OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Symphony No. 1 (Glazunov)

Alexander Glazunov wrote his Symphony No. 1 in E major, Op. 5, in 1881, when he was 16 years old. It was premiered the following year in St. Petersburg. It is known as his Slavonian Symphony.

## Structure

The symphony is written in four movements:
* Allegro
* Scherzo: Allegro
* Adagio
* Finale: Allegro
The symphony bears a strong stylistic semblance to works by Balakirev, Rimsky-Korsakov, and especially Borodin. It was also influenced by Schumann's Rhenish Symphony, a work which was highly regarded in the Balakirev circle.

## Overview

While the symphony itself was a resounding success, the audience was even more astonished to see a teenage boy come to the stage to take his bows in his school uniform. This was not the first time Alexander Glazunov had astounded people. He displayed his musical talent early, was discovered by Mily Balakirev (former leader of The Mighty Handful) and further encouraged by his teacher Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who gave him a thorough grounding in counterpoint, form, harmony and orchestration between 1879 and 1881, during which Rimsky-Korsakov wrote in his memoirs that it seemed Glazunov did not progress so much from day to day as from hour to hour. After two years, as Glazunov remembered, Rimsky-Korsakov told his pupil "that henceforth he regarded it as unnecessary to instruct me systematically, in return for payment, as I had already more or less become a mature musician."
Still, some remained skeptical, but not for long. When composer Sergei Taneyev told his friend Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky about the premiere of the First Symphony, Tchaikovsky wrote Balakirev:
   Glazunov interests me greatly. Is there any chance that this young man could send me the symphony so that I might take a look at it? I should also like to know whether he completed it, either conceptually or practically, with your or Rimsky-Korsakov's help.
Balakirev replied:
   You ask about Glazunov. He is a very talented young man who studied for a year under Rimsky-Korsakov. When he composed his symphony, he did not need any help."
Some months later, Tchaikovsky wrote that he had purchased and studied the score of Glazunov's First String Quartet, concluding that "Glazunov's talent is undeniable."
Truth be told, Glazunov did have a little help from Balakirev, but on just one point. The composer wrote in his memoirs, "I composed and orchestrated the slow movement of the First Symphony in the summer of 1881. In addition I played that passage to Balakirev, who approved of it in general but advised me to add something after the presentation of the two themes, before the repetition of the beginning. From the rhythmic figure that appears in the bars that I added, I created the contrapuntal accompaniment to the first theme, which lent the work a degree of rhythmic vitality. That autumn, the score of the symphony was ready."
# Fluciclovine (18F)

Fluciclovine ($^{18}$F), also known as anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-3[18F] FACBC), and sold under the brand name Axumin, is a diagnostic agent used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels.

## Background

Most imaging tests have not been able to localize recurrent prostate cancer when the PSA is mildly increased. Axumin scans were compared to [$^{11}$C]-tagged choline PET scans, another FDA approved PET scan that can assist in this situation, and to biopsy results. Fluciclovine tagged PET scans appear to more sensitive than CT scans and to [$^{11}$C]-tagged choline PET scans.

## Mechanism

Fluciclovine is a [$^{18}$F]-tagged synthetic analog of the amino acid L-leucine. FACBC uptake by the tumor is related to functional activity of two amino acid transporters, specifically sodium-dependent system ASC, with a lesser contribution by sodium-independent system L. Although it is handled by the amino acid transporter system, it does not undergo terminally incorporative metabolism within the body. The distribution of the tracer in the body differs from choline and FDG, as kidney uptake of FACBC is negligible, and no activity is found in the urinary tract. There is low native brain uptake compared to FDG, which may enhance detection of brain metastases or primary brain tumors. The more intense native liver and pancreatic uptake seen with this agent would be expected to limit disease detection in those organs. FACBC has a short synthesis time and a long half-life, which eliminate the need for an onsite cyclotron.

