OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pygmy rainbowfish

The pygmy rainbowfish (Melanotaenia pygmaea) is a species of rainbowfish in the subfamily Melanotaeniinae. It is endemic to Australia.

## Environment

The Melanotaenia pygmaea is recorded to be found in a freshwater environment within a benthopelagic depth range. This species is native to a tropical climate.

## Size

The Melanotaenia pygmaea is known to reach the maximum recorded length of about 5.5 centimeters or about 2.1 inches as an unsexed male. A female can reach the maximum recorded length of about 3.5 centimeters or about 1.37 inches. The common length of these species is about 4 centimeters or about 1.57 inches.

## Distribution

The Melanotaenia pygmaea is native to the areas of Prince Regent River, West Kimberley district, and northwestern Australia.

## Biology

The Melanotaenia pygmaea is recorded to be found in fast flowing streams. They tend to occupy the deep pools or bottom of waterfalls in that general area. This species stays in areas that have rocky bottoms and that lack vegetation in the water. The Melanotaenia pygmaea stays in schools of at least 50 individuals on average. This species also does well when kept in an aquarium captivity. The male is considered to have more of a vivid, rainbow color than the females do. This species typically has a blue back with pale, yellow fins. The diet of this species is unknown, but it is assumed that they feed on small insects and vegetation such as algae.
# John Pedewell

John Pedewell of Wells, Somerset, was an English politician.

## Family

Pedewell was probably the son of William Pedewell of Wells, Somerset. John Pedewell married a woman named Agnes. They had two sons, whose names are unrecorded.

## Career

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Wells in December 1421 and 1426.
# Shōman-ji, Tokyo

Shōman-ji (正満寺) is a Buddhist temple in Minato, Tokyo in Japan.
# Roy McMakin

Roy McMakin (born 1956 in Lander, Wyoming) is a San Diego–based artist, designer, furniture maker, and architect.

## Biography

He began his studies at the Museum Art School in Portland, but soon transferred to the University of California, San Diego, where he completed a BA in 1979 and an MA in 1982. At UCSD, he studied conceptual art making, under the likes of Allan Kaprow, Manny Farber, Jean-Pierre Gorin, and Patricia Patterson. In 1987, he opened his first showroom on Los Angeles' Beverly Boulevard, called Domestic Furniture Co. Though the showroom closed in 1995, it remains online today and has resumed production with Big Leaf Manufacturing. Additionally, his work has been featured in solo-exhibitions at galleries and museums, he has designed entire houses, and increased the production of his furniture for his showroom. His most recent retrospective was a 20-year survey of the sculptor and furniture designer's oeuvre at the University of Washington's Henry Art Gallery in 2005.

### Influences

McMakin's furniture hints at influences from particular architects, designers, artists, and larger trends in American furniture design. His designs echo the Arts and Crafts tradition, Shaker designs, Art Deco and '50s Functional styles, and even mass-produced American commercial furniture. He also admired architect Irving Gill, a pioneer of early 20th century pre-modern design, the sensitive wood worker, George Nakashima, and artist Scott Burton. In fact, he lived in the 1917 Hancock Park house designed by Irving Gill. Of Gill's house, McMakin said "It seems to be charged with the element of time, that domesticates whatever was off or unusual about the work when it first appeared. […] Small, simple houses need to come back in. We need to be more sparing in the way we spend our natural resources. We need to be caring about the natural limits of our environment." His professor, Allan Kaprow, taught him the basics of conceptual art making and provided him with an artistic community in which to experiment. Some critics have likened his taste for minimalism to the great minimalist artists, such as Sol Lewitt and Donald Judd. While other historians have placed him in an artistic lineage that includes West Coast natives John McLaughlin, Robert Irwin, and Charles Ray.

