OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mangalmé (department)

Mangalmé is a department of Guéra Region in Chad. Its chief town is Mangalmé.
Mangalmé Department has a population of 156,910 (2016 survey) and 212 villages.
The majority of the population in Mangalmé is ethnic Mubi.

## Subdivisions

The department of Mangalmé is divided into 4 sub-prefectures:
* Mangalmé
* Bitchotchi
* Eref
* Kouka Margni

## Administration

Prefects of Mangalmé (since 2008)
* October 9, 2008: Mahamat Habib Taha
# Yesse, Kentucky

Yesse is an unincorporated community in Allen County, Kentucky, United States.
# MGN

MGN can refer to:
* Marine Guidance Notes, by UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency
* National Rail station code for Marston Green railway station, UK
* Mirror Group Newspapers, UK, now part of Trinity Mirror
* Medial geniculate nucleus, a subnucleus of the thalamus in the brain
* Membranous glomerulonephritis, a kidney disease
* Former UK Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway
* Mouettes Genevoises Navigation, public transportation by boat in Geneva, Switzerland
# Malcolm Chase

Malcolm Sherwin Chase (3 February 1957 – 29 February 2020) was a social historian noted especially for his work on Chartism.

## Early life and education

Chase was born in Grays to the carpenter (later building surveyor) Sherwin Chase and bank clerk Elizabeth (née Austin). He attended Palmer’s boys school before taking a BA in history at the University of York, graduating in 1978. He proceeded to the University of Sussex where he took a MA in modern social history (1979) and then a DPhil in 1984 under the supervision of J. F. C. Harrison (for whom Chase later edited a Festschrift).

## Academic career

Chase began working in the Department of Adult Continuing Education at the University of Leeds in 1982 and in 2002 became head of what was by then the School of Continuing Education. He moved to Leeds's School of History in 2005 and in the same year commenced a two-year term as president of the Society for the Study of Labour History. He was promoted to Professor of Social History in 2009, and served as chair of the Social History Society from 2011 to 2014.
In the description of Simon Hall and Rohan McWilliam,
   Inspired by the participatory ethos of the History Workshop Movement of the 70s, Malcolm kept in touch with – and continued to learn from – local historians, amateur enthusiasts and the interested general public. He spoke at countless meetings of local history societies, historical association branches, schools and colleges, and regional museums and galleries, regularly penning thoughtful pieces for local and regional history journals. He was generous with his time, encouraging younger historians and providing opportunities for them. At the annual Chartism Day conferences in different centres he was the animating figure encouraging new research and discussion.
Chase retired from his Leeds chair in 2019 as an Emeritus Professor.

## Marriage

In 1983 Chase married Shirley Fereday, whom he had met at Sussex University. They had a daughter.

## Death

Chase died from a brain tumour on 29 February 2020, aged 63.
# Bücken

Bücken is a municipality in the district of Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

## Quarters

* Altenbücken
* Bücken
* Calle
* Dedendorf
* Duddenhausen

## History

An Abbey was established here in Bücken in the year 882 by Rimbert, Archbishop of Bremen. On Bücken’s market place stands a monument which serves as a reminder of the unusual legend surrounding its origin: a donkey is said to have indicated the site where the church was to be built.
About 1050, the original wooden structure was replaced by a relatively small stone edifice which was expanded in several stages of construction until the year 1350. With the dissolution of the Abbey and its property after the reformation, the church fell partly to ruin and remained so until its full restoration through Adelbert Hotzen in the years 1863–1867. Since 1413 Bücken has been a market town.

## Notable people

* Georg Dietrich Leyding, 1664–1710, German composer and organist
* Carl Koldewey, 1837–1908, German Arctic explorer
* William Wrede, 1859-1906, German Lutheran theologian
# 2008 Mercedes Cup

The 2008 Mercedes Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 31st edition of the Mercedes Cup, and was part of the International Series Gold of the 2008 ATP Tour. It took place at the Tennis Club Weissenhof in Stuttgart, Germany, from 7 July until 13 July 2008.
The announced field was headlined by ATP No. 2, Stuttgart defending champion, French Open and new Wimbledon titlist Rafael Nadal, Sydney doubles winner and Queen's Club quarterfinalist Richard Gasquet, and French Open quarterfinalist, Costa do Sauípe and Acapulco champion Nicolás Almagro. Also competing were Auckland titlist Philipp Kohlschreiber, Munich runner-up Simone Bolelli, Agustín Calleri, José Acasuso and Eduardo Schwank.

