OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paralympic Nordic skiing

Paralympic Nordic skiing is a Winter Paralympics sport consisting of biathlon and cross-country skiing. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee, with its subcommittee for Nordic skiing known as World Para Nordic Skiing.
Paralympic Nordic skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes.

## Classifications

* Main : Para-Nordic skiing classification
The classifications used by the Canadian Paralympic Committee are:
Visually impaired
B1 - totally blind (no sight) B2 - partially sighted (visual acuity of 20/60 – limited sight) B3 - partially sighted (visual acuity above 20/60 to 6/60 –more sight than B2)
Standing Skiers
LW1 - double above-knee amputees LW2 - outrigger skiersLW3 - double below-knee amputees LW4 - skiers with prosthesisLW5/7- skiers without polesLW6/8 - skiers with one pole LW9/1 - disability of arm and leg (after amputation) LW9/2 - disability of arm and leg (cerebral palsy)
Sitting Skiers
LW10 - high degree of paraplegia, no muscles in lower body LW11 - lower degree of paraplegia, with muscles in lower body LW12/1 - lower degree of paraplegia, lower incomplete paralysis LW12/2 - double above-knee amputees

## Para Equipment

Sitting skiers use Nordic sit-skis consisting of a seat on a frame mounted with bindings onto two cross-country skis. Paralympic-quality sit-skis are made of ultra-lightweight materials, and are custom made and fitted to each athlete.
Blind skiers use headsets and sound location boxes to communicate with their guide. Blind athletes in the biathlon use a rifle equipped with electro-acoustic glasses (an optronic system) which allows aiming by hearing. The closer the rifle points to the centre of the target, the higher the tone is. The different tones that occur when the rifle is moved allow the shooter to find the exact centre of the target.
# Van Buren State Park (Ohio)

Van Buren State Park is a public recreation area surrounding 45-acre (18 ha) Van Buren Lake in Hancock County, Ohio, in the United States. The state park covers 296 acres (120 ha) abutting the southern boundary of the village of Van Buren and offers fishing, boating, camping, hiking, and other recreational activities.

## History

The process of creating the park began in 1939 when a dam was built over Rocky Ford Creek creating Van Buren Lake as part of a private wildlife preserve. The lake and preserve were transferred to the state of Ohio for use as a state park in 1950.

## Ecology

Van Buren State Park is in a rich agricultural area. Northwest Ohio is part of the Interior Plains region of North America. The land is largely flat with a few hills that are a remnant of the last ice age. Beneath the topsoil lies a layer of dolomitic limestone.
The park is in a small patch of woods surrounded by thousands of acres of fields of corn, wheat and soybeans. The land was largely forested before it was cleared by farmers. A small patch of woodland, made mostly of beech and sugar maple trees, remains at Van Buren State Park. Typical woodland mammals found in the park include white-tailed deer, red fox, red squirrel, skunk, and opossum. Bird species include the cowbird, woodcock, eastern bluebird, short-eared owl and eastern meadowlark. The park is also home to garter snakes and spring peepers. Wildflowers in the area include chicory, spring beauty, Dutchman's breeches, daisy fleabane and thimbleweed.

## Activities and amenities

The park features boating for hand- and electric-powered water craft, trails for hikers, mountain bikers and horseback riders, and primitive, full-service and equestrian camping. Fish species found in the lake include largemouth bass, carp, bluegill, channel catfish, bullhead and crappie. Hunting is limited to bowhunting.
# Kealing

Kealing is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ethel Black Kealing (1877–1960), American writer and arts patron
* H. T. Kealing (1859–1918), American writer, educator, and churchman
# Simurobi Gele'alo

