OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cable grip

A cable grip is a device for propelling a vehicle by attaching to a wire rope (called a haul rope) running at a (relatively) constant speed. The vehicle may be suspended from the cable, as in the case of aerial lifts such as a gondola lift (télécabine), may be guided by rails, as in a cable traction railway, or may be self-guiding, as in a button lift. Typically, multiple vehicles will use the same cable; where just one or two vehicles are in use they will tend to be attached to the cable permanently such as in funiculars.
While the cable grips used in the original cable railways were manually operated, requiring considerable skill and strength, modern cable grips tend to be automatic. Given that the cable runs at a relatively constant speed, accelerating the vehicle to match the speed of the cable presents a technical difficulty; possible methods are to apply the grip gradually, to accelerate the vehicle (e.g. by guiding wheels) prior to applying the grip, or to use a sprung linkage between the grip and the vehicle. The cable must also be able to handle friction from the grip and increased load while the vehicle is accelerating.
Cable grips have additional uses, such as supporting electric or structural cables for pulling or laying of the electric or structural cable itself. In such use they may also be called cable pulling grips, cable socks, or cable stockings.

## The Eppelsheimer bottom grip

This is the type of grip used in the cable cars of San Francisco. The grip is attached to the lead truck of the car (or both trucks, in the case of double-ended cars), and is a field-replaceable unit. While side grips and even top grips have been used, the sheer number of rope (cable) changes, crossings, and "let-go" curves make the bottom grip, i.e., one in which the jaws open directly downward, the most practical type.
The operating lever raises and lowers the center plate of the grip, which in turn operates the jaws. With the lever fully forward, the grip is open, and the cable is free to fall out, which is necessary when the cable crosses under another line, reaches the end of a line, or negotiates a "let-go" curve. With the cable lifted into the jaws, the operating lever is pulled back, forcing the jaws between two fixed rollers, and capturing the cable between the grip's replaceable mild-steel dies, but without applying pressure. To start moving the car, the operating lever is pulled back further, squeezing the cable between the dies.
The grip was designed by the German railway mechanical engineer William Eppelsheimer in around 1880.
See also Andrew Smith Hallidie.

## Vehicles using cable grips
### Suspended

* Gondola lift (télécabine)
* Detachable chairlift

### On rails

* Cable traction railway
* People mover

### Self-guiding

* Button lift
# Megachile patellimana

Megachile patellimana is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Spinola in 1838.
# 2014 European Archery Championships

The 2014 European Archery Championships is the 23rd edition of the European Archery Championships. The event was held in Echmiadzin, Armenia from July 21 to July 26, 2014.
Championships also served as qualification event for 2015 European Games.

## Medal summary
### Recurve

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's individual | Germany Florian Kahllund | Belarus Anton Prilepov | France Pierre Plihon |
| Women's individual | Russia Tatiana Segina | Poland Natalia Lesniak | Spain Alicia Marin |
| Men's team | France Jean-Charles Valladont Thomas Koenig Pierre Plihon | Germany Florian Kahllund Christian Weiss Simon Nesemann | Russia Bair Tsybekdorzhiev Alexey Nikolaev Bolot Tsybzhitov |
| Women's team | France Sophie Planeix Laura Ruggieri Aurelie Carlier | Germany Karina Winter Elena Richter Lisa Unruh | Poland Karina Lipiarska Justyna Mospinek Natalia Lesniak |
| Mixed Team | Russia Tatiana Segina Bair Tsybekdorzhiev | Denmark Maja Jager Nikolaj Wulff | Belarus Alena Tolkach Anton Prilepov |

### Compound

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's individual | Netherlands Peter Elzinga | Italy Sergio Pagni | France Sebastien Peineau |
| Women's individual | Russia Svetlana Cherkashneva | Italy Laura Longo | Denmark Sarah Holst Sonnichsen |
| Men's team | Netherlands Mike Schloesser Peter Elzinga Ruben Bleyendaal | Turkey Ahmet Bacak Demir Elmaağaçlı Evren Çağıran | Italy Sergio Pagni Federico Pagnoni Luigi Dragoni |
| Women's team | Russia Albina Loginova Svetlana Cherkashneva Natalia Avdeeva | Great Britain Lucy O'Sullivan Andrea Gales Rikki Bingham | Turkey Yeşim Bostan Ecem Cansu Coşkun Gizem Kocaman |
| Mixed Team | Denmark Tanja Jensen Martin Damsbo | Russia Albina Loginova Alexander Dambaev | Netherlands Inge van Caspel Mike Schloesser |

