# Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?

Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? was a British television panel show which originally ran from 23 October 1952 to 18 March 1959. In the show, a panel of archaeologists, art historians, and natural history experts were asked to identify interesting objects or artefacts from museums from Britain and abroad, and other faculties, including university collections.
The quiz show was presented by the BBC, continuing a long history of bringing contributors to archaeology into the media limelight. Writing in 1953, the critic C.A. Lejeune described the show as having "a sound, full-bodied, vintage flavour".

## History

The UK television show was modelled on an American TV show called What in the World? that was developed by Froelich Rainey. The first episode of Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? was broadcast on 23 October 1952 and was hosted by Lionel Hale and produced by Paul Johnstone. Hale soon stood down as chairman, after an early episode in which he was challenged by Thomas Bodkin about the age of one of the objects shown, in favour of the archaeologist Glyn Daniel, who continued as the regular chairman and scorer for the next seven years.
The most frequent member of the discussion panel was the renowned archaeologist Sir Mortimer Wheeler, who was voted TV personality of the year in 1954, providing the world of archaeology with its first media star. Daniel won the award the following year.
The last episode of original series was broadcast on 18 March 1959, after which the programme was cancelled, partly because of Daniel's association with Anglia Television. It was briefly revived as A.V.M? in 1971, directed by Bob Toner, with Barry Cunliffe as the chairman.

## Programme information

The person responsible for choosing the artefact for each episode was Sir David Attenborough, who was also the camera director. However, on the Christmas special in 1956, Glyn Daniel and Sir Mortimer Wheeler selected items for Attenborough and other production staff to examine.
Inauthentic items were occasionally included: for example, a stone axe made by the forger 'Flint Jack' or fake Crown Derby ware. On one occasion, Sir Julian Huxley was unable to identify a modern mock-up of a stuffed great auk as a fake, and on another Huxley lost a £1 bet after failing to recognise the egg of the African giant snail. Occasionally the presenter would try to fool the panel with a corroded modern artefact e.g. a part of a pram or a bicycle.
The signature music for the series was the prelude to Partita No. 3 in E major by Johann Sebastian Bach.

## Transmissions
### BBC Television Service

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| 1 | 23 October 1952 | 23 July 1953 | 20 |
| 2 | 15 October 1953 | 10 June 1954 | 18 |
| 3 | 14 October 1954 | 28 July 1955 | 19 |
| 4 | 22 September 1955 | 28 June 1956 | 21 |
| 5 | 4 October 1956 | 27 June 1957 | 20 |
| 6 | 17 October 1957 | 27 December 1957 | 6 |
| 7 | 1 October 1958 | 18 March 1959 | 12 |

### BBC2

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| 1 | 30 May 1971 | 29 August 1971 | 14 |

## Controversies

Wheeler often "cheated" by investigating beforehand which objects had been removed from their next location, and looking up the relevant information about the corresponding items in catalogues. Nevertheless, Wheeler once stormed off set after taking offence when a junior producer offered to show him the planned items before an episode was filmed.
In 1957, an episode was broadcast in which the panel were asked to identify the ethnic origins of a selection of human volunteers. The anthropologist Margaret Mead disrupted the episode by repeatedly claiming that examples of each ethnic group could be seen at Grand Central Station in New York City. Mead was not invited to take part in the show again.
On one occasion, a BBC spokesman stated that Glyn Daniel presented the show while suffering from influenza, as during a discussion about a sheaf of poisoned arrows from the Sarawak State Museum he said on air that "there are a few million people I would like to kill – mostly viewers". Attenborough explained in his autobiography that Daniel had presented the programme while drunk. On another occasion, Leigh Ashton, the Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, also appeared while drunk, and fell asleep after incorrectly stating the first three objects shown to be fakes.
On one of the show's overseas visits, an episode had to be re-located to the Musée de l'Homme in Paris after the National Archaeological Museum refused permission to film.

## Legacy

The show was the forerunner of other popular BBC archaeology programmes, such as Buried Treasure and Chronicle. It was credited with contributing to the rise in popularity of archaeology in Britain in the 1950s, which resulted in increased museum attendance and library use. Daniel reported the Director-General of the BBC, Sir Ian Jacob, as stating that "the two most popular things on television seemed to be archaeology and show-jumping". On several occasions the show caused museums' identifications of objects to be amended based on information provided by the panel or by the viewing public.
Its format was often referenced in comedy shows: Not Only...But Also, At Last the 1948 Show, Do Not Adjust Your Set and The Complete and Utter History of Britain each contained sketches with experts analyzing a "mystery object", often resulting in totally wrong conclusions or, in At Last the 1948 Show, in the items getting destroyed. Even in the 21st century, Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? was still referenced in the second episode of The Armstrong & Miller Show: Its simple set-up was parodied with a fictional black & white program called "How many hats?".
In September 2011, University College London performed a one-off revival of Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?. The panel of experts included Claire Thomson (Scandinavian Studies), Ryan Nichol (Physics and Astronomy), Tom Stern (Philosophy) and Sam Turvey (Institute of Zoology). It was hosted by Joe Flatman (Institute of Archaeology) and consisted of a visit to the UCL museum.

