OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Leather Gloves

Leather Gloves is a 1948 American film noir drama sport film directed by Richard Quine and William Asher and starring Cameron Mitchell and Virginia Grey. It is also known as Loser takes all and Winner Takes Nothing.

## Plot summary

Former boxer Dave Collins leaves the city to get away from his previous life to hide out in the southwest. He applies for a job in a sleepy old town and is immediately offered by bar owner Bernie, to fight the local champ, Vince Reedy. The prize if he wins is $200.
Dave agrees and starts training, assisted by an old drunk, Dudley. After a few days in town he meets the beautiful bar waitress, Cathy, who only has eyes for his opponent, Vince. Cathy wants Vince to lose so that he stops fighting altogether, marry her and start a family.
A wealthy widow named Janet Gilbert notices Dave and falls in love with him. She wants him to lose the fight and marry her. Dave offers Vince to lose the fight for $200. He also gets $100 as an advance payment from Bernie and asks Dudley to place a bet for $200 on Vince to win the fight.
Bernie finds out that Dave is planning to let Vince win, and they all bet on Vince to win. During the fight, Dave changes his mind and puts an effort into his boxing. He wins the fight and infuriates everyone who has placed bets on Vince. Dave barely escapes from being beat up, aided by Janet, and flees town, leaving Janet behind. He is happy for the sake of Cathy who is able to marry Vince, and that he has proven himself as a prize fighter. He finds a job at a ranch and puts an end to his fighting career for good.

## Cast

* Cameron Mitchell as Dave Collins
* Virginia Grey as Jane Gilbert
* Jane Nigh as Cathy
* Sam Levene as Bernie
* Henry O'Neill as Dudley
# Alioum Saidou

Alioum Saidou (born 19 February 1978) is a Cameroonian former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He played international football for the Cameroon national team, with whom he played at the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations.

## Career

Born in Maroua, Saidou started his career in his native Cameroon at local side Coton Sport before being spotted by scouts from İstanbulspor. He joined Galatasaray S.K., before moving to Malatyaspor in 2005.

## Honours

Galatasaray
* Süper Lig: 2005–06
Kayserispor
* Turkish Cup: 2008
# Özlem Denizmen

Ozlem Denizmen is the Head of Strategy at Dogus Holding, one of Turkey's major conglomerates and a board member at Dogus Automotive, an Istanbul Stock Exchange-30 company. Denizmen started her career at Merrill Lynch Investment Bank as a financial analyst in 1994. She holds a B.S. degree from Cornell University in Industrial Management and an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management. Denizmen attended leadership programs at Stanford University, GE Crotonville and Harvard Business School.
Denizmen is married and has two children.

## Social entrepreneurship

In early 2010 Denizmen launched the ‘Para Durumu’ multi-media platform, which is Turkey's first financial literacy initiative. She performs a weekly show on A Haber TV channel, accompanied by a weekly column in Posta and Hurriyet newspapers, and presents at seminars and conference as well as to students across the country. In 2011, Para Durumu was recognized by OECD.
Para Durumu established a new personal finance education movement for women with support of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Dogus Holding. The movement aimed to raise the financial awareness of 20,000 women in Istanbul by the end of 2013.

## Awards and honors

Denizmen was honored as ‘Young Global Leader' of 2011 by the World Economic Forum, as a White House Delegate at the 2010 Obama Presidential Summit on Entrepreneurship and as “Young Society Leader 2011” of the American Turkish Society. She was listed among ‘Top 100 Powerful Women of Turkey’ by Dunya Newspaper in 2011. Para Durumu was awarded the Jury Special Award as the best volunteer project in 2011 by the Corporate Volunteer Association of Turkey, which works to expand corporate volunteering in Turkey.
Denizmen was invited as a speaker and also as a judge to The First Child and Youth Finance International Summit and Award Ceremony which to be held April 3 & 4 2012 in Amsterdam.
# Nidara marcus

Nidara marcus is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Watson in 1965. It is found in Madagascar.
# Pancorius

Pancorius is a genus of Asian jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1902. They are similar to Hyllus.

