OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sarangadhar Das

Sarangadhar Das (1886—1957) was an Indian nationalist revolutionary and Orissa politician. Das fought against the feudal chiefs in Orissa (present day Odisha) and, post-independence, was a member of India's Constituent Assembly, a Member of Parliament, and a leader of the Socialist Party.

## Early life

Sarangadhar Das was born in Dhenkanal in 1886, the son of Harekrishna Sumanta Patnaik.

## Education

He studied at the Ravenshaw College in Cuttack.
In 1907, he traveled to Japan to study at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, with financial support from the King of Dhenkanal.
In 1909, he traveled to the United States, where he studied sugar technology at the University of California, Berkeley. He then worked as a chief chemist at a sugar factory in Honolulu, Hawaii. In 1911, while in Berkeley, he published an informational document called "Information for Indian Students Intending to Come to the Pacific Coast of the United States", that contained practical information and advice about student life for Indians in the United States.

## Return to India

After returning to India, Sarangadhar tried establishing a sugar factory in Orissa, but failed. He then worked as an activist against the feudal chiefs who held power at the time.

## Political life

From 1937 to 1946, he was the General Secretary of the Orissa States People's Conference. He was President of the Orissa and C.P. States Regional Council from 1946 to 1947. He was also a member of the Standing Committee of the All India States People's Conference from 1939-1943, and its General Secretary from 1947-1948.
His political career included both the Congress Party and the socialist parties. He was a member of the AICC from 1939 to 1945, and of the Orissa Legislative Assembly from 1946 to 1949. He then resigned from Congress and joined the Socialist Party.
Das joined the Constituent Assembly of India charged with framing newly independent India's constitution, and of the Provisional Parliament.
He served as Chairman of the Socialist Party (Utkal) from 1951 to 1952, and Deputy Leader of the Praja Socialist Party in the House of the People, from 1952 to 1953.
He remained with the Socialist Party until his death in 1957.
According to his Lok Sabha profile, his areas of interest included "basic education and work among Adivasis and Harijans, and the education of peasants and labourers."

## Publications

* "Information for Indian Students Intending to Come to the Pacific Coast of the United States" (1909)
* "The Development of Sugar Industry in India"
* "Bikaner—a Political and Economic Survey"
* "Orissa Sarakara Kathagadare (The Govt of Odisha is in Dock) "
# Portage Township, Ottawa County, Ohio

Portage Township is one of the twelve townships of Ottawa County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 1,217 people in the township.

## Communities

* Gypsum is an Unincorporated community located at 41°29′36″N 82°52′33″W﻿ / ﻿41.49333°N 82.87583°W﻿ / 41.49333; -82.87583 in the eastern portion of the township.

## Geography

Located in the eastern part of the county on the Marblehead Peninsula, it borders the following townships:
* Put-in-Bay Township - north, across Lake Erie
* Catawba Island Township - northeast
* Danbury Township - east
* Margaretta Township, Erie County - south, across Sandusky Bay
* Riley Township, Sandusky County - southwest corner, across Sandusky Bay
* Bay Township - west
* Erie Township - northwest
Most of the city of Port Clinton, the county seat of Ottawa County, is located northwest of the township.

## Name and history

Statewide, other Portage Townships are located in Hancock and Wood counties.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# Qalağan

Qalağan, also known as Qalaqan or Kalagan, is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 977. The municipality consists of the villages of Qalağan, Keymərəz, and Hacılar.
# Kolotl

Kolotl is a genus of scorpions in the family Diplocentridae, native to Mexico. Named for the Nahuatl word for scorpion, they can be almost 10 cm long.

## Species

Currently accepted species include:
* Kolotl magnus (Beutelspacher & López-Forment, 1991)
* Kolotl poncei (Francke & Quijano-Ravell, 2009)
# Swimming at the 1995 Pan American Games – Men's 200 metre backstroke

The men's 200 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 1995 Pan American Games took place between March 12–17 at the Complejo Natatorio. The last Pan American Games champion was Rogério Romero of Brazil.
This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in backstroke.

