OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Havisham (disambiguation)

"Havisham" is a poem written in 1993 by Carol Ann Duffy.
Havisham may also refer to:
* Havisham (EP), 2015 album by British singer Ray BLK
* Arthur Havisham, fictional character in the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations
* Miss Havisham, fictional character in Great Expectations
# Havitta

Havitta is a name used to refer the ancient Buddhist stupas in Maldives. The word haviita is believed to have some affinities with the Sanskrit word caitya, used to refer Buddhist sacred places. Some of the famous Havittas in Maldives include Fua Mulaku Havitta and Vādū Havitta.
# Ottawa Jail Hostel

The Ottawa Jail Hostel is a hostel operated by Saintlo Hostels and located at 75 Nicholas Street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The hostel was originally the Carleton County Gaol (jail), more commonly known as the Nicholas Street Gaol or Ottawa Jail. When the jail closed in 1972, Hostelling International purchased and converted the building, but left much of the structure intact, allowing guests to experience spending a night "in jail". The top floor, which had served as the jail's death row, has been restored to much of its original condition and daily tours were conducted until December 31, 2023. The Ottawa Jail Hostel, ran by Saintlo Hostels decided to end the partnership with The Haunted Walk in order to focus those spaces on accommodations instead.
In 2009, the hostel's bar, Mugshots, was opened to the public. Mugshots then closed to the public in 2015. In July 2011, the courtyard space of the former jail was converted into an outdoor bar for the summer months.
As of April 1, 2022 the hostel is no longer affiliated with Hostelling International. The hostel intends to reopen in April 2023 under Saintlo Hostels.

## History

The Nicholas Street Gaol was the main jail of Ottawa for over a century. The structure was built in 1862 next door to the courthouse, and connected by a tunnel. Designed by Henry Horsey, the jail was the site of the hanging of Patrick J. Whelan on February 11, 1869, for the assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee. Over 5,000 people witnessed Whelan's hanging, which was a large number considering the size of Ottawa at the time. Staff and guests have reported that Whelan's spirit is one of many that haunts the hostel and will appear at the end of guests' beds or in his death-row cell. The third (official) and final execution at the jail took place on March 27, 1946, when Eugène Larment, who had killed an Ottawa police detective, was hanged. The building remained in use as a jail until 1972 when the outdated facility was closed. The original gallows, however, are intact and remain fully functional. While open, the jail inflicted very inhumane conditions upon those imprisoned there and modern day excavations of the property have revealed numerous unmarked graves. Up to 150 prisoners, consisting of men, women, and children, would be forced to share 60 small cells (1x3 meters) and 30 larger cells (2x3 meters); as well as six solitary confinement units. Inmates included murderers, the mentally ill, or those incarcerated for minor infractions such as drunk and disorderly conduct.
* Foreground and Gaol, background, ca. 1875
* Female inmates in front of their cells, 1895
* Prison cell, 1895

## Television

The hostel was featured in the third episode of the Canadian television show The Girly Ghosthunters that aired on Space in 2005. It was also featured on the second episode of the Canadian television show Mystery Hunters in 2002.
# Jeanne Reynal

Jeanne Reynal (1903–1983) was a mosaicist and a significant figure of the New York School group of artists. She showed with Betty Parsons Gallery. Her work is in the collections of Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Denver Art Museum, Ford Foundation, New York University, Phillips Academy, and Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Her personal papers from 1942 to 1968 are included in the Archives of American Art.

## Early life

Reynal was born in 1903 in White Plains, New York. She was the second of five children. When Reynal was nine years old, her parents separated. She moved to Millbrook, New York with her father where she was taught by a governess. Her other siblings continued to live with her mother.

## Early career

At the age of twenty-four, Reynal spent a summer to England, France, and Italy with her siblings and her mother. It was during this trip that Reynal first met the Russian mosaicist Boris Anrep. Two years later, Reynal began an apprenticeship with Anrep in Europe after assisting him with a mosaic he installed in the Bank of England. The two also became romantically involved until Anrep left Reynal for a wealthy Englishwoman.
Reynal left Paris in 1937 and moved to California, where she worked in a potting shed in Marin County. She then moved to the High Sierras, where she built a house and studio.
After living in California for eight years, Reynal returned to her Greenwich Village, New York studio in 1946. At that time, she further developed friendships with artists including Willem and Elaine de Kooning.
She married the painter Thomas Sills in 1955. They traveled together across Russia, Turkey, Greece, and Italy in 1959 to further study the art of mosaic.