## Description

Pancorius, or at least its Vietnamese species, are rather big, thickset and densely haired jumping spiders. The male palpal organ has a simple structure, while the female epigyne has two pockets and their internal structures consist of 2-3 vast chambers.

## Habitat

Pancorius have been collected from various habitats including a roadside wall with dense vegetation, open forest, tropical rainforest and jungle.

## Diet

One species, P. changricus, has been reported to feed on various flies (hover flies, black flies, cluster flies), booklice and thrips.

## Species

As of August 2023 it contains the following species, found throughout southern Asia, with one palaearctic species (P. crassipes):
* Pancorius alboclypeus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021 – Sri Lanka
* Pancorius altus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021 – Sri Lanka
* Pancorius animosus Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
* Pancorius armatus Jastrzebski, 2011 – Nepal
* Pancorius athukoralai Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021 – Sri Lanka
* Pancorius borneensis Simon, 1902 – Borneo
* Pancorius cadus Jastrzebski, 2011 – Nepal
* Pancorius candidus Wang & Wang, 2020 – China
* Pancorius changricus Zabka, 1990 – Bhutan
* Pancorius cheni Peng & Li, 2008 – China
* Pancorius crassipes (Karsch, 1881) – Eastern and South-eastern Asia, Poland (?)
* Pancorius crinitus Logunov & Jäger, 2015 – Vietnam
* Pancorius curtus (Simon, 1877) – Philippines
* Pancorius dabanis (Hogg, 1922) – India
* Pancorius daitaricus (Prószyński, 1992) – India
* Pancorius darjeelingianus Prószyński, 1992 – India
* Pancorius dentichelis (Simon, 1899) (type) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
* Pancorius fasciatus Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
* Pancorius goulufengensis Peng, Yin, Yan & Kim, 1998 – China
* Pancorius guiyang Yang, Gu & Yu, 2023 – China
* Pancorius hainanensis Song & Chai, 1991 – China
* Pancorius kaskiae Zabka, 1990 – Nepal
* Pancorius kohi Zhang, Song & Li, 2003 – Singapore
* Pancorius latus Cao & Li, 2016 – China
* Pancorius lui Gan, Mi & Wang, 2022 – China
* Pancorius magniformis Zabka, 1990 – Bhutan
* Pancorius magnus Zabka, 1985 – India, Nepal, Vietnam, Taiwan
* Pancorius naevius Simon, 1902 – Indonesia (Java, Sumatra)
* Pancorius nagaland Caleb, 2019 – India
* Pancorius nahang Logunov, 2021 – Vietnam
* Pancorius petoti Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013 – Borneo
* Pancorius protervus (Simon, 1902) – Malaysia
* Pancorius pseudomagnus Logunov, 2021 – Vietnam
* Pancorius relucens (Simon, 1901) – China (Hong Kong)
* Pancorius scoparius Simon, 1902 – Indonesia (Java)
* Pancorius submontanus Prószyński, 1992 – India, Japan
* Pancorius tagorei Prószyński, 1992 – India
* Pancorius taiwanensis Bao & Peng, 2002 – Taiwan
* Pancorius thorelli (Simon, 1899) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
* Pancorius urnus Jastrzebski, 2011 – Nepal
* Pancorius wangdicus Zabka, 1990 – Bhutan
* Pancorius wesolowskae Wang & Wang, 2020 – China
# Italjet Dragster

The Italjet Dragster of the Italian manufacturer Italjet Moto is the only mass-produced scooter with a RAAD forkless front suspension and a spaceframe. Alessandro and Leopoldo Tartarini obtained a patent for this combination in 1997. A rebooted version has been released developed by Massimo Tartarini with the assistance of Andrea Dovizioso and comes in 125 and 200cc

## Technology

The forkless front suspension is very unusual for motorcycles, and the Yamaha GTS 1000 (1993–1997) might have been the inspiration for the Tartarini brothers. They applied a very innovative technology and an unusual design to their scooter.
All Dragster marks are based on a space frame, which was designed for more power. The wheel dimensions are 120/70–11 front and 130/70–12 rear. The 2007 models had a 130/60–13 rear wheel. The wheelbase was 1310 mm. The mark Dragster 50 was re-edited in 2007 in addition to the mark Dragster 250. The forkless front suspension was criticised as leading to "non-harmonic and wobbly dynamics at lower speeds." Some critics complained about the noise level of the large water cooled two stroke engine, which had a catalytic converter.

## Marks

| | Dragster 50 | Dragster 125 | Dragster 180 | Dragster 250 |
| Engine | one cylinder two stroke engine | one cylinder two stroke engine | one cylinder two stroke engine | one cylinder four stroke engine |
| Capacity | 49 cc (3.0 cu in) | 123 cc (7.5 cu in) | 176 cc (10.7 cu in) | 244 cc (14.9 cu in) |
| Bore × stroke | 41 mm × 37.4 mm (1.61 in × 1.47 in) | 55 mm × 52 mm (2.2 in × 2.0 in) | 65.6 mm × 52 mm (2.58 in × 2.05 in) | 72 mm × 60 mm (2.8 in × 2.4 in) |
| Power/rpm | 3.3 kW (4.4 hp) 6,800 rpm | 10.6 kW (14.2 hp) 7,500 rpm | 14 kW (19 hp) 8,000 rpm | 16.2 kW (21.7 hp) |
| Top speed | 50 km/h (31 mph) | 103 km/h (64 mph) | 122 km/h (76 mph) | 125 km/h (78 mph) |
# Arhiva Națională de Filme

Arhiva Națională de Filme is a film archive located in Bucharest, Romania. It is a member of the Association of European Film Archives and Cinematheques.
# James Memorial

James Memorial may refer to the following:

## Awards

* Eddie James Memorial Trophy
* James Gatschene Memorial Trophy
* James Norris Memorial Trophy
* James Norris Memorial Trophy (IHL)
* James Tait Black Memorial Prize

## Buildings and structures

* Captain James Cook Memorial in Canberra, ACT, Australia
* James Blackstone Memorial Library in Branford, Connecticut
* James Buchanan Memorial in Washington, D.C.
* James Cardinal Gibbons Memorial Statue in Washington, D.C.
* James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland, Ohio
* James A. Garfield Monument in Washington, D.C.
* James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia
* James J. and Helen Storrow Memorial in Boston, Massachusetts
* James Madison Memorial Building in Washington, D.C.
* James Madison Memorial High School in Madison, Wisconsin
* James Memorial Library in Williston, North Dakota
* James M. Hill Memorial High School in Miramichi, New Brunswick, Canada
* James Sangster Memorial in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
* James Scott Memorial Fountain in Detroit, Michigan
* St. James Memorial Chapel (Howe, Indiana)

## Events

* Dr. James Penny Memorial Stakes
* Rowe Memorial Handicap, originally called the James Rowe Memorial

## Organizations

* James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
# Legendary Amazons

Legendary Amazons is a 2011 Chinese historical drama film directed by Frankie Chan and written by Chan, Liu Heng and Ma Honglu. The film is based on the stories of the Yang Clan Generals. It stars Richie Jen, Cecilia Cheung, Cheng Pei-pei, Liu Xiaoqing, and Kathy Chow. The film is based on the same source material as the 1972 Hong Kong film The 14 Amazons.

## Plot

The film is set in early 11th century China during the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song dynasty. The emperor neglects state affairs and indulges in personal pleasures, while the government sinks into corruption and war continues to rage on at the borders of the Song dynasty. The Song dynasty is being invaded by the armies of the rival state of Western Xia.
Yang Zongbao is the last man standing in the Yang clan, a family of generals who have dedicated their lives to defending the Song dynasty from foreign invaders. He apparently dies in battle tragically when the treacherous Imperial Grand Tutor (minister) Pang refuses to send reinforcements to aid him. Yang Zongbao's widowed wife, Mu Guiying, leads the other widows of the Yang clan into battle to continue the legacy of their husbands.

## Cast

* Richie Jen as Yang Zongbao
* Cecilia Cheung as Mu Guiying
* Cheng Pei-pei as She Saihua
* Liu Xiaoqing as Chai Qingyun
* Ge Chunyan as Zhou Yunjing
* Oshima Yukari as Zou Lanxiu
* Li Jing as Geng Jinhua
* Jin Qiaoqiao as Dong Yue'e
* Yang Zitong as Meng Jinbang
* Kathy Chow as Ma Saiying
* Yu Na as Huyan Chijin
* Chen Zihan as Yang Yanqi
* Liu Dong as Yang Yanying
* Xiao Mingyu as Yang Wenguang
* Zhou Xiaofei as Yang Paifeng
* Wang Ti as Yang Jinhua
* Zhao Qianyu as Little Bean
* Tang Yaolin as Little Sparrow
* Shi Fanxi as Yin Qi
* Wu Ma as Pang Ji
* Lin Wei as Wang Qiang
* Zhong Chao as Liu Fu
* Li Boyu as Jiao Tinggui
* Luo Yingyuan as Meng Huaiyuan
* Han Yu as Meng Liang
* Hu Biao as Jiao Zan
* Ren Xuehai as Fan Zhongyan
* Xiao Rongsheng as Yang Yanzhao
* Xu Xiao as Di Qing
* Feng Ke'an as Little Bean's grandfather
# All Japan Bobsleigh Championships

The All Japan Bobsleigh Championships are annual bobsledding championships organized by the Japan Bobsleigh and Luge Federation (JBLF) at the Spiral in Nagano, Japan. They were first held in 1938.

## 2-person champions

| Season | Men's | Women's |
| 1994–1995 | | |
| 1995–1996 | | |
| 1996–1997 | | |
| 1997–1998 | | |
| 1998–1999 | | |
| 1999–2000 | | |
| 2000–2001 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Nachi Abe | |
| 2001–2002 | Suguru Kiyokawa・Kazuo Ishii | |
| 2002–2003 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Shinji Doigawa | Manami Hino・Harumi Yamamoto |
| 2003–2004 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Takahiro Sema | Manami Hino・Harumi Yamamoto |
| 2004–2005 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Ysunori Yoshioka | Manami Hino・Harumi Yamamoto |
| 2005–2006 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Tamaki Tsujio | Manami Hino・Harumi Yamamoto |
| 2006–2007 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Shinji Doigawa | Manami Hino・Chisato Nagaoka |
| 2007–2008 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Shinji Doigawa | Manami Hino・Chisato Nagaoka |
| 2008–2009 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Ryuichi Kobayashi | Manami Hino・Fumiko Kumagai |
| 2009–2010 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Ryuichi Kobayashi | Manami Hino・Konomi Asazu |
| 2010–2011 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Yoshinori Kikuchi | Misuzu Yoshimura・Konomi Asazu |
| 2011–2012 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Yoshinori Kikuchi | Misuzu Yoshimura・Konomi Asazu |
| 2012–2013 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Toshiki Kuroiwa | Misuzu Yoshimura・Konomi Asazu |
| 2013–2014 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Hisashi Miyazaki | Minami Homma・Chiemi Watanabe |
| 2014–2015 | Kosuke Asano・Tatsuya Sasaki | Maria Oshikiri・Saki Sashida |
| 2015–2016 | Ryuichi Kobayashi・Tatsuya Sasaki | Maria Oshikiri・Konomi Asazu |
| 2016–2017 | Suguru Kiyokawa・Ryuichi Kobayashi | — |
| 2017–2018 | Daiki Mikami・Takahiro Sema | Minami Homma・Sayaka Tsurifune |

## 4-person champions

| Season | Men's / Mixed |
| 1994–1995 | |
| 1995–1996 | |
| 1996–1997 | |
| 1997–1998 | |
| 1998–1999 | |
| 1999–2000 | |
| 2000–2001 | |
| 2001–2002 | |
| 2002–2003 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Shinji Miura・Akira Uchiyama・Shinji Doigawa |
| 2003–2004 | |
| 2004–2005 | Suguru Kiyokawa・Takahiro Sema・Takashi Hori・Mizuki Tsujio |
| 2005–2006 | Suguru Kiyokawa・Takahiro Sema・Mizuki Tsujio・Ryuichi Kobayashi |
| 2006–2007 | Canceled due to bad weather |
| 2007–2008 | Akira Uchiyama・Ryuichi Kobayashi・Takashi Hori・Mizuki Tsujio |
| 2008–2009 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Shinji Doigawa・Ryuichi Kobayashi・Mizuki Tsujio |
| 2009–2010 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Masaru Miyauchi・Shinji Doigawa・Ryuichi Kobayashi |
| 2010–2011 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Yoshinori Kikuchi・Tohru Sakurai・Kota Imai |
| 2011–2012 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Takahiro Sema・Ryuichi Kobayashi・Yoshinori Kikuchi |
| 2012–2013 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Takahiro Sema・Yoshinori Kikuchi・Toshiki Kuroiwa |
| 2013–2014 | Hiroshi Suzuki・Yoshinori Kikuchi・Shintaro Sato・Hisashi Miyazaki |
| 2014–2015 | Yasuhiro Kumagai・Junichi Hoizumi・Takeshi Udagawa・Kenji Wada |
| 2015–2016 | Minami Homma・Kosuke Asano・Ryuta Ito・Toshiki Kuroiwa |
| 2016–2017 | Suguru Kiyokawa・Akihiko Takase・Yoshinori Kikuchi・Ryuichi Kobayashi |
| 2017–2018 | Daiki Mikami・Akihiko Takase・Ryuichi Kobayashi・Yoshinori Kikuchi |
# Jerxheim

Jerxheim is a municipality in the district of Helmstedt, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
* The town hall
* The observation tower

## Personalities

* Kurt Meyer Knights Cross holder, SS General, convicted war criminal
# Nidar (revolver)

The Ordnance Factories Board Nidar is a lightweight revolver manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board of India. It is intended for concealed carry.

## History

The revolver's name means "fearless" in Hindi. Like the earlier Nirbheek revolver, it was named for the victim of the 2012 Delhi gang rape, whom the Indian press nicknamed "Nirbhaya".
The revolver received 100 orders on the first day after its launch in 2016. The manufacturer stated that they expected to sell 10,000 revolvers.

## Design

The Nidar revolver is chambered for the .22 Long Rifle cartridge. It is made with an aluminium alloy to reduce the weight of the revolver. According to a Rifle Factory Ishapore representative, the alloy is known as "DTD1524". It has a weight of 250 grams.
It has a capacity of 8 rounds.
The revolver has a conventional double- or single-action trigger.
# Universidad Autónoma de Asunción

Universidad Autónoma de Asunción may refer to:
* Universidad Autónoma de Asunción (football), Paraguayan women's football team
* Universidad Autónoma de Asunción (fútsal), Paraguayan fútsal team
* Universidad Autónoma de Asunción (university), private university in Asuncion
# Pt/Co scale

The Platinum-Cobalt Scale (Pt/Co scale or Apha-Hazen Scale ) is a color scale that was introduced in 1892 by chemist Allen Hazen (1869–1930). The index was developed as a way to evaluate pollution levels in waste water. It has since expanded to a common method of comparison of the intensity of yellow-tinted samples. It is specific to the color yellow and is based on dilutions of a 500 ppm platinum cobalt solution. The colour produced by one milligram of platinum cobalt dissolved in one liter of water is fixed as one unit of colour in platinum-cobalt scale. The ASTM has detailed description and procedures in ASTM Designation D1209, "Standard Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)".
Colour may be reported on a water quality report using this scale.
# All She Wrote

All She Wrote may refer to:
* "All She Wrote" (Ross Copperman song), 2007
* "All She Wrote" (FireHouse song), 1991
* "All She Wrote" (Six60 song), 2021
* Alternative title of the Chaka Demus & Pliers album Tease Me, 1993
# James Menendez

James Menendez is a British journalist and radio broadcaster working for BBC News, BBC World Service, and BBC World News. Menendez is one of the main presenters of Newshour on the BBC World Service.

