OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trijang Chocktrul Rinpoche

Kyabje Trijang Chocktrul Rinpoche (born October 15, 1982) is the current tulku of the third Trijang Rinpoche, and succeeded Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso. Rinpoche is the current principal throne holder of Shar Gaden Monastic University in South India, Karnataka, and the spiritual director of the Trijang Buddhist Institute in Northfield, Vermont.
The search for the reincarnation began on January 31, 1984. Shartse Abbot Lati Rinpoche, Jangchup Tsultim, Phukhang Geshe Tashi Norbu, Ngakre Phuntsok Tsultim, and Kungo Palden traveled throughout India and Nepal searching for the true reincarnation. They assembled 544 candidates and from them ninety nine were selected from after further screening. Among the 99, there were eight that were very special and those names were presented to the Dalai Lama. On December 24, 1984, the Dalai Lama divined in front of the holy relics of Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche’s relics in Mundgod, South India, and showed that Tsering Gyurme (Rinpoche’s birth name), son of Sonam Topgyal and Lobsang Drolma was the true reincarnation. On April 22, 1985, the Dalai Lama conducted another divination alongside Shartse Abbot Lati Rinpoche and Kungo Palden and confirmed that the son of Sonam Topgyal and Lobsang Drolma is Gyatso's reincarnation. The news was broadcast on the Tibetan language channel of All India Radio. The first audience of Rinpoche happened on July 1, 1986, during the hair-cutting ceremony. On July 14, 1986, he was enthroned at the Ganden Shartse Monastery.
Rinpoche established the Trijang Buddhist Institute in the city of Northfield, Vermont, in the United States and presently serves as its spiritual director. The Trijang Buddhist Institute provides a public programme of meditations; pujas; teachings by Geshe Cheme, Geshe Sopa and Tharchen Lobsang; and Tibetan language lessons.
# Ordered topological vector space

In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis and order theory, an ordered topological vector space, also called an ordered TVS, is a topological vector space (TVS) X that has a partial order ≤ making it into an ordered vector space whose positive cone $C:=\left\{x\in X:x\geq 0\right\}$ is a closed subset of X. Ordered TVSes have important applications in spectral theory.

## Normal cone

If C is a cone in a TVS X then C is normal if ${\mathcal {U}}=\left[{\mathcal {U}}\right]_{C}$, where ${\mathcal {U}}$ is the neighborhood filter at the origin, $\left[{\mathcal {U}}\right]_{C}=\left\{\left[U\right]:U\in {\mathcal {U}}\right\}$, and $[U]_{C}:=\left(U+C\right)\cap \left(U-C\right)$ is the C-saturated hull of a subset U of X.
If C is a cone in a TVS X (over the real or complex numbers), then the following are equivalent:
* C is a normal cone.
* For every filter ${\mathcal {F}}$ in X, if $\lim {\mathcal {F}}=0$ then $\lim \left[{\mathcal {F}}\right]_{C}=0$.
* There exists a neighborhood base ${\mathcal {B}}$ in X such that $B\in {\mathcal {B}}$ implies $\left[B\cap C\right]_{C}\subseteq B$.
and if X is a vector space over the reals then also:
* There exists a neighborhood base at the origin consisting of convex, balanced, C-saturated sets.
* There exists a generating family ${\mathcal {P}}$ of semi-norms on X such that $p(x)\leq p(x+y)$ for all $x,y\in C$ and $p\in {\mathcal {P}}$.
If the topology on X is locally convex then the closure of a normal cone is a normal cone.

### Properties

If C is a normal cone in X and B is a bounded subset of X then $\left[B\right]_{C}$ is bounded; in particular, every interval $[a,b]$ is bounded. If X is Hausdorff then every normal cone in X is a proper cone.