## Results

All times are in minutes and seconds.
| KEY: | q | Fastest non-qualifiers | Q | Qualified | GR | Games record | NR | National record | PB | Personal best | SB | Seasonal best |

### Final

The final was held between March 12–17.
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Brad Bridgewater | United States | 2:00.79 |
| | Rodolfo Falcón | Cuba | 2:00.98 |
| | Rogério Romero | Brazil | 2:01.13 |
| 4 | Christopher Renaud | Canada | 2:01.52 |
| 5 | Neisser Vázquez | Cuba | 2:02.11 |
| 6 | Greg Burgess | United States | 2:02.13 |
| 7 | Curtis Myden | Canada | 2:03.18 |
| 8 | Manuel Flores | Puerto Rico | 2:04.42 |
# Tapira

Tapira may refer to:

## Places

* Tapira, Minas Gerais, Brazil
* Tapira, Paraná, Brazil

## Other uses

* Tapira, an alternative name for Tapirira
# Dewan Chand Saini

Rai Bahadur Chaudhary Dewan Chand Saini, MBE (1887-unknown) of Gurdaspur was a well-known criminal lawyer and politician of British Punjab.

## Early life

Chaudhary Dewan Chand Saini was the son of Chaudhary Fateh Chand, a Wazeer (minister) of the erstwhile princely state of Chamba. His father died when he was seven years old. He was brought up by Lala Ram Sharan who was a pagvat friend of Chaudhary Fateh Chand. The two men had exchanged turbans and had sworn to take care of each other's family in the event of one dying.
Lala Ram Sharan intended Chand to become an engineer but Chand chose the profession of law instead. In 1915 he gained law degree from Lahore and in the same year he married Bibi Achhra Devi. The couple had eight daughters and two sons.

## Career

Chand had a distinguished career as an attorney. He was a highly reputed lawyer of Punjab High Court (Lahore) and was later appointed as the leader of its Criminal Bar. He was also a member of Legislative Council of colonial Punjab and as an elected legislator he was known for his advocacy on behalf of agricultural communities.

## Awards and decorations

Chand was awarded the title of Rai Sahib by the British government, which was later elevated to Rai Bahadur Later on he was honored and given title of the Member of the Order of the British Empire. He also formed Saini infantry. Which take active part in WW2.And awarded war memorial. He was also founder of Saini sabhas in his region.
He was also allotted a large estate of several Murabas by the colonial government in recognition of his distinguished public services.
# Alberto Faya

Alberto Faya (born 1944) is a Cuban singer, researcher, composer, and professor of music.

## Biography

Faya gives lectures relating to Cuban history, culture, and music. He holds a degree from the University of Havana and is a professor of musical culture at the university.
During the 1970s, Faya was one of a number of Cuban musicians who worked to better incorporate African and Afro-Cuban music in Cuban society; according to his accounts, he had to right vigorously to air Afro-Cuban rumba music on Cuban radio stations. Faya is a believer in the ongoing melding of different cultures, and considers culture as the primary means by which personal identity is derived. Faya is a self-proclaimed Afrocentrist, as he finds that his musical background most defines his understanding of culture and identity.
# Iredalea subtropicalis

Iredalea subtropicalis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The length of an adult shell varies between 4.5 mm and 6 mm; its diameter 2.2 mm.
(Original description) The narrow, fusiform shell is truncated anteriorly. The aperture measures one-third the length of the shell. The shell contains 9 whorls, of which the protoconch forms four. The whorls are flatly rounded and with an impressed suture. The smooth protoconch is sinusigera in form, the exposed portion of its lower lip concave. The aperture is narrow oblong, obliquely angled behind, truncated in front. The outer lip is thick and smooth within. The anal sinus is deep, separated from the body whorl by a thick callous ridge. Columella smooth within. The siphonal canal is short and wide. Sculpture : The shell shows regular low axial ridges, about 15 on the body whorl, slightly constricted at their upper ends near the suture. The ridges extend on to the base of the shell, which at its anterior end has 4 oblique low ridges. The entire surface of shell is smooth and shining. The colour of the protoconch is dark yellow. The shell is white, with a faint brown band, dark in patches, along the lower edge of the whorls, but not reaching the outer lip, where, at its anterior end, two narrow brown bands are very faintly indicated.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the demersal zone of the Pacific Ocean off Queensland, Australia, New Zealand, Easter Island and the Kermadec Islands.
# Troilius

