OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Olaflur

Olaflur (INN, or amine fluoride 297) is a fluoride-containing substance that is an ingredient of toothpastes and solutions for the prevention of dental caries. It has been in use since 1966. Especially in combination with dectaflur, it is also used in the form of gels for the treatment of early stages of caries, sensitive teeth, and by dentists for the refluoridation of damaged tooth enamel.

## Overdosage

Overdosage leads to irritation of the oral mucosa. In especially sensitive persons, even standard doses of olaflur can cause irritation. Like other fluoride salts, olaflur is toxic when given in high doses over an extended period of time. Especially in children, before the development of the permanent teeth, overdosage can lead to dental fluorosis, a discolouring and weakening of the enamel. In acute cases of overdosage, for example when an olaflur containing preparation is swallowed, calcium in any oral form serves as an antidote. Often milk is used because it is usually at hand.

## Interactions

Because calcium fluoride is practically insoluble in water, calcium-containing drugs and food inhibit the action of olaflur.

## Chemistry and mechanism of action

Olaflur is a salt consisting of an alkyl ammonium cation and fluoride as the counterion. With a long lipophilic hydrocarbon chain, the cation has surfactant properties. It forms a film layer on the surface of teeth, which facilitates incorporation of fluoride into the enamel. The top layers of the enamel's primary mineral, hydroxylapatite, are converted into the more robust fluorapatite. The fluoridation reaches only a depth of a few nanometres, which has raised doubts whether the mechanism really relies on the formation of fluorapatite.

### Synthesis

The synthesis of olaflur starts from cattle's tallow. The contained fatty acids, mainly stearic acid (C$_{17}$H$_{35}$COOH), are obtained by hydrolysis, and then converted to the corresponding amides, which in turn are reduced catalytically to the primary amines (largely octadecylamine). Addition of acrylonitrile, followed by another reduction, yields N-alkyl-1,3-propanediamines. The two nitrogen atoms react with ethylene oxide to form tertiary amines. Finally, hydrofluoric acid is added to give the end product. Because olaflur is produced from a mixture of fatty acids, some molecules have side chains that are longer or shorter than 18 carbon atoms. Other byproducts of the reaction include hydroxyethyl ethers resulting from addition of ethylene oxide to the free hydroxyl groups. The presence of these side products is clinically irrelevant.
# Brookfield Township

Brookfield Township may refer to:
* Brookfield Township, LaSalle County, Illinois
* Brookfield Township, Clinton County, Iowa
* Brookfield Township, Worth County, Iowa
* Brookfield Township, Eaton County, Michigan
* Brookfield Township, Huron County, Michigan
* Brookfield Township, Minnesota
* Brookfield Township, Linn County, Missouri, in Linn County, Missouri
* Brookfield Township, Noble County, Ohio
* Brookfield Township, Trumbull County, Ohio
* Brookfield Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania
* Brookfield Township, McCook County, South Dakota, in McCook County, South Dakota
# Catherine Martin (piper)

Catherine "Kate" Martin (fl. 18th-century, born Lurgan, Co. Cavan) was an Irish harper. W. H. Grattan Flood described Catherine Martin as a native of Co. Meath. She especially performed airs by Edward Sterling, the parson of Lurgan. She attended the Harp Festivals at Granard in the 1780s and Belfast in 1792.
# Alucita coffeina

Alucita coffeina is a species of moth of the family Alucitidae. It is known from Gabon.
# Beta-(1-pyrazolyl)alanine synthase

Beta-(1-pyrazolyl)alanine synthase may refer to:
* Beta-pyrazolylalanine synthase, an enzyme
* Pyrazolylalanine synthase, an enzyme
# Paula Ruutu

Hertta Paulina (Paula) Ruutu (27 April 1906 – 17 November 1990; née Gran, which was finnicized to Vannila) was a Finnish educator and politician, born in Värtsilä. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1962 to 1966 and from 1967 to 1970, representing the Agrarian League, which changed its name to Centre Party in 1966. She was a presidential elector in the 1968 Finnish presidential election.
# Olafsenia

Olafsenia is a genus of mites in the family Acaridae.

