OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Graphite lined stamp

A graphite lined stamp is a postage stamp on which vertical lines of electro-conductive graphite are printed on the reverse. Graphite lined stamps were used in the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1960 as an experiment in the automation of mail sorting.

## Usage and appearance

In the United Kingdom, graphite lines were used exclusively on five stamps of the Wilding series from December 1957. They appear as one or two black lines printed vertically under the gum. The two lined stamps were to identify fully paid mail, which eventually became first class mail, while stamps with only one line paid the printed matter rate, or second class mail as it eventually became. On the two lined stamps, the bands are usually found widely spaced so that one appears at either side of the stamp, but they may also be found close together due to printing errors on the one and a half pence stamp. Several other errors of misplaced graphite lines are also known and not all are included in the Stanley Gibbons catalogue.
The use of graphite lines was developed by British Post Office scientists in conjunction with the stamp printers Harrison & Sons of High Wycombe and the stamps were first used in an experimental machine at Southampton. The machine used scanners to detect the graphite lines and to face the letters so that the stamp was always in the top right corner. The machine could also sort the letters according to the number of graphite lines on the stamps so that fully paid and printed matter stamps were separated. The machine then cancelled the letters. This was the first time that this had been done automatically.
From November 1959, graphite lined stamps were issued with phosphor bands printed on the front of the stamp. Ultimately, graphite band marking was superseded by the use of phosphor band marking which was a more effective form of mail sorting and only phosphor bands remained on Wilding stamps after 22 June 1960.

## Graphite

The term graphite refers to the substance Naphthadag or Deflocculated Acheson's Graphite, which was graphite in a solution of naphtha. This graphite substance went under the brand name dag, which was a registered trademark of Acheson Colloids Ltd. The substance is still a product of the firm today.

## Forgeries

Graphite lined stamps have become very collectable and often command high prices. This has attracted forgers, however, most forgeries are easily identified by comparison with a genuine stamp. Crucially, on the genuine stamps the lines appear underneath the gum.
# North American hundred-year floods of 2011

Several hundred-year flooding events occurred in 2011. In North America, the following events occurred on separate rivers and tributaries:
* 2011 Assiniboine River flood
* 2011 Lake Champlain and Richelieu River floods
* 2011 Manitoba floods (disambiguation)
* 2011 Mississippi River floods
* 2011 Missouri River flood
* 2011 Musselshell River flood
* 2011 Red River flood
* 2011 Souris River flood
# North American landbirds in Britain

Many species of North American landbird have been recorded in Great Britain as vagrants. Most occur in autumn; southwest England attracts the greatest proportion, but northern and western Scotland comes a close second. Occasionally birds overwinter, and some species (e.g. Baltimore oriole) are more prone to this than others. Vagrancy also occurs in spring, and some species (e.g. white-throated sparrow and dark-eyed junco) do in fact have more records at this time than in autumn. Weather systems are thought to be the primary reason for the occurrence of birds in autumn; some birds seen in spring may simply be overshoots, although ship-assistance may also play a part.

## Species list

The following species have been recorded, and accepted as wild by the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee:
* American kestrel
* Mourning dove
* Yellow-billed cuckoo
* Black-billed cuckoo
* Common nighthawk
* Chimney swift
* Belted kingfisher
* Yellow-bellied sapsucker
* Purple martin
* Cliff swallow
* Tree swallow
* Buff-bellied pipit
* Cedar waxwing
* Grey catbird
* Northern mockingbird
* Brown thrasher
* American robin
* Varied thrush
* Veery
* Grey-cheeked thrush
* Swainson's thrush
* Hermit thrush
* Wood thrush
* Scarlet tanager
* Summer tanager
* Red-eyed vireo
* Philadelphia vireo
* Yellow-throated vireo
* Eastern towhee
* Lark sparrow
* Song sparrow
* White-crowned sparrow
* White-throated sparrow
* Dark-eyed junco
* Rose-breasted grosbeak
* Indigo bunting
* Savannah sparrow
* Golden-winged warbler
* Tennessee warbler
* Northern parula
* Yellow warbler
* Chestnut-sided warbler
* Magnolia warbler
* Cape May warbler
* Yellow-rumped warbler
* Blackburnian warbler
* Bay-breasted warbler
* Blackpoll warbler
* Black-and-white warbler
* American redstart
* Ovenbird
* Northern waterthrush
* Common yellowthroat
* Hooded warbler
* Wilson's warbler
* Evening grosbeak
* Baltimore oriole
* Brown-headed cowbird
* Bobolink