Troilius may refer to:
It may also mean:
* Troilus, a young Trojan prince in classical mythology
* Troilus family, Swedish family
# Sarclet

Sarclet is a remote clifftop crofting township, situated on the east coast of Caithness, lying slightly north of Loch Sarclet in the Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.
Sarclet Head extends into the sea and is 0.5 miles to the southeast of the township. Sarclet has a natural harbour called The Haven which was formerly used by fishing boats, but is now largely unused.
The village of Thrumster lies 0.5 miles north west, with Wick located 5 north of the township.

## Decoy Site

Sarclet was a location for a Q/QF large-scale night-time decoy airfield during World War II, that were used to simulate burning cities. The site was used to provide some protection for Wick.
# Imperial Buttery

Imperial Buttery or Yuchashanfang (Chinese: 御茶膳房; pinyin: Yù chá shàn fáng) was a division of the Imperial Household Department in charge of cooking ordinary meals for the Qing court.
# Puthar

Puthar is a village in Israna tehsil in Panipat district in Haryana, India. It is located 6.9 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the village of Israna (the main village of the Israna tehsil), and 20.8 kilometres (12.9 mi) from Panipat. Puthar Pin Code is 132107.
Puthar is a medium size village with a population of approximately 2600.
The main attraction of village is Dada Kalisingh. There are two temples (Than) of Dadajee. One is near Govt. school, for the devotees and second one is in the Haveli of Pt. Parmanand Patwari. Dr. Munish Kaushik, MBBS of this village is a senior IAS in Delhi. Puthar is a great village of Haryana. All races of people live with good brotherhood.
28°58′N 77°23′E﻿ / ﻿28.967°N 77.383°E﻿ / 28.967; 77.383
* This Haryana location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Kolten

Kolten is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Kolten Solomon (born 1989), Canadian football player
* Kolten Wong (born 1990), American baseball player
# Tarkio Township, Page County, Iowa

Tarkio Township is a township in Page County, Iowa, United States.

## History

Tarkio Township was established in 1858.
# Ambivli railway station

Ambivli railway station is a railway station on the Central line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network, in western India. It is located on the route between Kalyan and Kasara. Shahad is the previous stop and Titwala is the next stop.

## Trains

Some of the trains that run from Ambivli are:
Only local trains run on this station with frequency of approximately 75 pairs of trains for up and down which includes 2 pair of AC local from Titwala to CSMT.
# Albion (community), Wisconsin

Albion is an unincorporated community located in the Town of Albion, Dane County, Wisconsin, United States.

## History

Isaac Brown, an early resident of Albion, named the community after his hometown of Albion, New York.
Albion is the site of the former Albion Academy. Founded by Seventh Day Baptists, the school was later operated by the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. The school closed in 1918. In 1928, the Town of Albion purchased the buildings. In 1959, the academy property was turned over to the Albion Academy Historical Society, which operates a museum on the site.
# KiHa 130

The KiHa 130 series (キハ130系) was a class of diesel multiple unit (DMU) trains operated from November 1988 to June 2001 by the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) on the Hidaka Main Line in Japan.

## History

They were built from 1988 to 1989 by Niigata Tekkō (now known as Niigata Transys), the KiHa 130 series cars were introduced as low-cost lightweight diesel railcars that could deal with the increased demand for rail transport in rural areas, in addition to replacing older diesel railcars such as the KiHa 22 and KiHa 40-100 series cars.
Eleven cars were produced, all by Niigata Tekkō, and were used exclusively on the Hidaka Main Line from their introduction on said line on 3 November 1988. However, problems with using these lightweight railcars began to show, with two cars being heavily damaged in accidents with level crossings in 1991 and 1996 respectively; car 5, the victim of the 1996 accident, was considered to be irreparable with most parts of the cars scrapped on site.
By 1999, however, the cars were considered to have aged sufficiently to be replaced, with all but one car, 8, being withdrawn from service in 2000. Car 8 was later painted in a Hidaka Pony paint scheme and was used for additional services on the Hidaka Main Line until it was retired on 17 June 2001.
No new diesel railcars were produced to replace the then-recently retired KiHa 130 series sets. Instead, older KiHa 40 series cars were selected to replace the KiHa 130 series cars on the Hidaka Main line, which is somewhat ironic as the KiHa 130 series cars were replaced by the railcars that it intended to replace.
No KiHa 130 series cars have been preserved.

