OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1588 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

* May–December – Lope de Vega serves in the Spanish Armada, where he begins writing his epic poem La Hermosura de Angélica.
* Christopher Marlowe writes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love either this year or in 1589 (first published 1599).

## Works published
### Great Britain

* William Byrd, editor, Psalmes, Sonets, & Songs of Sadnes and Pietie, Made into Musicke of Five Parts, anthology of verse set to music
* Thomas Churchyard, The Worthines of Wales, prose and poetry
* Angel Day, Daphnis and Chloe, prose and poetry, translated from the French of Jacques Amyot

### Other

* Jean de Sponde, Essai de poemès chrétiens, published with a collection of prose meditations on four Psalms; France

## Births

* June 11 – George Wither (died 1667), English poet and satirist
* Guillaume Bautru (died 1665), French satirical poet and a founder member of the Académie française
* Richard Brathwait (died 1673), English poet
* Leonard Digges (died 1635), English translator and poet
* Josua Stegmann (died 1632), German poet

## Deaths

* June 18 – Robert Crowley (born 1517), English stationer, poet, polemicist and Protestant clergyman
* November 1 – Jean Daurat also spelled "Jean Dorat"; Latin name: "Auratus" (born 1508), French poet and scholar, member of the Pléiade
* Louis Bellaud (born 1543), French Occitan language writer and poet
# Lipophilic efficiency

Lipophilic efficiency (LiPE), sometimes referred to as ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) is a parameter used in drug design and drug discovery to evaluate the quality of research compounds, linking potency and lipophilicity in an attempt to estimate druglikeness. For a given compound LiPE is defined as the pIC$_{50}$ (or pEC$_{50}$) of interest minus the LogP of the compound.
    ${\ce {LiPE}}={\ce {pIC50}}-\log P$
In practice, calculated values such as cLogP or calculated LogD are often used instead of the measured LogP or LogD. LiPE is used to compare compounds of different potencies (pIC$_{50}$s) and lipophilicities (LogP). High potency (high value of pIC$_{50}$) is a desirable attribute in drug candidates, as it reduces the risk of non-specific, off-target pharmacology at a given concentration. When associated with low clearance, high potency also allows for low total dose, which lowers the risk of idiosyncratic drug reaction.
On the other hand, LogP is an estimate of a compound's overall lipophilicity, a value that influence its behavior in a range of biological processes relevant to a drug discovery, such as solubility, permeability through biological membranes, hepatic clearance, lack of selectivity and non-specific toxicity. For oral drugs, a LogP value comprised between 2 and 3 is often considered optimal to achieve a compromise between permeability and first-pass clearance.
LiPE allows capturing both values in a single parameter, and empirical evidence suggest that quality drug candidates have a high LiPE (>6); this value corresponds to a compound with a pIC$_{50}$ of 8 and a LogP of 2. Plotting LogP against pIC$_{50}$ for a range of compounds allows ranking series and individual compounds.
An alternative equation uses the logarithm of the ratio of potency (measured as binding energy) and the partition coefficient to compute a lipophilic ligand efficiency index (LE) with a different scale.
    ${\ce {LElipo}}=\log \left({\frac {-\Delta G}{P}}\right)$
The following review discusses LipE in the context of other compound efficiency metrics.
# Liponyssus

Liponyssus is a genus of bird mites in the family Macronyssidae. There are at least two described species in Liponyssus.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Liponyssus:
* Liponyssus canadensis Banks
* Liponyssus cyclapsis Oudemans
# 10th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry

The 10th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry refers to:110 MARATHAS that became 3/5 Maratha LI which subsequently became 2PARA(MARATHA) and is now 2PARA(SF). Prior to being named 10Bombay Native Infantry in 1818 it was 2nd Battalion of 5th Bombay Native Infantry Regiment.It was raised in 1797.
* 1st Battalion which became the 119th Infantry (The Mooltan Regiment)
* 2nd Battalion which became the 120th Rajputana Infantry
# 1640 in science

The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Botany

* John Parkinson publishes Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent.