## Episodes

Only four episodes exist in the BBC's archives, three of which are available to watch from the BBC iPlayer. The fourth one is mute, because its audio track has been lost.
Some (incomplete) episode information follows:
| Date | Host | Challenger | Panel | Notes |
| 23 October 1952 | Lionel Hale | | Thomas Bodkin | |
| 6 November 1952 | Glyn Daniel | Pitt Rivers Museum | Sir Julian Huxley, T. C. Lethbridge, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | |
| 30 April 1953 | Glyn Daniel | | Thomas Bodkin, W.E. Swinton, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | |
| 21 January 1954 | | University College Museum, Bangor University | Sir Mortimer Wheeler | |
| 4 March 1954 | | Ashmolean Museum | | |
| 29 April 1954 | | British Museum | | |
| 14 October 1954 | | | Thomas Bodkin, Johannes Brøndsted, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | |
| 28 October 1954 | Glyn Daniel, Froelich Rainey | Manchester Museum | Geoffrey Bushnell, Froelich Rainey, Sir Mortimer Wheeler, Glyn Daniel | Available in BBC archive. Daniel and Rainey swapped roles for part of the show. Final score 14/20. |
| 11 November 1954 | Glyn Daniel | Sheffield City Museum | Adrian Digby, Hugh Shortt, Edward Wenham | |
| 24 December 1954 | Glyn Daniel | | Thomas Bodkin, Hugh Shortt, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | |
| 27 January 1955 | Glyn Daniel | Grosvenor Museum | Sir Mortimer Wheeler | |
| 21 April 1955 | Glyn Daniel | Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery | Thomas Bodkin, Adrian Digby, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | Fiftieth episode |
| 3 May 1956 | Glyn Daniel | National Museum of Prague | V. Gordon Childe, Seán P. Ó Ríordáin, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | Available in BBC archive. Final score 22/20. |
| 17 May 1956 | John Betjeman | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York | Stephen Bone, Sir Gerald Kelly, Mary Woodall | |
| 1 October 1958 | Glyn Daniel | Victoria and Albert Museum | Thomas Bodkin, Hugh Shortt, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | Available in BBC archive. Final score 19/20. |
| 15 October 1958 | Glyn Daniel | Imperial War Museum | Charles Appleby, Charles Thomas, Sir Mortimer Wheeler | |
| 30 May 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Roman occupation of Britain | Tony Birley, Kate Pretty, John Wild | |
| 6 June 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Early Celtic Britain | Kate Pretty, Leo Rivet, John Wild | |
| 13 June 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Neolithic and Bronze Age | Humphrey Case, Kate Pretty, Colin Renfrew | |
| 20 June 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Development sites | Phil Barker, Peter Fowler, Kate Pretty | |
| 27 June 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Britain 500 to 1066 | Peter Fowler, Kate Pretty, Charles Thomas | |
| 4 July 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Middle America | Phil Barker, Martin Biddle, Kate Pretty | |
| 11 July 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | New and Old World civilisations | Norman Hammond, Kate Pretty, Colin Renfrew | |
| 18 July 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Britain in the Middle Ages | Norman Hammond, Kate Pretty, Eric Thompson | |
| 25 July 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Fishbourne Roman Palace | Tony Birley, Kate Pretty, John Wild | |
| 1 August 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Civilisations of the Eastern Mediterranean | Warwick Bray, Norman Hammond, Colin Renfrew | |
| 8 August 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Viking Age | Martin Biddle, Kate Pretty, Anna Ritchie | |
| 15 August 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Fishbourne Roman Palace | Ken Hawley, Hugh Shortt, John Wild | |
| 22 August 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Beamish Museum | Neil Cossons, Norman Hammond, Kenneth Hudson | With Frank Atkinson. |
| 29 August 1971 | Barry Cunliffe | Viewers requests | Martin Biddle, Kate Pretty, Colin Renfrew | |

## Cast and crew

A partial cast list is available.
| Name | Appeared As | Episodes |
| Charles Appleby | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Frank Atkinson | Challenger | One episode, 1971 |
| David Attenborough | Producer | Unknown episodes |
| John Betjeman | Panellist & Chairman | Unknown episodes |
| Martin Biddle | Panellist | Three episodes, 1971 |
| Tony Birley | Panellist | Two episodes, 1971 |
| Anthony Blunt | Panellist | One episode, 1956 |
| Thomas Bodkin | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Stephen Bone | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Warwick Bray | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| Johannes Brøndsted | Panellist | One episode, 1954 |
| Geoffrey Bushnell | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Humphrey Case | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| V. Gordon Childe | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Norman 'Bill' Cook | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Neil Cossons | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| Barry Cunliffe | Chairman | Fourteen episodes, 1971 |
| Glyn Daniel | Chairman & Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Adrian Digby | Panellist | One episode, 1952 |
| Lionel Hale | Panellist | Episode 1, 1952 |
| Norman Hammond | Panellist | Four episodes, 1971 |
| Ken Hawley | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| Jacquetta Hawkes | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Kenneth Hudson | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| Julian Huxley | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Paul Johnstone | Producer | Unknown episodes |
| Gerald Kelly | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Kathleen Kenyon | Panellist | One episode, November 1955 |
| James Laver | Panellist | One episode, 1952 |
| T. C. Lethbridge | Panellist | One episode, 1952 |
| Margaret Mead | Panellist | One episode, 1957 |
| Seán P. Ó Ríordáin | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Stuart Piggott | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Kate Pretty | Panellist | Ten episodes, 1971 |
| Froelich Rainey | Panellist & Chairman | Unknown episodes |
| Colin Renfrew | Panellist | Four episodes, 1971 |
| Anna Ritchie | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| Leo Rivet | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| Hugh Shortt | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| John Summerson | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| W.E. Swinton | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Charles Thomas | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Nancy Thomas | Presenter | Episode 1, 1952 |
| Eric Thompson | Panellist | One episode, 1971 |
| Edward Wenham | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| Mortimer Wheeler | Panellist | Unknown episodes |
| John Wild | Panellist | Four episodes, 1971 |
| Mary Woodall | Panellist | Unknown episodes |