## Properties

* Let X be an ordered vector space over the reals that is finite-dimensional. Then the order of X is Archimedean if and only if the positive cone of X is closed for the unique topology under which X is a Hausdorff TVS.
* Let X be an ordered vector space over the reals with positive cone C. Then the following are equivalent:
* the order of X is regular.
* C is sequentially closed for some Hausdorff locally convex TVS topology on X and $X^{+}$ distinguishes points in X
* the order of X is Archimedean and C is normal for some Hausdorff locally convex TVS topology on X.
# Muko River

The Muko River (武庫川, Mukogawa) is a river in the south-eastern part of Hyōgo Prefecture. This river was selected as the second most important river in the region by the prefecture governor. Its total length is 66 kilometers, and the drainage area is 496 square kilometers.

## Description

The Muko River originates at Mount Shirakami (白髪山, Shirakami-yama) in the Tanba Highland. It flows through the Sanda Basin, and creates the Mukogawa Keikoku Ravine between Sanda and Takarazuka. It continues into Osaka Plain at Takarazuka, and flows in the Osaka Metropolitan Area to create the borders between Takarazuka and Itami as well as between Nishinomiya and Amagasaki. This river flows into Osaka Bay, and was used to transport the Kohama style of sake from the Kohama-juku (小浜宿) in Amagasaki Domain of Settsu Province during the Edo period.

## Major tributaries

* Aonogawa River in Sasayama
* Arimagawa River in Kobe and Nishinomiya
* Arinogawa River in Kobe
* Hatsukagawa River in Nose, Sanda, Takarazuka and Kobe
* Sakasegawa River in Takarazuka
* Nigawa River in Takarazuka
* Edagawa River in Nishinomiya
# Drepana pallida

Drepana pallida is a moth of the family Drepanidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1879. It is found in south-east Asia, from northern India and Myanmar to Vietnam, mainland China and Taiwan.
The length of the forewings is 19–22 mm for males and about 22 mm for females. Adults are pale brown, the forewings with traces of several antemedial lines and a dark spot at the end of the cell. There is an oblique fulvous band from near the apex to the inner margin beyond the middle, slightly bent near the inner margin. There is a series of indistinct submarginal dark specks. The hindwings are similar, but the fulvous band is curved.

## Subspecies

* Drepana pallida pallida (north-eastern India, northern Myanmar)
* Drepana pallida cretacea Hampson, 1914 (China: Sichuan, Vietnam)
* Drepana pallida flexuosa Watson, 1968 (China: Fujian, Zhejiang)
* Drepana pallida nicromaculata Okano, 1959 (Taiwan)
# Akman Akyürek

Akman Akyürek (died 8 December 1997) was a Turkish judge. He was a leading investigator in the Susurluk scandal. The accident in which he died (a rear-end collision with a truck) was curiously similar to both the Susurluk car crash itself, and to the August car crash which killed another Susurluk investigator, Ertugrul Berkman. MPs in parliament said that the incident was suspicious and could be due to a conspiracy. Akyurek had "an archive concerning many illegal and secret cases involving the state". In 2008 Commission member Fikri Sağlar said that the deaths of Akyürek and Bedri İncetahtacı were both "very suspicious", and that he himself had been threatened at the time.
# MV Belgian Airman

Belgian Airman was a 6,959-ton cargo ship which was built by Harland & Wolff Ltd, Glasgow in 1941 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was launched as Empire Ballantyne and transferred to the Belgian Government in 1942. She was sunk by a German U-boat on 14 April 1945.

## History

Empire Ballantyne was built by Harland & Wolff Ltd, Glasgow as yard number 1093. She was launched on 21 October 1941 and completed in February 1942. She was built for the MoWT and was to have been operated under the management of W A Souter & Co Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne. On 15 February 1942 she was transferred to the Régie de la Marine of the Belgian Government and renamed Belgian Airman. She was managed by Compagnie Maritime Belge, Antwerp.
On 25 April 1942, Belgian Airman rescued 23 survivors from the 3,841 GRT SS Modesta, which had been torpedoed and sunk by U-108 at 33°40′N 63°10′W﻿ / ﻿33.667°N 63.167°W﻿ / 33.667; -63.167﻿ (SS Modesta). The survivors were landed in Bermuda.
Belgian Airman was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War.

