OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nile Clumps

The Nile Clumps are a series of tree clumps just west of Amesbury on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, planted in the early 19th century purportedly to commemorate the Battle of the Nile.

## Planting

Between 1 and 3 August 1798 a British fleet, under Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeated a French fleet, under François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, in Aboukir Bay, in the Battle of the Nile. The French fleet consisted of thirteen ships of the line and four frigates, while Nelson had fourteen ships of the line. All but four of the French ships were destroyed or captured; no British ships were lost.
After Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar, it is believed that Charles Douglas, 6th Marquess of Queensberry – a friend of Nelson's mistress, Emma Hamilton – planted clumps of beech trees on his Amesbury Abbey estate to commemorate him, as part of an expansion of the parkland to the north and west of the house. Each clump represented the location of a British or French ship at a particular point in the battle.
There may have been as many as twenty-six clumps originally, spread out over three-quarters of a mile.

## Today

Seventeen clumps remain today and are under preservation orders. However, as beech has a natural life of some 200 years, many are dying off. Around 2005, several clumps were replanted by local volunteers, each with about 200 mixed trees including beech, maple and hawthorn. Amongst the clumps that have been replanted are those for Swiftsure, Defence, L'Orient and Bellerophon.
The evidence that the clumps were planted to commemorate the battle is based on local lore and a similarity between the layout of the woods and the position of ships shown in Robert Dodd's map of the battle. The UK National Maritime Museum has also suggested that the link between the Battle of the Nile and the clumps is "quite likely".
Most of the surviving clumps stand on the north side of the A303 to the west of Amesbury and inside the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, although several used to stand south and along the course of the road. Several of the remaining clumps stand on land owned by the National Trust's Stonehenge Landscape property.

## Other memorial woods

A plaque on the Nelson Memorial at Swarland, Northumberland mentions a line of trees in the shape of the coastline of the Nile delta, with other trees in the positions of the British and French ships, to the west of the monument. Aerial photographs suggest that the trees may be at 55°19′10.72″N 1°44′20.25″W﻿ / ﻿55.3196444°N 1.7389583°W﻿ / 55.3196444; -1.7389583.
The Nile Clumps are sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Trafalgar Clumps. In 2005, a Trafalgar Woods project organised by the Woodland Trust and the Society for Nautical Research aimed to plant 250,000 trees in a series of woods across the UK, to commemorate the 2005 bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar. The 27 new woods each represented a ship which took part in the battle, the largest being Victory Wood in Kent.
# Independence Party of Florida

The Independence Party of Florida was a minor political party in the state of Florida in the United States. It was established in 1999 by Peter Allen, a businessman from Riverview, Florida. Allen subsequently ran for governor of Florida as his party's nominee in 2010, by which point the party's membership had grown to include over 65,000 Floridians. According to the Orlando Sentinel, Allen ran for governor "on a pro-Constitution, anti-special-interests platform"; he received 123,831 votes in the general election, representing 2.3% of all votes cast. The party was shut down by the state of Florida in 2017. It was often confused with the Independent Party of Florida.
# Nikolai Bardovsky

Nikolai Bardovsky (9 December 1832 – 27 August 1890) was a Russian Imperial Army lieutenant general. He was a recipient of the Order of St. Vladimir, the Order of St. Anna, the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian) and the Gold Sword for Bravery. He commanded the 1st Infantry Division from 1883 to 1887.

## Sources

* Кенисарин А. Султаны Кенисара и Садык. — Ташкент, 1889.
* Бардовский, Николай Федорович // Русский биографический словарь : в 25 томах. — Санкт-Петербур, 1900. — Т. 2: Алексинский — Бестужев-Рюмин. — С. 500.
* Список генералам по старшинству на 1886 год. — СПб., 1886.
* Терентьев М. А. История завоевания Средней Азии. — СПб., 1903. — Т. 2.
# Independent set

Independent set may refer to:
* Linearly independent, of a set of vectors in a vector space.
* Independent set of elements of a matroid. See Matroid#Independent sets.
* Independent set (graph theory), a set of vertices that share no edges.
# Nikolaus Andreas von Katzler

Nikolaus Andreas von Katzler (also spelled Katzeler) (September 1696 – 10 November 1760) was a Prussian lieutenant general, Proprietor of the Gendarme Regiment, and Knight of the Black Eagle Order. He was also the heir of the property at Grimminghausen.
Von Katzler was born in Maastricht. His name was included in 1851 on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great honoring the men considered to be the founders of the modern Prussian state. He died, aged 64, in Gardelegen.
# Goheenville, Pennsylvania

Goheenville is an unincorporated community in Boggs Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located 7.7 miles (12.4 km) south of New Bethlehem via PA 66 and 12.0 miles (19.3 km) north of Kittanning.

