OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of first novels by language

A list of first ever novel written in various languages.
| Language | Year of publication | Name of the novel | Name in native language | Author | Country |
| Assamese | 1890 | Bhanumati | ভানুমতী | Padmanath Gohain Baruah | India |
| Arabic | 1160 (approx.) | Hayy ibn Yaqdhan | حي بن يقظان | Ibn Tufayl | Al-Andalus |
| Aromanian | 1903 | Graves Without Crosses | Mirmintsã fãrã crutsi | Nuși Tulliu | Romania |
| Bengali | 1857 | Alaler Gharer Dulal | আলালের ঘরের দুলাল | Peary Chand Mitra | India |
| Bhojpuri | 1956 | Bindiya | बिंदिया | Ramnath Pandey | India |
| Burmese | 1904 | Maung Yin Maung, Ma Me Ma | မောင်ရင်မောင် မမယ်မ | James Hla Kyaw | Myanmar |
| Catalan | 1283 | Romance of Evast and Blaquerna | Romanç d'Evast e Blaquerna | Ramon Llull | Majorca (Crown of Aragon) |
| Chinese | 14th century | Romance of the Three Kingdoms | 三國演義 | Luo Guanzhong | China |
| French | 1607 | L'Astrée | L'Astrée | Honoré d'Urfé | France |
| Hindi | 1882 | Pariksha Guru | परीक्षागुरू | Lala Srinivas Das | India |
| Japanese | 11th century | The Tale of Genji | 源氏物語 | Murasaki Shikibu | Japan |
| Kannada | 1899 | Indira Bai | | Gulvadi Venkata Rao | India |
| Malayalam | 1887 | Kundalatha | കുന്ദലത | Appu Nedungadi | India |
| Meitei | 1930 | Madhavi | মাধবী | Lamabam Kamal Singh | India |
| Marathi | 1857 | Yamuna Paryatan | यमुना पर्यटन | Baba Padamji | India |
| Nepali | 1903 | Bir Charitra | वीर चरित्र | Girish Ballabh Joshi | Nepal |
| Northern Ndebele | 1956 | The Ndebele Uprising | Umvukela WamaNdebele | Ndabaningi Sithole | Zimbabwe |
| Odia | 1888 | Padmamali | ପଦ୍ମମାଳୀ | Umesh Chandra Sarkar | India |
| Persian | 1937 | The Blind Owl | بوف کور | Sadegh Hedayat | Iran |
| Pashto | 1912 | Mah Rukh | | Rahat Zakheli | Pakistan |
| Punjabi | 1898 | Sundari | ਸੁੰਦਰੀ | Bhai Vir Singh | India |
| Russian | 1842 | Dead Souls | Мёртвые души | Nikolai Gogol | Russia |
| Sanskrit | 7th century | Kadambari | कादम्बरी | Bāṇabhaṭṭa | India |
| Shona | 1956 | Feso | Feso | Solomon Mutswairo | Zimbabwe |
| Spanish | 1605 | Don Quixote | Don Quijote de la Mancha | Miguel de Cervantes | Spain |
| Tamil | 1879 | Prathapa Mudaliar Charitram | பிரதாப முதலியார் சரித்திரம் | Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai | India |
| Telugu | 1867 | Sri Rangaraju Charitra | | Narahari Gopalakrishnama Setty | India |
| Turkish | 1872 | The Love of Talat and Fitnat | Taaşşuk-ı Talat ve Fitnat | Sami Frashëri | Turkey |
| Urdu | 1869 | Mirat-ul-Uroos | مراۃ العروس | Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi | India |
| Uzbek | 1926 | Bygone Days | O’tkan Kunlar | Abdullah Qodiriy | Uzbekistan |
| Xhosa | 1907 | USamson | USamson | S.E.K. Mqhayi | South Africa |
# 1971 Asian Cycling Championships

The 1971 Asian Cycling Championships took place at the Farrer Park Stadium in Singapore from 23 to 30 October 1971.

