OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arthur Purser

Major-General Arthur William Purser OBE, MC (21 September 1884 – 21 December 1953) was a British Army officer.

## Military career

Educated at Marlborough College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Purser was commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery on 15 July 1903 and saw service in France during the First World War, where he was awarded the Military Cross in 1917 while serving as an adjutant to a RFA brigade.
Remaining in the army during the interwar period and, after serving for several years at the Royal School of Artillery, Larkhill, Purser became commander of the 1st Heavy Brigade, Royal Artillery in 1931, an instructor at the Senior Officers' School, Sheerness in 1935 and Brigadier, Royal Artillery at Eastern Command in 1937. The following year saw him promoted to the rank of major-general.
In September 1939, the month the Second World War began, he went on to be General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the newly raised 66th Infantry Division, a Territorial Army (TA) formation. His command of the division was destined to be short-lived, however, as ill-health forced him into retirement from the army, after more than thirty-six years of service, in January 1940, with Alan Cunningham succeeding him in command of the 66th Division.
# Androcalva viscidula

Androcalva viscidula is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a spreading shrub that forms suckers, its new stems densely hairy, and has egg-shaped leaves, sometimes with irregular teeth on the edges, and groups of 22 to 28 white flowers.

## Description

Androcalva viscidula is a spreading shrub that typically grows to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) high, 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) wide, is sticky to touch and forms suckers, its new growth covered with star-shaped and red-tipped glandular hairs. The leaves are egg-shaped, 10–110 mm (0.39–4.33 in) long and 10–55 mm (0.39–2.17 in) wide on a petiole 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long with narrowly triangular stipules 3–9 mm (0.12–0.35 in) long at the base. The edges of the leaves sometimes have irregular teeth, and both surfaces of the leaves are covered with star-shaped and glandular hairs. The flowers are arranged in cymes of 22 to 28, 35–80 mm (1.4–3.1 in) long on a peduncle 6–35 mm (0.24–1.38 in) long. Each flower is on a pedicel 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long, with lance-shaped bracts 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long at the base. The flowers are white, 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) in diameter with 5 petal-like sepals covered with star-shaped and glandular hairs. The petals are white to cream-coloured with three lobes, the centre lobe spatula-shaped and the side lobes form a cup around the anthers. Flowering occurs from August to February.

## Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 2005 by Gordon Guymer who gave it the name Commersonia viscidula in the journal Austrobaileya, from specimens he collected on Mount Tinbeerwah in 1981. In 2011, Carolyn Wilkins and Barbara Whitlock transferred the species to Androcalva as A. viscidula in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (viscidula) refers to the sticky branchlets, leaves and flower parts of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

Androcalva viscidula grows in a variety of habitat from heathland to forest, from the Woowoonga Range in south-eastern Queensland to Bulga on the Central Coast of New South Wales.
# Mannitol 2-dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.67) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    D-mannitol + NAD$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ D-fructose + NADH + H$^+$
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are D-mannitol and NAD$^+$, whereas its 3 products are D-fructose, NADH, and H$^+$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD$^+$ or NADP$^+$ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-mannitol:NAD$^+$ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-mannitol dehydrogenase, and mannitol dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1LJ8 and 1M2W.
# Brown wood rail

The brown wood rail (Aramides wolfi) is a Vulnerable species of bird in the subfamily Rallinae of the rail, crake, and coot family Rallidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The brown wood rail is monotypic.

## Description

The brown wood rail is 33 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in) long. The sexes are alike. Adults have a yellow-green bill, a red eye, and pink legs and feet. Their head is ashy gray with a yellow spot on the forehead and a pale throat. Their tail, flanks, and belly are black and the rest of their body is chestnut to warm brown. Immatures and juveniles have not been described.
The brown wood rail's specific epithet commemorates the German naturalist Theodor Wolf.

