OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tirukkuṟaḷ translations into Latin

Latin is the first foreign language into which the Tirukkuṟaḷ was translated. There are three known translations of the Kural text available in Latin.

## History

The Christian missionaries who arrived in India during the British era admired the Kural text greatly owing to the moral values found in the work. In 1730, Constantius Joseph Beschi of the Society of Jesus (1700–1742) translated it into Latin, introducing the work to the Europeans for the first time. Beschi, however, translated only the first two parts, namely, virtue and wealth, since he considered translating the section on love inappropriate for a Christian missionary. This manuscript, now found in the India Office Library, London, was edited by George Uglow Pope, who published it as 'notes' at the end of his famous English translation titled The Sacred Kurral in 1886. This saved the manuscript from having been lost in the oblivion. There are at least two more Latin translations of the Kural text available either in full or in parts. In 1856, Karl Graul published the Kural text in German, with later translated it into Latin and simple Tamil in 1865. In 1865, an unknown author made the third Latin translation of the Kural text titled Tiruvalluvar Kural Versione Lationa.

## Translations for comparison

| Translation | Chapter 26, Abstinentia a carnibus | Chapter 26, Abstinentia a carnibus |
| Translation | Kural 254 (Couplet 26:4) | Kural 258 (Couplet 26:8) |
| Constantius Joseph Beschi, 1730 | Si quaeras quid sit lenitas, quid ejus contrarium, scito esse haec duo, nempe viventia non mactare, et ea mactare; quapropter virtuosa esse nequit illorum carnium comestio. | Qui scientiam habent ab omni deceptione immunem non vescentur carnibus, quae non sunt nisi cadavera. |
| Karl Graul, 1856 | Quae est benevolentia et quid (vitium ei) contrarium? Non mactare et mactare. Etiam carne illa (mactando comparata) vesci nefas est. | Sapiens, qui a libidine discessit, non vescetur carne, quae a vita discessit. |

## Comparison with European literature

In his commentary, the Italian Jesuit missionary Fr. Beschi who then translated most of the Kural couplets into Latin, compared the couplets with the maxims of Seneca. Later when George Uglow Pope translated the work into English in 1886, he reprinted Beschi's translations in his work.$^{:9}$ In his introduction to the English translation, Pope compared the Kural to the Latin elagiac verse, while drawing parallels with the works of Propertius and Martial.$^{:9}$

## Criticisms on translations

Modern scholars have noticed several mistranslations in the Latin translation by Father Beshi. According to V. Ramasamy, "Beschi is purposely distorting the message of the original when he renders பிறவாழி as ‘the sea of miserable life’ and the phrase பிறவிப்பெருங்கடல் as ‘sea of this birth’ which has been translated by others as ‘the sea of many births’. Beschi means thus ‘those who swim the vast sea of miseries’. The concept of rebirth or many births for the same soul is contrary to Christian principle and belief".
# Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University

Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University is a Ukrainian university in Kharkiv.
Post address: 61002, Ukraine, Kharkiv, Yaroslava Mudrogo street, 25.

## History

* 23 July 1930 – Kharkiv Automobile and Highway Institute (KhADI) was established;
* April 1993 – the higher education establishment is awarded the IV level of accreditation, and it is given a new name as Kharkiv State Automobile and Highway Technical University (KhSAHTU);
* August 2001 – the university is awarded the status of national and it is renamed as Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University.

## Campuses and buildings

* The main teaching and laboratory building.
* Teaching and laboratory building of road construction department.
* Teaching and laboratory building mechanical department and the Faculty of Business and Management.
ground automobile and road machinery.
* Teaching and Laboratory Building Faculty of Mechatronics vehicles, training laboratory diagnosis of motor transport.
* Scientific Library of the University.
* Campus of the University.

## Institutes and faculties

* Vehicles (Automobile) Faculty
* Road Construction Department
* Mechanical Engineering Department
* Faculty of Management and Business
* Department of Transport Systems
* Faculty of Mechatronics vehicles
* Department of Foreign Citizens

## Awards and reputation

In the rating of Ukrainian universities in terms of employers KhNADU occupies 18th place in technical disciplines

## Alumni

The following are the notable alumni of the university:
* Sergii Iermakov — Ukrainian physical training and sports researcher, Master of Sports in volleyball, Doctor of Pedagogy, full professor, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
# Willkommia

Willkommia is a genus of plants in the grass family. The genus has a disjunct distribution, with species native to Southern Africa, South America, and the United States.