## Finals
### Singles

Juan Martín del Potro defeated Richard Gasquet 6–4, 7–5
* It was Juan Martín del Potro's 1st career title.

### Doubles

Christopher Kas / Philipp Kohlschreiber defeated Michael Berrer / Mischa Zverev 6–3, 6–4
# Square-spot rustic

The square-spot rustic (Xestia xanthographa) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe, North Africa and east across the Palearctic (excluding China) and in North America.
The species is quite variable in appearance, the forewings occurring in various shades of grey or brown, with melanic forms common in parts of its range. The best identifying feature is the large, pale, squarish stigma which gives the species its common name. The hindwings are pale to dark grey with a whitish fringe. The wingspan is 30–40 mm.

## Technical description and variation

Forewing dull brown; the upper stigmata with pale annuli, the reniform sometimes wholly pale, the orbicular round; claviform absent; hindwing ochreous white, suffused with fuscous towards termen only in male, more broadly in female; in ab. budensis Frr. the ground colour is grey; in ab. elutior Alph. the forewings are more brightly coloured, being cinnamon brown or yellowish grey; and in ab. palaestinensis Kalchb. [Now full species Xestia palaestinensis (Kalchberg, 1897)], while the ground colour is paler, all the markings are more distinct. – ab. obscura Tutt and ab. nigra Tutt represent the reddish black and greyish black forms, with stigmata sometimes clear, at others almost obsolete, which occur in the North of Scotland, the hindwing also being blackish; rufescens Tutt and rufa Tutt are merely colour varieties.

## Biology

This moth flies at night from July to September and is attracted to light, making it susceptible to light traps, and sugar. It also visits flowers such as heather, marram grass and ragwort. It is found in woodland edges, waste ground and suburban habitats with a distribution that covers most of England.
Larva greenish ochreous, with pale dorsal and subdorsal lines edged with dark; between them a row of oblique marks. The larva feeds on a variety of plants such as bedstraw, oak and willow, as well as various grasses. The species overwinters as a larva, remaining active and feeding throughout.
* ^ The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.
# 1924 in Italy

Events in the year 1924 in the Kingdom of Italy.

## Incumbents

* King – Victor Emmanuel III
* Prime Minister – Benito Mussolini

## Events

* 27 January – Treaty of Rome (1924)
* 6 April – Italian general election, 1924
* 21 September – Inauguration of the Autostrada dei Laghi, the first controlled-access highway ever built in the world.
* 6 October – 1-RO begins regular radio broadcasting services

### Sport

* 25 January to 5 February – Italy participated at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, with 23 competitors in 4 sports
* 4 May to 27 July – Italy participated at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Paris, with 200 competitors in 18 sports, winning a total of 16 medals (8 gold, 3 silver and 5 bronze)

### Unknown

* – The Benito Mussolini government pass a law in 1924 requiring that every school display a Crucifix.

## Births

* 9 January – Walkiria Terradura, anti-fascist partisan (d. 2023)
* 29 January – Luigi Nono, composer (d. 1990)
* 2 February – Ignazio Colnaghi, actor (d. 2017)
* 8 March – Walter Chiari, actor (d. 1991)
* 23 April – Rossana Rossanda, politician and journalist (d. 2020)
* 30 June – Maino Neri, footballer (d. 1995)
* 9 July – Domenico Pace, fencer (d. 2022)
* 13 July - Carlo Bergonzi, operatic tenor (d. 2014)
* 4 August – Antonio Maccanico, Italian constitutional specialist, social liberal politician (d. 2013)
* 12 August – Lucy Salani, political activist (d. 2023)
* 25 August – Sergio Bergonzelli, director, screenwriter, producer and actor (d. 2002)
* 19 September – Rosario Mazzola, Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2018)
* 8 November – Gino Scarpa, painter, printmaker and sculptor (d. 2022)
* 18 December – Alberto Ablondi, bishop (d. 2010)

## Deaths

* 8 April – Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris, general, known for the Bava Beccaris massacre (b. 1831)
* 10 June – Giacomo Matteotti, politician (b. 1885)
* 17 July – Ricciotti Garibaldi, soldier (b. 1847)

### Full date missing

* Tito Conti, painter (b. 1842)
* Francesco Franceschi, horticulturist (b. 1843)
# Leucopogon stokesii

Leucopogon stokesii is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, open shrub with hairy young branchlets, narrowly elliptic leaves and erect, dense clusters of 5 to 10 bell-shaped white flowers on the ends of branches.

