OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Za Gaman

Za Gaman (ザ・ガマン, lit. 'The Endurance') is a Japanese television program from the 1980s. It is not particularly well-known or remembered in Japan, but it became famous in other countries, particularly the United Kingdom. This is likely due to its appearance on the British television program Clive James on Television and subsequently Tarrant on TV, under the name Endurance.
The program was a version of an activity at Japanese universities, the gaman taikai or "endurance contest", where students try to outdo each other in withstanding unpleasant experiences. The TV program featured teams from universities, such as Keio University, who were subjected to various unpleasant ordeals, such as being buried up to the neck in sand or licked by reptiles. The person who endured the longest was declared the winner.
Short segments of the program were used in the British television shows, which humorously examined television programs from around the world. Following Clive James on Television, clips from the now-defunct show were also used in the 1990s in Tarrant on TV. A very short-lived British version of the show was also created, hosted by Paul Ross, but it did not feature the extreme conditions of the original program. Only two series of the British version were produced for Challenge TV, which first aired from 1997 to 1998, and it saw little success.
The use of the clips on the Clive James show created controversy, with some Japanese people feeling that the show was unrepresentative, and some former British prisoners of war also complained about the contents. James went on to write a novel called Brrm! Brrm! with a Japanese lead character, Akira Suzuki, who was made fun of by his British friends using the word "endurance".
The program made the Guinness Book of World Records for "Most Extreme Game Show".

## Endurance UK

After short segments of the now-defunct show were used in Clive James on Television and Tarrant on TV, the format was picked up by British television company Flextech, who were in the process of rebranding The Family Channel (originally based at TVS Television Centre in Maidstone) into a game show network called Challenge TV.
The short-lived British version of the show ran for two series (airing from 1997 to 1998) and was hosted by Paul Ross from a 'Japanese-styled' studio with 'Japanese' assistants Hoki and Koki (actually actors Peter Cocks and Stephen Taylor Woodrow, from TVS children's show What's Up Doc?, in yellowface). In series two, Tara O'Connor replaced Olivia Stranger as the host (the 'Gong Banger'), while Chris Sievey (previously seen as Frank Sidebottom on the TVS shows No. 73, Motormouth, and What's Up Doc?) joined as a 'Gimp man' character. The show did not feature the extreme conditions of the original program, with the games being similar to ones shown on ITV's Love Island, and so the British version saw little success.
# Avies

Avies AS was an airline and is now a travel company based in Tallinn, Estonia. Its main base was Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport. Avies operated flights from Tallinn to Kärdla and Kuressaare in Estonia.

## History

Avies was established and started operations in 1991 and operated scheduled passenger transport, charter and air taxi services.
All domestic flights in Sweden were cancelled in March 2015, due to contract cancellation by Swedish Traffic Administration. Before that Avies flew three domestic routes in Sweden. Avies was declared bankrupt by court on 26 June 2015, however continued to operate as usual.
However, the remaining flights from Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport to Kuressaare Airport, Kärdla Airport and Stockholm-Arlanda were suspended on 1 April 2016, after the airline's operating license was withdrawn by Estonian Civil Aviation Administration for a duration of six months over safety concerns.

## Destinations

Until its license has been revoked in April 2016, Avies served the following scheduled destinations:

### Estonia

* Tallinn – Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport base
* Kärdla – Kärdla Airport
* Kuressaare – Kuressaare Airport

### Sweden

* Stockholm – Stockholm Arlanda Airport

## Fleet

As of December 2014, the Avies fleet included the following aircraft.
* 1 Bombardier Learjet 31A
* 1 Bombardier Learjet 55C
* 2 Bombardier Learjet 60
* 4 BAe Jetstream 31
* 1 BAe Jetstream 32
* 1 Hawker Beechcraft 750
* 1 Let L-410 Turbolet

## Accidents and incidents

* On 13 February 2013, a Jetstream belonging to Avies landed at Pajala with two wheels outside the paved runway. No damage to the aircraft.
* On 3 May 2013, a Jetstream belonging to Avies got trouble with both engines after departure from Sveg. They had too low RPM, but there was no warning from the plane system for that. The pilots returned to Sveg and managed to get better power from the engines before landing.
* On 31 January 2014, a Jetstream belonging to Avies skidded off the snow-covered runway at Torsby Airport.
# Ski jumping at the 2015 Winter Universiade – Women's individual normal hill

The women's individual normal hill competition of the 2015 Winter Universiade was held at the Sporting Centre FIS Štrbské Pleso on January 27.

