OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1st Military Region (Algeria)

The 1st Military Region is a military region of the People's National Army of Algeria. It has its headquarters at Blida, and includes the capital of Algiers
Much of the internal disorder and violence associated with economic distress and the Islamist movement of the 1980s occurred in this Military Region, as well as the 5th Military Region (Constantine). Army units were strengthened in and near the cities where attacks against the government and security forces have occurred.
Regional commanders were originally all colonels, and Said Abid probably served in this rank from 1964 when he took over the region. He appeared to be holding command during the 1965 Algerian coup d'état. Said Bey was chosen by Lt. Gen Mohamed Lamari to be the commander of the 1st Military Region in 1994, but Boughaba Rabah replaced him in 1997 after multiple massacres occurred in Blida. The commander of the 1st Military Region (Mohamed Djenouhat) (as well as the commander of the 5th Military Region) were both promoted to major general in 1992. After a major reshuffle of positions in the guards, Brahim Fodhil Chérif was appointed in 2000 as head of the military region, replacing Major General Boughaba Rabah. Fodhil Cherif's commanded the "Special Forces" (ninjas) to go against the Islamic rebellion.
The higher military school of the Territorial Air Defence Forces (école supérieure de la défense aérienne du territoire) is located at Reghaïa in the 1st Military Region. It provides engineering training.
It is reported that the 1st Military Region contains the 90th, 91st, and 99th Battalions of the Military Police.

## Commanders, Military Region I

* Colonel Mohamed Abdelghani (1962-1964)
* Colonel Saïd Abid (1964-1967)
* Colonel Abdallah Belhouchet (1967-1979)
* Général Mohamed Attailia (1979-1988)
* Mohamed Djenouhat (promoted to major general c.1992)
* Said Bey (1994-1997)
* Boughaba Rabah (1997-?)
* Général major Rabah Boughaba (-2000)
* Général major Fodil Cherif Brahim (2000-2004)
* Général major Lahbib Chentouf (2004-2018)
* Général major Ali Sidane (depuis 2018)
# Karainebeyli, Gelibolu

Karainebeyli is a village in the Gelibolu District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 300 (2021).
# Phoneutria eickstedtae

Phoneutria eickstedtae is a species of spider in the family Ctenidae, found in Brazil.
# Baskaltsi

Baskaltsi is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria. As of 2013, it had a population of 69.
# Khudrizi

Khudrizi or Khudrizai (خدريزي) is a small village located in Pakistan on GT Road on the way from Nowshehra to Peshawar. Khudrizi is part of Pabbi2 union council.
# Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (usually abbreviated poly I:C or poly(I:C)) is an immunostimulant. It is used in the form of its sodium salt to simulate viral infections.
Poly I:C is known to interact with toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), which is expressed at the endosomal membrane of B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Poly I:C is structurally similar to double-stranded RNA, which is present in some viruses and is a "natural" stimulant of TLR3. Thus, Poly I:C can be considered a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA and is a common tool for scientific research on the immune system.
Poly I:C has been shown to activate schizophrenia-like behavior in the offspring of pregnant mice, which can be accompanied by decreased GABAergic transmission in the dentate gyrus.

## Chemistry

Poly I:C is a mismatched double-stranded RNA with one strand being a polymer of inosinic acid, the other a polymer of cytidylic acid.

## Variants

Optimization of physicochemical properties of poly I:C has led to generation of derivatives that have increased stability in body fluids (such as polyICLC), or reduced toxicity through reduced stability in body fluids (such as poly I:C$_{12}$U).
# Amancio, Cuba

Amancio (Spanish pronunciation:) is a municipality and town in the Las Tunas Province of Cuba. It is located in the south-western part of the province, and opens to the Gulf of Guacanayabo to the south.

## Demographics

In 2022, Amancio had a population of 36,132. With a total area of 857 km$^2$ (331 sq mi), it has a population density of 48.5/km$^2$ (126/sq mi).