## Species
### Accepted species

* Willkommia annua Hack. - Angola, Namibia
* Willkommia newtonii Hack. - Angola, Namibia
* Willkommia sarmentosa Hack. - Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal
* Willkommia texana Hitchc. - United States (Texas, Oklahoma), Argentina, Uruguay
# Willkommen bei Mario Barth

Willkommen bei Mario Barth-Episoden is a German television series.
# Invisible Sun (disambiguation)

Invisible Sun may refer to:
* Invisible Sun, a song by English rock group the Police
* Invisible Sun (Liam Gallagher song), a song by English musician Liam Gallagher
* Invisible Sun (role-playing game), a surrealistic fantasy tabletop role-playing game by Monte Cook
# Prinzessinnenpalais

The Prinzessinnenpalais (English: Princesses' Palace) is a former Royal Prussian residence on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic centre of Berlin. It was built in 1733 according to plans by Friedrich Wilhelm Diterichs in Rococo style and extended from 1810 to 1811 by Heinrich Gentz in Neoclassical style. Damaged during the Allied bombing in World War II, the Prinzessinnenpalais was rebuilt from 1963 to 1964 by Richard Paulick as part of the Forum Fridericianum. Since 2018, it has been home to an art collection of Deutsche Bank.
# Prinzhorn Collection

The Prinzhorn Collection is a German collection of art made by mental health patients, housed at the Heidelberg University Hospital. The collection comprises over 20,000 works, including works by Emma Hauck, Agnes Richter and August Natterer.

## History

The collection was founded by the psychiatrist Karl Wilmanns and his assistant, doctor Hans Prinzhorn, in the early 1920s. Between 1919 and 1921 the pair visited mental hospitals across Germany, initially collecting over 5000 works. As of 2016, the collection held over 20,000 works. Prinzhorn, a physician and art historian, was engaged by the hospital in 1919 specifically to improve and expand the collection.
Works from the collection were included in Entartete Kunst, the famous 1937 Nazi exhibition of 'degenerate' art. Following the war, the collection, largely neglected, was stored in the attic of the hospital. In 1973 a conservation effort was undertaken that led to the restoration and cataloguing of the collection.
The collection was influential on the practice of the artist Jean Dubuffet, who visited it in 1950. Writing to Henri Matisse, Dubuffet described it as "something I have dreamt of for years."
In 2001 the collection was opened to the public as the Sammlung Prinzhorn Museum.
# Willie Walsh (hurler, born 1888)

William Walsh (26 September 1888 – 21 April 1964) was an Irish hurler, selector and Gaelic games administrator. At club level he played with Sarsfields and was also a member of the Cork senior hurling team. He usually lined out as a corner-back.

## Career

Born in Little Island, Walsh first came to prominence as a hurler with the Sarsfields club in nearby Glanmire. He first appeared on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork senior hurling team during the 1910 Munster Championship. Walsh was a regular member of the team over the following few seasons and won two Munster Championship medals. He also lined out in All-Ireland final defeats by Kilkenny in 1912 and Laois in 1915. Walsh's last game for Cork was the 1916 Munster final defeat by Tipperary.

## Post-playing career

Walsh was the Sarsfields representative on the Cork County Board for a number of years and was Cork’s Munster Council representative from 1931 to 1939. He was elected vice-chairman of the Cork County Board in 1937 before serving as chairman from 1941 to 1946 when he was defeated in an election at the County Convention. Walsh's tenure as chairman saw the Cork senior team claim five All-Ireland Championships in six seasons, including a record-breaking four-in-a-row. He was a selector for the title wins in 1941, 1943 and 1944. After being defeated for the chairmanship Walsh served one more year on the General Purposes Committee before standing down from his administrative duties.

## Personal life

Walsh's niece married Willie Cummins, who had also lined out with the Cork senior hurling team. His grandnephews, Kevin, Ray and Brendan, all lined out with Cork at various levels from the 1960s until the 1980s. The Cork Premier Intermediate Hurling Championship cup is named in Walsh's honour.

## Honours
### Player

* Munster Senior Hurling Championship: 1912, 1915

### Selector

* All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: 1941, 1943, 1944
* Munster Senior Hurling Championship: 1943, 1944
# Pristidactylus torquatus

Pristidactylus torquatus, commonly known as lagarto de bosque, the southern grumbler, or the forest lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Iguanidae. The specific name is derived from the Latin "torquatus" meaning wearing a twisted collar or necklace. This species is endemic to the Bío Bío Region, the Araucanía Region and the Los Lagos Regions of Chile.

