OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ibrahim Musa Gashash

Ibrahim Musa Gashashpronunciation was a Kano trader and politician who was among a group of prominent Northern Nigerians that formed the Northern People's Congress. Along with two other Kano merchants, he helped establish the first indigenous pilgrimage tour company in Kano.
Gashash was a descendant of a Tripolitanian Arab family from Ghademes.

## Life
### Business career

In the 1950s, Ibrahim Gashash was among a select few of Nigerian traders that acquired licenses to trade in commodities, especially peanuts and cotton. The merchants who acquired the license were named Licensed Buying Agents (LBA), while membership into the league of agents was discriminatory. The requirements to become one included knowledge of the English language, book keeping and a high capital base. The agents were usually involved in buying Kola nut, ground nut and cotton from producers and transporting the goods to major trade centers for further exchange with exporters or major trading companies of the era. Gashash, succeeded in this environment as an indigenous produce buying agent. The high barrier of entry towards acquisition of the license among indigenous traders resulted in a few class of merchant elite in Kano, with trade in the ancient city dominated by Levantine businessmen. Gashash's, LBA, gave him the opportunity to use his knowledge of Kano farmers and traders as an edge in transaction, and the avenue to expand into the transportation business, partially to transport his good to major trade center.
In 1948, along with Mahmud Dantata (son of Alhassan Dantata) and Haruna Kashim, he founded the West African Pilgrims Association, a tour agency that organized pilgrimages to Mecca. The group later expanded into the hotel business, with Bakin Zuwo as manager. In 1950, he co-founded the Kano Citizens Trading Company along with other Kano merchants, the cooperative was the first indigenous joint commercial enterprise formed in Kano and Gashash became secretary of the company.
By the 1950s, Gashash had emerged as a financier of the Northern People's Congress and was later made minister for Land and Survey.

### Political career

In 1952, Gashash became the regional president of the Northern People's Congress, after an emergency convention had been called due to a large proportion of executive party leaders not being legislators or members of the Northern Regional Assembly, a dangerous mistake in a parliamentary system of government. The party was original made up of notable and prominent men from the north.
In 1952, a working committee later joined by Musa Gashash, was set up to create the organizational structures of the nascent political organization. Gashash later became a minister without portfolio in 1956–1958, In 1958, he was made Minister for social welfare and cooperatives and by 1960, he was the minister for Land and Survey.
# Sphenophorus cazieri

Sphenophorus cazieri is a species of beetle in the family Dryophthoridae. It is found in North America.
# Tret Fure

Tret Fure is an American singer-songwriter, prominent in the women's music and folk music scene.
The musical career of Tret Fure has spanned five decades. Fure began her career at the age of 16, singing in coffeehouses and campuses in the Midwest. At 19, she moved to Los Angeles in the hope of obtaining a record deal. Within a year she was performing as guitarist and vocalist for Spencer Davis, touring with him and penning the single for his album "Mousetrap". She went on to record her own album in 1973 on MCA/UNI Records. With the success of that release, she opened for such bands as Yes, Poco, and the J Geils Band.
A prolific artist in the contemporary singer-songwriter arena, Tret Fure has released 16 albums and CDs over the course of her 49-year career. In addition to being a songwriter, Fure has engineered and produced recordings by a variety of artists, as well as her own work.
In the early 1980s, Fure moved to the independent side of the industry discovering the blossoming genre known as Women's Music. She recorded with and produced some women's music including Meg & Cris at Carnegie Hall (1983). She worked as a duo with Cris Williamson throughout the 1990s, producing, engineering and releasing three CDs together.
Her solo releases include "Tret Fure" (1973), "Terminal Hold" (1984), "Edges of the Heart" (1986), "Time Turns the Moon" (1990), "Back Home" (2001), "My Shoes" (2003), "Anytime Anywhere" (2005) and "True Compass" (2007), "The Horizon" (2010), "A Piece of the Sky" (2013), "Rembrandt Afternoons" (2015), and "Roses in November" (2018).

## Awards

In 2004, the National Women's Music Festival honored Fure with the [Jane] Schliessman Award for Outstanding Contribution to Women's Music.
In 2010, Fure received the Pride In The Arts Award for Female/Lesbian Favorite Musician of 2009 by the StoneWall Society.