## Mathematics

* The 16-year-old Blaise Pascal demonstrates the properties of the hexagrammum mysticum in his Essai pour les coniques which he sends to Mersenne.
* October 18 – Fermat states his "little theorem" in a letter to Frénicle de Bessy: if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, a$^p$ − a will be divisible by p.
* December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the theorem on sums of two squares in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an odd prime p is expressible as the sum of two squares.

## Technology

* The micrometer is developed.
* A form of bayonet is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the pike.
* The reticle telescope is developed and initiates the birth of sharpshooting.

## Births

* April 1 – Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician (died 1697)
* December 13 (bapt.) – Robert Plot, English naturalist and chemist and illustrator of the first dinosaur fossil (died 1696)
* Elias Tillandz, Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (died 1693)

## Deaths

* December 22 – Jean de Beaugrand, French mathematician (born c. 1584)
# 1640s in South Africa

The following lists events that happened during the 1640s in South Africa.

## Events

* 1643 - The Portuguese ship, Santa Maria Madre de Deus is wrecked off the South African east coast
* 1647 - The Portuguese ship, Sacromento is wrecked off the South African east coast near Port Edward. Another Portuguese ship Nossa Serihora da Atalayais also lost off Keiskamma Point near between East London and Port Elizabeth
* 25 March 1647 - The Dutch ship, Nieuwe Haerlem is wrecked in Table Bay and survivors later build a small fort
# Baiyi Ancient Town

Baiyi Ancient Town is a famous water town in Pingchang County, Bazhong, Sichuan, China. It is also one of the tourist destinations summarized by the Pingchang government, covering an area of 23 square kilometers.
# 1658 Innes

1658 Innes, provisional designation 1953 NA, is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers in diameter. It was named after Robert T. A. Innes.

## Discovery

Innes was discovered on 13 July 1953, by South African astronomer Jacobus Bruwer at Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.
It was the first numbered discovery of astronomer Jacobus Bruwer. In addition, he also discovered the minor planets 1660 Wood, 1794 Finsen, and 3284 Niebuhr. The asteroid 1811 Bruwer was named in his honour by the Dutch, Dutch-American astronomer trio of the Palomar–Leiden survey.

## Orbit and classification

It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,495 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. Innes was first identified as 1940 GB at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 13 years prior to its official discovery observation.

## Physical characteristics

In the Tholen taxonomy, Innes has an AS-spectral type, an intermediate form of the rare A-types to the common stony asteroids (also see category listing).

### Rotation period

In May 2005, astronomers Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies, California, and Lorenzo Franco at Balzaretto Observatory, near Rome, each obtained a rotational lightcurve of Innes. The photometric observations gave an identical rotation period of 3.191±0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 and 0.25 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the 2014-revised survey result of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Innes measures 13.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.248, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 14.76 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.52.

## Naming

This minor planet was named for Scottish–South African astronomer Robert T. A. Innes (1861–1933), first director of the discovering Union Observatory from 1903 to 1927 (originally named Transvaal Observatory). He was a skilled observational astronomer, famous for his deliberate search for and discovery of the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, in 1915. He also made important theoretical and computational contributions to celestial mechanics and to the irregular rotation of the Earth. The astronomer is also honored by the lunar crater Innes. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3297).
# LiquidGolf.com Invitational

The LiquidGolf.com Invitational was a golf tournament on the Champions Tour from 1996 to 2000. It was played in Sarasota, Florida at the TPC at Prestancia.
The purse for the 2000 tournament was US$1,200,000, with $180,000 going to the winner. The tournament was founded in 1996 as the American Express Invitational.