## Exhibition History

2016
* Roy McMakin: A Table, Garth Greenan Gallery, September 29–November 12
# Royal Opera

Royal Opera or Royal Opera House may refer to:
* Khedivial Opera House, Cairo, Egypt; burnt down in 1971
* Royal Swedish Opera, opera house and opera company in Sweden
* L'Opéra of the Palace of Versailles or L'Opéra Royal de Versailles, France
* Opéra Royal de Wallonie, opera house in Liège, Belgium
* Royal Opera House (Mumbai), disused opera house in India
* Royal Opera House Muscat, opera house in Muscat, Oman
* Royal Opera House, Valletta, opera house in Malta
* Royal Opera House, opera house in Covent Garden, London, home of
** The Royal Opera, leading opera company in England
* Royal Wanganui Opera House, opera house in New Zealand
* Royal Opera House, Scarborough, England (1876-2004)

## Formerly "Royal" opera houses or companies

* Berlin State Opera, Germany: "Royal Opera House", 1843–1918
* Hungarian State Opera House, Budapest: "Hungarian Royal Opera House", 1884–1945?
* Kroll Opera House, Berlin, Germany: "New Royal Opera Theatre", 1895–1924
* Palace Theatre, London, London: "Royal English Opera House", 1891–92
* Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Italy: "Royal Opera House", 1926–46
# Juan de Bolas Mountain

Juan de Bolas Mountain in Saint Catherine, Jamaica (some sources say Clarendon) is named after Juan de Bolas, A Chief of a Group of Maroons who sided with the Spanish during the British Spanish war in Jamaica 1655. He was caught by the British and turned to their side and was instrumental in defeating the Spanish. He would then betray the maroons by revealing their settlement to the British and serving as a Maroon Hunter
# Ruchi Sally

Ruchi Sally is a woman entrepreneur and retail specialist, who regularly gets quoted in Economic Times. It covers the 'Business of Brands' section that focuses on retail and consumer goods market in India. She has been the retail industry watcher and have been contributing her work to the journals for last 4 years. She is also the Managing Director of Elargir Solutions, a retail consulting & marketing company based in Mumbai

## Background

Ms. Sally is a post graduate from Delhi university. She worked with DLF Limited and Aditya Birla Group before founding Elargir Solutions.
# Jul Big Green

Julien Raymond Huntley (born March 25, 1990), known professionally as Jul Big Green, is an American singer, musician, songwriter, actor and audio producer.

## Early life and education

Jul is from Cleveland, Ohio. Growing up in a musical family led him to develop a passion for the art at a young age. This passion would later drive him to receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in music from the University of Akron graduating in 2013.

## Career

He start his solo and group projects under the name Jul Big Green. Jul released his first full-length album All Things in May 2015.
Jul's name is in part a nod to his style of always wearing green in public. He has performed as a solo artist or with his full band at many locations around Cleveland and has also done several tours touching Florida, Michigan, and New York. He has also been a guest performer on Cleveland news stations such as Fox 8 News.

## Musical style

He performs in diverse styles that range from pop to hip-hop and jazz acoustics.
# Ruggero Verity

Ruggero Verity or Roger Verity (20 May 1883 – 4 March 1959) was an Anglo-Italian entomologist who specialised in butterflies, and was a physician.

## Life

Roger Verity was born in Florence on 20 May 1883, the elder son of Richard Henry Manners Verity (1844–1926) and his wife Matilda daughter of Cav. Sebastiano Fenzi and Emily Verity. Roger Verity married, on 1 June 1922, Donna Giulia dei Principi Gallarati–Scotti (20 November 1887 – 17 June 1938) daughter of Don Gian Carlo, Prince di Molfetta, Duca di San Pietro in Galatina, and Luigia Melzi D'Eril dei Duchi di Lodi.
Roger Verity was a lepidopterist and the author of over 150 papers and books including Rhopalocera Palaeartica. Papilionidae and Pieridae (1905–1911, 454 pages), Le Farfalle diurne d’Italia (Butterflies of Italy (volumes, 1940–1953, 1688 pages) and Les variations géographiques et saisonnières des Papillons diurnes en France (Geographic and seasonal variation of the butterflies of France) (three volumes, 476 pages). He was responsible for the naming of two to three thousand butterflies, his collection of close to 250,000 butterflies many purchased from the dealerships "Staudinger Bang-Haas" and Orazio Querci together with his library is now in La Specola museum in Florence.
He lived in Florence and at "Cicaleto" (Villa Verity) at Caldine, He died 4 March 1959 and is buried at Sofiana. There is a memorial in the family chapel at Cicaleto.
Roger Verity created the term "exerges", writing: "[Exerges] always inhabit different land-areas, except in particular cases, such as large mountain chains and plains, which afford very different surroundings and climates within the same area; they often consist in a long chain of races stretching even from one continent to another ..." The modern term is cline.

