OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peal (disambiguation)

A peal is a bell-ringing performance consisting of 5000 or more changes.
Peal or Peals may also refer to:

## Places

* Peal de Becerro, city located in the province of Jaén, Spain
* Mount Peal, in the Beartooth Mountains in the U.S. state of Montana

## People

* Alexander Louis Peal, Liberian forester and conservationist
* Samuel Peal (born 1754), British manufacturer who developed a method of waterproofing cloth
* Samuel Edward Peal (1923–1991), Liberian diplomat and politician

## Other

* N.Peal, British luxury cashmere knitwear and accessories specialist
* Peals (band), American band

## Acronyms

* PEALS, Policy, Ethics and Life Sciences Research Centre
# Interior with Portraits

Interior with Portraits is an 1865 genre scene painted by American artist Thomas Le Clear (1818–1882), commissioned by Franklin Sidway (1834–1920). It features Sidway's siblings, James and Parnell, posing for a photograph in an artist's studio. The children were painted posthumously based on family daguerreotypes, and the painting has been read as representing the tension between its medium and the emergent medium of photography. Interior with Portraits is currently held by the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, D.C.

## About

The painting features two children, James and Parnell Sidway, posing for a photograph in an artist's studio. The painting was commissioned by the subjects' older brother, Franklin Sidway. Parnell was an adolescent when she died of illness in 1850, while James was a 26-year-old volunteer firefighter who died in a hotel fire shortly before the painting was commissioned.
The likenesses of the subjects as children were painted from family daguerreotypes. Some painters of the time regarded photography with suspicion, and refused to use photographs as references for portraits. The painting is filled with references to this tension. The children are surrounded by painted portraits, and the photographer's back is to the viewer with his face obscured. The girl appears to be supporting the boy and holding him still, as might have been necessary when posing a child for an early photograph due to the long exposure time. A dog is depicted just entering the studio, another acknowledgement of early photography's limitation to still subjects.

## Smithsonian Museum of American Art

The painting is currently owned by the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the purchase was made possible by a bequest of Pauline Edwards in 1993.
# Fiscal Studies

Fiscal Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley on behalf of the Institute for Fiscal Studies. The journal was established in 1979 and aims to bridge the gap between academic research and policy, including applied microeconomics to consider how policies affect individuals, families, businesses, and public finance. Published papers cover a broad range of topical issues.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 7.3.
The journal's editors are drawn from among the institute's own research staff and from its Fellows and Associates. In 2023 the editors are James Banks, Pierre Cahuc, Monica Costa Dias, Matthias Parey, Kimberley Scharf, and James P. Ziliak.
# Human modelling

Human modelling is a kind of psychotherapy. The client is requested to 'make a person', i.e. a fictional character, and with human, lifelike qualities. In completion of this task, the client is asked to write or tell a life story ending in the present, about the fictional person, and/or make a model of the fictional person out of art material or whichever medium the client chooses.
The fictional person is then referred to as the 'modelled person', and is treated as if it is a 'real' person and a 'real' life. 'Real' in this context refers to transitional space in a Winnicottian sense.
By following these instructions, a therapeutic realm is created in which the client's subjective experience is brought to the fore, in the form of a metaphor. This allows the therapist and client to explore together the life, character and conflicts of the modelled person. It leaves various opportunities for the psychotherapist to influence the client. i.e. through role play, guided imagery, and taking on the role of the modelled person. The indirect (third person / metaphoric) way in which this form of therapy is conducted, seems to enhance the therapeutic effect and level of integration achieved. References to the similarities between client and modelled person are not encouraged.
Human Modelling is also successfully used as a group therapy in both hospital and other populations.
Human Modelling was created in 1969 by Professor A.L. Coetzee and his spouse Letitia Wilma Coetzee, while he was lecturer and head psychologist at Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa. After observing him at work, Professor Jan-Hendrik Van den Bergh extended an invitation to Coetzee to complete a D.Sos.Sc at the University of Leiden. Van den Bergh's phenomenologic approach seems to have influenced Coetzee to later on interpret the theory underlying Human Modelling along such lines. Initially the theory of Harry Stack Sullivan was used, and lately, an object relations approach.
Several academic works followed. Human Modelling is widely used and currently registered as a Continued Professional Development activity at the Health Professions Council of South Africa.
# Paterson F.C. (NAFBL)

Paterson F.C. was an early twentieth-century American soccer club based in Paterson, New Jersey. It spent three seasons in the National Association Football League, winning one title, and one season in the American Soccer League.

