OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Light extraction in LEDs

Light extraction in LEDs involves the set of particular problems that is connected with getting light from the light emitting p-n junction in an LED to the surroundings, such that the light might be useful, for instance for lighting.
The refractive index of most LED semiconductor materials is quite high, so in almost all cases the light from the LED is coupled into a much lower-index medium. The large index difference makes the reflection quite substantial (per the Fresnel coefficients). The produced light gets partially reflected back into the semiconductor, where it may be absorbed and turned into additional heat; this is usually one of the dominant causes of LED inefficiency. Often more than half of the emitted light is reflected back at the LED-package and package-air interfaces.
The reflection is most commonly reduced by using a dome-shaped (half-sphere) package with the diode in the center so that the outgoing light rays strike the surface perpendicularly, at which angle the reflection is minimized. Substrates that are transparent to the emitted wavelength, and backed by a reflective layer, increase the LED efficiency. The refractive index of the package material should also match the index of the semiconductor, to minimize back-reflection. An anti-reflection coating may be added as well. Also, surface roughening of LEDs is one of the key strategies to increased light extraction efficiency.
The package may be colored, but this is only for cosmetic reasons or to improve the contrast ratio; the color of the packaging does not substantially affect the color of the light emitted.
Other strategies for reducing the impact of the interface reflections include designing the LED to reabsorb and reemit the reflected light (called photon recycling) and manipulating the microscopic structure of the surface to reduce the reflectance, by introducing random roughness, creating programmed moth eye surface patterns. Recently photonic crystals have also been used to minimize back-reflections. In December 2007, scientists at Glasgow University claimed to have found a way to make LEDs more energy efficient, imprinting billions of holes into LEDs using a process known as nanoimprint lithography.
# Sophia Gladieux

Sophia Elizabeth "Phia" Gladieux (/ˈɡlædioʊ/ GLAD-ee-oh; born June 14, 2002) is an American field hockey player.
In 2024, she will represent the United States at the XXXIII Olympic Games in France.

## Personal life

Sophia Gladieux was born on June 14, 2002, in Oley, Pennsylvania.
She is a student at Penn State.

## Career
### National team

Gladieux was elevated to the national squad in 2024. She made her international debut later that year, earning her first senior cap against Belgium during season five of the FIH Pro League. In June, she was named in the Team USA squad for the XXXIII Olympic Games in Paris.

### International goals

| Goal | Date | Location | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition | Ref. |
| 1 | June 1, 2024 | Lee Valley Hockey Stadium, London, England | Great Britain | 2–3 | 2–3 | 2023–24 FIH Pro League | |
# Sonnet 79

Sonnet 79 is one of 154 sonnets published by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare in 1609. It is part of the Fair Youth sequence, and the second sonnet of the Rival Poet sequence.

## Exegesis

This sonnet continues the discussion of the previous sonnet, Sonnet 78, regarding other poets who also write poems dedicated to the fair youth. Sonnet 79 argues that the other poet deserves no thanks, because the quality of his writing derives from the quality of his subject. The poet (line 2) claims that earlier he had exclusively had the young man's patronage, or that his verse had exclusively been devoted to the young man's virtue or honor. But now those of his verses that benefited from the young man's grace ("gracious numbers"), are "decayed" because the youth's favors are being spread out and because the muse is not healthy ("sick muse"), which is a strange description considering the first line of Sonnet 78: "So oft have I invoked thee for my Muse".
The muse (line 4) makes room for another poet, or another muse. When the speaker desperately and unexpectedly refers (line 7) to the rival poet as "thy poet", it is clear that loyalties have shifted. The sestet turns the rival poet's effort to find appropriate metaphors into a materialistic endeavor ("He robs thee … he lends … he stole …") regarding merely skin-deep attractiveness ("found it in thy cheek”). The poet suggests a poem by a rival that has little to add, but proclaims the youth is as virtuous as his virtue, his cheek is as lovely as his cheek, and requires no “thanks".

