OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spaulder

Spaulders are pieces of armour in a harness of plate armour. Typically, they are a single plate of steel or iron covering the shoulder with bands (lames) joined by straps of leather or rivets. By the 1450s, however, they were often attached to the upper cannon or rerebrace, a feature that continued into the 16th century.

## Description

According to some pictorial evidence of the early Middle Ages, such as the Barberini Ivory, Roman officers wore single spaulders with pteruges attached to protect their upper arms and shoulders.
The use of spaulders developed in the West during the 14th century, appearing more often in the 1300s. Unlike pauldrons, spaulders do not cover the armpits. Instead, the gaps may be covered by besagews or simply left bare, exposing the mail beneath.

## Modern use

Though the use of spaulders has declined, craftsmen and machine shops still exist which can craft a pair of spaulders for use in a museum or in simulated combat during reenactments.
Additionally, the Iraq War saw the introduction of a modern-day version of the spaulder, in the form of the "Deltoid Axillary Protector" add-on to the Interceptor body armour worn by US soldiers.
# To market, to market

"To Market, To Market" or "To Market, To Market, to Buy a Fat Pig" is a folk nursery rhyme which is based upon the traditional rural activity of going to a market or fair where agricultural produce would be bought and sold. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19708.

## Lyrics

The first complete recorded version of the rhyme appeared in 1805 in Songs for the Nursery as "To market, to market, to buy a penny bun," with no reference to a pig.
A common variation in the present day is:
    To market, to market, to buy a fat pig,
    Home again, home again, jiggety-jig.
    To market, to market, to buy a fat hog,
    Home again, home again, jiggety-jog.
    To market, to market to buy a plum cake,
    Home again, home again, market is late.
    To market, to market, to buy a plum bun,
    Home again, home again, market is done.
    To market, to market to buy a fat dog,
    Home again, home again, jiggety jog.
    To market, to market to buy a small chick,
    Home again, home again, jiggety jig.
There have been many variations such as this reworking:
    To market, to market, to buy a fat pig!
    Home with it! Home with it! Jiggety jig!
    Stuff it till Christmas and make a fat hog,
    Then at Smithfield Show win a prize, jiggety jog!

## Origins

The rhyme is first recorded in part in John Florio's, A Worlde of Wordes, or Most Copious, and exact Dictionarie in Italian and English, published in 1598, which defines "Abomba" as "a man's home or resting place: home againe, home againe." The 1611 edition is even clearer, referring to "the place where children playing hide themselves ... Also as we used to say Home againe home againe, market is done." We do not have records again until the following version was printed in Songs for the Nursery (1805):
    "To market, to market, to buy a penny bun,
    Home again, home again, market is done."
# Strelecky

Strelecky or Streletsky is an adjective formed from strelets (a shooter) in several Slavic languages; it may refer to
* John Strelecky (born 1969), American author
* Střelecký Island in Prague, Czech Republic
* Stadion Střelecký ostrov, a football stadium in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
# Tharald Høyerup Blanc

Tharald Høyerup Blanc (December 6, 1838 – April 18, 1921) was a Norwegian theatre historian.
He was born in Bergen. In addition to being a theatre critic in several newspapers and periodicals, he wrote several books which even today are marked by objectivity. His most important books are Norges første nationale scene (1884), Christiania Theaters historie 1827–77 (1899) and Henrik Ibsen og Christiania Theater 1850–99 (1906).
# Gülkaya, Nizip

Gülkaya, historically Hümeyli, is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nizip, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The village is inhabited by Turkmens of the Barak tribe and had a population of 131 in 2022.
# Dunglass Castle

Dunglass Castle, situated in West Dunbartonshire on a rocky cliff overlooking the River Clyde, is a 14th-century ruinous castle. It was designated as a Category B listed building in 1971. It has been graded at high risk by the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland. On its grounds stands the obelisk memorial to Henry Bell, an early steamship pioneer.

