OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Helen Tunnicliff Catterall

Helen Tunnicliff Catterall (March 3, 1870 – November 10, 1933) was an American lawyer, writer, and historian, based in Chicago. She is best known for her five-volume Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, published between 1926 and 1937.

## Early life

Helen Honor Tunnicliff was born in Macomb, Illinois, the daughter of judge Damon G. Tunnicliff and his second wife, Sarah Alice Bacon Tunnicliff. She graduated from Vassar College in 1889, and gave an address at commencement on "The New Astronomy." After Vassar, Tunnicliff earned a law degree and pursued further studies in political science at the University of Chicago.
Her younger sisters also graduated from Vassar. Sarah Bacon Tunnicliff (1872–1957) was a director of the Woman's City Club of Chicago and a social reformer, and Ruth May Tunnicliff (1876–1946) became a medical researcher and president of the Chicago Society of Pathologists.

## Career

Tunnicliff practiced law in Massachusetts and Illinois, and taught at Cornell University. She was also director of a children's home in Ithaca. She is best known as main author of the five-volume Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro (1926–1937), written with support from the Carnegie Foundation. Her work remains a useful source on the legal history of slavery in the United States, and is still referenced in controversies on the subject, almost a century after its publication.

## Personal life

In 1896, Helen Tunnicliff married English-born historian Ralph Charles Henry Catterall (1866–1914). They had a son, Ralph Tunnicliff Catterall (1897–1978), who followed his mother into a law career. Helen Tunnicliff Catterall died in 1933, aged 63 years, in Richmond, Virginia, where her son lived. Her papers are archived at the University of Chicago Library.
# Helen Levitov Sobell

Helen Levitov Sobell (March 13, 1918 – April 15, 2002) was an American teacher, scientist and activist, and the former wife of convicted spy Morton Sobell. She petitioned but failed to save Julius and Ethel Rosenberg from execution for conspiracy to commit espionage.

## Biography

Helen Levitov was born in Washington, D.C. Her parents, Max and Rose, were Yiddish-speaking Jews from the Russian Empire who immigrated to the United States in 1909 and 1908, respectively. As a child, she contracted polio.
During her lifetime, she attended Wilson Teachers College. Throughout World War II she worked at the National Bureau of Standards as a spectrometer technician. In 1938, Levitov married Clarence Darrow Gurewitz. They divorced seven years later, in 1945.
Levitov went to work at the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, where she met, then married, Morton Sobell. Levitov Sobell then studied physics at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. She moved to New York City in 1947 and was, three years later, awarded an M.S. in physics from Columbia University.
After being accused of spying, she and her husband fled to Mexico. They were abducted on August 16, 1950, by Mexican agents and turned over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. She was not prosecuted, but her husband was convicted of "conspiracy to commit espionage" and sentenced to 30 years in federal prison.
She campaigned to save the Rosenbergs from execution, raising more than $1 million for their defense. She also fought to have her husband's conviction overturned, filing eight unsuccessful appeals and even leasing the main stage at Carnegie Hall where she hosted the "Committee to Secure Justice for Morton Sobell" on May 15, 1956.
In 1956, she published a book of poems, You, Who Love Life.
She then taught science at the Elisabeth Irwin High School. Her husband was released from prison in 1969. In 1980, at the age of 62, she earned her Ph.D. in computer education from Teachers College, Columbia University.
The Sobells separated in 1980. They formally divorced the following year, after which she moved to San Francisco. There, she taught briefly at Contra Costa College before retiring. She also became an active member of the Gray Panthers.
After living with Alzheimer's disease for a decade, she died on April 15, 2002, at a nursing home in Redwood City, California.
# Teleiopsis sophistica

Teleiopsis sophistica is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in China (Shanghai).
# Telejenel

The Telejenel is a left tributary of the river Teleajen in Romania. It discharges into the Teleajen near Măneciu-Ungureni. Its length is 22 km (14 mi) and its basin size is 74 km$^2$ (29 sq mi). The upper reach of the river is also known as Valea Stânei.
# Teachers' League of South Africa

The Teachers' League of South Africa (TLSA) was an organization for coloured teachers founded in Cape Town in June of 1913. The group, while originally focused on issues surrounding education, became increasingly political in the mid-1940s and started to agitate against apartheid. Due to state suppression, the group became defunct in 1963.

