OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michael Posner (economist)

Michael Vivian Posner CBE (25 August 1931 – 14 February 2006) was a University of Cambridge economics lecturer turned government adviser, who later worked to safeguard social science research in the United Kingdom.

## Biography

Posner was born to Jack and Lena Posner. His father, originally a cabinet-maker, had immigrated from Russia to escape pogroms against the Jewish community. Posner’s maternal grandparents had also fled European persecution. He grew up in Ilford. After World War II the family settled in Croydon, where Posner attended Whitgift School. He then went to Balliol College, Oxford.
In 1953, Posner married linguist Rebecca Reynolds. Together they had two children: a son, Christopher, and a daughter, Barbara.

## Works

* Posner, Michael V. (1961), International Trade and Technical Change, in: Oxford Economic Papers, Jahrgang 13, Nr. 3, 1961, S. 323–341.
# Cleistoblechnum

Cleistoblechnum is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, with a single species Cleistoblechnum eburneum, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is accepted in a 2016 classification of the family Blechnaceae, but other sources sink it into a very broadly defined Blechnum, equivalent to the whole of the PPG I subfamily.
The natural habitat of Cleistoblechnum eburneum is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is native to China and Taiwan.
# Claudia Pavel

Claudia Pavel (born October 19, 1984, in Mangalia), also known as Claudia Cream or simply Cream, is a Romanian pop singer and dancer. Pavel has had a string of hit music albums and music singles in Romania and is considered one of Romania's most successful and popular singers of the 2000s. Pavel speaks fluent Romanian, Greek, and English, along with some Turkish. Claudia Pavel was vying to represent Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Germany with the entry "I Want U to Want Me", in the national final on December 31, 2010 she came in 10th place.
Pavel has also been a member of popular pop group "Candy".

## Music albums (with Candy)

* Candy (2000)

## Music albums (as solo singer)

* Crede în mine (2002)
* Aștept (2003)
* Te vreau (2005)
* 48 de ore (2006)
* Wrong Girl for That (2009)

## Music singles (in selection)

* Mai aproape (2002)
* Cânt pentru tine (2002)
* Închide ochii (feat. Marius Moga) (2003)
* Jumătatea mea (feat. Simplu) (2004)
* Nu din prima seară (feat. CRBL) (2005)
* Cântecul inimii (2006)
* Știu ce-ți place (Vanilla Cream) (feat. Matteo) (2006)
* Candy (2008)
* Just a Little Bit (feat. Fatman Scoop) (2009)
* Don't Miss Missing You (2009)
# Clearfield, Inc.

Clearfield, Inc. manufactures and distributes passive connectivity products. Their fiber management and enclosure platform consolidates, distributes, and protects fiber through inside plant facilities, to outside plant facilities, to the home, and to the drop-off points in between. Clearfield's products service the wireless, cable, and telephone service providers, municipal-owned utilities, and non-traditional providers. Clearfield was founded in 2008 and is headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

## History
### 1981–2008

Clearfield's history began in the late 1980s with the merging of Americable and Computer System Products. Moving forward under the business name Americable, in 2003 the company was purchased by APA Enterprises. In 2007, APA Enterprises changed course after several consecutive years of profit losses. In June 2007, Cheri Beranek took the new role of CEO. Under the new leadership, APA Enterprises redefined itself with a new vision by rebranding the company as Clearfield at the start of 2008.

### 2008–Present

Clearfield reported its first profitable quarter on September, 30th 2008. The company moved into its 60% larger Minneapolis Headquarters in January 2015.

## Organization

Clearfield, Inc. manufacturers its fiber optic components out of its corporate office in Minneapolis, Minnesota and out of its satellite plant in Tijuana, Mexico.

## Awards

* Clearfield rated #14 in the top 25 small businesses in America in 2013
* Eureka! Award for ingenuity and innovation
# Cleptomita

Cleptomita was a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873.
It is considered by The Global Lepidoptera Names Index and Butterflies and Moths of the World to be a synonym of Polypogon. It is considered by Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms to be a synonym of Zanclognatha.
# Michel-Celse-Roger de Bussy-Rabutin

Michel-Celse-Roger de Bussy-Rabutin (1669 – 3 November 1736) was a French churchman and diplomat.

