OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Skawinka′s Gradual

Skawinka′s Gradual (Polish: Graduał Skawinki) is a richly illuminated gradual from around 1460.
The gradual was produced at the Benedictine Abbey in Tyniec in Poland on the initiative of Abbot Maciej of Skawina, known as “Skawinka”. The manuscript contains chants for mass for the entire liturgical year. The gradual is richly decorated The illuminations include the Annunciation, the Adoration of the Christ Child by angels, the Entry into Jerusalem, the Crucifixion, the Ascension, Pentecost, and St Jerome dressing the wounded lion’s paw. In the early 19th century the gradual was moved to the University Library in Lviv. The gradual came to the National Library of Poland after World War II.
# Amara chaudoiri

Amara chaudoiri is a species of beetle of the genus Amara in the family Carabidae.

## Subspecies

There are three subspecies of A. chaudoiri:
* Amara chaudoiri chaudoiri Schaum, 1858
* Amara chaudoiri incognita Fassati, 1946
* Amara chaudoiri transcaucasiens Hieke, 1970
# Jindřich Mikulec

Jindřich Mikulec (born 11 May 1928) is a Czech gymnast. He competed in eight events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Arabian jird

The Arabian jird (Meriones arimalius) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Oman, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.
# Papa Hemingway

Papa Hemingway may refer to:

## People

* Ernest Hemingway, American novelist, short story writer, and journalist

## Books

* A. E. Hotchner's Papa Hemingway (1966), a biographical portrait of the writer Ernest Hemingway

## Film

* Papa: Hemingway in Cuba (2015)
# JAM2

Junctional adhesion molecule B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JAM2 gene. JAM2 has also been designated as CD322 (cluster of differentiation 322).

## Function

Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals around cells and serving as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing freely through the paracellular space. The protein encoded by this immunoglobulin superfamily gene member is localized in the tight junctions between high endothelial cells. It acts as an adhesive ligand for interacting with a variety of immune cell types and may play a role in lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs.
It is purported to promote lymphocyte transendothelial migration. It might also be involved with endothelial cell polarity, by associating to cell polarity protein PARD3 (PAR-3), together with JAM3.

## Interactions

JAM2 has been shown to interact with PARD3.
It also interacts with the integrin dimer VLA-4 (also called α4β1).
# Arnulf of Sens

Arnulf of Sens (c.794 – April, 841) was a Frankish noble, an illegitimate son of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne. He had one sister, Alpaïs, abbess of Saint-Pierre-les-Dames, Reims.
Arnulf's grandfather, Charlemagne, died in 814 with his father Louis becoming emperor. Three years later in 817, Arnulf, was appointed count of Sens in Burgundy. He was the first son of Louis the Pious, but he did not inherit land because his birth was illegitimate. In April 841, a year after his father had died, he died at Sens.
# Amarpatan

Amarpatan is a municipal city in Maihar district in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.

## Geography

Amarpatan is located at 24°19′N 80°59′E﻿ / ﻿24.32°N 80.98°E﻿ / 24.32; 80.98. It has an average elevation of 358 metres (1174 feet). Multiple villages surround the city. It is on National Highway No.7 and connects Rewa to Jabalpur which is one of the busiest highway in India, various other state highways are passing through the city. It is located at right in the center of Satna district. Amarpatan has various tourist spots nearby like Mukundpur white tiger safari, Markandeya Ashram (more of Bansagar Dam), spiritual Maa sharda devi temple, Ramvan and many more. But it lacks of railways that makes the region partially undeveloped.

## History

There is an old Garhi in town which was built by the Maharaja Amar Singh, Maharaja of Rewa in ancient times. There is a Jagannath Swami temple inside the Garhi. Gorsari hills also called Kamoor hills which is part of Satpura range is located in this region. A holy place, Markanday Rishi Ashram is nearly 35 km in this town. Papra is also an ancient hills place which have a shape of plateau and Hanuman temple is very popular.
Amarpatan is one of the major cities in former Rewa state. After that this place was re-established by the landlord of Gorsari, Thakur Laxman Singhji. He was a well known person and a very prominent personality of the region. He is famous for many social works and services.

