OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Synod of Rome

The Synod of Rome may refer to a number of synods or councils of the Roman Catholic Church, held in Rome.
Some of these synods include:
* Synod of Rome (313), attended by the bishop of Beneventum, and Reticius, bishop of Autun
* Council of Rome (382), a meeting of Christian Church officials and theologians under the authority of Pope Damasus I
* Synod of Rome (465), attended by Concordius, bishop of Bari
* Synod of Rome (499), attended by Saint Justus, bishop of Acerenza and Menecrates, bishop of Cariati
* Synod of Rome (721), a synod held in St. Peter's Basilica under the authority of Pope Gregory II
* Synods of Rome (727), held under the authority of Pope Gregory II
* Synods of Rome (731), two synods held in St. Peter's Basilica under the authority of Pope Gregory III
* Synod of Rome (732), a synod held in Rome under the authority of Pope Gregory III
* Synod of Rome (745) held under the authority of Pope Zachary
* Synod of Rome (898) Multiple councils held by John the XI to rectify the wrongs of the Cadaver Synod
* Synod of Rome (963), a possibly uncanonical synod held in St. Peter's Basilica under the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor to depose Pope John XII
* Synod of Rome (964), a synod held in St. Peter's Basilica, for the purpose of condemning the Synod of Rome (963) and to depose Pope Leo VIII
# Substrate (vivarium)

The substrate of a vivarium is the material used on the floor of the enclosure. It can affect humidity levels, filtration as well as the well-being of the inhabitants. The appropriate substrate depends on the type of animal in the enclosure.

## Functions and considerations

A substrate is used in all types of vivarium and holds an important role in the well-being of the inhabitants. Although having an aesthetic factor, the substrate is an extremely important factor when keeping animals in a vivarium.
Some types of substrate can be used to hold humidity, which is essential when keeping certain types of rainforest dwelling species that require high humidity levels during shedding and food digestion. The substrate may also be used as a drainage system for excess water.
Substrate is also useful for burrowing species as they can dig into the substrate as they would in their natural habitat. It is also useful for egg laying species that would naturally bury their eggs in the earth floor.
The substrate also adds to the aesthetics of the enclosure and gives the vivarium a more natural feel and look.

## Types

The type of substrate used depends on the natural habitat of the species kept, for instance a desert dwelling species should be kept on a slate tile substrate, whereas a rainforest dwelling species should be kept on soil or bark chips.
Some keepers may choose to use less aesthetic substrates such as paper towels, newspaper or even tiles and linoleum, especially for newly acquired or quarantined specimens. This is easier for the keeper to keep maintained and there is less risk of the substrate being consumed by the inhabitants.
# Witching

Witching may refer to:
* The practice of witchcraft
* Dowsing, a practice that attempts to locate objects without the use of scientific apparatus
* The Witching, a comic book series
* Triple witching, an economic concept
* Witching Waves, an amusement ride introduced in 1907
# Alex Archer (musician)

Chad Alexander Archer (born 27 May 1970) is an American-born Australian musician. Archer is best known for his violin work in the Fremantle based Alt country/rock band The Kill Devil Hills.

## Early life

Archer was born in Seattle, Washington, US. He was raised in Darrington, Washington, and graduated from Darrington High School in 1988.

## Career

As well as performing and recording three albums with Kill Devil Hills, Archer has performed and recorded with various Australian artists, most notably Abbe May and also with Felicity Groom.
In 2010, Archer was named best instrumentalist at the WAMi Awards. In 2012 he performed at the Rock-It Festival.

## Discography
### The Kill Devil Hills (2003–present)

* Heathen Songs – Torn and Frayed/Reverberation (2004)
* The Drought – Torn and Frayed/Shock (TORNCD16) (7 October 2006)
* Man, You Should Explode – Torn and Frayed/Shock (TORNCD24) (25 September 2009)

### Abbe May

* Abbe May and the Rockin Pneumonia 2009, EP.
# Alex Archer

Alexander Albert Archer (1 May 1908 – 15 June 1979) was a British ice hockey right winger who played in the English National League for the Wembley Lions. He is best remembered as a member of the Great Britain national ice hockey team which won gold in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics.

