksberg was born in Novosibirsk in 1927 (some sources give 1933). He graduated from the law faculty of Moscow State University in 1952. He joined the Soviet Writers' Union in 1973. That same year he began working as a journalist at Literaturnaya gazeta.
He was the author of many books, some of which have been translated into English.
Vaksberg died in Moscow in 2011.

## English translations

* Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky 1992 ISBN 978-0-312-07135-6
* Stalin Against the Jews 1995 ISBN 978-0-679-75959-1
* The Murder of Maxim Gorky: A Secret Execution 2007
* Toxic Politics (translated by Paul McGregor) ISBN 978-0-313-38746-3
# 1928 Western Kentucky State Normal Hilltoppers football team

The 1928 Western Kentucky State Normal Hilltoppers football team represented Western Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College (now known as Western Kentucky University) in the 1928 college football season. They were coached by legendary basketball coach Edgar Diddle in his last season as football coach. This team defeated all other Kentucky teams on its schedule and claimed to be state champions. Turner Elrod, Paul Taylor, and Lynn Williams were named to the All Kentucky Team.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 29 | at Centre | Danville, KY | W 12–0 |
| October 6 | Southwestern (TN) | Bowling Green, KY | W 18–0 |
| October 13 | Bethel (TN) | Bowling Green, KY | W 39–0 |
| October 20 | at Middle Tennessee State Teachers | Murfreesboro, TN (rivalry) | W 19–0 |
| October 27 | Georgetown (KY) | Bowling Green, KY | W 19–0 |
| November 3 | Louisville | Bowling Green, KY | W 20–0 |
| November 10 | Kentucky Wesleyan | Bowling Green, KY | W 13–0 |
| November 16 | at Union (TN) | Jackson, TN | L 6–7 |
| November 24 | Cumberland (KY) | Bowling Green, KY | W 25–0 |
| Homecoming |||||
# Minuscule 208

Minuscule 208 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 127 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has marginalia.

## Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 239 parchment leaves (size 17.9 cm by 14.4 cm). The text is written in one column per page, in 23 lines per page.
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι (titles of chapters) at the top. There is also another division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 233 sections, the last in 16:8), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers).
It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, the Eusebian tables, and tables of the κεφαλαια (tables of contents) before each Gospel.
The text of John 7:53-8:11 is placed at the end of the Gospel of John.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K$^x$. Aland placed it in Category V. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents K$^x$ in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made.

## History

The manuscript was examined by Birch and Burgon. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.
It is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. Z 9), at Venice.
# Phi Cancri

The Bayer designation Phi Cancri (φ Cnc / φ Cancri) is shared by a star and star system, in the constellation Cancer:
* φ$^1$ Cancri
* φ$^2$ Cancri
They are separated by 0.96° on the sky.
# Teodors

Teodors is a Latvian masculine given name. It is a cognate of the name Theodore. People bearing the name Teodors include:
* Teodors Bergs (1902–1966), Latvian chess master
* Teodors Bļugers (born 1994), Latvian ice hocker player
* Teodors Eniņš (1934–2008), Latvian neurosurgeon and politician
* Teodors Grīnbergs (1870–1962), Latvian prelate of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia and first Archbishop of Riga
* Teodors Spāde (1891–1970), Latvian naval officer
* Teodors Sukatnieks (1894–unknown) Latvian track and field athlete
* Teodors Ūders (1868–1915), Latvian artist
# Procrica agrapha

Procrica agrapha is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on The Comoros in the Indian Ocean.
# Noise curve

Noise curves are a common way to characterise background noise in unoccupied buildings and spaces. Their purpose is to produce a single-value representation of a complete sound spectrum. International standards organizations (ISO, ANSI and ASA) recognize the need to objectify judgements on the amount of ambient noise in enclosed spaces, and provide us with definitions for various noise curves. The ANSI/ASA S12.2-2008 standard, for example, recommends an NC value of 25-35 for schools and 15-18 for concert halls.
Background noise may have several undesirable effects. Noise can be an annoyance that creates fatigue and negatively affects productivity, safety and the ability to communicate. Therefore, standard methodologies for quantifying noise have been developed. Noise curves reflect different standardized means of creating a single number rating for the background noise spectrum in a space. Different rooms, locations, regulations, and applications may allow different acceptable noise ratings. In most cases, the goal is that background noise should not interfere with the purpose of the room, e.g. the noise of an office air-conditioning system and consistent noise of traffic outside the building should not interfere with telephone calls or conversations. In other cases, special noise may also be tolerated or even introduced at higher levels, for example to create acoustic "privacy", or to help mask other more irritating noise sources.
The process of determining the single value for a particular room is first to measure the sound frequency spectrum created by the background noise in the room while the room is unoccupied. This spectrum is then superimposed onto a template graph containing the noise curves. The result is determined by the lowest curve which is not touched by the measured spectrum at any position in the audio frequency range.
Noise curves serve as uniform measuring standards and are referred to by many noise regulations covering a variety of locations from concert halls, rock concerts, lecture rooms and offices to clay target shooting ranges. There are five major methods and standards for noise curves:
* Noise Criterion Curves (NC)
* Noise Rating Curves (NR)
* Preferred Noise Criterion Curves (PNC)
* Room Criteria Curves (RC)
* Room Noise Criteria (RNC)