Simurobi Gele'alo is one of the Districts of Ethiopia, or woredas, in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Administrative Zone 5, Simurobi Gele'alo is located near the base of the eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian highlands, and bordered on the west by the Amhara Region, on the north by Hadele Ele, and on the east and south by the Administrative Zone 3; the Awash River defines a part of the southern end of the eastern boundary of this woreda with Administrative Zone 3. The major settlement in this woreda is Kumame.
To combat the chronic poverty in this woreda, FARM-Africa has sponsored projects in two kebeles that are expected to benefit 4,169 people directly, and a further 60,000 people will benefit from the availability of improved animal health care from animal health workers trained by FARM-Africa.
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda has a total population of 32,023, of whom 17,222 are men and 14,801 women; with an area of 1,448.41 square kilometers, Simurobi Gele'alo has a population density of 22.11. While 935 or 2.92% are urban inhabitants, a further 9,722 or 30.36% are pastoralists. A total of 5,206 households were counted in this woreda, which results in an average of 6.2 persons to a household, and 5,283 housing units. 98.66% of the population said they were Muslim, and 1.18% were Orthodox Christians.
# Periphoeba

Periphoeba is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Periphoeba palmodes (Meyrick, 1920)
# Teresa Liu-Ambrose

Teresa Yeong Lih Liu-Ambrose is a Canadian physical therapist. She is a Canada Research Chair of Physical Activity, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of British Columbia.

## Early life and education

Liu-Ambrose completed her Bachelor of Science degree in physical therapy in 1994 at the University of British Columbia and remained at the institution for her Master's degree in 1998 and PhD in 2004. During her post-doctoral fellowship at UBC, she was the recipient of the Alice Wilson Award from the Royal Society of Canada and a 2006 Career Investigator Award.

## Career

Upon completing her post-doctoral fellowship in 2006, Liu-Ambrose joined the faculty at UBC as an assistant professor in their Department of Physical Therapy. While serving as an assistant professor, she focused on preventing both neurocognitive and physical decline in older adults. In 2010, she led the Brain Power Study which found that "12 months of once-weekly or twice-weekly progressive strength training improved executive cognitive function" in women between the ages of 65 and 75 years old. The follow-up study became the first to prove that both cognitive and economic benefits were sustained after formal cessation of a tailored exercise program. Two years later, her research team also led the first randomized controlled trial to "compare the efficacy of both resistance and aerobic training to improve executive cognitive functions necessary for independent living." The results showed that implementing a seniors’ exercise program could improve their neurocognitive and physical decline.
As a result of her research into preventing both neurocognitive and physical decline in older adults, Liu-Ambrose was appointed a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair of Physical Activity, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience in 2012. Following her appointment, Liu-Ambrose was also named the co-director of the Centre for Hip Health and Mobility alongside David Wilson and Pierre Guy. She was later elected to the Royal Society of Canada's College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Liu-Ambrose was one of three principal investigators of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging Covid-19 Study: Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on Brain Health. The aim of the project was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on cognitive function, brain structure and brain function in adults aged 55 to 80 years. In 2021, Liu-Ambrose was elected to the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences and named the recipient of the John McNeill Excellence in Health Research Mentorship Award.
# OCRR

OCRR can mean:
* Old Colony Railroad in Massachusetts, USA (incorporated 1844)
* earlier Old Colony Railroad (incorporated 1838), see New Bedford and Taunton Railroad, its name from 1839 to 1873
* Oil Creek Railroad in Pennsylvania, USA
* Ottawa Central Railway in Ontario and Quebec, Canada
# Fresneville

Fresneville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

Fresneville is situated on the D29 and D26 crossroads, some 17 miles (27 km) south of Abbeville.
# John Stuart Mill Institute

The John Stuart Mill Institute is a non-governmental, Heidelberg-based research institute founded in 2009 and named after John Stuart Mill, an influential 19th-century English philosopher and politician. His main work "On Liberty", published in 1859, forms the basis for the institutes aim and mission:
"The only freedom which deserves the name is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it."
Accordingly, the institute performs research into and promotes the concept of individual freedom and liberalism as an independent think tank and general advisor to all levels of society. As such, it is unique and the only one of its kind in Germany.

## Key aspects of activity

* research and advocacy on political, academic and private freedom
* studies/research projects into declining civil rights and liberty in developed societies, particularly Germany in comparison to other countries
* serve as mediator/facilitator for freedom research in Germany and abroad
* engage in national and international cooperation with public and private partners, scientific institutes and any interested research/educational facilities
* advisory role for political and economic institutes including management training, teaching at universities etc.