## History

When built in 1380, Dunglass Castle served as the caput for the Barony of Colquohoun. The castle was attacked by Lord Fleming's soldiers from Dumbarton Castle in February 1569, but they were repulsed and Lord Fleming's half-brother was captured.
It was ruinous by the 18th century and much of the castle and courtyard stone was taken in 1735 to use in repair of the quay following an order by the Commissioners of Supply. Andrew Buchanan of Auchentorlie ended that practice when he purchased the castle in 1812.
It was leased by the graphic artist Talwin Morris in July 1893 who remodelled the interior, a remnant of the Morris interior is held in the West Dunbartonshire Council collection. The house was subsequently leased in July 1899 to Charles Macdonald, brother of Margaret and Frances Macdonald. Morris's interiors were remodelled by Mackintosh and Macdonald who created new interiors and furniture, including a white room which was later refined in Mackintosh’s masterpiece, Hill House, the home he designed for publisher, Walter Blackie at Helensburgh. A bookcase they created is now in the collection of the National Museum of Scotland and all of Mackintosh's work has been removed.

## Description

A large section of boundary wall remains, approximately 7–8 metres (23 ft 0 in – 26 ft 3 in) high, with a mixture of original and newer construction. A small conical dovecot also exists on the south wall but it is now completely ruined. Near the west end of the wall, and outside the south wall is a small landing place appearing to have been protected by a hoarding – some corbels for which still remains. At the north-west corner of the enclosure is a dwelling house, partly old, possibly dating back to 1590, but mostly more recent. The round tower is probably from the 17th century and appears to have been a pigeon house.
# Heartsease, Knighton

Heartsease is a small settlement or hamlet in Powys, Wales. It is close to the border with England and lies near the junction of the two counties of Herefordshire and Shropshire.
Historically, it was part of the ancient Cantref of Maelienydd in the Kingdom of Powys. For historical population figures see Powys History Project. The hamlet lies on the A4113 road between Knighton and Ludlow and is a few hundred metres from the River Teme (Welsh: Afon Tefeidiad).
A romantic legend attributes the name to a comment made by Owain Glyndŵr whose heart was set at ease when he glimpsed Wales upon returning from England.
The settlement is the home of Radnor Hills, a business bottling local spring water.
# International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

The International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of digital broadcasting technology. It was established in 2007 by Fa-Long Luo, who served as founding editor-in-chief until 2011. The journal is published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Computer Science Index
* CSA Technology Research Database
* EBSCO databases
* EI/Compendex
* Electronics and Communications Abstracts
* Inspec
* ProQuest databases
* Scopus
# Symphimus leucostomus

Symphimus leucostomus, the Mexican white-lipped snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.
The snake is found in Mexico. .
# Football in America

Football in America could mean:

## United States

* American football
** American football in the United States
** National Football League
* Association football
** Soccer in the United States
** Major League Soccer

## The Americas

* Association football
** CONCACAF
*** CONCACAF Gold Cup
*** CONCACAF Champions League
** CONMEBOL
*** Copa América
*** Copa Libertadores
** Soccer in Canada
* Canadian football
** Canadian Football League
# Solar Wings Breeze

The Solar Wings Breeze is a British high-wing, single-place, hang glider that was designed and produced by Solar Wings of Manton, Wiltshire starting in 1996. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

## Design and development

The Breeze was designed as an easy to fly intermediate glider. It is made from aluminum tubing, with the double-surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its 9.4 m (30.8 ft) span wing is cable braced from a single kingpost. The nose angle is 125°, wing area is 15 m$^2$ (160 sq ft) and the aspect ratio is 5.6:1. Pilot hook-in weight range is 65 to 80 kg (143 to 176 lb).
The Breeze was only produced in one size and was BHPA certified.

## Specifications (Breeze)

Data from Bertrand and Delta Club 82
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Wingspan: 9.4 m (30 ft 10 in)
* Wing area: 15 m$^2$ (160 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 5.6:1
* Empty weight: 27 kg (60 lb)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kn)
* Stall speed: 25 km/h (16 mph, 13 kn)
* Maximum glide ratio: 10:1 at 50 km/h (31 mph)
* Rate of sink: 1 m/s (200 ft/min)
# Tharald Brøvig Jr.

Tharald Brøvig Jr. (21 May 1942 – 24 September 2017) was a Norwegian ship-owner and investor.