## Description

Leucopogon stokesii is an erect, open shrub that typically grows up to about 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) high and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) wide, its young branchlets mainly covered with straight hairs. The leaves are spirally arranged, narrowly elliptic, 3.2–7.2 mm (0.13–0.28 in) long and 0.8–1.8 mm (0.031–0.071 in) wide on a creamy yellow to pale brown petiole 0.4–1.1 mm (0.016–0.043 in) long. Both surfaces of the leaves are glabrous, the upper surface glaucous and the lower surface darker and shiny. The flowers are arranged in groups of 5 to 10 on the ends of branchlets with narrowly egg-shaped bracts 1.4–3.1 mm (0.055–0.122 in) long, and egg-shaped bracteoles 1.2–1.5 mm (0.047–0.059 in) long. The sepals are egg-shaped, 2.0–2.9 mm (0.079–0.114 in) long, and the petals white and joined at the base to form a bell-shaped tube 1.3–1.8 mm (0.051–0.071 in) long, the lobes 2.4–3.0 mm (0.094–0.118 in) long, usually flushed with pink, widely spreading and densely bearded inside. The fruit is an oblong or elliptic drupe 1.8–2.5 mm (0.071–0.098 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

Leucopogon stokesii was first formally described in 2012 by Michael Clyde Hislop in the journal Nuytsia from specimens collected near Arrino in 2009. The specific epithet (stokesii) honours Dennis Stokes, on whose property this species occurs.

## Distribution and habitat

This leucopogon grows in dense heath on and near breakaways in a small area near Three Springs in the Avon Wheatbelt bioregion in the south-west of Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Leucopogon stokesii is listed as "Threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is in danger of extinction.
# Tennessee Equality Project

The Tennessee Equality Project is an LGBTQ organization in the United States state of Tennessee.

## Overview

The Tennessee Equality Project was founded on June 15, 2004, in Nashville, Tennessee.
The organization has lobbied against a 2006 referendum to amend the state constitution to ban same-sex marriage, the dismissal of a lesbian soccer coach by Belmont University in 2010, the Don't Say Gay bill sponsored in 2011 by Sen. Stacey Campfield and Rep. Bill Dunn, and other public issues. It endorsed Nashville mayor Karl Dean for re-election in 2011.
In December 2015, TEP attempted to open an LGBT center in Maryville, the county seat of Blount County in partnership with local stakeholders, but this effort was ultimately unsuccessful.
The Project has received funds from the Human Rights Campaign and has partnered with the California-based Courage Campaign to develop political advertising based on the life story of an LGBT Tennessee resident. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation.
In April 2019, the TEP received a $113,000 donation and a handwritten letter of support from singer-songwriter Taylor Swift.
# Cardionema ramosissimum

Cardionema ramosissimum is a perennial plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, commonly known as sandcarpet, sandmat or tread lightly. It is a small, clumping, mat-forming plant found in a number of diverse habitats throughout its range, from sandy beaches and dunes to the high elevations of the Andes mountains. Cardionema ramosissimum has a disjunct distribution throughout the Americas, and is found on the Pacific coast of North America from Puget Sound to Baja California, in central Mexico, and widely across South America, from the Andes in Colombia to most of Argentina.

## Description

Cardionema ramosissimum is a prostrate perennial herb with stems 5–30 cm (2.0–11.8 in) long forming dense mats, with a pubescent indumentum throughout. The stems are often obscured by numerous stipules measuring 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long that occupy the spaces between the leaves. The leaves are needle-like and finely spine-tipped, 5–13 mm (0.20–0.51 in) long and glabrous.
The inconspicuous inflorescence consists of an axillary cyme of 1 to 5 flowers. The flowers are densely hairy throughout and have a small cup-shaped hypanthium. The 5 sepals are characterized by awns 1.5–4 mm (0.059–0.157 in) long. The fruit is a small, narrowly ovate utricle measuring 1.4–1.6 mm (0.055–0.063 in) long. The sepals become a tough, burlike structure enclosing the utricle to aid it in dispersion.

### Uses

This thick plant forms a blanket on the sand and can be used for erosion control on beaches.

## Distribution and habitat

Cardionema ramosissimum is found on both continents of the Americas, but in a disjunct distribution, nearing an amphitropical distribution but not technically qualifying as such since it reaches the tropics in the Andes.
In its North American area, C. ramosissimum is found along the coast from Puget Sound in Washington south through Oregon and California into Baja California as far south as San Quintín. It is generally found immediately by the coast, and sometimes occasionally inland on hills and dunes. It is also thought to be introduced on southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia.
Cardionema ramosissimum is also found throughout central Mexico. It is present in the states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and Mexico City.
In Colombia, this species is found at elevations of 2,600–3,125 m (8,530–10,253 ft) in the Andes of Boyacá and Cundinamarca departments. In the Andes of Ecuador, it is found at elevations of 2,000–4,500 m (6,600–14,800 ft) in the provinces of Cañar, Chimborazo, Imbabura and Pichincha.
In the Southern Cone of South America, this species is found widely throughout Chile and Argentina, and is also found less commonly in southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay.
# RaVen Quartet

RaVen Quartet was a London-based string quartet that performed arrangements of both classical and rock music. The quartet performed with Madness during the 2012 London Olympics closing ceremony. The group separated in 2014.

## Members
### Stephanie Benedetti

Stephanie Benedetti was one of the group's violinists. Her sister is Scottish classical violinist Nicola Benedetti. Stephanie is currently a member of British pop group Clean Bandit.

### Natalie Holt

The group's viola player, Natalie Holt, is a British classical musician and film composer. She hit the headlines in 2013 after interrupting the final of the seventh series of Britain's Got Talent.

### Rachael Lander

Rachael Lander was the group's cellist.

### Kirsty Mangan

Kirsty Mangan was one of the group's violinists.
# 2011 Pan American Fencing Championships

The 2011 Pan American Fencing Championships were held in Reno, Nevada, United States from 4 to 10 July at the Reno-Sparks Convention Center.

## Medal summary
### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Foil | Race Imboden (USA) | Alexander Massialas (USA) | Daniel Gómez (MEX) Gerek Meinhardt (USA) |
| Épée | Soren Thompson (USA) | Rubén Limardo (VEN) | Weston Kelsey (USA) Hugues Boisvert-Simard (CAN) |
| Sabre | Daryl Homer (USA) | Vincent Couturier (CAN) | Renzo Agresta (BRA) Philippe Beaudry (CAN) |
| Team Foil | United States | Canada | Brazil |
| Team Épée | United States | Canada | Venezuela |
| Team Sabre | United States | Canada | Venezuela |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Foil | Lee Kiefer (USA) | Doris Willette (USA) | Nzingha Prescod (USA) Monica Peterson (CAN) |
| Épée | Kelley Hurley (USA) | Courtney Hurley (USA) | Cáterin Bravo Aránguiz (USA) Lindsay Campbell (USA) |
| Sabre | Mariel Zagunis (USA) | Sandra Sassine (CAN) | Belén Pérez Maurice (ARG) Sandra Sassine (CAN) |
| Team Foil | United States | Canada | Brazil |
| Team Épée | United States | Canada | Mexico |
| Team Sabre | United States | Venezuela | Mexico |

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | United States | 12 | 3 | 5 | 20 |
| 2 | Canada | 0 | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 3 | Venezuela | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 4 | Brazil | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | Mexico | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 6 | Argentina | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 12 | 12 | 18 | 42 |
# Byasa laos

Byasa laos, the Lao windmill, is a species of butterfly from the family Papilionidae. The species was first described by Norman Denbigh Riley and Edward John Godfrey in 1921.
The species is found in Laos and northern Thailand, of Southeast Asia region.

## Status

Said to be very rare, but status not known with any certainty. More data required for conservation assessment.
# Luis Jorge Mayser Ardaya

Luis Jorge Mayser Ardaya (born July 21, 1928, San Ignacio de Velasco, Santa Cruz) is a Bolivian politician. He is the general secretary of the Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB). Mayser joined FSB at the age of twelve.
Mayser was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1997, from the single-member constituency 58 in Santa Cruz (covering areas in the provinces Velasco, Chiquitos, Angel Sandoval and German Busch) on a Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN) ticket. At the time he was the sole FSB parliamentarian.
In 2004 Mayser was awarded the title "hijo ilustre" by the Santa Cruz de la Sierra municipal council, for his role in founding the Comité Pro Santa Cruz.
# Square-tailed bulbul

The square-tailed bulbul (Hypsipetes ganeesa) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in south-western India and Sri Lanka. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It was previously classified as a subspecies of the black bulbul.

## Taxonomy and systematics

Alternative names for the square-tailed bulbul include the south Indian black bulbul and the square-tailed black bulbul.

