OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arthur Adam

Arthur Adam was the Chief Telephonist at Adolf Hitler's Wolfschanze HQ at East Prussia. Adam was a Wachtmeister (Master sergeant) in the German Army.

## Bomb attempt against Hitler

When Colonel Count Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg carried out a bomb attempt against Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, it was first supposed that it had been a time bomb left by the workers of the Todt Organization who had been renovating the bunkers in the period just before.
In the following hours, von Stauffenberg was not a suspect. Arthur Adam's telephone hall was next to the vestibule where Stauffenberg had left his cap and his belt.
At this time, the Chief Telephonist Arthur Adam who had seen Stauffenberg running away from the HQ, leaving his belongings behind did not know what to do. He walked about the site of the explosion. It was not his duty to take part in the investigation, however, he wanted to tell the investigators what he saw.
He systematically tried to approach various army officers to report that he saw the suspicious Stauffenberg escapade. However, he was often called to attention and reminded not to raise suspicion against such a highly reputed colonel.
Adam went to see Hitler's personal adjutant Heinz Linge to inform him that Colonel von Stauffenberg had left the conference room and got straight into a car.
They ended up telling the story to Martin Bormann, Hitler's Secretary and in practice, the most powerful man in the Nazi Party after Hitler himself.
Adam told Bormann that he was sure that Stauffenberg must have committed the attempt against the Führer's life, as he saw the colonel leaving the conference in a hurry without his cap, his valise and his belt. Bormann did not hesitate for a moment and took Adam directly before Hitler. When Hitler heard Adam's testimony, he is supposed to have declared: “Stauffenberg is the perpetrator of the attack! Arrest him immediately!”
For identifying Stauffenberg, Adam received a bonus (of 30,000 or 20,000 Reichsmark) and a (large or small) house in Berlin.
He is described as being the chief intelligence officer in the Chancellery of the Reich on 26 April 1945.
# Døstrup

Døstrup is a village with a population of 301 (1 January 2024) in Southern Jutland in Denmark. Døstrup is located six kilometers south of Skærbæk, seven kilometers north of Bredebro and 22 kilometers north of Tønder.
# Rufus Tobey

Rev. Rufus B. Tobey (1849–1920) was a Congregationalist pastor who founded the Floating Hospital for Children in Boston, which was later renamed Tufts Children's Hospital at Tufts Medical Center.
Rufus Babcock Tobey was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, on May 6, 1849, to Charles Tobey and Maria Robbins. Tobey attended Phillips Academy Andover and then Amherst College, graduating in the class of 1877. He then graduated from Andover Seminary in 1880. Tobey first served as a pastor in Harwich, Massachusetts, before founding a Congregational church in Helena, Montana. He then returned to Harwich before leaving to serve as a pastor at Berkeley Temple in Boston. While at Berkeley he developed a friendship with Dr. Edward Everett Hale, and with his support, Tobey founded Floating Hospital for Children in Boston harbor. Tobey also was a co-founder of Ingleside Home at Revere for young girls, and he was active with the Mount Pleasant Home for Aged Men and Women. He served as a pastor of Berkeley Temple church in Boston. He was married to Carolina Gifford until her death in 1890. He then married Genevieve Gifford of Nebraska and left a daughter upon his death in 1920. Tobey died on January 6, 1920, in Middleborough, Massachusetts, and was buried at Mount Wollaston Cemetery in Quincy.
# Arthur Bromley

Vice-Admiral Arthur Charles Burgoyne Bromley (16 September 1847 – 25 October 1909) was a Royal Navy officer who became Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard.

## Early life

Bromley was born in Dublin, the son of civil servant Sir Richard Madox Bromley and his wife, Clara Moser.

