# Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns

Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns (also known as Hermanns saga ok Jarlmanns) is a medieval Icelandic romance saga. The saga contains the first written evidence for the Icelandic circle dance form known as hringbrot, which is also the first Icelandic attestation of elves dancing.

## Synopsis

Kalinke and Mitchell summarise the saga thus:
   The foster-brothers Hermann (son of the king of Frakkland) and Jarlmann (son of an earl) are of an age and have been educated together. Hermann sends Jarlmann to Miklagarðr to sue for the hand of Ríkilát. She has previously rejected many suitors, but Jarlmann wins her for Hermann by means of a magic ring. She cannot return with Jarlmann, however, until the armed forces of another suitor have been repelled. When the wedding finally takes place, Ríkilát is mysteriously abducted and imprisoned by the old king Rudent of Serkland who plans to marry her. Jarlmann feigns love for Þorbjörg, a giantess who guards Ríkilát, and a double wedding ceremony (Rudent-Ríkilát, Jarlmann-Þorbjörg) ensues. Hermann kills the old king and regains his abducted bride, while Jarlmann kills the giantess in the bridal bed. The foster-brothers and Ríkilát return to Frakkland for a second double wedding ceremony. Jarlmann marries the king's sister Herborg and receives half of the kingdom.
The saga survives in two main versions from the Middle Ages, one more learned in tone (traditionally referred to as the older version) and one more orientated to telling a lively narrative (traditionally referred to as the younger version). Recent scholarship, however, reads the two versions as both deriving from and making changes to an earlier original version.$^{:19–22}$

## Influences

Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns is viewed as a specific and intentional response to Konráðs saga, to which its shorter version contains an explicit reference: it deals, of course, with the hero's relationship with a faithful, though unjustly suspected, companion'.$^{:18}$ 'The author of Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns was acquainted not only with indigenous Icelandic romances, such as Konráðs saga, but also with the Old Norse translation Tristrams saga ok Isondar, from which the proxy wooing, the bride as leech, and the problem of the proxy wooer as lover presumably derive. The hall-of-statues episode in Tristrams saga seems to have been the inspiration for the scene in which Jarlmann draws a picture of Hermann for Ríkilát to obtain her consent to the marriage'.