## History

In 1917, Paterson joined the National Association Football League, winning the 1917–18 championship. When several teams from the NAFBL left the league in 1921 to form the American Soccer League, Paterson did not join them.
A year later, Adolph Buslik, a wealthy New York fur merchant, purchased the club and the former Falco F.C. franchise in the American Soccer League. The club entered the league for the 1922–23 season. Following that season, Buslik moved the franchise to New York and renamed it the National Giants Soccer Club.

## Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Reg. season | Playoffs | Challenge Cup | American Cup |
| 1917/18 | 1 | NAFBL | 1st | No playoff | Quarterfinals | ? |
| 1918/19 | 1 | NAFBL | 3rd | No playoff | Runner Up | Runner Up |
| 1919/20 | 1 | NAFBL | 4th | No playoff | ? | ? |
| 1920/21 | 1 | NAFBL | Withdrew | No playoff | Third round | Third round |
| 1922/23 | 1 | ASL | 5th | No playoff | Champion | Semifinals |

## Coaches

* John Ford (1919-1923)
# High Grass Circus

High Grass Circus is a 1976 National Film Board of Canada documentary film co-directed by Tony Ianzelo and Torben Schioler, exploring life in the Royal Brothers' traveling circus. It was shot in the spring and summer of 1975 and part of 1976, and had a budget of $62,008 (equivalent to $313,230 in 2023).
It received the Golden Sheaf Award for Best Film of the Festival at the Yorkton Film Festival, the Award of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board, and it was nominated as Best Documentary Feature at the 50th Academy Awards.
Following its Oscar nomination, it was acquired by CBC-TV, which broadcast it on July 12, 1978. It was subsequently sold to television networks in New Zealand, the UK, South Africa and Yugoslavia. A nine-minute cut-down version of the film, entitled Little Big Top, played in Canadian theatres in late 1977, including a 15-week run in Vancouver. In August 1980, PBS acquired the film along with seven other NFB documentaries and broadcast them on 11 of its stations.
# Tour du Jura (Switzerland)

The Tour du Jura is a one-day cycling race held annually in Switzerland. From 2005 to 2017, the race was held as a category 1.2 event on the UCI Europe Tour, before dorpping down to the national level.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| 1981 | Switzerland | Daniel Wyder | |
| 1982 | Switzerland | Jochen Baumann | |
| 1983 | Netherlands | Marc van Orsouw | |
| 1984 | Switzerland | Pius Schwarzentruber | |
| 1985 | Switzerland | Daniel Steiger | |
| 1986 | Switzerland | Beat Meister | |
| 1987 | Switzerland | Daniel Hirs | |
| 1988 | Switzerland | Peter Bodenmann | |
| 1989 | West Germany | Gerd Schierle | |
| 1990 | Switzerland | Markus Oppliger | |
| 1991 | Switzerland | Kurt Lustenberger | |
| 1992 | Switzerland | Stephan Zbinden | |
| 1993 | Switzerland | Frédéric Vifian | |
| 1994 | Switzerland | Markus Kammermann | |
| 1995 | Switzerland | Cédric Milliéry | |
| 1996 | Switzerland | Markus Blessing | |
| 1997 | No race | No race | No race |
| 1998 | Switzerland | Michel Klinger | |
| 1999 | Switzerland | Michel Klinger | |
| 2000 | Switzerland | David Rusch | |
| 2001 | Switzerland | Roger Beuchat | Phonak |
| 2002 | France | Jérôme Gannat | |
| 2003 | Switzerland | Florian Lüdi | |
| 2004 | France | Yannick Talabardon | Auber 93 |
| 2005 | New Zealand | Glen Chadwick | Cyclingnews.com |
| 2006 | Germany | Andreas Schillinger | Milram Continental Team |
| 2007 | France | Guillaume Levarlet | Auber 93 |
| 2008 | Italy | Massimiliano Maisto | NGC Medical–OTC Industria Porte |
| 2009 | Switzerland | Roger Beuchat | Team Neotel |
| 2010– 2012 | No race | No race | No race |
| 2013 | Switzerland | Matthias Brändle | IAM Cycling |
| 2014 | France | Kévin Ledanois | France (national team) |
| 2015– 2016 | No race | No race | No race |
| 2017 | Switzerland | Marc Hirschi | Switzerland (national team) |
| 2018– 2019 | No race | No race | No race |
| 2020 | Ireland | Matthew Teggart | AC Bisontine |
| 2021 | France | Alan Jousseaume | Vendée U |
| 2022 | France | Antoine Devanne | Vendée U |
| 2023 | Switzerland | Elia Blum | Tudor Pro Cycling Team U23 |
| 2024 | Switzerland | Arnaud Tendon | Tudor Pro Cycling Team U23 |
# Hexafluronium bromide