## Discography

Tret Fure has recorded several albums, including:
* Mousetrap (1972, Spencer Davis album)
* Tret Fure (1973)
* Terminal Hold (1984)
* Edges of the Heart (1986)
* Time Turns the Moon (1990)
* Postcards from Paradise (1993, with Cris Williamson)
* Between the Covers (1999, with Cris Williamson)
* Radio Quiet (1999, with Cris Williamson)
* Back Home (2001)
* My Shoes (2002)
* Anytime Anywhere (2005)
* True Compass (2007)
* The Horizon (2010)
* A Piece of the Sky (2013)
* Rembrandt Afternoons (2015)
* Roses in November (2018)
* Stone By Stone (2020)
* Lavender Moonshine (2023)
# Gradaterebra severa

Gradaterebra severa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Terebridae, the auger snails.
# Kobayashi opening

Kobayashi fuseki is a fuseki for Black stones in the game of Go. Its name comes from Kobayashi Koichi, who has very often used this fuseki.
Kobayashi fuseki is as below. It is similar to the mini Chinese fuseki. It emphasizes influence in order to shape out a big Moyo.
Kobayashi fuseki (Black) :
# Horatius

Horatius may refer to:

## People
### Roman era

* several ancient Roman men of the gens Horatia, including:
** Quintus Horatius Flaccus, the poet known in English as Horace
** one of the Horatii, three members of the gens Horatia who fought to the death against the Curiatii
** Marcus Horatius Pulvillus, consul in 509 and 507 BC
** Horatius Cocles, hero who defended the Sublician Bridge
** Marcus Horatius Barbatus, consul in 449 BC

### Post-Roman era

* Horatius Acquaviva d'Aragona (d.1617), an Italian prelate
* Horatius Paulijn (1644-1691), a Dutch painter
* Horatius Sebastiani (1771-1851), a French soldier and diplomat
* Horatius Bonar (1808–1889), a Scottish churchman and poet
* Horatius "H.H." Coleman (1892-1969), an American church pastor
* Horatius Murray (1903-1989), a British Army General

### Fictional characters

* Horatius Faversham, a character in the radio series The Penny Dreadfuls Present...

## Literature

* a poem in the Lays of Ancient Rome by Thomas Babington Macaulay; for the full text of the poem see Horatius)

## Other uses

* The Horatius Stakes, an American thoroughbred horse race
* G-AAXD Horatius, a named Handley Page H.P.42 airliner
# Jim Feast

William James Feast CBE, FRS, FRSC (born 25 June 1938) is a British chemical scientist and academic.

## Early life

Feast was born in Birmingham to a school teacher and housewife, and was educated at the King Edward VI School in Lichfield, studying humanities but being redirected to scientific studies due to his 'inclination to sit and dream', which led to him calling himself an 'accidental chemist'.
He initially planned to study mathematics at university, but changed his mind after an interview with Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham, and enrolled at the University of Sheffield to study chemistry, graduating with a Bsc in 1960. After graduation, he began to study for a PhD at the University of Birmingham in organo-fluorine chemistry, which he completed in 1963, staying until 1965 for the purpose of post-doctoral research. In 1965 he became a lecturer at Durham University, specifically Van Mildert College, where he stayed for over 35 years until his 2003 retirement. In 1967 he married his first wife Jenneke, with whom he has two daughters, Saskia and Marieke.

## Research and academic work

Despite his PhD in organo-fluorine chemistry he switched focus by 1970 to look more at polymer chemistry, specifically polymer synthesis after he had experimented with fluorinated diene monomers and 'found it fascinating that you could take a mobile, colourless fluid and produce a material that had potentially interesting properties.' He helped develop what is now known as the "Durham precursor route" to manufacturing polyacetylene, and during the 70s and 80s the polymer synthesis knowledge of Feast and his group led to invitations to work as a guest lecturer, and eventually he spent two months a year teaching at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz.
During his time at Durham Feast was promoted up the academic ranks, rising from lecturer to senior lecturer in 1965 and professor in 1986. In 1996 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 2006 was elected president for two years of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Other than his appointment at Durham he also held various guest and visiting lecturer positions, including at the University of Leuven between 1985 and 1988, Cornell University in 1993 and the California Institute of Technology in 1999.

## Retirement

He retired in 2003, but continues to work at Durham University as a research professor, and also at the Eindhoven University of Technology. In 2004 he was awarded an honorary DSc from the University of Warwick. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for "services to polymer chemistry" in the 2007 New Year Honours. Later that year he was awarded a Royal Medal for "his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis with far reaching implications, particularly for the field of functional polymeric materials."
# Two-cent coin

Two-cent coin or two-cent piece may refer to:
* Two-cent coin (Australia)
* Two-cent coin (New Zealand)
* Two-cent piece (United States), a historical U.S. coin
* 2 cent euro coin
* Two-cent coin, a coin of the South African rand
# Giovanni Carnovali

Giovanni Carnovali (29 September 1804 – 5 July 1873), known as Il Piccio ('the little one'), was an Italian painter.