## Sources

* Cesare Conci et Roberto Poggi (1996), Iconography of Italian Entomologists, With Essential Biographical Data. Memorie della Società entomologica Italiana, 75: 159–382
# Rufous-headed chachalaca

The rufous-headed chachalaca (Ortalis erythroptera) is a species of bird in the family Cracidae, the chachalacas, guans, and curassows. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The rufous-headed chachalaca is monotypic.

## Description

The rufous-headed chachalaca is 56 to 66 cm (1.8 to 2.2 ft) long and weighs 620 to 645 g (1.4 to 1.4 lb). It has a rufous head and neck and gray-brown back. The central tail feathers are dark gray and the outer ones gray near the body and chestnut on their outer halves. The lower breast and belly are creamy white. The primary flight feathers are bright chestnut. Its brown eye is surrounded by bare bluish gray skin. The legs are pale blue.

## Distribution and habitat

The rufous-headed chachalaca is found in extreme southwestern Colombia, extreme northwestern Peru, and in several small to medium-sized areas in western Ecuador. It inhabits dry, but not arid, deciduous forest and cloudforest in the coastal zone and Andean foothills. There are unconfirmed reports from savannah and brushy habitats. In elevation it generally ranges from sea level to 1,390 m (4,560 ft) but has been seen as high as 1,850 m (6,070 ft) and heard near 2,500 m (8,200 ft).

## Behavior
### Feeding

The rufous-headed chachalaca typically forages in groups of two to seven. Its known diet is only fruit but it may also include leaves.

### Breeding

The rufous-headed chachalaca's breeding season appears to parallel the January to May rainy season. Captive birds lay clutches of three eggs.

### Vocalization

* Songs and calls
* Listen to rufous-headed chachalaca on xeno-canto
The rufous-headed chachalaca is most vocal from before dawn into the early morning. Its principal call is a "raucous, repeated 'kwak-ar-ar-ar', 'cha-cha-kaw' or shriller 'kra-kra-kra'", and is usually initiated by the male. Pairs give several calls "including a soft cooing or clucking, [a] harsh 'cow', and [a] fast, repeated 'kawuck'."

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the rufous-headed chachalaca as Vulnerable. Its range is fragmented and its population small and declining. Habitat destruction and hunting are the primary threats.
# Rufous-headed ground roller

The rufous-headed ground roller (Atelornis crossleyi) is a species of bird in the ground roller family, Brachypteraciidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. There are currently five known species of ground rollers. Four of these species live in the eastern and central highland humid forests. Unlike the four other species, the fifth species lives in the dry southwestern spiny bushes of Madagascar. The Atelornis crossleyi species of the ground rollers lives with most of its family in humid forests. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers the bird to be near-threatened because, although it is present in a number of protected areas, it is hunted for food and the forests in which it lives are threatened by slash-and-burn cultivation. The bird's scientific name commemorates Alfred Crossley who collected mammals, birds, butterflies and moths in Madagascar and Cameroon in the 1860s and 1870s. Many of these are in the Natural History Museum, London.

## Description

The sexes are similar in this distinctively-coloured bird about 25 cm (10 in) long. The head and breast are reddish-brown, the upper parts olive green and the underparts buff with darker markings. There is a narrow blackish collar with white vertical streaks on the upper breast and an iridescent light blue patch on the carpal wing joint. The tail is short and the beak and legs are grey.

## Distribution and habitat

The rufous-headed ground roller is endemic to eastern Madagascar where it is found in montane evergreen rain forests at altitudes between 800 and 2,000 m (2,600 and 6,600 ft), but is most common between 1,250 and 1,750 m (4,100 and 5,700 ft). Although present in most mountain regions, it is absent from Montagne d'Ambre in the far north of the island.