## Marketing

Axumin is marketed by Blue Earth Diagnostics, Ltd., United Kingdom.
# Hadamard (disambiguation)

Hadamard may refer to:
* Zélie Hadamard (1849–1901), French actress
* Jacques Hadamard (1865–1963), a French mathematician, whose name is associated with the following topics in mathematics:

## Differential geometry

* Hadamard space, a geodesically complete metric space of non-positive curvature
* Cartan-Hadamard theorem, a result on the topology of non-positively curved manifolds

## Differential equations and dynamical systems

* Hadamard's method of descent, a method of solving partial differential equations by reducing dimensions
* Hadamard parametrix construction, a method of solving second order partial differential equations
* Hadamard's dynamical system, a type of chaotic dynamical system

## Complex analysis and convexity

* Hadamard three-lines theorem: a bound on the maximum modulus complex analytic functions defined on a strip in the complex plane;
* Hadamard three-circle theorem, a bound on the maximum modulus of complex analytic functions defined on an annulus in the complex plane; closely related to the three-lines theorem;
* Hadamard factorization theorem, a specific factorization of an entire function of finite order, involving its zeros and the exponential of a polynomial
* Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem, a result on the analytic continuation of lacunary power series
* Hermite–Hadamard inequality, bounding the integral of convex functions.

## Transform calculus

* Hadamard transform, an example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms
* Fast Walsh–Hadamard transform, an efficient algorithm to compute the Hadamard transform

## Theory of matrices

* Hadamard matrix, a square matrix whose entries are either +1 or −1 and whose rows are mutually orthogonal
* Hadamard code, a system used for signal error detection and correction based on Hadamard matrices
* Hadamard's inequality, a bound on the determinants of matrices.
* Hadamard product, a name for element-wise multiplication of matrices/

## Quantum computing

* Hadamard gate, a standard quantum gate that generalizes a coin flip.
# Hadamard derivative

In mathematics, the Hadamard derivative is a concept of directional derivative for maps between Banach spaces. It is particularly suited for applications in stochastic programming and asymptotic statistics.

## Definition

A map $\varphi :\mathbb {D} \to \mathbb {E}$ between Banach spaces $\mathbb {D}$ and $\mathbb {E}$ is Hadamard-directionally differentiable at $\theta \in \mathbb {D}$ in the direction $h\in \mathbb {D}$ if there exists a map $\varphi _{\theta }':\,\mathbb {D} \to \mathbb {E}$ such that ${\frac {\varphi (\theta +t_{n}h_{n})-\varphi (\theta )}{t_{n}}}\to \varphi _{\theta }'(h)$ for all sequences $h_{n}\to h$ and $t_{n}\to 0$.
Note that this definition does not require continuity or linearity of the derivative with respect to the direction $h$. Although continuity follows automatically from the definition, linearity does not.

## Relation to other derivatives

* If the Hadamard directional derivative exists, then the Gateaux derivative also exists and the two derivatives coincide.
* The Hadamard derivative is readily generalized for maps between Hausdorff topological vector spaces.

## Applications

A version of functional delta method holds for Hadamard directionally differentiable maps. Namely, let $X_{n}$ be a sequence of random elements in a Banach space $\mathbb {D}$ (equipped with Borel sigma-field) such that weak convergence $\tau _{n}(X_{n}-\mu )\to Z$ holds for some $\mu \in \mathbb {D}$, some sequence of real numbers $\tau _{n}\to \infty$ and some random element $Z\in \mathbb {D}$ with values concentrated on a separable subset of $\mathbb {D}$. Then for a measurable map $\varphi :\mathbb {D} \to \mathbb {E}$ that is Hadamard directionally differentiable at $\mu$ we have $\tau _{n}(\varphi (X_{n})-\varphi (\mu ))\to \varphi _{\mu }'(Z)$ (where the weak convergence is with respect to Borel sigma-field on the Banach space $\mathbb {E}$).
This result has applications in optimal inference for wide range of econometric models, including models with partial identification and weak instruments.
# HMS Stirling Castle