Hexafluronium (or hexafluorenium) is a muscle relaxant. It acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.
# Hoche (disambiguation)

Hoche may refer to:

## People

* Alfred Hoche (1865–1943), German psychiatrist
* Lazare Hoche (1768–1797), French general
* Richard Hoche (1834–1906), German classical scholar and head teacher

## Other

* Hoche, a Paris Métro station
* French ironclad Hoche, a French Navy battleship in service from 1890 to 1908
* Lycée Hoche, a secondary school in Versailles, France
# Williams J400

The Williams International J400 is a small turbojet engine developed by Williams Research to power target drones.

## Design

The J400 is a single-shaft, centrifugal/centrifugal-axial flow turbojet engine. There are two versions of the J400, the WR2 which yields 125 lbs. of thrust, and the more powerful WR24, which yields 190-240 pounds of thrust.

## Applications

* BQM-74 Chukar
* Canadair CL-89
# Fiscal burden of government

In economics, the fiscal burden of government imposed onto its taxpayers is the influence of the tax levied on the purchasing power of the taxpayers.
We need to differentiate tax burden and fiscal burden. Fiscal burden includes not only the influence of taxes on the budget, but also the influence of other, non-tax revenues of government (social contributions, revenues from foreign trade, other payments) on the budget.
The concept was introduced by an English clergyman and political writer John Brand. In his 1776 pamphlet, "Observations on some of the probable effects of Mr. Gilbert's Bill, to which are added Remarks on Dr. Price's account of the National Debt", he draw a distinction between "fiscal charge" and "fiscal burden". He argued that as long as prices steadily rose, though more money might be taken out of the taxpayer's pocket, the quantity of commodities which the sum levied by taxation would purchase steadily decreased, and thus if 'burden' were interpreted to be the amount of commodities of the power of purchasing which the community was deprived by taxation, its increase need not be and had not been at all proportionate to the increase of charge.
To quantify the fiscal burden and to draw comparisons of different countries, the concept of "fiscal burden of government ratio" is used. Calculated according to certain methodologies, it basically means that the lower the score, the lower the involvement of the government in the economics of the country.
# Human Rights in World Context

Human Rights in World Context (German: Menschenrechte im Weltkontext) is a German language book containing cultural comparison study on Human Rights around the world. Its content includes places of origin of human rights, human Rights in smaller and larger religious communities and areas for action. The book was published in 2013 by Dr. Hamid Reza Yousefi 's, an associate Professor of History of Philosophy and Intercultural Philosophy at the University of Koblenz and Landau. The targets group includes Sociologists, Cultural scientists, Politically and philosophically interested persons. Following are chapters from the book:
* Introduction by the editor - Hamid Reza Yousefi
* Places of origin of human rights
** Human Rights in African traditions - Daniela Hrzán
** Human Rights in Asian traditions - Jing-Jong Luh
** Human Rights in Eastern traditions - Rabea Müller, Hamid Reza Yousefi
** Human rights in European traditions - Marie-Luisa Frick
** Human Rights in Latin American traditions - Josef Estermann
* Human Rights in larger religious communities -
** Human Rights in Zarathustratum - Marie-Luisa Frick
** Human Rights in Hinduism - Martin Mittwede
** Human Rights in Buddhism - Eiko Hanaoka
** Human Rights in Judaism - Sabine Sander
** Human Rights in Christianity - Mathias Victorien Ntep
** Human Rights in Islam - Yavuz Özoguz
* Human Rights in smaller religious communities -
** Human Rights in the Sikh religion - Dharam Singh Nihang Singh, Khushwant Singh
** Human rights in Shinto - There Yoshida
** Human Rights in Freemasonry - Klaus-Jürgen Green
** Human Rights in the Baháʼí Faith - Farah Dustdar
** Human rights of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat - Maryam Khola Hübsch
** Human Rights in Yezidism - January Ilhan Kizilhan
* Human rights and their areas of action -
** Human rights and individual - Josef Bordat
** Human Rights and Constitutional Law - Hamid Reza Yousefi
# Bath Chronicle

The Bath Chronicle is a weekly newspaper, first published under various titles before 1760 in Bath, England. Prior to September 2007, it was published daily. The Bath Chronicle serves Bath, northern Somerset and west Wiltshire.