## Results

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Round 1 Distance (m) | Round 1 Points | Round 1 Rank | Final Round Distance (m) | Final Round Points | Final Round Rank | Total Points |
| | 11 | Irina Avvakumova | Russia | 88.5 | 108.3 | 1 | 95.5 | 114.9 | 1 | 223.2 |
| | 10 | Yuka Kobayashi | Japan | 83.5 | 99.7 | 2 | 84.0 | 98.5 | 2 | 198.2 |
| | 9 | Anastasiya Gladysheva | Russia | 85.5 | 96.0 | 3 | 83.5 | 94.5 | 3 | 190.5 |
| 4 | 8 | Michaela Doleželová | Czech Republic | 82.5 | 93.6 | 4 | 82.0 | 92.7 | 4 | 186.3 |
| 5 | 3 | Li Xueyao | China | 81.5 | 85.2 | 5 | 78.5 | 88.3 | 6 | 173.5 |
| 6 | 5 | Aki Matsuhashi | Japan | 78.5 | 83.5 | 6 | 80.5 | 88.9 | 5 | 172.4 |
| 7 | 6 | Vladěna Pustková | Czech Republic | 70.5 | 67.9 | 7 | 69.5 | 65.8 | 7 | 133.7 |
| 8 | 4 | Ma Tong | China | 61.0 | 45.0 | 9 | 66.0 | 56.8 | 8 | 101.8 |
| 9 | 2 | Katharina Keil | Austria | 61.0 | 46.2 | 8 | 61.5 | 47.3 | 9 | 93.5 |
| 10 | 1 | Svetlana Gladikova | Russia | 57.0 | 32.4 | 10 | 57.5 | 41.3 | 10 | 73.7 |
| | 7 | Adelya Rashitova | Russia | | DSQ | | | | | DSQ |
# Amelia Watson

Amelia Montague Watson (1856–1934) was an American watercolorist well known for her work in Martha's Vineyard.

## Biography

Born in East Windsor Hill, Connecticut on March 2, 1856, to Sarah (Bolles) and Reed Watson, she received a private education. Watson became a watercolorist.
Her younger sister, Edith, also painted watercolors and exhibited with Amelia, before becoming a successful photographer in Canada.

## Career

She taught painting at a Martha's Vineyard summer school for twenty years in the last 19th century and exhibited in major east coast cities. In 1888 and 1889 she taught at the short-lived Martha's Vineyard Summer Institute. In a bulletin, the institute described her classes for the Department of Painting:
   Lessons will be given in oil, watercolor and pastel. The work will be carried on in all favorable weather out of doors, and will consist of making sketches of the many attractive bits of sea and landscape which the Island has to offer. … Occasional and inexpensive trips will be takes to some of the quaint towns of the Island … pupils will have special opportunity to become familiar with the beauties and characteristics of the Island, and also to receive the full benefit of air and sunshine.
In 1894, Watson submitted a note regarding the taming of a chipping sparrow which was published in The Auk.
Watson produced a series of illustrations of scenes from Henry David Thoreau's "excursion" book, Cape Cod. Originally a gift for her companion Margaret Warner Morley, they were incorporated into an 1896 illustrated edition of the book published by Houghton Mifflin. A note in the book described "marginal sketches in color made by the artist as she read the successive chapters amid the scenes characterized by Thoreau. Thus she saw the sand, the lighthouse, the ocean, the sails, the fishermen, the weather-beaten houses, and when Thoreau threw in a Floridian contrast she was able happily to jot down a note in color from her own Florida sketches." Watson also illustrated a book by Margaret Morley called "The Carolina Mountains".
# Ardscoil Éanna