## Biography

The second son of Count Roger de Bussy-Rabutin, he served as Bishop of Luçon from 1723 until his death. He attended the salon of Madame de Tencin; he was elected to the Académie française on 21 February 1732, without having written a single work, being sponsored into the French Academy by Fontenelle the following 6 March. In 1735 he commissioned a portrait of himself by Hyacinthe Rigaud without knowing how he would pay for it – the artist's accounting books state "Monsieur the Bishop of Luçon, Bussy-Rabutin. Remains half-finished.".
# Clavam

Clavams are a class of β-lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics are derived from Streptomyces clavuligerus NRRL 3585. This class is divided into the clavulanic acid class and the 5S clavams class. Both groups are the outcomes of the fermentation process produced by Streptomyces spp. Clavulanic acid is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and 5S clavams may have anti-fungal properties. They are similar to penams, but with an oxygen substituted for the sulfur. Thus, they are also known as oxapenams.
An example is clavulanic acid, from which this compound class receives its name.
Clavulanic acid, a type of clavam, has antibiotic properties. It can be used as a medication to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Clavam tablets may be effective for short-term treatment of bronchitis, cystitis, sinusitis, otitis media, or skin infections. Clavams are commonly used in conjunction with other antibiotics such as amoxicillin to produce a broader therapeutic effect. "One of the most valuable multipurpose and incredible trade of antibiotics is the β-lactams group.
Clavulanic acid strongly inhibits β-lactamase in bacteria, which is associated with its antibiotic properties. β-Lactam antibiotics generally have a common feature which is the 3-carbon and 1-nitrogen ring (β-lactam ring) that is highly reactive. Different molecules of the Clavam class have been shown to inhibit the action of several fungal species. 5S clavams do not have an inhibitory effect on β-lactamase, but are involved in methionine biosynthesis inhibition, making them bacteriostatic agents. Additionally, 5S Clavams may have inhibitory effects on RNA synthesis, which is a common property of anti-fungal medications. Clavams have wide-ranging bioactivity, and may have greater therapeutic use than current research indicates. Because of their activity on β-lactamase, this class of antibiotics can evade antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which is a risk associated with other antibiotics such as penicillins.

## Regulation of clavam-biosynthesis in S. clavuligerus

In S. Clavuligerus infection, a Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein known as cephamycin and clavulanic acid regulator (CcaR) is encoded into the cephamycin gene cluster. This is essential for the cephamycin C and clavulanic acid, but not the 5S claims. CcaR is important for the expression of polycistronic transcripts, which are early genes for clavulanic acid biosynthesis. This is also a key factor for activating its own transcription by binding to its own promoting region.
# Michael Merecki

Michael Merecki (September 30, 1878 – 1958) was an American composer. His work was part of the music event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
# Michel Vennat

Joseph André Michel Vennat OC KC (born 1941) is a Canadian civil servant, lawyer, businessman, and former President of the Business Development Bank of Canada. He was fired due to the investigation of the 2004 Canadian sponsorship scandal. In August 2006, Federal Courts deemed his firing illegal and, had his term not expired since his dismissal, he would have been reinstated to office.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in 1960 and a Bachelor of Civil Law from the Université de Montréal in 1963. As a Rhodes Scholar he received a Master of Arts from Merton College, Oxford in 1965. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1983.
In 1965, he joined External Affairs and from 1966 to 1968 was the Special Assistant to the Minister of Finance, Mitchell Sharp. From 1968 to 1970, he was the Special Assistant to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. In 1970, he joined the Montreal offices of the law firm Stikeman Elliott, becoming a senior partner before leaving in 1990. From 1976 to 1981, he was a member of the Board and Chairman of the Canadian Film Development Corporation.
In 1991, he was appointed CEO of Westburne Inc. and became CEO of United Westburne Inc. in 1993. From 1994 to 1996, he was the Chairman of the Council for Canadian Unity. In 1998, he was appointed chairman of the Business Development Bank of Canada and served as president and CEO from 2000 until he was fired in 2004. The Federal Court ruled that Michel Vennat had been illegally fired from the BDC in August 2006. Had his term not expired, he would have been reinstated.
In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
# 3rd Duke of Buckingham