## History
### Name changes

The Bath Journal was published in 1743, and was renamed Boddely's Bath Journal. It was renamed Keene's Bath Journal in January 1822, and was eventually taken over by the Bath Herald in March 1916. The newspaper also originated from the Bath Chronicle and Universal Register taking over from the Bath Advertiser which was published from 1755.
By 1919 it had changed its name to the Bath and Wilts Chronicle as a result of a merger with another paper. The Bath Herald was merged with the Bath Chronicle in 1925 to become the Bath Chronicle and Herald, amended in 1936 to Bath Weekly Chronicle and Herald.
The early 1960s was a time for another minor name change to Bath and Wilts Evening Chronicle. The change took place with the issue of 12 June 1961, but was again changed, with the issue of 1 April 1974 to Bath and West Evening Chronicle, before changing to the Evening Chronicle with the issue of 3 January 1989, remaining with that title until 7 May 1994.
In October 2007, the Bath Chronicle switched from daily to weekly publication, every Thursday.
The paper celebrated its 250th anniversary in October 2010, publishing a special supplement to mark the occasion.
In March 2018, Trinity Mirror's Somerset Live platform began to operate the Bath Chronicle website. In November 2018, Bath Chronicle staff moved from their office of 10 years to space in neighbouring Bath College.

### Ownership

In 2012, Local World acquired owner Northcliffe Media from Daily Mail and General Trust. It is published as part of the Bath Newspapers Group. Its circulation reaches the population of Bath and the surrounding areas including parts of Wiltshire and Somerset.
In November 2015, Trinity Mirror took over Local World in a £220 million deal.

### Associated publications

A series of weekly supplements included the Property Chronicle, the Bath Observer and the Norton Radstock & Frome Observer. The Observer supplements ceased publication in 2008.

## Archives

Bath Record Office hold many issues of local titles. Their Georgian Newspaper Project, completed c.2005, provides an index to selected Bath Chronicle editions between 1770 and 1799.
# Valley Township, Guernsey County, Ohio

Valley Township is one of the nineteen townships of Guernsey County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 2,041.

## Geography

Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
* Jackson Township - north
* Richland Township - east
* Buffalo Township, Noble County - south
* Spencer Township - west
The village of Pleasant City is located in central Valley Township. As well, two unincorporated communities lie in the township: Buffalo in the east, and Derwent at its center.

## Name and history

Valley Township was organized in 1815. Statewide, the only other Valley Township is located in Scioto County.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# Gabriac, Lozère

Gabriac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.
# Jadwa Investment

Jadwa Investment is the premier investment management and advisory firm in Saudi Arabia and the wider region. Headquartered in Riyadh with three regional offices, the firm has over SAR 70 billion in client assets under management and advisement. Its clients include government entities, local and international institutional investors, leading family offices, and high net-worth individuals.
Today, Jadwa is Saudi Arabia’s best performing public equity manager, the largest private equity investor, and largest manager of listed REITs
Under the CMA decision published on 21 August 2006, Jadwa was awarded a license to offer all types of investment services including: dealing, managing, custody, arranging and advising.
All investment services offered by Jadwa Investment are supervised by a Shariah Supervisory Board and are fully Shariah-compliant. Operating divisions include Asset Management, Investment Banking, Research, Proprietary Investments and Equity Brokerage.
Its full investment banking operations began in March 2007 with a paid-up capital of 500 million Saudi riyals by a group of the most prominent and influential businessmen and industrymen in the Kingdom who helped lay a strong and solid foundation for the company's long-term growth. The first fiscal year was completed on December 31 2007.
In April 2014, the Board of the Saudi Capital Market Authority approved an increase in the capital of Jadwa Investment Company to 852,735 million Saudi riyals.
In December 2023, it was announced that Jadwa Investment had acquired Dubai-based food and beverage operator Black Spoon Group, which is the parent company of restaurant Allo Beirut.

## Ownership

The founding partners include Faisal bin Salman, chairman of the board, Mohammed and Abdullah Ibrahim Al Subeaei Company, the Al Zamil Group, Abdulrahman Saleh Al Rajhi, Mohammed Ibrahim Al Issa, Abdulrahman Al Ruwaita, and Abdullatif Kanoo. Tariq Al Sudairy is the CEO of the company.
# G-class Melbourne tram (1913)

The G-class was a class of six trams built by Duncan & Fraser, Adelaide, for the Prahran & Malvern Tramways Trust (PMTT). All passed to the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board on 2 February 1920 when it took over the PMTT, becoming the G-class and retaining their running numbers. They were similar to the F-class but had arched rather than clerestory roofs.
# Pellerin

Pellerin is a name of French origin. The name may refer to:

## People with the surname

* Fleur Pellerin (born 1973), French politician
* Giles Pellerin (1906–1998), American college football fan; notable for having attended 797 consecutive USC football games over a period of 73 years
* Guy Pellerin (born 1971), Canadian hockey referee
* Joseph Pellerin (1684–1782), French Intendant-General of the Navy, first Commissioner of the Navy
* Krystin Pellerin (born 1983), Canadian stage and film actress
* Scott Pellerin (born 1970), Canadian ice hockey player

## Places

* Le Pellerin, France
* Saint-Pellerin, Eure-et-Loir, France
* Saint-Pellerin, Manche, France
# Wilson Edgar Terry

Wilson Edgar Terry (March 7, 1874 – February 15, 1968) was an American military officer in the Spanish–American War. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living veteran born in Kentucky. He was appointed a Kentucky Colonel in 1962.

## Early life

Wilson Edgar Terry was born on March 7, 1874, in Crockettsville, Breathitt County, Kentucky, to Sytha (née Caudill) and Isaac Terry. He graduated from Lees Junior College.

## Career

After leaving school, Terry joined Company G of the 44th Regiment of the U.S. Army on September 19, 1899. He served in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. He served two years and was discharged when his unit mustered out on June 30, 1901.
In 1902, Terry became a member of the Old Regular Baptist Church in Cow Creek, Kentucky. In 1926, he became a preacher there. While in Kentucky, he worked as a farmer and notary public. He also lived in Kings Mills, Ohio. He managed a general store there. He also lived in Mason, Ohio. He was a Republican.
On April 24, 1962, Governor Bert T. Combs appointed him a Kentucky Colonel.

## Personal life

In 1902, Terry married Ida Louise Kidd. They had one daughter, Grace Elizabeth. His wife died in 1904. On December 24, 1906, he married Ruse Wilder of Owsley County. They had five daughters and two sons, Berniece, Viola, Arlie, Audrey, Doris, Oakley L. and Howard C. His wife died in 1961. Throughout his life, he lived in Owsley, Perry and Boone counties. In late life, he moved in with his daughter in Logan, Indiana. He went by the nicknames in Willie and Bill.
Terry entered the Veteran's Hospital in Cincinnati on November 11, 1967. He died there on February 15, 1968, following a bladder operation. He was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Mason, Ohio. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living veteran born in Kentucky.
# Fisher Hill Reservoir

The Fisher Hill Reservoir and Gatehouse are historic elements of the public water supply for the Greater Boston area.

## History

The reservoir was located on Fisher Avenue between Hyslop and Channing Roads in Brookline, Massachusetts, and is now the site of Fisher Hill Reservoir Park. It was built in 1886-87 as an early component of the Boston Water Board's expansion of its high service system. The gatehouse may have been designed by Arthur Vinal, who also designed the Chestnut Hill pumping station at the Chestnut Hill Reservoir.
It is a two-story Richardsonian Romanesque structure, with its first floor finished in stone and its second in brick. Brownstone trim is used on the windows and corner quoins, and the voussoirs which form the arches on the first floor. There are pipes to the reservoir and down to Chestnut Hill, and gates for controlling access to local the distribution network. The building was taken out of service in the 1950s.
The reservoir and gatehouse were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. In 2013, the town acquired the property from the state, and has since converted it into a public park, filling in the reservoir. The gatehouse survives, and there is interpretive signage explaining the historical use of the property.