## Governance

The institute is integrated into one of the biggest and oldest private universities of applied sciences in Germany, the SRH in Heidelberg. The head of the John Stuart Mill Institute is Prof. Ulrike Ackermann. All members of the scientific advisory board are renowned individuals, such as: Detmar Doering (philosopher and historian, currently head of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation); Karen Horn (economist, head of the Institute of German Economy, Berlin); Robert Nef (head of the Institute of Liberalism, Zürich); Prof. Gerhard Schulze (sociologist, University of Bamberg); Prof. Edgar Wolfrum (historian, University of Heidelberg); Prof. Michael Zöller (political scientist, University of Bayreuth/ member of the Council on public policies).

## Funding

The John Stuart Mill Institute is an independent research and teaching organization that engages and advises to all levels of modern society. It is non-partisan and its views are not aligned with any political party. As such, the institute does not perform contract research nor does it accept government funding. Initially founded by generous support from the SRH Heidelberg, its future revenues will largely dependent on private contributions.
# Indian redwood

Indian redwood is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* Biancaea sappan, or sappanwood or Indian redwood, a tree in the family Fabaceae
* Chukrasia tabularis, or Indian mahogany, a deciduous, tropical forest tree in the family Meliaceae
# Simon the Sorcerer 3D

Simon the Sorcerer 3D (also known as Simon 3D), is an adventure game released by Adventure Soft in April 2002 for Windows. It is the third game in the Simon the Sorcerer series.
As indicated by the title, the game was the first in the series with 3D graphics. The publisher's website claims that there are over 40 hours of gameplay, and reviews stated that the game world includes over 10,000 pieces of voiced dialogue. The sarcastic attitude and cruel humour of the series remain. Brian Bowles returns as the voice of Simon.

## Plot

The story picks up some time after Simon the Sorcerer II: The Lion, the Wizard and the Wardrobe. It opens with a lengthy cutscene explaining how Simon's body, which had been separated from his soul by Sordid in the second game, was recovered and "rejoined" with his soul. At the start of the game Simon's immediate objective is to get to the city Poliganis and join Calypso. Before he can do this several smaller tasks have to be completed, in typical adventure game fashion. Upon arriving in Poliganis he is greeted by Melissa Leg, the heroine who apparently rescued his body from Sordid. She wants a favour in return: for Simon to track down the Swampling and let her know of his whereabouts. Once Simon finds the Swampling, there follow several revelations concerning the game's storyline, as well as the origins of the Universe.

## Development

Development started as a traditional 2D point-and-click adventure game, but due to lack of publisher interest the design team chose to switch to a 3D adventure game. The project suffered from a long development time, with the engine change and a change of publisher adding 18 months. The game was originally supposed to be published by Hasbro Interactive under the MicroProse banner, but they left the project at the last minute and shortly afterwards sold themselves to Infogrames. As a result of this failed partnership, there are numerous allusions to Hasbro and its products which are still present in the game. Also because of this publishing issue, the finished game had to remain unreleased for over two years until Adventure Soft went on to publish the game themselves.

## Reception

Simon 3D received generally mixed reviews, earning a Critic score on GameSpot of 5.8, and a GameRankings score of 58%. Citing outdated graphics and poor controls, reviewers did however praise the game's story, humour and gameplay as being faithful to the series.
Mike Woodroffe later wrote that he felt that the move to 3D for the third Simon game was a mistake.
# 1657 in music

The year 1657 in music involved some significant events.

## Events

* March 11 – Johann Adam Reincken becomes organist of the Bergkerk at Deventer.
* July 17 – Following the death of Tobias Michael in June, Sebastian Knüpfer is appointed Thomaskantor at Leipzig.
* Maurizio Cazzati becomes the Maestro di Cappella at San Petronio in Bologna and opens his violin school in Bologna.
* King Louis XIV of France engages Étienne Richard as royal harpsichord teacher, in place of Jacques Champion de Chambonnières.