## Description

Pristidactylus torquatus is a robust lizard with strong legs and a large head. The back is generally reddish-brown with large patches of grey and there is a dark collar around the throat. The underside is paler and the region round the vent is greenish-yellow. This lizard grows to a snout-to-vent length of about 6 to 11 cm (2.4 to 4.3 in).

## Distribution and habitat

Pristidactylus torquatus is endemic to Chile where it is found on the west side of the Andes between 35° and 42° south. The regions in which it is found are Biobío, La Araucania and Los Lagos. Its natural habitat is the extensive southern beech forests (Nothofagus) that grow in this temperate climate.

## Behaviour

Pristidactylus torquatus is a terrestrial species and is found mainly on the ground under the forest trees. It feeds chiefly on beetles which it chews up with its strong jaws. The female lays a clutch of about six eggs in a hole in the sand.
# Procope

Procope may refer to:
* Café Procope, the oldest cafe in Paris
* Procopio Cutò, otherwise known as François Procope (1651–1727), a Sicilian chef who founded the Café Procope
* Ulla Procopé (1921–1968), a Finnish designer of ceramics
* Apheresis, a removal of blood plasma from the body
* Apheresis (linguistics), in linguistics, a sound change in which a word-initial is lost
# Irania

Irania may refer to:
* Irania (bird), or white-throated robin, an Old World flycatcher
* Irania (plant), a genus in the family Brassicaceae
# Irani (footballer)

Irani Pereira de Brito (1 March 1976 – 31 December 2020), simply known as Irani, was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a forward.

## Career

Great highlight of the 1997 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Jr. for Sport, Irani made history due to the final of the 1998 Pernambucano Championship, where he scored two goals. He won a three times the state championship in addition to the 2000 Copa do Nordeste.

## Honours
### Sport

* Copa do Nordeste: 2000
* Campeonato Pernambucano: 1998, 1999, 2000

## Death

Irani died on 31 December 2020, at Getúlio Vargas Hospital in Recife, a victim of COVID-19.
# Kharkiv North Airport

Kharkiv North Airport (ICAO: UKHV), also known as Kharkiv Sokilnyky Airport, is an airport in Ukraine located 4 km north of Kharkiv. It is owned by the Kharkiv State Aircraft Manufacturing Company. Early Tupolev jetliners were built here, and later the Antonov An-72 and An-74.
# Kherda

Kherda is a village in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India.
* 7 km away from Jalgaon (Jamod).
* 40 km away from Shegaon.
* Lies in Buldhana District of Maharashtra.
* Village is divided into two parts by the river ‘Nipani’ viz Kherda Bujrukh and Kherda Khurd.
* Temple of Kapilmuni Maharaj in Kherda khurd. In every year at Sankranti there is arrangement of mela. At the roof of the temple there are two trees: one is of neem (Azadiracta indica) and other is of Pimple. The specialty of these trees is that they never dry and they never grow larger than their normal size.
* Temple of Sawangi Maharaj lies 2 km from Kherda and has received many visitors.
* Near about 90% of people are depend on farming and allied businesses.
* The main crop taken is cotton, Jowar, Mung, etc. In irrigated areas, fruits and vegetables are grown.
Political
* In Kherda (Kh) Rangarao Deshmukh is taluca President of NCP in Jalgaon.
* In Kherda (bk) Pravin Bhopale is Sabhapti of jalgaon jamod; M.R. Wankhade cotton market, Dilip Rathi Ex. Sarpanch.
Grampanchayat
* Kherda (kh) : Sarpanch- bashkar umarkar
* Kherda (Bk) : Sarpanch- prabhudas bombatkar
# Iraj Nazeri

Iraj Nazeri is an Iranian cardiologist and professor at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. He performed the first coronary angioplasty in Iran.
Nazeri was born in Kermanshah, Iran in 1939. He attended Khosro Parviz elementary school and Razi High School in Kermanshah where he graduated in 1957. He has a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree from Tehran University of Medical Sciences where he completed his subspecialty training in adult cardiovascular disease. Nazeri had postgraduate training at the Texas Heart Institute in Houston, Texas majoring in interventional cardiology and advanced cardiovascular treatment techniques.
In 1987 Nazeri performed the first coronary angioplasty in Iran. He continued to develop the interventional techniques and treatments for coronary artery diseases, structural heart diseases and peripheral vascular diseases in Iran.
Nazeri was named the head of cardiology department at Imam Hospital and Medical Center at the University of Tehran. As professor at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nazeri established the first interventional cardiology training program in Iran.
# Kholifa Rowalla Chiefdom