## Early and personal life

He was born in Farsund, the only child of Gunnar Christian Brøvig (1907–1944) and Ragnhild Mørch. He was a grandson of Tharald Brøvig Sr., and a nephew of Harald Nikolai Brøvig and Olav Selvaag.
His father was the leader of the family company, Th. Brøvig, but was killed in 1944 during the Second World War. Tharald Brøvig's uncles took over the company.

## Career

He finished his secondary education in 1961, entered the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration and graduated with an MBA degree from Harvard Business School in 1966. He worked as a finance analyst for Capital Research Company in the US and Switzerland, and ventured into investments. In 1972 he was involved in the family company Th. Brøvig, mainly with capital investment. He also became a board member of several companies where he had invested.
Investments in companies such as Tandberg, Hafslund Nycomed and particularly Norsk Data (which became defunct in 1992) "rescued the family shipping company through a substantial crisis in the 1980s". Brøvig was a board member of Norsk Data throughout the company's existence. Hafslund Nycomed was started when Hafslund bought Nycomed in the 1980s, and Brøvig was behind this as a board member of Hafslund. In 1992, the family shipping company was again saved, this time with the selling of Hafslund Nycomed shares. In Tandberg, Brøvig was chairman from 1985 to 1997, then in Tandberg Television.
Brøvig was also a board member of World Wildlife Fund in Norway from 1988 to 1996 (chair since 1994) and the Norwegian Shipowners' Association from 1990 to 1998 (vice president since 1996).
Brøvig moved from Switzerland to Norway in 1983. In January 1986 he married Inger Sande.
# Guðmundur G. Þórarinsson

Guðmundur G. Þórarinsson (born 29 October 1939) is an Icelandic politician. He was a member of the Althing, representing the Progressive Party for the Reykjavík Constituency from 1979 to 1983 and from 1987 to 1991.
He chaired the Icelandic Chess Federation (ICF), from 1969 to 1974, and again from 1992.

## Personal life

Guðmundur was born in Reykjavík on 29 October 1939, a son of Þórarinn Bjarnfinnur Ólafsson (1920–1977) and Aðalheiður Sigríður Guðmundsdóttir (1922–1990).
# Dungkar Lozang Trinlé

Dungkar Lozang Trinlé (Tibetan: Dung-dkar blo-bzang 'phrin-las, sometimes transcribed Dungkar Lobsang Trinlay, 1927–21 July 1997) was one of the most important Tibetan historians of the 20th century.
He was born in the south-eastern district of Kongpo. At the age of four he was recognised as the eighth incarnation of Dungdkar Rinpoche, the Lama of Dungdkar Monastery. He left the monastic life after obtaining a geshé degree from Sera Monastery.
At the time of the uprising in 1959 he was teaching far away from Tibet. He renounced his vows and married, but could not escape denunciation, and during the Cultural Revolution he worked as a labourer in the fields. After his exoneration, he returned to Beijing, remarried, and worked at the Central Nationalities Institute, where he wrote Snyan ngag la 'jug tshul tshig rgyan rig pa'i sgo 'byed ("Opening the door to the study of ornamentation for writing poetry", 1982). In the mid 1980s he returned to Lhasa and taught history at Tibet University, promoting the cause of bilingual education. Official attitudes hardened against Tibet and at the time of his death in Los Angeles, USA, he was out of favour with authorities. His decision to write about Tibet from a Marxist viewpoint in his books had already alienated some exiles.
He is remembered for the monumental reference work, Dung dkar tshig mdzod ("Dungkar's Encyclopedia" or "Dungkar Tibetological Great Dictionary", or "White Conch Encyclopedia"), last reprinted in 2002, and for Bod-kyi Chos Srid Zung-'brel Skor Bshad-pa ("The Merging of Religious and Secular Rule in Tibet", 1981/3), a religious history emphasizing politics and sociology, translated into English in 1991 by Chen Guansheng.
# Hearts on Fire (company)

Hearts On Fire is a diamond jewelry brand marketed by the Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group of Hong Kong. The brand was founded in 1996 in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and purchased by Chow Tai Fook in 2014.