## Naval career

Promoted to captain on 30 June 1888, Bromley became commanding officer of the battleship HMS Hood in September 1897 and Inspecting Captain of Boys' Training Ships in January 1899. Promoted to rear admiral on 2 November 1901, he became Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard in January 1905. He was promoted to vice admiral on 8 March 1906.
# Arthur Bromfield

Arthur Bromfield (died 1650) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1604 and 1622.
Bromfield was the son of William Bromfield, who was a gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth.
In 1604, Bromfield was elected Member of Parliament for Yarmouth (Isle of Wight). He was re-elected MP for Yarmouth in 1614 and 1621.
Bromfield married Lucy Quincey who died in 1618. They had sons Henry Quincey and Arthur and several daughters.
# Rugby union in the Bahamas

Rugby union in the Bahamas is a minor, but relatively successful sport. They are currently ranked 86th in the International Rugby Board's world rankings. There are fewer than one thousand registered athletes in the country and only seven official IRB sanctioned teams.
The governing body for rugby union in the Bahamas is Rugby Bahamas, founded in 1963 and their headquarters is located in Nassau.

## History

The Bahamas compete in the Caribbean Championship, a tournament which includes Trinidad and Tobago, Bermuda, Martinique, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Guyana.
# Artur Oppman

Artur Franciszek Oppman (14 August 1867 – 4 November 1931) was a Young Poland poet who wrote under the pen name "Or-Ot".

## Life

Artur Oppman was born 14 August 1867, in Warsaw to a burgher family with German roots, which had arrived in Poland in 1708 from Thuringia. The family quickly became attached to Poland and cultivated Polish patriotism; Artur's grandfather took part in the Polish November 1830 Uprising, and his father in the January 1863 Uprising.
Oppman attended a Warsaw gymnasium (secondary school), but because of severe Russification pressure (Warsaw was part of the Russian partition of Poland) he switched to an alternate trade school. There he began writing poetry.
His peculiar pen-name began with the publication of his second poem, when an abbreviation of his name, "Ar-Op", was misrendered by the type-setter as "Or-Ot".
Oppman's early poems were published in Kurier Warszawski (The Warsaw Courier), Wędrowiec (The Wanderer), and Kurier Codzienny (The Daily Courier), which sought to promote new talent. Between 1883 and 1885 he also published in Tygodnik Ilustrowany (The Illustrated Weekly), Kłosy (Ears [fruiting bodies of grain plants]), and Świt (Dawn).
From 1890 to 1892 he studied philology in Kraków at the Jagiellonian University. He was particularly interested in 16th-century Polish language and literature.
In 1892 he married Władysława Trynkiewicz and discontinued his studies, returning to Warsaw. He frequented the city's Old Town and studied the borough's people, lifestyle, customs, and local legends. In 1893, based on these experiences, he published a collection of poems, Ze Starego Miasta (From the Old Town), and in 1894 a related volume of Pieśni (Songs).
In 1920 he enlisted in the army of resurrected Poland, as an infantry private. He was made editor of the Army's magazine, Żołnierz Polski (The Polish Soldier).

## Works

Especially popular were Oppman's poems celebrating the charms of Warsaw's Old Town.
From 1901 to 1905 he edited Wędrowiec (The Wanderer).
Oppman established extensive contacts in Warsaw's literary world, meeting often with Bolesław Prus, Stefan Żeromski, Felicjan Faleński, Władysław Reymont, Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Bolesław Leśmian, Antoni Lange, Wojciech Kossak, Jan Lechoń, and others.
Oppman also wrote many works for children, and edited calendars, almanacs, and poetry compilations.
# Rudrasena I

Rudrasena I may refer to these kings of ancient India:
* Rudrasena I (Saka king) (r. 200–222), of the Western Satraps
* Rudrasena I (Vakataka king) (r. 330–355)
# Rukhala

Rukhala is a village under Giddarbaha Tehsil in Sri Muktsar Sahib district in the Indian state of Punjab (Eastern Punjab).

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Rukhala had a population of 2,030. Males constitute 53.8% of the population and females 46.2%.
* Number of Males = 1,092
* Number of Females = 938
* Number of Houses = 356
The main occupation of the people here is Agriculture.