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Russia | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | France | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | Netherlands | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Germany | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Denmark | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 6 | Italy | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 7 | Belarus | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | Poland | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | Turkey | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | Great Britain | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 11 | Spain | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (11 entries) | Totals (11 entries) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |

## Participating nations

At the close of registrations, 39 nations had registered 274 athletes, fewer than the 2012 European Championships which had doubled as qualification for the 2012 Olympic competition.
* Armenia (8)
* Austria (8)
* Azerbaijan (6)
* Belarus (7)
* Belgium (7)
* Bulgaria (4)
* Croatia (6)
* Cyprus (1)
* Czech Republic (6)
* Denmark (12)
* Estonia (6)
* Finland (8)
* France (12)
* Georgia (6)
* Germany (12)
* Great Britain (12)
* Greece (3)
* Hungary (1)
* Ireland (2)
* Israel (4)
* Italy (12)
* Latvia (8)
* Liechtenstein (1)
* Lithuania (7)
* Luxembourg (3)
* Moldova (4)
* Netherlands (12)
* Norway (6)
* Poland (12)
* Portugal (2)
* Romania (4)
* Russia (12)
* Slovakia (9)
* Slovenia (7)
* Spain (9)
* Sweden (7)
* Switzerland (10)
* Turkey (12)
* Ukraine (6)
# Mang'ola

Mang'ola is an administrative ward in the Karatu district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. It is mainly known for its onion farms and for being the onion capital of Tanzania. According to the 2012 census, the ward had a total population of 6,087.
# Manuel Dias

Manuel Dias may refer to:
* Manuel Dias the Younger (1574–1659), Portuguese Jesuit missionary
* Manuel Dias (athlete) (1905–?), Portuguese athlete
# Manggahan Festival

The Manggahan Festival (transl. Mango Festival) is an annual month-long cultural, agricultural, and food festival held in the province of Guimaras, Philippines, every May. It is a celebration of the mango fruit, which the province is known for, emphasizes its significance in the local economy of the province alongside agriculture and tourism.
Guimaras mangoes are famous for being the sweetest variety in the country, earning the province the title of the "mango capital of the Philippines."

## Etymology

The word Manggahan comes from the word mangga, which translates to mango.

## Guimaras Mango

Guimaras stands as one of the country's major mango producers, yielding over 12,000 metric tons annually.
Its Guimaras Super, also known as Galila, stands out as the sweetest mango variety among those registered with the National Seed Industry Council. The island's unique soil composition and prolonged sunshine contribute to this sweetness. The mango trees and fruits are remarkably free from common agricultural pests, making them export-quality products sold globally, including in the United States of America and Australia.

## Events

The inaugural Manggahan Festival took place on May 22, 1993, coinciding with the founding anniversary as a province of Guimaras.
Highlights of the festival include an Agri-trade fair, Anniversary Parade, Mango eat-all-you-can, Street Dancing and Cultural Competition, Mr. Guimaras, and Mutya ng Guimaras.
# Carleton Opgaard

Carleton Opgaard (February 18, 1929 – July 6, 2014) was an American college and university administrator and founding president of Vancouver Island University.

## Early life and education

Carleton Myron Opgaard was born in Fort Ransom, North Dakota, the son of immigrants from Norway. Opgaard obtained his bachelor's degree from Valley City State University in Valley City, North Dakota in 1952. Thereafter, he received his master's degree from the University of Wyoming in Laramie and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in Seattle. He attended the University of Oslo in Norway as a Fulbright scholar.

## Career

In his initial administrative assignment, Opgaard was principal of Edmonds Woodway High School in Edmonds, Washington.
In 1969, he was the founding president of Malaspina University-College, now called Vancouver Island University in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. During the centennial of the college, he was the president of Dakota State University (1978–1983) in Madison, South Dakota. He also served as president of Tacoma Community College in Tacoma, Washington, (1983–1990). He later served as interim president of Columbia Basin College and Edmonds College in Washington.
For his service to education, Carleton Opgaard received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Valley City State University.

## Death

Opgaard died on July 6, 2014, in Tacoma, Washington.

## Selected works

* Waldemar Theodor Ager, Norwegian immigrant author in America (University of Wyoming, 1957)
# Carmen Letizia Giorgianni

Carmen Letizia Giorgianni (Sarteano, 26 June 1977) is an Italian politician of Fratelli d'Italia.

## Early life

Giorgianni graduated in philosophy from the University of Perugia in 2004 with a thesis on Sartre's existentialism. She subsequently obtained a master's degree in Business Communication in 2005. She began her professional career in the press office of the Province of Siena, and then moved towards television journalism, specializing in particular in investigative journalism.
In 2015, in reaction to the legislative decree 183/2015, commonly labeled by opponents as the "Bank Rescue Decree", she joined the Facebook group focused on this issue. The group's main objective was to provide information to savers involved with the four banks mentioned in the decree. This interest was motivated by the personal involvement of her family, who had invested in Banca Etruria bonds. Participation in the Facebook group subsequently led to demonstrations in Rome and other related initiatives and marked the beginning of Giorgianni's commitment to savers. At a later time the Facebook page was transformed into an official association "Association of victims of the bank bailout" which sees Giorgianni as president and has assumed the legal representation of the citizens who they believe are damaged by the practices of the banks and by the repercussions of the decree.
In 2017 she decided to enter politics by joining Fratelli d'Italia because she had embraced its initiatives in favor of savers. Since then she has carried out activities for the party as a member of the Research Office. She ran for office in the 2022 political elections, where she was elected as a parliamentary representative in the Campania constituency.
She has been a member of the Fratelli D'Italia parliamentary group since 18 October 2022, and since 9 November 2022 she has been part of the V commission (budget, treasury and planning).
# Manuel Antonio Ay

Manuel Antonio Ay (c. 1817– July 26, 1847) was a Yucatec Maya military leader and revolutionary, and chief of the village of Chichimilá.

## Life

Ay was the batab of Chichimilá. He would often help indigenous villagers with legal matters as he was literate while many of the local Maya could not read or write.
Ay fought in the 1846 rebellion against the Merida-based government of Miguel Barbachano, President of the Republic of Yucatán. He participated in the capture of Chemax in 1846 and Valladolid in 1847 under the orders of Colonel Antonio Trujeque and with the support of Santiago Méndez. However, after their military success, many of the Maya troops decided to declare independence themselves, putting them at odds with Méndez.
Ay was one of the most active organizers of the indigenous insurrection. In 1847, he met with Cecilio Chi, Jacinto Pat, and Bonifacio Novelo to plan the uprising that would become the Caste War. Reportedly, he stated that his goal was to have the white men driven from the Peninsula. He was discovered when a bartender found a suspicious letter he had left in his hat signed by Chi. Once Colonel Eulogio Rosado, the Commandant of Valladolid, learned of the letter, he arrested Ay. Ay was put on trial from July 21 to 25 before he was sentenced to death by hanging. Rosado ordered his execution carried out in the plaza of the Santa Ana neighborhood of Valladolid on July 26. His corpse was transferred to Chichimilá, where it was covered and buried after being exhibited to warn the rebels. As a result of Ay's killing, Cecilio Chi and Jacinto Pat led an attack on the criollo residents of Tipich, beginning the Caste War.
Ay left behind a son named Antonio who helped capture Valladolid in 1848. After the Maya fighters entered the town, Antonio executed the man who had carried his father's letter to Colonel Rosado.

## Legacy

A statue of Ay is located in Chetumal, Quintana Roo next to a statue of Cecilio Chi. There is also a monument to Ay in the Santa Ana Park in Valladolid.
# Caroline Harwood

Caroline S. Harwood is an American microbiologist who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009. She is the Professor Gerald and Lyn Grinstein Professor of Microbiology and Associate Vice-Provost for Research at the University of Washington School of Medicine.

## Early life and education

Harwood was born to Charles and Barbara Harwood as the eldest of six children, Carrie, Wheezy, Betty, Jane, Kit, and Charlie. She attended Concord Academy, a girl's high school in Concord, Massachusetts. Harwood studied at Colby College in Maine, and then received a master's degree in biology from Boston University. She studied under Ercole Canale-Parola at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she received her PhD in microbiology. She finished her post-doctoral studies at Yale University.

## Academic career

Harwood held an academic appointment at Cornell University, and she was a professor of microbiology at the University of Iowa from 1988 until 2004. Since 2005, she has been teaching at the University of Washington.
Her research topics include metabolic networks, bacterial signaling, and bioenergy production. Harwood demonstrated that soil bacteria catabolize some of the hardest compounds found in nature, such as lignin components and compounds that cause pollution. She was the head of the project that uncovered the sequence of the genome of Rhodopseudomonas palustris, a bacterium that performs photosynthesis and is capable of heterotrophy and hydrogen production.
In January 2018 Harwood was the senior author in an article published in Nature Microbiology describing the discovery of a previously unknown enzymatic pathway for the natural biological production of methane.

## Honors and awards

Harwood is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, and the American Academy of Microbiology. In 2010 Harwood received the Procter & Gamble Award in Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

## Personal life

Harwood is married to microbiologist Everett Peter Greenberg, who she frequently collaborates with.
# 2015–16 Polish Men's Volleyball Cup

The 2015–16 Polish Cup was the 59th edition of the Polish Volleyball Cup tournament.
PGE Skra Bełchatów beat ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle in the final (3–2) and won its seventh Polish Cup.

## Final four

* Venue: Hala Orbita, Wrocław
* All times are Central European Time (UTC+01:00).
| Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| 14 January | 14 January |
| ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle | 3 |
| ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle | 3 | 15 January | 15 January |
| Lotos Trefl Gdańsk | 0 | 15 January | 15 January |
| Lotos Trefl Gdańsk | 0 | ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle | 2 |
| 14 January | 14 January | | ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle | 2 |
| 14 January | 14 January | PGE Skra Bełchatów | 3 |
| Asseco Resovia | 1 | PGE Skra Bełchatów | 3 |
| PGE Skra Bełchatów | 3 | | |

### Semifinals

| Date | Time | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total | Report |
| 6 Feb | 14:45 | ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle | 3–0 | Lotos Trefl Gdańsk | 25–23 | 25–21 | 25–16 | | | 75–60 | Report |
| 6 Feb | 18:00 | Asseco Resovia | 1–3 | PGE Skra Bełchatów | 25–18 | 20–25 | 18–25 | 24–26 | | 87–94 | Report |

### Final

| Date | Time | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total | Report |
| 7 Feb | 14:45 | ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle | 2–3 | PGE Skra Bełchatów | 25–12 | 23–25 | 25–22 | 26–28 | 17–19 | 116–106 | Report |

## Final standings

| Rank | Team |
| | PGE Skra Bełchatów |
| 2 | ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle |
| Semifinalists | Asseco Resovia Lotos Trefl Gdańsk |
* 2015–16 Polish Cup winners
* PGE Skra Bełchatów 7th title
# Carnegie Foundation

Carnegie Foundation may refer to:
* Carnegie Corporation of New York, a foundation in the U.S. known as the Carnegie Foundation
* Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands), the managing organization of the Peace Palace in the Netherlands
* Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, a policy and research center in the U.S.
* Carnegie Foundation African Diaspora Fellowship, a program of the Institute of International Education funded by the Carnegie Corporation
# Carmen Schäfer

Carmen Schäfer may refer to:
* Carmen Schäfer (curler) (born 1981), Swiss curler
* Carmen Schäfer (footballer) (born 1971), German footballer
# 2015 in Iraq

The following lists events that happened in 2015 in Iraq.

## Incumbents

* President: Fuad Masum
* Prime Minister: Haider al-Abadi
* Vice President: Nouri al-Maliki, Usama al-Nujayfi, Ayad Allawi

## Events
### January

* January 6 – Clashes with ISIL in Al Anbar Governorate kill twenty-three Iraqi Army soldiers and allied Sunni fighters.
* January 8 – A suicide bomber targets a police checkpoint in the town of Youssifiyah, killing seven people.

### February

* February 7 – Bombings in Baghdad kill at least 37 people hours before the city's curfew was due to end. ISIL claims responsibility.
* February 9 – Several attacks, including a suicide bombing, kill at least 22 in Baghdad, Iraq, in a predominantly Shiite part of the capital.
* February 26 – ISIL posts a video showing the destruction of Mosul Museum, the second largest in Iraq and rich in artifacts from thousands of years of Iraqi history.
* February 28 – A series of car bombs kill 19 people in Balad Ruz, east-central Iraq.