## Medal summary
### Road

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Individual road race 100 km | Kwon Jung-hyun South Korea | Panya Saecing Thailand | Omar Haji Saad Malaysia |
| Individual road race 200 km | Panya Saecing Thailand | Yoshinori Sugawara Japan | Kazumasa Yamamoto Japan |
| Team road race | Philippines Maximo Junta Rodrigo Arzadon Fermin Zabala | Thailand Panya Saecing Sataporn Kantasa-ard Pinit Koeykorpkeo | Malaysia Rosli Abdul Kadir Omar Haji Saad Jamil Ishak |
| Team time trial | South Korea Yoo Jae-myung Jung Chong-jin Jeon Sung-kook Lee Am-ak | Philippines Ricafrente Dionisio Cesar Filosopo Maximo Junta Fermin Zabala | Japan Takeo Ota Yoshinori Sugawara Hiroyasu Abe Kazumasa Yamamoto |

### Track

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 1 km time trial | Yaichi Numata Japan | Benjamin Evangelista Philippines | Daud Ibrahim Malaysia |
| Individual pursuit | Kazumasa Yamamoto Japan | Kwon Jung-hyun South Korea | Romin Salamante Philippines |
| 800 m mass start | Shue Ming-fa Republic of China | Yoshikazu Cho Japan | Rodolfo Guaves Philippines |
| 1600 m mass start | Shue Ming-fa Republic of China | Kim Kwang-sun South Korea | Suriya Saechia Thailand |
| 4800 m mass start | Cheng Ming-fu Republic of China | Julius Enagan Philippines | Cherdchoo Sukkato Thailand |
| 10000 m mass start | Daud Ibrahim Malaysia | Benjamin Evangelista Philippines | Kenichi Ono Japan |
| 1600 m team time trial | Japan Masayuki Hasebe Kazumasa Yamamoto Yaichi Numata Toshio Saito | Philippines Benjamin Evangelista Rodolfo Guaves Romin Salamante Roberto Quirimit | Thailand Cherdchoo Sukkato Vitaya Poontharikapan Suriya Saechia Taworn Tarwan |
| Team pursuit | Japan Takeo Ota Masayuki Hasebe Yaichi Numata Kenichi Ono | South Korea Suk Choon-bong Kim Kwang-sun Ro Hae-soo Kwon Jung-kook | Thailand Suriya Saechia Vitaya Poontharikapan Cherdchoo Sukkato Pinit Koeykorpkeo |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Japan | 4 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 2 | Republic of China | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | South Korea | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
| 4 | Philippines | 1 | 5 | 2 | 8 |
| 5 | Thailand | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 6 | Malaysia | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 36 |
# List of highways numbered 717

The following highways are numbered 717:

## Costa Rica

* National Route 717

## United States

* SR 717
* LA 717
* MD 717
* PR-717
* FM 717
| Preceded by 716 | Lists of highways 717 | Succeeded by 718 |
# List of highways numbered 238

The following highways are numbered 238:

## Canada

* Manitoba Provincial Road 238
* Newfoundland and Labrador Route 238
* Prince Edward Island Route 238

## Costa Rica

* National Route 238

## Japan

* Japan National Route 238

## United States

* Interstate 238
* Arizona State Route 238
* Arkansas Highway 238
* California State Route 238
* Georgia State Route 238 (former)
* Indiana State Road 238 (former)
* Iowa Highway 238 (former)
* K-238 (Kansas highway)
* Maine State Route 238
* Maryland Route 238
* Minnesota State Highway 238
* Montana Secondary Highway 238
* New Mexico State Road 238
* New York State Route 238
* Ohio State Route 238
* Oregon Route 238
* Pennsylvania Route 238
* Rhode Island Route 238
* South Dakota Highway 238
* Tennessee State Route 238
* Texas State Highway 238
* Utah State Route 238 (former)
* Virginia State Route 238
* Wyoming Highway 238

### Territories

* Puerto Rico Highway 238
| Preceded by 237 | Lists of highways 238 | Succeeded by 239 |
# List of lighthouses in Suriname

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
This is a list of lighthouses in Suriname.