## About village

The majority of the population is of Jatt community of Sekhon and Sandhu Clan. Sikhism is the main religion and the village people have contributed from their income to construct a beautiful Gurudwara near the old sacred place. Construction of gurudwara sahib is almost complete. Gurudwara sahib has been constructed near the dera of Baba Jamuna Das Ji in the center of the village.
Dera of Baba Jamuna Das ji is situated near Satth of the village. Baba Jamuna Das Ji was sant from Haridwar. Baba ji used to teach all the children of families of Rukhala in his Dera. People of the village used to provide babaji things of necessity. Samadh of Baba Kala Meher Ji is also located in Rukhala. It is situated at the distance of 0.5 km from the village. Baba Kala Meher Ji is the guru of Sandhu clan. On particular occasions, a gathering ('Mela') is being organised at the samadh by the organizing committee appointed by the head of village (Sarpanch). Residents of this village provide funds to the committee for organising the mela.

## Political involvement

Currently the sarpanch of the village is Sardar Gurwinder Singh Sandhu(Kuku) and has been working very hard for the development of the village.
He is assisted by the council of members of Panchayat.
Basic facilities that are available in the village are
* Government Middle School - It serves village students up to Standard 8
* Water works with a Water Purifier Plant
* Village Commonplace - Panchayat Ghar
* Wide roads and streets in village
* Regular bus service connecting near by villages and district headquarter (Mukatsar) and tehsil (Giddarbaha) at regular timings.
In addition to this, the political inclination of people here is mixed one and when it comes to deciding political parties, it is done based on the works done by the incumbent parties.

## Geography

It is located in the South Western Zone of Punjab and is bounded by the States of Rajasthan and Haryana in the South. The district of Faridkot lies to its North, Firozepur to the West and Bathinda to the East. There is wide seasonal temperature variation in this area. In summers the temperature reaches as high up as 48-50 °C and in winters as low as 1-2 °C. The Western Himalayas in the north and the Thar Desert in the south and southwest mainly determine the climate conditions. The south-western monsoon brings the much needed rain bearing depression during summer (July to September). Nearly 70% of rainfall is during these months.
# Artur Potocki

Artur Stanisław Potocki (1787–1832) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

## Biography

He was the son of Julia Lubomirska and Jan Potocki, the travel writer best known for his novel Manuscript found in Saragossa. Artur was the owner of Krzeszowice and Łańcut estates. He became officer in the Polish Army and aide-de-camp of Prince Józef Poniatowski. He was married to Zofia Branicka, since 1816.
He died on 30 January in Vienna and was buried on 27 May 1832 in the Potocki Chapel in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków.

## Awards

* Virtuti Militari
* Légion d'honneur

## Sources

* Wawrzyniec Siek (Ed.), Opis historyczny parafii i miasta Staszów do 1918 r., Staszów, 1990 Parafia Rzymsko-Katolicka
* Aldona Cholewianka-Kruszyńska: Wychowanie dzieci – braci Alfreda i Artura Potockich w Łańcucie... Archived 2021-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
# Rune Djurhuus

Rune Djurhuus (born 25 January 1970 in Elverum) is a Norwegian chess player, and the fourth Norwegian International Grandmaster. Djurhuus plays for the "Akademisk" chess club, which is tied to the University of Oslo. Djurhuus is also the chess columnist for Aftenposten and Adresseavisen.
Djurhuus became the Norwegian Junior Champion in 1985. He gained the title of International Master in 1989. In 1991 he became the European Junior Champion, ahead of Vladimir Kramnik among others. His Grandmaster title was gained after scoring a norm at the Chess Olympiad in Manila in 1992, and two norms at Gausdal, in the 1994-1995 tournament, and the 1995-1996 tournament.
Djurhuus' playing style is aggressive and sharp. With Black, Djurhuus regularly employs the King's Indian against 1.d4, and the Sicilian Defence against 1.e4. With White, Djurhuus usually opens with 1.e4.

## Sample game

In an informal poll by the Norwegian Chess Federation in 1999, this game was voted to be the best Norwegian game.
| | h | g | f | e | d | c | b | a | |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| | h | g | f | e | d | c | b | a | |
White: Edvīns Ķeņģis Black: Rune Djurhuus
Opening: French Defence
Event: Gausdal International, 1991
1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.f4 c5 6.c3 Nc6 7.Ndf3 Qb6 8.Ne2 cxd4 9.cxd4 Be7 10.a3 0-0 11.Ng3 f6 12.Bd3 fxe5 13.fxe5 (Diagram) 13...Ndxe5 14.dxe5 Nxe5 15.Be2 Bd7 16.Nxe5 Qf2+ 17.Kd2 Rac8 18.Qb3 Bg5+ 19.Kd3 Rf4 20.Nf3 Be8, White resigns.
# E.S. Ready House