## Structure

Sonnet 79 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet, which has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, and is composed in iambic pentameter, a metre of five feet per line, with two syllables in each foot accented weak/strong. Most of the lines are examples of regular iambic pentameter, including the 2nd line:
    / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.
The 4th line may be scanned with a rightward movement of the first ictus (the resulting four-position figure, × × / /, is sometimes referred to as a minor ionic):
The meter calls for a 2-syllable pronunciation of "worthier" in the 6th line.
# Sonnet 75

Sonnet 75 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the poet expresses his love towards a young man.

## Synopsis

The poet expresses his complete pleasure in the presence of his beloved, but says that his devotion resembles that of a miser to his money, filled with anxiety combined with pleasure in his wealth.

## Structure

Sonnet 75 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form, ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, and is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The 4th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter:
The 6th line exhibits two common variations: an initial reversal and a final extrametrical syllable or feminine ending:
    / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus. (×) = extrametrical syllable.
Line 8 necessarily repeats the 6th line's feminine ending. Possible initial reversals also occur in lines 1, 2, 3, 9, 12, and 13; though these can be interpreted in other ways.
The meter demands a few variant pronunciations: in the 2nd line, "showers" functions as 1 syllable, and in the 10th line "starvèd" functions as 2.
# Sonnet 74

Sonnet 74 is one of 154 sonnets published by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare in 1609. It is one of the Fair Youth sequence.

## Synopsis

This sonnet takes back the urging that occurs in Sonnet 71, that the young man should forget the author. Instead, this sonnet encourages the youth to keep the better part of the poet, which is in his verse, and which will outlive the poet. There is a sense in this poem that the young man is like one who will potentially inherit something of value, and is at the bedside of a dying rich relation, and is considering in a legalistic manner what that value will be – once the dead body has been carried away and dumped in the earth as food for worms. The young man will inherit the best part of the poet – his spirit in the form of this sonnet.

## Structure

Sonnet 74 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet, which contains three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, and is composed in iambic pentameter, a poetic metre in which each line has five feet, and each foot is a pair of weak/strong syllables. The tenth line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter line:
    / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.
The meter demands a few variant pronunciations: line 4's "memorial" counts as 3 syllables, line 8's "spirit" counts as 1 (possibly pronounced as spear't, sprite, sprit, or spurt), and line 12's "rememberèd" is expanded to 4.

## Possible allusion to St. Anne Line

Some scholars feel Sonnet 74 alludes to Catholic Saint Anne Line and her martyrdom at the time of Reformation. Along with the sonnet, the Shakespeare poem "The Phoenix and the Turtle" and the play The Tempest are also cited as alluding to St. Anne.
# Lignon du Velay

The Lignon du Velay (French pronunciation:, literally Lignon of the Velay) is an 85.1-kilometre (52.9 mi) long river in the Ardèche and Haute-Loire departments, south-central France. Its source is near Chaudeyrolles. It flows generally north. It is a right tributary of the Loire, into which it flows at Pont de Lignon, a hamlet in Monistrol-sur-Loire.

## Departments and communes along its course

This list is ordered from source to mouth:
* Haute-Loire: Chaudeyrolles, Saint-Front, Fay-sur-Lignon, Les Vastres, Mazet-Saint-Voy
* Ardèche: Mars
* Haute-Loire: Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, Saint-Jeures, Tence, Chenereilles, Lapte, Yssingeaux, Grazac, Les Villettes, Saint-Maurice-de-Lignon, Monistrol-sur-Loire
# Lignon, Marne

Lignon (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
# Lijeske

Lijeske is a village in the City of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 10.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 5 | 50.0% |
| Croats | 5 | 50.0% |
| Total | 10 | 100% |
# Lidsdale

