OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Semthan

33°48′21″N 75°05′51″E﻿ / ﻿33.805833°N 75.097500°E﻿ / 33.805833; 75.097500 Semthan, also Semithan is a village 1 km north of Bijbehara in the Anantnag district of the Kashmir Valley in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It has an archaeological site, the ancient site of Chakradhar where cultural sequences were stratified, from the Neolithic to the Indo-Greek and Kushan periods.

## Excavations

The site was excavated during several seasons from 1977 to 1981. Upon excavation, the site revealed several occupation layers:
Period 1: pre-NBPW (700-500 BCE) Period 2: NBPW (500-200 BCE) Period 3: Indo-Greek (200-0 BCE) Period 4: Kushan Empire, Huna Kingdom (1st-5th century CE) Period 5: Hindu (5th-13th century CE) Period 6: Late Medieval, post 13th century
Pottery wares were found in Level 3, as well as a seal with an Indo-Greek deity, and Indo-Greek coins. A large number of terracotta figurines were also found in Level 4.

## Artefacts

Semthan was at one point a Greek settlement. Many figurines in the Hellenistic style were found during the excavations. The female figurines are fully dressed, with the left leg slightly bent, and wear the Greek chiton and himation, and the Hellenistic styles of Bactria are probably the ultimate source of these designs. It is thought that the Indo-Greeks introduced their artistic styles into the area as they moved eastward from the area of Gandhara into South Kashmir. The stratigraphy does not permit a precise dating of these statuettes, and the date has been broadly defined as probably pertaining to the period from the 2nd half of the 1st century BCE to the 1st or 2nd century CE, in effect covering the end of the Indo-Greek period to the early Kushan period.
Such Hellenistic draped figurines have not been found at Taxila or Charsadda, although they are known to have been Indo-Greek cities, but probably this is mainly because excavations to Greek levels have been very limited: in Sirkap, only one eight of the excavations were made down to the Indo-Greek and early Saka levels, and only in an area far removed from the center of the ancient city, where few finds could be expected.
* Terracotta statuette in Chiton and Himation, Semthan
* Male Hellenistic dress, Semthan
* Semthan, female Hellenistic dresses
* Figure with helmet, Semthan
* Indo-Greek coin of Lysias and other coinage, Semthan
* Indo-Greek coin of Lysias (130–120 BCE), Indian square standard, of the type found at Semthan
* Semthan, sealing with Indo-Greek deity.
# Teberda (river)

The Teberda (Russian: Теберда) is a river in the North Caucasus. It is a left tributary of the Kuban. It flows past the Teberda Nature Reserve, through the town Teberda and terminates at Karachayevsk. It is 60 kilometres (37 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,080 square kilometres (420 sq mi).
# Nyamwamba I Hydroelectric Power Station

Nyamwamba I Hydroelectric Power Station, also referred to as Nyamwamba I Power Station, is a 9.2 megawatts mini-hydroelectric power station in Uganda.

## Location

The power station is located in the village of Kilembe, across the River Nyamwamba, in Kasese District in the Western Region of Uganda. This is in the foothills of the Rwenzori Mountains, close to the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nyamwamba I HPP lies approximately 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi), by road, northwest of Kasese, the location of the district headquarters and the nearest large town.

## Overview

The power station is a run of the river mini-hydropower installation, with installed capacity of 9.2 MW. The renewable energy installation was developed by South Asia Energy Management Systems LLC (SAEMS), based in Sri Lanka. SAEMS is an IPP that acquires, develops, and operates run-of-the-river hydropower projects in emerging markets. Funding for the project will be provided by a loan from a consortium of lenders that include the Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund, the Netherlands Development Finance Company, the German Investment Corporation, and the FinnFund. The power generated is intended for use by the town of Kasese with a population of 101,679 in 2014. The off-taker is the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL), the national electricity bulk transmitter company. The power generated will be evacuated via 33kV cables to Nkenda Substation, where it will enter the Ugandan grid. Nkenda is located approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi), by road, northeast of Nyamwamba I Hydroelectric Power Station.