## Biography

Carnovali was born in Montegrino Valtravaglia (Varese). In 1815, at the age of just 11, he was admitted to the Carrara Academy in Bergamo under the guidance of the director Giuseppe Diotti, who immediately recognised his young pupil's natural talent. The artist soon began to break away from the strict Neoclassicism of his academic training and return to the figurative tradition of the 16th and 17th century, which he interpreted with great expressive freedom, especially in portrait painting. His debut at the exhibition of the Carrara Academy and his first major public commission for a work on a religious subject came in 1826. After the first short trips for study purposes, made on foot in the second half of the 1820s, he travelled as far as Rome in 1831 and stopped in Parma on the way back.
Carnovali's pupils included Tranquillo Cremona. There are records of a second stay in Rome in 1843 and a long trip to Naples in 1845. He moved to Milan in 1838 and took part in the Brera exhibitions just twice, in 1839 and 1840. These years saw a shift towards painting of a less descriptive character with soft, hazy outlines under the influence of Correggio and Andrea Appiani as well as the French art seen in Paris around 1840. This change in style culminated in the rejection of a work by the ecclesiastical commission of Anzano in 1863 due to its unprecedented freedom and daringly experimental handling of light. Carnovali died in Cremona, aged 68.

## Gallery

* Portrait of Pietro Ronzoni, oil on panel (1825)
* Portrait of a Man Writing, oil on canvas (c.1843)
* Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, oil on canvas (1856)
* Flora, oil on canvas (1868)
# Sphenophorus callosus

Sphenophorus callosus, the southern corn billbug, is a species of snout or bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
# HMS Petard

Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Petard, after the petard, a type of bomb:
* HMS Petard (1916) was an Admiralty M-class destroyer launched in 1916 and sold in 1921.
* HMS Petard (G56) was a P-class destroyer launched in 1941. She was converted to a frigate in 1956 and was broken up in 1967.
# Gouméra

Gouméra is a village and urban commune in the Cercle of Kayes in the Kayes Region of south-western Mali. In 2009 the commune had a population of 2,770.
# Taralga Echo

The Taralga Echo was a weekly English-language newspaper published in Crookwell, New South Wales from 1924 to 1927.

## History

The first issue of the Taralga Echo appeared on 1 November 1924, published by RJ Winning and Son. Previously, Robert John Winning had been involved in production of The Sydney Morning Herald and The Sydney Mail, then in Cessnock with the Cessnock Express. In Crookwell, and in partnership with his son John, the Winnings published the Crookwell Gazette and the Taralga Echo.
The Echo was begun in 1924 with the specific aim of providing content for a Taralga-based readership. It advertised a circulation throughout the local districts of Bannaby, Burra Creek, Burrallier, Bright Hill, Chatsbury, Curraweela, Emu Flat, Guineacor, Greenmantle, Myrtleville, Newfoundland, Richlands, Stonequarry, Taralga, The Meadows, Wombeyan, Wearborough, Wowagin, Yalbraith and YorkBorough.
In January 1927, an editorial announcement advised that, due to economic necessity, a shared publication arrangement had been agreed to, between the Winnings’ sister papers of the Taralga Echo and the Crookwell Gazette, and rival paper, the Argyle Liberal, produced by WJ Morton.
Publication of an independent Taralga Echo ceased with its final issue on 4 November 1927. Content of interest to Taralga district readers would subsequently be incorporated into a larger-sized Crookwell Gazette.
Following the death of Robert John Winning on 6 Dec 1933, son John continued to publish the Gazette in Crookwell.

## Digitisation

The Taralga Echo has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program hosted by the National Library of Australia.
# Saunders, West Virginia

Saunders (also known as Right Fork, Three Fork and Three Forks) is an unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. Saunders is located on County Highway 16 near Buffalo Creek, 12 miles (19 km) east-northeast of Man.
# Peperomia hoffmannii

Peperomia hoffmannii is a species of plant in the genus Peperomia of the family Piperaceae. Its native range reaches from Mexico to Peru.
# Jean Bouguer

Jean Bouguer (or Jan Bouguer; pronounced boo-GAYR) (d. 1714) was a French hydrographer and mathematician from Brittany. A former maritime pilot who had lost a leg at Bantry in the 1689 French invasion of Ireland, causing him to leave active maritime service. Bouguer was appointed royal professor of hydrography in charge of the new École d'hydrographie at Le Croisic in June 1691. He was author of a highly regarded treatise on navigation and piloting (Traité complet de la navigation, Paris, Guignard, 1698). He would also teach students privately in a one-room school at his home, where he kept many astronomical and navigational instruments. He was well-versed in astronomy, mathematics, and hydrography, and held the certificate of Maîtrise d'hydrographe.
He had three children with his wife Marie Françoise Josseau, including sons Pierre Bouguer, who succeeded him in his position at Le Croisic and continued the family navigation school, and Jan Bouguer, who took over the family school when his brother left for Paris some years later.
# Iberodorcadion almarzense

Iberodorcadion almarzense is a species of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It is found in Spain.
# Spree TV

