# Karen Hellekson

Karen L. Hellekson (born 1966) is an American author and scholar who researches science fiction and fan studies. In the field of science fiction, she is known for her research on the alternate history genre, the topic of her 2001 book, The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time, and has also published on the author Cordwainer Smith. In fan studies, she is known for her work on fan fiction and the culture of the fan community. She has co-edited two essay collections on fan fiction with Kristina Busse, and in 2008, co-founded the academic journal, Transformative Works and Cultures, also with Busse.

## Education and career

Hellekson has a BA in English from Gustavus Adolphus College, Minnesota (1988). Her MA is from the University of Kansas, with a dissertation on the science-fiction author Cordwainer Smith, entitled "Archipelagoes of stars: the science fiction of Cordwainer Smith" (1991). Her PhD (1998), also from the University of Kansas, was supervised by James Gunn; her thesis is entitled "Refiguring Historical Time: The Alternate History". Prior to completing her PhD, Hellekson left academia to work as a copy editor and independent scholar.

## Research and writing
### Science fiction

Hellekson's first book, The Science Fiction of Cordwainer Smith (2001), derives from her MA thesis and incorporates material from a 1993 paper. Based on the archive of Cordwainer Smith materials at the University of Kansas, including drafts, reviews and unpublished material, the book reviews Smith's life and critiques several key stories as well as his novel, Norstrilia. A review in the journal Science Fiction Studies praises Hellekson's wide-ranging and detailed research and her "thoughtful" discussion. It criticizes her acceptance of prior critical thought, even when the material she has uncovered undermines accepted ideas about the author, and comments that her "sometimes scattered argument may be hard to navigate" for non-experts. In this book and her earlier paper, Hellekson classifies Smith as a humanist who views humanity as a "matter of an individual's heart or spirit" unrelated to "genetics, social status, or even intellect", emphasizing his "benevolent concern for humane behavior".
Her PhD thesis was published as The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time (2001), the earliest English-language book devoted to analyzing the popular genre of alternate history, in which, for example, the Confederacy won the American Civil War. Hellekson considers the earliest Western examples of the genre to be Louis-Napoléon Geoffroy-Chateau's Napoléon et la Conquête du Monde (1836) and Isaac D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature (1824), although Geoffrey Winthrop-Young highlights possible alternative histories by authors as early as Livy and Herodotus. The Alternate History discusses examples drawn from science fiction, including works by Brian Aldiss, Poul Anderson, Michael Crichton, Philip K. Dick, William Gibson/Bruce Sterling, Ward Moore and H. Beam Piper, and also reviews anthologies compiled by historians, which, Hellekson posits, attempt to curtail the freedom inherent in alternate history by excluding works considered too unlikely or "frivolous". Hellekson considers narrative strategies in the genre, reflecting on the opinions of Paul Ricoeur, Stephen Jay Gould and Hayden White. She underlines the fact that history represents not the actual past, but a narrative about the past in which "the historian is complicit in [the] storytelling, not an objective, impartial recorder of events". She notes that alternate histories "change the present by transforming the past". In a widely adopted taxonomy (first presented in an earlier article and responding to the work of William Joseph Collins), she divides the alternate history genre into three categories, depending on how the narrative relates to the divergence point from our reality: nexus stories, which "occur at the moment of the break" and include "time-travel-time-policing-stories and battle stories"; true alternate histories, which happen "after the break, sometimes a long time after"; and parallel worlds, in which "no break" occurs. Phillip E. Wegner describes the book as a "useful study" of the genre, while Kathleen Singles considers that it "lacks the comprehensiveness necessary to account for alternate history as a complex, interdisciplinary phenomenon". Hellekson contributed the chapter on alternate histories to The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction.
She also co-edited the book Practicing Science Fiction: Critical Essays on Writing, Reading and Teaching the Genre (with Craig B. Jacobsen, Patrick B. Sharp and Lisa Yaszek; 2010). She co-edited SFRA Review, the periodical of the Science Fiction Research Association (SFRA), with Jacobsen (1998–2000 and 2008–10). She won the 2002 Mary Kay Bray Award from the SFRA for her paper "Transforming the Subject: Humanity, The Body, and Post-Humanism".