A number of ships of the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary have been named Stirling Castle (sometimes spelled 'Sterling') after Stirling Castle in Scotland, including:
* HMS Stirling Castle (1679), a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line, launched in 1679, and lost off Ramsgate in Kent in 1703.
* HMS Stirling Castle (1705), a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1705, hulked in 1739 and broken up in 1771.
* HMS Stirling Castle (1742), a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1742 and lost in 1762.
* HMS Stirling Castle (1775), a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1775 and lost in 1780.
* HMS Stirling Castle (1811), a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1811, and hulked in 1839.
* HMS Stirling Castle (1900), an auxiliary patrol paddler launched in 1900, and sunk in the Mediterranean in 1916.
* RFA Stirling Castle, a mine countermeasures support vessel commissioned in 2023 with pennant number M01
# Søren Jensen (sculptor)

Søren Jensen (born 1957) is a Danish sculptor and photographer.
Born in Copenhagen, he graduated from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1986.
His works are displayed at the National Museum of Art and the Trapholt Art Museum as well as at several other buildings, including Elsinore City Hall, Hvidovre Town Hall, TDC's headquarters in the South Harbour in Copenhagen and Nordea's headquarters at Christianshavn.
From 1999 to 2005, Jensen was Rector of the Funen Art Academy in Odense.
His work explores the spatial relationships between sculpture and architecture. In 2004 he was awarded the Eckersberg Medal by the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts.
# Syntype

In biological nomenclature, a syntype is any one of two or more biological types that is listed in a description of a taxon where no holotype was designated. Precise definitions of this and related terms for types have been established as part of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

## In zoology

In zoological nomenclature, a syntype is defined as "Each specimen of a type series (q.v.) from which neither a holotype nor a lectotype has been designated [Arts. 72.1.2, 73.2, 74]. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type." (Glossary of the zoological Code).
Historically, it was common to describe a new species or subspecies from several syntypes without designating a holotype, but this practice is generally frowned upon by modern taxonomists, and most are gradually being replaced by lectotypes. Those that still exist are still considered name-bearing types. A lectotype may be designated from among the syntypes, reducing the other specimens to the status of paralectotype. They are no longer name-bearing types, though if the lectotype is lost or destroyed, it is generally preferable to use a paralectotype as a replacement (neotype). Where specimens in a syntype series are found to belong to different taxa, this may cause nomenclatural instability, since the nominal species can be interpreted in different ways.

## In botany

In botanical nomenclature, a syntype can be made in the description of a species or an infraspecific taxon. It is defined as "any specimen cited in the protologue when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types." (Art. 9.5).
# Hadley Hurst

Hadley Hurst is a grade II* listed building on Hadley Common road, in Monken Hadley, north of Chipping Barnet.

## History

The house was reputedly designed by Christopher Wren and dates from at least 1707. In 1936 the owner, Gordon Saunders, who at different times also lived at Monkenholt and The Chase, sold land adjacent to the house to the local council who created King George's Field recreation ground. A footpath to the field passes the house on its eastern side. The house is known for the giant cedar trees on the Hadley Common side lawn. The house faces south so that the elevation seen from Hadley Common road is actually the rear of the house.

## Gallery

* Hadley Hurst from Hadley Common road.
* Hadley Hurst gates.
* Rear elevation detail.
# Haji Abdul Malik Kakar

Haji Abdul Malik Kakar is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan, from May 2013 to May 2018.

## Early life

He was born on 6 July 1954 in Pishin District.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan as a candidate of Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F) from Constituency PB-9-Pishin-II in 2013 Pakistani general election. He received 15,818 votes and defeated an independent candidate, Asfand Yar Kakar.
# Haji Abu-Salam Bath

Bath Haji Absalam (Azerbaijani - Hacı Əbu-Salam hamamı ) - is an old bathhouse located in the village of Pirşağı in the Sabunchu district of Baku, Azerbaijan. This is one of the most famous places in the settlement. This building, known as "Sand Bath" among the local population, was built by Haji Shahverdi Shahverdizadeh, a resident of the settlement. It is noted that the bath belongs to the 19th century, Haji Shahverdi built this bath together with his son Mashadi Sadiq Shahverdizade.

