OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Polymer fractionation

Polymers are chainlike molecules that are made of the same repetition unit. With a few exceptions such as proteins, a polymer consists of a mix of molecules with different chain lengths. Therefore, average values are given for the molecular weight like the number average, the weight average or the viscosity average molar mass. A measure for the width of the molecular weight distribution is the polydispersity index. The targeted manipulation of the molecular weight distribution of a polymer by removing short and/or long chain material is called polymer fractionation.

## Reasons for polymer fractionation

The molecular weight of polymers has a large influence on their properties and therefore determines the applications. Among others the flow behavior, the solubility, the mechanical properties but also the lifetime are influenced by the molecular weight. For high duty polymers – polymers that have to fulfill elevated demands – not only the molecular weight but also the molecular weight distribution is important. This especially holds true if low and/or high molecular material disturbs a given task.

## Analytical methods

Polymers can be fractionated on an analytical scale by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or field flow fractionation (FFF). These methods are used to determine the molecular weight distribution.

## Preparative methods

In most cases the fractionation of polymers on a preparative scale is based on chromatographic methods (e.g. preparative SEC or Baker-Williams fractionation). Therefore, the production is normally limited to few grams only. For large scales of several grams up to kg or even tons the “continuous spin fractionation” can be used. F. Francuskiewicz gives an overview about preparative polymer fractionation.

## Literature

* M.J.R Cantow Polymer Fractionation Academic Press, New York (1967)
* L.H. Tung Fractionation of Synthetic Polymers Marcel Dekker, New York (1977)
* F. Francuskiewicz Polymer Fractionation Springer, Berlin (1994)
* R. Koningsveld, L.D. Kleintjens, H. Geerissen, P. Schützeichel, B.A. Wolf „Fractionation“ in: Comprehensive Polymer Science Volume 1 Pergamon Press, Oxford (1989) 293-312
# Breed standard

In animal husbandry or animal fancy, a breed standard is a description of the characteristics of a hypothetical or ideal example of a breed.$^{:xix}$ The description may include physical or morphological detail, genetic criteria, or criteria of athletic or productive performance. It may also describe faults or deficiencies that would disqualify an animal from registration or from reproduction.$^{:xix}$ The hypothetical ideal example may be called a "breed type".
Breed standards are devised by breed associations or breed clubs, not by individuals, and are written to reflect the use or purpose of the species and breed of the animal. Breed standards help define the ideal animal of a breed and provide goals for breeders in improving stock. In essence a breed standard is a blueprint for an animal fit for the function it was bred - i.e. herding, tracking etc. Breed standards are not scientific documents, and may vary from association to association, and from country to country, even for the same species and breed. There is no one format for breed standards across all species, and breed standards do change and are updated over time.

## Contents of a breed standard

Breed standards cover the externally observable qualities of the animal such as appearance, movement, and temperament. The exact format of the breed standard varies, as breed standards are not scientific documents and change as the needs of the members of the organization which authors them change. In general, a breed standard may include history of the breed, a narrative description of the breed, and details of the ideal externally observable structure and behavior for the breed. Certain deviations from the standard are considered faults. A large degree of deviation from the breed standard, an excess of faults, or certain defined major faults, may indicate that the animal should not be bred, although its fitness for other uses may not be impeded by the faults. An animal that closely matches (conforms to) the breed standard for its species and breed is said to have good conformation.

## Examples of use

In the American Poultry Association breed standards for poultry, for example, ducks and geese are divided by weight, and chicken breeds are divided by size. Chickens are also divided into egg laying, meat, and ornamental varieties. In cattle, breed standards allow for comparisons and the selection of the best breeds to raise.
There is breed standard for dogs, cats, horses, chicken breeds, and others. The standard is used as a comparative parameter for judging animals in conformation shows competitions.

## Regulation

Some species have international governing bodies that attempt to regulate the terminology and format of breed standards internationally, but, even where such international agreement exists, not all associations for that species necessarily belong to the international governing body. The Federation Cynologique Internationale regulates breed standards for dogs internationally, but the largest dog registry, the American Kennel Club, does not belong to the international body and uses its own breed standard format.
# Pine Grove, Ontario

Pine Grove is the name of several communities in Ontario:
* Pine Grove, Lanark Highlands, Ontario
* Pinegrove, one of the Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario
* Pine Grove, North Glengarry, Ontario
* Pine Grove, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario
# To Each His Own (novel)

To Each His Own (Italian title: A ciascuno il suo) is a 1966 detective novel by Leonardo Sciascia in which an introverted academic (Professor Laurana), in attempting to solve a double-homicide, gets in too deep, with his naive interference in town politics.

