OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Large deviations of Gaussian random functions

A random function – of either one variable (a random process), or two or more variables (a random field) – is called Gaussian if every finite-dimensional distribution is a multivariate normal distribution. Gaussian random fields on the sphere are useful (for example) when analysing
* the anomalies in the cosmic microwave background radiation (see, pp. 8–9);
* brain images obtained by positron emission tomography (see, pp. 9–10).
Sometimes, a value of a Gaussian random function deviates from its expected value by several standard deviations. This is a large deviation. Though rare in a small domain (of space or/and time), large deviations may be quite usual in a large domain.

## Basic statement

Let $M$ be the maximal value of a Gaussian random function $X$ on the (two-dimensional) sphere. Assume that the expected value of $X$ is $0$ (at every point of the sphere), and the standard deviation of $X$ is $1$ (at every point of the sphere). Then, for large $a>0$, $P(M>a)$ is close to $Ca\exp(-a^{2}/2)+2P(\xi >a)$, where $\xi$ is distributed $N(0,1)$ (the standard normal distribution), and $C$ is a constant; it does not depend on $a$, but depends on the correlation function of $X$ (see below). The relative error of the approximation decays exponentially for large $a$.
The constant $C$ is easy to determine in the important special case described in terms of the directional derivative of $X$ at a given point (of the sphere) in a given direction (tangential to the sphere). The derivative is random, with zero expectation and some standard deviation. The latter may depend on the point and the direction. However, if it does not depend, then it is equal to $(\pi /2)^{1/4}C^{1/2}$ (for the sphere of radius $1$).
The coefficient $2$ before $P(\xi >a)$ is in fact the Euler characteristic of the sphere (for the torus it vanishes).
It is assumed that $X$ is twice continuously differentiable (almost surely), and reaches its maximum at a single point (almost surely).

## The clue: mean Euler characteristic

The clue to the theory sketched above is, Euler characteristic $\chi _{a}$ of the set $\{X>a\}$ of all points $t$ (of the sphere) such that $X(t)>a$. Its expected value (in other words, mean value) $E(\chi _{a})$ can be calculated explicitly:
    $E(\chi _{a})=Ca\exp(-a^{2}/2)+2P(\xi >a)$
(which is far from being trivial, and involves Poincaré–Hopf theorem, Gauss–Bonnet theorem, Rice's formula etc.).
The set $\{X>a\}$ is the empty set whenever $M<a$; in this case $\chi _{a}=0$. In the other case, when $M>a$, the set $\{X>a\}$ is non-empty; its Euler characteristic may take various values, depending on the topology of the set (the number of connected components, and possible holes in these components). However, if $a$ is large and $M>a$ then the set $\{X>a\}$ is usually a small, slightly deformed disk or ellipse (which is easy to guess, but quite difficult to prove). Thus, its Euler characteristic $\chi _{a}$ is usually equal to $1$ (given that $M>a$). This is why $E(\chi _{a})$ is close to $P(M>a)$.
# Larry Coleman (motorcyclist)

Larry Coleman is the most successful sidecar roadracer in the United States, winning three American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) national championships ('76, '77, '79), and a land-speed record holder in sidecar divisions. He was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2010.
Stationed in Germany with the military in the late 1960s, Coleman in fall of 1968 founded a motorcycle club with fellow US soldiers, named "Bones MC", after a MAD magazine cartoon with a cigarette in a skeleton hand. The club, originally based at Frankfurt, predates the first German charter of the Hells Angels, founded 1973 in Hamburg, by several years. The Bones also accepted German members, expanded to Mannheim and other cities, and became the largest MC in Germany. With US members returning after their service, Germans took over, and the Bones MC turned into an "outlaw motorcycle club", until in 1999 16 of the 21 chapters merged ("patch-over") with the smaller Hells Angels MC of Germany.
Watching the 1969 German motorcycle Grand Prix at Hockenheimring, Coleman got hooked to sidecars and sidecar racing, riding a BMW R69S with sidecar. Upon returning to the States, Coleman raced a Kawasaki H1 Mach III 500cc sidecar with passenger Wendell Andrews with immediate success in American Federation of Motorcyclists (AFM) and AMA racing, missing the AMA Championship in 1973 at Laguna Seca by finishing runner up. In 1974, Coleman/Andrews imported a state-of-the-art sidecar racing chassis from England, installed a Suzuki GT750 engine, and dominated both AFM and AMA racing for the next several years, winning two AMA national Championships in 1976–77.
After Andrews retired from racing in late 1977, Coleman teamed up with Mark Bevans to contest and win the AMA Championship in 1979. The team built a new chassis for 1980, powered by a Yamaha TZ750, and won the sidecar support race at the 1981 Formula1 Long Beach Grand Prix, which put the team on the cover of Cycle News, as well as earning them articles in Cycle World Magazine, American Motorcyclist and other publications. At the end of the 1981 season, Coleman retired from full-time sidecar racing to pursue a career in the motorcycle industry, where he held sales manager positions with Kal Gard Lubricants, Supertrapp Industries, and K&N Filters.
In 1988, Coleman started to compete at the Bonneville Salt Flats with a racing sidecar. He holds since 2011 an Bonneville Motorcycle Speed Trials AMA national record with a 1350cc Suzuki sidecar at 158.2 mph. At one time he had as many as four records, one of which stood for 17 years. The top was 174 mph.
# Asaad Abu Gilel al-Taie