Ardscoil Éanna was a co-educational secondary school in Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. It was established in 1939 by James J. O’Byrne, who had been interned in Frongoch in Wales for his role in the Easter Rising in 1916, and Margaret Pearse, sister of Patrick Pearse, who had founded Scoil Éanna (St Enda's) in Ranelagh in 1908.
It moved to its site, Franshaw House, in the early 1940s. It was the oldest school in the Crumlin area and one of only fifteen schools in Ireland under lay Catholic control. The last principal, Étaín Ní Mhórdha, was a granddaughter of the founder, while the Board of Management was chaired by his daughter and the school owner, Reiltín Ní Bhroin, then sister Eibhlín Ní Bhroin.
Until a fire in 2006, Ardscoil Éanna had a primary school, in the form of prefabs. Ardscoil Éanna secondary school closed its doors on 3 June 2016.

## Principals

There were five principals in Ardscoil Éanna's 70-year history: James J. O'Byrne; Réiltín Ní Bhroin; Mattie Moloney; Steven Kavanagh; and Étaín Ní Mhórdha.

## Famous alumni

Hollywood actor Gabriel Byrne, who returned as a teacher of Spanish and History in the school, attended Ardscoil Éanna as a student in the 1950s and 1960s. Byrne returned for the school's 70th anniversary celebrations where he was guest of honour among the 400 attendees. Johnny Murphy Abbey Stage Actor and Charlie Chapman singer with the Miami Showband were also past pupils.
# Herpetogramma emphatica

Herpetogramma emphatica is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1926. It is found in Mexico.
# Jacaré River (Bahia, São Francisco River tributary)

The Jacaré River is a river of Bahia state in eastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the São Francisco River.
The river basin includes part of the 46,000 hectares (110,000 acres) Morro do Chapéu State Park, created in 1998.
# Lapwing (1743 EIC packet)

Lapwing was one of four fast-sailing packet ships that Thomas Bronsdon of Deptford built for the British East India Company (EIC). She was launched in 1743 and made five trips for the company before the EIC sold her in 1751.

## EIC voyages
### EIC voyage #1 (1743-45)

Captain Henry Watts sailed from Plymouth on 16 November 1743 bound for Bengal and Benkulen. Lapwing reached the Cape on 14 February 1744, and Madras on 26 April. On 25 May she arrived at Rogues River, a section of the Hooghly River. On 24 October she was at Calcutta. Outward bound, she was at Rogues River again on 17 November, reaching Benkulen on 9 January 1745. Homeward bound, she reached St Helena on 5 April and Galway on 17 September before arriving at The Downs on 20 December.

### EIC voyage #2 (1745-46)

Captain Francis Cheyne (or Chene) sailed Lapwing to Holland and returned between 18 March 1745 and September 1746.

### EIC voyage #3 (1746-47)

Captain Cheyne sailed Lapwing to Madras and back between 9 November 1746 and 21 November 1747. Lapwing was carrying 25 tons of lead, 50 chests of "treasure" and "a recruit of soldiers.” Around 15 May 1747 Lapwing was to sail from Madras via Sumatra, where she was to deliver 200 bales (likely broadcloth, but type unspecified, hence understood), and pick up a full cargo of pepper.

### EIC voyage #4

Madras and Bengal. Captain Cheyne sailed from Portsmouth on 24 February 1748, bound for Madras and Bengal. Lapwing reached Fort St. David on 21 June. She delayed her departure for Bengal because of a report of a French squadron of eight vessels in the area. On 26 August she was off Madagascar, but returned to Fort St David on 3 October. She arrived at Calcutta on 27 November. Homeward bound, she was at Ingeli, a point on the west side of the Hooghli Estuary, on 30 December. She reached Fort St David on 9 January 1749 Fort St David, and St Helena on 18 March, before arriving at The Downs on 1 June.