## Lighthouses

| Name | Image | Year built | Location & coordinates (*) | Status | Tower height | NGA number | Admiralty number | ARLHS number |
| Hoek Galibi Lighthouse | Image | 1871 est. | Galibi 5°44′44.2″N 53°49′22.6″E﻿ / ﻿5.745611°N 53.822944°E﻿ / 5.745611; 53.822944 | inactive since 2012 | 60 metres (200 ft) | ex-17400 | ex-J6882 | SUR-001 |
| Lightship Suriname 1 (Riviere) | Image | 1911 | Paramaribo District 5°53′22.9″N 55°05′28.6″W﻿ / ﻿5.889694°N 55.091278°W﻿ / 5.889694; -55.091278 | decommissioned in 1972, permanently moored in the Fort Nieuw-Amsterdam Open-Air Museum. | n/a | n/a | n/a | SUR-004M |
| Lightship Suriname 2 | Image | 1923 | Paramaribo District 5°31′42.8″N 55°02′43.8″W﻿ / ﻿5.528556°N 55.045500°W﻿ / 5.528556; -55.045500 | decommissioned in 1981 | 40.3 metres (132 ft) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Lightship Suriname 3 | Image | 1923 | Paramaribo District 5°31′42.8″N 55°02′43.8″W﻿ / ﻿5.528556°N 55.045500°W﻿ / 5.528556; -55.045500 | decommissioned in 1981 | 40.3 metres (132 ft) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Nickerie Rivier Lighthouse | Image | n/a | Nieuw Nickerie 5°57′39.9″N 57°01′05.2″W﻿ / ﻿5.961083°N 57.018111°W﻿ / 5.961083; -57.018111 | inactive since 2011 | 21 metres (69 ft) | ex-17356 | ex-J6866 | SUR-005 |
(*) Lightship coordinates after decommissioned
# Beyond Infinity (mathematics book)

Beyond Infinity : An Expedition to the Outer Limits of Mathematics is a popular mathematics book by Eugenia Cheng centered on concepts of infinity. It was published by Basic Books and (with a slightly different title) by Profile Books in 2017, and in a paperback edition in 2018. It was shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize.

## Topics

The book is divided into two parts, with the first exploring notions leading to concepts of actual infinity, concrete but infinite mathematical values. After an exploration of number systems, this part discusses set theory, cardinal numbers, and ordinal numbers, transfinite arithmetic, and the existence of different infinite sizes of sets. Topics used to illustrate these concepts include Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel, Cantor's diagonal argument, and the unprovability of the continuum hypothesis.
The second part concerns mathematics related to the idea of potential infinity, the assignment of finite values to the results of infinite processes including growth rates, limits, and infinite series. This part also discusses Zeno's paradoxes, Dedekind cuts, the dimensions of spaces, and the possibility of spaces of infinite dimensions, with a mention of higher category theory, Cheng's research specialty.
The mathematics is frequently lightened and made accessible with personal experiences and stories, involving such subjects as the Loch Ness Monster, puff pastry, boating, dance contests, shoes, "Legos, the iPod Shuffle, snorkeling, Battenberg cakes and Winnie-the-Pooh".

## Audience and reception

The Royal Society judges called Beyond Infinity "a very engaging introduction to a forbidding subject". Similarly, reviewer Anne Haworth calls it "engaging and readable", and Wall Street Journal reviewer Sam Kean writes that its "chatty tone keeps things fresh". It is aimed at a popular audience, not assumed to have a significant background in mathematics, including "the young or those brimming with curiosity" as well as college or secondary-school students, although it may be "too elementary for mathematicians or mathematics students".
As similar reading material, reviewer Andrew James Simoson suggests placing this book alongside The Book of Numbers by John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy (1996), One Two Three... Infinity by George Gamow (1947), and Really Big Numbers by Richard Schwartz (2014).
# 1968 NCAA University Division baseball rankings

The following poll makes up the 1968 NCAA University Division baseball rankings. Collegiate Baseball Newspaper published its first human poll of the top 20 teams in college baseball in 1957, and expanded to rank the top 30 teams in 1961.