Kholifa Rowalla Chiefdom is a chiefdom in Tonkolili District of Sierra Leone. Its capital is Magburaka. Sierra Leone is divided into 3 provinces and the Western Area with a total of 149 chiefdoms and 12 districts.
# Irish Hockey League

Irish Hockey League may refer to:

## Field hockey

* Men's Irish Hockey League
* Women's Irish Hockey League

## Ice Hockey

* Irish Ice Hockey League
# Iron Mountain Trail

Iron Mountain Trail is a 1953 American Western film directed by William Witney and written by Gerald Geraghty. The film stars Rex Allen, Slim Pickens, Grant Withers, Nan Leslie, Roy Barcroft and Forrest Taylor. The film was released on May 8, 1953, by Republic Pictures.

## Cast

* Rex Allen as Rex Allen
* Koko as Koko
* Slim Pickens as Slim Pickens
* Grant Withers as Roger McCall
* Nan Leslie as Nancy Sawyer
* Roy Barcroft as Mate Orrin
* Forrest Taylor as Sam Sawyer
* Al Bridge as The Marshal
* John Hamilton as Circuit Judge
* George Lloyd as John Brockway
# Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics

Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics is a 1968 book by Sir John Lyons.

## Reception

The book was reviewed by William Haas, Stanley Starosta and Kazimierz Polański.
# Io Resto in Calabria

Io Resto in Calabria (translated I stay in Calabria, abbr. IRC) is a political association active in Calabria, Italy.
It is led by Filippo "Pippo" Callipo, entrepreneur and owner of the Callipo company, which deals with the production and marketing of tuna and other fish products. Callipo is also known for denouncing racketeering and for his commitment to the fight against the 'Ndrangheta and organized crime. He was President of Confindustria of Calabria from 2001 to 2006 and denounced the mafia techniques with a communication to the President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

## History

The association was founded in 2010 to support Pippo Callipo's candidacy in the 2010 regional elections in Calabria. Callipo, in addition to his movement, was also supported by Italy of Values and the Bonino-Pannella List. Callipo finally came third, with 10.0% of the vote, while the IRC got just 1.99% of the vote and no regional councilors.
In 2019, Callipo's candidacy for the presidency of the Calabria region is announced again, this time with the support of the centre-left coalition. In the regional elections, which took place on 26 January 2020, Callipo obtained 30.1% of the votes and was defeated by the centre-right candidate Jole Santelli. Callipo was nevertheless elected to the regional council, while IRC scored 7.9% of the votes and 3 seats.
In 2021, however, Callipo left the Regional Council saying he was nauseated by the political experience.

## Origins of the name

The name "Io Resto in Calabria" (translatable into I stay in Calabria or I remain in Calabria) is a slogan that takes up a sentence pronounced by Callipo after an intimidating attack against his factory in 2004.

## Electoral results
### Regional Council of Calabria

| Election year | votes | % | seats |
| 2010 | 20,443 | 1.99 | 0 / 50 |
| 2020 | 61,699 | 7.92 | 3 / 31 |
# Winthrop (surname)

Winthrop is a surname.

## People with the surname

Notable persons with that surname include:
* Beekman Winthrop (1874–1940), New York lawyer and Governor of Puerto Rico
* Clara Winthrop (1876–after 1935), American philanthropist
* Egerton Leigh Winthrop (1838-1916), American lawyer and clubman who was prominent in New York society during the Gilded Age
* Fitz-John Winthrop (1637-1707), American governor of the Colony of Connecticut from 1698 until his death
* Frederic Bronson Winthrop (1863-1944), American philanthropist and lawyer who was prominent in New York society during the Gilded Age
* John Winthrop (c. 1587–1649), English-born founding governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
* John Winthrop, the Younger (1606–1676), English-born governor of Connecticut
* John Winthrop (1714–1779), American astronomer and professor at Harvard College
* Robert Winthrop (1764-1832), American Royal Navy Vice Admiral
* Robert Charles Winthrop (1809–1894), American lawyer and philanthropist
* Theodore Winthrop (1828–1861), American writer, lawyer, and world traveler
* Thomas L. Winthrop (1760–1841), American Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
* Waitstill Winthrop (1641/2-1717), American colonial magistrate, military officer, and politician of New England