## Ecology

The rufous-headed ground roller is terrestrial and feeds amongst dense vegetation on the ground, taking a range of prey, particularly insects such as ants, beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, butterflies and cockroaches. It nests in a burrow up to 50 cm (20 in) deep in an earth bank. Breeding probably takes place in December and January, and the clutch size is normally two eggs.
# Rumicastrum corrigioloides

Rumicastrum corrigioloides (synonym Calandrinia corrigioloides) is an annual herb in the family Montiaceae, and is native to Western Australia, South Australia, and Victoria.

## Description

It is a succulent, prostrate herb, with pink-white flowers. It flowers from August to November and grows on sandy soils in swampy depressions, flats, and sand dunes. The stems of the flowers (pedicels) are 0.5–2 mm long and spreading to reflexed in fruit. The bracts are leafy and alternate, the sepals are persistent and the 4 or 5 petals are white to pale-pink. There are 3 to 4 stamens and 3 stigmas 3 which are free to the base. The capsule is three valved and narrow-ovoid to elongate-cylindrical, and the seeds are black, shiny, and smooth and 0.7–1 mm in diameter.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as Calandrinia corrigioloides by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1863. The genus Calandrinia was discovered to be paraphyletic, and the Australasian species were moved to genus Rumicastrum in 2020.
# Julia Heynen

Julia Heynen is an American stage actress. She defined the role of Helen in Jacob Appel's Helen of Sparta at the Venus Theatre, a role in which critic Ted Ying singled out her performance as a "forceful personification of the face that launched a thousand ships" and praised her as "beautiful, confident, [and] charismatic." She also originated the part of Ophelia in Chris Wind's Not Such Stuff.
Critic Sophia Carteret wrote of Heynen that she "lets Ophelia's voice speak out as Shakespeare should have done. She lets us see the conflicting emotions of a girl learning to see the world with a woman's eyes; one who, in aiming to do right, comes to see that the duty of listening, reflecting, and obeying can be less important than the acts of observing, questioning, and seeking to correct the errors committed by oneself and others. Given the longest segment in the play, this character shows the most complexity and personal development on stage and the actor gives the role all that it needs to succeed both dramatically and intellectually."
Heynen earlier starred in regional productions of Private Eyes, Hedda Gabler, Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author and nearly three dozen other productions in the Washington and Baltimore areas.
As of the summer of 2010, she is starring in the Red Branch Theatre's production of David Auburn's Proof. The New Dramatist named her a "local legend" in 2009, the first from the Baltimore-Washington region in eight years.
In 2011 Heynen moved to Chicago, where she currently resides as of spring 2014. She is currently a part of the Denver Team at iO Chicago.
Heynen is a graduate of Goucher College.
# Rubeosis iridis

Rubeosis iridis is a medical condition of the iris of the eye in which new abnormal blood vessels (formed by neovascularization) are found on the surface of the iris.

## Causes

This condition is often associated with diabetes in advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Other conditions causing rubeosis iridis include central retinal vein occlusion, ocular ischemic syndrome, and chronic retinal detachment.

## Pathophysiology

It is usually associated with disease processes in the retina, which involve the retina becoming starved of oxygen (ischaemic). The ischemic retina releases a variety of factors, the most important of which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These factors stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). These new vessels do not have the same characteristics as the blood vessels originally formed in the eye. In addition, new blood vessels can form in areas that do not have them. Specifically, new blood vessels can be observed on the iris. In addition to the blood vessels in the iris, they can grow into the angle of the eye. These blood vessels eventually go through a process called fibrosis which closes the normal physiologic anatomy of the angle. The closing of the angle prevents fluid from leaving the eye resulting in an increase in intraocular pressure. This is called neovascular glaucoma.

## Treatment

If caught early, the neovascularization can be reversed with prompt panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), or injection of anti-VEGF medications with subsequent PRP. The injection blocks the direct effect of VEGF and acts more quickly but will wear off in about six weeks. PRP has a slower onset of action but can last permanently. Once the neovascularization has been longstanding, the new vessels recruit fibrous tissue, and as this forms and contracts, the angle can be permanently damaged, and will not respond to treatment. If this occurs, then surgical intervention is required to reduce the pressure (such as a glaucoma drainage implant)
# Ruizinho

Ruizinho may refer to:
* Ruizinho (footballer, born 1989), Portuguese footballer who plays as a midfielder
* Ruizinho (footballer, born 1991), Portuguese footballer who plays as a forward
# Rukumoana Marae

