OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jean-Pierre Michel

Jean-Pierre Michel (5 August 1938 – 24 January 2021) was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Haute-Saône department from 2004 to 2014. He was a member of the Socialist Party. In 2014 he ran for a second term, but lost by a 57%-34% margin to Alain Joyandet and by a 60%-34% margin to mayor Michel Raison.
Michel died on 24 January 2021 at the age of 82.

## Political career

As part of the study of the bill opening marriage to same-sex couples, as rapporteur of the Committee on Laws, he declared on February 13, 2013: "Me, my position is that something is just [or fair] because that's what the law says, that's all. And the law does not refer to some natural order. It refers to a given balance of power at some point in time, period, nothing else." The philosopher Thibaud Collin interjects: "Ah, I see, the basis of justice is thus the result of a balance of power?" And the socialist rapporteur concludes: "This is my point of view, it is the Marxist point of view on law."(Starting at 1:40:01 in the full video of the committee hearing on 13 February 2013, can be found on YouTube but not linked to.)

## Electoral history

Haute-Saône Senate Election 2014 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | UMP | Michel Raison | 560 | 59.77 |
| | UMP | Alain Joyandet | 535 | 57.10 |
| | PS | Jean-Pierre Michel | 317 | 33.83 |
| | PS | Jean-Pierre Chausse | 313 | 33.40 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 960 | 98.77 |
| | UMP gain from PS | UMP gain from PS | Swing | |
Haute-Saône Senate Election 2004 (Runoff) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PS | Jean-Pierre Michel | 465 | 50.11 |
| | UMP | Marie-Odile Hagemann | 463 | 49.89 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2 | 0.22 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 948 | 99.37 |
| | PS gain from UMP | PS gain from UMP | Swing | |
Haute-Saône's 2nd constituency Election 2002 (Runoff) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | UMP | Maryvonne Briot | 19 045 | 51.09 |
| | PS | Jean-Pierre Michel | 18 234 | 48.91 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 811 | 2.18 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 39 782 | 64.97 |
| | UMP gain from PS | UMP gain from PS | Swing | |
# Ib Birkedal Hansen

Niels Rasmus Ib Birkedal Hansen (17 October 1909 – 20 July 1950) was a high-ranking Danish Nazi who acted as a chief in the Gestapo during the Second World War. Notorious for his interrogation techniques, which involved torture and murder, he became a feared and reviled figure among members of the Danish resistance movement.
Hansen was born on 17 October 1909 in Århus, the only child of wholesaler Johannes Frederik Birkedal Hansen and his wife Anna Asta Eliesa. After graduating from high school in 1924, he worked as a sailor for some time before trying his hand at a number of professions, most of which ended in failure. On his 25th birthday, he married Mette Kirstine Nielsine in Åby Parish, with whom he had a daughter the following year. In 1939, he was given a three months' suspended sentence on a fraud conviction.
In the summer of 1940, Hansen left for Germany to look for work. He eventually began working for the Gestapo in Hamburg, remaining there until 1943, whereupon he returned to Denmark and settled in Copenhagen, where he became an interpreter for the local Gestapo branch. He quickly rose through the ranks and eventually had a permanent group of employees serving under him, named The Birkedal Group (Danish: Birkedalgruppen), whose main task was to hunt down, interrogate and subsequently kill members of the Danish resistance. During interrogations, Hansen made systematic and violent use of torture, which, coupled with the group's efficiency and brutality, made him notorious among the population. After the war, it was estimated that the Birkedal Group was involved in about 60% of arrests of Danish resistance fighters.
After liberation, Hansen was sought throughout Europe and eventually apprehended in Germany in 1947, the last of the Birkedal Group who was still on the run. For their crimes, most of the members were either sentenced to death or given long prison terms. During his trial, Hansen tried to plead insanity, and during observations at the infirmary at Vestre Prison, his actions grew increasingly peculiar. Eventually, most came to agree that he was indeed insane, but it was noted that his insanity was not long-lasting and it was suggested that his acts had brought on his cognitive imbalances. And so, disregarding these mitigating circumstances, Hansen was found sane and sentenced to death for war crimes (28 counts of murder and 133 counts of aggravated assault).
On 20 July 1950, Hansen was executed via firing squad at the execution court in Christianshavn, the last person to be executed in Denmark for either civilian or military crimes.
# Java backporting tools

Java backporting tools are programs (usually written in Java) that convert Java classes bytecodes from one version of the Java Platform to an older one (for example Java 5.0 backported to 1.4).