## Notable people

* Salvador Valdés Mesa (born 1945), Cuban former trade union leader, politician and current Vice President of Cuba
# 1st Military Region (Yemen)

The First Military Region is a military region of Armed Forces of Yemen. Its headquarters is in Seiyun of Hadramawt, eastern Yemen. It is responsible for managing administrative issues of the military units in parts of Hadramawt Governorate, including Seiyun city.

## History

The first region was established in 2013. As part of the military restructuring, former president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi issued a republication decree to divide the military field into seven regions, including the First Military Region. The region is headquartered in Seiyun and supervises the military units in Al-Wadi and Al-Sahra of Hadramout Governorate.

## Structure

The region is composed of seven military units and brigades, including; 37th Armored Brigade, 123rd Infantry Brigade and 315th Armored Brigade.

## Leadership

* Major General Mohammed Abdullah al-Saumali (2013–2014)
* Major General Abdularahman al-Halili (2014–2016)
* Major General Saleh Taimas (21 November 2016– incumbent)
# Sagema

Sagema is a fungal genus in the family Lecanoraceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing a single species, the crustose lichen Sagema potentillae, found in Nepal. Both the genus and species were described in 1993 by lichenologists Josef Poelt and Martin Grube.
The genus name of Sagema is named after Sabine and Georg Miehe, as Georg Miehe (b.1952) was A German Geographer and Botanist and Professor of (Bio-)Geography in Marburg, Germany.
# Baskahegan Lake

Baskahegan Lake is a body of water in Washington County, Maine, United States. The lake, which covers 6,815 acres (2,758 ha), is the third largest lake in Washington County and one of the largest statewide. It is located in the town of Topsfield, Maine, the former township of Brookton (North Washington, Maine). The picturesque lake is known for its warm water fishery and very high water quality.
In 2007, Evergreen Wind Power LLC sought to build on Stetson Mountain, which would be visible from the boat launch on Baskahegan Lake near Brookton, nine miles away. As of 2009, the installation on Stetson Mountain was the largest wind power operation in New England.
# Polyimide foam

Polyimide foam is a foam originally designed for NASA by Inspec Foams Inc. under the brand name Solimide. Its primary purposes are as an insulator (such as for rocket fuels) and acoustic damper. NASA engineered the product to have relatively low outgassing (a problem in vacuum and aboard spacecraft), desirable thermal and acoustic performance, as well as uniformity during distribution and application. Typical uses of the foam include ducting, duct/piping insulation, structural components, and strengthening of hollow components while remaining lightweight. In addition to thermal and acoustic properties, polyimide foam is fire resistant, lightweight and non-toxic.
# Kungshamra

Kungshamra is a residential area in Bergshamra, Solna Municipality, Sweden, in the northern outskirts of Stockholm. It has about 1370 student flats. The older houses (about 820 of them) are in raw concrete with bold colours on window frames and doors. Newer houses (550, built during 2003-2005) are painted in gray or white, and decorated with French balconies and yellow windows.
# Amanchi Krishna Mohan

Amanchi Krishna Mohan was ex Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Chirala Constituency, Andhra Pradesh.

## Personal life

Amanchi Krishna Mohan was born on 1975 in the Pandillapalli Village of the Praksam, Andhra Pradesh. He received his graduation as a B.Sc. from ASN College, Tenali.

## Political life

He started his political career as an Indian National Congress Member and was elected as the ZPTC member in 2000 from Vetapalem Mandal and in 2009 he was elected as MLA for Chirala Constituency and in the 2014 elections won as an independent member for Chirala, then after the elections he merged his party with Telugu Desam party.
He quit Telugu Desam Party in February 2019 and joined YSR Congress Party.
| 2000 | ZPTC Member | Vetapalem Mandal |
| 2006 | MPP | Vetapalem Mandal |
| 2009 | MLA | Chirala |
| 2014 | MLA | Chirala |
# List of aerial victories of Friedrich Altemeier

Friedrich Altemeier was a German fighter ace during World War I. While flying combat with Jagdstaffel 24 (Fighter Squadron 24), he scored 21 confirmed aerial victories between 3 March 1917 and 10 November 1918. Another two combat claims went unconfirmed.