Lidsdale is a locality within the City of Lithgow Local Government Area of New South Wales, Australia. It lies to the north of Wallerawang. Its area, as defined for postal and statistical purposes, includes the historic locality of Kerosene Vale and the small rural areas known as Springvale and Angus Place. In 2021, its population was 471.
The area that later became known as Lidsdale lies close to the easternmost extent of the traditional lands of Wiradjuri people. There are culturally significant sites within the locality.
A village developed as a stopping place on the road to Mudgee during the gold rushes. It soon had at least two inns, the Carriers Arms and the Square and Compass Inn, also a livery stable and blacksmith's shop.
Coal mining began in the area, in 1893, when the Folly mine was opened by John Maddox, a son of the owner of the Carrier's Arms inn, Thomas Maddox. Coal mining still takes place in Lidsdale. There was also a short-lived oil shale mining, retorting and shale oil refining operation, in the part of the locality that was formerly known as Kerosene Vale, beginning in 1867.
Most of the settled area of the locality is in the mainly-cleared valley of Coxs River. At the southern end, is the small village, centred on Wolgan Road, which is now an area of mixed industrial and residential use. The southern boundary of the locality borders the site of the former Wallerawang Power Station. There are two coal mines, Angus Place mine (closed) and Springvale mine. There is a large ash dam and dry ash dump, in the part of the locality that was formerly known as Kerosene Vale. The locality extends north to the Wolgan Gap, the location where Wolgan Road descends into the Wolgan Valley, and to part of the valley's rim. Most of the eastern part of the locality is forested and mountainous.
In the past, the village area in the south of the locality lay on the main road between Lithgow and Mudgee, which intersected Wolgan Road, but the Castlereagh Highway now bypasses it, where it runs across the south-western part of the locality. Part of the former Wallerawang Colliery Branch Railway ran through the locality and serviced the Angus Place mine. The Main Western railway line passes across the south-east part of the locality, in the area known as Springvale.
Lidsdale had a post office, which opened in 1871, originally as Wallerawang, and was renamed Lidsdale, in 1873, after another post office opened closer to the Wallerawang railway station and township. The existing building opened in 1912; it closed in November 1991, and subsequently has been converted to holiday accommodation. It had a school for most of the time between August 1870 and June 1936, and again January 1963 between May 1975; the school was known as Lidsdale only between 1900 and 1936 and otherwise mainly used the name Blackmans Flat.
# Lidstone (surname)

Lidstone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dorothy Lidstone (born 1938), Canadian archer
* George James Lidstone (1870–1952), British actuary
# Sonex Aircraft

Sonex Aircraft, LLC is an American kit aircraft manufacturer located in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, producing kits for four all-metal homebuilt monoplanes. The company was founded in 1998 by John Monnett, who has designed the Monnett Sonerai sport aircraft series, Monnett Monerai sailplane, Monnett Moni motorglider, and Monnett Monex racer.

## History

The company opened a flight center and a 5,600 sq ft (520 m$^2$) parts distribution warehouse in 2006.
In 2013, the FAA National Kit Evaluation Team (NKET) approved fast-build "51% rule" versions of the Sonex, Waiex, and Onex.
Jeremy Monnett, the son of founder John Monnett Jr. and CEO, was killed in an airplane crash in 2015.
In June 2018, John Monnett announced his plan to retire and sell the company. In January 2022, Sonex employee and general manager, Mark Schaible, purchased the assets of Sonex Aircraft LLC and Sonex Aerospace LLC, forming them into a new company, Sonex LLC. Schaible will be owner and president of the new company.
In December 2019 the John Monnett-designed Sonerai was acquired by Sonex Aircraft.
The company rolled out a prototype highwing aircraft in 2024.