## Origin of ritual

People have always considered baths as a place of comfort, cleanliness, vitality, health, spiritual peace, relaxation, and renewal of the soul. Rituals that people always perform historically: bathing, washing with water have become the main condition of physical cleanliness.

## History

The bathhouse was built in 1901-1902. It belonged to Kerbalai Abusalamoglu. In plan, the building is an elongated rectangle. The premises of the bath are located in one row, while the entrance in the form of a portal is located in the corner of the long facade.
Vugar Shahverdizadeh, one of the grandsons of Mashadi Sadiq Bey , told Okhu.Az that when his grandfather built this bath, he also thought about the residents of the settlement:
   My grandfather's father, Shahverdi, was one of the wealthy men. At that time, gentlemen and wealthy people would create conditions for the village community as much as possible. My grandfather's father also decided to build this bath. Our elders say that there are several baths in Pirshagi. However, my grandfather and his father wanted to be built together on the sea shore. They thought that people coming out of the beach during the sea season also go swimming here. This bath has been used by the public since it was built.
Arzu Farzaliyeva, granddaughter of Mashadi Sadiq, one of the builders of the historical bath, told Okhu.Az that there are many mysterious aspects about the bath:
   When Babamgil built the bath, they used a strange technique. It was not known among the architects. According to the elders, people who used the bath at that time, one candle was enough to heat the bath. Two deep pits were dug in the bathroom. The water collected on one side was heated and poured into the other tank, and people used that water.
According to the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan on historical and cultural monuments, the bathhouse is a "monument of history and culture of local importance".
Currently, the bathhouse is located in the courtyard of the former pioneer camp "Lokomotiv". Next to the bath there is a bust of Kerbalai Abusalamoglu. According to the instructions of President Ilham Aliyev, since 2019, special improvement works have been started in the settlements of Baku city and Absheron region.
# Hackelia deflexa

Hackelia deflexa is a vascular flowering plant in the borage family known by the common names, northern stickseed, nodding stickseed, and American stickseed

## Distribution

It is native in many northern locations from much of Canada (including the province of Alberta, where it is an S3 vulnerable species, and New Brunswick where it is S1 critically imperiled) and the Northern USA as well as in Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Austria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, etc.) and in Korea and Japan (where it is critically endangered). It can be found growing in moist woods and thickets in habitat that is shaded, partially shaded, or sunny.

## Description

Hackelia deflexa grows to an average height of 2–3 ft (0.61–0.91 m). Its ovate basil leaves have stalks and rounded tips, while upper leaves grow progressively smaller, and stop developing stalks as they reach increased heights. Leaves can be 5 to 12 cm (2.0 to 4.7 in) long and up to just over 3 cm (1.2 in) wide. They have a rough texture on their upper surface, and are hairy. Stem leaves grow alternately on erect single (generally) stems that are "much branched with short fine hairs throughout", and are "narrowly lance-elliptic, tapered equally at both ends with a pointed or blunt tip".
Hackelia deflexa propagates by seed. It produces light blue to white, and sometimes purplish flowers consisting of 5 petals. Once it has flowered and been pollinated, produces a small nutlet with tiny prickly barbs on it. These barbs allow the nutlet to stick to animal fur and human clothing as it is brushed up against, thus allowing seed to be transported and dispersed as far as the unsuspecting traveller takes it.
# Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Turkey

The Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Turkey (informally Turkey of the Syriacs) is the presence of the Syriac Catholic Church in Turkey.
It is part of the Syriac Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic particular church that conducts its liturgy in the Syriac language and uses the West Syrian Rite.
It is under the jurisdiction of the Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch.