## Java backporting tools comparison
### Main information

The JVM has evolved a lot for the past years. However, most language features that were added are simply a syntactic sugar. They do not require new byte-code, hence can be compiled to the Java 8. But, since the Java language was always bound to the JVM development, new language features require the same target as the JVM because they get released all together.
| | Source version | Target version | Last release | License | Website |
| Retrolambda | Java 8 | Java 7, 6, 5 | 2015-12-19, 2.1.0 | Apache License 2.0 | https://github.com/orfjackal/retrolambda |
| Retrotranslator | Java 5 | | 2009-08-09, 1.2.9 | BSD-like | https://retrotranslator.sourceforge.net/ |
| Retroweaver | Java 5 | | 2008-10-14, 2.0.7 | BSD-like | https://retroweaver.sourceforge.net/ |
| Declawer | Java 5 | Java 1.4 | 2007-11-14 | LGPL or MPL | https://www.glazedlists.com/Home/declawer |
| JBossRetro | Java 5 | Java 1.4 | 2008-03-10, 1.1.2 | LGPL | https://www.jboss.org/community/docs/DOC-10738 |
| Jabel | Java 9–14 | Java 1.8 | 2021-10-20, 0.4.2 | Apache License 2.0 | https://github.com/bsideup/jabel |

### Features

| | lambda expressions | default methods | generics | enhanced for loops | annotations | autoboxing and unboxing | static imports | varargs | enumerations | reflection on generics and annotations | covariant return types |
| Retrolambda | Yes | Yes |
| Retrotranslator | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Retroweaver | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Declawer | No | No | Yes |
| JBossRetro | No | No |
| | formatted output | formatted input | collections framework enhancements | concurrency utilities | emulate the Java 5.0 memory model | support for JDK 1.6 File methods like canExecute | API support for JDK 1.4 | API support for JDK 1.3 | API support for older release |
| Retrolambda |
| Retrotranslator | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | extensive | limited | none |
| Retroweaver | No | No | No | No | No |
| Declawer |
| JBossRetro |
# Java bean

Java bean may refer to:
* Java coffee, the coffee
* JavaBeans, the software
* Enterprise JavaBeans, the server software
# New Brunswick Route 540

Route 540 is a 54.8-kilometre (34.1 mi) long provincial highway located in western New Brunswick, Canada. The highway begins in Graham Corner at a junction with Route 122 and travels north to a terminus at Route 550 in Lindsay.

## Route description

Route 540 begins in Graham Corner, near Eel River Lake, and travels north through rural woodlands in northern York County, passing through the community of Maxwell, and by Belle Lake. The highway continues north, into Carleton County and the community of Kirkland, where the woodlands give way to farmland. The highway's first junction with another numbered highway occurs south of Richmond Corner, with Route 555, then just north of Richmond Corner with Route 95, which provides access to Maine and to Woodstock and the Trans-Canada Highway. Past Route 95, the highway continues through several small communities and rural farmland, before turning east near Oakville. The highway comes to an end in Lindsay at an intersection with Route 550.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| York | Graham Corner | 0.0 | 0.0 | Route 122 to US 1 – Orient, Me, Lakeland Ridges | Southern terminus |
| Carleton | Richmond Corner | 36.2 | 22.5 | Route 555 – Irish Settlement, Woodstock | |
| Carleton | Richmond Corner | 37.4 | 23.2 | Route 95 to I-95 / Route 2 (TCH) – Houlton, Me, Woodstock | Interchange |
| Carleton | Lindsay | 54.8 | 34.1 | Route 550 – Hartford, Tracey Mills | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# New Radnor railway station

New Radnor railway station was a station in New Radnor, Powys, Wales. The terminus station opened in 1875 and closed in 1951.
The Kington and Eardisley Railway developed an extension to the Leominster and Kington Railway from Kington, with ambitions to extend a cross-Wales railway line to Aberystwyth. Developing a small station 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from the town, the plans never came to fruition, only allowing services on the Great Western Railway to both Leominster and onwards to London Paddington. The station closed to passengers in February 1951, and freight in December 1951. Since closure the station building and part of the platform have been restored within a caravan park.
# New Radio and Performing Arts

New Radio and Performing Arts, Inc. (NRPA), and its satellite project Turbulence.org, was an American organization that commissioned and archived new and experimental radio art, sound art, net art and mixed reality art. It was founded in 1981 by Helen Thorington. In 2003, NRPA opened an office in Boston, Massachusetts. The organization closed in December 2017.