## History

Goheenville began as a hamlet in the forks of the head branches of Scrub Grass Creek where, in 1840, George W. Goheen erected a grist mill and two saw mills; which were assessed the next year (1851) at $500, with a new house in 1852, and as a merchant in 1857. Soon afterwards Goheenville contained a public schoolhouse, a store, physician's office, three mills, blacksmith shop and a few dwelling-houses. A business directory of Pine Township includes: Goheen, G. W., Dealer in Dry Goods, Groceries, Boots, &c. P. O. Goheenville.
Scrub Grass post office was established about a mile and a quarter northeast of this point in the summer of 1844, Wm. J. Calhoun, postmaster. It was later relocated to Goheenville about 1850 and, on June 20, 1866, its name was changed to Goheenville with George W. Goheen being the second postmaster. It remained in operation until 1905. Goheenville P.O. appears in the 1876 Atlas of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.
# Golay, Kutch

Golay or Gholay is a village of Abdasa Taluka of Kutch district of Gujarat, India.

## History

Under the Chavda rule, it was known as Sarasgar Pattan, was, until superseded by Jakhau, a place of some importance.
About a mile west of Golay, is a domed stone and brick building, twenty-six feet square and twenty-eight high, said to be the tomb of Mod the son of Jakhara, and to have been built in the fourteenth century by his son Jam Manai II.
# Ningbo (disambiguation)

Ningbo is a city in Zhejiang, China.
Ningbo may also refer to:
* Ningbo dialect, dialect of Wu, one of the subdivisions of Chinese spoken language
* Port of Ningbo, in Ningbo, China
* 3543 Ningbo, main-belt asteroid
# Nina Ahlstedt

Nina Ahlstedt née Lingell (1853–1907) was a Finnish painter (belonging to Swedish-speaking population of Finland).

## Biography

She studied at the art school in Turku (1871–1876) and at the Académie Colarossi in Paris (1880–81 and again in 1897). After a début in 1878, she presented her work at the Finnish Artists Exhibitions in 1892, 1894–1899, 1902 and 1904. Ahlstedt was one of the first artists to join Victor Westerholm in the artists colony at Önningeby on the island of Åland in 1886. She and her husband Fredrik Ahlstedt, also a painter, returned there in subsequent years.

## Gallery

* Lady in a Pink Dress, 1887
* Roadside, 1888
* The Gate (Grinden), 1896
# Goods and Services Tax Act 1985

The Goods and Services Tax Act is an Act of Parliament passed in New Zealand in 1985.
The Act established a consumption tax in New Zealand, originally set at 10%, but subsequently raised to 15%. GST is a tax of 15% on all goods, services and other items sold or consumed in New Zealand. Individuals become liable to pay GST when their annual turnover exceeds NZ$60,000 in any 12-month period.
# Indian cricket team in Ceylon in 1956–57

The Indian national cricket team toured Ceylon in November 1956 and played two internationals against Ceylon. As Ceylon had not then achieved Test status, the internationals are classified as first-class matches. Both games were played at the Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium in Colombo and ended as draws.

## The Indian team

* Polly Umrigar (captain)
* Ghulam Ahmed
* Madhav Apte
* Prakash Bhandari
* Yogendra Chowdhury
* Nari Contractor
* Subhash Gupte
* Satish Khanna
* A. G. Kripal Singh
* Vijay Manjrekar
* Bapu Nadkarni
* Mohan Rai
* Gulabrai Ramchand
* Pankaj Roy
* Naren Tamhane
It was a strong Indian team: 11 of the 15 had already played Test cricket.

## The tour

* Ceylon v India, Colombo Oval, Colombo, 11, 12, 13 November 1956. Ceylon 120, India 119 for 3.
Only a few overs were possible on the first day owing to rain. On the second morning the umpires declared the pitch unfit for play, although sunshine soon afterwards made the ground fit for play. By then the teams had left the ground. The crowd expressed their displeasure at being denied what they thought should have been almost a full day's play. On the third day A. C. M. Lafir top-scored for Ceylon with 55. Gupte took 5 for 55. Contractor scored 65 not out for India.
* A two-day match followed immediately in Kandy on 14 and 15 November. The Indians declared at 218 for 3 and dismissed Central Province for 69 and 36. Ramchand made 101, and Ghulam Ahmed took 5 for 10 and 6 for 7.
* Ceylon v India, Colombo Oval, Colombo, 17, 18, 19 November 1956. India 283 and 125 for 2 declared, Ceylon 150 and 93 for 5.
India set Ceylon 259 runs to win in 75 minutes. Contractor was again India's leading scorer, with 78 and 42. Gamini Goonesena took 7 for 69 then top-scored with 48. Vernon Prins had captained Ceylon in the first match but after the poor organisation of the match ruined it as a contest he refused to play in the second match. Goonesena replaced him as captain.
# Thomas J. Hargrave

Thomas Jean Hargrave (December 5, 1891 – November 21, 1962) was an American business executive and lawyer.