### EIC voyage #5 (1749-51)

Captain Cheyne left The Downs, 6 September 1749, bound for Madras and Bengal. Lapwing reached Fort St David on 17 January 1750. When she arrived she had lost 16 men on the voyage, and the rest of the crew was weak from scurvy. She left on 30 January with 80 chests of her silver, coined into rupees. However, it turned out that at Fort St David the 80 chests of bullion had been coined into 90 chests of "Arcot rupees", but only 80 chests were forwarded to Bengal, ten being improperly retained at Fort St David.
Lapwing arrived at Calcutta on 5 March. Homeward bound, she was at Culpee, an anchorage towards Calcutta, and just below Diamond Harbour, on 17 August. She reached Fort St David on 19 September and St Helena on 5 January 1751, before arriving at The Downs on 7 March.

## Fate

The EIC sold Lapwing on 17 April 1751 as being unfit for further service.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 Hackman (2001), p. 140.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 British Library: Lapwing (1).
* ↑ Hardy (1800), pp. 16–7.
* ↑ Dodwell (1920), p.42.
* ↑ Dodwell (1920), p.41.
* ↑ Dodwell (1920), p.59.
* ↑ Dodwell (1920), pp.92-3.
* ↑ Dodwell (1920), p.129.
# Amblyacrum dameriacense

Amblyacrum dameriacense is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mangeliidae.
It was renamed as Raphitoma defrancei by J. Tucker & Le Renard in 1993

## Distribution

Fossils of this extinct marine species were found in Eocene strata in France.
# Japan Center

Japan Center may refer to:
* Japan Center (Frankfurt)
* Japan Center (San Francisco)
* Japan Centers in Russia
* Japan Center for Michigan Universities, located in Shiga Prefecture, Japan
* Japan Center for International Exchange
Japan Foundation-sponsored 22 organizations outside of Japan to introduce Japanese culture, when spoken in English, are often called Japan Centers:
* Japanese cultural House in Paris (French: Maison de la culture du Japon à Paris)
* Japanisches Kulturinstitut in Cologne
* Istituto Giapponese di Cultura in Rome
    etc.
# Autovía A-5

The Autovía A-5 (also called Autovía del Suroeste) is a Spanish autovía which starts in Madrid and ends at the Portugal–Spain border, near Badajoz, where it connects to the Portuguese A6 motorway.
It is one of the six radial autovías stemming from Madrid and forms part of European route E90. It replaced most of the former N-V road.

## Sections

| # | From | To | Length | Signal |
| 1 | Madrid | Móstoles | 23.50 km | A-5 |
| 2 | Móstoles | Talavera de la Reina | 99.81 km | A-5 |
| 3 | Talavera de la Reina | Oropesa | 32.02 km | A-5 |
| 4 | Oropesa | Navalmoral de la Mata | 35.22 km | A-5 |
| 5 | Navalmoral de la Mata | Trujillo | 65.98 km | A-5 |
| 6 | Trujillo | Miajadas | 38.40 km | A-5 |
| 7 | Miajadas | Mérida | 49.97 km | A-5 |
| 8 | Mérida | Badajoz | 60.07 km | A-5 |

## Major cities crossed

* Madrid
* Alcorcón
* Móstoles
* Navalcarnero
* Talavera de la Reina
* Trujillo
* Mérida
* Badajoz
# Leonel Viera Bridge

The Lionel Viera Bridge, also known as the Puente de la Barra and Maldonado Bridge, is a stressed ribbon bridge linking the cities of Punta del Este and La Barra across the Maldonado Creek [es] in southern Uruguay. The bridge is a landmark of both the local beach communities and of Uruguay.