## New American Radio

NRPA is known for its New American Radio series, a weekly public radio program of its commissioned experimental sound art pieces from 1987 to 1998. Their archive, available online since 2002, includes "over 300 works by artists such as Helen Thorington, Gregory Whitehead, Hildegard Westerkamp, Jacki Apple, Pauline Oliveros, Christian Marclay, and Terry Allen". New American Radio is archived at the Library of Congress, Neues Museum Weserburg, Bremen, Germany, Wave Farm, New York and Wesleyan University.

## Turbulence.org

With the launch of Turbulence.org in 1996, NRPA expanded its mandate to "regularly commission net art from the US and abroad" and it now holds the largest archive of such work. Through open calls, competitions and awards, the group supports exhibitions "in real space, as well as on the Web," "from full-blown museum exhibitions to esoteric hacks," and acts as an "incubator" for "high-tech art".
From 1996, NRPA's main focus was on supporting established and emerging artists to create net art/Internet Art or networked hybrid art (art for both virtual and physical space) by: 1) commissioning work for Turbulence.org (over 225 commissions ranging from $1,000-$25,000); 2) providing exhibition venues on- and offline; 3) archiving the work. Notable commissioned artists include Martin Wattenberg, Brooke Singer, Golan Levin, Annie Abrahams, Mary Flanagan, Scott Kildall, Kate Armstrong, Michael Tippett, Nathaniel Stern, Michael Takeo Magruder, Cory Arcangel, Stephanie Rothenberg, R. Luke DuBois, Ursula Endlicher, MTAA, and Zoe Beloff.
In 2018, Turbulence.org was exhibited at The New Art Fest in Lisbon. and Turbulence: Presentación del archivo digital at Extremadura and Iberoamericano Museum of Contemporary Art (MEIAC) Badajoz, Spain. Turbulence.org is permanently archived at MEIAC, the Electronic Literature Organization, the Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York and the Library of Congress.

## Collaborations

NRPA partnered with many organizations, festivals, galleries, educational institutions Brown University, Cornell University, Emerson College, Wesleyan University) and networks to extend its online activities into the physical world; these included Art Interactive, the Boston Cyberarts Festival, Huret & Spectre Gallery, Lumen Eclipse and Pace Digital Art Gallery. It also partnered with other online platforms, including Ars Virtua, Electronic Literature Organization, Low-fi, MGFest, Rhizome, and Upgrade! International. These activities collectively broadened NRPA's network/audience and, perhaps more importantly, encouraged artists working in more traditional media to experiment with emerging networked technologies.
# Ian Brzezinski

Ian Joseph Brzezinski (born December 23, 1963) is an American foreign policy and military affairs expert.
He served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and NATO Policy from 14 May 2001 to 20 January 2005, under President George W. Bush.

## Biography

Ian Brzezinski attended Langley High School in McLean, Virginia and in 1986 graduated from Williams College. He was a Support Analyst/Information Assistant at the National Security Council in 1986–1987.
He served as a member of the Policy Planning Staff in the Department of Defense in 1991–1993, and was also a consultant to the Center for Naval Analysis in 1991–1992.
In 1993–1994, Brzezinski became a volunteer advisor to the government of Ukraine, where he assisted Ukraine's National Security Council, Foreign Ministry, Defense Ministry and Parliament.
He returned to the United States in 1995, and became Legislative Assistant for National Security Affairs to Senator William Roth. In 2000, he became a Senior Professional Staff Member for the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.
He served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and NATO Policy in 2001–2005.
After leaving the Defense Department, Brzezinski became a Principal at the consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc., providing policy and technical advice to U.S. combatant commands and foreign clients. He left Booz Allen Hamilton after five years, and now heads the Brzezinski Group, which provides similar services: " ... a strategic advisory firm serving U.S. and international commercial clients in the financial, energy, and defense sectors. The Brzezinski Group assists them navigate geopolitical developments, develop and execute market entry and opportunity capture strategies, and manage relationships with government entities."
He is also a member of the Strategic Advisors Group at the Atlantic Council; in 2010 he was named a Senior Fellow in the council's Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security.
Brzezinski is a frequent contributor to the American press on foreign policy issues.