## Winners

LiquidGolf.com Invitational
* 2000 Tom Wargo
American Express Invitational
* 1999 Bruce Fleisher
* 1998 Larry Nelson
* 1997 Buddy Allin
* 1996 Hale Irwin
Source:
# Liquid (disambiguation)

Liquid is a phase of matter.
Liquid or liquidity may also refer to:

## Business

* Accounting liquidity, the ability of a debtor to pay their debts as and when they fall due
* Liquid capital, the amount of money that a firm holds
* Market liquidity, the ability to buy or sell a particular commodity quickly without causing a significant price fluctuation

## Music and dance

* Liquid funk, a subgenre of drum and bass
* Liquid dancing, a form of dance in which a dancer's gesticulations flow fluidly
* Liquid (musician), a British dance act
* Liquid (EP), an EP by Le1f & Boody
* Liquid (Recoil album), a 2000 music album by Recoil
* Liquid, a 2009 music album by Urlaub in Polen
* "Liquid", a song by Jars of Clay from their eponymous album
* "Liquid" (The Rasmus song), a 1998 song by The Rasmus
* "Liquid", a song by Brockhampton from Saturation III
* "Liquid", a song by Joe Morris from Singularity

## Science and technology

* Liquid, a template engine from the e-commerce system Shopify
* Liquid crystal, substances that exhibit a phase of matter that has properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal
* Liquid layout, a web design that does not rely upon fixed widths
* Liquid nitrogen vehicle, a vehicle powered by liquid nitrogen, which is stored in a tank
* Liquidambar, or liquid amber, a genus of four species of flowering plants in the family Altingiaceae

## Other uses

* Liquid consonant, an approximate consonant (like /l/, /r/) that does not correspond phonetically to a specific vowel
* Liquid Snake, a character in the Metal Gear video game franchise
* Liquid Entertainment, a computer game development company
* Team Liquid, an electronic sports team and community website
# Balacra similis

Balacra similis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Gustaaf Hulstaert in 1923. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# 1428 in Catalonia

Events from 1428 in Catalonia.

## Incumbents

* Count of Barcelona – Alfonso IV
* President of the Generalitat of Catalonia – Felip de Malla

## Events

* 2 February – Earthquake at the north of Catalonia, hundreds of people killed.
# Sweet Escape

"Sweet Escape" is a song by Swedish DJ and record producer Alesso featuring Swedish singer-songwriter Sirena. It was released on 15 May 2015. The song written by Alesso, Elsa Oljelund and Lotus IV, produced by Alesso and Lotus IV.

## Background

The song was first performed during Ultra Music Festival in 2014, and has been a major track at Alesso live sets ever since.

## Composition

The song with soft violin sounds as Sirena energetic vocals and into a blissful mix of uplifting and sensational synth.
# Callippides

Callippides (Καλλιππίδης) or Callippos (Κάλλιππος) was apparently an ancient Greek runner, who gave his name to a proverb for those making great efforts but no progress.

## Instances

In 45 BC, Cicero complains in a letter to Atticus that Varro had promised to dedicate a work to him but "Two years have gone by while that Callippides has been running all the time without advancing one cubit." The Roman Emperor Tiberius was said to have made preparations almost yearly for a visit to the provinces and the armies stationed there, which he always cancelled at the last minute, with the result that "he was jokingly referred to as Callippides, who was known in the Greek proverb to run and make not a cubit of progress". The proverb is found with this definition in a Greek proverb collection, but with the name Callippos.

## Interpretation

The proverb scholar August Otto writes that Callippos was apparently a runner who despite all his efforts never reached the finish. Otto suggests that since Callipides is the patronymic of Callippos, it can mean "another Callippos", so that the original name would be Callippos, as in the Greek collection, rather than Callipides. Others suggest emending the Greek text to Callippides to agree with the references in Cicero and Suetonius. Some have seen in him not a runner, but the famous fifth century actor Callippides.

## Literature

* E. Leutsch (ed.) Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum (Göttingen, 1851)
* A. Otto Die Sprichwörter und sprichwörtlichen Redensarten der Römer (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890)
# Silver spinyfin

The silver spinyfin (Diretmus argenteus) is a spinyfin of the genus Diretmus, found around the world except the Mediterranean, at depths down to 2,000 m. It belongs to the monotypic genus Diretmus. Their length is between 30 and 40 cm.
The silver spinyfin is a widely distributed but rare species with a flattened disc-shaped body with a sharp scute-covered edge on the belly. A large upturned mouth and huge eye dominate the front half of the disc and a small truncate caudal fin projects from the other. They are oviparous and the larvae spend time in the plankton. D. argenteus has 38 opsin genes for the rods in its retinas, suggesting that they can see in color in very low light conditions. The silver spinyfin has the highest number of visual opsins of any vertebrate according to a research study.
It has small spiny scales but no lateral line and is a uniform silvery colour, the top of the back being black.
# Lasse Juliussen