## Species

* Olafsenia trifolium (Oudemans, 1901)
# Antelope Valley (Elko-White Pine Counties)

The Antelope Valley adjacent to the Nevada/Utah state line, and located in southeast Elko County and northeast White Pine County, Nevada is a 70 mi (113 km) long endorheic valley. The valley curves around the Dolly Varden and Kinsley Mountains, and the Antelope Range.
The valley is separated into two sections north and south, with an unnamed badlands region, at 40°07′45″N 114°07′59″W﻿ / ﻿40.12917°N 114.13306°W﻿ / 40.12917; -114.13306 (though labelled as such) between eastern mountain ranges on its central-east perimeter. These badlands are on the Nevada/Utah border and southeast of Ferber Hills a small range of hills, mostly in Elko County, Nevada and partially in Tooele County, Utah.
A large two-lobed playa region makes up most of the south valley region, and can be easily seen from surrounding mountain ridgelines.

## Description

Antelope Valley is about 70 mi long, north–south, but arc-shaped pointing due-west around the three mountain ranges. The center of the valley is adjacent the small range, 3 by 8 mi long, the Kinsley Mountains slightly offset by Kinsley Draw, from the Antelope Range southwest; it is also separated from the Dolly Varden Mountains northwest by three small watershed areas of the north Antelope Range's foothills.
Two sections of the valley are created, a northwest-trending section, and the other, southwest-trending. The north section borders the southwest of Goshute Valley. The south merges into the extensive north–south Spring Valley, the north end of which extends into a bifurcation at the southwest end of the Antelope Range, where the Schell Creek Range is bordered to the west.

## Access

U.S. Route 93 (Alternate) crosses the southern section of the north valley toward the Goshute Mountains.
# USS Martin

USS Martin may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:
* USS Martin (1864), a screw tug purchased by the US Navy on 16 June 1864 and decommissioned in June 1865
* USS Martin (DE-30), an Evarts-class destroyer escort launched on 18 May 1943 and sold for scrapping on 15 May 1946
# Brookfield Township, Clinton County, Iowa

Brookfield Township is a township in Clinton County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 428.

## Geography

Brookfield Township covers an area of 36.37 square miles (94.2 km$^2$) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Elwood and Union.
The stream of Elwood Creek runs through this township.
# Atagema spinosa

Atagema spinosa is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Discodorididae.

## Distribution

This species was described from New Caledonia.
# Margarites koreanicus

Margarites koreanicus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Margaritidae.

## Description

(Original description by W.H. Dall) The height of the shell attains 7 mm. The small, white shell has with four well rounded whorls exclusive of the minute glassy nucleus, and a distinct not appressed suture. The spiral sculpture consists of a feeble thread at the base and two stronger, rather widely separated, sharper threads around the narrow umbilicus. The spiral sculpture also consists of (on the last whorl about 25) obliquely retractive low folds which barely reach the periphery, with narrower interspaces, but are feebly and irregularly revived on the base, especially near the umbilicus. The subcircular aperture is hardly interrupted by the body and has a sharp thin margin.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Sea of Japan, off Korea.
# Alucita caucasica

Alucita caucasica is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It is found in the Caucasus.
# Bernard Ryan

Bernard Ryan may refer to:
* Bernard Ryan (Irish republican) (c. 1901–1921), Irish revolutionary
* Bernard Ryan Jr. (1923–2020), American writer
* Bernie Ryan (1934–2017), Australian rules footballer
# Beit Guvrin

Beit Guvrin may refer to a succession of settlements and their archaeological remains, in proper chronology: Maresha, later Marisa; and Beth Gabra (also Baetogabra, Betogabris, orBetogabri), later Eleutheropolis, Beit/Bait/Bayt Jibrin, Bethgibelin, and currently Beit Guvrin National Park and Kibbutz Beit Guvrin.
* Beit Jibrin, a Palestinian village depopulated in 1948, at the site of Idumean and Judean Beth Gabra, and Roman and Byzantine Eleutheropolis
* Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park, encompassing the ruins of Bayt Jibrin / Eleutheropolis, as well as Maresha, a city from the Iron Age to the Early Roman period
* Beit Guvrin, Israel, a kibbutz founded in 1949
# Olafia

Olafia is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. It contains only one species, Olafia roscius, which is found in Brazil and Argentina.