## History

TLSA was started in Cape Town in June of 1913 as a group for coloured teachers. One of the founding members was Harold Cressy and the African Political Organization (APO) laid the foundations that allowed TLSA to grow. Abdullah Abdurahman had a large influence on the early group. There were less than a hundred members to start with, but grew to around 1,500 in the mid 1940s. The official publication of TLSA was the Education Journal.
In 1934, TLSA changed its constitution so that membership was no longer limited to coloured teachers. TLSA began to agitate against the South African government, starting around 1937. In 1943, the group affiliated with the Non European Unity Movement (NEUM). It also affiliated with the Natal Indian Teachers' Society (NITS). TLSA began to expand from its original mandate of improving working conditions for teachers and began to fight apartheid. As TLSA became more radical, some moderates left in 1944 to form the Teachers' Educational and Professional Association (TEPA).
After the Sharpeville massacre, TLSA became defunct, due to "state repression." Around 1960, the current president of TLSA, Willem P. Van Schoor, was banned. In June of 1963, TLSA had its final conference.

## Notable members

* Neville Alexander
* Harold Cressy
* Dulcie September
* Dorothy Williams
# Teachers' Retirement System of the State of Illinois

The Teachers' Retirement System of the State of Illinois is an American state government agency dealing with pensions and other financial benefits for teachers and other workers in education in Illinois.

## Purpose

The Illinois General Assembly created the Teachers’ Retirement System of the State of Illinois (TRS or the System) in 1939 for the purpose of providing retirement annuities, and disability and survivor benefits for educators employed in public schools outside the city of Chicago. The System's enabling legislation is in the Illinois Pension Code at 40 ILCS 5/16-101

## Membership

TRS members fall into the following categories: active, inactive, annuitant, and beneficiary. Active members are full-time, part-time, and substitute Illinois public school personnel employed outside the city of Chicago in positions requiring licensure by the Illinois State Board of Education. Persons employed in certain state agencies and statewide or national organizations related to education are also active TRS members. As of June 30, 2021, there were 159,027 active members.
Inactive members are no longer contributing to the System but have service credit that will entitle them to draw a benefit or refund when statutory eligibility requirements are met. As of June 30, 2021, there were 145,769 inactive members.
Annuitants are persons receiving a retirement annuity or disability retirement annuity. Beneficiaries are persons receiving a survivor benefit or reversionary annuity. As of June 30, 2021, there were 127,518 annuitants and beneficiaries.

## Benefits

Subject to various qualification requirements, members and annuitants of TRS may be eligible for a range of benefits including:
* retirement annuity
* death benefits
* disability benefits
* health insurance (post-retirement)

## Funding

TRS has several sources of funding:
* member contributions,
* investment income,
* employer contributions, and
* appropriations from Illinois state government.

## Creation of Tier II

Public Act 96–0889, which was signed into law in the spring of 2010, adds a new section to the Pension Code that applies different benefits to anyone who first contributes to TRS on or after January 1, 2011, and does not have previous service credit with a pension system that has reciprocal rights with TRS. These members are referred to as “Tier II” members.
Changes from the “Tier I” pension law include raising the minimum eligibility to draw a retirement benefit to age 67 with 10 years of service, initiating a cap on the salaries used to calculate retirement benefits, and limiting cost-of-living annuity adjustments to the lesser of 3 percent or half of the annual increase in the Consumer Price Index, not compounded. The retirement formula is unchanged. The new pension law does not apply to anyone who has TRS service prior to January 1, 2011. These members remain participants of Tier I.
# Sandro Munari

Sandro Munari (born 27 March 1940), also nicknamed 'Il Drago' (The Dragon) is a former motor racing and rally driver from Italy.