Asaad Abu Gilel al-Taie (born March 3, 1952) is the former SCIRI governor of Najaf province, in Iraq. He now works as the Head of Africa Department at the Headquarters of Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He has Finnish citizenship, because he and his family have lived there as refugees since the 1990s.

## Marriage and children

He has seven children.
* Hussein al-Taee is the oldest child. He was elected to the Finnish Parliament 2019.
# Lasadiya tehsil

Lasadiya (also spelt Lasadia) is a tehsil of Salumbar district in Rajasthan, India.The tehsil consists of 114 revenue villages which are organized in 19 gram panchayats The tehsil headquarter is located in the village of Lasadiya. The boundaries of Lasadiya tehsil are conterminous with those of Lasadiya panchayat samiti.

## History

Before the formation of the Republic of India, the territory of present-day Lasadiya tehsil was part of the former Udaipur State. With the formation of the United State of Rajasthan (precursor to the state of Rajasthan) in 1948, the new district of Udaipur was constituted which included the area of present-day Lasadiya tehsil. Lasadiya tehsil was created in 2008 by including 19 villages of Salumbar tehsil (of Udaipur district) and 88 villages of Dhariawad tehsil (of Pratapgarh district).

## Geography

The area of Lasadiya tehsil is 539 square kilometres. The tehsil is bordered by Girwa tehsil to the northwest, Vallabhnagar tehsil to the north, Chittaurgarh district to the north east, Pratapgarh district to the southeast, and Salumber tehsils to the southwest. The annual average rainfall in Lasadiya tehsil is 692 mm, with an average of 32 rainy days per year.

## Demographics

The population of Lasadiya tehsil is 91,229, which makes it the least populous tehsil in Udaipur district. The entire population of Lasadiya is classified as rural in the 2011 census. The sex ratio in the tehsil is 968. 88% of the population belongs to one of the statutorily defined scheduled tribes. The tehsil's literacy rate of 35% is the second lowest in Udaipur district. 96% of the population of the tehsil is rural and the literacy rate of the tehsil is 54%. Mewari is the predominant language used in the tehsil, being the first language for 98% of the population of the tehsil.
Because of its predominant tribal population, Lasadiya tehsil is classified as a Scheduled Area which affords safeguards for interests of the tribal population.

## Economy

Agriculture is the most significant sources of income in Lasadiya tehsil with 90% of workers identifying as cultivators or agricultural labourers in the 2011 census.
# Latin (George Dalaras album)

Latin is a 1987 double album by George Dalaras containing Greek-language adaptations of Latin-American songs, featuring Al Di Meola, Glykeria, and Alkistis Protopsalti. The album was a commercial and critical success for Dalaras in Greece, selling nearly half a million copies. It is one of several Dalaras albums to feature Al Di Meola.
# Milano Santa Giulia

Milano Santa Giulia is a green and residential district ("quartiere") under construction in the south-east periphery of Milan, Italy, between the districts of Rogoredo and Taliedo, in the Zone 4 administrative division. As the construction is still in progress, the district is not formally recognized as such, and its area is still referred to as being part of Rogoredo and Taliedo.
The area where Milano Santa Giulia is being built is a 296 acres (1.20 km$^2$) wide former industrial zone, where Montedison and Acciaierie Redaelli facilities used to be. For this reason, the district is also nicknamed Montecity, after Montedison.
The leading architect of the Milano Santa Giulia project is Norman Foster (UK), and the developer is Risanamento.