## Subspecies

* O. roscius roscius (Hopffer, 1874) (Brazil, Argentina)
* O. roscius flavomaculata (Bell, 1937) (Brazil: Santa Catarina)
* O. roscius iphimedia (Plötz, 1886) (Brazil)

## Etymology

The genus is named in honour of entomologist Olaf H.H. Mielke.
# Anthony Barnett (poet)

Anthony Barnett is an English poet, essayist and music historian.

## Literary works

Barnett's volumes of poetry and short prose include collected Poems &, collected Translations, Translations Addenda, Lithos, The Making of a Story, Like Those of an Eerie Ruin, Book Paradise: Spillikins (with drawings by Lucy Rose Cunningham). Antonyms Anew: Barbs & Loves is a collection of critical essays. He was the publisher of the first edition of J. H. Prynne’s collected Poems (1982), and edited Veronica Forrest-Thomson's Collected Poems and Translations (1990) and Collected Poems (2008). Barnett's work is represented in the anthologies A Various Art; Poets on Writing: Britain, 1970–1991; Other: British and Irish Poetry since 1970; Cambridge University Press Contexts in Literature Contemporary Poetry: Poets and Poetry Since 1990. His translations include Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Anne-Marie Albiach, Roger Giroux, Pär Lagerkvist, Tarjei Vesaas, Andrea Zanzotto. Separate books of translation include Osip Mandelstam, Whoever Has Found a Horseshoe, with drawings by Lucy Rose Cunningham (2023), and Elsa Morante, Alibi, with paintings and drawings by Monica Ferrando (2024). In 2002 he was visiting scholar at the Center for International Programs, Meiji University, Tokyo. The lecture he gave there is published as InExperience and UnCommon Sense in Translation. He co-edits and publishes the literary, music and arts journal Snow lit rev (from 2013). His one-act play The Literature Director, lampooning the British Council and the English Arts Council, written in 2012, was posted online in 2023 at Fortnightly Review.

## Music works

He has worked as a percussionist, notably with John Tchicai. Barnett has written extensively on African-American violinists, in particular Stuff Smith: Desert Sands, Eddie South: Black Gypsy, Juice Wilson: Fallen from the Moon: Robert Edward Juice Wilson: His Life on Earth: A Dossier. He produces CDs on his AB Fable Violin Improvisation Studies label, and for other labels. He is the author of Listening for Henry Crowder: A Monograph on His Almost Lost Music (Allardyce Book, 2007), about the pianist consort of Nancy Cunard. UnNatural Music: John Lennon & Yoko Ono in Cambridge 1969 is his account of the circumstances surrounding their appearance at the Natural Music concert, which he produced.
# Mattapony (disambiguation)

Mattapony is a former hundred in Worcester County, Maryland.
Mattapony and its various spellings (Mattaponi, Mataponi, Mattapany, Matapani) may also refer to:
* Mattaponi, an Algonquian tribe
* Mattaponi River, a tributary of the York River estuary in eastern Virginia
* Mattaponi, Virginia, an unincorporated community in King and Queen County, Virginia
* Mattaponi Wildlife Management Area, a state-managed protected area in Caroline County, Virginia
* USS Mattaponi (AO-41), the name of a United States Navy Mattaponi-class oiler
* Mataponi Creek, a tributary of the Patuxent River in Prince George's County, Maryland
* Camp Mataponi, an all-girls sleepaway camp in Naples, Maine
* Matapani, a settlement in Kenya's Coast Province
* Mattapany-Sewall Archeological Site, a registered historic place in St. Mary's County, Maryland
* Mattapony Creek, a tributary of the Pocomoke River in Worcester County, Maryland
* Mattaponi (John Bowie Jr. House) is a historic building in Nottingham, Prince George's County, Maryland
# USS Martin (1864)

USS Martin was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy for various tasks, including those of a torpedo boat, tugboat, and a picket boat, patrolling Confederate waterways to prevent the South from trading with other countries.
Martin, a screw tug built at Albany, New York, in 1864 was purchased by the Navy as James McMartin at New York City 16 June 1864; renamed Martin that same day; and commissioned later in the month.

## Assigned as a mine-layer boat for the North Atlantic Blockade

Equipped as a torpedo boat, on 20 July Martin was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron for picket guard duty. On 27 July she was taken in tow along with sister tug Hoyt by screw steamer Monticello for convoy from Hampton Roads, Virginia at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, arriving 2 days later.