3rd Duke of Buckingham may refer to:
* Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (1478–1521), English nobleman
* Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (1823–1889), British soldier
# Clement Marau

Clement Marau (c. 1857–1926, alt. Maraw, Marow) was a Melanesian Anglican clergyman. He was made a deacon by Bishop John Richardson Selwyn in 1890, and ordained to the priesthood in 1903 by Bishop Cecil Wilson. Born on Merelava in the Banks Islands, he was taken to Norfolk Island for Christian education and ministerial training. He worked as a teacher and pastor in the Solomon Islands. Marau was removed from his clerical office following a 1907 charge of adultery, but restored in 1918 by Bishop Cecil Wood.
He is commemorated on July 20 on the Calendar of saints (Church of the Province of Melanesia).
# Clement Matawu

Clemence Matawu (born 29 November 1982 in Bindura) is a Zimbabwean former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Club

Matawu started his career with Motor Action of Harare. In early 2009, he joined Polish club Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała for a loan spell lasting until mid-2010. He established himself in the starting line-up and made a total of 40 appearances across all competitions, before joining Ekstraklasa club Polonia Bytom in the summer of 2010. After a year with the Silesian club, Clement was released and returned to Motor Action.

## International

Matawu had a colorful international career, making 29 appearances and scoring once for the Zimbabwe national team.
# Climate Change TV

Climate Change TV is the world’s first online broadcaster dedicated entirely to climate change issues. It contains interviews from heads of state, government officials and negotiators, NGO's, Civil Society and business professionals with a range of views on the climate change negotiations.
It is hosted by Responding to Climate Change, an NGO and Official Observer to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
RTCC provides a daily news and analysis service following latest developments in climate policy, research and other aspects of the climate debate. In February this year they submitted a series of proposals to the UNFCCC on raising the ambition of the Durban Platform, which had been agreed at COP17.
The Studio is run for the UNFCCC at the annual COP. The interviews are hosted on RTCC and the UNFCCC's studio portal.
It provides for one-on-one video interviews with a wide array of stakeholders from civil society, intergovernmental organizations and party delegates. The studio provides a platform for discussing the effects of climate change, causes of global warming and possible solutions. It continues at COP17/CMP 7 after successfully running at COP15/CMP 5 in Copenhagen, and COP16/CMP 6 in Cancun.
At the most recent COP, held in December 2011, the Climate Change TV Studio was visited by UNFCCC Chief Executive Christiana Figueres, lead Netherlands negotiator Maas Goote, and UK Minister for energy and climate change Greg Barker, along with members of Oxfam and 350.org.
# Clayton M. Jones

Clayton M. Jones (born c. 1952) is the former chairman of Rockwell Collins.
He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. He studied at the University of Tennessee and George Washington University. He served as a fighter pilot in the U.S. Air Force before joining Rockwell International.
He served on the board of directors of the Unisys Corporation and General Aviation Manufacturers Association as well as on the board of governors of the Aerospace Industry Association. He was a member of the National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee. He was an Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
# 3,4-Epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate methyl ester

3,4-Epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate methyl ester refers to organic compounds with the formula C$_6$H$_9$OCO$_2$CH$_3$. These are bifunctional compounds consisting of an ester and cycloaliphatic epoxide groups. It exists as two diastereomers both of which are chiral. These species are of interest in polymer chemistry.

## Synthese and reactions

3,4-Epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate methyl ester is prepared by epoxidation of 4-cyclohexenecarboxylate methyl ester with peracid. It is a crosslinking agent in the production of epoxy resins. 3,4-Epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate methyl ester itself would give a linear polymer when homopolymerized.