## Sporting career

Archer was born in West Ham, Essex to Scottish parents. They moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, when he was 3 years old. It was in Manitoba that Archer learned to play ice hockey and football. As well as being a Manitoban All-Star twice for ice hockey, Archer also played for the Manitoban All-Stars against a touring side from the Football Association of Wales in 1929 and against a touring side from the Scottish Football Association in 1935.
In 1993, Archer was inducted to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame with the rest of the 1936 Olympic British ice hockey squad who had not previously been inducted.

### Club career

Archer returned to England to join the Wembley Lions for the 1935–36 season. He played for the Lions for the next five seasons scoring a total of 82 goals and 77 assists. Archer was also selected to the All-star A Team in 1938, 1939, and 1940.
Due to a fractured skull Archer's playing career came to an end in 1945, and he became a coach – first for Wembley and then for Nottingham Panthers and Murrayfield Racers. As a successful coach he was selected to coach the All-star B Team in 1947 and then again in 1948.

### International career

Archer was selected to play for the Great Britain team at the 1936 Winter Olympics. However, this led to a complaint from the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) to the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) as they claimed he had not been released from the Association. The IIHF suspended Archer for the duration of the tournament. CAHA president E. A. Gilroy chose not to object on the eve of the Olympics to Archer participating as a gesture of sportsmanship towards Great Britain. Archer went on to play in all seven of the games of the tournament and scored two goals.
Archer won two further medals with the GB team, winning silver medals at the 1937 and 1938 Ice Hockey World Championships. Archer retired from ice hockey in 1945 after he received a fractured skull in a game for GB against Sweden.
Archer played 24 times for GB, scoring 14 goals and 10 assists.

## Awards

* Two time Manitoban All-star.
* Olympic gold medalist in 1936.
* World championship silver medalist in 1937 and 1938.
* Named to the English National League All-star A Team in 1938, 1939 and 1940.
* Named as coach to the English National League All-star B Team in 1947 and 1948.
* Inducted to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.
# Raúl Rosarivo

Raúl Mario Rosarivo (1903 in Buenos Aires, Argentina – 1966) was an Argentine typographer, researcher, designer, poet, painter, and illustrator, known for his work in the analysis of the Gutenberg Bibles. He held the position of General Director of the Buenos Aires Provincial Graphic Workshops (Talleres Gráficos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires).
Rosarivo, in his Divina proporción tipográfica ("Typographical Divine Proportion"), first published in 1947, analyzed Renaissance books with the help of compass and ruler and described the use of the "número de oro" (golden number), by which he meant the ratio 2:3, in books produced by Gutenberg (as well as Peter Schöffer, Nicolas Jenson, and others). According to Rosarivo himself, his work and assertion that Gutenberg used the "golden number" (or "secret number" as Rosarivo also called it) to establish the harmonic relationships between the diverse parts of his printed works, was analyzed by experts at the Gutenberg Museum and re-published in the Gutenberg Jahrbuch, its official magazine.
# Ray Hopkins Senior Center

Ray W. Hopkins Mauldin Senior Center (often referred to as Ray Hopkins Senior Center or Mauldin Senior Center) is a senior center located in Mauldin, South Carolina, United States. Membership at the senior center is exclusively for individuals over the age of 54, but several organizations have used the campus for other purposes.

## History

The site of the senior center was once part of the Mauldin City Park. The size of the city park was reduced by half when the senior center was built and the park is now behind the senior center.

## Membership

People can only join the senior center if they are at least 55 years old. The senior center has a fitness room on the premises and holds scheduled exercise classes, for members. It also organizes occasional excursions for members.

## Alternative uses

Freedom Church, located in Greenville, holds services at the senior center every Sunday. These reservations were requested and gained in late 2015. There is also some history of Girl Scout recruitment activities at the senior center. On Election Day, the senior center is one of many polling places in Mauldin.