## Controversial species

The following species have been recorded, but not accepted as wild:
* Yellow-headed blackbird
# North Alabama Speedway

North Alabama Speedway located just outside Tuscumbia, Alabama, USA is a 3/8 mile high banked clay oval. North Alabama Speedway opened in 1977, operating through 1987. It reopened in 1990, operating through 1993, and reopened again in 1995. In 2007 it is hosting events for World of Outlaws Late Model Series and Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series.
# Great Passion (Dürer)

Great Passion is a 1497–1510 series of eleven woodcuts plus a frontispiece by Albrecht Dürer. Its title distinguishes it from his later Small Passion. One of the best surviving sets is now in the Albertina in Vienna.

## History

At first, after settling in Nuremberg, Dürer only produced prints, a far more guaranteed income stream than chasing commissions for paintings. Around 1497 he began to plan an ambitious and in many ways innovative plan to produce an illustrated edition of the Passion of Jesus, which he worked on in parallel with his Apocalypse. He not only produced the preparatory drawings for the work but also the woodblocks for printing the images and text. As with Apocalypse, the illustrations were full-page works in recto, followed by the text of the relevant Biblical verses, telling the same scene in image and words without the reader having to compare each illustration with its corresponding passage.
He drew on both local and foreign artistic influences, including Raphael's Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary. The stand-out print from his first phase of work on Passion is Christ Bearing his Cross - its crowd and Christ uniting two themes from copperplate engravings by Martin Schongauer and accentuating their Late Gothic style whilst the musculature of the soldier on the right also draws on the contemporary study of anatomy which Dürer would have seen in Italian Renaissance works in Venice. These two influences are merged in an idiosyncratic but naturalistic style, making the best use of the bold black-white contrast inherent in woodcutting, giving volume to the figures through parallel hatching, already used for copperplate engravings at that time. The synthesis intensifies as the work goes on, merging the visionary nature of the events with a classical naturalism and monumentality in the figures.
The full set was only completed with its last four plates and the frontispiece in 1510, appearing as a book with a Latin text. In the meantime, Dürer had had to release individual prints from the set, thus (combined with its less sensational and fantastical nature than Apocalypse) lessening the final work's impact and success.

## List

* Frontispiece (1510)
* Last Supper (1510)
* Agony in the Garden (around 1497)
* Christ Arrested (1510)
* Flagellation of Christ (around 1497)
* Ecce Homo (1499 circa)
* Christ Carries his Cross (1498)
* Crucifixion (1498)
* Lamentation (around 1497)
* Burial of Christ (around 1497)
* Christ Descends into Limbo (1510)
* Resurrection of Christ (1510)

## Gallery

* Frontispiece
* Last Supper
* Agony in the Garden
* Christ Arrested
* Flagellation of Christ
* Ecce Homo
* Christ Carries his Cross
* Crucifixion
* Lamentation
* Burial of Christ
* Christ Descends into Limbo
* Resurrection of Christ
# Great Parks of Hamilton County

Great Parks of Hamilton County is the park district of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. It was established in 1930, opening its first park, Sharon Woods, in 1932. It was known as the Hamilton County Park District until 2014. The park system includes 18 parks and 4 conservation areas. It is governed by a board of park commissioners. Park headquarters are located in the second largest park in the system, Winton Woods. The county park system also coordinates with the Cincinnati Park Board.