## History

It was established in 1991 as Patriarchal Exarchate of Turkey on territory that previously had no proper ordinary for the particular church, which previously administered it as a patriarchal vicariate, whose first vicar was promoted to be the first exarch.
In 2018, the Syriac Catholic community in Istanbul was leased Sacre Coeur Church, in the Beşiktaş district of the city, by the government to use free of charge for the following 49 years. The church was originally built by the Jesuits in 1910, but was soon taken into possession by the Turkish state and fell into ruin. In the 1970s the Syriac Catholic community settled in Istanbul and, finding no other church available, used the church. In 1997, the community was originally granted the church for 99 years by the Directorate General of Foundations, but this was disputed by the Ministry of Treasury and Finance, before being finally approved on 23 July 2018.

## Exarchs of Turkey

* Monsignor Yusuf Sağ (1991 – 2 July 2017), previously last Patriarchal Vicar of Turkey of the Syriacs (1985 – 1991)
* Monsignor Orhan Abdulahad Çanli (2 July 2017 - ...)
# Floursies

Floursies (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Floursies | The arms of Floursies are blazoned : Azure, 3 keys Or. (Floursies, Hargnies and Raismes use the same arms.) |
# Hahnemühle

Hahnemühle FineArt, Inc. is a paper manufacturing company in the Relliehausen district of Dassel, Germany. It is a significant producer of coated paper for inkjet printing, artist's paper for traditional painting and printing techniques, and filter paper for industry and research.

## History

The company traces its origins to the construction of a paper mill by Merton Speiss on 27 February 1584 in Relliehausen at the source of a river in the Solling (a range of hills). This is but one of many such paper mills known to have existed in the vicinity of Dassel between the Weser and the Leine rivers, but it is the only one to have survived over the centuries.
On 30 August 1769 the descendants of the Spiess family sold the mill to Peter Johann Jacob Heinrich Andrae from Osterode for 4,500 Reichsthaler. Andrae suffered an early death, and the mill passed to his son. On 13 August 1884 Oskar Andrae sold the firm to H. J. Heinemann of Hannover who immediately began the construction of a new production facility. Unforeseen difficulties and costs forced Heinemann to give up the factory, and it was sold in 1886 to Carl Hahne who renamed the mill into “Büttenpapierfabrik Hahnemühle”. In 1902 Hahnemühle was converted into a limited company (GmbH) and merged with Schleicher & Schuell, a company from Düren. In 2004 Hahnemühle was demerged from Schleicher & Schuell and operates independently since then.
During the Second World War, the company created paper for the SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt's efforts to produce counterfeit British banknotes as part of Operation Bernhard.
Today, the firm employs approximately 200 employees worldwide in the production of paper for painters, graphic artists, illustrators, bookbinders, photographers and printmaker as well as for the production of specialty papers in industrial applications (such as filter membranes for chemical and biological analysis). The paper factory is especially known for its artist papers for painting and printmaking.
Hahnemühle is the inventor of Fine Art InkJet Paper with a special ink-receiving layer surface treatment suitable for today's inkjet printers. This is particularly suitable for photography, computer art, and painting and photo reproductions.
# Flávio Aguiar

Flávio Wolf de Aguiar is a Brazilian writer and academic. He was born in Porto Alegre in 1947. He studied at the University of São Paulo, where he completed his Master's and Doctorate in Literary Theory and Comparative Literature. He taught at USP for more than 30 years.
Aguiar has written around 20 books. He is a four-time winner of the Premio Jabuti. He won the prize in the Literary Essay category for his 1984 work A comédia nacional no teatro de José de Alencar and he also won in 2000 in the Literary Novel category for Anita.
Aguiar is based in Berlin.
# Fontaine-le-Port

Fontaine-le-Port (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

## Demographics

Fontaine-le-Port has a population of approximately 800. Inhabitants of Fontaine-le-Port are called Portifontains. There is a train station with trains direct to Gare de Lyon (Paris) during peak times and with a connection in Melun on off-peak times. Fontaine Le Port has a primary school as well as a bakery and borders the Seine with a view of the Fontainebleau Forest. The former Barbeau Abbey, dissolved in the French Revolution, was sited here.
# Fontaine-le-Pin

Fontaine-le-Pin (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.