## Collegiate Baseball

Currently, only the final poll from the 1968 season is available.
| Rank | Team |
| 1 | USC |
| 2 | Southern Illinois |
| 3 | NC State |
| 4 | St. John's |
| 5 | Oklahoma State |
| 6 | Texas |
| 7 | BYU |
| 8 | Harvard |
| 9 | Ohio |
| 10 | Minnesota |
| 11 | Cal State Los Angeles |
| 12 | Florida State |
| 13 | NYU |
| 14 | Valparaiso |
| 15 | Temple |
| 16 | Arizona |
| 17 | Arizona State |
| 18 | Connecticut |
| 19 | East Carolina |
| 20 | Santa Clara |
| 21 | New Mexico |
| 22 | Alabama |
| 23 | Michigan State |
| 24 | Bradley |
| 25 | Cal Poly Pomona |
| 26 | Stanford |
| 27 | Florida |
| 28 | Texas–Pan American |
| 29 | Rutgers |
| 30 | Weber State |
# 1972 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 180 metres relay

The women's 4 × 180 metres relay event at the 1972 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 March in Grenoble. Each athlete ran one lap of the 180 metres track.

## Results

| Nation | Competitors | Time |
| West Germany | Elfgard Schittenhelm Christine Tackenberg Annegret Kroniger Rita Wilden | 1:24.1 |
| France | Michèle Beugnet Christiane Marlet Claudine Meire Nicole Pani | 1:27.6 |
| Austria | Christa Kepplinger Maria Sykora Carmen Mähr Monika Holzschuster | 1:29.5 |
# Bhavsinhji Madhavsinhji

Maharaja Rana Shri Bhavsinhji Madhavsinhji Sahib Bahadur (26 December 1867 – 10 December 1908) was the Maharaja of Porbandar belonging to Jethwa dynasty, who ascended the throne of princely state of Porbandar on 15 September 1900 and ruled till his death in 1908.
He was the grandson of Rana of Porbandar, Rana Shri Vikramatji Khimojiraj Sahib. His father, Madhavsinhji Vikramatji was eldest son of Vikramatji, who died in 1869, when Bhavsinhji was still an infant. Bhavsinhji was educated at Rajkumar College, Rajkot and later served in many administrative posts of Porbandar State. He ascended the throne on 15 September 1900 upon death of his grandfather, Rana Vikramatji.
He administered the state effectively and Porbandar was restored to its position as a First Class with full judicial and administrative powers, which had been relegated to a third class state during reign of his predecessor, Rana Vikramatji.
In 1903, he attended the Coronation Durbar at Delhi and received the Delhi Durbar gold medal.
He died at Porbandar on 10 December 1908. After, his death his only son, from several marriages, Shri Natwarsinhji Bhavsinhji ascended the throne.
# Betschart

Betschart is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hermann Betschart (1910–1950), Swiss rower
* Kurt Betschart (born 1968), Swiss professional cyclist
* Nina Betschart (born 1995), Swiss professional beach volleyball player
* Sandra Betschart (born 1989), Swiss footballer
# 1972 hurricane season

1972 hurricane season may refer to:
* The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season
* The 1972 Pacific hurricane season
# Biak coucal

The Biak coucal (Centropus chalybeus) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)

The 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) was the 31st edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on December 31. It matched the No. 10 SMU Mustangs of the Southwest Conference (SWC) and the No. 4 Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Kickoff for the Saturday game was 1:30 p.m. CST and it was televised by CBS.
This was the first playing of the Cotton Bowl Classic in December—the "1967 game" was moved to New Year's Eve because New Year's Day was a Sunday in 1967. The decision to move the game had been announced in January 1966. The other major bowls (Sugar, Orange, Rose) were played on January 2.

## Teams
### SMU

The #10 Mustangs (8–2) had won the Southwest Conference (SWC) championship (6–1) for the first time since 1948, led by fifth-year head coach Hayden Fry. They won all five games at the Cotton Bowl, their home stadium through 1978.

### Georgia

Fourth-ranked Georgia (9–1) shared the Southeastern Conference (SEC) title (6–0) with #3 Alabama, with a one-point loss to Miami as their only blemish. They completed the regular season with a rivalry win over previously undefeated Georgia Tech. Led by Vince Dooley, in the third of his 25 seasons as head coach, the Bulldogs were a seven-point favorite. It was their first appearance in a major bowl in seven years.