## Amenities and activities

The parks are open 365 days a year, from dawn to dusk. Boathouses, golf courses, visitor centers and gift shop hours vary by season. All vehicles entering the parks must have a valid Motor Vehicle Permit ($10 annual for county residents; $16 annual for non-county residents; $5 daily county residents; $8 daily non-county residents). The Great Parks offer reserved banquet centers, lodging, shelters, weddings, and campsites. Campgrounds are only at Miami Whitewater Forest and Winton Woods. The three largest parks are Miami Whitewater Forest, Winton Woods, and Sharon Woods. Things to do at a typical county park are hiking trails (nature, paved, and parcourse), picnicking, fishing, paddle boating, kayaking, canoeing, biking, riding horses, farm animals, playing on playgrounds, golfing (at Miami Whitewater Forest, Winton Woods, Sharon Woods, Woodland Mound, and Little Miami Golf Center), frisbee golf, playing sports, and visiting their nature centers. Dog parks are located at Simmonds Family Dog Park (Miami Whitewater Soccer Complex) and at Otto Armleder Memorial Park & Recreation Complex. Law enforcement services are provided by the Great Parks of Hamilton County Ranger Department, 24/7/365.

## List of parks and conservation areas
### Parks

* Campbell Lakes Preserve
* Embshoff Woods
* Farbach-Werner Nature Preserve
* Fernbank Park*
* Francis RecreAcres
* Glenwood Gardens
* Lake Isabella
* Little Miami Golf Center (including the southern end of the Little Miami Scenic Trail)
* Miami Whitewater Forest
* Mitchell Memorial Forest
* Otto Armleder Memorial Park & Recreation Complex*
* Sharon Woods
* Shawnee Lookout
* Triple Creek
* Werk Road Property
* Winton Woods
* Withrow Nature Preserve
* Woodland Mound

### Conservation Areas

* Kroger Hills
* Newberry Wildlife Sanctuary
* Oak Glen Nature Preserve
* Richardson Forest Preserve
Asterisk (*) symbolizes parks that are worked through the City of Cincinnati and Hamilton County

## Gallery

* Shawnee Lookout
* Cabin at Shawnee Lookout
* Shawnee Lookout
* Shawnee Lookout
* Shawnee Lookout fort
* Milk house at Shawnee Lookout
* Fernbank Park
* Playground at Fernbank Park
* Miami Whitewater
* Miami Whitewater
* Shaker Trace trail, at Miami Whitewater Forest.
* Pedestrian bridge at Winton Woods
# North River Mountain

North River Mountain is a mountain ridge that runs southwest to northeast in Hampshire County, West Virginia, United States. Named for the North River that parallels its western flanks for its entire length, North River Mountain reaches its highest elevation of 2,149 feet (655 m) near the community of Delray. North River Mountain extends from Staack's Gap at Rio to the Hiett Run gap at North River Mills. Geologically, Ice Mountain is the same mountain ridge, with the Hiett Run gap acting as the physical divide.
# Tilston

Tilston is a village and a civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the county of Cheshire, England. It is located near the larger towns of Chester to the north, Wrexham to the west and Whitchurch to the south. At the 2001 Census, the population was recorded as 627, reducing to 603 at the 2011 census. Tilston is home to a primary school of approximately 100 students.

## Buildings

The parish is home to a number of notable buildings and structures including St Mary's Church, a Grade II* listed building. A War Memorial Hall was opened in 1976, commemorating ten parishioners lost in World War I and six in World War II.

## History
### Roman history

Tilston stands on the site of the Roman town of Bovium, which was a staging post on the Roman road (similar to Watling Street) between the larger settlements at Deva Victrix (modern-day Chester) and Viroconium (now Wroxeter).

### Middle Ages

In 1066 after the Battle of Hastings the area of present-day Tilston was taken by the Normans from the Anglo-Saxons. Initially Gerbod the Fleming and a few years later Hugh Lupus, thought to be a nephew of King William I (William the Conqueror), were given extensive areas of Cheshire by the King, to assume the titles of 1st and 2nd Earl of Chester respectively.
Lupus gave control of parts of his earldom to his supporters, with the Manor of Tilston assigned to the Norman knight Sir Eynion, who assumed the title Eynion de Tilston and passed title and manor on to his descendants. The 'Tilston lords' lived in a castle on the manor thought to be close to the current village of Shocklach, eventually losing their status during the demise of feudalism in England.
Since the Middle Ages, Tilston's history has been closely linked with that of neighboring Carden including through the activities and buildings of the Carden Estate.