## Life and career

Hargrave was born in Wymore, Nebraska. He attended the University of Nebraska and Harvard Law School.
Hargrave was president of Eastman Kodak Company during the 1940s.
In 1947, President Harry S. Truman appointed Hargrave to serve as chairman of the Munitions Board. He resigned in 1948 and was succeeded by Donald F. Carpenter.
Hargrave died on February 21, 1962, at the age of 70.
# Thomas F. Green

Thomas Franklin Green (8 February 1927 – 20 December 2006) was an American educational theorist and philosopher.

## Biography

Born on 8 February 1927, Thomas Franklin Green was raised in Lincoln, Nebraska. His parents worked as civil engineers and writers. He studied political science and philosophy at the University of Nebraska, graduating in 1948. Green elected to pursue a master's degree in philosophy, which he finished in 1949 at Nebraska. He subsequently earned a doctorate from Cornell University. Green began teaching at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and furthered his career at Michigan State University prior to joining Syracuse University in 1964. Four years later, he was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. Green was appointed Margaret O. Slocum Professor of Education in 1980 and retired from Syracuse in 1993. He died in Jamesville, New York, at the age of 79 on 20 December 2006.
# Industrialny City District, Russia

Industrialny City District is the name of several city divisions in Russia. The name literally means "industrial".
* Industrialny City District, Barnaul, a city district of Barnaul, the administrative center of Altai Krai
* Industrialny City District, Izhevsk, a city district of Izhevsk, the capital of the Udmurt Republic
* Industrialny City District, Khabarovsk, a city district of Khabarovsk, the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai
* Industrialny City District, Perm, a city district of Perm, the administrative center of Perm Krai
# Indonesia Maharddhika

"Indonesia Maharddhika" (; Independent Indonesia) is a song by Indonesian progressive rock band Gipsy, consisting of Chrisye, Keenan Nasution, Oding Nasution, Roni Harahap, and Abadi Soesman, together with Guruh Sukarnoputra. It was released in 1976 on the album Guruh Gipsy with the names of its contributors hidden in the bilingual lyrics. In 2009, Rolling Stone Indonesia selected it as the 59th best Indonesian song of all time.

## Recording

The lyrics and melody to "Indonesia Maharddhika" were written in Guruh Sukarnoputra's house in South Jakarta 1975 by Guruh Sukarnoputra and Roni Harahap. Seeing Guruh struggling to compose a melody, Roni played the introduction to KC and the Sunshine Band's "That's the Way (I Like It)" with the accentuation reversed. Pleased, Guruh wrote some lyrics, drawing inspiration from Rangga Warsita's poems.
When recording, Guruh played the gendér and piano. Chrisye and Keenan Nasution provided vocals, with Chrisye also playing the bass and Keenan playing the drums. Roni played the piano, Oding Nasution was on guitar, and Abadi Soesman on synthesizers. The Hutauruk Sisters provided female backing vocals.

## Lyrics

The lyrics to "Indonesia Maharddhika" are a mix of Balinese and Indonesian.
While writing the lyrics to "Indonesia Maharddhika", Guruh Sukarnoputra decided to hide the names of the six contributors to Guruh Gipsy: Oding (Nasution), Chris(ye), Kinan (Keenan Nasution), Roni (Harahap), Abadi (Soesman), and Guruh (Sukarnoputra). Shown below is the name Abadi in the lyrics (which can be heard above). The initials of the name is indicated in bold.
| Original | Translation |
| Aku dengar deru jiwa Bagai badai mahaghora Di nusantara raya | I hear the roaring of souls Like the mahagora storm In the grand archipelago |

## Release and reception

"Indonesia Maharddhika" was released as the lead track of Guruh Gipsy in 1976. "Indonesia Maharddhika" was well received. In December 2009, "Indonesia Maharddhika" was selected by Rolling Stone Indonesia as the 59th best Indonesian song of all time.
# No. 2 Air Experience Flight RAF

No. 2 Air Experience Flight (2 AEF) is one of thirteen Air Experience Flights (AEFs) run by the Air Cadet Organisation of the Royal Air Force. The primary purpose of the AEF organisation is to provide air experience to members of the Air Training Corps, Combined Cadet Force (RAF) Section and occasionally, the Girls Venture Corps Air Cadets and the Air Scouts.