## Construction costs

The construction costs are estimated at US$24 million. The contribution to those costs is as depicted in the table below:
Financing Sources For Nyamwamba I Power Station :
| Rank | Name of Lender | Loan Amount (US$ Million) | Percentage |
| 1 | Netherlands Development Finance Company | 12.0 | 50 |
| 2 | Emerging Africa Infrastructure Fund | 6.0 | 25 |
| 3 | German Investment Corporation | 4.0 | 17 |
| 4 | FinnFund | 2.0 | 8 |
| | Total | 24.0 | 100.00 |

## Construction timetable

In October 2014, the Electricity Regulatory Authority licensed nine renewable energy power projects. One of the nine was Nyamwamba I Hydroelectric Power Station. Construction was expected to start in December 2014 and last about 2 years. However, construction was delayed due to flooding of the construction site, which required a re-design of the project. The original 14 megawatts capacity was scaled back to 9.2 megawatts. Construction started in 2015, with commissioning expected during the first quarter of 2018. In 2019, this power station, together with the 18 MW Mpanga Hydroelectric Power Station in Kamwenge District were acquired by Serengeti Energy Limited, formerly known as rAREH, which is based in Kenya.

## Other considerations

As of 2019, rAREH (today Serengeti Energy Limited) and SAEMS had a plan to jointly develop 7.8 MW Nyamwamba II Hydroelectric Power Station, upstream of Nyamwamba I HPP. Nyamwamba II HPP came online in March 2022.
# Dorukseki, Bayat

Dorukseki is a village in the Bayat District of Çorum Province in Turkey. Its population is 271 (2022).
# Statue of Nelson Mandela, Johannesburg

The statue of Nelson Mandela is a large bronze sculpture of the former President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela, located in Nelson Mandela Square in Sandton, Gauteng.

## Location

Prior to the statue's unveiling, the square had been named Sandton Square after the surrounding area of Sandton. The square was officially renamed Nelson Mandela Square on 31 March 2004. Sandton City, the largest retail complex in Africa, lies behind the statue. The location of the statue has been criticized due to Sandton Square's perception as a "symbol of commercial and social elitism".

## History

The statue was commissioned in July 2002 and completed in February 2004. It was unveiled in the square on 31 March 2004. It was sculpted by Kobus Hattingh and Jacob Maponyane.
The statue was erected in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of South Africa's first democratic elections. It was the first-ever public statue of Mandela and was unveiled by his eldest granddaughter, Ndileka Mandela, who said of the statue that "While we honour Nelson Mandela in this statue, we are also honouring South Africa. He's not just a grandfather to us, but to the whole nation". A box for donations for the Nelson Mandela Foundation was placed beside the statue.

## Description

The statue stands 6 metres (20 ft) high and measures 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) from elbow to elbow. The statue weighs 2.5 tons. It has been described as "towering", "imposing", and a "focal point" for the entire area.
The statue depicts Mandela wearing his Madiba shirt and dancing in what was referred to at the unveiling as the "Madiba jive". Basetsana Kumalo, the master of ceremonies at the statue's unveiling, said that it was "a very happy statue. The dancing stance pays tribute to the spirit of joy and celebration inherent in the people of South Africa – this is the Madiba jive".
# Idyll X

Idyll X, sometimes called Θερισταί ('The Reapers') or Εργατίναι ('The Labourers'), is a bucolic poem by the 3rd-century BC Greek poet Theocritus. The poem takes the form of a dialogue between the old foreman Milon, as he levels the swathes of corn, and his languid and love-worn companion, the reaper Bucaeus.

## Summary

The characters of this pastoral are two reapers, Milon, the man of experience, and Bucaeus, called also Bucus or Buttus, the lovesick youth. The conversation takes place in the course of their reaping, and leads to a love-song from Bucaeus and a reaping-song from Milon. Milon's song, after a prayer to Demeter, addresses itself in succession to binders, threshers, and reapers, and lastly to the steward. Both songs are supposed to be impromptu, and sung as the men reap on.