## List of victories

This list is complete for entries, though obviously not for all details. Information was abstracted from Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918, pp. 60–61, Norman Franks, Frank W. Bailey, Russell Guest. Grub Street, 1993. ISBN 978-0-948817-73-1 and from The Aerodrome webpage on Friedrich Altemeier Abbreviations from those sources were expanded by editor creating this list.
| No. | Date/time | Victim | Squadron | Location |
| 1 | 3 March 1817 | Nieuport 17 | | Bois Morel |
| 2 | 7 July 1917 @ 1105 hours | Sopwith Triplane | No. 1 (Naval) Squadron | Bousbecque, France |
| 3 | 12 July 1917 @ 200 hours | Spad S.VII | | Zillebeke Lake, Belgium |
| 4 | 17 August 1917 @ 2010 hours | RE.8 | No. 7 Squadron RFC | North of Zillebeke Lake, Belgium |
| 5 | 17 August 1917 @ 2040 hours | Spad S.VII | | South of Zillebeke Lake, Belgium |
| 6 | 9 September 1917 @ 1840 hours | Spad S.VII | | Ypres, Belgium |
| 7 | 20 September 1917 @ 1104 hours | DH.5 | No. 32 Squadron RFC | West of Zonnebeke, Belgium |
| 8 | 25 September 1917 @ 0950 hours | Spad | | Langemarck, Belgium |
| 9 | 26 September 1917 | Sopwith Triplane | French Naval Escadrille | Comines |
| 10 | 19 February 1918 @ 1125 hours | SE.5a | | Saint-Gobian Forest, France |
| 11 | 24 February 1918 @1415 hours | RE.8 | No. 52 Squadron RFC | Marcy, Aisne, France |
| 12 | 12 March 1918 @ 1140 hours | Bristol F.2 Fighter | No. 48 Squadron RFC | Villeret, France |
| 13 | 22 March 1918 1440 hours | RE.8 | No. 53 Squadron RFC | Essigny le Grand |
| 14 | 24 March 1918 @ 1545 hours | Sopwith Camel | No. 46 Squadron RFC | Northeast of Chauny, France |
| 15 | 8 August 1918 @ 1930 hours | DH.4 | | Hayencourt |
| 16 | 12 August 1918 @ 1810 hours | SE.5a | No. 41 Squadron RAF | Southwest of Roye, France |
| Unconfirmed | 23 September 1918 @ 1040 hours | Bristol F.2 Fighter | | |
| 17 | 27 September 1918 @ 1020 hours | Bristol F.2 Fighter | No. 62 Squadron RAF | Marcy-Fontaine |
| 18 | 29 September 1918 @ 1040 hours | "Scout" | | Montbrehain, France |
| 19 | 8 October 1918 @ 1730 hours | Bristol F.2 Fighter | No. 20 Squadron RAF | Brancourt, France |
| Unconfirmed | 27 October 1918 | Bristol F.2 Fighter | Possibly Sopwith Snipe- William George Barker WIA 201 Squadron | Forêt de Mormal. |
| 20 | 28 October 1918 @ 0920 hours | RE.8 | | West of Happengarbes |
| 21 | 10 November 1918 @ 1050 hours | RE.8 | | Solre, France |
# Bockum

Bockum is a northeastern district of Krefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With its large parks, its advantageous location and high housing comfort, it is one of the most favoured residential areas in the city. The center of Bockum is marked by the neogothic church of St. Gertrudis. In addition, the zoo, the Stadtwald, the Grotenburg Stadion and a large swimming facility offer diverse recreational opportunities. The living costs lie in the upper third, with mostly single occupancy housing; the population is considered mostly conservative.

## Places to visit

* Haus Sollbrüggen
* Krefeld Zoo
# Birch (disambiguation)

Birch is the common name for trees of the genus Betula.
Birch or Birchs may also refer to:
* BIRCH, a clustering algorithm
* "Birches" (poem), a poem by Robert Frost
* Birch (surname)
* The Birch, an American undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture
* "Birch", a song by Big Red Machine featuring Taylor Swift from the album How Long Do You Think It's Gonna Last?