### ON 162

Convoy ON 162 sailed from Liverpool on 12 January 1943 and arrived at New York on 11 February. Belgian Airman was carrying the Commodore, Captain H.C. Birnie, RNR.

### HX 228

Convoy HX 228 sailed from New York on 28 February 1943 and arrived at Liverpool on 15 March. Belgian Airman was one of the ships that detached from the convoy and proceeded to Halifax, Nova Scotia in order to reduce the size of the convoy to 60 ships.

### HX 229A

Convoy HX 229A which from New York on 9 March 1943 and arrived at Liverpool on 26 March. Belgian Airman joined at Halifax on 12 March. During the voyage, Belgian Airman was damaged by ice and diverted to Reykjavík, Iceland. She was carrying a cargo of steel and timber.

### SL 136

Convoy SL 136 sailed from Freetown, Sierra Leone on 3 September 1943 and arrived at Liverpool on 23 September. Belgian Airman was destined for Loch Ewe.

## Sinking

On 8 April 1945, Belgian Airman departed Houston, bound for New York and Antwerp. She was carrying a cargo of sorghum and dairy feed. At 15:50 CET, on 14 April 1945, Belgian Airman was torpedoed and sunk off Chesapeake Bay, Maryland (36°09′N 75°05′W﻿ / ﻿36.150°N 75.083°W﻿ / 36.150; -75.083). Her attacker was U-857. One crew member was killed. The 46 survivors were rescued by the Liberty ship SS Harold A. Jordan. The survivors were landed at New York.
The fate of the U-857 is unknown. It disappeared in the Atlantic in April, 1945. One theory is that it was sunk by a US Navy Airship with a Mk 24 FIDO Air-Dropped ASW Homing Torpedo.

## Official number and code letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers.
Empire Ballantyne had the UK Official Number 168706 and the Code Letters BCHQ were allocated to her.
# Barbadillo

Barbadillo is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is located 22 kilometres (14 mi) from the city of Salamanca and has a population of 407 people. The municipality covers an area of 36 km$^2$ (14 sq mi). The village lies 808 metres (2,651 ft) above sea level. Its postal code is 37440.
# Botany Hill

Botany Hill, formerly known as Botany Quarry, is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Teesdale district of south-west County Durham, England. It occupies a position on both sides of How Gill, just under 1 km north of the village of Hury, in Baldersdale.
The site is important as the type locality of the Botany Limestone, a widespread marker horizon that is key to an understanding of the stratigraphy of the Namurian sediments of the North Pennines and Northumberland Trough.
# Donald Sullivan

Brother Donald Sullivan, OSF was an American academic of Canadian descent. From 1969 to 1995, Sullivan served as the 16th President of St. Francis College in Brooklyn, New York. His 26 years as president is the longest at St. Francis College.
Brother Sullivan served on several boards including the Helen Keller Services for the Blind and Ridgewood Savings Bank. He also was director of the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce and the Downtown Brooklyn Development Association.

## St. Francis College

Brother Sullivan took over after Brother Urban Gonnoud resigned in 1969, he served as president for 11 years prior to resigning. Brother Sullivan was 38 years old when he took over. During Brother Sullivan's tenure, St. Francis College became coeducational and its enrollment exceeded 3,000 students for the first time in its history. He also oversaw the construction of the Generoso Pope Athletic Complex in 1971.
# Marcelo Elío

Marcelo William Elío Chavez (15 May 1966 – 27 July 2020) was a Bolivian politician and journalist.
Elío was born in Oruro, Bolivia. He was a member of the Movement for Socialism. In 2010 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia. He elected as President of the Chamber of Deputies from January 2014 to January 2015. In September 2015, Elío was appointed to the Cabinet of Bolivia as deputy minister of interior. He resigned in March 2016 citing personal reasons.
Elío died in Oruro on 27 July 2020, aged 54.
# 486 Squadron