## History

A man by the last name Martínez, the first owner of the La Barra hotel, La Posta del Cangrejo, convinced the then Uruguayan president Eduardo Víctor Haedo to build a bridge linking that town with Punta del Este. Historically, there has been two bridges built at the same crossing of the Maldonado River which each failed due to natural disasters.
The bridge was designed by builder Leonel Viera [es] (1913–1975), who had no previous experience in architecture or civil engineering. Viera pioneered the construction sequence now typical for concrete segment bridges of this type. After placement of the principal cables, precast concrete tiles were placed to form the initial structure. The cables were then prestressed by loading sandbags upon the tiles, followed by final concretization of the gaps between tiles. Removal of the sandbags then compressively stressed the concrete structure, enhancing its stiffness and durability under load. The overall structure of the bridge would have a main span of 90 m (295 ft) with two shorter 30 m (98 ft) spans linking the main span to the shore. The ingenious design and later construction of the bridge propelled Viera to national fame.
In 1998, a contract was awarded to engineer Alberto Ponce Delgado to twin the bridge 20 meters (65 ft) upstream of the original span. A study commissioned in 1999 found that the original span was in need of repairs, which were later completed in 2005.
# Ambakich language

Aion a.k.a. Ambakich is a Keram language of Papua New Guinea. It is only spoken by adults; children grow up speaking Tok Pisin.

## Phonology

Consonants :
| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| Plosive | p | (t) | tʃ | k |
| Prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ⁿdʒ | ᵑɡ |
| Fricative | | s | | |
| Nasal | m | n | | (ŋ) |
| Approximant | w | r | j | |
* /t/ and /ŋ/ only appear in loanwords.
* /p/ may sometimes be heard as [ɸ].
* /k/ is sometimes pronounced as [q] or [ʔ], usually word-initially.
* /tʃ/ can manifest as [s], or when adjacent to /ɨ/, [t].
* In certain words, the prenasalized consonants are denasalized.
* /s/ is occasionally [ʃ] before /i/.
* /n/ is heard as [ɲ] before /i/, and [ŋ] before /u/.
* Following /o/ and before any other vowel, /w/ is realized as [ŋ].
* Before /a/, /j/ is heard as [ɲ].
* Before the high vowels /i ɨ u/, /j/ is pronounced [dʒ].
Vowels :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | | o |
| Low | | a | |
* The high vowels /i ɨ u/ do not occur word-initially.
* /e/ is occasionally centralized to [ə].
* /a/ is typically raised to [ə] in open syllables.
* /a/ can also range in realization to [ɛ], [ʌ], and [ɔ].
* /u/ is sometimes unrounded to [ɤ].
* /ɨ/ is often deleted between two consonants.
Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /ai/, /ei/, /oi/, /au/, /ou/.
# John Acland (author)

John Acland (c.1729 – 14 August 1795), was a Church of England clergyman and an author of a pamphlet on poor law reform which foresaw a system of national insurance.

## Biography

Acland's father, also named John (1699–1744), was the second son of John Acland, M.P. for Callington, and the younger brother of Sir Hugh Acland, 6th Baronet. He was the vicar of Broadclyst from 1730 until his death. This John married a daughter of Rawlin Mallock (son-in-law of Thomas Gorges and had one son, the present John.
Educated, like his father, at Exeter College, Oxford, he was instituted to the vicarage or rectory of Broad Clyst, on his own petition, in 1753.
In 1786 Acland published A Plan for rendering the Poor independent on Public Contributions, founded on the basis of the Friendly Societies, commonly called Clubs, by the Rev. John Acland, one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the County of Devon. To which is added a Letter from Dr. Price containing his sentiments and calculations on the subject. Tua res agitur. Exeter and London, 1786. From allusions in this pamphlet it seems that Acland's ‘plan’ was suggested to him by the failure of previous legislation for the encouragement of friendly societies in Devonshire. An act of parliament had provided that the funds of friendly societies might be supplemented by grants in aid from the proceeds of the poor-rate; it provided, amongst other things, for the payment of sums of money on the marriages of members and the births of their children. In consequence of the burden entailed on the ratepayers for payments on these accounts, the act was repealed. Acland desired a modified application of the principle. He proposed that ‘there should be established, by the authority of parliament, throughout the whole of the kingdom of England, one general club or society’ for the support of the poor in sickness, in old age, and when out of work. With certain exceptions, every adult male or female receiving a certain wage was to be compelled to contribute to this fund, and a similar obligation was imposed on the bulk of the community. In this way pauperism was to be gradually extinguished, and the recipients of aid from the fund might regard themselves as members of a State Friendly Society. There is an abstract of Acland's crude plan in Eden's State of the Poor. It excited considerable attention at a time when the increase of the poor-rate was causing general anxiety. In 1787 a bill based on Acland's plan was introduced into the House of Commons, but came to nothing.
Of a second pamphlet by Acland, in refutation of Edward King's attempt to prove the public utility of the national debt, the "Gentleman's Magazine" for November 1796 contains a brief and approving notice. There is no copy of this pamphlet in the British Library.
Acland died after a long illness on 14 August 1795, according to his obituary in the Gentleman's Magazine.
# Herpetogramma debressyi