## Products
### Aircraft

| Model name | First flight | Number built | Type |
| Sonerai | 1971 | | Single piston engine low-wing homebuilt airplane |
| Sonex | 2000 (customer built) | 500 by 2014 | Single piston engine low-wing homebuilt airplane |
| Waiex | 2003 | | Single piston engine low-wing homebuilt airplane |
| Xenos | 2003 | | Single piston engine low-wing homebuilt motor glider |
| Onex | 2011 | | Single piston engine low-wing homebuilt airplane |
| ESA | | | Unbuilt single electric engine low-wing homebuilt airplane |
| SubSonex JSX-1 | 2011 | | Single jet engine low-wing homebuilt airplane |
| SubSonex JSX-2 | 2014 | | Single jet engine low-wing homebuilt airplane |
| Teros | 2015 | | Single piston engine low-wing unmanned aerial vehicle |
| Sierra Hotel | | | Single piston engine high-wing homebuilt airplane |

### Engines

Company subsidiary AeroConversions manufactures the AeroConversions AeroVee Engine, a custom aircraft implementation of the Volkswagen air-cooled engine.

## Hornet's Nest

The Hornet's Nest is the research and development arm of Sonex LLC.

### E-flight

At AirVenture 2007, Sonex Aircraft announced a project to work on innovative technologies in aviation. The E-flight projects includes using an electric motor, ethanol-based fuels, and other power plant alternatives. In December 2010, an all-electric Waiex was test flown from Wittman field in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The aircraft was flown with a 54 kW (72 hp) brushless DC electric motor, managed by a newly designed controller. Power is from a collection of 14.5 kW-hour lithium polymer batteries, giving the aircraft an endurance of one hour at low-speed cruise or 15 minutes of aerobatics. This was the beginning of the development of the Sonex Electric Sport Aircraft.
# Sofia W. D.

Sofia W. D. (12 October 1924 – 23 July 1986) was an Indonesian actress and film director. She appeared in 43 films between 1952 and 1986. Her film Badai-Selatan was entered into the 12th Berlin International Film Festival.

## Selected filmography

* Badai-Selatan (1962)
* Max Havelaar (1975)
* Mystics in Bali (1981)
* Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI (1984)
# Liechtenstein at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships

Liechtenstein competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia from 24 July to 9 August 2015.

## Swimming

Liechtensteiner swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Christoph Meier | 200 m breaststroke | 2:17.07 | 41 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Christoph Meier | 200 m individual medley | 2:04.01 | 30 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Christoph Meier | 400 m individual medley | 4:23.57 | 30 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Julia Hassler | 200 m freestyle | 2:03.08 | 43 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Julia Hassler | 400 m freestyle | 4:14.51 | 23 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
| Julia Hassler | 800 m freestyle | 8:39.12 | 18 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
| Julia Hassler | 1500 m freestyle | 16:32.04 | 16 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
# Sordi

Sordi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberto Sordi (1920–2003), Italian actor
* Michel Sordi (born 1953), French politician
* Nílton de Sordi (1931–2013), Brazilian footballer
# Sordid

Sordid may refer to:
* Paul Sordid (20th century), English drummer
* Sordid (character), a fictional character in the Simon the Sorcerer series of video games
# Trimeresurus nebularis

Trimeresurus nebularis (also known as the Cameron Highlands pit viper or the clouded pit viper) is a species of pit viper found in the Cameron Highlands District of west Malaysia and Thailand.
# Qiantong, Zhejiang

Qiantong (Chinese: 前童; pinyin: Qiántóng) is a town in southwestern Ninghai County in eastern Zhejiang province, China, situated along G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway around 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southwest of the county seat as the crow flies. As of 2011, it has 29 villages under its administration. The town was established in the last years of the Song dynasty, though much of its architecture dates from the Ming or Qing; a large proportion of its residents are surnamed Tong (童).
# Kernville, Oregon