## Properties

3,4-Epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate methyl ester has a viscosity of 6 mPa·s.
# Clines

Clines is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gene Clines (1946–2022), American baseball player and coach
* Hoyt Franklin Clines (1956–1994), American murderer
* Mike Clines (fl 2022), American politician
* Peter Clines (born 1969), American author and novelist
* Thomas G. Clines (1928–2013), American spy
# Michel Bouchonnet

Michel Bouchonnet (born 17 July 1940) is a French gymnast. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Clean sweep (naval)

A "clean sweep" for a naval vessel is having "swept the enemy from the seas", a completely successful mission. It is traditionally indicated by hanging a broom from a mast or lashing it to the periscope of a submarine.

## History

It is said the use of brooms in this respect originated during the 1650s, when the Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp, after a decisive victory in the First Anglo-Dutch War, the Battle of Dungeness of 1652, hung a broom from his mast to indicate he had "swept the British from the seas" - his opponent Admiral Blake is said to have responded with the hoisting of a whip, indicating he would whip the Dutch into submission. However, both stories are legends; a broom in the seventeenth century indicated the ship was for sale.
The United States Submarine Service during World War II generally considered a patrol a "clean sweep" if the sub sank every target she engaged. Individual torpedoes might miss, and convoys usually had far too many ships for all to be sunk by a single boat, but these unavoidable inefficiencies did not mar a "clean sweep".

## Recent variations

Few wide-ranging war patrols have been conducted since World War II, so commanding officers have taken other opportunities to fly brooms. For example, in the year 2000 the Military Sealift Command hung a broom from the flagpole yardarm outside their headquarters to symbolize its "clean sweep" of the Y2K bug on all the command's ships.
In 2003, under circumstances perhaps closer to the traditional context, after USS Cheyenne and USS Pittsburgh (SSN-720) launched their Tomahawk missiles during Operation Iraqi Freedom, her commanding officer decided that placing all missiles on target, with no duds or failures, was a modern "clean sweep".
For decades, brooms have been flown by warships that successfully pass all elements of their sea trials. Examples include USS Ohio in 2005 and USS Virginia in 2006.
# 31st Division (Philippines)

WWII Philippine Army Divisions :
| Previous | Next |
| 21st Division (PA) | 41st Division (PA) |
The 31st Infantry Division was a division of the Philippine Army under the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).

## History

It was active from November 18, 1941 to April 9, 1942, whereupon it surrendered when Bataan fell. It was organized and trained in Zambales Province of Northern Luzon. Col. (later BGen.) Clifford Bluemel (USA) was the division's commander. Col. Pastor C. Martelino (PA), a 1920 U.S. Military Academy graduate, was his chief of staff.

### Combat Narrative

At the opening of hostilities, 8 December 1941, the 31st Division formed a part of BGen. (later LGen.) Jonathan M. Wainwright's North Luzon Force of the Philippine Army (later renamed I Philippine Corps), alongside the 11th and 21st Divisions, and the 26th Cavalry Regiment.
The 31st was initially headquartered at San Mateo, Rizal, but most of its personnel were training at San Marcelino, Zambales, near Subic Bay, when hostilities broke out.

## Order of Battle

* 31st Infantry Regiment (PA) - (LCol. John W. Irwin)
* 32nd Infantry Regiment (PA) (LCol. Edwin Johnson)
* 33rd Infantry Regiment (PA) (Col. Edwin H. Johnson) (Major Stanley Holmes)
** 3rd Battalion: Captain Robert Chapin, USA
* 31st Field Artillery Regiment (PA) (Col. Harry J. Haines)
** 31st FA Regt HQ Company
** 1st Bn/31st FA Regt (PA) (75mm guns, 16x)
** 2nd Bn/31st FA Regt (PA) (2.95-inch pack howitzers, 4x)
** 3rd Bn/31st FA Regt (PA)
* 31st Engineer Battalion (PA)
* 31st Division Units
** 31st Division Headquarters & HQ Company
** 31st Medical Battalion
** 31st Signal Company
** 31st Quartermaster Company (Motorized)
** 31st QM Transport Company (Truck)

## Notable Members

* Rigoberto Atienza - became AFP Chief of Staff in 1965.
* Luis Villa-real - became AFP Vice Chief of Staff.