## Plot summary

Dr. Manno, the town pharmacist, receives an anonymous letter made up of newspaper cuttings. The letter contains a death threat, but is dismissed by the locals as a practical joke. However, when Dr. Manno and his hunting companion, Dr. Roscio, are found murdered the next day, it becomes quite apparent that the letter was intended to do more than simply frighten the pharmacist from engaging in his favourite pastime.
Although the double-homicide is interesting gossip for the townspeople, nobody gives the motives for the murders a second thought, and it is assumed that the pharmacist would have known the reason for his murder and would have thus deserved the consequences. Everybody in the town continues with their daily lives after a short lapse of time apart from Professor Laurana.
When Dr. Manno initially received the letter, Laurana notices the word "UNICUIQUE" and proudly believes himself to be the only person with the knowledge to solve the case. For months, Laurana follows various leads, and before long finds himself entangled in a web of corruption from which he cannot escape. Prof. Laurana is soon regarded to be a threat by the perpetrators of the crime, and it does not take long before he too is murdered.

## Availability

To Each His Own is available in paperback under ISBN 0-940322-52-8 (New York: NYRB Classics, 2000).

## Film Adaptation

A film adaptation of A ciascuno il suo was directed by Elio Petri and released in Italy on 22 February 1967. The film won several awards, including the Best Screenplay at the Cannes Film Festival and the Silver Ribbon in several categories at the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists.
# Atractaspis phillipsi

Atractaspis phillipsi, the Phillips’ burrowing asp or the Phillips erdviper, is a species of snake from the Atractaspis genus native to Sudan and South Sudan. The species was described in by Barbour in 1913.
# 19 and Crazy

"19 and Crazy" is a song recorded by American country music duo Bomshel. It was released in September 2009 as the third single from their debut album Fight Like a Girl. Kelley Shepard and Kristy Osmunson, who comprise Bomshel, co-wrote the song with Mark Irwin and Josh Kear. Osmunson, Kear, and Irwin also produced the track.

## Content

"19 and Crazy" is an up-tempo country song that centralizes on its female narrator, who states a desire to retain the lifestyles of her late teenage years.

## Critical reception

Kevin J. Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B rating. He stated that "the song has an incessant driving beat that straddles the fence between urgency and just plain annoyingly fast." Bobby Peacock of Roughstock gave a positive review, saying that it was similar in theme to Mark Wills' "19 Somethin'" but adding, "it's tempered by a sense of maturity by the opening stanza, where she realizes she[…]might tell her children not to do all of the crazy things that she did."

## Music video

The video was directed by Eric Welch, and features the duo on their touring.

## Chart performance

"19 and Crazy" debuted at number 55 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated October 3, 2009. On the chart dated November 7, 2009, it became Bomshel's second consecutive Top 40 country hit. It peaked at number 33 in December 2009.
| Chart (2009) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 33 |
# Osamu Koyabu

Osamu Koyabu (小藪修, Koyabu Osamu), (born 24 October 1947 in Osaka) is a Japanese former rugby union player and coach. He played as a fly-half.

## Career

Hailing from Osaka Prefecture, Koyabu was educated at Doshisha University, where he was the driving force of the West League consecutive wins as the team captain. In 1970 after graduation, he worked for Mitsubishi Motors Kyoto, but he joined Nippon Steel Kamaishi, with which he would win several times the Kansai League A and the 1977 All Japan Championship, as player-coach. In that year, Koyabu retired as player and he led Nippon Steel Kamaishi between 1976 and 1981, during the club's seven consecutive titles in the All-Japan Championship. In 1974, Koyabu was called up by the then-coach of the Japanese national team Ryo Saito to play for Japan, with which Koyabu only played a test match against Sri Lanka, in Colombo, scoring a try in the match, winning the 4th edition of the Asia Rugby Championship.
In 1992, Koyabu returned to the Japan national rugby union team, being appointed as head coach, replacing Hiroaki Shukuzawa. He also led Japan in the 1995 Rugby World Cup campaign, however, after the defeat against the All Blacks at Bloemfontein, known in the Japanese press as The Nightmare of Bloemfontein (ブルームフォンテンの悪夢, Burūmufonten no akumu), he resigned from his post. Currently, Koyabu works in a company affiliated to Nippon Steel.
# Acharya Sukumar Sen Mahavidyalaya

Achaya Sukumar Sen Mahavidyalaya, established in 2013, is the government general degree college in Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India. This college was founded by Dr.Tushar Kanti Pal, the former principal of Raja Rammohan College, Hoogly. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to University of Burdwan.
# Bolesławiec District

Bolesławiec District was a district within the Duchy of Wieluń. Its capital was Bolesławiec. It was formed around 1378 from Wieluń Land and existed until 1391 when duchy was conquered by Kingdom of Poland.
# Boston Evening-Post

The Boston Evening-Post (August 18, 1735 – April 24, 1775) was a newspaper printed in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 18th century. Publishers included Thomas Fleet (d.1758), Thomas Fleet Jr. (d.1797), and John Fleet (d.1806).
# Drinkin' and Dreamin'

"Drinkin' and Dreamin'" is a song written by Troy Seals and Max D. Barnes, and recorded by American country music artist Waylon Jennings. It was released in June 1985 as the first single from the album Turn the Page. The song reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1985) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 2 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 26 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1985) | Position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 16 |
# Pine Grove, Lake County, California

Pine Grove is a resort in Lake County, California. It is located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northwest of Whispering Pines, at an elevation of 2,520 feet (768 m).
# Odontoptera toulgoeti

Odontoptera toulgoeti is a species of South American lanternfly.

## Identification

Like other Odontoptera, this species has a green body, an elongate cephalic process, and an apically oblique wing. It is distinguished from Odontoptera spectabilis by the cephalic process apically lifted, the eyespot on the tegmen distinct, the anal angle not falcate and the browning on the tegmen covering the entire apical third of tegmen but gradiented from the green basal two thirds. The last feature also distinguishes it from Odontoptera carrenoi.
# 19 días y 500 noches

19 días y 500 noches ("19 days and 500 nights") is an album by Spanish singer-songwriter Joaquín Sabina. It was released in 1999 on the BMG and Ariola labels. In 2015, it was selected by Billboard magazine as one of the "50 Essential Latin Albums of the Last 50 Years".

## Track listing

* "Ahora que..." [6:49]
* "19 días y 500 noches" [4:45]
* "Barbi Superestar" [6:37]
* "Una canción para La Magdalena" [4:15]
* "Dieguitos Y Mafaldas" [5:35]
* "A mis cuarenta y diez" [7:11]
* "El caso de la rubia platino" [4:50]
* "Donde habita el olvido" [3:32]
* "Cerrado por derribo" [4:37]
* "Pero qué hermosas eran" [7:29]
* "De purísima y oro" [4:52]
* "Como te digo una 'co' te digo la 'o'" [8:41]
* "Noches de boda" (duet with Chavela Vargas) [4:42]
Bonus tracks on Argentine release
* "Nos sobran los motivos" [4:33]
* "La Biblia y el calefón" [3:02]

### Sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Spain | — | 500,000 |
| Summaries |||
| Latin America | — | 200,000 |
# Osamu Kuraishi

Osamu Kuraishi (倉石平, Kuraishi Osamu) is the former head coach of the Hitachi SunRockers.

## Head coaching record

| Team | Year | G | W | L | W–L% | Finish | PG | PW | PL | PW–L% | Result |
| Daiwa Securities | 1994 | 16 | 7 | 9 | .438 | 4th in C | - | - | - | – | 7th |
| Daiwa Securities | 1995 | 16 | 8 | 8 | .500 | 4th in C | - | - | - | – | 4th |
| Daiwa Securities | 1996 | 16 | 9 | 7 | .563 | 3rd in T | - | - | - | – | 4th |
| Daiwa Securities | 1997 | 16 | 7 | 9 | .438 | 2nd in C | - | - | - | – | 3rd |
| Daiwa Securities | 1998 | 16 | 8 | 8 | .500 | 3rd in C | - | - | - | – | 4th |
| Hitachi SunRockers | 2001 | 21 | 2 | 19 | .095 | 8th | - | - | - | – | 8th |
| Hitachi SunRockers | 2002 | 21 | 8 | 13 | .381 | 7th | - | - | - | – | 7th |
| Hitachi SunRockers | 2003 | 28 | 11 | 17 | .393 | 7th | - | - | - | – | 7th |
| Hitachi SunRockers | 2004 | 28 | 8 | 20 | .286 | 8th | - | - | - | – | 8th |
# Cretaceous Research

Cretaceous Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. The journal focuses on topics dealing with the Cretaceous period and the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.176.
# Poecilostreptus

Poecilostreptus is a genus of birds in the tanager family Thraupidae.

## Taxonomy and species list

These species were formerly placed in the genus Tangara. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Tangara was polyphyletic. In the rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the new genus, Poecilostreptus, was erected with the grey-and-gold tanager as the type species. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek ποικίλος/poikílo meaning "spotted" or "dappled" and στρεπτός/streptós meaning "collar".
The genus contains the two species:
* Azure-rumped tanager, Poecilostreptus cabanisi
* Grey-and-gold tanager, Poecilostreptus palmeri
# Lord Peter (fairy tale)

Lord Peter or Squire Per is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Asbjørnsen and Moe.
It is Aarne-Thompson type 545B.

## Synopsis

A couple died, leaving their three sons a porridge-pot, a griddle, and a cat. The older two took the porridge-pot and griddle, so they could lend them and get something to eat, but the youngest, Peter, took the cat, because otherwise she would starve at the old home. They all set out to seek their fortune.
The cat caught game and had Peter present them to the king as gifts from Lord Peter. The king wanted to visit Lord Peter; when Peter refused, he insisted on Lord Peter's visiting to him. Peter complained to the cat that he was in trouble now, but the cat provided clothing and a coach for him. On the visit, the king declared that he would go home with Lord Peter. Peter told the cat, and it went ahead, to bribe all the people along the way to describe their flocks as Lord Peter's. Then they came to a troll's castle, but the troll was gone, so they went in. When the troll arrived, the cat distracted it with a story until sunrise, and the sunlight made it burst.
The cat told Peter that everything was his, now, and in return, all it asked was that Peter cut off its head. He refused, but the cat threatened to claw his eyes out if he did not. When he did, the cat became a lovely princess, who told him that the castle had belonged to her parents, and the troll had turned her into a cat. Now, she was willing to become his wife. He agreed to marry her, and the wedding was held.
# Breunion Boys

The Breunion Boys are a Dutch boy band who released their first single, "Britain Come Back", in December 2018, with the goal of convincing the people of the United Kingdom not to leave the European Union. The music video for the single was produced by July Film and directed by Dutch director Thessa Meijer. The group was formed by Julia Veldman, a Dutch visual storyteller, who mentioned Take That as an influence in creating the band. Their second single, released in January 2019, called "The Real Deal", is about the deal made by Prime Minister Theresa May with the EU. Both singles are composed and written by Flavia Faas.
The band consists of five members: Joshua Alagbe, Hajo Reurs, Seyed Hosseini, Pablo Ramos and Gilles Meester. They received international media attention, with interviews on Good Morning Britain and Sky News and mentions on The Russell Howard Hour and Last Week Tonight with John Oliver.
# 2013 European Individual Chess Championship

The European Individual Chess Championship 2013 was a chess 11-round Swiss-system tournament, played between 4 and 17 May 2013, in Legnica, Poland. Ukrainian grandmaster Alexander Moiseenko won the gold medal after tie break.

## Format

Players had 90 minutes for their first 40 moves followed by 30 minutes for the rest of the game with an additional increment of 30 seconds per move from move one.
The tie breaks were calculated as follows:
* Average Rating cut-1, the highest number wins;
* Buchholz cut-1, the highest number wins;
* Buchholz, the highest number wins;
* Number of wins, the highest number wins.
The best 23 players qualified for the Chess World Cup 2013.

## Participants

The players were nominated by their respective national chess federations. The 10 highest ranked participants with their May 2013 rating (Continent Rank Europe position) were:
* Dmitry Jakovenko (Russia), 2731 (15)
* Evgeny Tomashevsky (Russia), 2719 (20)
* Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (France), 2718 (21)
* Ian Nepomniachtchi (Russia), 2710 (24)
* Alexander Areshchenko (Ukraine), 2709
* David Navara (Czechoslovakia), 2706
* Vladimir Akopian (Armenia), 2704
* Pavel Eljanov (Ukraine), 2702
* Ivan Cheparinov (Bulgaria), 2700 (35)
* Alexander Moiseenko (Ukraine), 2698
All of the above are grandmasters.

## Winners

Ten players finished on 8/11 points to tie for first place. After applying tie-breaks, the following players were awarded the gold, silver and bronze medal positions;
* Alexander Moiseenko (Ukraine)
* Evgeny Alekseev (Russia)
* Evgeny Romanov (Russia)
# Pukaki Lagoon

Pukaki Lagoon, located in the suburb of Māngere, New Zealand, is one of the volcanoes in the Auckland volcanic field. The lagoon, alongside Māngere Lagoon, Waitomokia, Crater Hill, Kohuora and Robertson Hill, is one of the volcanic features collectively referred to as Nga Tapuwae a Mataoho ("The Sacred Footprints of Mataoho"), referring to the deity in Tāmaki Māori myths who was involved in their creation.
Pukaki Lagoon has a 600 m wide explosion crater, with a surrounding tuff ring. After an eruption about 65,000 yrs ago the crater filled with freshwater and became a lake. It was breached by the sea as sea-levels rose after the end of the last ice age about 8,000 yrs ago and became a tidal lagoon. This was dammed and drained and used as a speedway from 1929 into the 1930s (Henning's Speedway). It is now farmland.
# Oenopia

Oenopia may refer to:
* Oenopia, ancient name of the Greek island of Aegina
* Oenopia (beetle), a genus of ladybird beetles in the family Coccinellidae
# 1st Marine Surveillance Flotilla

1st Marine Surveillance Flotilla, China Marine Surveillance (Chinese: 中国海监第一支队) is under North China Sea Branch, State Oceanic Administration and North China Sea Fleet (CMS). Its main task is to administer Chinese waters in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Its headquarters is at Qingdao, Shandong.
# Osterby

Osterby may refer to:

## People

* H.C. Østerby (born 1955), Danish politician
* Fie Østerby (born 1992), Danish professional racing cyclist

## Places

* Osterby, Rendsburg-Eckernförde, municipality in Rendsburg-Eckernförde district, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
* Osterby, Schleswig-Flensburg, municipality in Schleswig-Flensburg district, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
* Österby, village in Noarootsi Parish, Lääne County, Estonia
* Østerby, Denmark, village in Jammerbugt Municipality, Denmark

## Other uses

* Osterby Man (died 75 AD), bog body from Iron Age discovered in Germany
# Acronicta dahurica

Acronicta dahurica is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in northern China and the Russian Far East.
Wingspan is 38 mm (1.5 in) in males and 40 mm (1.6 in) in females. Adults fly in mid May–early June.
# Poecilotheria formosa

Poecilotheria formosa is a species of tarantula, commonly known as the salem ornamental, beautiful parachute spider, or finely formed parachute spider.

## Distribution

P. formosa is found only in South-Eastern Ghats between Salem and Tirupathi in southern India. The population is decreasing due to habitat loss and pet trade.
# Borough of Sebastopol

The Borough of Sebastopol was a local government area about 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of the regional city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The borough covered an area of 7.61 square kilometres (2.9 sq mi), and existed from 1864 until 1994.
Sebastopol was incorporated as a borough on 1 October 1864. On 6 May 1994, the Borough of Sebastopol was abolished, and along with the City of Ballaarat, the Shire of Ballarat, and parts of the Shires of Bungaree, Buninyong, Grenville and Ripon, was merged into the newly created City of Ballarat.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1954 | 3,265 |
| 1958 | 3,480* |
| 1961 | 4,663 |
| 1966 | 4,966 |
| 1971 | 5,268 |
| 1976 | 5,941 |
| 1981 | 6,462 |
| 1986 | 7,011 |
| 1991 | 7,527 |
* Estimate in the 1958 Victorian Year Book.
# Madhupur, Diglipur

Madhupur is a panchayat village located in the Diglipur block of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.
Madhupur is located 185 km from Port Blair. The nearest towns are Mayabunder (50 km) and Rangat (90 km). In 2008-09, its population was 2844.
The villages under the Madhupur panchayat jurisdiction include Deshbandhugram, Madhupur and Rabindrapally.