## Popular music

* Gaspar de Verlit – Anthology of Christmas carols

## Classical music

* Henri Dumont – Meslanges à 2, 3, 4 et 5 parties
* Joannes Florentius a Kempis – Cantiones Natalitiae
* Giovanni Legrenzi – Salmi a cinque
* Heinrich Schütz
** 12 Geistliche Gesänge, Op.13
** Herr, nun lässest du deinen Diener, SWV 432-433
* Barbara Strozzi – Ariette a voce sola, Op.6

## Opera

* Francesco Cavalli – Artemisia
* Michel de La Guerre – Triomphe de l'Amour sur les Bergers et les Bergères (sung in 1655, but first staged as an opera in 1657)

## Births

* March 18 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, organist and composer (died 1743)
* July 25 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, composer (died 1714)
* December 15 – Michel Richard Delalande, French composer and organist (died 1726)
* probable – Gaetano Greco, composer (died c.1728)

## Deaths

* March – John Hilton the younger, lutenist and composer (born c.1599)
* March 26 – Jacob van Eyck, nobleman and musician (born c.1590)
* June 26 – Tobias Michael (born 1592)
* October 21 – Alessandro Costantini (born c. 1581)
* October 23 – Domenico Massenzio, Italian composer (born 1586)
* date unknown
** Franciszek Lilius, composer (born c. 1600)
** Pietro Paolo Sabbatini, composer (born 1600)
# Perittia infumata

Perittia infumata is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in South Africa.
The wingspan is 6–8 mm. The forewings are grey-whitish irrorated with blackish. There are narrow obscure very oblique fasciae of denser irroration from the costa before and beyond the middle, the latter running to the termen above the tornus. A basal patch and cloudy spot on the fold before the middle are also obscurely defined. The hindwings are grey.
# Günter-Helge Strickstrack

Günter-Helge Strickstrack (28 May 1921 – 20 July 2020) was a German politician who was a founding member of the CDU which was created in 1950.
During the Second World War, Strickstrack worked as a journalist and was a prominent member of the Junge Union Deutschlands.
# John Howell (pioneer)

John Howell (1809 – 25 May 1874) was a New Zealand whaler, trader, pastoralist and politician.
Howell was born in 1809. He settled in New Zealand, and established the settlement that is today known as Riverton. He was a member of the Southland Provincial Council from 1862 to 1864 for the Riverton electorate, and from 1864 to 1867 for the Aparima electorate.
Howell's Cottage, which was built for him at Riverton in 1837/38, is the oldest building in Riverton. It is one of very few surviving New Zealand buildings that predates the 1840s, and is listed as a Category I building by Heritage New Zealand.
# Free convective layer

In atmospheric sciences, the free convective layer (FCL) is the layer of conditional or potential instability in the troposphere. It is a layer in which rising air can experience positive buoyancy (PBE) so that deep, moist convection (DMC) can occur. On an atmospheric sounding, it is the layer between the level of free convection (LFC) and the equilibrium level (EL). The FCL is important to a variety of convective processes and to severe thunderstorm forecasting.
It is the layer of instability, the "positive area" on thermodynamic diagrams where an ascending air parcel is warmer than its environment. Integrating buoyant energy from the LFC to the EL gives the amount of convective available potential energy (CAPE), an estimate of the maximum energy available to convection. The depth of the FCL is expressed by the formula:
    FCL = Z$_{EL}$ - Z$_{LFC}$
or
    FCL = P$_{EL}$ - P$_{LFC}$
Deep, moist convection is essentially a thunderstorm or thundercloud, although some such convection does not produce lightning and thus not thunder. It is cumulus congestus clouds or cumulonimbus clouds. An air parcel ascending from the near surface layer (mixed layer (ML) or boundary layer (PBL)) must work through the stable layer of convective inhibition (CIN) when present. This work comes from sufficiently increasing instability in the low levels by raising the temperature or dew point, or by mechanical lift. Without the aid of mechanical forcing, a parcel must reach its convective temperature (T$_c$) before moist convection (cloud) begins near the convective condensation level (CCL), whereas with dynamic lift, cloud base begins near the lifted condensation level (LCL). When such a capping inversion is present, this will remain as shallow, moist convection (small cumulus clouds) until breaking through the convective inhibition layer, after which DMC ensues as a parcel hits the LFC and enters the FCL, if thermal or mechanical forcing continues (and sufficient moisture is available in the inflow layer). At the level of neutral buoyancy (the EL), a parcel is cooler than the environment and is thermodynamically stable, continuing to rise via momentum and thus it slows down until eventually ceasing ascent at the maximum parcel level (MPL) --which may visually manifest itself as an overshooting top. Ignoring other influences, higher amount of total CAPE in the FCL, and especially greater thickness of this positive area, which can be measured as lifted index (LI) at a respective altitude, results in more vigorous updrafts and faster air parcel ascent.
# Tomasz Oborski