The E.S. Ready House, now currently known as the Ready-Moneymaker House, is a historic house at 929 Beech Street in Helena, Arkansas. It is a 2+1⁄2-story brick structure, designed by Charles L. Thompson and built in 1910 for E. S. Ready, a prominent Helena businessman. It is the only known Thompson design in Helena. The main facade is three bays wide, with a central entry sheltered by a single-story portico, which is supported by paired Doric columns and topped by a balcony with a low balustrade. Both the main entry and the balcony door are flanked by sidelight windows, and the main entry is topped by a fanlight window.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
# Arthur Cotterill

Arthur James Cotterill (22 January 1848 – 3 September 1902) was a New Zealand cricketer and lawyer.

## Early life and career

Arthur Cotterill was born in 1848 in Colney, Norfolk, England. He was the eldest of the 17 children of the Rev. George Cotterill, who became Canon of Christchurch. Arthur migrated with his parents to New Zealand, arriving in Lyttelton in November 1851. He and his brothers were all educated at Christ's College, Christchurch. Five of the brothers played first-class cricket in New Zealand.
Arthur made his first-class debut for Canterbury in 1865–66, and remained in the Canterbury team for every match for eight seasons.

## First fifty in New Zealand

First-class cricket in New Zealand in the first few years consisted entirely of the annual match between Canterbury and Otago, which began in 1863–64. Scores had been so low that for the first five years the highest individual score was 28, and the highest innings total was 105.
In the sixth match, in 1868–69 at Hagley Oval, Christchurch, Canterbury batted first. Cotterill opened the innings, played scoring shots all around the wicket, and made 72 "by a bit of really scientific cricket" before being fourth out with the score on 122 for 4. Canterbury made 211. The match ended in New Zealand's first draw when Canterbury, needing 72 to win, were 55 for 7 when stumps were drawn on the second and final day. Cotterill was presented with a bat in recognition of his innings.
The next first-class fifty in New Zealand was scored in 1871–72 by George Savile of Canterbury. Cotterill's record score was beaten when Charles Corfe of Canterbury made 88 against Otago in 1874–75, when Canterbury made 354, also a record. The first century was not scored until 1880–81, when George Watson, also of Canterbury, scored 175.

## Later life

In his second-last first-class match in 1873–74, Cotterill top-scored for Canterbury in each innings, with 20 and 37, but Auckland won by seven runs. In his last match a few weeks later, he kept wicket for the only time in his career.
Cotterill was admitted to the Bar in 1873. In 1874, he joined John Nathaniel Wilson as a partner and their legal practice was known as Wilson and Cotterill. Wilson retired from the firm in January 1891. In 1877, Cotterill was appointed Crown Prosecutor in Napier, a position he held until his death from pneumonia in 1902. He was a prominent cricket administrator in Hawke's Bay.
On 17 May 1877, Cotterill married Julie Moore Stuart, the eldest daughter of Robert Stuart, the first mayor of Napier, at the city's Cathedral of St John. They had three sons, all of whom played first-class cricket in New Zealand, and one daughter. His wife died in 1883. He was succeeded as Crown Prosecutor in Napier by another cricketer, Hugh Lusk.
# ETAP 28

The ETAP 28 is a Belgian sailboat that was designed by E. G. van de Stadt as a cruiser and first built in 1978.

## Production

The design was built by ETAP Yachting in Belgium between 1978 and 1987, with 375 boats completed, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The ETAP 28 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of glassfibre. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 6,610 lb (2,998 kg) and carries 2,557 lb (1,160 kg) of ballast.
The boat has a draft of 5.40 ft (1.65 m) with the standard keel.
The boat is fitted with a Swedish Volvo Penta MD 7A diesel engine of 13 hp (10 kW) for docking and manoeuvring.
For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a spinnaker.
The design has a hull speed of 6.38 kn (11.82 km/h).