### Subspecies

Two subspecies are currently recognized:
* Sri Lanka bulbul (H. g. humii) - (Whistler & Kinnear, 1932): The Sri Lankan race has a heavier bill than the Indian bulbul. Found in Sri Lanka
* Indian bulbul (H. g. ganeesa) - Sykes, 1832: Found in south-western India

## Description

The square-tailed bulbul lacks the black streak behind the eye and on the ear-coverts that is present in the black bulbul.

## Behaviour and ecology

In southern India, nesting activity begins in February and rises to a peak in May. The eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days. Populations make movements in response to the monsoon. Nest predators include birds of prey and snakes such as the black-winged kite and oriental ratsnake. Adult square-tailed bulbuls have been known to be preyed upon by the crested goshawk.
# Beatmania IIDX Substream

beatmania IIDX substream is a 1999 music video game which had a different songlist and could be linked to a Dance Dance Revolution machine for simultaneous play. If either the Dance Dance Revolution player or IIDX player made mistakes, the other game became more difficult.

## Gameplay

Beatmania IIDX tasks the player with performing songs through a controller consisting of seven key buttons and a scratchable turntable. Hitting the notes with strong timing increases the score and groove gauge bar, allowing the player to finish the stage. Failing to do so depletes the gauge until it is empty, abruptly ending the song.
Song List:
* BRILLIANT 2U - NAOKI, from DDR 2ndMIX
* deep in you - dj nagureo, from DDR 2ndMIX Club Version
* Gentle stress - DJ Swan, from DDR 2ndMIX Club Version
* GENOM SCREAMS (IIDX Edit) - L.E.D. LIGHT, from DDR EXTREME & DDR 2ndMIX Club Version
* Macho Gang - ANAL SPYDER, from DDR 2ndMIX Club Version
* NaHaNaHa vs. Gattchoon Battle - DJ Senda & Tiny-K
* PARANOiA MAX ~DIRTY MIX~ - 190/ from DDR 2ndMIX
* RUGGED ASH - SYMPHONIC DEFOGGERS (Yasushi Kurobane), from DDR 2ndMIX Club Version
* THE EARTH LIGHT - L.E.D. LIGHT, from DDR 2ndMIX Club Version
* Chotto Kiitena (ZANSHIN-NA MIX) - Laugh & Peace, from DDR 2ndMIX Club Version

## Development and release

In 1999 Beatmania IIDX was released. Neil Foster of Hardcore Gaming 101 called the game "a rocky start" for the Beatmania IIDX series, since it had music from Beatmania's first two iterations (1st Mix and 2nd Mix) paired with new songs and remixes. According to Foster, many players were initially not impressed with performing old songs on upgraded hardware, so they switched to Beatmania 4th Mix. Bemani developed several updates to the game after its release, including Beatmania IIDX Substream. Konami decided to link Club Version (later Substream) cabinets with Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix machines for simultaneous play, leading to increased success.
# Tensor representation

In mathematics, the tensor representations of the general linear group are those that are obtained by taking finitely many tensor products of the fundamental representation and its dual. The irreducible factors of such a representation are also called tensor representations, and can be obtained by applying Schur functors (associated to Young tableaux). These coincide with the rational representations of the general linear group.
More generally, a matrix group is any subgroup of the general linear group. A tensor representation of a matrix group is any representation that is contained in a tensor representation of the general linear group. For example, the orthogonal group O(n) admits a tensor representation on the space of all trace-free symmetric tensors of order two. For orthogonal groups, the tensor representations are contrasted with the spin representations.
The classical groups, like the symplectic group, have the property that all finite-dimensional representations are tensor representations (by Weyl's construction), while other representations (like the metaplectic representation) exist in infinite dimensions.
# Cardiolucina

Cardiolucina is a genus of bivalves belonging to the family Lucinidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

Species:
* Cardiolucina agassizii (Michelotti, 1839)
* Cardiolucina australopilula J.D.Taylor & Glover, 1997
* Cardiolucina civica (Yokoyama, 1927)
# 2011 Palauan casino referendum

A referendum on legalising casino establishments was held in Palau on 22 June 2011. The proposal was rejected by 75.5% of voters.

## Results

   Do you approve of the establishment of casino gaming in the Republic of Palau?
| Choice | Votes | % |
| For | 1,085 | 24.47 |
| Against | 3,349 | 75.53 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 3 | – |
| Total | 4,437 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 14,163 | 31.33 |
| Source: Direct Democracy |||