## Distribution and habitat

The brown wood rail is patchily distributed in western Colombia and western Ecuador. A single 1977 report from Peru was retracted in 2011 and the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society does not recognize it. It inhabits a variety of wet and dry landscapes including mangroves, freshwater marsh, swampy woodland, river bottoms, and mature and secondary forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 900 m (3,000 ft).

## Behavior
### Movement

The brown wood rail appears to be a year-round resident throughout its range.

### Feeding

Nothing is known about the brown wood rail's foraging methods or diet.

### Breeding

The brown wood rail's breeding season in Ecuador spans at least February to April. Nests there were bulk open cups made of large dead leaves and bits of vine. Their placement varied, being on stumps, on branch or vine tangles, and in understory shrubs between 1.2 and 2.6 m (4 and 9 ft) above the ground. The clutch size was two to four eggs and the incubation period was at least 19 days.
* Songs and calls
* Listen to brown wood rail on xeno-canto

### Vocalization

One call of the brown wood rail is a repeated "kui-co-mui".

## Status

The IUCN originally assessed the brown wood rail as Threatened but since 1994 has classed it as Vulnerable. It is known from only a small number of locations. Its estimated population of 1000 to 2500 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing due to "rapid rates of habitat destruction". "There is an urgent need for further investigation of its status and natural history."
# Deborah Offner

Deborah Offner (born August 7, 1959) is an American actress, songwriter, playwright, and theatre director.

## Life

Offner was born in New York City in 1959. Her father was Mortimer Offner, a photographer, screenwriter, and TV and theatre director. He wrote many of Katharine Hepburn's early films, but he was blacklisted. Her mother, Pauline, was a photography editor and worked for the first medical photography journal Scope. She went to Sarah Lawrence College and NYU School of the Arts, and after graduating she continued to work in theatre on and off Broadway. She has since appeared in Act One at the Lincoln Center, and in film and television on Orange Is the New Black and in the comedy Top Five.
She also appeared in several Jonathan Kaplan films and TV series, including Project X, Immediate Family, Unlawful Entry, Love Field, ER and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.

## Partial filmography

* Mourning Becomes Electra (1974, TV Mini-Series) - Hazel
* A Small Circle of Friends (1980) - Sarah
* Ghost Story (1981) - Helen
* Soup for One (1982) - Girl in Neon Bedroom
* Streetwalkin' (1985) - Heather
* Key Exchange (1985) - Chiropractor Woman
* Project X (1987) - Carol Lee
* Crossing Delancey (1988) - Karen
* True Believer (1989) - Laura Gayley
* Immediate Family (1989) - Kathy
* Unlawful Entry (1992) - Penny, Karen's Friend
* Love Field (1992) - Police Dispatcher (voice)
* Women: Stories of Passion (1997-1999, TV Series) - Christina / Caroline
* Girl (1998) - Cybil's Mom
* ER (1998, TV Series) - ICU Nurse
* Cruel Intentions (1999) - Mrs. Michalak
* It's the Rage (1999) - Secretary
* Cain Rose Up (1999) - Birdette Cain
* The Attic Expeditions (2001) - Dr. Coffey's Secretary
* Richard Roe (2001, Short) - Kathy
* Ted Bundy (2002) - Beverly
* The Guardian (2004, TV series) - Beth Jacobson
* Six Feet Under (2005, TV series) - Dr. Melnick
* CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2005, TV Series) - Nosy Lady
* The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie (2005) - Miss Offner
* Medium (2007, TV Series) - Mrs. Ueberschaer
* Unearthed (2007) - Tanya the waitress
* Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2007, TV Series) - Judge
* Hindsight (2008) - Manager
* Law & Order (2009, TV Series) - Judge Rachel Cates
* Black Swan (2010) - Administrator Susie
* Blue Bloods (2012-2016, TV Series) - Judge Katrina McCarthy
* High Maintenance (2013, TV Series) - Miriam
* Home (2014) - Sondra
* Top Five (2014) - Wendy (uncredited)
* The Boy Downstairs (2017) - Shannon
* Shiva Baby (2020) - Ellie
# Pant-y-Saer Burial Chamber

Pant-y-Saer is a Neolithic dolmen near the small town of Benllech in Anglesey, Wales. This burial chamber is partially collapsed with the massive capstone resting on the ground at one end. The remains of fifty-six people who were buried here have been found during excavations.