## Places

Australia
* Birchs Inlet, Tasmania
United Kingdom
* Birch, Essex, England
* Birch, Greater Manchester, England
United States
* Birch, Nevada, a ghost town
* Birch, Wisconsin, a town
* Birch, Ashland County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
* Birch Hill, Wisconsin, a census-designated place
* Birch Township, Minnesota
* Birch Tree, Missouri
* Birch County, South Carolina, a proposed county

## Companies

* Birch Communications, phone company in the US
# Battle of Aitape

The name Battle of Aitape or Aitape campaign may refer to any one of three military actions in proximity to Aitape in the Western New Guinea campaign of 1944-45:
* Operations Reckless and Persecution, which included landings at Aitape on April 22, 1944.
* Battle of Driniumor River, also known as the Battle of Aitape, July 10-August 25, 1944
* Aitape–Wewak campaign, which commenced in November 1944 and continued until the end of the war.
# Karl Bogislaus Reichert

Karl Bogislaus Reichert (20 December 1811 – 21 December 1883) was a German anatomist, embryologist and histologist.

## Biography

Reichert was born in Rastenburg (Kętrzyn), East Prussia. From 1831 he studied at the University of Konigsberg, where he was a student of embryologist Karl Ernst Baer, then continued his education in Berlin under Friedrich Schlemm and Johannes Peter Müller. In 1836 he received his doctorate with a dissertation on the gill arches of vertebrate embryos. Afterwards, he worked as an intern at the Charité, and from 1839 to 1843, served as an assistant and prosector at the University of Berlin.
In 1843 he attained the chair of anatomy at the University of Dorpat, and ten years later, succeeded Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold as professor of physiology at the University of Breslau. In 1858 he returned to Berlin as chair of anatomy, where he succeeded his former mentor, Johannes Peter Müller.
Reichert is remembered for his work in embryology, and for his pioneer research in cell theory. With Ernst Gaupp, he was co-architect of the Reichert–Gaupp theory concerning the origin of mammalian ossicles of the ear. His name is lent to the eponymous "Reichert's cartilage", described as a cartilaginous structure in the second branchial arch from which develop the temporal styloid processes, the stylohyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone.

## Written works

* De embryonum arcubus sic dictis branchialibus. Berlin, 1836 – On the so-called branchial arches of embryos.
* "Ueber die Visceralbogen der Wirbelthiere im Allgemeinen und deren Metamorphosen bei den Vögeln und Säugethieren". Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin: 120–222, 1837 – On the visceral arch of vertebrates in general and its metamorphosis in birds and mammals.
* Das Entwicklungsleben im Wirbelthierreiche. 1840, Berlin – Development of life in vertebrates.
* Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Zustandes der heutigen Entwicklungsgeschichte. 1843, Berlin – Contributions to the knowledge on the state of present-day developmental history.
* Der Bau des menschlichen Gehirns. 1859–1861, Leipzig – Construction of the human brain.
# Kumchon station

Kŭmch'ŏn station is a railway station located in Kŭmch'ŏn-ŭp, Kŭmch'ŏn County, North Hwanghae province, North Korea. It is on located on the P'yŏngbu Line, which was formed from part of the Kyŏngŭi Line to accommodate the shift of the capital from Seoul to P'yŏngyang; though this line physically connects P'yŏngyang to Pusan via Dorasan, in operational reality it ends at Kaesŏng due to the Korean Demilitarized Zone.
# Amari, Nepal

Amari is a village development committee in Rupandehi District in Lumbini Province of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3655 people living in 529 individual households.
# 1988 WTA Aix-en-Provence Open

The 1988 WTA Aix-en-Provence Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Aix-en-Provence, France and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the only edition of the tournament ran from 18 July until 24 July 1988. Judith Wiesner won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Judith Wiesner defeated Sylvia Hanika 6–1, 6–2
* It was Wiesner's 1st title of the year and the 2nd of her career.