### March

* March 2 – A coalition of Iraqi Armed Forces and militia numbering around 30,000 launches an offensive against Islamic State positions in Tikrit. Troops seize control of the district of al-Tin and al-Abeid.
* March 5 – Separate attacks in Baghdad kill at least eight people.
* March 7 – ISIL destroys the ancient city of Hatra following the destruction of Nimrud.

### April

* April 8 – The Iraqi Ministry of Tourism reports that Bash Tapia Castle was destroyed by ISIL.

### July

* July 17 – A car bomb in Khan Bani Saad killed 130 people injuring at least 130 more.
* July 31 – national protests

### December

* December 8 – The Catholic University in Erbil is founded.

### Scheduled

* The Iraqi Kurdistan presidential elections will take place.
# Manuel Cuadra

Manuel Cuadra Serrano (born August 25, 1947) is a former Nicaraguan footballer. Cuadra represented Nicaragua at the 1975 Pan American Games.

## Club career

Nicknamed Catarrito, during his career he played for Diriangén, and Flor de Caña.
He started his footballing career at the age of 9, with the Los Caciques de Chichota Sibas team in 1956 .
He debuted in the First Division in 1967 with Diriangén scoring his first goal against Dinamo del Tte . His last goal was scored in 1985 with the UCA team against Búfalos. He played 662 games in the First Division, scoring 742 goals, with an average of 1.10 goals per game. He took 103 penalties in his career, of which 95 were scored and 8 were missed.
In 1972 he scored 9 goals in a game against Atléticos. He currently has a national record, since 1969, with 44 goals scored in a tournament with the Flor de Caña team. In 111 International games he scored 59 goals. He was International Top Scorer at the Central American Games in El Salvador in 1977, he shared it with Mágico González, from El Salvador.
He obtained 14 Individual Going Championships, 8 National Tournaments in: 1968, 1969, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1982 and 6 Cup Tournaments in 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1974 and 1975.
He was twice National Champion as a member of a team, 8 times Champion in the National First Division Tournament and 4 times National Cup Champion. He was coach of the National Team in the NORSECA Juvenil in Mexico in 1973 and of the Senior Team in 1985. In 1985 he traveled to San Francisco and in 1987 he moved to Miami, where he currently resides.
# Caroxylon imbricatum

Caroxylon imbricatum, synonym Salsola imbricata, is a small species of shrub in the family Amaranthaceae. It grows in deserts and arid regions of north Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and southwestern Asia.

## Description

Caroxylon imbricatum is a small, spreading shrub or sub-shrub growing up to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall. The grey or reddish stems are up to 2 cm (0.8 in) thick and these and the lower leaves are densely hairy. In the upper parts of the plant the stems are creamy or pale grey and branch frequently, some branches growing vertically while others spread horizontally. Regularly-arranged, catkin-like branchlets project from the branches. The leaves are tiny, succulent and linear or narrowly triangular. The inflorescence is spike-like with bracts similar to the leaves, small flowers with five petals, five stamens and two styles. The fruiting perianth has silky wings.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1775 as Salsola imbricata by the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål. In 1849, Alfred Moquin-Tandon transferred it to the genus Caroxylon, making it Caroxylon imbricatum (Forssk.) Moq., but later it was mostly accepted in genus Salsola. Following a phylogenetic analysis of Salsoloideae in 2007 by Akhani, H., et al., it has been proposed to place Salsola imbricata back into Caroxylon imbricatum. This placement is accepted by GBIF and Plants of the World Online.

## Distribution and habitat

This plant has a widespread distribution across the desert belt of Saharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, southern Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and northwestern India. It typically grows in disturbed areas such as runnels, washes, dry wadis, eroded slopes and coastal cliffs. It grows on various soil types and is a ruderal species, colonising fallow land and over-grazed pastures.

## Ecology

Caroxylon imbricatum is a halophytic plant; under conditions of salt stress, the plant increases its water content (becomes more succulent) and decreases the surface area of its leaves. Tests on the germination rates of seeds show that Caroxylon imbricatum sprouts more quickly and consistently at 20 °C than at higher temperatures, and shows higher germination rates at lower salinity levels than high ones. However, seeds treated at high salinity levels recovered their germination potential after immersion in unsalted water.
The species has traditionally been used as a vermifuge and for treating certain skin disorders. Five triterpene glycosides have been isolated from the roots of Caroxylon imbricatum, two of them being new glycoside derivatives not previously known.