486 Squadron or 486th Squadron may refer to:
* No. 486 Squadron RAAF, Australia
* No. 486 Squadron RNZAF, a New Zealand fighter unit of the Royal Air Force that served in Europe during World War II
* 486th Aero Squadron, Air Service, United States Army
* 486th Bombardment Squadron, United States Army Air Forces and United States Air Force
* 486th Fighter Squadron, United States Army Air Forces
* 486th Flight Test Squadron, United States Air Force
# Ordered ring

In abstract algebra, an ordered ring is a (usually commutative) ring R with a total order ≤ such that for all a, b, and c in R:
* if a ≤ b then a + c ≤ b + c.
* if 0 ≤ a and 0 ≤ b then 0 ≤ ab.

## Examples

Ordered rings are familiar from arithmetic. Examples include the integers, the rationals and the real numbers. (The rationals and reals in fact form ordered fields.) The complex numbers, in contrast, do not form an ordered ring or field, because there is no inherent order relationship between the elements 1 and i.

## Positive elements

In analogy with the real numbers, we call an element c of an ordered ring R positive if 0 < c, and negative if c < 0. 0 is considered to be neither positive nor negative.
The set of positive elements of an ordered ring R is often denoted by R+. An alternative notation, favored in some disciplines, is to use R+ for the set of nonnegative elements, and R$_{++}$ for the set of positive elements.

## Absolute value

If $a$ is an element of an ordered ring R, then the absolute value of $a$, denoted $|a|$, is defined thus:
    $|a|:={\begin{cases}a,&{\mbox{if }}0\leq a,\\-a,&{\mbox{otherwise}},\end{cases}}$
where $-a$ is the additive inverse of $a$ and 0 is the additive identity element.

## Discrete ordered rings

A discrete ordered ring or discretely ordered ring is an ordered ring in which there is no element between 0 and 1. The integers are a discrete ordered ring, but the rational numbers are not.

## Basic properties

For all a, b and c in R:
* If a ≤ b and 0 ≤ c, then ac ≤ bc. This property is sometimes used to define ordered rings instead of the second property in the definition above.
* |ab| = |a| |b|.
* An ordered ring that is not trivial is infinite.
* Exactly one of the following is true: a is positive, −a is positive, or a = 0. This property follows from the fact that ordered rings are abelian, linearly ordered groups with respect to addition.
* In an ordered ring, no negative element is a square: Firstly, 0 is square. Now if a ≠ 0 and a = b$^2$ then b ≠ 0 and a = (−b)$^2$; as either b or −b is positive, a must be nonnegative.
# Muko

Muko may refer to:
* Mukō, Kyoto, Japan
* The Mukogawa River
* Muko Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan
* Muko Station, a railway station on the Hakubi Line in Kōfu, Tottori Prefecture, Japan
* Muko, Rwanda in Gikongoro District, Rwanda
* Muko, Uganda in Kabale District, Uganda
# Drepananthus

Drepananthus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Annonaceae.
Its native range is Vietnam to Papuasia, Fiji.
Species:
* Drepananthus acuminatus (C.B.Rob.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus angustipetalus (R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus apoensis Elmer
* Drepananthus biovulatus (Boerl.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus carinatus Ridl.
* Drepananthus cauliflorus (K.Schum. & Lauterb.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus crassipetalus (R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus deltoideus (Airy Shaw) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus filiformis (Jovet-Ast) Bân
* Drepananthus havilandii (Boerl.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus hexagynus (Miq.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus kingii (Boerl. ex Koord.-Schum.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus lucidus (Diels) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus magnificus (Diels) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus minahassae (Koord.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus novoguineensis (Baker f.) I.M.Turner & Utteridge
* Drepananthus obtusifolius (Becc. & Scheff.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus olivaceus (King) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus pahangensis M.R.Hend.
* Drepananthus petiolatus (Diels) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus polycarpus (C.T.White & W.D.Francis) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus prunifer Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson
* Drepananthus pubescens (Scheff.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus ramuliflorus Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson
* Drepananthus ridleyi (King) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus samarensis (R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
* Drepananthus vitiensis (A.C.Sm.) Survesw. & R.M.K.Saunders
# Alan Gordon (songwriter)