## Legal issues

Students of Mauldin High School, which is across the street from the senior center, illegally parking were parking in parking lots surrounding the high school because of the inconvenience of purchasing a parking pass from the school. Many of the students parking illegally were parking at the senior center parking lot. In September 2015, Mauldin's city council ratified a new parking decree which allowed police to more strictly enforce parking codes.
# Ravi Shastri (film)

Ravi Shastri is a 2006 Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film directed by M. S. Rajashekar and M. R. Raghavendra. It is a remake of the Tamil film Idhu Namma Aalu (1988) and stars Ravichandran and Sneha, in her Kannada cinema debut.

## Cast

* Ravichandran as Ravi Shastri
* Sneha as Bhanu
* Ananth Nag as Narayana Dixit
* Umashree
* Doddanna
* Karibasavaiah
* Vinaya Prasad
* Mandya Ramesh
* Bank Janardhan

## Production

The film was initially titled Brahmana. The film completed shooting by mid-2006.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Rajesh Ramanath. Cricketer Ravi Shastri, who shared his name for this film, was to come for the audio launch but did not show up because he was not paid ₹5 lakh (equivalent to ₹16 lakh or US$19,000 in 2023).

## Reception

R. G. Vijayasarathy of Rediff.com opined that "Ravi Shashtry has a strong message to convey, but it unfortunately ends up being an ordinary film". A critic from Sify wrote that "This remake of K.Bhagyaraj classic Idhu Namma Aal from Tamil lacks the Kannada milieu and flavour. Director M.S.Rajashekhar could have made the film more racy and entertaining, which would have appealed to the masses".
# Raúl Álvarez

Raúl Álvarez may refer to:
* AuronPlay (Raúl Álvarez Genes, born 1988), Spanish YouTuber
* Raúl Álvarez (baseball) (1902–?), Cuban baseball player
# Raynell Andreychuk

Anita Raynell Andreychuk (born August 14, 1944) is a retired Canadian senator, lawyer, judge, and diplomat.

## Career

A native of Saskatoon, Andreychuk graduated from the University of Saskatchewan with a BA in 1966 and a law degree in 1967, after which she began her legal practice in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. In 1976, she was appointed a judge of the Saskatchewan provincial court after having initiated Regina's first family court. She also served from 1977 to 1983 as chancellor of the University of Regina and was chair of the Saskatchewan Institute of Public Policy, a policy research institute created in 2000 by the University of Regina, the University of Saskatchewan and the First Nations University of Canada.
In 1985, Andreychuk was appointed associate deputy minister of social services in the province. Two years later, she was named Canada's High Commissioner to Kenya and Uganda and ambassador to Somalia and the Comoros before becoming ambassador to Portugal in 1990. She was also named, the same year, as Canada's permanent representative to the United Nations Environmental Programme and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme. From 1988 to 1993, she was Canada's permanent representative to the United Nations Human Rights Commission.
In 1993, she was named to the Senate by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. Andreychuk sat as a Progressive Conservative until 2004 when she joined the Conservative Party of Canada.
She was also active in the Upper House urging recognition of the Ukrainian famine of 1932 to 1933 as a genocide. In 2008, she was awarded the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise.
Andreychuk was one of thirteen Canadians banned from traveling to Russia under retaliatory sanctions imposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in March 2014.
Having been appointed in 1993, she was, following the retirement of Anne Cools on August 12, 2018, the longest-serving member of the Senate until her own retirement on August 14, 2019.