## Game summary

On the second play from scrimmage, Georgia's Kent Lawrence ran 74 yards for a touchdown. SMU responded with a field goal later in the quarter, but Georgia scored ten more points (highlighted by a Billy Payne touchdown catch from Kirby Moore) to lead 17–3. Mike Richardson of SMU scored a touchdown from a yard out to narrow the lead, but the kick was blocked, and it was 17–9 at halftime.
Those were SMU's last points, as Georgia held the Mustangs in check the rest of the game. The Bulldogs scored once more in the fourth quarter, on a four-yard Ronnie Jenkins touchdown run, to seal the game. Ultimately, it was Georgia's rushing attack that won the game for the Bulldogs, who had 244 more rushing yards than the Mustangs, who could only muster forty.

### Scoring

First quarter
* Georgia – Kent Lawrence 74-yard run (Bob Etter kick)
* SMU – Dennis Partee 22-yard field goal
* Georgia – Etter 28-yard field goal
Second quarter
* Georgia – Billy Payne 20-yard pass from Kirby Moore (Etter kick)
* SMU – Mike Richardson 1-yard run (kick blocked)
Third quarter
    No scoring
Fourth quarter
* Georgia – Ron Jenkins 4-yard run (Etter kick)
    Source:

## Statistics

    Statistics SMU Georgia First Downs1117 Yards Rushing40284 Yards Passing16579 Passing (C–A–I)10–20–36–14–1 Total Yards205363 Punts–Average4–36.54–28.5 Fumbles–Lost1–12–1 Turnovers42 Penalties–Yards7–453–37
    Source:
# 1973 European Wrestling Championships

The 1973 European Wrestling Championships were held in the men's Freestyle style in Losanna Switzerland 30 March – 4 April 1973; the Greco-Romane style in Helsinki Finland 1 – 4 June 1973.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Soviet Union | 10 | 4 | 4 | 18 |
| 2 | Bulgaria | 6 | 7 | 2 | 15 |
| 3 | Poland | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | Romania | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | Sweden | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | West Germany | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Turkey | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 8 | Hungary | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 9 | East Germany | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 10 | Czechoslovakia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 11 | Finland | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 11 | Yugoslavia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 13 | Norway | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (13 entries) | Totals (13 entries) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 60 |

## Medal summary
### Men's freestyle

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 48 kg | Hasan Isaev Bulgaria | Rafig Hajiyev Soviet Union | Tadeusz Kudelski Poland |
| 52 kg | Arsen Alakhverdiyev Soviet Union | Ali Rıza Alan Turkey | Henrik Gál Hungary |
| 57 kg | Kirkor Leonov Bulgaria | László Klinga Hungary | Rain Dobordzhekidze Soviet Union |
| 62 kg | Ivan Yankov Bulgaria | Zagalav Abdulbekov Soviet Union | Vehbi Akdağ Turkey |
| 68 kg | Nasrula Nasrulayev Soviet Union | Stefan Stoikov Bulgaria | Ali Şahin Turkey |
| 74 kg | Adolf Seger West Germany | Viktor Zilberman Soviet Union | Frank Birke East Germany |
| 82 kg | Vasili Siulzhin Soviet Union | Hayri Polat Turkey | Benno Paulitz East Germany |
| 90 kg | Piotr Surikov Soviet Union | Horst Stottmeister East Germany | Dimo Kostov Bulgaria |
| 100 kg | Vladimir Gulyutkin Soviet Union | József Csatári Hungary | Harald Büttner East Germany |
| +100 kg | Nodar Modebadze Soviet Union | Alaettin Yıldırım Turkey | Boyan Boev Bulgaria |