## Honors

For his public service, Brzezinski has been awarded
* Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service
* Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
* Award of Ministry of Defence of Latvia
* Romanian Medal for National Service, Order of Commander
* Order of Merit, Republic of Poland, Officer Class.

## Family

Ian Brzezinski is the son of foreign-policy expert Zbigniew Brzezinski and sculptor Emilie Benes Brzezinski, and the brother of American lawyer and foreign policy expert Mark Brzezinski and American television news journalist Mika Brzezinski. He is first cousin of Matthew Brzezinski.
He is married to Ginny Flynn-Brzezinski and has two children.

## Publications

* U.S. Policy Toward Northeastern Europe: Report of an Independent Task Force. Council on Foreign Relations Press, April 1999. ISBN 0-87609-259-8
# Ziniaré Department

Ziniaré is a department or commune of Oubritenga Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Ziniaré. According to the 2019 census the department has a total population of 88,299.

## Towns and villages

* Ziniaré (33,301 inhabitants) (capital)
* Badnogo (515)
* Bagadogo (1,022)
* Basbedo (939)
* Barkuitenga (1,529)
* Barkoudouba (859)
* Betta (1,265)
* Bissiga Peulh (144)
* Boalin (580)
* Boulba (748)
* Gam-Silimimossé (800)
* Gombogo (642)
* Gombogo-Peulh (188)
* Gonsé (210)
* Gondogo Tandaaga (853)
* Gombogo (1,645)
* Ipala (1,417)
* Kartenga (811)
* Koada-Yarcé (483)
* Koassanga (2,551)
* Kolgondiessé (477)
* Koulgandogo (239)
* Koulgando-peulh (195)
* Ladwenda (873)
* Laongo-yanga (972)
* Matté (906)
* Moutti (1,200)
* Moyargo (618)
* Nabitenga (636)
* Nakamtenga I (749)
* Nakamtenga II (700)
* Namassa (1,105)
* Napamboubou-saalin (415)
* Ouagatenga (515)
* Oubri-Yaoghin (1,465)
* Pilaga peulh (479)
* Rassempoughin (201)
* Sawana (2,095)
* Songpélcé (2,357)
* Tanghin-Gombogo (917)
* Tanghin Goudry (528)
* Tamassa (307)
* Tamissi (959)
* Tambogo Peulh (226)
* Tampougtenga (1,007)
* Tanpoko Peulh (295)
* Taonsgo (1,609)
* Tibin (619)
* Ziga (2,392)
# Glacier head

A glacier head is the top of a glacier. Although glaciers seem motionless to the observer they are in constant motion and the terminus is always either advancing or retreating.
On a glacier, the accumulation zone is the area above the firn line, where snowfall accumulates and exceeds the losses from ablation, (melting, evaporation, and sublimation). The annual equilibrium line separates the accumulation and ablation zone annually. The accumulation zone is also defined as the part of a glacier's surface, usually at higher elevations, on which there is net accumulation of snow, which subsequently turns into firn and then glacier ice. Part of the glacier where snow builds up and turns to ice moves outward from there.
The glacier head is the highest upslope edge of an alpine glacier or the upslope end of the zone of accumulation. The head of the glacier comes up against a steep bedrock cliff called a cirque headwall

## Movement and ice loss

The head can come away from the cirque in a downslope movement which can create a large crevasse called a bergschrund. This crevasse can be a major obstacle for mountaineers. The existence of a bergschrund is evidence that ice mass has pulled away from the cirque.
A shrinking glacier thins faster near the terminus than near the head, which explains why glaciers retreat up-valley and the glacier head stays in place
The speed of erosion or accumulation is partly dependent on a shape factor which is the ratio of the change in thickness at the glacier head to the change in the thickness at the terminus.
# Zinifex

Zinifex was an Australian company that operated lead and zinc mines, refineries and a lead smelter. It was established in April 2004, when the assets of Pasminco were spun-off. In 2008 it merged with Oxiana to form OZ Minerals.