## Manuscripts

The saga is attested in more manuscripts than almost any other Icelandic saga, around 70; the only competitor is Mágus saga jarls. There are two main early versions: a generally longer, more highbrow and probably earlier version, first attested in Eggertsbók (AM 556a-b 4to, from the later fifteenth century), and a generally shorter, more dynamic, probably younger version. Recent research suggests, however, that these two versions are probably independent adaptations of a lost common original, rather than the shorter version being adapted from the longer. Most manuscripts are held in Iceland and elsewhere in Europe, though a few, such as Fiske Icelandic Collection, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York: Ic F75 A125, 8° are in North America.
The following list of manuscripts is based on the survey by Kalinke and Mitchell, on Handrit.is, and on the Stories for All Time survey of fornaldarsaga manuscripts. Links to online catalogue entries are provided where available.
| Location | Classmark | Date | Catalogue Entry URL | Notes |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | AM 167, fol. | ca. 1660 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/AM02-0167 | |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | AM 510, 4to | late 15th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/AM04-0510 | |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | AM 529, 4to | 16th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/AM04-0529 | defective |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | AM 556b, 4to | 15th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/AM04-0556b | |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | AM 576b, 4to | ca. 1700 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/AM04-0576b | résumé |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | Rask 35 | 18th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/da/Rask035 | |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | Rask 77 | 18th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/Rask077 | |
| Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute | Rask 95 | early 19th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/da/Rask095 | |
| Copenhagen, Royal Library | NKS 1144, fol. | 18th century | | résumé |
| Copenhagen, Royal Library | NKS 1156, fol | late 18th century | | |
| Copenhagen, Royal Library | NKS 1685b, I, 4to | 19th century | | résumé |
| Copenhagen, Royal Library | NKS 3051, 4to | ca. 1800 | | |
| Copenhagen, Royal Library | NKS 445, 8vo | 1869 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 325, fol. | ca. 1660-80 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs02-0325 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 151, 4to | ca. 1780 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-0151 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 354, 4to | 18th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-0354 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 360, 4to | 18th-19th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-0360 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 840, 4to | 1737 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-0840 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 988, 4to | 1851-75 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1341, 4to | ca. 1820 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1509, 4to | 1880-1905 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-1509 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1629, 4to | 18th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-1629 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1635, 4to | ca. 1860 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-1635 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1637, 4to | ca. 1780 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1785, 4to | 1833 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1942, 4to | 1872 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 2114, 4to | 18th-19th century | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 2115, 4to | 18th-19th century | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 3022, 4to | 1876-77 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 3122, 4to | 19th century | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 3128, 4to | 1885 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-3128 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 4484, 4to | | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 4492, 4to | 1892 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 4493, 4to | 1902-3 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-4493 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1446, 8vo | 1864-71 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs08-1446 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1687, 8vo | ca. 1850 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs08-1687 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 1993, 8vo | ca. 1826-35 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs08-1993 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 2233, 8vo | 18th-19th century | | defective |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 2497, 8vo | ca. 1902 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 2975, 8vo | 19th century | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 3933, 8vo | 1851 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 3940, 8vo | 1887 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 4009, 8vo | 1896 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 4069, 8vo | 1879 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 4729 8vo | 1903 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs08-4729 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 5175 4to | 1899-1903 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-5175 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | Lbs 5186 4to | 1899-1903 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/Lbs04-5186 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | JS 623, 4to | 17th-19th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/JS04-0623 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | JS 634, 4to | 17th-19th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/JS04-0634 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | JS 635, 4to | 17th-19th century | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/JS04-0635 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 151, 4to | | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 206, 4to | ca. 1830 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/IB04-0206 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 271, 4to | ca. 1800 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/IB04-0271 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 423, 4to | ca. 1750 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/IB04-0423 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 426, 4to | 1877 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/IB04-0426 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 185, 8vo | ca. 1770 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 224, 8vo | ca. 1750 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/IB08-0224 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍB 260, 8vo | ca. 1824-27 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/IB08-0260 | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍBR 59, 4to | 1798 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Library of Iceland | ÍBR 43, 8to | 1851 | | |
| Reykjavík, National Museum of Iceland | Ásbúðarsafn: "Fornar riddera og æfintýra sögur skrifaðar af Þorsteini M. Jónssyni" | 1902 | | |
| Jón Ófeigsson, Hafarnes, Hornafjörður | MS II | 1901 | | |
| Böðvar Kvaran, Tjaldanes | MS III 4.b | 1912 | | |
| Bragi Húnfjörður, Stykkishólmur | MS 1, 8vo | | | |
| Bergen, University of Bergen | UBB MS. 1491 | ca. 1700 | | |
| Oslo, University of Oslo Library | UB 1158, 8vo | late 19th - early 20th century | | |
| Lund, University Library | LUB 14, 4to | mid-18th century | | |
| Stockholm, National Archives | I Papp. 11 | 18th century | | |
| Stockholm, Royal Library | Papp. fol nr 56 | ca. 1685 | | |
| Stockholm, Royal Library | Papp. 8vo nr 4 | 1668 | | |
| Stockholm, Royal Library | Engeström B: III. 1, 21 | ca. 1820 | | |
| Ithaca, New York, Cornell University, Fiske Icelandic Collection | Ic F75 A125, 8vo | 18th century | https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/3039305 | |
| Baltimore, Md, Johns Hopkins University, Nikulas Ottenson Collection | MS. Nr. 9 | 1847-48 | | |
| Winnipeg, Elizabeth Dafoe Library | ISDA JB6 1 | 1825-1851 | FASNL | |
| Reykjavík, Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies | SÁM 15 | 1825 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/SAM-0015 | |
| Reykjavík, Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies | SÁM 6 | 1800-1900 | https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/SAM-0006 | |
| Reykjavík, Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies | AM 591 e 4to | 1675-1700 | FASNL | defective |
| Reykjavík, Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies | HÍ 15 | 1825 | | |

## Editions and translations

* Agnete Loth (ed.), Late Medieval Icelandic Romances, Editiones Arnamagæanae, series B, 20–24, 5 vols Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1962–65, III 1-66. (The earlier version, with an English paraphrase.)
* Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns i yngre handskrifters redaktion, ed. by Hugo Rydberg (Copenhagen: Møller, 1917). (The younger version.)
* Riddarasögur, ed. by Bjarni Vilhjálmsson, 6 vols (Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan, 1949-1951), VI 171-235. (Normalised version of Rydberg's text.)
* Jarlmanns och Hermanns Saga; efter Islandska Handskrifter utgifven med upplysande Anmarkningar, ed. by Joh. G. Liljegren (Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström, 1819) (Swedish translation)
* Philip Lavender and others, 'Jarlmanns saga og Hermanns: A Translation', Scandinavian-Canadian Studies/Études Scandinaves au Canada, 27 (2020), 50-104, doi:10.29173/scancan178. (Normalises and translates Rydberg's edition of the younger version.)