### Fan studies

Hellekson is known for her research into fan fiction, which she considers to have a long history: "fans have always been engaging with texts, often in transformative ways by literally scribbling in the margins, rewriting scenes, and crafting new endings". She has edited two collections of essays on the topic with Kristina Busse. Their first collaboration, Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet (2006), was conceived, in Hellekson and Busse's words, to "give voice to the many scholars we had met at conferences and online; create a volume that would start with the premise that academics were often fans and fans often academics and that that was okay; and permit conversations that did not always begin with introductory definitions but instead would assume a knowledgeable audience, thus raising the level of discourse." The book's four sections are each introduced by the editors, and additionally there is a 25-page introductory essay "Work in Progress" by Hellekson and Busse. Matt Hills, in a review for the journal Popular Communication, describes the collection as a "fine set of interventionist essays", which "smartly expands and develops ways of thinking about fandom and the cultural production, circulation, and reception of fan fiction". Alicia Verlager, in a detailed review for the Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, praises the "wide-ranging and intelligent" essays but describes the book as "a challenging read" for the non-specialist, with the contents predominantly being "dense with academic theory". The editors aim to take a literary criticism approach involving close reading, rather than discussing fan fiction as a social or cultural phenomenon, as most earlier works had done; however, Bronwen Thomas considers that the essays "sacrifice depth for breadth and only rarely engage with specific narrative techniques".
In their second collection, The Fan Fiction Studies Reader (2014), Hellekson and Busse aim to "gather together in one place some of the foundational texts of the fan fiction studies corpus". Their selections are described as "vital" by the reviewer Anne Kustritz, who considers the editors to have been largely successful in building a fan-studies canon, which she explains as "defining a relatively new field's identity, negotiating its limits, and setting the agenda for future research ... centralizing an often-scattered sub-discipline and assembling a shared base through which scholars working in diverse disciplines and methods can have a common language and conversation." Kustritz criticizes the exclusion of quantitative studies including quantitative psychology, while Lesley Willard notes that in their focus on feminist interpretations, the chosen essays "sidestep issues of race, class, and intersectionality", and Fiona N. Cheuk highlights the absence of any discussion of disability. The editors deliberately include only those texts that discuss works based on Western media. Cheuk takes issue with this choice, drawing attention to the prevalence of fanworks for non-western media sources such as Japanese anime and manga, and concluding that the exclusion "seems to contradict the diversity and expansiveness of the fan fiction works and communities", leading to a "metanarrative of absence, placelessness, estrangement, and unbelonging for non-western narratives in western academic traditions". The selection of reprints includes 1980s and 1990s extracts from the offline and early-Internet periods, representing the work of the earliest scholars in the field, including Henry Jenkins, Camille Bacon-Smith and Constance Penley; Kustritz characterizes some of these "classic" texts as "somewhat quaint" but adds that they give a "necessary grounding". She describes the editors' introductory contextualizing material as valuable and well balanced, and praises the volume's themed organization for bringing the older texts into conversation with the more modern ones. Willard also praises the "comprehensive" introductory material; she considers the volume's broadening of focus at the end to include works other than fan fiction to be "somewhat jarring".
Hellekson has published on topics relating to the fan community. Her highest-cited research article is on gift culture in online fandom, in which she posits that "giving, receiving, and reciprocating are the three central tenets of participation in online media fandom". A response from Abigail De Kosnik counters that female fans writing fan fiction without financial compensation "risk institutionalizing a lack of compensation for all women that practice this art in the future." Hellekson has also written on the attempted monetization of fan fiction by the short-lived FanLib archive, and has compared the fan-run Archive of Our Own with various commercial sites. She wrote the chapter "Fandom and Fan Culture" for The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction. With Busse, she co-founded the online academic journal Transformative Works and Cultures in 2008 and continues (as of 2021) to act as its co-editor. It covers "popular media, fan communities, and transformative works" and is the earliest of two extant journals in the field of fan studies, the other being the Journal of Fandom Studies.