Kernville is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States. It is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 101 and Oregon Route 229, where the Siletz River enters Siletz Bay. There are two communities, known as "old" and "new" Kernville, in close proximity. Old Kernville is considered a ghost town.
The "old" Kernville was the first European community in the area. It was started in 1896 by Daniel and John H. Kern, who operated a salmon cannery, Kern Brothers Packing Company, on the north bank of the Siletz River. At the time, the isolated location was only accessible by boat. In 1907 the cannery was sold and the new owners dismantled the building and rebuilt it on the south bank of the river. The sawmill, post office and original community of Kernville were also located on the more accessible south bank. Eventually the old town site, including what remained on the north side of the river, was abandoned. As of 1945, "new" Kernville was located about a mile downstream from its original location, near the old Oregon Coast Highway bridge. Since the rerouting of U.S. Route 101 and the completion of a new Siletz River Bridge in the 1980s, new Kernville is no longer on the main highway. Kernville post office ran intermittently from 1896-1968.
After the decline in the fishing industry that started in the 1920s, the Kernville economy was increasingly based on logging. For a time, Kernville was the site of an important spruce mill, and during World War I it supplied wood for the airplanes being built by the U.S. Army Spruce Production Division for the war effort. At this time Kernville was known as "Millport".
The 1971 film about a logging family in Oregon, Sometimes a Great Notion, based on the novel by Ken Kesey, was filmed in Kernville. A local Victorian house served as the set for the "Stamper House".
# 6.0 (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
6.0 is a studio album by the industrial rock band Sister Machine Gun. It was released in 2001 on Positron! Records.

## Track listing

* Automaton
* Loser
* The Best That You Can Do
* Never
* Machine I
* Ten Minute God
* Machine II
* Gonna Be Right
* Down on Me
* What I'm Waiting For
* Release
* Machine III
* Machine (No!)
* Machine IV
* End
# Jøssingfjord

Jøssingfjorden is a fjord in Sokndal municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) long fjord is narrow and deep and is surrounded by mountains. It sits about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of the municipal centre of Hauge. There is some settlement on the southeastern side of the fjord: the villages of Li, Vinterstø, and Bu. There is a road that runs along the southeast coast of the fjord, with sharp hairpin turns leading down from the mountains to the shore of the fjord both heading north and south from the fjord.
The Tellnes mine, one of Norway's largest titanium mines, is located in the mountains about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northeast of the fjord. The mine is run by a company called Titania, and the fjord is used as the shipping port for the company. The Nedre Helleren Power Plant is located at the head of the fjord. The electricity is generated by water from lakes located high in the mountains and the water is piped down to the sea level power plant the force of the falling water produces the electricity.
At the head of the fjord is the small Helleren farm which is now abandoned. It sits in a narrow valley with steep rock cliffs on two sides, a rock scree on the third side, and the fjord on the fourth side. The base of one of the rock cliffs stops about 8 metres (26 ft) above the ground forming a rock shelter, or heller (hence the name of the farm). The farm is preserved and is now owned by the Dalane folk museum.
Jøssingfjord is a place of iconic importance in the history of Norwegian anti-fascism.

## Media gallery

* Head of the fjord
* Head of the fjord, view of the shipping port
* Looking towards the head of the fjord
* Helleren farm with two traditional houses from the 1800s built under the rock shelter

## History

The fjord is well known as the location of the World War II-era Altmark incident. On 16 February 1940, the British destroyer HMS Cossack managed to free prisoners taken by the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee from the German tanker Altmark.
After this incident in the Jøssingfjorden, the term Jøssing came to mean a Norwegian patriot, the opposite of a Quisling (or traitor). The Norwegian collaborator government tried to neutralize their nickname Quislings by using the Jøssingfjord event to coin a derogatory term Jøssing, referring to "anti-nazis". This attempt backfired, as it was quickly appropriated as a positive term by the Norwegian populace, and in 1943 the word was banned from official use. As a consequence, the best known illegal Norwegian newspaper got its name from the same incident: Jøssingposten (The Jøssing Post).
# Jacaré River (Alagoas)

Jacaré River is a river of Alagoas state in eastern Brazil.
# Trimeresurus phuketensis

Trimeresurus phuketensis (also known as the Phuket pit viper) is a species of pit viper found on Phuket Island in Thailand.
# Sapho ciliata

Sapho ciliata, also known by its common name western bluewing is a species of damselfly from the genus Sapho. The species was first described in 1781.