## Burial chamber

Pant-y-Saer Burial Chamber is located on a scrubby hilltop site near Benllech in the parish of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf. The capstone is large, measuring about 3 m (10 ft) in length and breadth, with a thickness of 0.5 m (1.6 ft); it has partially collapsed and rests with one end on the ground and the other end supported by two upright stones, one on the north side and the other on the south. These have rather rounded tops which may be why the capstone slid off. The chamber was originally covered with a cairn or mound, of which traces remain. Excavations show that the cairn was walled at the front and may have been extended for some way at the back. There is a curved forecourt adjoining the northern upright, and the placement of an offering pot at the far side of this suggest that this was the main front of the structure.
Investigations of the site in 1875 unearthed the remains of two people and these were removed. Further investigation in 1912 revealed a lower level to the chamber, in which were the remains of 54 people of all sexes and ages, including nine new-born babies. The bodies would not have all fitted in the chamber at one time, so it seems likely that the grave was repeatedly reopened to accommodate more bodies.
Pant-y-Saer Burial Chamber is a scheduled ancient monument. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales curates the archaeological, architectural and historic records for this site. Included in the archives are many digital images of the site, NMR site files, Cadw guardianship records, colour photographs, black and white photographs, aerial photographs and scanned images.
# Bransford Road railway station

Bransford Road railway station was a station in Bransford, Worcestershire, England. The station was opened in 1860 and closed on 5 April 1965. The original station was replaced in 1911 by a standard GWR design with most facilities on the "up" platform.
The goods yard was closed in 1964.
# Now That's What I Call Music! 36 (American series)

Now That's What I Call Music! 36 was released on November 9, 2010. The album is the 36th edition of the (U.S.) Now! series. With first week sales of 89,000, Now! 36 debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The album includes the number-one Billboard Hot 100 hit, "Teenage Dream". "Suspicious Minds", a number-one hit in 1969 by Elvis Presley, is presented here as a "flashback bonus track" in a remixed Viva Elvis arrangement.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Andrew Leahey of Allmusic says "this compilation covers the usual ground" with the number-one hit "Teenage Dream" and "a handful of Top Ten singles ... thrown into the mix".
# Chang'e (disambiguation)

Chang'e is a Chinese moon goddess.
Chang'e may also refer to:
# North American Membrane Society

The North American Membrane Society (NAMS) is a scientific society based in the United States which promotes inquiry in the field of membrane science. NAMS is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. It holds an annual national meeting featuring seminars by prominent membrane scientists, engineers, and industry professionals. NAMS also provides support to membrane scientists and students through its awards program, in the form of fellowships and travel awards.

## Meetings

NAMS hosts national meetings in rotating locations in the United States. The 32nd National Meeting was held in 2016 in Tempe, Arizona.

## Membrane Quarterly

NAMS publishes Membrane Quarterly, a publication edited at the University of Arkansas which showcases news and research in the field of membrane science.
# Andriy Makarchev

Andriy Makarchev (born 15 November 1985) is a Ukrainian long jumper.
He competed at the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final.
His personal best jump is 8.13 metres, achieved in June 2008 in Istanbul.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing Ukraine |||||
| 2007 | European U23 Championships | Debrecen, Hungary | 5th | 7.78 m (wind: 0.7 m/s) |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 23rd | 7.87 m |
# Paula S. Fass

Paula S. Fass (born May 22, 1947) is an American historian and the Margaret Byrne Professor of History (Emerita) at the University of California, Berkeley. A social and cultural historian, Fass has published numerous books on the history of childhood and youth in the United States, and served as president of the Society for the History of Children and Youth from 2007 to 2009.

