# The Cocktail Waitress

The Cocktail Waitress is a novel by James M. Cain published posthumously in 2012 by Hard Case Crime press.
The last of Cain's novels, this so-called "lost" work was assembled from a number of undated manuscripts by archivist and novelist Charles Ardai.
The Cocktail Waitress resembles Cain's 1941 novel Mildred Pierce in plot and theme, but, in contrast, employs a first-person point-of-view to tell the tragic story of heroine Joan Medford rather than the third-person narration he used in the earlier work.

## Publication history

Upon completing his penultimate novel, The Institute (1976) in 1975, Cain began writing a historical novel story similar in plot and theme to his successful 1941 novel Mildred Pierce. This work would appear 37 years later as The Cocktail Waitress.
Cain, conflicted as to what narrative point-of-view he would employ, began the story using the third-person. Unsatisfied with the effect, Cain “once and for all” committed himself to a first-person confessional narration, rewriting the work in the “lingo” of his female protagonist, Joan Medford.
Cain worked on The Cocktail Waitress throughout 1975. He sent a manuscript to his agent Dorothy Olding. Publisher Orlando Petrocelli requested a rewrite of the ending, and when Cain failed to deliver satisfactory edits, Petrocelli and Olding shelved the novel. The Cocktail Waitress existed in several incomplete and undated drafts when Cain died on October 27, 1977, at age 85.
Novelist and archivist Charles Ardai was alerted to the existence of these manuscripts by Cain biographer Roy Hoopes in 2002. He discovered the “long lost” drafts and assembled The Cocktail Waitress, published in 2012, 35 years after the author's death.

## Critical assessment

Critic Len Gurkin on The Cocktail Waitress:
   If even Cain’s best novels were, as Joyce Carol Oates sternly insists in a 1967 essay, a little too trashy to be literature — “there is always something sleazy, something eerily vulgar and disappointing in his work” — his later work fails even to be sleazy. No longer eerily vulgar, these tedious efforts are instead eerily amateurish, even incompetent. Where did the ear go? Where is the vaunted craft? I know of no other major writer who so completely lost his touch. Which brings us to The Cocktail Waitress...”
Literary critic Michael Connelly on The Cocktail Waitress:
   “... the femme fatale tells her own story, the narration coming direct from Joan in the form of a self-taped statement setting the record straight. The setup leaves the reader to decide whether Joan is telling the truth, or only the truth as she sees it…the plot seams occasionally show or are seen coming far in advance of the denouement. Though narrated by Joan, the story is at times stilted and awkward, as if the author has lost the thread of his character’s voice.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Hoopes, 1982 p. 537
* ↑ Connelly, 2012
* ↑ Gutkin, 2012
* ↑ Gutkin, 2012: “The Cocktail Waitress, the last thing Cain wrote and his third novel to be posthumously released.”
* ↑ Connelly, 2012: “...his very last book…’ And: “Now along comes the author’s ‘lost’ and last novel, The Cocktail Waitress.”
* ↑ Tucker, 2012: “Ardai had heard the story of the lost book in 2002. He hunted through old letters, talked to people, searched Cain’s papers at the Library of Congress. He found bits and pieces of the manuscript...”
* ↑ Gutkin, 2012: “The Cocktail Waitress in many ways resembles a first-person rewrite of Mildred Pierce”
* ↑ Tucker, 2012: “...Cain started 100 pages of the book in third person, then switched to first person, his favored narrative style.”
* ↑ Hoopes, 1982 p. 537: “After he finished the final rewrite of The Institute [in 1976], he went immediately into another novel…his last as it turned out - The Cocktail Waitress.”
* ↑ Tucker, 2012: “Cain mentioned the book in a 1975 interview with biographer Roy Hoopes, which was published in the Washingtonian. “I started a book that was supposed to have a background in [Prince George’s] county politics . . . a book came out of it — ‘The Cocktail Waitress’ — which I am finishing now, but it is completely different from the book I started to write.”
* ↑ Hoopes, 1982 p. 538: “...there was the old first-person, third-person problem. Initially tried it in the third-person…” Cain toned down any confessional descriptions of her sexual encounters.
* ↑ Gutkin, 2012: “The Cocktail Waitress in many ways resembles a first-person rewrite of Mildred Pierce”
* ↑ Hoopes, 1982 p. 202, 205, 538-539
* ↑ Tucker, 2012: “...Cain started 100 pages of the book in third person, then switched to first person, his favored narrative style.”
* ↑ Connelly, 2012
* ↑ Skenazy, 1989 p. xix
* ↑ Tucker, 2012
* ↑ Tucker, 2012: “Now his long-lost last novel, [published] 35 years after [Cain] died at age 85.” And: “Ardai assembled the book, based on this manuscript, a task made more difficult because the drafts were not dated.”
* ↑ Connelly, 2012: “The published novel was drawn together by the editor Charles Ardai from multiple manuscripts and notes found in places thousands of miles apart.”
* ↑ Gutkin, 2012:
* ↑ Connelly, 2012

## Sources

* Connelly, Michael. 2012. Last Call. The New York Times. 23 September 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/books/review/the-cocktail-waitress-by-james-m-cain.html Retrieved 10 July 2022.
* Gutkin, Len. 2012. The Terrifying Wish that Comes True: On Cain's 'The Cocktail Waitress. The Los Angeles Review of Books. 16 September 2012. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-terrifying-wish-that-comes-true-on-cains-the-cocktail-waitress/ Retrieved 10 July 2022.
* Tucker, Neely. 2012. Long lost James M. Cain novel published. The Washington Post. 27 September 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/long-lost-james-m-cain-novel-published/2012/09/27/dd1046c4-074e-11e2-858a-5311df86ab04_story.html Retrieved 10 August 2022.