## Operations in the North Carolina waterways

Martin operated in the sounds of North Carolina, through 1864. On 29 September she accompanied gunboat Valley City up the Scuppernong River to head off a group of Confederate conscriptors being chased by two Union Army steamers from the vicinity of the Alligator River. With Martin’s assistance as a tug, Valley City was able to position her guns on the stragglers with telling results. Martin later joined in the operations which led to the capture of Plymouth, North Carolina, between 29 October and 1 November.

## End-of-war operations and decommissioning and sale

After overhaul at Norfolk Navy Yard in early 1865, Martin returned to the sounds of North Carolina, in late February. She continued tug and picket duties through May before sailing north in June, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for decommissioning. Martin was sold there 10 August.
# Casthorpe

Casthorpe is hamlet in the civil parish of Barrowby and the South Kesteven District of Lincolnshire, England. It is 23 miles (40 km) south-southwest from the city and county town of Lincoln, 3 miles (5 km) west from Grantham town centre, and 1 mile (1.6 km) west from Barrowby village.

## History

There are two medieval sites at Casthorpe, defining the two former settlements of East and West Casthorpe, both recorded in 14th-century subsidy rolls. East Casthorpe (SK869355), with no evidence apart from earlier maps, was sited at or around Casthorpe Lodge. West Casthorpe (SK861357), was sited at Casthorpe House Farm, evidenced by aerial photographs faintly showing earthworks, enclosures, ridges and furrows, cropmarks, a possible moat, and possible crofts. Both settlements are mentioned in the Domesday Book, listed as "Caschingetorp", "Chaschingetorp", "Chaschintorp" and "Kaschingetorp" as four probable manors covering the Casthorpe settlement.
Kelly's Directory listed, as the only trades in Casthorpe, three farmers in 1855, two farmers in 1885, and one farmer in 1933. The 1872 White's Directory listed three farmers who were also graziers.
In 2002 Charles Richard Ferens of Casthorpe Lodge became High Sheriff of Lincolnshire.

## Geography

Casthorpe is a settlement of three farms, two rows of converted cottages, Longmeadow House and Casthorpe Lodge. The hamlet is centred to the north of the junction of Denton Lane and Casthorpe Road, and is at the foot of the Casthorpe Hills which rise to 384 feet (117 m) above sea level, and mark an eastern edge of the Vale of Belvoir. The Grantham Canal is at the south of the hamlet, crossed by Casthorpe Bridge. The Old Beck, a stream which runs north from the Grantham Canal, flows through the east of Casthorpe below Casthorpe Hills, eventually reaching the River Witham at Marston as the Foston Beck. A public footpath in the south of Casthorpe runs from the Grantham Canal, then along and over Old Beck, then east at the south of Casthorpe Lodge, ascends Casthorpe Hills, then to Westry Corner at the south of Barrowby. A second public footpath at the north starts at Longmeadow House on Woolsthorpe Lane at the west of Casthorpe, runs east through Casthorpe Farm, over Denton Lane, past Coe Farm, across the Old Beck, then ascends Casthorpe Hills, finishing at the north of the churchyard of All Saints Church, Barrowby.

## Landmarks

There are four listed structures in Casthorpe. The two-storey Casthorpe Farm House on Denton Lane is of brick, partly rendered, and dating to the early 18th century. Casthorpe Farmhouse on Casthorpe Road is a rendered and whitewashed two-storey house dating to c.1800 with an adjoining single storey range. Casthorpe Lodge on Casthorpe Road is a two-storey L-plan former farmhouse dating to c1770, with an early 19th-century U-shape Ha-ha.
# Design for logistics

Design for logistics is a series of concepts in the field of supply chain management involving product and design approaches that help to control logistics costs and increase customer service level. These concepts were introduced by Professor Hau Lee of Stanford University, and have the three key components: Economic packaging and transportation, Concurrent and parallel processing, and Standardization.

## Economic packaging and transportation

There are three levels, moving from operational, to tactical and finally strategic.
* Common sense: Product and packaging must be designed so it is easy to ship and shelf (for instance, Rubbermaid design that fits Walmart's 14x14 shelving). Making a product much stronger and more rugged than necessary for its normal function typically increases parts cost, but sometimes it lowers the net cost by reducing the cost of padding and protection for shipping.
* Facilitate logistic function: Must be easy to pack and repack, and easy to track.
* Enables efficient design of supply chain and business model: For instance, IKEA's supply chain and business model (flat packages etc.)