Alan Lee Gordon (April 22, 1944 – November 22, 2008) was an American songwriter best known for songs recorded by the Turtles, Petula Clark, and Barbra Streisand. Many of his songs were co-written with Gary Bonner, including the Turtles' "Happy Together" and Three Dog Night's "Celebrate".
He worked with various popular musicians, including Blues Magoos, Alice Cooper, the Archies, the O'Jays, Lynn Anderson, Flo & Eddie, Frank Zappa, Helen Reddy, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Tammy Wynette, the Lovin' Spoonful, Bobby Darin, and Freddy Fender.

## Career

Gordon was born in Natick, Massachusetts. In 1965, he and Garry Bonner formed the Magicians, a group which would also include Allan "Jake" Jacobs and John Townley. They released a single in November 1965, "An Invitation to Cry". It met with some success, but their popularity was confined primarily to the New York and New England area.
Gordon co-wrote, with Bonner, "Happy Together", originally recorded by the Turtles. In 1967, the Turtles version followed The Beatles' "Penny Lane" into the #1 slot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, spending three weeks there. It was named one of the Top 50 songs of the 20th century by BMI, having generated over 5 million performances on American radio by 1999, placing it in the same league as the Beatles' "Yesterday", and "Mrs. Robinson" by Simon and Garfunkel.
Songs from Alan Gordon's catalogue have been featured in film, television, commercials and video games. Some of the films that featured Gordon-penned songs include The Naked Gun, Muriel's Wedding, Shrek, The Simpsons Movie, 27 Dresses, and Freaky Friday. Television programs include The Simpsons, That '70s Show, ER, Scrubs, The Wonder Years, and American Idol.
Gordon died at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona on November 22, 2008, after a two-year battle with cancer. He was 64 years old.

## Singles

* 1965: "An Invitation To Cry" by The Magicians
* 1967: "Girls in Love" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys
* 1967: "Jill" performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys
* 1967: "Happy Together" performed by The Turtles
* 1967: "She'd Rather Be with Me" performed by The Turtles
* 1967: "She's My Girl" performed by The Turtles
* 1967: "You Know What I Mean" performed by The Turtles
* 1967: "Put the Clock Back on the Wall" by the E-Types
* 1967: "As Long As You're Here" by Zalman Yanovsky (of The Lovin' Spoonful)
* 1967: "The Cat in the Window (The Bird in the Sky)" performed by Petula Clark
* 1968: "Small Talk" performed by Lesley Gore
* 1968: "Small Talk" performed by Harpers Bizarre
* 1968: "('Til I) Run With You" performed by Lovin' Spoonful
* 1969: "Celebrate" performed by Three Dog Night
* 1970: "Me About You" performed by The Turtles
* 1976: "Gladiola" performed by Helen Reddy
* 1977: "My Heart Belongs to Me" performed by Barbra Streisand
# Pace di Valentino

Pace di Valentino (also known as Pacino; Pacino Orafo) was a Sienese goldsmith active from 1257 to 1296. Little is known about his early life, but he was probably born between 1230 and 1235. Though working chiefly in Siena, he also was established for a time in Pistoia, and received numerous commissions from different popes.