## Career

Sandro Munari was born in Cavarzere, in the Veneto region. He began rallying in 1965 and won the Italian Rally Championship in 1967 and 1969, adding the European Rally Championship title in 1973 driving a Lancia Fulvia Coupé 1.6 HF. In 1972 he won the Targa Florio sports car endurance race, partnering Arturo Merzario in a works Ferrari 312PB. Also in 1972 Munari claimed his first major rally victory, winning the Monte Carlo Rally in a works Lancia Fulvia.
Munari was to become strongly associated with another of Lancia's rally icons – the Lancia Stratos HF. The partnership between the Italian car and the driver scooped a further Monte Carlo Rally hat-trick in the mid-1970s, among a total of seven World Rally Championship victories. Munari also won the 1977 FIA Cup for Rally Drivers title. Later in his career he competed with a Fiat 131 Abarth, finishing third at the 1978 Tour de Corse and sixth at the 1980 Rallye Côte d'Ivoire. His last WRC appearances were at the Safari Rally, which he contested from 1981 to 1984, but retired each time.
# Freedom Party (Slovakia)

The Freedom Party (Strana slobody) originally Christian-Republican Party (Kresťansko-republikánska strana) was a political party in Slovakia.
It was founded by some members of the Democratic Party in March 1946 as a party mainly for Catholics. Its aim was to present an alternative of “Christian, progressive and pro-Czechoslovak″ politics to the Democratic Party. The Freedom Party was led by Vavro Šrobár and won 3 seats in the Czechoslovak parliament in the 1946 election. The party was main platform for the so-called Hlasists.
When the Communists took power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the party lost any practical power and became playing role of a bloc party in the National Front. Its newspaper was called Sloboda (Freedom).
During the communist rule, some Slovak intellectuals in opposition to the regime were concentrated in the party, with its peak during the Prague Spring in 1968.
After the Velvet Revolution, in 1990, the party adopted a new, Christian programme, but remained without any importance in Slovak politics.
# Ted Stryker

Ted Stryker may refer to:
* Stryker (disc jockey)
* A character from Alone in the Dark 2
* Ted Stryker, a character from Zero Hour!
* Ted Striker, a character from Airplane!
# Tectus royanus

Tectus royanus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tegulidae.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 80 mm, its major diameter 97 mm. Dimensions of largest known shell 101 mm x 102 mm. The large, massive, imperforate shell has a pyramidal shape. In adult shells the upper surface is invariably covered with algae, coralline and other, while the base usually supports a colony of Serpula. The sculpture of these adult shells is scarcely distinguishable. Young shells, however, show the sculpture. The suture is well marked. The (more than 12) whorls are subscalar. The body whorl is strongly keeled. The base of the shell is flat. The shell is covered with very low rounded nodules along the lower edge, there being about 15 at a distance of 2 cm. from the apex, but sometimes they are so indistinct that they can scarcely be detected. The whole exterior is ornamented by close spiral beaded ribs, about 10 to a centimetre, crossed by diagonal growth lines, and covered with a white calcareous coating. The base is smooth save for diagonal growth lines on a white calcareous covering. But near the interior, where the coating is absent, it shows regular spiral threads, which are closest along the exterior margin. The colour of the shell is white, the interior pearly iridescent, with a well-marked white margin on the exterior of the thin, fragile outer lip. The aperture is quadrate and very oblique, the basal portion smooth inside. The columella is pearly, anteriorly terminating in a solid tubercle, and ascending with a semicircular sweep. The thin operculum is horny, multispiral with a central nucleus.
Tectus royanus is allied to Tectus pyramis (Born, 1778), an Indo-Pacific species, but differs in colour and in sculpture, which is much finer than that in T. pyramis.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Kermadec Islands from the low water mark to 29 m.
# Teldex Studio