## Analysis

When Milon calls his song the song of the divine Lityerses he is using a generic term. There was at least one traditional reaping-song which told how Lityerses, son of Midas, of Celaenae in Phrygia, after entertaining strangers' hospitality, made them reap with him till evening, when he cut off their heads and hid their bodies in the sheaves. This apparently gave the name to all reaping-songs.

## Reception

According to Andrew Lang, the verses in which Milon defends his 'gipsy' love "have been the keynote of much later poetry", including the fourth book of Lucretius and the Misanthrope of Molière.
# Harry Quinn

Harry Quinn Cycles were a family owned high-end English bicycle manufacturer located in Liverpool, England.
The business began in 1890 as Coronet Cycles, and Harry Quinn was the son of the founder. Initially, the company was based on Walton Road, Liverpool. Harry worked in the Walton Road premises for his father, alongside his brothers and sisters. When Harry obtained the business, brothers Ronnie and Jack set up Quinn Bros Cycles in Edge Lane, Liverpool. Harry was an influential figure in the British cycling scene, also training frame builders Terry Dolan and Billy Whitcomb in his Liverpool premises. In 1977, after Harry lost sight in one eye, the business was sold to Frank Clements, brother of Ernie Clements, with Harry kept on as Master Frame Builder. In 1980, the shop was closed and in the business was sold to Falcon Cycles and was still badged as Harry Quinn, but did not carry the Harry Quinn frame numbering system. It was at this time that Terry Dolan, who had been working with Harry for several years opened his own shop across the road and the Dolan bike story began.
Late on, when Harry re-acquired the Harry Quinn company with his son Peter, the business relocated to St Florence, Wales. The company was wound up sometime in the 1990s.
Cyclists to have ridden competitively on Harry Quinn frames include John Atkins, Alan Ramsbottom, William Moore, Colin Sturgess (who won the world professional pursuit title on a Harry Quinn), Gordon Singleton (World Keirin Champion 1982), Sid Barras, Kevin Apter, Dave Penketh, Terry Tinsley, Frank Lyons, John Clewarth, Graham Daniels, Phil Roberts, John Atkinson, Brian Pownall, Paul Sherwen, Bill Bradley (who won the Milk Race in 1959 on a Harry Quinn), and Pete Chisman (Milk Race winner in 1963).
When Reg Harris made his comeback in 1975 aged 54, he asked Harry to build his bikes.
His hand-built bikes were known for their short wheelbase and steep angles, relative to other marques. In 1979, he was one of only three frame builders qualified to use 753 Reynolds tubing, the others being TI Raleigh and Bob Jackson. Harry Quinn also designed bikes for Viking Cycles.
Harry Quinn died on 1 October 2009, aged 92.
The title of the song A Lilac Harry Quinn by the band Half Man Half Biscuit on their 1991 album McIntyre, Treadmore and Davitt relates to a bicycle of that colour, although no mention of cycling nor the bike is made in the song, except for the repeated outro: 'Sturmey Archer, Campagnolo'.

## Building Philosophy

Harry Quinn has been building frames, using essentially the same methods, for 45 years. His interest in bicycles started as a young boy when he learned the basics of frame building from his father. His interest was further developed while racing prior to World War II (1935-37). Archived 26 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine
# Semtex (disambiguation)

Semtex is a general-purpose plastic explosive.
Semtex may also refer to:
* Semtex (album), a 1996 album by The Third Eye Foundation
* Semtex (drink), a taurine-containing energy drink manufactured in the Czech Republic
* DJ Semtex, a BBC hip-hop disc jockey and producer from the UK
* Paul "Semtex" Daley (b. 1983), a British mixed martial artist
* Semtex (anti-slip covering), a type of gritty cement-like compound used on the decks of Royal Navy ships
* Semtex (open source software), an incompressible flow simulation code with spectral element method spatial discretisation
# Sinyang station

Sinyang station is a railway station in North Korea. It is located on the P'yŏngra Line of the Korean State Railway.
* This article about a railroad station in North Korea is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Thomas R. Karl

Thomas R. Karl (born 22 November 1951, in Evergreen Park, Illinois) is the former director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). He joined the National Climate Centre in 1980, and when that became the National Climatic Data Center, he continued as a researcher, becoming a Lab Chief, Senior Scientist and ultimately Director of the Center. When it merged with other centers to become NCEI in 2015, he became its first director. He retired on 4 August 2016.