## Fictional characters

* Eliza Winthrop, the main character in Nancy Garden's Annie on My Mind (1982)
* Ethan Winthrop, a character on the daytime drama Passions
* Franklin Winthrop, a character in the HBO series Oz
* Ivy Winthrop, a character on the daytime drama Passions
* Jane Winthrop, a character on the daytime drama Passions
* Louis Winthorpe III, a character from the movie Trading Places played by Dan Aykroyd
* Sarah Winthrop, a character on the daytime drama Passions
* Wilhelmina "Billy" Hunnewell Winthrop, the main in Judith Krantz's bestselling novels Scruples and Scruples Two, stepmother to the main character of Lovers, Gigi Orsini
# Principal boy

In pantomime, a principal boy role is the young male protagonist of the play, traditionally played by a young actress in boy's clothes.
The earliest example is Miss Ellington who in 1852 appeared in The Good Woman in the Wood by James Planché to the consternation of a reviewer. She was followed by other music hall and burlesque entertainers, such as Harriet Vernon described as "a magnificent creature, who was willing to show her ample figure as generously as the conventional tights and trunks of the day allowed" and thus setting the standard of good legs on display and nominally male costume which emphasized her figure.
The tradition grew out of laws restricting the use of child actors in London theatre, and the responsibility carried by such lead roles. A Breeches role was also a rare opportunity for an early 20th-century actress to wear a costume revealing the legs covered only in tights, potentially increasing the size of the audience. The practice of having a female play the principal boy has become less common: it's 'been put down to political correctness, as well as greater knowledge among children about homosexual relationships'.
Although not written as a pantomime, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up is often produced as one with the tradition of a female principal boy continuing.

## List of notable principal boys

* Maud Boyd
* Joanne Campbell first black actress in the role in UK
* Kate Everleigh
* Nellie Farren
* Lil Hawthorne
* Hy Hazell
* Queenie Leighton
* Madge Lessing
* Marie Loftus
* Ouida MacDermott
* Nellie Navette
* Ada Reeve
* Nellie Stewart
* Vesta Tilley
* Harriet Vernon
* Dorothy Ward
# Principal branch

In mathematics, a principal branch is a function which selects one branch ("slice") of a multi-valued function. Most often, this applies to functions defined on the complex plane.

## Examples
### Trigonometric inverses

Principal branches are used in the definition of many inverse trigonometric functions, such as the selection either to define that
    $\arcsin :[-1,+1]\rightarrow \left[-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right]$
or that
    $\arccos :[-1,+1]\rightarrow [0,\pi ]$.

### Exponentiation to fractional powers

A more familiar principal branch function, limited to real numbers, is that of a positive real number raised to the power of 1/2.
For example, take the relation y = x$^{1/2}$, where x is any positive real number.
This relation can be satisfied by any value of y equal to a square root of x (either positive or negative). By convention, √x is used to denote the positive square root of x.
In this instance, the positive square root function is taken as the principal branch of the multi-valued relation x$^{1/2}$.

### Complex logarithms

One way to view a principal branch is to look specifically at the exponential function, and the logarithm, as it is defined in complex analysis.
The exponential function is single-valued, where e$^z$ is defined as:
    $e^{z}=e^{a}\cos b+ie^{a}\sin b$
where $z=a+ib$.
However, the periodic nature of the trigonometric functions involved makes it clear that the logarithm is not so uniquely determined. One way to see this is to look at the following:
    $\operatorname {Re} (\log z)=\log {\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}$
and
    $\operatorname {Im} (\log z)=\operatorname {atan2} (b,a)+2\pi k$
where k is any integer and atan2 continues the values of the arctan(b/a)-function from their principal value range $(-\pi /2,\;\pi /2]$, corresponding to $a>0$ into the principal value range of the arg(z)-function $(-\pi ,\;\pi ]$, covering all four quadrants in the complex plane.
Any number log z defined by such criteria has the property that e$^{logz}$ = z.
In this manner log function is a multi-valued function (often referred to as a "multifunction" in the context of complex analysis). A branch cut, usually along the negative real axis, can limit the imaginary part so it lies between −π and π. These are the chosen principal values.
This is the principal branch of the log function. Often it is defined using a capital letter, Log z.
# Kiar, New South Wales

Kiar is a rural locality in the northern part of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area.
* This Central Coast geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Winooski

Winooski is the name of the following places in the United States:
* Winooski, Vermont, city
* Winooski, Wisconsin, ghost town
* Winooski Falls Mill District, historical district
* Winooski River, river
* Winooski Turnpike, road