## Senate committees
### Chair

* Foreign Affairs (2010 - 2019)
* Human Rights (2001–2009)
* Aboriginal Peoples (1994–1996)

### Vice-Chair

* Conflict of Interest for Senators (2004–2009)
* Legal and Constitutional Affairs (2004–2008)
* Rules, Procedure and the Rights of Parliament (2004–2007)
* Foreign Affairs (1997–1999)
* Aboriginal Peoples (1996–1997)

## Publications

* The work of the Standing Senate Committee on Human Rights: an overview of Children: The Silenced Citizens. Saskatchewan Law Review. 71:23-38 no.1 2008.
* Democracy in the 21st century: Children: the silenced citizens. Canadian Parliamentary Review. 30 (2):2-3 Summer 2007
* Human rights and Canadian foreign policy. University of New Brunswick Law Journal. 45:311-17 1996 (Annual).
# Rayne Pegg

Rayne Pegg was the Administrator of the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) of the Department of Agriculture, and was appointed on July 6, 2009, by Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. In her position, she has the responsibility of overseeing AMS policies and programs. AMS administers programs that facilitate the efficient, fair marketing of U.S. agricultural products, including food, fiber, and specialty crops. She participated in the World Trade Organization and US-Korea FTA negotiations, and was previously appointed to USDA’s Agricultural Trade Advisory Committee on Fruits and Vegetables.

## Biography
### Early career

Prior to joining the Farm Bureau, Thompson Pegg worked for three years with the Agricultural Council of California where she served as director of governmental relations. In her tenure with the council, which represents agricultural cooperatives, she handled a variety of issues including labor, taxation and environmental issues before the California legislature. Prior to joining the Council, she worked on communications and business development with an Oregon firm.

### Legislative career

In June 2004, Thompson Pegg joined the California Farm Bureau Federation's National Affairs and Research Division as director of international trade and plant health. She continued the Farm Bureau's strong emphasis on trade issues facing the nation's top farm exporting state and was also responsible for plant health/agricultural chemical matters and horticultural crops. Pegg most recently was Deputy Secretary of Legislation and Policy for the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). Pegg represented the CDFA before the California legislature, regulating bodies and interested parties on issues that had the potential to affect the Department's programs.

### Agricultural Marketing Service

Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack named Rayne Thompson Pegg administrator of the Agricultural Marketing Service on July 6, 2009, succeeding Administrator Lloyd Day. "Rayne's background makes her the ideal person to further the development of programs to ensure efficient, fair marketing of U.S. agricultural products as we work to meet the needs of consumers and industries and provide a safe, sustainable food supply for all Americans," Vilsack said.

### Personal

Thompson Pegg earned her BA in psychology from the College of Notre Dame of Maryland. On a personal level, she is a mother and mentor for Wonder Inc., a support network for foster children.
# Ravisloe Country Club

Ravisloe Country Club is a public golf course and wedding venue located in Homewood, Illinois.

## History
### 20th century

The country club was established in 1901 by mostly Jewish members of Chicago’s Standard Club, on the site of the Briggs farm, only after the first property choice belonging to a Dutchman named Ravisloot. The membership decided on Ravislow, eventually settling on the name Ravisloe.
The original golf course, designed by James Foulis and Theodore Moreau in 1901, as a 9-hole course. An additional 55 acres were purchased and 9 more holes were designed and overseen by William Watson from 1910 to 1913. Donald Ross supervised a renovation, carried out from over the span of years 1917–19. Updates continued until 1924.
In 1917, the Spanish Mission styled clubhouse was designed by George Nimmons, the same architect behind Olympia Fields’ clubhouse.
Ravisloe operated as a Jewish private country club in the early 20th century. Illinois had the second-highest number of Jewish country clubs, mostly in the Chicago metropolitan era. Due to antisemitism, many Jewish people were locked out of cultural institutions like country clubs so they created their own. Early members of Ravisloe tended to be German Jews.

### 21st century

In 2001, club membership commissioned David Esler to restore the course features in the same style as Donald Ross.
In late 2008, Ravisloe closed due to financial concerns and declining membership. In February 2009, the club was sold to Dr. Claude Gendreau, a veterinary surgeon, who reopened it to the public.
The club was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 1, 2021.