## Art and mosaics

Reynal was known as a pioneer of mosaics during the New York Abstract Expressionist Movement. Her work prompted a rebirth of ancient mosaic techniques in the modern art world. In addition, Reynal freed the mosaic from the traditional confines of architectural settings. Reynal embraced the layered effect of mosaics, as they could stand alone, be a part of architecture, or engage with nature. One technique Reynal developed to create her murals included mixing own Portland cement. Portland cement is weather tolerant which allows for mosaics to be displayed outdoors for the first time. This medium is only workable for four hours before hardening so Reynal had to be flexible in her designs. The pacing dictated by this medium allowed for some automatic creation. She was inspired by Byzantine mosaics as well as artwork by Mexican, Greek, and American Southwestern artists. Her work discusses mythology through a culturally modern setting. In this way, her mosaic work became accessible to the contemporary art world.
# Outer Ring

Outer Ring may refer to:
* Outer Ring (Munich), a ring road in Germany
* Berlin outer ring, a railway line in Germany
* Monoceros Ring, a formation in space
# Oxalis gigantea

Oxalis gigantea is an Oxalis species found in Regions Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo of Chile. It was first described in 1845. Oxalis gigantea is a shrub pollinated by hummingbirds.
It is also called churqui and churco in Spanish.
# Jenison Shafto

Jenison Shafto (c. 1728 – 13 May 1771), of West Wratting Park, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician, race-horse owner, and gambler.
He was second son of Robert Shafto of Benwell Towers, Northumberland. He served in the army with the 1st Foot Guards, being commissioned as ensign in 1745 and retiring as lieutenant in 1755.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of Great Britain for Leominster from 1761 to 1768 and for Castle Rising from 1768 until his death. His only recorded speech in the House of Commons was made on 18 March 1762, proposing the militia be sent to serve abroad, during the Seven Years' War, reputedly done to win a wager of £200 laid at his London club, Arthur's.
As a horse owner, Shafto's thoroughbred racers included: Snap, which he bought in 1752 and sold after it had won three 1000-guinea match races at Newmarket; Squirrel, another successful racer which was retired for stud in 1760 and lived until 1780; and Goldfinder, sired by Snap, which won two Newmarket Challenge Cups and Whips before being sold to stud.
He was reported to have rode 100 miles every day for 29 days to Newmarket Heath, and then for 50 miles for 2 hours, for bets. In 1763, his reputation as a winning gambler at Newmarket was such that Horace Walpole wrote to Lord Hertford: "The beginning of October, one is certain everybody will be at Newmarket, and the Duke of Cumberland will lose, and Shafto win, two or three thousand pounds".
He committed suicide, having shot himself, in May 1771, which many attributed to gambling losses on the turf and elsewhere He had married on 24 November 1750 Margaret, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Allen who was one of the main coal-owners of County Durham. The couple had no children and she died in 1766. After his death his brother Robert continued to run his West Wratting stables until his own death in 1780.
# Jenison (disambiguation)

Jenison is an unincorporated community in Michigan, United States.
Jenison may also refer to:
* Jenison (surname)
* Jenison Public Schools, public school district in Jenison, Michigan
* Jenison High School, high school in Jenison, Michigan
* Jenison Fieldhouse, arena in East Lansing, Michigan
* Robert Jenison House, historic house in Natick, Massachusetts
* Jenison Shafto (1728–1771), English politician, and race-horse owner
* Jenison William Gordon (1747–1831), English baron and sheriff
* Jenison (footballer) (born 1991), Jenison de Jesus Brito e Brito, Brazilian footballer
# Ouré-Kaba

Ouré-Kaba is a town and sub-prefecture in the Mamou Prefecture in the Mamou Region of Guinea.
# USS Caspian (ID-1380)

