OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alcippe (bird)

Alcippe is a genus of passerine birds in the monotypic family Alcippeidae. The genus once included many other fulvettas and was previously placed in families Pellorneidae or Timaliidae.

## Taxonomy

The genus Alcippe previously included many of the fulvettas, but recent taxonomy has seen the group progressively redefined. The Fulvetta fulvettas are now placed in family Paradoxornithidae, the bush blackcap in the genus Sylvia in the family Sylviidae, and, in the most recent revision, a group of seven species were transferred to the new genus Schoeniparus in family Pellorneidae. With the rearrangement of the species there are now birds with the common name "fulvetta" in three families: in the genera Lioparus and Fulvetta in Paradoxornithidae, Schoeniparus in Pellorneidae, and Alcippe in Alcippeidae.
The family Alcippeidae is sister to the family Leiothrichidae containing the laughingthrushes.
Pycnonotidae – bulbuls (167 species)
Sylviidae – sylviid babblers (32 species)
Paradoxornithidae – parrotbills and myzornis (38 species)
Zosteropidae – white-eyes (152 species)
Timaliidae – tree babblers (58 species)
Pellorneidae – ground babblers (68 species)
Alcippeidae – Alcippe fulvettas (10 species)
Leiothrichidae – laughingthrushes and allies (133 species) :
Phylogeny based on a study of the babblers by Cai and colleagues published in 2019. :
The genus contains the following ten species:
| Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
| Brown fulvetta | Alcippe brunneicauda | Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand |
| Brown-cheeked fulvetta | Alcippe poioicephala | Bangladesh, India and Southeast Asia. |
| Javan fulvetta | Alcippe pyrrhoptera | Indonesia. |
| Mountain fulvetta | Alcippe peracensis | Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam |
| Black-browed fulvetta | Alcippe grotei | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
| Grey-cheeked fulvetta | Alcippe morrisonia | Taiwan. |
| David's fulvetta | Alcippe davidi | southern China and northern Vietnam. |
| Yunnan fulvetta | Alcippe fratercula | southern China, southeastern Myanmar and northern Indochina. |
| Huet's fulvetta | Alcippe hueti | southeast China. |
| Nepal fulvetta | Alcippe nipalensis | Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, and Taiwan. |
# Alciphron (book)

Alciphron, or The Minute Philosopher is a philosophical dialogue by the 18th-century Irish philosopher George Berkeley wherein Berkeley combated the arguments of free-thinkers such as Mandeville and Shaftesbury against the Christian religion. It was completed in 1731, and first published in 1732.
The dialogue is primarily between four characters, the free-thinkers Alciphron and Lysicles, Berkeley's spokesman Euphranor, and Crito, who serves as a spokesman for traditional Christianity. The mostly-silent narrator of the dialogue is given the name Dion.

## Contents

The work contains two especially notable sections:
* Dialogue IV, in which Berkeley presents a novel teleological argument for the existence of God based on Berkeley's theory of visual language, defended in the Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision (first published in 1709, and included with the first edition of Alciphron).
* Dialogue VII, in which Berkeley presents a novel theory of language which has been compared with the theory of language advocated by Ludwig Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations.
In a later work, The Theory of Vision Vindicated and Explained (first published in 1733), Berkeley adduced the work of Alberto Radicati as evidence that the views advocated by the character Lysicles were not overly exaggerated (para. 5).
The work expressed Berkeley's anti-Catholicism. In it, he suggested that freethinking, by damaging Protestantism, would leave England open to conversion by Roman Catholic missionaries. In 1742, the Catholic Church responded to the work's anti-Catholic views by placing it on the Index of Forbidden Books, where it remained until the abolition of the Index in 1966.

## Publication

It was originally published anonymously under the full title Alciphron: or, the minute philosopher. In seven dialogues. Containing an apology for the Christian religion, against those who are called free-thinkers, printed in London by J. Tonson in 2 volumes. The second volume contains his An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision and so it was not very anonymous.
The posthumous 1755 edition was the first to include Berkeley's name as author. The book was begun while Berkeley was living at Whitehall Farm, Rhode Island, and then finished when he came back to London in 1731.