### Men's Greco-Roman

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 48 kg | Gheorghe Berceanu Romania | Pavel Hristov Bulgaria | Vladimir Netsvetayev Soviet Union |
| 52 kg | Jan Michalik Poland | Todor Todorov Bulgaria | Valery Arutyunov Soviet Union |
| 57 kg | Hristo Traikov Bulgaria | Yuri Sokolov Soviet Union | Ivan Frgić Yugoslavia |
| 62 kg | Nelson Davidyan Soviet Union | Kazimierz Lipień Poland | Harald Hervig Norway |
| 68 kg | Shamil Khisamutdinov Soviet Union | Nedko Nedev Bulgaria | Sreten Damjanović Yugoslavia |
| 74 kg | Ivan Kolev Bulgaria | Vítězslav Mácha Czechoslovakia | Klaus-Peter Göpfert East Germany |
| 82 kg | Gennady Korban Soviet Union | Jan Dołgowicz Poland | Pavel Pavlov Bulgaria |
| 90 kg | Frank Andersson Sweden | Dimitar Ivanov Bulgaria | Keijo Manni Finland |
| 100 kg | Nikolay Balboshin Soviet Union | Kamen Goranov Bulgaria | Nicolae Martinescu Romania |
| +100 kg | Aleksandar Tomov Bulgaria | Marek Galiński Poland | Shota Morchiladze Soviet Union |
# Mieczysław Mackiewicz

Mieczysław Mackiewicz (9 May 1880 – 6 August 1954) was a Polish general.

## Biography

In partitioned Poland, Mackiewicz joined the Imperial Russian Army and fought in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), reaching the rank of a captain. In 1913 he secretly joined the Polish pro-independence organization Związek Strzelecki, and worked with Józef Piłsudski. During the First World War, he fought in the Russian Army against the Germans, and was captured in 1915. He formed a Polish school for NCOs in prisoner-of-war camps. In 1918 he joined the Polish Army. He took part in the Polish-Lithuanian negotiations in Suwałki and fought in the Polish-Soviet War, where he commanded infantry divisions and operational groups; He was wounded in 1920, and promoted to general in 1927. He retired in 1935, but joined the Polish Army again during German invasion of Poland in 1939 as a volunteer. Eventually he joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West. After the war he settled in the United Kingdom, where he died in 1954.
He was also a member of the first chapter of the Virtuti Militari Order. By Order No. 11 of May 6, 1922, he was awarded the Cross of Valor for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th time. From January 1921 to May 1926, he commanded the 30th Infantry Division and then, until March 1935, he was the commander of the 26th Infantry Division (in in the meantime, on January 1, 1927, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general). On September 30, 1935, he retired. He settled on the estate of Żydomla near Grodno, which he received for his war services as part of a military settlement.

## Honours and awards

* Order of Virtuti Militari
* Order of Polonia Restituta, Officer's Cross
* Cross of Independence
* Medal of Independence
* Cross of Valour – four times
* Gold Cross of Merit
# Max Ernst Wichura

Max Ernst Wichura (27 January 1817 in Neisse – February 1866 in Berlin) was a German lawyer and botanist.
A lawyer by vocation, he studied jurisprudence in Breslau and Bonn. In 1859 he was appointed as a government councillor (Regierungsrath) in Breslau, a position he maintained until his death in 1866.
He studied botany as a gymnasium student in Breslau, where one of his instructors was Friedrich Wimmer. As a law student at Bonn, he continued his botanical research, conducting studies on plant shoot morphology and systematics, especially of freshwater algae and mosses. During the summer of 1846, he embarked on a botanical excursion to Austrian Silesia, and ten years later, took part in an expedition to Lapland (1856). Afterwards, he performed cryptogamic investigations on trips to the Alps and Carpathians. In 1859, he participated as a botanist on a Prussian expedition to Eastern Asia, where he visited Singapore, Manila and various coastal areas of China and Japan.
As a botanist, he was an expert on the willow genus Salix. Known for his pioneer research involving plant hybrids, he is credited with recreating a number of naturally occurring hybrids. He corresponded with Charles Darwin in regards to hybridization, and Gregor Mendel was familiar with his research on willow hybrids. The popular rose species Rosa wichuraiana is named after him, as is the subgenus Wichuraea, circumscribed by Max Joseph Roemer in 1847.

## Selected works

* Aus vier Welttheilen : eine Reise-Tagebuch in Briefen, 1868.
* Die Bastardbefruchtung im Pflanzenreich : erlaütert an den Bastarden der Weiden, 1885.