## Demographics

As of 2001 Indian census, Amarpatan had a population of 16,365. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Leven railway station (Fife)

Leven railway station is a station that serves as the terminus of the Levenmouth rail link, connecting the town of Leven, Fife with the Fife Circle Line.
In December 2020 four options were proposed for the new station site. In June 2021 the station site, near the town's swimming pool, was announced.
The station was opened on 29 May 2024, with scheduled passenger services starting on 2 June 2024. Direct journeys to Edinburgh Waverley take just over an hour.
Historically, there was a station at Leven between 1854 and 1969 on the North British Railway, in a different location.

## Site and facilities

The station is situated underneath Bawbee Bridge and has a 205-metre (224 yd) long island platform. The section of Bawbee Bridge which spans the railway was found to be in poor condition and needed to be replaced: construction of the platforms could only start once this was completed.
The station has step-free access with a ramp down from the end of the buffers. The car park has 133 spaces including 12 for electric cars. Cycle storage and a Scotrail welfare facility are provided near the waiting shelters.

## Services

All services at Leven are operated by ScotRail. The typical service on all days of the week is one train per hour to and from Edinburgh Waverley via Kirkcaldy.
| Preceding station | National Rail | National Rail | National Rail | Following station |
| Cameron Bridge | | ScotRailLevenmouth rail link | | Terminus |
# Sir John Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Dunamana

Sir John Stuart Hamilton, 1st Baronet (circa 1740 – 1802) was an Anglo-Irish politician.
Hamilton was the Member of Parliament for Strabane in the Irish House of Commons between 1763 and 1797. On 1 February 1781 he was created a baronet, of Dunamana in the Baronetage of Ireland. He was succeeded in his title by his son, also called John.
# Amaranthus thunbergii

Amaranthus thunbergii, commonly known as Thunberg's amaranthus or Thunberg's pigweed, is found in Africa.
The leaves are used as a flavouring or leafy vegetable.
# Joe Cardarelli

Joe Cardarelli (1944–1994) was a poet, painter, graduate of the Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars, and teacher of writing at the Maryland Institute College of Art for 27 years. Cardarelli pushed generations of MICA artists to incorporate writing into their creative repertoire, and regularly collaborated with his faculty colleagues on projects and performances. He is noted for establishing poetry series such as the Black Mountain poets, St. Valentine’s Day Poetry Marathon, and the Spectrum of Poetic Fire at MICA. In its 25th year, the Spectrum of Poetic Fire reading series still brings quality poets to MICA’s campus for readings during the academic year.
In his “Black Mountain Poets” series in 1983/84 he gathered material for a documentary video, Black Mountain Revisited — a historically invaluable collage of interviews and readings given by Robert Duncan, Robert Creeley, Edward Dorn, Joel Oppenheimer, and Jonathan Williams — in the case of Duncan and Oppenheimer, some of their last readings on record. Over the years, Allen Ginsberg, Amiri Baraka, Ted Berrigan, Alice Notley, Anne Waldman, Maureen Owen, Ed Sanders, and many other representative writers of The New American Poetry were frequent visitors to the Institute — thanks to Joe Cardarelli.
Known as the “Godfather of Baltimore Poetry,” he died at the age of 50 in 1994.
A poem that Joe contributed to Andrei Codrescu’s and Laura Rosenthal’s anthology American Poets Say Goodbye to the Twentieth Century (New York, 4 Walls 8 Windows, 1996) ends with the following lines:
It’s too bad sometimes I think too bad we can’t see the air too bad the air’s invisible too bad the air’s not clearly there say as it is with just a little smoke we’d find ourselves new eyes taken up by the shapes of air tides the multi-layered, striated, tunneled twisted rolling wave shaped moving patterns the air makes no more or less substantial than one hundred or thousand years.

## Publications

* Phantom Pod, (Hollo, Joe Cardarelli, and Kirby Malone. Baltimore: Pod Books, 1977.)
* The Maine Book – Selected Poems
* Black Mountain revisited. Cardarelli, Joe; Skipper, Jim; Maryland Institute, College of Art, and Viridian Productions, producers. [Baltimore, Md.]: Viridian Productions of the Maryland Institute, College of Art; 1990. 1 videocassette (54 min.)
* KUMQUAT #3 (Hewitt, Geof, Editor, Enosburg Falls, VT: Kumquat Press, 1971. 52 pp.)
# Arbutus pavarii

Arbutus pavarii is a species of plant in the heath family. It is endemic to Libya's Jebel Akhdar range in coastal Cyrenaica.
# Hervé de Montmorency

Hervé de Montmorency may refer to:
* Hervé of Montmorency (d. 1096), a French noble
* Hervey de Montmorency (fl. 1169), an Anglo-Norman adventurer
* Hervey de Montmorency, 4th Viscount Mountmorres (1796–1872), an Irish dean
# Yaba Cemetery

Yaba Cemetery is situated in Yaba, an eastern suburb of Lagos, Nigeria. It is a civil cemetery known locally as Atan Cemetery.
The cemetery contains the largest concentration of World War II era war graves in Nigeria.
# Lake Burera

Lake Burera or Bulera is a lake of northwestern Rwanda, at the border with Uganda. With an area of 55 km$^2$ (20 sq mi), it is the second largest lake entirely in Rwanda after Lake Ihema (100 km$^2$ (40 sq mi)). Considering all other lakes in the country (including lakes shared with other countries), it would be the 5th largest after Lake Kivu 2,700 km$^2$ (1,040 sq mi) between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Rweru between Rwanda and Burundi at 133 km$^2$ (50 sq mi) of which only 47 km$^2$ (20 sq mi) are in Rwanda, Lake Ihema and Lake Cohoha 74 km$^2$ (30 sq mi) also shared with Burundi of which only 19 km$^2$ (10 sq mi) are in Rwanda. The lake is located in a densely populated North of the country in Burera District which got its name from this lake. The closet major city is the city of Musanze 25 km (16 mi) West of the lake.
Lake Burera borders Uganda's wetlands on the southern slopes of Mount Muhavura at 1,860 m (6,102 ft) of altitude.
It lies to the North East of its twin Lake Ruhondo in which it empties via a stream called Ntaruka. Burera is almost twice as large as Lake Ruhondo and despite only being 600 meters apart, the two lakes are separated by a dramatic drop in altitude of 100 m (328 ft).
Ntaruka is a 600 m (1,969 ft) long stream connecting the two lakes and drops of about 100 meters in . Due to this steep drop, a hydroelectric power plant has been constructed on this stream and produces 11.5 MW.
# Amblypneustes

Amblypneustes is a genus of sea urchins, belonging to the family Temnopleuridae.

## Species

* †Amblypneustes corrali Lambert & Roig in Sánchez Roig, 1949 – Cuba (Upper Oligocene)
* Amblypneustes elevatus (Hutton, 1872)
* Amblypneustes formosus Valenciennes, 1846
* Amblypneustes grandis H. L. Clark, 1912
* Amblypneustes leucoglobus Döderlein, 1914
* Amblypneustes ovum (Lamarck, 1816)
* Amblypneustes pallidus (Lamarck, 1816)
* Amblypneustes pulchellus (H. L. Clark, 1928)
# Ranadive

Ranadive is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anjali Ranadivé
* B. T. Ranadive (1904–1990), Indian communist politician and trade union leader
* Kamal Ranadive (1917–2001), Indian biomedical researcher
* Vivek Ranadivé (born 1957), Indian American business executive, engineer, author, speaker and philanthropist
# Leven station

Leven station or Leven railway station may refer to:
* Leven Station, Mpumalanga, a town in South Africa
* Leven railway station (Manitoba), a railway station in Canada
* Leven railway station (Fife), a former and reopened railway station on the Fife Coast Railway in Scotland
* Leven railway station, a proposed station on the North Holderness Light Railway in England in the early 20th century
# Lennart Häggroth

Hans Lennart Häggroth (2 March 1940 – 28 August 2016) was a Swedish ice hockey player. A goaltender, he won a world and European title in 1962, finishing second at the 1963 World Championships and 1964 Olympics.
Häggroth was a back-up for Kjell Svensson, and hence capped only 65 times for the national team between 1960 and 1965. Before the 1962 World Championships, Svensson got injured, but Häggroth did fine, helping win the tournament and becoming its best goaltender. After retiring from hockey, Häggroth became a social worker, helping drug addicts and alcoholics. He died on 28 August 2016 at his home.
# Jocelyn (1933 film)

Jocelyn is a 1933 French historical drama film directed by Pierre Guerlais and starring Samson Fainsilber, Marguerite Weintenberger and Octave Berthier. It was remade in 1952. It is based on the 1836 novel of the same title by Alphonse de Lamartine set during the French Revolution.

## Cast

* Samson Fainsilber as Jocelyn
* Marguerite Weintenberger as Laurence
* Octave Berthier as Le pâtre
* Louis Rouyer as L'évéque
* Jacqueline Carlier as Julie
* Blanche Beaume as La mére
# Archive of Czech Television

Archive and program funds of the Czech Television (Archiv a programové fondy České televize; abbreviation APF) is a specialized archive of the Czech Television. Organizationally, it is divided into three separate departments in Prague, Brno and Ostrava.

## History

The beginnings of the archive of Czech Television can be dated to the time of the start of trial public television broadcasting in 1953, but the storage of records, documents and materials did not expand until 1959 after the independence of television from Czechoslovak Radio. The Department of Archives and Documentation was established in Czechoslovak Television in 1962, and only in April 1965 was the archive established as an independent organizational unit. Although the main seat of the archive was the Town Hall in Prague, the depositories were almost all over the country and the archives were often not properly stored.
In 1968, the management of archives was methodically separated from the management of the materials of the television program fund. In 1971, the two departments merged again. A big advantage for the archive was the construction of the new building of the Czech Television on the Kavčí hory.
During 1997 Central European flood, part of the archive in Ostrava was damaged and the materials were transported to the Kavčí hory. According to Act 499/2004 Coll. the archive of the Czech Television is included among the specialized archives. Since 2013, the archive has been subordinated to the Department of Economics and Operations.

## Function

APF currently primarily manages all audiovisual recordings, including their technical preparation and distribution to recording, editing, digitizing and broadcasting workplaces. At the same time, it documents part of older audiovisual programs and recordings and sound images, and receives and catalogs documents. On a daily basis, he cooperates with creative staffs in the selection of archival samples, conducts professional research and creates a methodology for records and searches in databases. One of the main activities of the APF in recent years is the preparation and implementation of procedures for digital archiving and work with digital archive materials in the Czech Republic and the systematic digitization of historical funds.
# Hervé Yves Hehomey

Hervé Yves Hehomey is a Beninese politician and educator. He is the current Minister of Infrastructure and Transport in Benin, having been appointed to the position in early 2021 by the current president of Benin, Patrice Talon. His term began on 25 May 2021.
# Pygmaepterys lourdesae

Pygmaepterys lourdesae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Venezuela.
# Lake Burigi

Lake Burigi (originally Lueor-lo-Urigi, meaning "White Lake of Urigi") is an endorheic lake in the Karagwe district, Kagera Region of Tanzania. Parts of the lake and its shore are situated within the Burigi-Chato National Park.

## History

Visited by Dr. Hans Meyer's East African expedition, its name on maps of the time was Urigi. The lake's discovery is attributed to Capt. John Hanning Speke, who name it Lueor-lo-Urigi ("White Lake of Urigi").

## Geography

The lake is 18 kilometres (11 mi) long and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide. It has an elongated shape, the greatest distance between the two extremities being about 30 kilometres (19 mi). It is so narrow that from one side, the other can always clearly be seen. The lake's water is bright azure in color.
Its area measures approximately 7,000 hectares (17,000 acres). Fed by rivers from surrounding hills, the largest is Ruiza River. The lake is visible from Useni or Kavari. Papyrus swamps and groundwater forest areas occur around the lake. The surrounding hills are brown, with dark green bush scatterings. Its receding waters have left great extents of flat plain on the sides and around the bays running far inland into valleys. The lake is sunk about 1,200 feet (370 m) below the average level of the bare grassy hills around it. There is a narrow basin at the head of the lake. Its shore is broken by numerous inlets.
The Yanghiro district, which is situated on the eastern shore of the Urigi, is a hilly region, scattered over with villages and cultivated fields, as well as with woods of banana-trees.
The study area received an average rainfall of 964.36 mm per year, the highest peak recorded in 1951. The trend of rainfall showed that many years had rainfall below the average while the temperature was found to increase from year to year, the situation which suggests the existence of climate change in the study area.