Teldex Studio for sound recordings is in the borough of Lichterfelde in Berlin, Germany. It was named in 2002 as successor to the Teldec Studio, operated by Teldec Classics and, earlier, by Telefunken, on the same premises, and it underwent a major upgrade the following year. Its main live area, the "Hall", is 455 metres square, roughly 4,900 square feet. The upgrade (and rebuilding) replaced a 72-input Solid State Logic 9000 with a 48-input Studer 980 and an Avid 5-MC Controller. Teldex Studio came into existence after Warner Music wound down several operations of the labels Teldec Classics in Germany and Erato Disques in France and Teldec Studio members Friedemann Engelbrecht, Tobias Lehmann and Martin Sauer (Teldec's last managing director) chose to continue their work by establishing a new company. In 2002 the team began a cooperation with French label Harmonia Mundi. This was soon supplemented by contracts with Warner, BMG, Deutsche Grammophon, EMI, Sony Classical and independent labels. Projects have included Jonas Kaufmann and Helmut Deutsch's 2005 acclaimed traversal of Strauss Lieder for Harmonia Mundi, the Nielsen Wind Quintet with members of the Berlin Philharmonic for EMI in 2006, and Arcadi Volodos' intimate 2012 survey of Mompou's piano music for Sony.
# Ulverton, Quebec

Ulverton is a municipality in Le Val-Saint-François Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada.
Prior to December 15, 1999, it was in Drummond Regional County Municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region.

## Demographics
### Language

Mother tongue (2011)
| Language | Population | Pct (%) |
| French only | 330 | 79.5% |
| English only | 70 | 16.9% |
| English and French | 5 | 1.2% |
| Non-official languages | 10 | 2.4% |
# Henri Lagriffoul

Henri-Albert Lagriffoul (9 May 1907 – 22 August 1981) was a French sculptor who won the Prix de Rome in 1932. His work is displayed in many public spaces in France. His head of "Marianne" appeared on the French coins from 1962 to 1970. He also competed in the art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

## Life

Lagriffoul was born in Paris in 1907. His father ran a goldsmith workshop. He was admitted to the studio of sculptors Jules Coutan and Paul Landowski at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris from 1924 to 1925. Lagriffoul assisted Landowski with the statue of Christ the Redeemer at Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil between 1926 and 1931. He won the Prix de Rome for sculpture in 1932 and spent three years at the Villa Médicis in Rome.
Lagriffoul was appointed professor at the École des Beaux-arts, Paris in 1944. He became a member of the advisory council for the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres. He made four sculpture for Sèvres between 1949 and 1955, including a table centerpiece and two ornamented vases. From 1959 he was professor of sculpture at the École polytechnique. He died in 1981.

## Work

Chavignon's war memorial has sculptures by Lagriffoul from 1933. There are two bas-reliefs on the monument, one depicting a soldier holding an antique sword and the other a woman carrying her child and a sheaf of wheat. A sculpture by Lagriffoul decorates the north facade of the Collège mixte de Lens, avenue Raoul-Brique, Pas-de-Calais, made in August–September 1958. He created a sculpture representing deportees to concentration and extermination camps for the Mémorial de la France combattante in Mont-Valérien, inaugurated in 1960. It depicts emaciated hands trying to pull away the barbed wire that lacerates a tortured heart. He created the head of "Marianne" that appeared on coins of 5, 10, 20 and 50 centimes from 1962 to 1966.
Some other major works include:
* Badge of the best French worker (1932)
* The Vocation of Joan of Arc, Sainte Jeanne d’Arc Church, Gennevilliers, Hauts-de-Seine (1945)
* Autumn, Présidence du Conseil, Hôtel Montalivet, Paris (1952)
* Virgin and Child, Rouen Cathedral, Seine-Maritime (1956)
* Bas-relief, Chambre of Commerce, Le Havre, Seine-Maritime (1957)
* Monument to the dead of Vimoutiers, Orne (1958)
20 French Centime with Marianne on Obverse. :
| Obverse: Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty. | Reverse: Face value and French motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité". |
| Engraved by Chavignon, coin was minted from 1962 to 2001. ||

## Awards

Lagriffoul received the following awards:
* Diplôme d’honneur at the Exposition d’Anvers (Belgium), 1930
* Gold medal at the Exposition coloniale, 1931
* Premier Grand Prix de Rome for sculpture, 1932
* Gold medal at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques, 1937
* Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur
* Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres

## Publications

* Lagriffoul, Henri (1950). Conseils pratiques sur la sculpture. Paris: Editions S. Bornemann.
# Jiaxiang