## Global warming hiatus debate

Karl was the lead on a study on the question of the possible existence of a hiatus in global warming, as discussed in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report . In the study, published in the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science journal in June 2015 and based on previously published datasets, they found no indication of a slowdown, even in the period from 1998 to 2012 which had been highlighted by the IPCC. This analysis incorporated the latest homogenization corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements as published by others in NOAA's Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature dataset version 4, and land temperatures from the new International Surface Temperature Initiative dataset, integrated with NOAA’s Global Historical Climatology Network. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed at the time that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length. After he published these results, Karl was attacked by climate change denialists, including Lamar Smith, chair of the House Science Committee. In 2017 the findings of the Karl et al. study were confirmed by another group of scientists using different methodologies.

## Awards

* Verner E. Suomi Award by the American Meteorological Society
* Amer. Assoc. of State Climatologists, Landsberg Award(1993)
* Amer. Meteor. Soc. Editors Award, J. Climate (1988)
* Department of Commerce Gold Medal (1991)
* NOAA Administrator's Award (1989)
* Department of Commerce Bronze Medal (1988)

## Service

* Editor Journal of Climate
* Associate Editor Climatic Change
* National Research Council
* Climate Research Committee (1991–present)
* Panel on EOSDIS (1992–94)
* Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming (1990–1992)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Lead Author 1995, 1992, 1990
* Public Affairs: Numerous news media interviews, testimony to U.S. Congress and briefings to cabinet-level officials and Vice President of the US.

## Papers

* Karl, T.R., R.W. Knight, and B. Baker. 2000. The record breaking global temperatures of 1997 and 1998: Evidence for an increase in the rate of global warming. Geophysical Research Letters 27(March 1):719-722. (press release)
# Nyamware

Nyamware is a settlement in Kenya's Nyanza Province. It is located in Kadibo division, Nyando constituency, Kisumu county. Settlement in this place dates back to 1867. It serves as a beach along one of the tributaries of river Nyando. Fishing is the main economic activity in this area and buyers come as far as Kisumu town to buy fish from traders. Some of the common fishes found in this place are omena (dagaa), mbuta (nile perch), tilapia (ng'ege), kamongo (mudfish), mumi (catfish) among other species. Beach management commonly referred to as BM by the locals offers administrative roles alongside area assistant chief and chief. The current chief is Mark Dero Nyadianga, an energetic and straightforward person. In the past, this place was inaccessible during rainy season, however, with the devolution, this place has a murram road from Alendu Shopping centre. With this road, Nyamware is accessible.
1. Gabriel Mboche Obute 2.Shadrack Omondi Sagwe
# Apportionment Act 1820

The Apportionment Act 1820 (1 Geo. 4. c. 108) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The whole Act was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part VII of the Schedule to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1975.
# Ste. Genevieve Limestone

The Ste. Genevieve Limestone is a geologic formation named for Ste. Genevieve, Missouri where it is exposed and was first described. It is a thick-bedded limestone that overlies the St. Louis Limestone. Both are Mississippian in age. The St. Louis Limestone is Meramecian and the Ste. Genevieve is the base of the Chesterian series.
It is a primary producer in the Illinois Basin and has produced commercial oil and gas in Warren County, Kentucky.
# Nicola Torriani

Nicola Torriani was an Italian architect during the 17th-century. He was related to architect and sculptor Orazio Torriani, but the exact relationship is unknown. His works include the lower part (and possibly also the upper part) of Santi Domenico e Sisto.
# Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup

Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup (31 December 1782 – 25 August 1862) was a French physician and naturalist.
He completed his medical studies at Montpellier and remained attached to the countryside of the southwest of France. In company with his childhood friend Jean-Marie Léon Dufour (1780–1865) and Dufour's friend Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent (1778–1846) he expressed his enthusiasm for botany specializing in the study of cryptogams, the ferns and other plants that reproduce through spores. Then the shells found in the region attracted his attention, in particular those from the Adour.
He practiced medicine in the military hospitals at Dax, where from his graduation from Montpellier in 1807 he worked in the company of Jean Thore (1762–1823). Under the Bourbon Restoration he experienced setbacks in his career. After his marriage in 1822 he moved to Bordeaux.
As a corresponding member of the Société linnéenne de Paris, the world's first "Linnaean society", he was made director of the natural history museum of Dax, which was founded on the collections of Jacques-François de Borda d'Oro (1718–1804). In addition to his own works he edited articles for the Annales générales de sciences physiques by Bory de Saint-Vincent, Auguste Drapiez (1778–1856) et Jean-Baptiste Van Mons (1765–1842).
His Catalogue des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles: vivants et fossiles, de la France continentale e insulaire, 1855, catalogued all the molluscs found in France, living and fossilized.
# Senator Lynde

Senator Lynde may refer to:
* Charles W. Lynde (1790–1860), New York State Senate
* Dolphus S. Lynde (1833–1902), New York State Senate
* William Pitt Lynde (1817–1885), Wisconsin State Senate
# Ste. Genevieve Memorial Cemetery

Ste. Genevieve Memorial Cemetery in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, United States is a contributing site to both the Ste. Genevieve Historic District, and the associated National Landmark District.

## History

Opened in 1787, Ste. Genevieve's oldest cemetery is divided into three sections: one for Catholic burials, one for Lutherans and a third for other Protestants. More than 50 Native Americans are buried there as well as an unknown number of African Americans, slave and free. It is also the final resting place for such notables as US Senator Lewis F. Linn, Felix and Odile Pratte-Vallé, and many other Missouri pioneers.
Over 5,000 burials occurred in this small, two-block cemetery. The cemetery was closed in 1881, though some additional burials occurred through 1894. Local records show that almost half of those interred were children under six years old.
Notable burials include Lewis F. Linn (1796–1843), physician and US Senator, and John Scott (1782–1861), US Representative.

## Preservation

Restoration was performed in the 2010s by the Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Genevieve, Inc.
The cemetery became of part of the National Historic Landmark District in 1960, and the National Register of Historic Places historic district in 1966.
# Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute

The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute is a body at Karolinska Institute that awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It is headquartered in the Nobel Forum on the grounds of the Karolinska Institute campus. Originally the Nobel Assembly was not a formal body but rather the collective of all professors (holders of chairs, i.e. full professors) at Karolinska Institute. In 1977, the Nobel Assembly became a separate private organization hosted by Karolinska Institute. Until 1984, all Karolinska Institute professors belonged to the Assembly; since 1984, the membership has been restricted to 50 Karolinska Institute professors.
The main work involved in collecting nominations and screening nominees is performed by the Nobel Committee at the Karolinska Institute, which has five members. The Nobel Committee, which is appointed by the Nobel Assembly, is only empowered to recommend laureates, while the final decision rests with the Nobel Assembly.

## Background

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was first awarded in 1901. For most of the 20th century the laureates were decided upon by all professors of the Karolinska Institute, collectively sometimes also referred to as the Nobel Assembly. In 1977 the Nobel Assembly was established as a separate private organization. The reason for creating a special formal body for the decisions concerning the Nobel Prize was the fact that the Karolinska Institute is a state-run university, which in turn means that it is subject to various laws that apply to government agencies in Sweden and similar Swedish public sector organisations, such as freedom of information legislation. By moving the actual decision making to a private body at Karolinska Institute (but not part of it), it is possible to follow the regulations for the Nobel Prize set down by the Nobel Foundation, including keeping the confidentiality of all documents and proceedings for a minimum of 50 years. Also, the legal possibility of contesting the decisions in e.g. administrative courts is removed. Until 1984 all professors at Karolinska Institute were members of the Assembly, but in 1984 the membership was restricted to 50 Karolinska professors.
The other two Nobel Prize-awarding bodies in Sweden, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Swedish Academy, are legally private organisations (although enjoying royal patronage), and have therefore not had to make any special arrangements to be able to follow the Nobel Foundation's regulations.