Tomasz Oborski (1571–1645) was the auxiliary bishop of Kraków from 1614 to 1645.
* This article about a Polish Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Friedel Tietze

Friedel Tietze (1908–1953) was a German luger who competed in the late 1930s. She won two gold medals in the women's singles event at the European luge championships (1938, 1939).
After World War II, Tietze moved from the Karkonosze mountains to East Germany. There she married and became known as Friedel Kienzel-Tietze. She competed in the East German national championships up to her death year in 1953.
Tietze's older brother, Martin, won seven European championship medals in luge during the 1930s.
# John Pritzlaff

John Pritzlaff may refer to:
* John C. Pritzlaff (1820–1900), Prussian-American businessman
* John C. Pritzlaff Jr. (1925–2005), American politician
* John Pritzlaff Hardware Company, a Wisconsin company founded by John C. Pritzlaff in 1850
# William Buchanan

William or Bill Buchanan may refer to:
* William Buchanan (Manitoba politician) (1865–1944), Irish-born Canadian Conservative politician
* William Buchanan (locomotive designer) (1830–1910), designed trains for the New York Central
* William Buchanan (pastoralist) (1824–1911), Australian pastoralist and gold prospector
* William Buchanan (footballer) (1911–1985), Scottish amateur footballer
* William Buchanan (art dealer) (1777–1864), British art dealer
* William Izett Buchanan (born 1972), American expatriate basketball player
* William I. Buchanan (1853–1909), American diplomat
* William Ashbury Buchanan (1876–1954), journalist, publisher and politician based in Alberta
* William Murdoch Buchanan (1897–1966), Canadian politician and dentist
* Bill Buchanan (24), a fictional character in 24
* Bill Buchanan (computer scientist) (born 1961), Scottish computer scientist
* Bill Buchanan (songwriter) (1930–1996), American songwriter
* Billy Buchanan (1924–1999), Scottish footballer with Carlisle United and Barrow
# Scott Carpenter (murderer)

Scott Dawn Carpenter (January 2, 1975 – May 8, 1997) was a convicted American murderer. At the age of 22, he was the youngest person to be executed in the United States after capital punishment was reinstated by the United States Supreme Court by a 7–2 decision in the Gregg v. Georgia case.

## Crime

On February 6, 1994, Carpenter filled his pickup truck with $37 worth of gasoline, then went into a convenience store, where he placed a sandwich, soft drink, and chewing tobacco near the cash register. He then proceeded to stab the store owner, 56-year-old A.J. Kelley, in the neck. Kelley's body was found in the minnow room of the convenience store, which was located near Lake Eufaula in eastern Oklahoma. Investigators speculated Carpenter said he wanted to buy some bait, then followed Kelley to the room and murdered him. He was interrupted as two men, one of them a retired Oklahoma City police detective, entered the store. They gave chase out of the store, then wrote down the car's license tag number as Carpenter drove away. He was apprehended one hour later.

## Trial

Carpenter pleaded no contest to one charge of first degree murder and asked for the death penalty, stating that he saw no future in spending the "next 60 or 70 years of my life behind bars." Carpenter had no prior criminal record, and was subsequently sentenced to death by lethal injection. He did not appeal his sentence.

## Execution

Carpenter talked to his mother for 80 minutes prior to the execution. His last meal consisted of barbecued beef ribs, corn on the cob, baked beans, potato salad, hot rolls, sweetened lemonade and pecan pie with whipped topping. Before being put to death, he made a final statement: "I tell the young and old, do not stray onto the wrong path in life as I did. I speak from experience when I say it's a long and bumpy road, with a lot of regret and few second chances." In a separate letter, he also apologized to the family of the victim. Carpenter was pronounced dead some 11 minutes after the lethal injection was administered. As the drugs took effect, Carpenter began to gasp and shake. This was followed by a guttural sound, multiple spasms, and gasps for air until his body stopped moving, three minutes later. The warden later said that Carpenter's young age, large body frame, and strong heart were likely the cause.