## Notable golfers

One of the early pioneers in women's golf was Elaine Rosenthal, who played at Ravisloe. She has a trophy named after her, which is presented to winners of the Illinois Women's Open. She was inducted to the Illinois Golf Hall Of Fame in 1995.
In 1913, Harry Vardon and Edward Ray won a match 3 and 2 against Chick Evans and Warren Wood.
In 1916, Chick Evans won the US Open and the US Amateur; he won the US Amateur again in 1920. On June 8, 1918, Evans and Wood teamed up again to play Jerome Travers and John Anderson in a four ball match for the Red Cross at Ravisloe.
Other notable members include:
* Julius Rosenwald, head of Sears Roebuck
* Max Adler
* Judge Julian W. Mack
* Salmon O. Levinson
* Morris Fishbein
* Milton Reynolds, inventor of the ballpoint pen
* Philip M. Klutznick
# Rayapur, Saptari

Rayapur is a Village Development Committee in Saptari District in the Sagarmatha Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 9573.
# Reactor Party

Reactor Party is the first single released by the band Shitdisco from Glasgow, scotland. It was released on 23 October 2006 and reached #73 in the UK charts. The song is inspired by the gabba raves that reportedly take place in decommissioned nuclear reactors in the former Soviet Union.

## Formats
### 12"

* Reactor Party
* Bolsheviks
* Reactor Party (Luke Smith MPC-MIX)
* I Know Kung Fu (James Ford edit)

### CD single

* Reactor Party
* Bolsheviks
* Reactor Party (Luke Smith MPC-MIX)

### 7"

* Reactor Party
* I Know Kung Fu (Nightmoves Remix)

## Video

The video was filmed in a disused railway tunnel in the west end of Glasgow and a boiler room in the Glasgow School of Art. It was directed by Danny McConnel and Rik from Square Lips productions.
# Ray Melikian

Ray Melikian (June 7, 1918 – October 25, 2013) was a fighter pilot of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II where he achieved the rank of major. Melikian flew 228 missions during the war and was known for having "superkeen" eyesight.

## Life

Of Armenian descent, Ray Melikian was born in Fresno, California in 1918. He attended school at Kerman High School. He joined the military where he completed his training in August 1941. After completion of his training, Melikian was sent to Australia then New Guinea. He is a farmer by profession.

## World War II

When World War II commenced, Ray Melikian was assigned to the 7th Fighter Squadron of the United States Army Air Forces. Melikian was assigned to fly many aircraft including Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. The aircraft would eventually have three markings of victory.
On August 23, 1942 Melikian took off from Darwin, Australia on a mission to intercept Japanese aircraft and eventually shot down a Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero.
On March 5, 1943, while flying over the skies of New Guinea, Melikian managed to shoot down a Ki-43 Oscar over Malahang in the Morobe Province.
Melikian allowed a friend to borrow his plane in order to conduct a mission. The plane was never returned.
In 1969 the wreckage of the plane was discovered in a jungle in New Guinea with skeletal remains in it. The plane still contained Melikian's signature on the side of it.
In his career as an Air Forces pilot, Melikian went on 228 missions and shot down a total of three Japanese fighter aircraft.

## Medals

His decorations include:
* Army Air Forces Pilot Badge
* Silver Star with two bronze oak leaf clusters
* Distinguished Flying Cross with two bronze oak leaf clusters
* Air Medal with two bronze oak leaf clusters
* Army Good Conduct Medal
* American Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star
* American Campaign Medal
* Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two bronze campaign stars
* World War II Victory Medal

## Awards

In 1942 Ray Melikian was named Fresno's most outstanding man of the year.

## Legacy

Ray Melikian's plane was found in a junkyard in Australia in 1974. The plane was badly damaged and was in many parts.
The plane was sold twice until it was purchased off eBay and then restored by Chris Prevost, owner of Vintage Aircraft Co., who bought and machined many of the parts needed for its restoration. The parts needed for restoration cost approximately $600,000 which included a fuselage that cost $151,000. In 2009 the aircraft was completed and on March 14, 2009, Ray Melikian flew the plane with Chris Provost at the Vintage Airport in Sonoma, CA. Ray Melikian was 90 years old at the time of the flight. The restored aircraft included Melikian's name and victories on the left side of the cockpit.
A portion of one of the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk aircraft Ray Melikian flew during World War II is also displayed at the Museum of Charters Towers.