## Reception

The book was criticised by a letter in the Daily Postboy (September 1732) to whom Berkeley replied in his Theory of Vision (1733). Peter Browne, Bishop of Cork, responded to Berkeley in his Divine Analogy (1733). Bernard Mandeville replied in a pamphlet entitled A Letter to Dion (1732). Lord Hervey protested against Alciphron's rationalism in his Some Remarks on the Minute Philosopher (1732). Francis Hutchenson's philosophical criticism appeared in the fourth edition of his Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1738). The American clergyman Samuel Johnson wrote a more sympathetic review in the Elementa Philosophica (1752).
# Alderstown School for the Deaf

The Alderstown School for the Deaf (founded in 1954) is a Special Basic Education Institution along Skinn Road in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. It is a specialist primary school for children aged 4–12, or more who are deaf or have hearing and speech difficulties.

## Reconstruction

During Governor Emmanuel Uduaghan's administration, the Delta State government embarked upon a reconstruction project in the school. The school was considered "one of the most deplorable and desecrated schools in the heart of Warri which has been given a facelift by the Uduaghan's administration."

## Education

* Cavagina Primary School
# Alen Markaryan

Alen Markaryan, (born 30 June 1966) is a Turkish business entrepreneur, writer, sports columnist and activist. He is colloquially known of being a notable figure of Çarşı, supporters initiative of Beşiktaş J.K.

## Life

Markaryan was born on 30 June 1966 in Istanbul. He is of Armenian descent. He can understand Armenian language, however he cannot speak it. He runs a kebap restaurant named "Aleni Kebap" located in Pangaltı, Istanbul.
Markaryan has regularly attended Beşiktaş games since he was 12 years old. He orchestrates pre-game choreographies of football games.
Markaryan worked at Turkish daily sports newspaper "Fotomaç" and Akşam as sports columnist.

## Books

| Year | Original Title | Publishing House | ISBN Code |
| 2010 | Quaresma | Çizmeli Kedi | ISBN 9786055671907 |
| 2019 | Alen-i | Hypatia | ISBN 9786050317046 |
# Aleptina arenaria

Aleptina arenaria is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is only known from the White Sands National Park, Otero County, New Mexico.
The length of the forewings is 10 mm for males and females. Adults are grey with normal noctuid transverse markings and spots.

## Etymology

Gypsum sand is the substrate of the white dune field at White Sands National Park. Arena means sand in Latin. The Latin suffix -aria means connected with something. The specific epithet of this species, arenaria calls attention to the specialized sandy habitat where Aleptina arenaria was discovered.
# Aleptina

Aleptina is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1902.

## Species

* Aleptina aleptivoides (Barnes & McDunnough, 1912)
* Aleptina arenaria Metzler & Forbes, 2011
* Aleptina clinopetes (Dyar, 1920)
* Aleptina inca Dyar, 1902
* Aleptina junctimacula Todd, Blanchard & Poole, 1984
* Aleptina semiatra (Smith, 1902)
# Alegrías De Mediodía

Alegrías De Mediodía (English Midday Happiness) is a TV show broadcast by Canal de las Estrellas between 1980 and 1982. It is a TV show aimed at a young audience, set in Mexico. It started on 17 February 1980, and was broadcast from Monday to Friday from 3:30 to 4 in the afternoon through the TV channel Canal de las Estrellas (The Star's Channel).
The format was child comedy, starring new children with talent that are still in the Mexican media. This was the first time ever Lucero starred on television. Other notable cast members include Chuchito, Usi Velasco, Ginny Hoffman, Aleks Syntek and Carlitos Espejel, among others.
Alegrias De Mediodia was also the first Televisa series to feature Aida Pierce, in the role of the teacher Dona Tecla. Within a year of the series' launch, Pierce joined the casts of La Carabina de Ambrosio and La Matraca, but she is better known as a regular on nine other television series, including Humor es...los Comediantes, which she would cohost from 2000-01 (reuniting her with Espejel) and Duelo de Pasiones, as well as a guest on many comedy and variety shows aired on the Televisa networks.
# Aleksandr Tretyakov

Aleksandr Tretyakov may refer to:
* Aleksandr Tretyakov (wrestler) (born 1972), Russian Olympic wrestler
* Aleksandr Tretyakov (skeleton racer) (born 1985), Russian Olympic skeleton racer
# Alessandro Roncaglia

Alessandro Roncaglia (1947) is an Italian economist. He was professor of economics at the Sapienza University of Rome from 1981 to 2017.

## Awards and honors

In 2002 the Italian edition of his The wealth of ideas, later published in an expanded edition in English, has won the Jerome Blanqui Award of the European Society for the History of Economic Thought.
In 2018 appeared Classical Economics Today: Essays in Honor of Alessandro Roncaglia, edited by Marcella Corsi, J.A. Kregel and Carlo D'Ippoliti.
# Alex Belth

Alex Belth is an American sports writer, literary critic, and editor.
He is an editor at Esquire. His work appeared in Air Mail, The Daily Beast, Sports Illustrated, and The Wall Street Journal.

## Works

* Belth, Alex (2024-05-20). What Makes Sammy Jr. Run?. ISBN 978-1-958861-38-7.
# Aleshire

Aleshire is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* James B. Aleshire (1856–1925), US Army major general
* Arthur W. Aleshire (1900–1940), American politician
* Lennie Aleshire (1890–1987), American vaudeville and country music performer
* Sara B. Aleshire (1947–1997), American epigrapher and historian of Greek religion
# Alessandra Mariéthoz

Alessandra Mariéthoz (born 6 April 1967) is a Swiss fencer. She competed in the women's individual foil event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Alessandro Trotter

Alessandro Trotter (26 July 1874 – 22 July 1967)) was an Italian botanist and entomologist who pioneered in cecidology, the study of plant galls.

## Biography

Trotter's first work on cecidology dated back to 1897, and he reported 124 galls of which 21 were caused by eriophyid mites. Trotter travelled around Italy between 1899 and 1909 and described 742 galls in 20 papers. Together with Giacomo Cecconi he issued the exsiccata Cecidotheca Italica o raccolta di galle Italiane determinate, preparate ed illustrate. At the age of 28, he founded a journal called Marcella in honour of Marcello Malpighi which dealt with cecidology.
He later became professor of plant pathology at the University of Naples and wrote more than 400 publications with nearly 110 on plant galls. He described several new species of Cynipidae and Cecidomyiidae some with Jean-Jacques Kieffer.
Trotter was the son-in-law of Pier Andrea Saccardo (1845–1920).

## Works

Partial List
* Flora Italica Cryptogamica. Pars I: Fungi. Fasc. IV. Uredinales (Genera: Uromyces et Puccinia). (1908).
* Sylloge Fungorum 23: i-xxxii, (1925).
* Sylloge Fungorum 24 (1): 1–703 (1926).
* Sylloge Fungorum 24 (2): 704–1438 (1928).
# Alex Johnston (Australian rules footballer)

Alexander Johnston (7 December 1881 – 19 March 1965) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club and Richmond Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll

Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll (c.1271 – 1319) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the eldest son of Sir John Stewart (d. 1298), and the father of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Angus.

## Family

Alexander was the first cousin of Walter the Steward, father of King Robert II of Scotland, and of Sir James Douglas, two of the most important commanders during the First War of Scottish Independence. He was also the brother-in-law of Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, nephew of King Robert I of Scotland. His mother was Margaret de Bonkyl, the daughter of Sir Alexander de Bonkyl of that Ilk. Alexander's wife was Jean Fitz James [Jean's surname should be "fitz Alexander" as the custom was "fitz" (daughter of) or "Fitz" (son of) then the father's Christian name in this case "Alexander" hence "Jean fitz Alexander"], daughter of Alexander Fitz James, with whom he had two children, a son and heir, John Stewart, and a daughter, Isabella Stewart, who married Domhnall II, Earl of Mar.

## Life

His father had been one of the strongest supporters of the exiled John Balliol and was killed at the Battle of Falkirk. After the disaster at Falkirk William Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland and was replaced by John Comyn, nephew of the exiled Balliol. After Comyn achieved some notable success fighting against the English a quarrel broke out between Comyn and his rival Robert the Bruce over their competing rights to the throne. During a meeting between the two sides at Dumfries in 1306, Comyn was fatally stabbed by Bruce and his supporters and the War of Independence now became a civil war. Because of his father's long allegiance to King John, Alexander fought under John MacDougall of Lorn against Bruce but was captured by his cousin James Douglas in 1308 and was given a royal pardon. He died circa 1319.
# Alexander Stewart of Darnley

Alexander Stewart of Darnley may refer to:
* Alexander Stewart of Darnley (d.1374), Scottish nobleman
* Alexander Stewart of Darnley (d.1404), Scottish nobleman
# Alexander King House

The Alexander King House is a historic house at 232 South Main Street in Suffield, Connecticut. Built in 1764, the house interior contains one of the state's finest collections of 18th-century Georgian woodwork. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is now a historic house museum operated by the Suffield Historical Society.

## Description and history

The Alexander King House stands near the southern edge of Suffield's village center, on the east side of South Main Street opposite Willow Creek Avenue. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. A single-story gabled ell extends to the rear, and a shed-roof porch is attached to the right side. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance framed by pilasters, a multilight transom window, and a corniced entablature. The interior follows a typical center-chimney plan, with an entrance vestibule with winding stair in front, parlors on either side of the chimney, and a kitchen with small corner rooms in the rear. The left parlor is the finest room in the house, with a fully paneled fireplace wall, and a corner cabinet framed by pilasters rising to an arch. The right parlor also retains original paneling and cabinetry. The stair in the vestibule features delicately carved balusters. The kitchen walls are also mostly paneled, although with simpler styling.
The house was built in 1764 by Alexander King, one of Suffield's leading citizens of the time. King had graduated from Yale College, and practiced medicine in the town. He was politically active, serving as a town selectman for many years and in the state legislature. He supported the American Revolution, and was a delegate to the state convention which ratified the United States Constitution in 1788.
# Mir-550 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology mir-550 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
# Alexander Alderman Semmes

Alexander Alderman Semmes (January 18, 1825 – September 22, 1885) was a career United States Navy officer, who served with distinction in the American Civil War. He was a cousin of Confederate naval hero Raphael Semmes, and also of Confederate general Paul Jones Semmes.

## Early life

Alexander Alderman Semmes was born in Washington, D.C., on January 18, 1825.

## Naval career

Semmes became a midshipman on October 27, 1841. He attended the United States Naval Academy and became a passed midshipman on August 10, 1847. He was promoted to master on September 14, 1855, and to lieutenant the next day, September 15, 1855. He became a lieutenant commander on July 16, 1862, and commander on July 25, 1866. He attained the rank of captain on August 24, 1873, and was promoted to commodore on March 10, 1882.

## Civil War service

Semmes served on the side-wheel steamship Rhode Island as a lieutenant during the first year of the war, during which time the vessel captured the Confederate schooner Aristides off Charlotte harbor. In March 1862, he was given command of the screw steamer Wamsutta, and participated in the Battle of the Riceboro River.
Semmes was promoted to lieutenant commander in July, and given command of the new screw propeller gunboat Tahoma on October 17, 1862. Serving in the East Gulf Blockade Squadron commanded by Admiral Cornelius Stribling, he was able to make seven captures off the west coast of Florida, as well as launching an expeditionary attack at Tampa Bay and engaging the shore batteries at Gadsden Point in April 1863.
In August 1864, he became commander of the Passaic-class monitor Lehigh, participating in the bombardment of Fort Pringle, and in the operations at Charleston until that city surrendered. He co-operated with Gen. U.S. Grant's army, fought the Howlett's House batteries, and was present at the fall of Richmond in 1865.

## Postwar service

Semmes was made captain of the sloop of war USS Alaska, and in around December 1875 was ordered by President Grant to Cape Palmas, Liberia, in a show of force to stop the Grebo-Liberian War. Semmes pulled into Cape Palmas on 3 February 1876.
In 1880, Semmes was made the third president of the Board of Inspection and Survey, which had been formed in 1868. He served as the board's president until June 1883. At the time of his death, he commanded the Washington Navy Yard.

## Personal life

Semmes married Mary Dorsey of Baltimore, Maryland, in 1864. He died in Hamilton, Virginia, in 1885 at the age of 60.
# AP Smith Manufacturing Co. v. Barlow

AP Smith Manufacturing Co. v. Barlow, 13 N.J. 145, 98 A.2d 581 (N.J. 1953), is a US corporate law case, concerning the application of directors' duties in regard to balancing the interests of different stakeholders. It held that directors may make charitable donations, so long as their personal interests do not conflict, or there is a contravention of state law.

## Facts

The directors of AP Smith Manufacturing, a New Jersey company making fire hydrants in East Orange, approved donation of $1,500 (equivalent to $17,100 in 2023) to Princeton University. The shareholders disapproved of the gift and contended that it was a breach of a director's duty to act in the corporation or shareholder interests. Specifically they argued that there was no express authority in the corporation's certificate of incorporation. A New Jersey statute allowed corporations to make charitable donations, so long as the recipient did not own more than 10 per cent of a corporation's stock, but the shareholders argued this was inapplicable if the corporation was incorporated beforehand.

## Judgment

The Court held the gift was within the competence of the company and lauded it as a 'long visioned… action in recognizing and voluntarily discharging its high obligations as a constituent of our modern society.' It continued as follows.
   State legislation adopted in the public interest and applied to pre-existing corporations under the reserved power has repeatedly been sustained by the Supreme Court.
   In the light of all of the foregoing we have no hesitancy in sustaining the validity of the donation by the plaintiff. There is no suggestion that it was made indiscriminately or to a pet charity of the corporate directors in furtherance of personal rather than corporate ends.

## Legacy

Together with the earlier English case of Hutton v West Cork Rly Co (1883) and Australian case of Miles v Sydney Meat-Preserving Co Ltd (1912), AP Smith has been acknowledged as an early instance of legal recognition of corporate social responsibility.
# Alexander Newlands

Alexander Newlands CBE M.Inst.C.E., (11 January 1870 - 28 August 1938) was chief engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway from 1927 to 1933.

## Family

Newlands was born at Elgin on 11 January 1870 at Lhanbryde, Morayshire, the son of Alexander Newlands of Pondpark, Elgin, and Annie Grant. He married Bessie Hamilton McGilchrist, third daughter of the late Rev. John McGilchrist of Bowmore, Islay in 1900. They had three daughters. He died in Glasgow on 28 August 1938.

## Career

Newlands was educated at West End school, Elgin. He then served a pupilage with Messrs. Gordon and MacBey and in 1892 joined the Highland Railway in the engineering department in Inverness, and was engaged in parliamentary surveys for the Kyle extension of the Dingwall and Skye section of the line.
In 1893, he was made resident engineer on these works which were completed in 1897. In 1897 he was made resident engineer on the widening of the Highland Main Line from Blair Atholl northwards to Dalwhinnie. In 1899, he was appointed Chief Assistant, and in 1901 Assistant Engineer, finally being promoted to Engineer in Chief in 1914.
When the Highland Railway became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway System in 1921 he became Divisional Engineer in Inverness. In 1924 was transferred to the Crewe Division. He was appointed Chief Civil Engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway on 1 February 1927, retiring on 1 July 1933.
He served as a member of the Board of Trade Water-Power Resources Committee and of the Water-Power Section of the Conjoint Board of Scientific Societies. He received the C.B.E. in 1920.
He was elected an Associate Member of The Institution of Civil Engineers in 1895, and was transferred to the class of Member in 1912. He was elected a Member of Council in November 1931. In 1926, he was President of the Permanent Way Institution. He was also a Member of the American Railway Engineering Association and of the Institution of Water Engineers. He was a Justice of the Peace for Inverness-shire.

## Publications

* The Scottish Railway. A Sketch of their Growth and Development 1921
* The British Railways. 1936
# Alfred Fell

Alfred Fell may refer to:
* Alfred Fell (merchant) (1817–1871), early colonist to Nelson in New Zealand
* Alfred Fell (rugby union) (1878–1953), New Zealand-born international rugby union player for Scotland
# Alexandra Nicole Hulme

Alexandra Nicole Hulme is an actress known for her work with Lawrie Brewster.

## Select filmography
### Film

* (500) Days of Summer (2009, dancer)
* Post (2011, Lolita)
* A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III (2012, Yvonne)
* Raptor Ranch (2012, Kolin)
* Lord of Tears (2013, Eve Turner)
* Kids vs Monsters (2015, Rebecca)
* The Black Gloves (2017, Elisa Grey)
* The Devil's Machine (2019)

### Short films

* The Waterson Project (2006, Sexy distraction)
* A Portrait of Love (2007)
* Morgan M. Morgansen's Date with Destiny (2010, Destiny)
* Morgan and Destiny's Eleventeenth Date: The Zeppelin Zoo (2010, Destiny)
* Gray Dog (2013, Gray Dog)
* The Nutcracked (2015, Clara)
* The Romantics (2015, Vanessa)
* Azure (2016, Helena von Thurnau)

### Television

* A House Divided (2006, TV movie, Lt. Walnut)
* Girls (2017, 1 episode, as Crystal)