Lasse Juliussen (born 14 January 1986) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He has served as an elected member of Nord-Odal municipal council and Hedmark county council. In 2012 he entered the county cabinet in Hedmark as the youngest ever county cabinet member in Norway. In the 2009 and 2013 elections he was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Hedmark.
# Maa-alused

Maa-alused are, in Estonian folk religion, mysterious elf-like creatures which live beneath the ground. They were believed to have a parallel existence to that of humans, the principal differences being that all orientations are reversed, such that up becomes down and left becomes right, and that all things possessed by them are diminished in size.
# Ptilotus macrocephalus

Ptilotus macrocephalus (commonly as featherheads, green mulla mulla or green pussytails) is a native Australian perennial herb growing up to 50 centimetres (20 in) high. The species was originally described as Trichinium macrocephalum by Robert Brown in 1810 based on specimens from Victoria, Australia. In 1816, it was first transferred to the genus Ptilotus by Jean Louis Marie Poiret. While once considered distributed throughout most of the Australian mainland, current research limits the distribution of P. macrocephalus to south-eastern Australia, mostly in south-eastern South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. A study by Hammer et al. (2019) determined that specimens previously identified as P. macrocephalus are morphologically and ecologically distinct species, the now named Ptilotus xerophilus T.Hammer & R.W.Davis (arid central and western Australia) and Ptilotus psilorhachis T.Hammer & R.W.Davis (eastern Queensland).
P. macrocephalus has cream-green coloured ovoid flower heads. As with other green-flowered Ptilotus species (e.g. Ptilotus nobilis), they are thought to be predominantly pollinated by nocturnal moths.
# Brasher

Brasher can refer to:
* Brasher (surname), people and fictional characters with the name
* Brasher, New York, a town
* Brasher, a UK boot manufacturer owned by the Pentland Group
# 2008 Heineken Open

The 2008 Heineken Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 33rd edition of the event known that year as the Heineken Open, and was part of the ATP International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour. It took place at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland, New Zealand, from 5 January through 13 January 2008. Seventh-seeded Philipp Kohlschreiber won the singles title.
The field was led by Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) No. 5, Tennis Masters Cup finalist and defending champion David Ferrer, US Open quarterfinalist Juan Ignacio Chela, and 2007 Stockholm quarterfinalist Juan Mónaco. Other top seeds competing were 2007 Vienna semifinalist Juan Carlos Ferrero, recent Adelaide runner-up Jarkko Nieminen, Nicolás Almagro, Philipp Kohlschreiber and Albert Montañés.

## Finals
### Singles

Philipp Kohlschreiber defeated Juan Carlos Ferrero 7–6$^{(7–4)}$, 7–5
* It was Philipp Kohlschreiber's 1st title of the year, and his 2nd overall.

### Doubles

Luis Horna / Juan Mónaco defeated Xavier Malisse / Jürgen Melzer 6–4, 3–6, [10–7]
# Silas Bule

Silas Bule Melve is a Vanuatuan politician and a member of the Parliament of Vanuatu from Pentecost Island as a member of the National United Party.
# Le Baron

Le Baron, le Baron, or LeBaron may refer to:
* Chrysler LeBaron, a car model produced by Chrysler
* Church of the Firstborn (LeBaron order), principal enclave of the LeBaron Mormon fundamentalist group, in Galeana, Chihuahua
* LeBarón family massacre
* LeBaron Incorporated, a car design and body builder established in 1920
* The Phantom Baron (Le baron fantôme), French drama film
* Imperial Le Baron, a model of Imperial
* A lieu-dit in Ledringhem, Nord, France