Herpetogramma debressyi is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Christian Guillermet in 2008. It is found on Réunion.
# JS Yamayuki

JS Yamayuki (DD-129/TV-3519) was a Hatsuyuki-class destroyer of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

## Construction and career

The ship was built by Hitachi Zosen at their Maizuru shipyard, laid down on 25 February 1983 and launched on 10 July 1984. Yamayuki was commissioned into service on 3 December 1985.
This ship was one of several in the JMSDF fleet participating in disaster relief after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
She was converted to a training vessel and redesignated as TV-3519 on 27 April 2016. She was retired on 19 March 2020.

## Citations

* ↑ Saunders 2015, p. 444
* ↑ Seawaves,"Warships Supporting Earthquake in Japan" Archived 2011-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
* ↑ Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (19 March 2020). "19 MAR, the Ship Retirement Ceremony for JS YAMAYUKI (TV 3519)..." Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via Twitter.
# Arsenate reductase

Arsenate reductase may refer to:
* Arsenate reductase (azurin)
* Arsenate reductase (cytochrome c)
* Arsenate reductase (donor)
* Arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin)
# Ambly des Ayvelles

The Ambly des Ayvelles was the name of an old French noble family from the County of Champagne, France.

## History

They were first attested to in 1112, were recognized as counts in 1523, and as marquises in 1675. Following the French Revolution, members of the family emigrated to Austria and Prussia, where they became part of the German and Austrian nobility. In 1851, the German branches died out. The last Marquis, Charles François Louis d'Ambly, died in France, sometime after 1861.
# Autovía A-52

The A-52 is a highway in northwestern Spain. It starts at Vigo heads east from the town crossing the Autopista AP-9 and then the N-550/Autovía A-55. It then goes over the Rio Tea running parallel to the N-120 and along the Rio Miño. At Ourense the road turns south out of the valley in conjunction with the N-525. It passes over the Alto de Allariz (725m) and Alto de Estivadas (900m). At Verín the N-532 heads 13 km south to the Portugal frontier where it becomes the E-801/A-24/IP-3.
The road runs to the north of the Sierra de Peñas Libras and over the Alto de Fumaces (850m). The Peña Nofre (1,291m) lies to the north. The road heads east over the Alto do Canizo (1,035m) into the Valle de Sanabria overlooked by the Sierra la Cabrera rising to 2,044m at Mt Moncalvo.
The road then heads along the Rio Tera which is dammed into a series of reservoirs. At Benavente the Rios Esla and Orbigo converge. There is a junction with the Autovía A-6 and Autovía A-66 as well as the N-VI.
The section of the A-52 that runs through the northwest of the province of Zamora, as it passes through the regions of La Carballeda and Sanabria, has been identified by various environmental groups as the black point of Spanish roads for the wolf, a species that in Spain enjoys protection status. There are several reasons for this problem, most of them related to the lack of maintenance of the highway as it passes through said territory.