## Selected publications

Authored books
* Karen Hellekson (2001), The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time, Kent State University Press, ISBN 9780873386838
* Karen Hellekson (2001), The Science Fiction of Cordwainer Smith, McFarland, ISBN 9780786411498
Edited books
* Karen Hellekson; Kristina Busse, eds. (2014), The Fan Fiction Studies Reader, University of Iowa Press, ISBN 9781609382278
* Karen Hellekson; Craig B. Jacobsen; Patrick B. Sharp; Lisa Yaszek, eds. (2010), Practicing Science Fiction: Critical Essays on Writing, Reading and Teaching the Genre, McFarland, ISBN 9780786447930
* Karen Hellekson; Kristina Busse, eds. (2006), Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet, McFarland, ISBN 9780786426409
Research articles
Hellekson's highest-cited research papers and book chapters (in Google Scholar, as of January 31, 2021):
* Kristina Busse; Karen Hellekson (2012), Katherine Larsen (ed.), "Identity, Ethics, and Fan Privacy", Fan Culture: Theory/Practice, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 9781443838627
* Karen Hellekson (2009), "A Fannish Field of Value: Online Fan Gift Culture", Cinema Journal, 48 (4): 113–118, doi:10.1353/cj.0.0140, JSTOR 25619733

## References and notes

* ↑ An earlier book, Paul Alkon's Origins of Futuristic Fiction (1987), includes a discussion of alternative histories.
* ↑ For example:
* ↑ According to a search on Google Scholar, it had 236 citations as of January 31, 2021.
* 1 2 Hellekson, Karen 1966–, WorldCat, retrieved January 29, 2021
* 1 2 3 4 Karen Hellekson, a / Curriculum vitae, retrieved January 29, 2021
* ↑ Archipelagoes of stars : the science fiction of Cordwainer Smith, WorldCat, OCLC 25835078, retrieved January 29, 2021
* ↑ Refiguring historical time: the alternate history, WorldCat, OCLC 39361837, retrieved January 31, 2021
* ↑ Karen Hellekson (1998), "Leaving the Academy", The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, 31 (2): 1–5, doi:10.2307/1315086, JSTOR 1315086
* 1 2 C. M. (2002), "The Right Kind of Man for That Kind of Trip", Science Fiction Studies, 29 (1): 118–120, JSTOR 4241050
* ↑ Carol McGuirk (2001), "The Rediscovery of Cordwainer Smith", Science Fiction Studies, 28 (2): 180, 187, JSTOR 4240977
* 1 2 3 4 Michael J. Tolley (2001), "Review: The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time by Karen Hellekson", Utopian Studies, 12: 313–315, JSTOR 20718360
* 1 2 3 Geoffrey Winthrop-Young (2009), "Fallacies and Thresholds: Notes on the Early Evolution of Alternate History", Historical Social Research, 34 (2 (128)): 99–117, JSTOR 20762357
* ↑ Matthew Schneider-Mayerson (2009), "What Almost Was: The Politics of the Contemporary Alternate History Novel", American Studies, 50 (3/4): 65, 81, JSTOR 41287751
* ↑ A. B. E. (2002), "Review: Searching for Gems in Future History", Science Fiction Studies, 29: 128–132, JSTOR 4241056
* 1 2 3 Phillip E. Wegner (2013), "Detonating New Shockwaves of Possibility: Alternate Histories and the Geopolitical Aesthetics of Ken MacLeod and Iain M. Banks", The New Centennial Review, 13 (2): 33–35, doi:10.14321/crnewcentrevi.13.2.0031
* 1 2 Andrea Horbinski (2015), "Record of Dying Days: The Alternate History of Ōoku", Mechademia, 10: 63–79, doi:10.5749/mech.10.2015.0063, S2CID 125999454
* ↑ Brian Attebery (2012), "Introduction: Fictional Modes and Cultural Energy", Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 23 (2 (85)): 194–196, JSTOR 24352932
* ↑ Matthew Schneider-Mayerson (2009), "What Almost Was: The Politics of the Contemporary Alternate History Novel", American Studies, 50 (3–4): 63–83, doi:10.1353/ams.2009.0057, S2CID 144867899
* ↑ Stefanie Boese (2014), ""Those Two Years": Alternate History and Autobiography in Philip Roth's The Plot Against America", Studies in American Fiction, 41 (2): 271–292, doi:10.1353/saf.2014.0013, S2CID 162849800
* ↑ Andrew Frost (2017), "Bad Future: Real-Time Alternate History", Studies in the Fantastic, 5: 26–46, doi:10.1353/sif.2017.0001, S2CID 158788694