## People
### Surname

* Alma Dayer LeBaron Sr. (1886–1951), founder of precursor to Church of the Firstborn
* Anne LeBaron (born 1953), American composer and harpist
* Benjamin LeBarón (1976–2009), anti-crime activist Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico
* Eddie LeBaron (1930–2015), professional American NFL football player
* Emily LeBaron (1906–1983), an artist, antique dealer, art teacher and community organizer from North Hatley, Quebec, Canada
* Ervil LeBaron (1925–1981), leader of a fundamentalist Mormon polygamous cult
* Gaye LeBaron, American journalist
* Heber LeBaron, cult leader, Church of the First Born of the Lamb of God, and convicted murderer
* Joel LeBaron (1923–1972), Mormon fundamentalist leader in northern Mexico
* Joseph LeBaron (born 1947), American ambassador
* Louis LeBaron (1898–1989), Justice of the Territorial Supreme Court of Hawaii
* Louise Le Baron (1874–1918), American contralto singer
* Percy LeBaron Spencer (1894–1970) is an American inventor known for inventing the microwave oven
* Richard LeBaron, United States Ambassador to Kuwait (2004–2007)
* Vincent Le Baron (born 1989), French footballer
* William LeBaron, (1883–1958) American film producer
* William Le Baron Jenney (1832–1907), American architect and engineer
* William LeBaron Putnam (1835–1918), American jurist

### Given name

* LeBaron Russell Briggs (1855–1934), American educator
* LeBaron B. Colt (1846–1924), American politician and judge
* LeBaron Hollimon (born 1969), American soccer coach
* LeBaron Hart Lindauer (1878–1945), American groundskeeper
* LeBaron Bradford Prince (1840–1922), American lawyer and politician
# Sikiana

The Sikiana are an indigenous people, living in Brazil, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The Sikiana in Brazil live between the Cafuini River and headwaters of the Turuna and Itapi close to border with Suriname. The group in Suriname lives in Kwamalasamutu. The group in Venezuela is probably extinct.
The 1916 Encyclopaedia of the Dutch West Indies placed the Sikiana at the Trombetas River in Brazil, and said that they had a close relationship with the Salumá and the Tiriyó.

## Name

The Sikiana are also called Chikena, Chiquena, Chiquiana, Shikiana, Sikiâna, Sikiyana, Sikiána, Sikïiyana, Tshikiana, Xikiyana, or Xikujana people.

## Language

The Sikiana language belongs to the Carib language family. The people in Suriname speak Tiriyó as a second language. Some Sikiana people in Venezuela speak the Tiriyó.
# Sikakurmu

Sikakurmu is a village in Räpina Parish, Põlva County in eastern Estonia.
# Leandro (footballer, born April 1979)

Leandro da Silva Wanderley (born 19 April 1979), simply known as Leandro, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Associação Desportiva Cabofriense as a left back.

## Football career

Born in Rio de Janeiro, Leandro made his professional debuts at the age of 18, with hometown's América Football Club. Two years later he joined Esporte Clube Vitória and, in 2002, moved to Cruzeiro Esporte Clube. In the latter club, he was an undisputed starter in the 2003 season, as the team won both the league and cup trophies.
In January 2005, Leandro moved to Europe and signed with Portugal's FC Porto. He made his league debut on the 15th in a 0–0 away draw against Académica de Coimbra but, failing to adjust, he returned to his country on loan shortly after, spending two years with former team Cruzeiro.
Deemed surplus to requirements at Porto, Leandro continued in the same predicament in the following years, always in his country. On 4 October 2008, in a match against Clube Atlético Mineiro, he completed 100 official games for Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, being honored with a No. 100 jersey; subsequently he represented Fluminense Football Club, Vitória and Atlético Mineiro.
On 4 September 2012, Palmeiras confirmed that Leandro signed a four-month contract. Only two months later, however, he was released.

## Honours
### Vitória

* Nordeste Cup: 1999
* Bahia State League: 2000
* Bahia State Superleague: 2002

### Cruzeiro

* Minas Gerais State League: 2003, 2004, 2006
* Brazilian Cup: 2003
* Brazilian League: 2003

### Palmeiras

* São Paulo State League: 2008