## Design

The cars were based on Niigata Tekkō's NDC series of diesel railcars, so design language was carried over. The cars were painted white with green accents; there were Hidaka graphics on the sides of the cars.
* Abandoned KiHa 130-5 diesel railcar in Sapporo City in 2006.
# Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport

Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport (IATA: YZR, ICAO: CYZR) is located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east northeast of Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1958 for scheduled flights, the airport was renamed in honour of Canadian Space Agency astronaut and Sarnia native Chris Hadfield in 1997.
The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle aircraft with no more than 30 passengers.
Scheduled flights to Sarnia ceased in 2020 when the Air Canada Express service to Toronto Pearson Airport was withdrawn amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
# JPC de Sprengen

JPC de Sprengen is a penitentiary facility for boys (Juridisch Pedagogisch Centrum, Juridic Pedagogic Center) located in Wapenveld and Zutphen in the Netherlands. The facilities offer treatment as well as shelter or imprisonment.
The two locations have a total capacity for 150 youth aged 12 to 24 years old. Placement in De Sprengen can be done as punishment for a committed crime or as a measure to protect a boy before he commits crimes. The facility is run by the Dutch Ministry of Justice.
De Sprengen services all provinces in the country but in the future they will concentrate on clients from Gelderland, where both sites are located. De Sprengen wants to develop itself as a centre specialized in treating boys from the region with major behavioral problems. In order to maintain this goal, JPC De Sprengen works closely and collaborates with other justice facilities, schools and youth organisations.

## History of JPC de Sprengen

In 2001 the former institutions FOC de Kolkemate (closed treatment centre in Zutphen) and Dr. W.L. Slotstichting 'de Dreef' (open centre in Wapenveld) joined forces and became JPC de Sprengen. One of the main reasons to join forces was the option to offer a complete range of treatments within one organisation: for some boys it is preferred to start in a closed setting and switch over to an open setting. With the two facilities now in one organisation this option is much easier to realize: a boy can continue the same treatment programme within one organisation.

## Clients

In the JPC de Sprengen boys aged 12 to 24 can be placed. Everyone at De Sprengen is sent by the Justice department: serving a sentence after committing a crime (or waiting for their appearance in court), or as a (protective) measure for boys with serious (behavioral) problems. This last category haven't committed any crime (or better: that is not the reason for going there) but need intensive treatment.
# Tarkishore Prasad

Tarkishore Prasad (born 5 February 1956) is an Indian politician belonging to the Bharatiya Janata Party who served as the 5th Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar from 16 November to 9 August 2022.He held the portfolios of Finance & Commercial Taxes along with Urban Development and Housing. He has been elected the BJP's leader in the Bihar assembly. He is currently elected as a Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from Katihar constituency in 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election.

## Early life and education

Tarkishore Prasad Bhagat was born to Ganga Prasad Bhagat, representing the Kalwar caste (Bhagat) In 1956, Tarkishore completed Intermediate of Science from Darshan Sah College in Katihar under Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga.

## Political career

Prasad is a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and began his political career with the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad. He won his first assembly term in 2005 from Katihar seat, defeating Ram Prakash Mahato by just 165 votes. He later won the seat in 2010, 2015 and 2020 elections as well.
# Ambipolar diffusion

Ambipolar diffusion is diffusion of positive and negative particles with opposite electrical charge (such as electrons and positive ions) due to their interaction via an electric field.

## In plasma

In plasma physics, ambipolar diffusion is related to the concept of quasineutrality. In most plasmas, the forces acting on the ions are different from those acting on the electrons, so naively one would expect one species to be transported faster than the other, whether by diffusion or convection or some other process. If such differential transport has a divergence, then it results in a change of the charge density. The latter will create an electric field that can alter the transport of one or both species in such a way that they become equal.
The simplest example is a plasma localized in an unmagnetized vacuum. (See Inertial confinement fusion.) Both electrons and ions will stream outward with their respective thermal velocity. If the ions are relatively cold, their thermal velocity will be small. The thermal velocity of the electrons will be fast due to their high temperature and low mass: $v_{e}\approx {\sqrt {k_{B}T_{e}/m_{e}}}$. As the electrons leave the initial volume, they will leave behind a positive charge density of ions, resulting in an outwardly directed electric field. This field will act on the electrons to slow them down and on the ions to speed them up. The net result is that both ions and electrons stream outward at the speed of sound, $c_{s}\approx {\sqrt {k_{B}T_{e}/m_{i}}}$, which is much smaller than the electron thermal velocity, but usually much larger than the ion thermal velocity.
In astrophysics, "ambipolar diffusion" refers specifically to the decoupling of neutral particles from plasma, for example in the initial stage of star formation. The neutral particles in this case are mostly hydrogen molecules in a cloud that would undergo gravitational collapse if they were not collisionally coupled to the plasma. The plasma is composed of ions (mostly protons) and electrons, which are tied to the interstellar magnetic field and therefore resist collapse. In a molecular cloud where the fractional ionization is very low (one part per million or less), neutral particles only rarely encounter charged particles, and so are not entirely hindered in their collapse (note that now is dynamical collapse, not free fall) into a star.$^{:285}$

## In solid state

In the case of ionic crystals, the fluxes of the diffusing species are also coupled due to the electroneutrality
# Albion (Saxon)

Albion (or Abbion shortened to Abbio or Abbi, also Alboin) was a Germanic leader of the Saxons in the time of Charlemagne. (exact dates remain unknown)
Albbi is considered one of the two principal Saxon chiefs along with Widukind. He was the leader of the Eastphalians while the latter ruled the Westphalian Saxons. Both opposed the aggressive eastern expansion of the Carolingian Empire. They mustered an army and fought Charlemagne in two major battles, at Osnabrück and Detmold. After these conflicts the Saxons were recorded to have taken 4,000 prisoners.
In 785, after being defeated in the Saxon wars, fleeing across the Elbe, Albion was baptized together with Widukind, possibly in Attigny, with Charlemagne as his godfather. He was possibly married to Giesela (or Hasela), a daughter or sister to Widukind, and therefore closely related to him. Albion was said to be the ancestor of the House of Ascania.
# Kilgore Boomers

The Kilgore Boomers were a minor league baseball team that played in the East Texas League in 1939 and 1940. It was based in the American city of Kilgore, Texas and replaced the Kilgore Rangers. In 1939, under manager Jimmy Dalrymple, the team won the league championship.
The squad featured numerous Major League Baseball players in 1939: Walter Brown, Clyde Kluttz, Ray Sanders and Tommy Warren suited up for the team. It featured no major leaguers in 1940.
# Trichomycterus poikilos

Trichomycterus poikilos is a species of pencil catfish endemic to Brazil, where it occurs in the Jacuí, Pardo and Taquari-das Antas river basins, tributaries of the Laguna dos Patos system, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This species reaches a maximum length of 9.25 centimetres (3.64 in) SL.

## Etymology

The specific name poikilos is derived from the Greek adjective ποικίλος, meaning variegated, varicolored, and refers to the intraspecific color pattern variation of the species.

## Habitat and ecology

The species' type locality (municipality of Júlio de Castilhos, arroio Passo dos Buracos, upper Jacuí river basin) is a rapid flow river with clear water, a rocky bottom and submerged vegetation, located at approximately 405 m a.s.l.; at this site, T. poikilos is associated with the submerged vegetation.
T. poikilos feeds on aquatic larvae of Diptera (Simuliidae) and Lepidoptera and nymphs of the Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.
# Satılar

Satılar can refer to:
* Satılar, Ilgaz
* Satılar, Koçarlı
# Wiedemannia bistigma

Wiedemannia bistigma is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.