## History

In September 2001, Pasminco was placed in voluntary administration. Some assets were sold by administrator Ferrier Hodgson, with the remaining profitable assets spun-off to a new entity, Zinifex, which was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in April 2004. Assets included mines in Mount Isa and Rosebery, and smelters in Budel (The Netherlands), Clarkesville (United States), Hobart and Port Pirie.
After floating on the ASX, Zinifex proved successful mainly due to the company keeping no hedges in place, and benefiting from rises in the zinc price. The share price rose from $1.80 in April 2004 to over $18 in December 2006.
On 1 July 2008, Zinifex merged with Oxiana to form OZ Minerals.

## Operations

Zinifex Limited was engaged in minerals exploration, production and smelting to produce zinc and lead concentrates, and zinc, lead and silver metals together with various alloys and byproducts, and the marketing of these products. The segments of the company included Century Mine in Mount Isa, a large open cut zinc, lead and silver mine, operating on a mining lease secured for at least the life of the mine; Rosebery Mine in Rosebery, Tasmania, a medium-sized underground zinc, lead, silver, gold and copper mine; Port Pirie Smelter, a primary lead smelting facility; Australian Refined Alloys, an acid battery and lead recycling business owned 50% by Zinifex in a joint venture with Sims Metal Management; Budel Smelter, an electrolytic smelter, and Clarksville Smelter, a modern smelter to access a large portion of the United States zinc market.
In December 2006, Zinifex announced it would merge its smelting operations with those of Umicore, to form Nyrstar that was floated in October 2007. This left Zinifex as purely a mining company.
In early 2007, a number of incidents affected Zinifex: The Port Pirie smelter had a steam explosion in February and an explosion when moisture contacted molten copper in March. It also had a loading barge used to export ore from the Century Mine damaged in a cyclone.
# Jean-Michel Lavallière

Jean-Michel Lavallière (born December 10, 1990) is a Canadian retired Paralympic swimmer who competed at international swimming competitions. He is a six-time Parapan American Games silver medalist and has competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Lavallière announced his retirement shortly after the 2018 Commonwealth Games due to planning to complete his university studies at Laval University.
# Rare Beer Club

The Rare Beer Club is an online mail-order club specializing in exclusive beers for craft beer enthusiasts. It was founded by the British journalist and beer critic Michael Jackson.

## Reception

Sarah Bennett of the Los Angeles Times called The Rare Beer Club “game-changing,” with “expertly curated bottle shipments that continue to be among the best in the industry,” and noted that about half of the beers featured in the monthly selections were produced exclusively for the club. Fortune magazine affirmed that the club is the “favorite” of the craft beer enthusiasts, and that it is “the way to go” for an experience “more off the beaten path.” The reviewer, however, cautioned that, given the high monthly price of membership, a “wish to gamble” would be a concern for those who would consider joining.

## Reviews

* Popular Mechanics, the Rare Beer Club offers its members “the good, weird, funky stuff,” pointing out that “there are actually a few beers you likely couldn't find anywhere else, like extra hoppy harvest editions of Belgian pale ales or small batch fruit sours from rural Oregon.” The reviewer indicated that, though there are cheaper options for craft beer fans, the Rare Beer Club “offers the very most.”
* The reviewer for Men’s Journal noted that mail-order clubs had first flourished before rare craft beers became widely available in grocery stores, and that the Rare Beer Club was “the one club still worth its dues.”
* The Berghoff blog voted it one of the three best mail-order beer clubs in the United States. According to the American Craft Beer website “There are lots of decent beer clubs out there – but few as good as The Rare Beer Club.”
# Network Definition Language

NDL (Network Definition Language) was a compiler on Burroughs Large and Medium Systems computers used to create a network definition file for a data communications controller (DCC) and object code for a data communications processor (DCP) that interfaced between a message control program (written in DCALGOL) such as (RJE), (MCSII) or (CANDE) and the computer's line adaptors and terminal network.
Burroughs Network Definition Language allowed many parameters of the mainframe communications adapter, modems (where used), protocol and attached terminal to be defined. However it treated the low-level operation of the multi-drop protocol, including the modulus of sequence numbers and the algorithm used for CRCs etc. as primitives.
# Zharkovsky

Zharkovsky (masculine), Zharkovskaya (feminine), or Zharkovskoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Zharkovsky District, a district of Tver Oblast, Russia
* Zharkovsky (urban-type settlement), an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Tver Oblast, Russia