## Commissions

The first documented reference to Pace di Valentino is for two seals made in 1257. In 1265 he received two significant commissions: the first was for a large golden chalice ("calicem magnum di auro") weighing about 11 pounds and a corresponding paten, both of which are now lost; the second was for an elaborate gold-plated silver book cover. These were items not made for daily use, and having received these requests suggests that he was well known and well regarded in his field. Other notable works attributed to him include the chalice of San Atto made c. 1270, and numerous figures in the late 13th-century Altar of St. James found the Pistoia Cathedral. Some art historians suggest that he made the reliquary of San Galgano's head, now found in Siena's Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, although this is disputed by others. In addition, other extant documents indicate the details of his purchases of gold, silver, pearls, beads, and precious stones for use in his shop, as well as details of payments for works commissioned.
He was the first Sienese goldsmith to work for the papal court (under popes Nicholas III, Martin IV, Honorius IV, and Boniface VIII) and was actively working for Boniface VIII in the region of Montefiascone until at least 1296. He was influential on other goldsmiths of the following generation, including Guccio di Mannaia.

## Images

* The Altar of St. James in the Pistoia Cathedral
* Reliquary of the head of San Galgano
* Reliquary of the head of San Galgano (detail)
* Reliquary of the head of San Galgano (detail)
# Lists of Jews associated with the visual arts

Jewish artists by country:
* Austria
* Britain
* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Hungary
* Israel
* Italy
* Poland
* Russia
* United States

## For others see

* Jewish people from Scandinavia and the Baltics
* Jewish people from Eastern Europe
* Jewish people from Western Europe
* Jewish people from Latin America
# Donald Stuart

Donald Stuart may refer to:
* Donald Stuart (minister) (1819–1894), New Zealand Presbyterian minister and educationalist
* Donald Stuart (Australian author) (1913–1983), Australian novelist
* Donald Stuart, pen name of English author Gerald Verner (1897–1980)
# Trichschizotachina

Trichschizotachina is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Trichschizotachina trinitas Townsend, 1935

## Distribution

Trinidad and Tobago.
# Orthotylus ericetorum

Orthotylus ericetorum is a Palearctic species of true bug
# Dasyophthalma creusa

Dasyophthalma creusa is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Brazil, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul.
The larvae feed on Bactris species, Geonoma schottlana and Astrocaryum aculeatum or Astrocaryum vulgare.

## Subspecies

* Dasyophthalma creusa creusa (Brazil)
* Dasyophthalma creusa baronesa Stichel, 1904 (Brazil: Espírito Santo)
# Drepanidotaenia

Drepanidotaenia is a genus of tapeworms belonging to the family Hymenolepididae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
* Drepanidotaenia bisacculina Szpotanska, 1931
* Drepanidotaenia czaplinskii Kornyushin & Tkach, 1995
* Drepanidotaenia lanceolata (Bloch, 1782)
# Al-ʽAruḍah

Al-ʽAruḍah (العارضة) is a town in the Madaba Governorate of western Jordan.
# 2012 KT42

2012 KT$_{42}$ is an Apollo near-Earth asteroid first observed by astronomer Alex R. Gibbs of the Mount Lemmon Survey with a 1.5-meter reflecting telescope on 28 May 2012.

## Overview

The asteroid had a close approach to the Earth on 29 May 2012, approaching to only ~8950 miles (~14,440 km) above the planet's surface. This means 2012 KT$_{42}$ came inside the Clarke Belt of geosynchronous satellites. In May 2012, the estimated 5- to 10-metre-wide asteroid ranked #6 on the top 20 list of closest-approaches to Earth. There was no danger of a collision during the close approach. 2012 KT$_{42}$ passed roughly 0.01 AU (1,500,000 km; 930,000 mi) from Venus on 8 July 2012.
It is estimated that an impact would produce an upper atmosphere air burst equivalent to 11 kt TNT, roughly equal to Hiroshima's Little Boy. The asteroid would be vaporized as these small impacts occur approximately once per year. A comparable-sized object caused the Sutter's Mill meteorite in California on 2 April 2012. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 30 May 2012.
# Bouligny

Bouligny (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France.