## Operational history

The boat was at one time supported by a class club, the ETAP Owners Association.
# E. D. Ryan

Edmond D. Ryan (18 May 1874 – 18 February 1969) was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local clubs Tubberadora and Cashel King Cormacs and was a member of the Tipperary senior hurling team between 1896 and 1898.

## Biography

Raised near Boherlahen, County Tipperary, Ryan was born to James Ryan, a farmer, and his wife Ellen. After a brief education he later moved Cashel where he first worked as a shopkeeper before opening his own business as a draper.
Ryan first came to prominence as a hurler with the Tubberadora club that dominated the Tipperary Championship in the 1890s. He also played with the Cashel King Cormacs club.
Success at club level saw Ryan join the Tipperary senior hurling team during the 1896 championship. He won All-Ireland Championship medals in 1896 and 1898 after respective defeats of Dublin and Kilkenny. Ryan also won two Munster Championship medals.
Ryan died in Cashel on 18 February 1969. At the time of his death he was Tipperary's oldest All-Ireland medal winner.

## Honours
### Tipperary

* All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1896, 1898
* Munster Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1896, 1898
# Arvo Nuut

Arvo Nuut (13 April 1941 – 1 March 2021) was an Estonian film operator and film producer.
Since 1961 he worked at Tallinnfilm's puppetry department; being 1964-1989 an operator, 1989-1992 a producer. 1992-2013 he was the head and producer of OÜ Nukufilm.
In total he produced 57 animated films.
In 2006 he was awarded the Order of the White Star, V class.

## Filmography

* 2010 "Taevalaul"
* 2011 "Keha mälu"
* 2011 "Prohveti sünd"
* 2012 "Kolmnurga afäär"
# Earthquake tax (Turkey)

The so-called Earthquake tax (also known as special communications tax) was introduced in the aftermath of the earthquake in Izmit in 1999 during which over 17,000 people died. Initially introduced as a temporary tax, it became a permanent tax aimed at the prevention of earthquake-related damage.

## Establishment

The earthquake tax was established in November 1999 during the government of Bülent Ecevit and was directed at cable TV, mobile calls, and messaging. With law No. 4481, taxes on income, vehicle, real estate, private communication and private transaction were added. In 2003 most of the taxes were abolished, but the private communication tax remained and became permanent. The tax was initially 7.5% on private communication, but over a presidential decree it was raised to 10% in early 2021.

## Aims and use

With the taxes, buildings were to be prepared better for earthquakes. Telecommunications services were also meant to be improved. The Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) was able to build logistic hubs in 25 provinces for disaster prevention. Then, further logistic centers for goods for use after disasters were established in 65 provinces. In 2012, the government announced a new plan aimed at reinforcing buildings to make them earthquake-proof. In a 2011 video, Minister of Justice Mehmet Simsek says that the tax money was used for several transport and agriculture projects.

## Amount raised

There are different calculations possible regarding the amount of the money raised. In the currently valid exchange rate of about 19 Turkish lira per United States dollar, the Turkish Government raised about 4.5 billion dollars. But in view of the exchange rate of below 1.5 Turkish lira per dollar in 2006, the sum raised amounts to 37 billion dollars. Similarly calculating, the Gazete Duvar reports that by 2020, between 67.5 – 140 billion lira have been raised since 1999.

## Criticism

After several earthquakes there arose questions on whether the tax money was distributed accordingly. Following the earthquake of February 2023, the Republican People's Party (CHP) claims that with the tax, millions of houses could have been made resistant to earthquakes, but the government instead used the money to fund its construction projects.
# Rushville Township, Schuyler County, Illinois

Rushville Township is located in Schuyler County, Illinois. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,419 and it contained 1,066 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.63 square miles (94.9 km$^2$), of which 36.4 square miles (94 km$^2$) (or 99.37%) is land and 0.22 square miles (0.57 km$^2$) (or 0.60%) is water.
# Arwyn

Arwyn may refer to:
* Arwyn Davies (born 1967), Welsh actor
* Arwyn Davies, Baron Arwyn (1897–1978), Welsh life peer
* Arwyn Jones (born 1971), English cricketer
* Arwyn Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (1904–1972), Welsh Labour Party politician and British judge
* Arwyn, protagonist of Sojourn