## Career

Menendez joined the BBC as a trainee reporter in 1995. He then became a reporter for the BBC World Service before becoming the BBC Correspondent in Venezuela.
In 2004, Menendez moved back to London, as an occasional presenter on Newshour and The World Today. In 2007, he became one of the main presenters of World Briefing before becoming a main presenter on Newshour. In addition to presenting the programme, Menendez reports for Newshour from around the world. On 13 April 2015, he started presenting World News Today on BBC Four and BBC World News.
In 2017, a live interview he was conducting remotely on BBC World News with Robert Kelly at home went viral after the interviewee's children burst into the room and started dancing, before being removed on camera by their mother.
On 1 July 2022 Menendez presented The World Tonight on BBC Radio 4.
# Leptodactylus notoaktites

Leptodactylus notoaktites is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil and is known from the states of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and São Paulo state. Common name Iporanga white-lipped frog has been coined for it.

## Etymology

The specific name notoaktites is derived from Greek notos (=south) and aktites (=coast dweller) and refers to the distribution of this species within Brazil.

## Description

Adult males measure 43–54 mm (1.7–2.1 in) and adult females 43–56 mm (1.7–2.2 in) in snout–vent length. Males have a weakly spatulate snout. The tympanum is distinct. The toes lack fringes and fleshy ridges. The dorsolateral folds are distinct, whereas the lateral folds are interrupted. The dorsum is brown with a spotted, blotched, or striped pattern. Light mid-dorsal stripes are rarely present. The upper lip has usually a light stripe.

## Habitat and conservation

Leptodactylus notoaktites occurs in open areas along river and forest edges and in natural and man-made openings in forests at elevations below 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level. Males of this species start calling at the onset of the very first rains. Breeding occurs prior to the flooding. Males excavate small burrows in shallow temporary pools, and the eggs are laid in foam nests.
Leptodactylus notoaktites is a common species. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agricultural encroachment and infrastructure development. However, its range overlaps with several protected areas.
# Lee Hancock

Leland David Hancock (born June 27, 1967) is an American former professional baseball player. He played two seasons in Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Hancock was selected by the Seattle Mariners in the fourth round of the 1988 Major League Baseball draft out of Cal Poly. On May 18, 1990, Hancock was traded to the Pirates in exchange for pitcher Scott Medvin and assigned to Double-A Harrisburg. In September 1995, he was called up to the majors along with Rick White. He made his Major League debut on September 3, 1995. He entered the game in the eighth inning in relief of Paul Wagner and allowed a run-scoring double to Brian Hunter, the only batter he faced. He pitched his final Major League game on May 13, 1996. He spent the remainder of the 1996 season, as well as the 1997 season, in the farm systems of the San Francisco Giants and Chicago Cubs. The 1997 season was his final as a professional baseball player.
# Apparitor

In ancient Rome, an apparitor (also spelled apparator in English, or shortened to paritor) was a civil servant whose salary was paid from the public treasury. The apparitores assisted the magistrates. There were four occupational grades (decuriae) among them. The highest-ranked were the scribae, the clerks or public notaries, followed by the lictores, lictors; viatores, messengers or summoners, that is, agents on official errands; and praecones, announcers or heralds.
The term has hence referred to a beadle in a university, a pursuivant or herald; particularly, in Roman Catholic canon law, which was largely inspired by Roman law.
Apparitors (sometimes called summoners) continued to serve as officers in ecclesiastical courts. They were designated to serve the summons, to arrest a person accused, and in ecclesiastico-civil procedure, to take possession, physically or formally, of property in dispute, in order to secure the execution of the judge's sentence. This was done in countries where the ecclesiastical forum, in its substantial integrity, is recognized. An apparitor thus acted as constable and sheriff. His guarantee of his delivery of the summons provided evidence of a party's knowledge of his obligation to appear, either to stand trial, to give testimony, or to do whatever else might be legally enjoined by the judge; the apparitor's statement becomes the basis of a charge of contumacy against anyone refusing to obey a summons. Offenses dealt with by such courts included "sins of immorality, witchcraft, usury, simony, neglect of the sacraments, and withholding tithes or offering".