### Doubles

Nathalie Herreman / Catherine Tanvier defeated Sandra Cecchini / Arantxa Sánchez 6–4, 7–5
* It was Herreman's only title of the year and the 3rd of her career. It was Tanvier's 2nd title of the year and the 6th of her career.
# 1st Macau International Movie Festival

The 1st Macau International Movie Festival ceremony, presented by the Macau Film and Television Media Association and China International Cultural Communication Center, honored the best films of 2008 and 2009 and took place on December 28, 2009, at Macau Tower, in Macau.
Lan was the biggest winner, receiving two awards (Best Actor and Best Director).

## Winners and nominees

| Best Picture Cannot Live Without You – Leon Dai | Best Director Jiang Wenli – Lan Leon Dai – Cannot Live Without You Zhang Hui – White Mountain Jann Turner – White Wedding |
| Best Actor Zhu Xu – Lan Akira Chen – Cannot Live Without You Xia Yu – Amor Cheng Taishen – Ma Wen's Battle | Best Actress Mamatha Bhukya – Vanaja Ariel Aisin-Gioro – Love in Macau Wu Yue – Former Wife Jiang Yiyan – Bao Gui's Secret |
| Best Supporting Actor Niu Piao – Bao Gui's Secret Hu Xiaoguang – White Mountain Ming Dow – Amor Li Mengnan – Ma Wen's Battle | Best Supporting Actress Yang Meng – White Mountain Xu Qing – The Founding of a Republic Wang Ji – Ma Wen's Battle |
| Best Writing Buscando a Miguel – Juan Fischer & Erwin Goggel White Mountain – Zhang Hui Invisible Killer – Xie Xiaodong Seeking Naadam – Zhou Juan & Bao Lide | Best Newcomer Helen Yao – Amor Sandrine Pinna – Yangyang Ju Wenpei – Set Off |
| Best Documentary HER story: Jeritan – Cecilia Ho Wing Yin |
# Birch, Ashland County, Wisconsin

Birch is an unincorporated community located in the town of Sanborn, Ashland County, Wisconsin, United States. Birch is located along U.S. Route 2 on the Bad River Indian Reservation, 15.15 miles (24.38 km) east-southeast of Ashland.
Birch was so named because the original town site was a forest of white birch.
# List of Operational Requirements for nuclear weapons

This list of Operational Requirements for nuclear weapons shows known Operational Requirements (ORs) specifically for nuclear bombs intended for use by the Royal Navy (RN) and the Royal Air Force (RAF) of the United Kingdom (UK).
An Operational Requirement, commonly abbreviated OR, was a UK Air Ministry document setting out the required characteristics for a future (i.e., as-yet unbuilt) military aircraft or weapon system. The numbered OR would describe what type of weapon was required. Operational Requirements were carried over with the dissolution of the Air Ministry and the creation of the Ministry of Defence (MoD).