## Biography

Fass was born on May 22, 1947, and educated at Columbia University.

## Publications

* The End of American Childhood: A History of Parenting from Life on the Frontier to the Managed Child. Princeton University Press, 2016
* The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World (Editor). Routledge, 2013.
* Reinventing Childhood After World War II (co-edited with Michael Grossberg). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
* Children of a New World: Society, Culture, and Globalization. New York University Press, 2007.
* Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society (Editor-in-Chief). Macmillan Reference, 2004.
* Childhood in America (co-edited with Mary Ann Mason). New York University Press, 2000.
* Kidnapped: Child Abduction in America. Oxford University Press, 1997.
* Outside In: Minorities and the Transformation of American Education. Oxford University Press, 1989.
* The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s. Oxford University Press, 1977.
# Cardionema

Cardionema is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae.
Its native range is Western North America to Chile.
Species:
* Cardionema andina (Phil.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.
* Cardionema burkartii Subils
* Cardionema camphorosmoides (Cambess.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.
* Cardionema congesta (Benth.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.
* Cardionema kurtzii Subils
* Cardionema ramosissima (Weinm.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.
# Tyler Pursel

Tyler Pursel is an American songwriter, producer, recording engineer and session instrumentalist.

## Work

Pursel began as a touring keyboardist and occasional guitarist for Gym Class Heroes in 2006. In 2007, he arranged and produced the dance-pop album Regional Community Theater by Ladybirds, and played keyboards on Stronger, Faster, Science by Grace Gale. Pursel received writing credit for several songs on The Papercut Chronicles II in 2011. Aside from touring and session work, Pursel runs his own studio Walnut Room Recordings in the suburbs of Philadelphia. The studio concentrates on documenting the works of local artists and creating original music for films, such as the independent film Namour. He also works on commercials and for MTV, FOX and the E! Network. Pursel plays guitar with the Philadelphia post-hardcore band Goddamnit.

## Discography

* Regional Community Theater (2007) by Ladybirds
* Stronger, Faster, Science (2008) by Grace Gale
* Impending Doom Is Northern Bound (2009) by Tyler Pursel
* The Doom Of Man (2010) by Willing Swords
* 5 Song Demo (2010) by Selfish
* The Papercut Chronicles II (2011) by Gym Class Heroes
* Conversations with the Man to My Left (2011) by Polar Shift
* We Are The Starwalkers (2012) by Eagleegg
* Wavelengths (2013) by Memorygardens
* Russian Cowboys (2013) by Karpets
* How To Take The Burn (2014) by Goddamnit
* The American Mile (2015) by The American Mile
* I (2015) by Yves
* II (2015) by Yves
* "Fever Dreams/Come Undone (2015) by Drvglvngs
* Here Is A List Of Things That Exist (2015) by The Rentiers
* Here I Am (2015) by Ray Adkins
* Fell Off The Deep End (2015) by Neaux
* Endless (2015) by Weakbody
* Death Of Saul (2016) by Death Of Saul
* Danny Justice (2016) by Danny Justice
* I'll Never Be Okay, I'll Never Be The Same (2016) by Goddamnit
* I Can Feel Myself Sinking (2016) by Weakbody
* Election Year (2016) by Hoagie
* Chain Up The Sun (2017) by Neaux
* Houseplant (2017) by Houseplant
# Loram

Loram may refer to:
* Mark Loram, a speedway racer
* Lorazepam, a drug
* Loram Maintenance of Way, a railroad track maintenance company
# Asura septemmaculata

Asura septemmaculata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on Java.
# Charaxes chanleri

Charaxes chanleri is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in north-central and northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. The habitat consists of arid Acacia savanna.