Jiaxiang may refer to:
* Jiaxiang (家鄉), ancestral hometown of certain Chinese people or clan.
* Jizang (嘉祥; 549–623 CE), also known as Jiaxiang, a Chinese monk
* Jiaxiang County (嘉祥县), of Jining, Shandong, China
** Jiaxiang Town (嘉祥镇), seat of Jiaxiang County
* 4760 Jia-xiang, main belt asteroid
* Jackson Hole, China, also known as Jiaxiang (transliteration)
# Pakki encounter

The Pakki encounter was a shootout between Punjab Police and members of the Jaipal Singh criminal gang in the Pakki village of Sri Ganganagar district in the western Indian state of Rajasthan, resulting in the deaths of fugitive Vicky Gounder along with his henchmen Prema Lahoria and Sukhpreet Singh. Vicky and Prema died on the spot, while Sukhpreet was injured in the encounter and later died at Abohar civil hospital during treatment. During the encounter two police personnel were grievously wounded.
Harjinder Bhullar, aged 28, known by his nickname Vicky Gounder was the mastermind of the 2016 Nabha jailbreak and was wanted in fifteen cases of murder, kidnapping and robbery in states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh and carried a bounty of 10 lakh rupees on his head.
# Hell No!

"Hell No!" is the debut single of Australian singer Ricki-Lee Coulter. It was released on 13 June 2005 as the lead single from her self-titled debut album, Ricki-Lee (2005). "Hell No!" debuted and peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies. The music video for the song was directed by Bart Borghesi and filmed at Flinders Street, Melbourne.

## Background and reception

"Hell No!" was written by Audius Mtawarira, Andy Love and Cheryline Lim, and produced by Mtawarira. It was released as a CD single on 13 June 2005, serving as the lead single from Ricki-Lee. Lyrically, the song is about Coulter being frustrated with life. According to The Hot Hits, "Hell No!" has the "in your face yet tongue in cheek attitude" and wrote that "the hot grooved, up-tempo track is perhaps not what many people expected from the 19 year old, 2004 Idol favourite". The Age noted that "Hell No!" has "a funky street feel to it". Matthew Chisling of Allmusic wrote "Coulter's versatile voice booms proudly" on the song. "Hell No!" debuted and peaked at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart on 20 June 2005 and spent three consecutive weeks in the top ten. The song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies.

## Track listings

* Australian CD single
* "Hell No!"
* "Hell No!" (instrumental)
* "Over the Rainbow"
* Australian remix CD
* "Hell No!" (Cabin Crew remix radio edit)
* "Hell No!" featuring Israel Cruz (Elite Fleet remix)
* "Hell No!" featuring Sean Ray (Aztryx remix)
* "Hell No!" (Musik1 remix)
* "Hell No!" (Cabin Crew extended club remix) – 6:28
* "Hell No!" (original version)
* "Hell No!" (acapella—lead vocal)
* "Hell No!" (acapella—backing vocals)

## Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Ricki-Lee: The Singles.
Locations
* Mixed at Sing Sing Studios
* Mastered at Crystal Mastering
Personnel
* Audius – writing (as Audius Mtawarira), production, mixing
* Andy Love – writing
* Cheryline Lim – writing
* Andy Baldwin – mixing
* John Ruberto – mastering

## Certification

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Jerry S. Palazolo

Jerry S. Palazolo of Memphis, Tennessee, is a collector and expert of postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States of America. He is also owner of a retail wine and liquor business.

## Collecting interests

Palazolo is a collector with knowledge of all aspects of postal history of the Confederate States of America. However, he specializes in the study of postal history of Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas, from the founding of postal systems in those areas and on through 1869.

## Philatelic activity

Jerry Palazolo has served as editor and co-editor of various philatelic handbooks and catalogues. He has amassed a library of philatelic literature of over one thousand documents.
At the Confederate Stamp Alliance, Jerry Palazolo is chairman of the Authentication Service.

## CSA Catalog project

Jerry S. Palazolo is on the editorial board of the CSA Catalog project which is updating August Dietz’s The Postal Service of the Confederate States of America and re-publishing it as the Confederate States Catalog and Handbook, planned to be published in 2010.