## Concurrent and parallel processing

Modify the manufacturing process so that steps that were previously performed in a sequence can be completed at the same time. This will help reduce manufacturing lead time, lower inventory costs through improved forecasting, and reduce safety stock requirements, among other benefits.

## Standardization

The idea of standardization is to exploit economies of scale, and doing things once that can be applied many times. Standardization can be done through:
* Parts: Where common parts are used in many different products
* Process: Standardize manufacturing and product processes so that decisions about which specific product to manufacture can be delayed. This is in fact delayed differentiation.
* Product: Also known as downward substitution. For instance, car rental companies frequently fill reservations with higher-end vehicles when the lower-end vehicles are not available.
* Procurement: Standardize processing equipment and approaches that can be used for several products (for instance, one machine for both high and low end products).
# Beetaloo (disambiguation)

Beetaloo may refer to several things in Australia:
* Beetaloo Station, Northern Territory
* Beetaloo Sub-Basin, part of the McArthur Basin in the Northern Territory
* Beetaloo Reservoir, a water reservoir in South Australia
* Beetaloo Valley, South Australia, the locality surrounding the reservoir
# Autódromo Las Paredes

Las Paredes is a 3.293 km (2.046 mi) Argentine motorsport circuit located near San Rafael, Mendoza Province. The circuit was opened in October 1968.

## Layout configurations

* Original Circuit (1968–2000)
* No.2 Circuit (2001–present)
* No.3 Circuit (2006–present)
* No.4 Circuit (2006–present)

## Lap records

As of September 2007, the fastest official race lap records at the Autódromo Las Paredes are listed as:
| Category | Time | Driver | Vehicle | Event |
| No.3 Circuit: 3.293 km (2006–present) |||||
| Formula Renault 1.6 | 1:19.384 | Mariano Werner | Crespi K4M | 2006 San Rafael Formula Renault Argentina round |
| TC2000 | 1:23.034 | José María López | Honda Civic VIII | 2007 San Rafael TC2000 round |
| Copa Mégane Argentina [es] | 1:32.174 | Jorge Loyarte | Renault Mégane | 2006 San Rafael Copa Mégane Argentina round |
| No.2 Circuit: 2.630 km (2001–present) |||||
| Formula Renault 1.6 | 0:59.068 | Juan Marcos Angelini | Crespi K4M | 2005 San Rafael Formula Renault Argentina round |
| TC2000 | 1:01.214 | Nelson García [es] | Ford Focus I | 2005 San Rafael TC2000 round |
| Copa Mégane Argentina [es] | 1:07.537 | Rodríguez Nuñez | Renault Mégane | 2005 San Rafael Copa Mégane Argentina round |
# Abankwah George Kwabena

Abankwah George Kwabena(born 7 July 1948) is a Ghanaian politician and a member of the first parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana from 1993 to 1997. He represented the Nkawkaw constituency in the Eastern Region of Ghana.

## Early life and education

Abankwah was born on 7 July 1948. He is an alumnus of University of Ghana where he studied Law and had Bachelor of Laws degree. He worked as an accountant before going into the parliament.

## Politics

Mr. Kwabena served as member of parliament representing Nkawkaw constituency in the Eastern region of Ghana under the membership of the National Convention Party. He was elected into office in the December 1992 Ghanaian General Elections and assumed office on 7 January 1993 and ended his tenure on 7 January 1997 due to the dissolution of the Parliament. the party merged with People's convention party to form Convention People's Party in 1996. Kwabena lost the party primaries to Ebenezer Kese Antwi who contested in the 1996 parliamentary elections but lost the poll to William Bimpong Asante of the National Democratic congress.

## Personal life

Mr. Kwabena is a Christian.
# Brumm (surname)

Brumm is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles N. Brumm (1838-1917), American politician
* Don Brumm (born 1941), American football player
* Fred Brumm (1877-1936), American football player
* George F. Brumm (1880-1934), American politician
* Leonard Brumm (1926-2006), American ice hockey player
* Roman Brumm (1898-1981), American football player
# Obelistes acutangulus

Obelistes acutangulus is a species of leaf beetle from Ghana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was first described by Julius Weise in 1895.