## Original description

In 1895, William Jacob Holland wrote:
   Charaxes chanleri, new species.
   This species comes nearer to C. kirkii, Butler, than any other, but maybe distinguished from that species by the fact that the secondaries [hindwings] have no red inclosed spots or curved dashes in the first four divisions of the marginal markings, as described by Dr. Butler; the submarginal series of lunulate spots are not white edged, as in Kirkii, and there is no discal lunulate green line as in Dr. Butler's species. The primaries [forewings], moreover, are not shot with steel blue at the base.
   Expanse of wings, 65 mm.
   Four damaged males of this species in the National Museum collection. The species is allied to C. guderiana, Dewitz, resembling the latter in the form of the wings.
Vingerhoedt provides images

## Taxonomy

Considered conspecific with Charaxes kirki kirkii by Turlin and Vingerhoedt.

## Etymology

It was named for William A. Chanler, one of the collectors.

## Realm

Afrotropical realm
# Artur Wilke

Artur Fritz Wilke (1 February 1910 in Hohensalza – 11 May 1989 in Peine) was a Nazi war criminal and SS Major (sturmbannführer), which was convicted with murder of 6,600 Jews. After the war, Wilke assumed his deceased brother's identity and worked as a village school teacher in Stederdorf, today a district of the city of Peine in Lower Saxony, Germany for many years.

## History

Wilke was born in Hohensalza/ Posen in 1910. After studying Protestant theology in Erlangen and Greifswald with Adolf Schlatter. According to historian Saul Friedländer in his Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939-1945, Schlatter belonged to a "hard core of Jew haters".
Wilke joined the Nazi party in 1931 and in 1932 he joined the SA, the Nazi party's paramilitary wing. During late 1938, he joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the intelligence agency of the SS. He was deployed with the Einsatzkommando's Sonderkommando 1005 (mobile killing squad) to Minsk, Belarus. In Minsk, he was appointed the Head of the Minsk anti-partisan center. As the German policy of the time was "All Jews are partisans and all partisans are Jews", he was chiefly responsible for the extermination of the Jews in Minsk and the region.
After the war in 1945, Wilke has gone into hiding and abandoned his first wife and three children. He assumed the identity of his deceased brother, Walter Wilke, and moved to Stederdorf. As Walter Wilke, he became the village's school teacher and remarried to the village doctor, Dr. Ursula Wilke. He was found and arrested in 1961.

### Judgement

On 21 May 1963, he was sentenced by the Regional court in Koblenz for 10 years imprisonment for his "principal function" in six mass killing of at least 6,600 Jews. The conviction with the murder of 6,600 Jews out of many thousands came due to lack of information regarding those responsible specifically for the crimes in the region, even though the units participating were known. Eventually, he was convicted for his participation in the Slutsk affair and the liquidation of the Minsk Ghetto and the Pripyat Swamps operation. Wilke's diary, captured by the Red Army, and served as evidence in the trials, aided in his conviction. The diary included listing such as:
   "Monday, February 8th 1943. 05:00, we start in the Ghetto for a very good stary, 1,300 Jews were extracted...later on, the region commander Karl decides to burn (300-400 more Jews come out of the bunkers"
   "Tuesday, March 9th 1943. The sun is shining, in the night I had that irritating scratch again"
In their judgement, the court judges wrote:
   "Wilke is incapable of clear and straight thinking, he has a tendency to engage in escapes and excuses.". "[He is] fanatical and enthusiastic nationalist whose wrong-headed idealism was used and abused by the previous regime."
Wilke was released from prison in 1968, and died in 1989.
# Kimmei Seamount

Kimmei Seamount is a seamount of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain in the northern Pacific Ocean. It last erupted about 40 million years ago.
# Pavan (surname)

Pavan is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Andrea Pavan (born 1989), Italian golfer
* Carla Pavan (born 1975), Canadian skeleton racer
* Crodowaldo Pavan (1919–2009), Brazilian biologist and geneticist
* Marisa Pavan (1932–2023), Italian-born actress
* Rebecca Pavan (born 1990), Canadian volleyball player
* Sarah Pavan (born 1986), Canadian beach volleyball player
* Simone Pavan (born 1974), Italian footballer