## History

No. 2 AEF formed on 8 September 1958 at Hamble Aerodrome in Hampshire, equipped with de Havilland Chipmunk T.10 aircraft.
It later moved to Hurn and then to MoD Boscombe Down.
# Karl Blumauer

Karl Blumauer, real name Johann Gottfried Bernhard, (1785 – 15 January 1841) was a theatre actor, singer (bass), and writer of children's literature from the Austrian Empire.

## Life

Born in Brünn, Blumauer was a celebrated performer at the time in Ifflandscher fathers' roles. He transferred his main activity to the Mannheim, Meininger and Weimar court theatres. At the time of the latter engagement, he drafted a plan for a general support fund for actors in association with the well-known actor Karl Ludwig Oels, with the aim of giving the stage members an independent position vis-à-vis the directors. The latter were extremely angry about this, so that they concluded a kind of tacit cartel among themselves to never engage Blumauer again. The artist was therefore forced to retire completely from the stage in 1835. He was also unable to continue his work as a director, in which he also did an excellent job, due to the boycott imposed on him. He was now occupied with literary work and made a name for himself as a writer for young people. He spent the last years of his life in Brno, where he died in 1841.
His daughter was the singer and actress Minona Frieb-Blumauer.
# Kikkawa Historical Museum

Kikkawa Historical Museum (吉川史料館, Kikkawa Shiryōkan) is a private museum of artefacts handed down by the Kikkawa clan, daimyō of Iwakuni Domain, in Iwakuni, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Located between Kintai-kyō bridge and Iwakuni Castle and opened by the Kikkawa Hōkōkai Society (吉川報效会) in 1995, the museum's collection totals some seven thousand items, including materials from the Heian and Kamakura periods, a painting attributed to Sesshū, and one National Treasure. There are four changing displays each year. Other materials once owned by the Kikkawa clan are on display at Iwakuni Chōkokan.

## Highlights of the collection

* Sword known as Kitsunegasaki (狐ヶ崎), from the Kamakura period (National Treasure)
* Spring View from a Thatched Pavilion on the Lakeshore (紙本墨画淡彩湖亭春望図), traditionally attributed to Sesshū Tōyō; with an inscription (賛) by Tenyo Seikei (天与清啓), who journeyed twice on Japanese missions to Ming China, the second time with Sesshū accompanying (Prefectural Tangible Cultural Property)
* Kimono with a design of paths through the mountains, flowers, grasses, tortoises, and cranes (山道草花鶴亀文繡箔胴服), from the Momoyama period; said to have been bestowed upon Kikkawa Hiroie by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1587 after his campaign in Kyūshū (Important Cultural Property)
* Kikkawa Family Documents (吉川家文書): 102 items dating from the Kamakura to the Edo period (ICP); a further 32 items, plus a catalogue, from the Meiji period (Municipal Tangible Cultural Property)
* Azuma Kagami: 48 volumes, from the Muromachi period (1522) (ICP)
* Genkō Shakusho: 15 volumes, in the hand of Kikkawa Tsunemoto (吉川経基), from the Muromachi period (ICP)
* Taiheiki: 40 volumes, in the hand of Kikkawa Motoharu, from the Muromachi period (1563–65) (ICP)
* Lotus Sūtra in fine lettering, 8 scrolls: from the Heian period; formerly a temple treasure of Ninna-ji, later presented to Kikkawa Motonaga (吉川元長), as attested in the letter of transfer (ICP)
* Portrait of Kikkawa Motonaga (吉川元長)
* Kitsunegasaki (National Treasure)
* Spring View from a Thatched Pavilion on the Lakeshore, attributed to Sesshū
# George Chaffey Bridge

The George Chaffey Bridge is a road bridge in Australia that carries the Sturt Highway across the Murray River from Buronga to Mildura.

## History
### Old Mildura Bridge

The previous Mildura Bridge was opened on 22 October 1927. The design allowed for it to carry both road and railway traffic, but railway tracks were never laid. It was a lift-span bridge supported by concrete pylons, with two approach spans on each side. Two of the truss spans and the lift span are now in the Mildura Marina.