USS Caspian (ID-1380) was the proposed name and hull classification for a tug that never actually served in the United States Navy.
SS Caspian was a steel-hulled commercial tug built in 1912 by John Dialogue and Son at Camden, New Jersey. In early March 1918, the Commandant of the US Navy's 4th Naval District ordered that she be taken over for World War I service. The Navy assigned her the hull classification ID-1380 in anticipation of commissioning her as USS Caspian. However, the Navy never took possession of her, and she remained in civilian service with her owner, P. F. Martin of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
# Hatsumi Dam

Hatsumi Dam is a gravity dam located in Shimane Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is 13.5 km$^2$. The dam impounds about 24 ha of land when full and can store 3720 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was done during 1973.
# UAE Public Library and Cultural Center

The UAE Public Library and Cultural Center is actually three buildings: a 1,000,000 volume National Library, a performance auditorium and a Conference/Exhibit Center. The site includes a main entrance court with a central fountain, an amphitheater for public & children's performances and a parking facility.
Designed by architect Hisham N. Ashkouri as the 1st Prize entry in an International Design Competition in 1976, the design is representative of most modern construction technologies but incorporates local architectural styles and elements, such as decorative glazed brick tiled arcades. Construction was completed in 1982. The total building cost in today's dollars was $56.1 M.
The building was demolished to form another set of buildings called The Qasr Al Hosn which serves as a museum and an exhibition center about the U.A.E's culture. Every year a grand exhibition called Al Hosn is hosted there.
# Jenny Campbell (artist)

Jenny D. A. Campbell (1895–1970) was a Scottish artist. Works by Campbell are held at the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki and the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Her prints are featured in Margaret Dobson's book Block-Cutting and Print-Making by Hand (1928).
Born in Ayr, Scotland, Campbell moved to New Zealand in 1922 with fellow artist Roland Hipkins. Campbell married Hipkins in 1923 and they settled in Napier and then Wellington.

## Education

Campbell trained at the Edinburgh College of Art and was awarded a Diploma. After receiving a travel scholarship, she also studied in Belgium, Holland, and France.

## Career

Campbell worked mainly in oils, specifically portraiture and landscapes. She also worked with colour-block printing, including linocuts. Works by Campbell include: Two Boys with Kites (1924) and Lake Taupo.

### Exhibitions

Campbell exhibited with the:
* Auckland Society of Arts
* Canterbury Society of Arts
* New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts
* Otago Art Society
* The Group in 1933, 1934, 1938 (as a guest artist, alongside her husband Ronald Hipkins)
# Outskirts

Outskirts or The Outskirts may refer to:

## Films

* Outskirts (film), a 1933 Soviet film by Boris Barnet
* The Outskirts (1998 film), a Russian satirical film by Pyotr Lutsik, loosely based on the 1933 film
* The Outcasts (2017 film) (working title The Outskirts), an American high-school comedy film

## Other uses

* Outskirts (album), a 1987 album by Blue Rodeo
* Outskirts, a 2019 album by Montgomery Gentry
* "Outskirts" (song), a 2023 song by Sam Hunt
* Outskirts (journal), a feminist journal published by the University of Western Australia
* "The Outskirts", a song by Zach Bryan from American Heartbreak, 2022
# Oxonine

Oxonine is an unsaturated heterocycle of nine atoms, with an oxygen replacing a carbon at one position. Oxonine is a nonaromatic compound.
# Oxopentanoic acid

Oxopentanoic acid may refer to:
* Levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid)
* 3-Oxopentanoic acid
# Oxossia

Oxossia is a genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Turneroideae (Passifloraceae) consisting of 15 species. This genus was recently defined in 2019 after a phylogenetic analysis of Turnera justified the creation of the genus.

## Description

The genus is characterized by its stipules, small flowers, congested inflorescences, "hairy" stamen and style, and the attachment of stamen to the floral tube. All members of the genus are heterostylous with the exception of O. dasystyla. The genus can be divided into two morphological groups: those with white petals and those with yellow pink or red petals.

## Species

* Oxossia albicans (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia annularis (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia calyptrocarpa (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia capitata (Cambess.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia dasystyla (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia hatschbachii (Arbo) L.Rocha
* Oxossia hebepetala (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia maracasana (Arbo) L.Rocha
* Oxossia marmorata (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia pernambucensis (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia princeps (Arbo) L.Rocha
* Oxossia rubrobracteata (Arbo) L.Rocha
* Oxossia schomburgkiana (Urb.) L.Rocha
* Oxossia spicata (L.Rocha & Arbo) L.Rocha
* Oxossia waltherioides (Urb.) L.Rocha
# Oxophilicity

Oxophilicity is the tendency of certain chemical compounds to form oxides by hydrolysis or abstraction of an oxygen atom from another molecule, often from organic compounds. The term is often used to describe metal centers, commonly the early transition metals such as titanium, niobium, and tungsten. Oxophilicity is often stated to be related to the hardness of the element, within the HSAB theory (hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases), but it has been shown that oxophilicity depends more on the electronegativity and effective nuclear charge of the element than on its hardness. This explains why the early transition metals, whose electronegativities and effective nuclear charges are low, are very oxophilic. Many main group compounds are also oxophilic, such as derivatives of aluminium, silicon, and phosphorus(III). The handling of oxophilic compounds often requires air-free techniques.

## Examples

Complexes of oxophilic metals typically are prone to hydrolysis. For example, the high valent chlorides hydrolyze rapidly to give oxides:
    TiCl$_4$ + 2 H$_2$O → TiO$_2$ + 4 HCl
These reactions proceed via oxychloride intermediates. For example, WOCl$_4$ results from the partial hydrolysis of tungsten hexachloride. Hydroxide-containing intermediates are rarely observed for oxophilic metals. In contrast, the anhydrous halides of the later metals tend to hydrate, not hydrolyze, and they often form hydroxides.
Reduced complexes of oxophilic metals tend to generate oxides by reaction with oxygen. Typically the oxide-ligand is bridging, e.g.
    2 (C$_5$H$_5$)$_2$TiCl + 1/2 O$_2$ → {(C$_5$H$_5$)$_2$TiCl}$_2$O
Only in rare cases do the products of oxygenation feature terminal oxo ligands.

## Applications of oxophilicity in synthesis

Oxophilic reagents are often used to extract or exchange oxygen centers in organic substrates, especially carbonyls (esters, ketones, amides) and epoxides. The highly oxophilic reagent generated from tungsten hexachloride and butyl lithium is useful for the deoxygenation of epoxides. Such conversions are sometimes valuable in organic synthesis. In the McMurry reaction, ketones are converted into alkenes using oxophilic reagents:
    2 R$_2$CO + Ti → R$_2$C=CR$_2$ + TiO$_2$
Similarly, Tebbe's reagent is used in olefination reactions:
    Cp$_2$TiCH$_2$AlCl(CH$_3$)$_2$ + R$_2$C=O → Cp$_2$TiO + 0.5 (AlCl(CH$_3$)$_2$)$_2$ + R$_2$C=CH$_2$
Oxophilic main group compounds are also well known and useful. The highly oxophilic reagent Si$_2$Cl$_6$ stereospecifically deoxygenates phosphine oxides. Phosphorus pentasulfide and the related Lawesson's reagent convert certain organic carbonyls to the corresponding sulfur derivatives:
    P$_4$S$_{10}$ + n R$_2$C=O → P$_4$S$_{10−n}$O$_n$ + n R$_2$C=S
Owing to the high stability of carbon dioxide, many carbon compounds such as phosgene are oxophilic. This reactivity is used for recycling of triphenylphosphine oxide:
    OPPh$_3$ + COCl$_2$ → Cl$_2$PPh$_3$ + CO$_2$
# USVA

USVA may refer to:

## Geography

* Usva, an urban locality in Perm Krai, Russia
* Usva (river), a river in Perm Krai, Russia
* Virginia, a state in the United States (US) with the initials VA

## Other uses

* United States Department of Veterans Affairs
* United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers
* USVA, initials of the former name of Valenciennes FC, a French association football club
# Ouéoulo

Ouéoulo is a village in southwestern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Grand-Béréby, San-Pédro Department, San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District.
Ouéoulo was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
# Jeffrey K. West

Jeffrey K. West FSA (born April 1950) is a British specialist in historical buildings and artefacts with a concentration on ecclesiastical buildings.

## Education

West completed a postgraduate degree at the Courtauld Institute of Art, following which he was awarded a Doctorate in Medieval art and architecture. During his postgraduate study, West took photographs that are now held in the Conway Collection at the Courtauld Institute of Art, London. This collection comprises images of secular and ecclesiastical buildings and is currently being digitised as part of a wider project, Courtauld Connects.

## Scholarship

West is currently the chair of the board of trustees of the Stained Glass Museum at Ely Cathedral, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. He previously served as senior advisor to the Statutory Advisory Committee on Closed and Closing Churches and as secretary to the Redundant Churches Commission.

## Publications

West has published and collaborated on several articles on architectural features and patrons for Grove Art Online, the online edition of the Macmillan Dictionary of Art.
"Byzantine Blossom", Grove Art Online (2003)
"Anthemion", Grove Art Online (2003)
"Henry of Blois", Grove Art Online (2003)
"Romanesque", Grove Art Online (2003).

## Personal life

West was born in April 1950 in Solihull, West Midlands. In July 1974 he married Jane E. Edwards.
# Uganda Rugby Union

The Uganda Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in Uganda. It was established in 1959 and is responsible for organising local competitions and the Rugby Cranes national representative team. The URU is a member of both World Rugby and Rugby Africa.
# Hayastan (disambiguation)

Hayastan is the endonym for Armenia.
Hayastan or Hayasdan may also refer to:
* Hayastan (daily), an Armenian newspaper (1917–1918)
* Hayastan (periodical), the journal of ASALA militants (1980–1997)
* Hayastan All Armenian Fund, an American non-profit
# Ukuriguma language

Ukuriguma is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea.
# Oxidative carbonylation

Oxidative carbonylation is a class of reactions that use carbon monoxide in combination with an oxidant to generate esters and carbonate esters. These transformations utilize transition metal complexes as homogeneous catalysts. Many of these reactions employ palladium catalysts. Mechanistically, these reactions resemble the Wacker process.

## Illustrative oxidative carbonylations

Oxidative carbonylation, using palladium-based catalysts, allows certain alkenes to be converted into homologated esters:
    2 RCH=CH$_2$ + 2 CO + O$_2$ + 2 MeOH → 2 RCH=CHCO$_2$Me + 2 H$_2$O
Such reactions are assumed to proceed by the insertion of the alkene into the Pd(II)-CO$_2$Me bond of a metallacarboxylic ester followed by beta-hydride elimination (Me = CH$_3$).
Arylboronic acids react with Pd(II) compounds to give Pd(II)-aryl species, which undergo carbonylation to give Pd(II)-C(O)aryl. These benzyl-Pd intermediates are intercepted by alkenes, which insert. Subsequent beta-hydride elimination gives the arylketone.
The conversion of methanol to dimethylcarbonate by oxidative carbonylation is economically competitive with phosgenation. This reaction is practiced commercially using Cu(I) catalysts:
    2 CO + O$_2$ + 4 MeOH → 2 (MeO)$_2$CO + 2 H$_2$O
The preparation of dimethyl oxalate by oxidative carbonylation has also attracted commercial interest. It requires only C1 precursors:
    4 CO + O$_2$ + 4 MeOH → 2 (MeO$_2$C)$_2$ + 2 H$_2$O
# Heat pack

A heat pack is designed to warm up one's body to prevent swelling of injuries. A heat pack can be:
* an ice pack that is heated (containing a liquid or a gel with high specific heat)
* a heating pad that heats when you start the crystallisation process
# Jekyll and Hyde (Prime Circle album)

Jekyll & Hyde is a fourth studio album by South African rock band Prime Circle. It was released through EMI Music South Africa. The album gained recognition mainly due to its hits "Breathing", "Turning in my Sleep", and "All of Me".

## Track listing

* "Closure" –3:32
* "Broken Promises" –3:30
* "Breathing" –3:39
* "Everything You Want" –3:38
* "All Of Me" –3:59
* "Turning in My Sleep" –4:32
* "Never Gonna Bring Us Down" –3:48
* "I'm Ready" –4:02
* "Worth the Fight" –3:41
* "Not the Same" –3:27
* "Turn Me to Stone" –3:23
* "Jekyll & Hyde" –6:47
* This 2010s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# P. Gopal

P. Gopal was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Mettur constituency in the 1996 elections. He was a candidate of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party.
# P. greggii

P. greggii may refer to:
* Peniocereus greggii
* Pinus greggii