# Cryptography standards

There are a number of standards related to cryptography. Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications attract a large amount of cryptanalysis.

## Encryption standards

* Data Encryption Standard (DES, now obsolete)
* Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
* RSA the original public key algorithm
* OpenPGP

## Hash standards

* MD5 128-bit (obsolete)
* SHA-1 160-bit (obsolete)
* SHA-2 available in 224, 256, 384, and 512-bit variants
* HMAC keyed hash
* PBKDF2 Key derivation function (RFC 2898)

## Digital signature standards

* Digital Signature Standard (DSS), based on the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
* RSA
* Elliptic Curve DSA

## Public-key infrastructure (PKI) standards

* X.509 Public Key Certificates

## Wireless Standards

* Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), severely flawed and superseded by WPA
* Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) better than WEP, a 'pre-standard' partial version of 802.11i
* 802.11i a.k.a. WPA2, uses AES and other improvements on WEP
* A5/1 and A5/2 cell phone encryption for GSM

## U.S. Government Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)

* FIPS PUB 31 Guidelines for Automatic Data Processing Physical Security and Risk Management 1974
* FIPS PUB 46-3 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 1999
* FIPS PUB 73 Guidelines for Security of Computer Applications 1980
* FIPS PUB 74 Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data Encryption Standard 1981
* FIPS PUB 81 DES Modes of Operation 1980
* FIPS PUB 102 Guideline for Computer Security Certification and Accreditation 1983
* FIPS PUB 112 Password Usage 1985, defines 10 factors to be considered in access control systems that are based on passwords
* FIPS PUB 113 Computer Data Authentication 1985, specifies a Data Authentication Algorithm (DAA) based on DES, adopted by the Department of Treasury and the banking community to protect electronic fund transfers.
* FIPS PUB 140-2 Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules 2001, defines four increasing security levels
* FIPS PUB 171 Key Management Using ANSI X9.17 (ANSI X9.17-1985) 1992, based on DES
* FIPS PUB 180-2 Secure Hash Standard (SHS) 2002 defines the SHA family
* FIPS PUB 181 Automated Password Generator (APG) 1993
* FIPS PUB 185 Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES) 1994, a key escrow system that provides for decryption of telecommunications when lawfully authorized.
* FIPS PUB 186-2 Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 2000
* FIPS PUB 190 Guideline for the Use of Advanced Authentication Technology Alternatives 1994
* FIPS PUB 191 Guideline for the Analysis of local area network Security 1994
* FIPS PUB 196 Entity Authentication Using Public Key Cryptography 1997
* FIPS PUB 197 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 2001
* FIPS PUB 198 The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) 2002

## Classified Standards

* EKMS NSA's Electronic Key Management System
* FNBDT NSA's secure narrow band voice standard
* Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
* STE secure telephone
* STU-III older secure telephone
* TEMPEST prevents compromising emanations

## Other

* IPsec Virtual Private Network (VPN) and more
* IEEE P1363 covers most aspects of public-key cryptography
* Transport Layer Security (formerly SSL)
* SSH secure Telnet and more
* Content Scrambling System (CSS, the DVD encryption standard, broken by DeCSS)
* Kerberos authentication standard
* RADIUS authentication standard
* ANSI X9.59 electronic payment standard
* Common Criteria Trusted operating system standard
* CRYPTREC Japanese Government's cryptography recommendations