### Welsh Marches

The village is located in the Welsh Marches, the area along the English border with Wales. In the 12th century, Wales was not part of the Kingdom of England and the Welsh conducted frequent raids across the border into Tilston and other English 'Marcher' areas, until Wales was conquered in the late 13th Century by King Edward I ('Longshanks').
# North Pennine Batholith

The North Pennine Batholith, also known as the Weardale Granite is a granitic batholith lying under northeast England, emplaced around 400 million years ago in the early Devonian. The batholith consists of five plutons, the Tynehead, Scordale, Rowlands Gill, Cornsay and Weardale plutons. The Weardale Granite pluton is the largest and the only one that has been proved (sampled), after the Rookhope Borehole confirmed Martin Bott's hypothesis that a large negative gravity anomaly under Weardale represented a low-density igneous intrusion.

## History of Study

In 1934, Kingsley Dunham published a paper proposing that ore deposits in the Alston Block were formed due to a granite intrusion beneath Weardale. This was later tested by a gravity survey, which found a large negative gravity anomaly, supporting the hypothesis.
In the early 1960s, a borehole was drilled at Rookhope by Durham University, and proved the existence of the intrusion at a depth of 390 m. The intrusion was found to have a weathered top, so couldn't account for the mineralisation that was the basis of the hypothesis that first suggested its existence.
In 2004, a second borehole was drilled in Eastgate, and the granite was reached at 270 m below the surface
# North Penn Mosque

North Penn Mosque is a mosque in Lansdale, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. In addition to daily prayers, the mosque arranges education programs, social activities, interfaith dialogues, and peace efforts in the community.

## History

North Penn Mosque was established in 2000 when local Muslims realized they needed a place to congregate and pray together. The site of the mosque sits on the former Saint Marie Club.
After a zoning hearing on February 18, 2014, the mosque received permission to convert a nearby building they had bought into an education center. It was intended for after-school religious educational classes, as well as private apartments for religious instructors capable of housing two families, and money was raised with fundraisers.
On April 4, 2021, 650 people were vaccinated at the mosque which was used as a COVID-19 vaccination clinic.
# Tillandsia kolbii

Tillandsia kolbii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guatemala.

## Cultivars

* Tillandsia 'First Born'
# Tillandsia lampropoda

Tillandsia lampropoda is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Central America and southern Mexico, from Oaxaca to Panama.

## Cultivars

* Tillandsia 'El Primo'
* Tillandsia 'Sentry'
* × Vrieslandsia 'Red Beacon'
# Northern Ireland Trophy

The Northern Ireland Trophy was a professional snooker tournament.

## History

First contested in 1981 and named Northern Ireland Classic. It was an invitational event held at Ulster Hall, Belfast, and Jimmy White beat Steve Davis in the final.
The event was revived for the 2005/06 season as an invitational event and was contested by 20 players. From the 2006/07 season, it became a full ranking event, attended by the world's top 32 players plus 16 qualifiers.
The event was the first ranking tournament to be held in Northern Ireland and has been staged as part of World Snooker's continuing efforts to popularise the game in more territories. The tournament took place at the Waterfront Hall, Belfast. It has been the opening event of the season, other than in 2007 when it was held in November. Prize money for 2006 totalled £200,500 with the winner receiving £30,000.
In the 2006 event Ronnie O'Sullivan broke a world record during his semi-final against Dominic Dale; he won the match in 53 minutes of play, which was the fastest ever time in a best-of-11 match. At the 2007 event, O'Sullivan established another record in his 3rd round 5–2 win over Ali Carter by becoming the only player to win a match in a ranking tournament by compiling a century break in every winning frame. O'Sullivan also compiled a maximum break in the same match.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Runner-up | Final score | Venue | Season |
| Northern Ireland Classic (non-ranking) ||||||
| 1981 | Jimmy White | Steve Davis | 11–9 | Belfast | 1981/82 |
| Northern Ireland Trophy (non-ranking) ||||||
| 2005 | Matthew Stevens | Stephen Hendry | 9–7 | Belfast | 2005/06 |
| Northern Ireland Trophy (ranking) ||||||
| 2006 | Ding Junhui | Ronnie O'Sullivan | 9–6 | Belfast | 2006/07 |
| 2007 | Stephen Maguire | Fergal O'Brien | 9–5 | Belfast | 2007/08 |
| 2008 | Ronnie O'Sullivan | Dave Harold | 9–3 | Belfast | 2008/09 |
# Greenland women's national volleyball team

The Greenland women's national volleyball team ( Greenlandic : Arnat nunanut allanut unammisartut, Danish : Grønlandsk damelandsholdet volleyball ) represents Greenland in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches, The Team Ruled and managed by the Greenlandic Volleyball Association that is a part of the Federation of International Volleyball (FIVB) as well as the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV), The Greenlandic Team also follow two regional European Volleyball bodies which are the North European Volleyball Zonal Association (NEVZA) and the Small Countries Association (SCA).

