# Panurge (opera)

Panurge is an opera (titled 'Haulte farce musicale') in three acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Georges Spitzmuller and Maurice Boukay, after Pantagruel by Rabelais. It was first performed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté in Paris on 25 April 1913, nearly a year after Massenet's death, one of three operas by the composer to have premiered posthumously, the others being Cléopâtre (1914) and Amadis (1922).

## Performance history

It is one of Massenet's least known operas, but was revived at the Massenet Festival in St. Etienne in 1994 under conductor Patrick Fournillier. Harding quotes a reaction of Alfred Bruneau who declared that the libretto was not suited to Massenet's temperament and demanded music not of a Massenet, but of a Chabrier.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 25 April 1913 (Conductor: A. Amalou) |
| Pantagruel | bass or baritone | Giovanni Martinelli, tenor |
| Panurge | basso cantante | Vanni Marcoux |
| Ribaude, Thélémite | soprano | Zina Brozia |
| Brother Jean des Entommeurs, abbot of Thélème | leggero tenor | Dinh Gilly, baritone |
| Colombe, wife of Panurge | mezzo-soprano | Lucy Arbell |
| Queen Baguenaude of the Lanternois | soprano | Maïna Doria |
| Angoulevent, "prince des sotz" | baritone | Éric Audoin |
| Alcofibras, inn-keeper | baritone | Walter Alberti |
| Gringoire, disguised as "mère sotte" | leggero tenor | Raveau |
| Brid'oye, jurist | tenor buffo | Delgal |
| Rondilibis, doctor | tenor buffo | Godet |
| Trouillogan, philosopher | baritone | Lacombe |
| Raminagrobis, poet | baritone | Joseph Royer |
| Gymnaste, squire of Pantagruel | baritone | Henri Marchand |
| Malcorne, squire of Pantagruel | baritone | Garrus |
| Carpalin, squire of Pantagruel | baritone | Desrais |
| Épistémon, squire of Pantagruel | baritone | Lokner |
| A herald | baritone | Bréfel |
| A bourgeois | baritone | Guillot |
| Dindenault, sheep merchant | spoken | L. Muratet |
| Chorus: People of Paris, bourgeois, Thelemites, merchants, soldiers, Lanternois. |||

## Synopsis
### Act 1

A crowd of townspeople have gathered outside the tavern of Alcofibras, the 'Hostellerie du Coq à l’Asne' in Les Halles, on Mardi Gras. Pantagruel and his squires order wine. Panurge has entered and Pantagruel beckons the hungry newcomer to join his party. Panurge addresses his host in Italian, German, and finally French. Panurge claims that he has lost his wife, Colombe, that very morning and can't decide whether to laugh or cry. The others encourage him to drown his sorrows in wine.
Once everyone has entered the tavern, Colombe herself comes along and hears the voice of her husband; she explains that she feigned death to escape his drunken behaviour. She calls on him to come out and presents herself to him but he says that he does not recognize her. Enraged, Colombe is held by Pantagruel's squires, while Panuge escapes with Pantagruel to a monastery where he can hide from his wife.

### Act 2

At daybreak in the main courtyard of the Abbaye de Thélème, Thelemites and Ribaude greet the morning. When the crowd has left, Panurge enters, pleased with such a congenial refuge and makes advances to Ribaude. Pantagruel arrives with his followers and Jean welcomes as an old friend, describing the customs of the monastery, where there is no Lent and monks pray to Bacchus and nuns to Venus. Colombe also now enters, having followed her husband to the abbey, and meets Ribaude who lets her know that Panurge was courting her only just before. A large meal is prepared in the courtyard by the servants; instead of saying grace, Pantagruel only praises the vine. Panurge wonders whether he should remarry as he can't recall his former wife, and asks for counsel from the philosopher Brid'oye, the poet Raminagrobis and the physician Rondibilis. When Ribaude re-enters Panurge tries to flirt with her again, but is spurned by Ribaude who knows that he is married. Colombe sits at Pantagruel's table and makes confession to Panurge disguised as a monk, of all her transgressions. Panurge cannot contain his jealousy and tells her that he knows the husband, who has fled to the Ile des Lanternes. Colombe says that she will pursue him and leaves, while in a fury Panurge breaks everything at the tables.

### Act 3

Colombe, dressed as a priestess and oracle of Bacchus, tells the Queen of the Lanternois how she misses her husband. Panurge arrives, looking for his wife; Queen Baguenaude invites him to rest awhile and consult the oracle of Bacchus. Colombe prepares to assume the part of Sibyl, while Panurge offers to make a sacrifice of a lamb. He rejects the price demanded and tosses the lamb into the sea, after which the shepherd and locals dive in to rescue it. The Sibyl now enters and answers Panurge's enquiries, saying that he will find his wife when he drinks less and stops beating her. Jean, Pantagruel and the followers next arrive by boat. Colombe, having taken off the disguise, joins her husband and calls for wine; the Queen reminds Panurge of his oath. All raise their cups in rejoicing as the curtain falls.