## Flora and fauna

Its shores and waters are favored by birds, such as cranes, herons, pelicans, African jacanas, egrets and waders, which find excellent feeding over the large spaces near the extremities and shore line of bays. These are covered with close-packed growths of Pistia stratiotes rigl plants. Kobus ellipsiprymnus and Hippopotamus amphibius frequent the area. There are armies of black mosquitoes. Lake fish were infested with guinea worm at the time of Stanley's expedition.
# Ambodinonoka, Mananjary

Ambodinonoka is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Mananjary, which is a part of Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 19,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 99.5% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are coffee and cassava. Services provide employment for 0.5% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
20°59′S 47°53′E﻿ / ﻿20.983°S 47.883°E﻿ / -20.983; 47.883
* This Vatovavy-Fitovinany location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Level of invention

Level of invention (or degree of inventiveness, or level of solution, or rank of solution, or rank of invention) is a relative degree of changes to the previous system (or solution) in the result of solution of inventive problem (one containing a contradiction). Term was defined and introduced by TRIZ author G. S. Altshuller.
After initially reviewing 200,000 patent abstracts, Altshuller selected 40,000 as representatives of high level inventive solutions. The remainder involved direct improvements easily recognized within the specialty of the system.
Altshuller separated the patents' different degrees of inventiveness into five levels:
    example: use of coal for writing
    example: graphite pencil (wrapped coal stick)
    example: ink pen (ink instead of coal)
    example: printer (another whole system for writing)
    example: electronic pen&paper (see Anoto)
These levels of invention are applied to solutions rather than problems requiring a system of solution.
Also level of invention and the potential for innovation in any nation, geographical area or economic activity is as measurement in the concept of innovative capacity originally introduced by Prof. Suarez-Villa in 1990.
# Leland Lawrence Briggs

Leland Lawrence Briggs (April 24, 1893 – November 12, 1975) was an American accounting scholar, and Professor at the University of Vermont, known as founder of The Accountants Digest, which he edited and published until 1973.

## Biography

Briggs was born in Byron, Minnesota to Edward Wellington, a farmer, and Alice (McPeak) Briggs. After primary education in Byron and Rochester, Minnesota, he obtained his BA in 1923 and his MA in 1924 both at the University of South Dakota. Subsequently, he obtained MBA at Northwestern University in 1927 with the thesis, entitled "Some Legal Aspects of Goodwill." and his PhD from Harvard University in 1930-31.
Briggs had started his career as teacher at the public school in 1911. In 1924 he was appointed Professor of commerce at McPherson College in Kansas. In 1926 had joined the Northwestern University as Noyes scholar. In 1927 he moved to the University of Vermont, where he served the rest of his academic career. He had started as assistant professor in economics, was promoted associate professor in 1929, and in 1952 to professor of economics.
In 1935 Briggs founded the accounting periodical Accountants Digest. The first issue included digests of "120 articles taken from 48 periodicals published in the United States, Canada, England, Australia, New Zealand and Scotland." He edited and published the periodical until 1973, and then sold it to E. Samuel Germain, Professor of Syracuse University.

## Selected publications

* Briggs, Leland Lawrence. Centralized Accounting Control for the Small Business. 1924.
* Briggs, Leland Lawrence, ed. The Accountants Digest. Vol. 3. Germain Publishing Company, 1937.

### Articles, a selection

* Briggs, L. L. "Goodwill–Definition and Elements in Law." Journal of Accountancy (September 1928) (1928): 194-203.
* Briggs, L. L. "Accounting in Collegiate Schools of Business." Accounting Review (1930): 175-181.
* L. L. Briggs, "Stock Dividends." The Journal of Accountancy, March, 1930, pp. 193–201.
* Briggs, L. L. "Accounting and the courts." Accounting Review (1931): 184-191.
* L. L. Briggs: Dividends from stock premiums. Journal of Accountancy, Nr. 5. May 1932.
* L. L. "Appreciation and Dividends." The Journal of Accountancy, July, 1932, pp. 29–37.
* Briggs, L. L. "Stockholders' Liability for Unlawful Dividends." Temp. LQ 8 (1933): 145.
* L. L. Briggs, “Asset Valuation in Dividend Decisions,” The Areounting Review (September 1934), pp. 184–191
# Amblypalpis tamaricella

Amblypalpis tamaricella is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Aleksandr Sergeievich Danilevsky in 1955. It is found in Central Asia, where it has been recorded from Kazakhstan and western China. The habitat consists of riparian forests and deserts.
The larvae have been recorded inducing galls on Tamarix species.
# Joe Pearson (footballer)

Joseph Frank Pearson (19 September 1877 – 26 April 1946) was a football player in the early years of professional football in England. Pearson played for Aston Villa from Aug. 1900 - May 1908. Before playing for Villa, he played for Saltley College FC. He went on to become headmaster of Wollaston Boys' School in September 1919, and later a councillor on Stourbridge Borough Council. He served as Mayor of Stourbridge for two years from November 1941.