## Table of Operational Requirements

| Operational Requirement | year | Service | Description | Weapon |
| OR.1001 | 1946 | Royal Air Force | Atomic bomb | Blue Danube |
| OR.1127 | 1953 | Royal Air Force / Royal Navy | Small kiloton bomb | Red Beard |
| OR.1132 | 1954 | Royal Air Force | Powered guided bomb | Blue Steel |
| OR.1139 | 1954 | Royal Air Force | Medium range ballistic missile | Blue Streak |
| OR.1140 | 1954 | Royal Air Force | Powered guided bomb | Blue Steel |
| OR.1141 | 1954 | Royal Air Force | warhead for the powered guided bomb | Green Bamboo |
| OR.1142 | 1954 | Royal Air Force | Megaton warhead | Violet Club |
| ? | 1955 | Royal Navy | Kiloton warhead for Seaslug missile | Indigo Hammer |
| ? | 1957 | British Army | Kiloton 8-inch artillery shell | Yellow Anvil |
| ? | 1958 | British Army | Guided missile warhead | Blue Water |
| ? | 1958 | British Army | Atomic demolition charge | Violet Mist |
| OR.1153 | 1958 | Royal Air Force | Free-fall megatonbomb | |
| OR.1155 | 1958 | Royal Air Force | Megaton warhead for anti-ballistic missile | |
| OR.1156 | 1958 | Royal Air Force / Royal Navy | Nuclear depth charge | |
| OR.1157 | 1958 | Royal Air Force | Megaton warhead for anti-ballistic missile | |
| ? | 1958 | Royal Navy | Megaton warhead for naval use | |
| OR.1159 | 1958 | Royal Air Force | Powered guided bomb | Blue Steel |
| OR.1160 | 1958 | Royal Air Force | Megaton warhead for powered guided bomb | |
| OR.1161 | 1958 | Royal Air Force / Royal Navy | Lightweight warhead for powered guided bomb | |
| OR.1166 | 1958 | Royal Air Force | Warhead for Bloodhound missile | Indigo Hammer |
| OR.1171 | 1959 | Royal Air Force | Megaton warhead for bomb or missile | Red Snow |
| OR.1172 | 1959 | Royal Air Force | Kiloton warhead for Seaslug, Bloodhound and Blue Water | RO106/Tony |
| OR.1176 | 1960 | Royal Air Force | Variable-yield kiloton warhead | WE.177 |
| OR.1177 | 1960 | Royal Air Force | Kiloton Red Beard replacement | WE.177 |
| OR.1178 | 1960 | Royal Air Force | Nuclear depth charge | |
| OR.1179 | 1960 | Royal Air Force | Megaton warhead for Skybolt | |
| OR.1182 | 1960 | Royal Air Force | Long-range air-surface missile | |
| OR.1187 | 1960 | Royal Air Force | Skybolt | Skybolt |
# Ilyushin I-21

The Ilyushin I-21, (Istrebitel-21, fighter-21), also known as TsKB-32, was a single-engined, single-seat fighter produced in the USSR in 1936-7 in response to a government specification.

## Design and development

The I-21 was an all-metal, low-wing, cantilever monoplane with retractable undercarriage and a closed cockpit. The wings were sharply tapered with straight trailing edges, which introduced sweepback on the leading edge. Two specially modified Mikulin AM-34RNF (also written AM-34FRN) liquid-cooled V-12 engines provided the power via a non-reducing gearbox, which was used only to raise the thrust line, and enable the use of shorter undercarriage legs.
Cooling for the first prototype's engine used an evaporative system which dispensed with radiators and used condensers built into the surface of the wing centre section. The second prototype was fitted with a conventional cooling system using ethylene glycol coolant and a retractable radiator. Flight trials started but soon showed that the evaporative cooling system was inadequate with both the engine and the wing centre section overheating. Ilyushin was also very aware of the vulnerability of the system to combat damage, but he was ordered by GUAP to use this system. Further development was halted in 1939 and the I-21 designation was re-used for the Pashinin I-21.

## Variants

Data from:'OKB Ilyushin

### TsKB 32

    (I-21 1st prototype) with evaporative cooling

### TsKB 52

    (I-21 2nd prototype) with conventional ethylene glycol cooling system, not completed due to engine delivery problems.

## Specifications (I-21)

Data from OKB Ilyushin
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 8.366 m (27 ft 5 in)
* Wingspan: 10 m (32 ft 10 in)
* Wing area: 18.16 m$^2$ (195.5 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,402 kg (3,091 lb)
* Gross weight: 2,125 kg (4,685 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Mikulin AM-34FRN V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 930 kW (1,250 hp)
* Propellers: 3-bladed constant-speed propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 620 km/h (390 mph, 330 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
* Range: 766 km (476 mi, 414 nmi) at 270 km/h (170 mph; 150 kn)
                   460 km (250 nmi; 290 mi) at 480 km/h (300 mph; 260 kn)
* Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,000 ft)
* Rate of climb: 20.32 m/s (4,000 ft/min)
* Time to altitude: 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) in 3.8 to 4.6 minutes
* Wing loading: 116 kg/m$^2$ (24 lb/sq ft)
* Power/mass: 0.59 hp/kg
* Take-off run: 190 m (620 ft)
Armament
* Guns:
* 4x 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns (initial fit)
* 2x 20 mm ShVAK cannon (later fit)