## Team History

The Greenlandic women's national volleyball team has never in its history Qualified to any major international volleyball Events like the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, Olympic Games, European Championship they Participate in Regional competitions like Small Countries Division Championship their best results in this Tournament was the 6th place in the 2019 Edition, they also have two bronze medal in the Games of the Small States of Europe in 2003 and 2013.
# Isaac Richards (bishop)

Isaac Richards (11 February 1859 – 10 May 1936) was an Anglican bishop in New Zealand from 1920 to 1934.

## Life and church career

Richards was born in Tavistock, Devon, and educated at Wesleyan College, Taunton, and Exeter College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1878, graduating B.A. in 1882, and M.A. in 1885. He was ordained in 1882. He became curate of St Paul's, Truro, in 1883, and married Gertrude Oxland in 1885. They migrated to New Zealand in 1886 when he became vicar of St Mark's, Remuera, in Auckland.
In 1895 he became Warden of Selwyn College in Dunedin, and in 1900, vicar of Tuapeka in Central Otago. He was canon of St Paul's Cathedral, Dunedin, and archdeacon successively of Queenstown and of Invercargill. He became Bishop of Dunedin in 1920, holding the position until he retired owing to ill-health in 1934.
Richards and his wife had a daughter and four sons, two of whom were killed at Gallipoli in 1915.

## Cricketing career

While he was a vicar in Auckland, Richards played five first-class cricket matches for Auckland between 1890 and 1894 as a batsman and occasional wicketkeeper. His most successful match was against the touring New South Wales team in early 1890, when, batting in the middle order, he made 25 (Auckland's top score in the first innings) and 29. He continued playing club cricket after he moved to Dunedin in 1895.

## Publications

Richards wrote several pamphlets on church matters and two books:
* The Church in Danger, or, The General Synod and the Constitution (1912)
* The Lord and Giver of Life: Addresses on the presence of the Holy Spirit in the world and in the church (1916)
# Time trade-off

In health economics, time trade-off (TTO) is a technique used to measure the quality of life that a person or group is experiencing. An individual will be presented with a set of directions such as:
   Imagine that you are told that you have 10 years left to live. In connection with this you are also told that you can choose to live these 10 years in your current health state or that you can choose to give up some life years to live for a shorter period in full health. Indicate with a cross on the line the number of years in full health that you think is of equal value to 10 years in your current health state.
The answer given by the individual shows how many years in the current health state they would be willing to 'trade off', in order to regain full health. This answer can be used to calculate the individual's quality of life in that health state.
For example, an individual with severe asthma could be offered 10 years in their current condition, or a shorter length of time in full health. If this individual is willing to trade off two of the ten offered years in order to regain full health, this suggests that eight years in full health has the same value as ten years with severe asthma. In this case, the individual would have valued living with severe asthma at 0.8, relative to full health (defined as 1.0).
TTO scores can be influenced by socio-demographic characteristics and attitudinal variables of respondents, such as age, gender, marital status, having children, health status, education level, socio-economic status, ethnicity, and religious beliefs. Also, they can be influenced by the effects of ill health on consumptive activities and non health-related utility.
Time trade-off results are often used to calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), allowing healthcare decision makers to combine mortality and morbidity into a single interval scale.

## Other tools

Some other tools that are used to determine quality of life are :
* Visual Analogue Scale (VAS),
* Standard Gamble (SG),
* EQ-5D,
* Health Utilities Index (HUI).
See also: Utility assessment.
# Tilly, Indre

Tilly is a commune in the Indre department in central France.

## Geography

The commune is located in the parc naturel régional de la Brenne.
The river Benaize forms most of the commune's southern border.
# Ischnocampa griseola

Ischnocampa griseola is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on Jamaica.