The Rukumoana Marae is a marae located between the towns of Morrinsville and Kiwitahi. It was built between 1915 and 1917 and used as a parliament house during the Māori King Movement.
# Rural society in Laos

In Laos, society is characterized by semi-independent rural villages engaged in subsistence agricultural production. Ethnic, geographic, and ecological differences create variations in the pattern of village life from one part of the country to another, but the common threads of village self-reliance, limited regional trade and communication, and identification with one's village and ethnic group persist regardless of the setting. Rural trade networks, however, have been a part of life since the 1950s. Except near the larger towns and in the rich agricultural plains of Vientiane and Savannakhét, villages are spaced at least several kilometers apart and the intervening land variously developed as rice paddy and swidden fields or maintained as buffer forest for gathering wild plants and animals, fuelwood, and occasional timber harvest.
Ethnicity differentiates the villages but is usually not a source of conflict or antagonism. Nearly all villages are ethnically homogeneous, although a few include two or more distinct groups. Ethnic mixing often has resulted from different groups migrating to a new settlement site at about the same time, or a larger village at a crossroads or river transit point developing into a minor trading center. Ethnic identity is never absolutely immutable. Some minority Laotian individuals have adopted lowland Lao behavior and dress patterns, or intermarried with lowland Lao, and have effectively acculturated to lowland society. In some units, military service has also brought together Laotians of different ethnic groups, both before and after 1975.
Only since 1975 has there been any sense of national unity among most rural villagers. Precolonial governments depended more on a system of control at the district level with the chao muang (district chief) maintaining his own allegiance and tribute to the state. Administrative practices under the French and during the post-World War II period was confined primarily to provincial and a few district centers. The government was able to extract taxes with some facility but had little impact on the daily lives or thoughts of most villagers. However, since 1975, the government has expended considerable energy and resources on national unification, so that even isolated villages recognize the role of local government and consider themselves at some level to be part of a Laotian state.
# Running Water, South Dakota

Running Water is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 47 at the 2020 census.
The community's name Running Water is a former variant name of the nearby Niobrara River.

## Geography

Running Water is located on the north side of the Missouri River in southern Bon Homme County along the South Dakota-Nebraska state line. South Dakota Highway 37 crosses the Missouri at Running Water, becoming Nebraska Highway 14 on the opposite shore. SD 37 leads north and east 10 miles (16 km) to Springfield, and NE 14 leads south and west 3 miles (5 km) to Niobrara.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Running Water CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km$^2$), all of it land.
Running Water is located along the upper portion of Lewis and Clark Lake, a Missouri River reservoir. The South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks operates a small recreational area for lake and river access including a boat ramp at Running Water.
Running Water is famous for having a ferry boat operating during spring-fall, off and on, from 1874 to 1984. This boat would haul people and vehicles across the Missouri River, between Running Water SD and Niobrara NE. The fare at one time was $1 per vehicle. The need for such a service was reduced or eliminated by the construction of the modern Chief Standing Bear Bridge over the river for SD Highway 37 and NE Highway 14.
# Russian influence on the Bulgarian language

Russian influence on the Bulgarian language dates back to the 18th century after the reforms of Peter the Great and the declaration of Russia as an empire (October 22, 1721). The beginning is marked by the translation of the "Kingdom of the Slavs" into Russian.
To begin with, a teacher in Voivodina, where many Bulgarians live, was sent Maxim Suvorov with many alphabet book in Civil Script. Catherine the Great sponsors the printing business in Venice of Dimitri Theodosius.
Russian influence follows the first and second Bulgarian literary and cultural influences on the Russian language, literature and culture, which date back to the golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture and the Tarnovo Literary School.
Russian influence is expressed in the construction of secular education, the introduction of new scientific, political and cultural terminology, mainly after the Crimean War.
# Ruralista

Ruralista (Spanish and Portuguese for "Ruralist") may refer to:
* Liga Federal de Acción Ruralista [es], 1950s—1964 Uruguayan political movement adherent to ruralism
* Partido Ruralista Oriental, 1978 right-wing Bolivian political party
* União Democrática Ruralista, Right-wing Brazilian political party