## The plan

According to the initial plan, the district will have two main areas, respectively where Montedison and Redaelli facilities used to be; they will be divided by a large city park, traversed by the Paullese, a major thoroughfare connecting Milan to Paullo.
The ex-Montedison area (bordering on Taliedo) is intended to become been a luxury residential area, with a prestigious shopping mall (nicknamed "Montecity Avenue"), congress facilities, and a church designed by Peter Zumthor.
The district will accommodate up to 60,000 residents and comprise retail stores as well as leisure areas. Hotels, offices, a conference center, a school, and a church are planned, surrounding a large central green area. Public art in the area has been commissioned to sculptor Anish Kapoor.
The district will be connected to Milan by the Paullese as well as the Tangenziale Est ring road. The nearby Rogoredo railway station, and Milan Metro station, will also serve the new district. The development of a tramway from the railway station across the whole district, connecting to the existing tracks in the neighbourhood of Morsenchio, is also part of the plan.

## Current situation

Construction in the ex-Montedison area has experienced both financial and legal problems, and has been suspended. In 2010, the authorities have confiscated the area on the basis that the groundwater is polluted, an issue that is still being debated, with the Milan Metro trustees upholding that the drinking water aquifers are safe.
In the ex-Redaelli area, bordering on the Rogoredo district, residential and office buildings have been constructed, including the headquarters of the Sky Italia satellite television provider.
# Chionodes abavus

Chionodes abavus is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona.
# Bomi-1

Bomi-1 is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The district covers Tubmanburg City and Senjeh District (except for the Maher community).

## Elected representatives

| Year | Representative elected | Party | Notes |
| 2005 | Alex J. Tyler | COTOL | |
| 2011 | Samuel G. Karmo | UP | |
| 2017 | Edwin M. Snowe, Jr. | UP | Resigned after elected to Senate. |
| 2021 | Finda Gborie Lansanah | IND | |
| 2023 | Jahkpakpa Obediah Varney | UP | |
# Magpie River

Magpie River may refer to:
* Magpie River (Ontario) in Ontario, Canada
* Magpie River (Quebec) in northern Quebec, Canada
# Baía Farta Solar Power Station

The Baía Farta Solar Power Station is an operational 96.7 MW (129,700 hp) solar power plant in Angola. The power station, which was commercially commissioned on 20 July 2022, was developed by a consortium comprising (a) M. Couto Alves Vias SA, an energy consulting company based in Angola (b) M.Couto Alves SA, a construction company based in Portugal and (c) Sun Africa LLC, a renewable energy solutions company based in the United States. The power off-taker is Empresa Rede Nacional de Transporte de Electricidade (RNT-EP) (English: National Electricity Transmission Network). The power station is owned by the Angolan Ministry of Energy and Water.

## Location

The power station is located at Baía Farta, a municipality in Benguela Province. Baía Farta sits on the coast of Atlantic Ocean, approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi), southwest of city of Benguela, the provincial capital. The geographical coordinates of the power station are: 12°37'18.0"S, 13°10'51.0"E (Latitude:-12.621667; Longitude:13.180833).

## Overview

The power station comprises 261,360 ground-mounted solar photovoltaic panels. The solar complex sits on a piece of real estate measuring 186 hectares (460 acres). The design calls for a generation capacity of 96.7 megawatts. Its output is sold directly to the Empresa Rede Nacional de Transporte de Electricidade (RNT), the national electricity transportation utility company, for integration into the national grid.
The Angolan government is in the process of expanding national electricity generation from 5.01 GW in 2021 to 9.9 GW by 2025, of which 800 MW is sourced from renewable sources.

## Developers and ownership

The table below illustrates the corporate entities who developed the solar farm and their countries of domicile.
Baía Farta Solar Company Developers :
| Rank | Name of Developer | Domicile | Specialty |
| 1 | M. Couto Alves SA (MCA SA) | Portugal | Construction |
| 2 | M. Couto Alves Vias SA (MCA Vias SA) | Angola | Consultant |
| 2 | Sun Africa | United States | Consultant, Finance & Management |
The power station is reported to belong to the Angolan Ministry of Energy and Water and is operated by Empresa Pública de Produção de Electricidade (PRODEL-EP), the national electricity generation utility company.

## Construction costs

The construction costs of this renewable energy infrastructure is reported as US$152 million.
# Boston Library

Boston Library may refer to:
In Massachusetts, USA:
* The Boston Public Library,
** the Boston Public Library, McKim Building, a branch of the Boston Public Library
* Boston Athenaeum, one of the oldest independent proprietary libraries in the United States
* Boston Library Society (1792-1939)
* Boston Medical Library, the largest academic medical library in the world. Combined with Harvard's medical collections, it is also known as the Countway Library of Medicine
* Congregational Library, a denominationally-independent research library of religious literature, located in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood
# Bebearia lopeensis

Bebearia lopeensis is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Gabon.
# Patty Parsons

Patty Parsons (born in West Virginia) is the former soulful lead singer of AnExchange, a Marin County, California–based folk rock group of the early 1970s.
Patty is the aunt of Kat Parsons, a Los Angeles–based singer-songwriter.
# Beckingham railway station

Beckingham railway station was a station in Beckingham, Nottinghamshire on the line between Gainsborough and Doncaster. The station opened on 16 July 1867, and passenger services were withdrawn on 2 November 1959, although the line through the station remains open. Goods trains served the station until 19 August 1963.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Walkeringham | GN and GE Joint Railway | Gainsborough Lea Road |
vteDoncaster–Lincoln line :
Legend :
# Patterson Creek, West Virginia

Patterson Creek is an unincorporated community in Mineral County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at the northeastern end of the county, and is named for Patterson Creek, which empties into the North Branch Potomac River here.
# Beckwithia

Beckwithia may refer to:
* Beckwithia (arthropod), an arthropod genus in the order Aglaspidida
* Beckwithia (plant), a plant genus in the family Ranunculaceae
# Lateral release (surgery)

A lateral release is a surgical procedure to release tight capsular structures (lateral retinaculum) on the outer aspect (lateral aspect) of the kneecap (patella). This is usually performed because of knee pain related to the kneecap being pulled over to the outer (lateral) side and not being able to run properly in the centre of the groove of the femur bone as the knee bends and straightens. The procedure is also known as a 'lateral retinacular release'.
Amongst experienced knee surgeons with a special interest in diseases of the patellofemoral articulation, isolated lateral release is rarely performed. Strong consensus was found that isolated lateral release should not be undertaken without prior planning in the form of objective clinical indications and preoperative informed consent.
# CSKA Moscow (bandy club)

Sports Teams of CSKA Moscow :
| Football (men's) (women's) | Futsal | Beach soccer |
| Basketball (men's) (women's) | Ice hockey | Volleyball (men's) (women's) |
| Bandy | Handball (men's) (women's) | Water polo |
| Rugby union (men's) (women's) | | |
CSKA Moscow was a Russian bandy club which was a department of CSKA Moscow. It won the Soviet national championship in 1954, 1955 and 1957. The bandy department was established in 1936 and disbanded in 1962.

## Honours
### Domestic

* Soviet Champions:
** Winners (3): 1954, 1955, 1957
** Runners-up (4): 1956, 1958, 1960, 1962
* Soviet Cup:
** Winners (3): 1939, 1945, 1946
* This bandy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Antonio Brancaccio (bishop)

Antonio Brancaccio, O.P. or Antonio Brancati (died 1518) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Gravina di Puglia (1508–1518).

## Biography

Antonio Brancaccio was ordained a priest in the Order of Preachers. On 18 February 1508, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Julius II as Bishop of Gravina di Puglia. He served as Bishop of Gravina di Puglia until his death in 1518.
# Chionodes abella

Chionodes abella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Idaho and south-western British Columbia to Colorado, Texas and California.
The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are white, thickly suffused with fuscous, obliterating the white ground-color except on the apical third of the wing, which is pure white. Near base is an ill-defined oblique costal streak with only a few dark scales therefore appearing whitish against the darker surrounding parts. The hindwings are light fuscous.
The larvae feed on Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies concolor, Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus contorta and Pinus radiata.
# Chionodes abdominella

Chionodes abdominella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California and Nevada.
The wingspan is 9–10 mm. The forewings are black and white, with the extreme base of the costa black and with a large black triangular costal spot before the middle of the wing, with the tip reaching beyond the fold and with a white central dot on the costa. The apical two-fifths of the wing are black, with a costal and dorsal triangular white spot at the beginning of the cilia nearly or quite reaching each other with their thinly extended tips. The rest of the forewing has two upward projections reaching the costal edge on each side of the costal black triangular spot, white with a faint ochreous tint. The hindwings are light silvery grey.
# Chipman Creek

Chipman Creek may refer to:
* Chipman Creek (Alberta), a stream in Alberta, Canada
* Chipman Creek (British Columbia), a stream in British Columbia, Canada
# Chipman/M.Y. Airfield

Chipman/M.Y. Airfield (TC LID: CMY2) is located 3.9 nautical miles (7.2 km; 4.5 mi) south southeast of Chipman, Alberta, Canada.
# Mead Corp. v. Tilley

Mead Corp. v. Tilley, 490 U.S. 714 (1989), is a US labor law case, concerning occupational pensions.

## Judgment

Justice Thurgood Marshall, writing for the Court, held that only after an employer has met PBGC conditions to fund plans can it recoup ‘excess’ funds that would not need to cover promised benefits.
Justice John P. Stevens dissented.
   In my opinion the early retirement benefits that respondents seek are contingent liabilities that under both ERISA and the Plan must be satisfied before plan assets revert to the employer. Section 4044(d) of ERISA provides that residual assets of a plan may revert to the employer only if three conditions are satisfied, including that "all liabilities of the plan to participants and their beneficiaries have been satisfied" and "the plan provides for such a distribution in these circumstances." 29 U.S.C. § 1344(d). Under the Plan, "[a]ny surplus remaining in the Retirement Fund, due to actuarial error, after the satisfaction of all benefit rights or contingent rights accrued under the Plan, . . . shall . . . be returnable to [Mead]." App. 63 (Plan, Art. XIII, § 4(f)).
# Chionodes sagayica

Chionodes sagayica is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Russia. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index has this species as a synonym of Chionodes fumatella.
# Maximilien-Henri de Horion

Count Maximilien-Henri-Hyacinthe de Horion, seigneur de Colonster (14 April 1694 – 24 May 1759) was an 18th-century politician from Liège.
He was the son of Gérard Assuere de Horion, Seigneur de Colonster and grand mayor of Liège and his wife Justine Hélène de Bentinck. He was chief advisor to prince bishop Johann Theodor of Bavaria and - during the latter's frequent trips away from the Principality of Liège - was its de facto ruler. Johann Theodor allowed Pierre Rousseau to base himself in Liège from 1756 onwards and de Horion supported him and other Enlightenment thinkers. He also rebuilt the château de Colonster as a pleasure palace - his salons in the north wing still survive.
# Mbiakong

Mbiakong is a village in Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria.
# Mbiam

Mbiam is an Ibibio traditional oath and injunction. Mbiam is believed to be in different forms; in powdered form, liquid or aye (palm front leave). Though they may have physical representation, the result is believed to be spiritually manifested. Mbiam can be used for different purposes, it can be used to detect innocence and guilt of an accused person, it can be used to keep people from breaking promises and it can also serve as an injunction. In the 21st-century "Mbiam" is still used by several people, of recent apart from being used by traditional rulers it is also said to be used by politicians to keep its supporters loyalty in check.
# Chogawan, Bhulath

Chogawan is a village in Bhulath tehsil in the Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Bhulath and 121 kilometres (75 mi) from the district headquarters, Kapurthala. The village is administered by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of the village in accordance with the constitution of India and the Panchayati raj.

## List of cities near the village

* Bhulath
* Kapurthala
* Phagwara
* Sultanpur Lodhi

## Air travel connectivity

The closest international airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.
# Chogaram Bakolia

Chogaram Bakolia as an Indian politician. He was former cabinet minister of Transport in Government of Rajasthan. He is a MLA from Reodar constituency Rajasthan. leader of Indian National Congress