### Current bridge

Named in honour of engineer George Chaffey, the current bridge was opened on 12 March 1985, by Federal, New South Wales and Victorian transport ministers Peter Morris, Laurie Brereton and Steve Crabb. The project was funded under the Australian Bicentennial Road Development Programme, constructed at a cost of $14 million.
The nine-span, 331 metres (1,086 ft) long and 9.8 metres (32 ft) wide, prestressed concrete bridge was designed and constructed by the Department of Main Roads. The Victorian approach is 500 metres (1,600 ft) long, with a six-span, high-strength reinforced concrete I-beam floodway bridge, 80.4 metres (264 ft) long. The New South Wales approach to the main bridge crossing is 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) long, and includes three floodway bridges.
# Jesselton Quay

The Jesselton Quay is a mixed development projects comprising a shopping and entertainment centre, hotel and offices in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. It is known as the largest city projects in Sabah with a total cost of MYR1.8 billion modelled after the Singapore's Marina Bay Sands. Together with the Kota Kinabalu Convention City, Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront and One Jesselton Waterfront projects which is developed by different developers, it is part of waterfront revitalisation projects to transform Kota Kinabalu into a metropolitan city.
The first phase of the project, Jesselton Quay Central which includes Citypads and Gallery Shoppes at 33-storey tall and a corner 8-storey office lot had completed as the end of 2021.Phase two is being plan to launch on 2023 and will be a waterfront service suites.
# Western gerbil

The western gerbil (Gerbillus hesperinus) is distributed mainly in northern Morocco. It is listed as Endangered by the IUCN.
# Thielman

Thielman is a German surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Jake Thielman (John Peter Thielman, 1879–1928), German-American baseball pitcher
* Henry Thielman (1880–1942), brother of the above, baseball pitcher
* Vale P. Thielman (1843–1925) American politician from South Dakota
# Globe-class container ship

The Globe class is a series of 5 container ships built for China Shipping Container Lines and later operated by COSCO SHIPPING Lines. The ships have a maximum theoretical capacity of 18,982 TEU. The ships were built by Hyundai Heavy Industries at their shipyard in Ulsan, South Korea. The first ship, the CSCL Globe, was delivered on 18 November 2014. At the time she was the largest container ship in the world.

## List of ships

| Ship | Yard number | IMO number | Delivery | Status |
| CSCL Globe | 2696 | 9695121 | 18 Nov 2014 | In service |
| CSCL Pacific Ocean | 2697 | 9695133 | 19 Dec 2014 | In service |
| CSCL Indian Ocean | 2699 | 9695157 | 23 Jan 2015 | In service |
| CSCL Arctic Ocean | 2700 | 9695169 | 20 Mar 2015 | In service |
| CSCL Atlantic Ocean | 2698 | 9695145 | 29 Apr 2015 | In service |
# Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy

Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy (5 October 1674 – 16 January 1755) was a French scholar, historian, geographer, philosopher, and bibliographer of alchemy.

## Biography

Lenglet Du Fresnoy first studied theology but quickly left it for diplomacy and politics. In 1705, Jean-Baptiste Colbert de Torcy appointed him Secretary for Latin and French languages to the Elector of Cologne, who lived in Lille. During the Regency, he returned to Paris, and in 1718 the Regent took advantage of his skill to discover some accomplices in the Cellamare Conspiracy.
Afterward, Lenglet busied himself with his scholarly work and refused all offers made to him in France or abroad. Biting and sarcastic, he had many enemies, which made him proud. As he put it, I want to be a frank Gaul in my style, as in my actions. His love of independence and opposition to royal censors earned him, under Louis XV, five periods of imprisonment in the Bastille, once in the Strasbourg citadel [fr] another time in the Château de Vincennes. He died at age 81 after falling in the fireplace close to which he was reading. He was buried in the church or in the cemetery of the Église Saint-Séverin in Paris.
Lenglet, whose books contain treasures of erudition, was interested both in literary criticism as in hermetic philosophy, history, and geography. He edited the Roman de la Rose, Marot, Sigogne, Régnier, Motin, Berthelot, Maynard, La Henriade by Voltaire, Mémoires by Philippe de Comines, Pierre de L'Estoile, etc.
He reviewed articles on history and even wrote some in full for the Encyclopédie by Diderot and D’Alembert. He wrote under the pseudonyms "Edward Melton," "Albert Van Heussen," "C. Gordon de Percel," and "Gosford." He also wrote in Latin under the pen name "Lengletius."
In 1681, Géraud de Cordemoy published an anti-protestantist book, the conférence entre Luther et le diable au sujet de la messe with his commentaries, republished and widely distributed in 1875 by Isidore Liseux with commentaries by Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy.