OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Schneckloth v. Bustamonte

Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled that in a case involving a consent search, although knowledge of a right to refuse consent is a factor in determining whether a grant of consent to a search was voluntary, the state does not need to prove that the person who granted consent to search knew of the right to refuse consent under the Fourth Amendment.

## Background

While on routine patrol in Sunnyvale, California, at approximately 2:40 in the morning, Officer James Rand stopped an automobile when he observed that one headlight and its license plate light were burned out. Six men were in the vehicle. Joe Alcala and the respondent, Robert Bustamonte, were in the front seat with Joe Gonzales, the driver. Three older men were seated in the rear. In response to the policeman's question, Gonzales could not produce a driver's license, Rand asked if any of the other five had any evidence of identification. Only Alcala produced a license, and he explained that the car was his brother's. After the six occupants had stepped out of the car at the officer's request, after two additional policemen had arrived, Rand asked Alcala if he could search the car. Alcala replied, "Sure, go ahead." Prior to the search, no one was threatened with arrest, and, according to Rand's uncontradicted testimony, it "was all very congenial at this time." Gonzales testified that Alcala actually helped in the search of the car by opening the trunk and glove compartment. In Gonzales' words:
   "[T]he police officer asked Joe [Alcala], he goes, 'Does the trunk open?' And Joe said, 'Yes.' He went to the car and got the keys and opened up the trunk."
Wadded up under the left rear seat, the police officers found three checks that had previously been stolen from a car wash. The checks were later linked to Bustamonte (defendant), one of the six passengers riding in the car. The trial judge denied Bustamonte’s motion to suppress, and the checks in question were admitted in evidence at Bustamonte's trial.

## Holding

The court held that consent searches are constitutional, and the government must show that consent existed. However, a defendant under the Fourth Amendment need not necessarily know of his right to object to a consent search. That differentiates the case from Miranda v. Arizona in which the Court held that defendants must know of their rights against self-incrimination in the course of a custodial interrogation.
# Schneck

Schneck (German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): affectionate nickname for a slow person or for a slow or indolent worker from Middle High German snecke German Schneck(e) Yiddish shnek "snail") is a German and Ashkenazi Jewish surname.

## Geographical distribution

As of 2014, 46.8% of all known bearers of the surname Schneck were residents of Germany (frequency 1:19,938), 40.2% of the United States (1:104,468), 4.1% of Brazil (1:577,718), 3.2% of Austria (1:31,074), 1.0% of England (1:639,077) and 1.0% of France (1:811,068).
In Germany, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:19,938) in the following states:
* 1. Baden-Württemberg (1:6,022)
* 2. Bavaria (1:12,255)
* 3. Rhineland-Palatinate (1:13,696)

## People

* Attilio Schneck (born 1946), Italian politician
* Dave Schneck (born 1949), American baseball player
* Mike Schneck (born 1977), American football player
* Phyllis Schneck, American computer scientist
* Robert Damon Schneck, American writer
* Stephen F. Schneck (born 1953), American Catholic activist
# Bathampton Toll Bridge

Bathampton Toll Bridge is an arch bridge in England, carrying a minor road across the River Avon near Bathampton, to the east of Bath. It is a Grade II listed structure.
The bridge was built of Bath stone by Hickes and Isaac in 1872, for the Bridge Company Turnpike Trust. It has nine pointed arches: three larger ones in the centre and three smaller ones at either end. The north end was built over an earlier bridge and mill leat. The first version of the bridge was built in the 1850s and replaced a ford and ferry.
The road over the bridge between Batheaston and Bathampton is single-track with give way signs. On the Bathampton side to the south of the river, the road crosses three further bridges. The first is a modern bridge over the dual-carriageway Batheaston/Swainswick Bypass which is part of the A4. The second crosses the Great Western Main Line and the final bridge is over the Kennet and Avon Canal.
The Toll house was built at the same time as the bridge and is also Grade II listed. It is a two storey building with a high pitch slate roof. A board advertising the historical toll prices is still in place.
In 2021, it had the tenth highest revenue of UK toll bridges, with a revenue of over £1 million. The bridge is owned by the General Estates Company, who also own Whitchurch Bridge, a toll bridge across the River Thames.

## Gallery

* The Toll House
* The bridge road
* Close up of bridge
# Batham Gate

Batham Gate is the medieval name for a Roman road in Derbyshire, England, which ran south-west from Templebrough on the River Don in South Yorkshire to Brough-on-Noe (Latin Navio) and the spa town of Buxton (Latin Aquae Arnemetiae) in Derbyshire. Gate means "road" in northern English dialects; the name therefore means "road to the bath town".
The route of the road from Templebrough to the Roman signal station Navio is disputed. Hunter suggested the Long Causeway at Redmires as the route and it was shown as such on Ordnance Survey maps, but this is now known to be a medieval packhorse saltway.
Roman road historian Ivan Donald Margary said that the Long Causeway had a slightly different route in Roman times. In his book Roman Roads In Britain he said that evidence is now available that shows that after the Redmires Reservoir the Roman road did not follow the medieval route to Stanedge Pole but kept to the line of the present-day track to Stanedge Lodge. The Roman road then descended Stanage Edge half a mile north-west of the present route, on a narrow and steeper terrace. Batham Gate Road was assigned the Margary number RR710a.
Another possible route, backed by excavations carried out in 2016, suggests a route that would have taken the road close to the Roman villa at Whirlow Hall Farm. An interim report by University of Sheffield staff on excavations of a linear feature in the Sheephill Road area of Ringinglow has suggested this as the route of the lost Roman road. The feature, which extends through Barber Fields, is 20m wide and filled to a depth of 5m with rubble and has a metalled surface.
A section of Batham Gate Road east of Peak Forest is a protected Scheduled Monument. There are also modern roads called Batham Gate Road at Peak Dale, near Buxton, and at Bradwell, near Brough, which are remnants of the route of the original Roman road. The section crossing Bradwell Moor is now called Clement Lane.
A Roman milestone was discovered in 1862 in the Silverlands district of Buxton. It is the oldest inscribed milestone found in Derbyshire. The inscription is ‘TRIB POT COS II P P A NAVIONE M P XI’ which means ‘With the tribune's power, twice consul, father of this country. From Navio 11 miles.' The milestone is on display in the Buxton Museum.
# Bathuel Harrison Iheanyichukwu

Bathuel Harrison Iheanyichukwu is a civil engineer and architect, who serves as the current Rivers State Commissioner of Works. He was appointed to this position by Governor Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, confirmed by the Rivers State House of Assembly and sworn in on 9 May 2016. He replaces Kelvin Wachukwu, who was suspended indefinitely on 1 April 2016.
# Eric Blackwood

Eric W. Blackwood (December 7, 1921 – 2007) was a Canadian aviator. A noted navigator, during World War II, serving in both the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Air Force, Blackwood is the founder of Eastern Provincial Airways. In the early days of EPA, Blackwood acted as pilot, operations manager and director.
Blackwood was born in Brookfield, Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. He was educated at Wesleyville and went on to Prince of Wales College at St. John's. He joined the air force in 1942. In 1945 he formed Newfoundland Aero Sales and Services Inc. with James McLoughlin and Ren Goobie. Newfoundland Aero Sales and Service was eventually sold to Maritime Central Airways in 1949. Then on March 10, 1949 Blackwood founded Eastern Provincial Airways with a single plane, a Twin 50 Cessna.
Blackwood died in 2007.
Timeline for EPA
* 1949: Eastern Provincial Airways (charters), St John's Newfoundland
* 1961: Scheduled flights to Greenland begun.
* 1963: Acquired Maritime Central Airways.
* 1982: Subsidiary Air Maritime.
* 1983: Headquarter operations moved from Gander to Halifax.
* 1984: Merged with Canadian Pacific Air Lines.
# Schweizerische Studienstiftung

The Swiss Study Foundation (German "Schweizerische Studienstiftung", French "Fondation suisse d'études") is a foundation that promotes outstanding students (top 0.3%) during their undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Requirements for admission are outstanding intellectual interests and capabilities, creativity, and character.
The Swiss Study Foundation was founded 1991 in analogy to the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, its German equivalent. Currently, about 750 students are in the programme.

## Notable alumni

* Caroline Jaden Stussi, actress
* Balthasar Glättli, politician
* Daniel Hellmann, performance artist
* Oliver Schmitt, historian
# Schmidgaden

Schmidgaden is a municipality in the district of Schwandorf in Bavaria, Germany.

## Geography

Schmidgaden lies in the north of the Upper Palatinate. The municipality includes the following areas: Schmidgaden, Trisching, Wolfsbach, Rottendorf, Gösselsdorf, Littenhof

## History

The first documentary reference goes back to the year 1123. Schmidgaden belonged to the bursary Amberg as well as to the district court of the Bavarian electorate. Due to the administrative reform in the Bavarian Kingdom, with the municipality edict the political municipality Schmidgaden arose. In 1972 the municipalities of Rottendorf, Trisching as well as parts of Gösselsdorf were incorporated.

## Religions

While the majority of Schmidgaden is Catholic, Lutheran and a few other minorities can be found.
# Schmiddis

The Schmiddis (also: Schmiddisbach) is one of the headstreams of the river Haslach. It is situated in the region of Upper Swabia in Baden Württemberg, Germany.

## Geography

The Schmiddis is a small stream which has its source in the hamlet of Schmiddis near Treherz, part of the municipality of Aitrach in the district of Ravensburg. It runs in a northerly direction for 3 kilometres, It joins the Rappenbach at the retention basin Rappenbach, forming the river Haslach.
Two bridges cross the Schmiddis, one for the state road 314, and a second one close to the mouth of the stream near the retention basin Rappenbach.
# Schmickler

Schmickler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Marcus Schmickler (born 1968), German composer
* Wilfried Schmickler (born 1954), German comedian
# Schmidberger v Austria

Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge v Austria (2003) C-112/00 is an EU law case, concerning the free movement of goods in the European Union.

## Facts

Schmidberger, who ran a trucking company, claimed damages for loss caused by a protest group that had prevented it taking goods to Austria by lorry. Transitforum Austria Tirol organised a demonstration to block the Brenner Autobahn, A13, a transit between Northern Europe and Italy. It did so for 30 hours, in protest against the environment and health problems from the increase in movement of heavy goods on the motorway.

## Judgment

The Court of Justice held that Austria's failure to ban the demonstration infringed article 34 and 35 TFEU, and TEU art 4(3). However this was justified by the fundamental right of demonstrators to freedom of expression and assembly under the ECHR, national constitution and principles that were an integral part of EU law. Human rights were a fundamental principle in EU law, and free expression and association among the 'fundamental pillars of a democratic society'. They could only be restricted if 'the restrictions in fact correspond to objectives of general interest and do not, taking account of the aim of the restrictions, constitute disproportionate and unacceptable interference, impairing the very substance of the rights guaranteed.’
# Eric Boothroyd

Eric Boothroyd (26 April 1927 – 16 August 2022) was an international motorcycle speedway rider from England.

## Speedway career

Boothroyd was introduced to motor bikes by Geoff Duke when he served six years with the 15th Parachute Brigade in Egypt as a despatch rider. He first sat on a speedway bike in 1949 and began his career for Tamworth Tammies during the 1950 Speedway National League Division Three season.
In 1951, he joined the Birmingham Brummies and would stay with them for seven years, winning the Midland Cup for three consecutive seasons from 1953 to 1955.
Boothroyd reached the final of the Speedway World Championship in the 1956 Individual Speedway World Championship and during 1957, he was suspended by the Auto Cyclist Union, along with Birmingham teammate Ron Mountford for riding in South Africa.
Over the next three years (1958 to 1960) he rode in the top tier for Oxford Cheetahs and Leicester Hunters, before joining Middlesbrough Bears for three seasons, where he was one of the leading riders in the Provincial League.
After a season with Long Eaton, he joined his home town club Halifax Dukes in 1965 and starred in their 1966 league and Knockout Cup double.
At retirement he had earned 2 international caps for the England national speedway team and 1 cap for Great Britain.

## Management

After retiring from riding he later became a promoter and ran his home club Halifax.

## Personal life

He ran two greengrocer shops and died in 2022.

## World Final Appearances

* 1956 - London, Wembley Stadium - 10th - 7pts
# Erik Plantenberg

Erik John Plantenberg (born October 30, 1968) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He attended college at San Diego State University. In 1993, he made his MLB debut with the Seattle Mariners. Plantenberg last pitched for the Mariners in 1994. Plantenberg last pitched in MLB in 1997 with the Philadelphia Phillies.
# Scarlette Douglas

Charlotte Patricia Louise Douglas (born 17 March 1987), known professionally as Scarlette Douglas, is an English television presenter, singer, dancer and television property expert. She is known for being one of the presenters on the Channel 4 series A Place in the Sun between 2015 and 2022.
She has also been a regular guest reporter on The One Show, Points of View and Jeremy Vine. Since 2022, she has presented George Clarke's Flipping Fast and Worst House on the Street for Channel 4, alongside her brother, Stuart Douglas.

## Life and career

Charlotte Patricia Louise Douglas was born on 17 March 1987 in Enfield, London. She has two older brothers, Stuart and Andrew, Stuart being a retired professional footballer who played for Luton Town. Douglas began her career in musical theatre, appearing in various productions including Hairspray, Little Shop of Horrors and I Can't Sing!. She also worked as a backing singer and dancer on Thriller – Live and for Electro Velvet at the Eurovision Song Contest 2015.
In 2015, Douglas joined the Channel 4 lifestyle series A Place in the Sun as one of the presenters and property experts. She decided to leave the series in August 2022 after seven years to pursue other projects. In 2016, Douglas began appearing as a reporter on the BBC One series Points of View. Between 2017 and 2020, she appeared as a regular reporter on The One Show, as well as being as a guest presenter on the Channel 5 chat and debate show Jeremy Vine from 2019 to 2021. In 2020, Douglas presented Holiday Secrets… is Last Minute Best? on Channel 4.
In July 2022, Douglas, alongside her brother Stuart, presented Love It or List It as part of Channel 4's "Black to Front" special. In June 2022, the pair began presenting architect George Clarke's series George Clarke's Flipping Fast. In August 2022, they began presenting the property development series Worst House on the Street.
In November 2022, she took part in Series 22 of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. She placed 10th after fifteen days in the jungle, being the second celebrity to be evicted.
In December 2022, she stood in for Richard Arnold as Good Morning Britain’s Entertainment presenter.

## Filmography

As herself :
| Year | Title | Notes |
| 2015–2022 | A Place in the Sun | Presenter |
| 2016–2017 | Points of View | Reporter |
| 2017–2020 | The One Show | Reporter |
| 2019–2021 | Jeremy Vine | Guest presenter |
| 2020 | Holiday Secrets… is Last Minute Best? | Presenter |
| 2021 | Love It or List It | Presenter |
| 2022–present | George Clarke's Flipping Fast | Co-presenter |
| 2022–present | Worst House on the Street | Co-presenter |
| 2022 | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! | Contestant Series 22. Finished 10th place |
| 2022 | Good Morning Britain | Stand-in Entertainment Presenter |
| 2023 | Richard Osman's House of Games | Contestant |
# Equestrian statue of Ignacio Zaragoza

The monument to Ignacio Zaragoza is installed in Puebla, in the Mexican state of Puebla.
# Battle of Constantinople (1241)

The Battle of Constantinople was a naval battle between the fleets of the Empire of Nicaea and the Republic of Venice that occurred in May–June 1241 near Constantinople.

## Background

In early 1241, while the Latin Empire was besieging the Nicaean fortress of Tzouroulos in eastern Thrace, the Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes campaigned against Latin fortresses north of Nicomedia. With his fleet accompanying the army, he captured Dakibyza and Niketiatou. At the same time, however, the Nicaean fleet encountered a Venetian fleet that had sailed from Constantinople, and suffered a heavy defeat in a battle off the city's sea walls.

## Battle

According to George Akropolites, the Nicaean fleet had 30 galleys and the Venetian fleet 13. However, the Nicaeans lost 13 of their own vessels, which were captured by the Venetians, so that "each one of the enemy ships gained one trireme as spoil, with its men and weapons". The contemporary Venetian chronicler Martin da Canal, on the other hand, claims that the Nicaean fleet numbered no fewer than 160 ships, "including galleys and other large and small vessels, all of which were well equipped", while the Venetian fleet numbered only ten galleys. Under the command of Podestà of Constantinople, Giovanni Michiel, the Venetian fleet defeated the Nicaean fleet under Iophre the Armenian in the battle, taking ten Nicaean galleys captive. The date of the battle is fixed at May–June 1241 through the testimony of Andrea Dandolo.

## Historical assessment

Akropolites and a 14th-century hagiography of Emperor John III attribute this defeat to the inexperience of the crews, claiming that for many of them this was their first sea voyage. According to Akropolites, the fleet commander, Manuel Kontophre, had warned the Emperor that the Nicaeans would lose in any naval combat with the Latins due to their inexperience, only to be dismissed and replaced by Iophre (Geoffrey) the Armenian, an otherwise unknown personage whom Akropolites describes as "rather hesitant in matters of war". After the defeat vindicated him, Kontophre was reinstated as commander of the fleet.
According to the contemporary chronicle of Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, these hostilities were followed in June by a two-year truce between Vatatzes, the Latins, and the Bulgarian ruler Kaliman I.
# Battle of Happrew

55°39′15″N 3°17′58″W﻿ / ﻿55.65417°N 3.29944°W﻿ / 55.65417; -3.29944
The Battle of Happrew was a skirmish which took place around 20 February 1304, during the First War of Scottish Independence. A chevauchée of English knights, which included Robert de Clifford, William de Latimer, and the later Scottish King, Robert the Bruce had been sent south from Dunfermline under Sir John Segrave to locate and capture the rebels Sir William Wallace and Sir Simon Fraser.
Fraser and Wallace escaped.

## Location

The action took place in the vicinity of Stobo, near Peebles in the Scottish Borders. Current maps provide locations for Easter Happrew and Wester Happrew. However, the precise location of the skirmish is unknown and the coordinates given are approximate.
# Battle of Gasr Bu Hadi

The Battle of Gasr Bu Hadi occurred during the Italian colonization of Libya. It was the worst Italian defeat since the Battle of Adwa.

## The battle

On afternoon of 28 April 1915, Colonel Miani marched out of Camp Sirte to attack the Senussi camp at Gasr Bu Hadi, south of Sirte under the lead of Sfi aldin Al sanusi His column of 84 officer, 900 Italian soldiers (one Battalion of the 2nd Regiment Bersaglieri, two companies of the 57th Infantry, two artillery battery) 2,175 askaris (3rd, 4th and 13th Libyan Askaris Battalions, 15th Eritrean Askaris Battalion), was supported and covered by nearly 3,000 Libyans Irregulars under the command of Ramadan Sewehli and other tribal chiefs. Ramadan Sewehli, after fighting the Italians in 1911–12, cooperated with them for a while, but was later jailed for Senussi leanings. Miani thought that he could be trusted.
At 07:00 of 29 April 1915, the Italian column, that had spent the night at Bu Scenaf's well, moved. At 09:30 the Misrata and Tarhuna bands signalled that had spotted the enemy forces. At 10:30 the battle began. From the battle start the Irregular Bands, apart from the Zliten's band commanded by Mohammed Feuzy Bey, refused to comply with the orders and simply stopped trying to guess the battle outcome. When they understand that the Italians was deeply involved in the battle attacked the supply column, practically undefended at the moment, and stole it. The Libyans captured 5,000 reserve rifles, millions of rounds of ammunition, several machine guns, six sections of artillery with abundant ammunition, and all the supplies including the fund of the column.

## Aftermath

The Libyans pushed home their victory and advanced to Misrata. The Italian withdrawal became a rout, garrisons abandoned their posts without defending towards the coast. The Libyans were soon at Ben Gashir, 15 miles from Tripoli. A general withdrawal to the coast was ordered on 5 July. The Tarhuna garrison was massacred during its break out to the sea. A thousand men at Beni Uled surrendered. The Garian garrison retired to Azizia and was then forced to withdraw hastily towards Tripoli. Four-and-a-half thousand men abandoned Misrata for Misrata Marina, and Zuwara was evacuated from the sea. By 1 August the only Tripolitanian towns still held by the Italians were Homs, Misrata Marina, Tagiura and Tripoli itself, where there were 40,000 troops to man the machine gun nests and the new wall circling the outer suburbs. Italy had suffered the worst defeat since Adowa and the Tripolitanian campaign was almost back to its starting point. Since the previous August the Italians had lost an estimated 3,000 men killed, 2,400 prisoners, thirty pieces of artillery, 15,000 rifles and huge quantities of ammunition and equipment.
# Schistura leukensis

Schistura leukensis is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach in the genus Schistura. It has only been recorded from a single river, a tributary of the Mekong in Laos. This river has been affected by damming upstream of this species' main habitat and it is unknown how this has impacted the population. Other human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, siltation and pollution may have also had effects on this species.
# Schistura latifasciata

Schistura latifasciata is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus Schistura from the Mekong basin in Yunnan.