## Company history

* 1996: Hearts On Fire founded by Glenn and Susan Rothman in Boston, Massachusetts, United States
* 1998: The company established a presence to Asia-Pacific region and the Caribbean.
* 1999: The company launched its first collection of diamond jewelry, creating diamond rings and earrings.
* 2002: Hearts On Fire obtained a design patent for its "Dream" design, a 69-facet modified square cut.
* 2006: Partnered with lingerie company Victoria's Secret to create one of the world's most expensive bras, the Victoria's Secret Hearts On Fire Diamond Fantasy Bra, valued at US$6.5 million.
* 2008: Launched a diamond chandelier using more than 3,300 diamonds weighing over 1,000 carats to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Emmy Awards.
* 2014: Hearts On Fire was sold to Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group, one of the world's largest retailers of jewelry, for US$150 million.
* April 2021: Chow Tai Fook named Rita Maltez the Global President of Hearts On Fire
* May 2022: Chow Tai Fook named Rebecca Foerster President of Hearts On Fire, North America
* September 2023: Chow Tai Fook named Yunjo Lee, Chief Creative Officer of Hearts on Fire
* April 2024: Chow Tai Fook named Johan Ye President of Hearts On Fire, Asia Pacific
# International Journal of Educational Research

The International Journal of Educational Research is an international peer-reviewed academic journal covering educational research. It was established in 1977 as Evaluation in Education: International Progress, and it was renamed Evaluation in Education in 1979. It obtained its current title in 1986. It is published by Elsevier and the Editor-in-Chief is Maia Chankseliani (University of Oxford). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal impact factor is 3.2.
# Su Shuyang

Su Shuyang (Chinese: 苏叔阳; 1938 – 16 July 2019), who also used the pen names Shu Yang (舒扬) and Yu Pingfu (余平夫), was a Chinese playwright, novelist, and screenwriter. He also wrote the bestselling non-fiction work A Reader on China, which sold 15 million copies.

## Life and career

Su Shuyang was born in 1938 in Baoding, Hebei, Republic of China. After graduating in 1960 from Renmin University of China with a degree in history, he taught at several universities including Beijing College of Chinese Medicine.
After the end of the Cultural Revolution, Su wrote his first play, The Story of Loyal Hearts (丹心谱, 1978). A representative work in the "anti-Gang of Four" genre, the play depicts a doctor dedicated to researching a new medicine despite sabotage by the Gang's followers. It was highly popular and launched Su's writing career.
Following the success of his first play, Su was hired by Beijing Film Studio as a screenwriter. He wrote the screenplay for the film Sunset Street (夕照街), which documents the changes to the lives of Beijingers during the reform and opening era. The film resonated with the audience and was a major success. He subsequently wrote a number of screenplays and novels, including Homeland (故土).
Su's second play, Neighbours (左邻右舍, 1980), continued the tradition of the celebrated writer Lao She in depicting the lives of ordinary people of Beijing. It centres on a retired worker who helps the sick, the elderly, and the downtrodden, such as a former "rightist" falsely denounced for criticizing the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
Su's tragedy, Taiping Lake, features Lao She himself. It depicts the last day of the writer's life (24 August 1966), when he drowned himself in the lake after being tortured by the Red Guards. In the play, Lao She wanders around Taiping Lake, converses with the tragic characters he has condemned to death in his works, and contemplates the tragic irony of his own life: his devotion to the CCP and the charges against him of being an anti-CCP counterrevolutionary.
In 1998, Su published A Reader on China (中国读本), a 150,000-character non-fiction book on Chinese civilization. It became his best-selling work, with 15 million copies sold. The book was well received at the 2005 Frankfurt Book Fair and Bertelsmann published its German translation. In 2008, he published A Reader on Tibet (西藏读本), which he had spent three years researching and writing.