* ↑ David C. Muller (2018), "Uchronic Australia: Serious Issues Are Raised in Two Alternate Histories of Australia during the Pacific War", Antipodes, 32 (1–2): 278–296, doi:10.13110/antipodes.32.1-2.0278, S2CID 201541861
* ↑ Kathleen Singles (2011), "'What If?' and Beyond: Counterfactual History in Literature", The Cambridge Quarterly, 40 (2): 180–188, doi:10.1093/camqtly/bfr007
* ↑ Karen Hellekson (2009), Mark Bould; Andrew Butler; Adam Roberts; Sherryl Vint (eds.), "Alternate history", The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9780203871317, ISBN 9780203871317
* ↑ Karen Hellekson; Craig Jacobsen (2008), "SFRA Review Editors Seize Power" (PDF), SFRA Review, no. 283
* ↑ Michael Levy (2002), "SFRA Awards for 2002", Science Fiction Studies, 29 (3): 535–537, JSTOR 4241134
* ↑ Mattia Ravasi (2019), "A World Made Out of Stories: The Bliss of Literary Influence in Michael Chabon's Moonglow", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, 65 (3): 458–481, doi:10.1353/mfs.2019.0030, S2CID 204479870
* ↑ TWC Editor (2015), "Works in progress", Transformative Works and Cultures, 20, doi:10.3983/twc.2015.0707 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
* 1 2 Alicia Verlager (2009), "Review: Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet: New Essays by Karen Hellekson, Kristina Busse", Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 20: 147–149, JSTOR 24352326
* ↑ Matt Hills (2008), "Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet. Edited by Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse", Popular Communication, 6: 262–263, doi:10.1080/15405700802240451, S2CID 142981140
* ↑ Bronwen Thomas (2011), "What Is Fanfiction and Why Are People Saying Such Nice Things about It??", Storyworlds: A Journal of Narrative Studies, 3: 1–24, doi:10.5250/storyworlds.3.2011.0001, S2CID 142820323
* 1 2 3 Karen Hellekson; Kristina Busse (2014), "Introduction: Why a Fan Fiction Studies Reader Now?", in Karen Hellekson, Kristina Busse (ed.), The Fan Fiction Studies Reader, University of Iowa Press, pp. 2, 7, ISBN 9781609382278
* 1 2 3 4 Anne Kustritz (2015), "The Fan Fiction Studies Reader edited by Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse", Cinema Journal, 54: 165–169, doi:10.1353/cj.2015.0019
* 1 2 Lesley Willard (2017), "The Fan Fiction Studies Reader: edited by Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse", The Velvet Light Trap, 79 (79): 139–141
* 1 2 Fiona N. Cheuk (2019), "Review of The Fan Fiction Studies Reader, Eds. Hellekson, Karen., and Kristina Busse (2014)", Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 8 (2): 279–293, doi:10.15353/cjds.v8i2.501
* 1 2 3 Sara K. Howe (2013), "Teams, Tears, and Testimonials: A Rhetorical Reading of the Twilight Time Capsule", Reception: Texts, Readers, Audiences, History, 5: 61–75, doi:10.5325/reception.5.1.0061
* 1 2 Will Brooker (2014), Denise Mann (ed.), "Going Pro: Gendered Responses to the Incorporation of Fan Labor as User-Generated Content", Wired TV: Laboring Over an Interactive Future, Rutgers University Press, pp. 77–79, 86–88, ISBN 978-0813564531
* ↑ Suzanne Scott (2015), ""Cosplay Is Serious Business": Gendering Material Fan Labor on Heroes of Cosplay", Cinema Journal, 54 (3): 146–154, doi:10.1353/cj.2015.0029
* 1 2 Kristina Busse (2015), "Fan Labor and Feminism: Capitalizing on the Fannish Labor of Love", Cinema Journal, 54 (3): 110–115, doi:10.1353/cj.2015.0034
* ↑ Karen Hellekson (2015), Eric Carl Link, Gerry Canavan (ed.), "Fandom and Fan Culture", The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction, Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–55, doi:10.1017/CCO9781107280601.015, ISBN 9781107280601
* ↑ TWC Editor (2008), "Transforming academic and fan cultures", Transformative Works and Cultures, 1 (1), doi:10.3983/twc.2008.071 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
* ↑ Transformative Works and Cultures: Editorial Team, Organization for Transformative Works, retrieved January 29, 2021
* ↑ Karen Hellekson (2008), "New Journal: Transformative Works and Cultures", Science Fiction Studies, 35 (2): 360–361, JSTOR 25475168