### Sources

* Morton, Louis (1953). United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific: The Fall of the Philippines. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army.
* Whitman, John W. (1990). Bataan: Our Last Ditch : The Bataan Campaign, 1942. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-87052-877-7.
# Cloyd Conglomerate

The Cloyd Conglomerate is a geologic group in Virginia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
# Cloyd Jonathan Sweigert

Cloyd Jonathan "C.J." Sweigert (February 20, 1897– February 20, 1973) was an American political cartoonist and fine art painter, based in Palo Alto, California.

## About

Sweigert was born on February 20, 1897, on a farm in the Santa Clara Valley near San Jose, his family were early pioneers of the area. He attended University of California, Berkeley (class of 1918) where he studied agriculture and University of California, Davis, however he was a self-taught painter. He served in the United States Army during World War I.
Sweigert joined the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper in 1932, working as a political cartoonist until his retirement in 1955. Sweigert's cartoon after the death of Winston Churchill was widely published in England. He had been a member of the Palo Alto Art Club (now known as the Pacific Art League), and a member of the Bohemian Club in San Francisco.
In 1951 and 1952, he was awarded the Freedoms Foundation Medal in cartooning. In 1953, he was awarded the Christopher Medal for "best cartoon of the year".
He lived at a home on 1365 Forest Avenue in Palo Alto, from 1941 until his death in 1973. Sweigert died on this 76th birthday (February 20, 1973) in his home, after a battle with emphysema. He was buried in Oak Hill Memorial Park.
# Midnight Angel (disambiguation)

Midnight Angel is a 1976 album by Barbara Mandrell.
Midnight Angel may also refer to:
* "Midnight Angel" (song), the title track and lead single from the Barbara Mandrell album
* "Midnight Angel", a song by Penny McLean from the album Penny
* Midnight Angel, one of the wrestling personae of Japanese wrestler Io Shirai
* An alternate title of the 1987 Hong Kong film Angel
# 345th Fighter Squadron

The 345th Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 350th Fighter Group stationed at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina. It was inactivated on 7 November 1945.

## History

Activated on 1 October 1942 at RAF Duxford, England by special authority of the USAAF by Eighth Air Force. Assigned to VIII Fighter Command, equipped with a mixture of United States personnel reassigned from the 31st and 52d Fighter Groups, and Americans transferred from the Royal Air Force who had volunteered to join the RAF prior to the United States entry into the European War, 11 December 1941.
Squadron was initially equipped with export/Lend-Lease version of P-39D Airacobra, designated Airacobra I by the RAF with additional aircraft that had been sold to France that been impounded by the British after the Fall of France. These aircraft were re-designated as P-400. Deployed to French Morocco and assigned to Twelfth Air Force where the unit engaged in combat during the North African campaign. Briefly equipped with P-38 Lightnings from June to Sept 1943 each Squadron was assigned two P-38s to intercept and destroy high flying Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft sent to photograph the allied invasion fleet gathering along the North African coast for the invasion of Sicily.
Re-equipped with P-47D Thunderbolts, January 1944 and engaged in combat during Italian Campaign. Also covered Allied landings on Elba in June 1944 and supported the invasion of southern France in August. Returned to Italy and fought in Po Valley, 1944–1945 until the end of the European War in May 1945.
Demobilized and inactivated, 7 November 1945. Unit designation allocated to Pennsylvania Air National Guard, re-designated as 146th Fighter Squadron, 24 May 1946.

### Lineage

* Activated in England on 1 October 1942 by special authority granted to Eighth Air Force prior to constitution as 345th Fighter Squadron on 2 October 1942
    Inactivated on 7 November 1945
* Redesignated 146th Fighter Squadron. Allotted to Pennsylvania Air National Guard on 24 May 1946.

### Assignments

* 350th Fighter Group, 2 October 1942 – 7 November 1945

### Aircraft

* P-39 Airacobra, 1942–1944
* P-400 Airacobra, 1942–1944
* P-38 Lightning, 1943
* P-47 Thunderbolt, 1944–1945