## Death

Su suffered from cancer and underwent surgery to remove part of his stomach, lung, and spleen. He was prevented from writing new novels and plays in his later life due to poor health. He died on 16 July, 2019, in Beijing, at the age of 81.
# Symphony No. 6 (Sallinen)

The Symphony No. 6, From a New Zealand Diary, Op. 65, is an orchestral composition by the Finnish composer Aulis Sallinen, who wrote the piece from 1989–90. The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the commissioning institution, premiered the work on 6 September 1990 in Napier, under the baton of Sallinen's longtime advocate, Okko Kamu. Sallinen and his wife had vacationed in New Zealand the year prior, providing the composer with inspiration for the symphony, which—though properly symphonic in scope and in structure—has been described as involving "tone painting"; indeed, each of the four movements contains a descriptive title, unusual for a Sallinen symphony.

## Instrumentation

According to the publisher, Novello & Co, Symphony No. 6 is scored for the following:
* Woodwind: 3 flutes (2 doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (1 doubling cor anglais), 3 clarinets in B♭ (1 doubling E♭ clarinet, 1 doubling B♭ bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (1 doubling contrabassoon)
* Brass: 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B♭, 3 trombones, 1 tuba
* Percussion: timpani, percussionists (individual instruments?)
* Strings: violins, violas, cellos, double basses, harp, celesta

## Structure

The symphony is in four movements:
* The Islands of the Sounds. The Sounds of the Islands (attacca)
* Air, Rain
* Kyeburn Diggings (attacca)
* Finale: "Simply by sailing in a new direction / You could enlarge the world" (Allen Curnow)

## Recordings

To date, Symphony No. 6 has received two recordings, the first of which is from 1992 with Okko Kamu conducting the Malmö Symphony Orchestra on the BIS label. Finnish conductor Ari Rasilainen has also recorded the symphony as part of cpo's compendium of Sallinen's orchestral works. The Sixth Symphony joins the Cello Concerto (Op. 44, 1977) on the final volume of the cpo series.
| Conductor | Orchestra | Year | Recording venue | Duration | Label (Available on) |
| Okko Kamu | Malmö Symphony Orchestra | 1990 | Malmö Concert Hall (Malmö) | 42:47 | BIS (511) |
| Ari Rasilainen [fi] | Norrköping Symphony Orchestra | 2003 | De Geerhallen (Norrköping) | 39:33 | cpo (999971-2) |
# Forficula davidi

Forficula davidi is a species of earwig.
* This earwig-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# István Pálfi

István Pálfi (23 September 1966, Berettyóújfalu – 15 July 2006, Berettyóújfalu) was a Hungarian politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) with the Hungarian Civic Party, part of the European People's Party. He sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control and its Committee on Regional Development.
Pálfi was a substitute for the Committee on Budgets and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.
He died after a long illness in his home town.

## Personal life

He was married. His wife was Anikó Pálfiné Pántya.

## Education

* 2002: Personnel Manager, University of Pécs
* International Relations Department, Budapest University of Economics (university leaving certificate, state examination in progress)

## Career

* 1994-1996: Various posts with tourism firms
* since 1996: Adult education and employment programmes
* since 1993: Berettyóújfalu town chairman of the FIDESZ party
* 1995-1996 and 1998-2000: Vice-Chairman of the regional steering committee, Hajdú-Bihar region
* 2000-2002: delegate, national steering committee
* Deputy Mayor, Berettyóújfalu
* 1998-2002: Chairman of the Economic Affairs Committee, Hajdú-Bihar Regional Authority
* 1999-2002: Member of the Northern Great Plain Regional Development Council, Chairman of the Human Resources Working Committee
* 2002-2004: Member of the Hungarian Parliament, member, Social and Family Affairs Committee, Chairman of the Supervisory Subcommittee
# Some Kind-a Earthquake

"Some Kind-a Earthquake" is a song written by Duane Eddy and Lee Hazlewood and performed by Eddy. The song reached #12 on the UK Singles Chart and #37 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959. The song appeared on his 1960 album, $1,000,000 Worth of Twang.
The single's B-side, "First Love, First Tears", reached #59 on the Billboard Hot 100.
In Canada the A and B sides were co-charted and reached #21.
The song was produced by Lee Hazlewood and Lester Sill.
At 1:17, it is the shortest song to have ever hit the Billboard Top 40, or indeed the Top 75. In the UK, the song was also believed, as of 1991, to be the shortest ever to chart.