Spree TV was an Australian free-to-air datacasting television channel mainly carrying paid programming and informercials, launched on 17 September 2013 by Ten Network Holdings and Brand Developers.
Though datacasting was intended by the Labor government at the time to broadcast telecourses and other non-commercial content, without any legislative restriction on its use, most Australian broadcasters have utilized the datacasting services for home shopping instead. For the most part however, the general public has ignored these datacasting informercial channels, resulting in their swift discontinuation. Aspire TV, a similar channel by content, met this fate a year before on 31 July 2021.
Spree TV first aired on channel 15, before Ten Network Holdings moved it to channel 17 on 16 September 2020 to make way for the launch of 10 Shake (now Nickelodeon) on 27 September 2020. It went off the air on 12 August 2022. Gecko, a similarly formatted home shopping network, launched in its space on 18 September 2022.
# Goumoëns

Goumoëns is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
The municipalities of Éclagnens, Goumoens-la-Ville and Goumoens-le-Jux merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Goumoëns.

## History

Éclagnens is first mentioned in 1265 as de Clanens. Goumoens-la-Ville is first mentioned in 1228 as Guimuens li vila. Goumoens-le-Jux is first mentioned in 1447 as Gumoens lo Jux. During the Ancien Régime it was known as Le Craux.

## Geography

Goumoëns has an area, as of 2009, of 13.89 square kilometers (5.36 sq mi). Of this area, 9.41 km$^2$ (3.63 sq mi) or 67.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.36 km$^2$ (1.30 sq mi) or 24.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.96 km$^2$ (0.37 sq mi) or 6.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km$^2$ (9.9 acres) or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km$^2$ (2.5 acres) or 0.1% is unproductive land.

## Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:
# Granulina nofronii

Granulina nofronii is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Granulinidae.
# Anna Murphy (producer)

Anna Murphy (born 21 August 1969 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish film producer.
After gaining her degree in English Literature/Film & Drama from Reading University. she went on to work for BBC Worldwide in London followed by a year in the New York office. She has worked mainly in production for major media companies including Emap, IPC Media and Virgin Media.
In 2005, Murphy formed Feather Productions Limited with writer Tim Whitnall. Their first production, The Sociable Plover, at the Old Red Lion Theatre, Islington, has gone on to achieve international success as a feature film The Hide, starring Alex Macqueen who was nominated for Best Actor at the Evening Standard Awards. and directed by Marek Losey. The play was published by Samuel French publishers in 2011.
Murphy co-produced the successful play Morecambe starring Bob Golding, who was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor. The production won a Scotsman Fringe First as well as the Olivier for Best Entertainment in 2010 and went on to tour the UK.
# Satnam Rana

Satnam Rana is a presenter for the BBC, currently presenting on BBC news programme Midlands Today and features on BBC WM. She worked at Five Live for two years then came to BBC Birmingham where she has been working since 2002.

## Early life and education

Rana was born and brought up in Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England and attended Smestow School. Since Rana was ten years old she wanted to be a journalist, graduating from Lancaster University in 1999.

## Career

After graduating, Rana joined BBC Radio Five Live. Then, in 2002 she joined Midlands Today as a junior reporter.

## BBC Midlands Today

Rana is a relief presenter for Midlands Today. She is also a regular presenter on breakfast, late and lunch bulletins. She mainly presents bank holiday and half term editions of Midlands Today and reports on culture and diversity issues in the region. Rana is also a presenter on BBC WM and has also worked for Inside Out.
# Peperomia hunteriana

Peperomia hunteriana is a plant in the pepper family Piperaceae found only in the Wet Tropics bioregion of Queensland, Australia.

## Description

Peperomia hunteriana is a small, succulent, erect herb growing up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall with a dense covering of reddish hairs on the stems. The leaves are usually presented in whorls of three, or rarely four. The leaf blades are also densely hairy and are held on petioles about 2 mm (0.08 in) long. Leaf shape is obovate to rounded and the secondary venation is obscure. They may reach up to 26 mm (1.02 in) long by 14 mm (0.55 in) wide.
The inflorescence is a spike up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long, which may or may not be branched.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by the Australian botanist Paul Irwin Forster, based on material collected from Mount Bartle Frere by Forster in 1997. Forster's paper describing the new species was published in 1999 in Austrobaileya, the journal of the Queensland Herbarium.

### Etymology

The species epithet hunteriana was chosen by Forster in recognition of John Hunter from Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, who first collected specimens of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

The native range of this species is restricted to a small part of northeastern Queensland, Australia, from the highland areas of the Daintree National Park immediately west of Mossman, southwards to Mount Bartle Frere. It grows on rocky outcrops close to, or within, rainforest at altitudes from about 1,100 m (3,600 ft) up to 1,520 m (4,990 ft)

## Conservation

This species is listed by the Queensland Government's Department of Environment, Science and Innovation as least concern. As of 14 April 2024, it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
# Helen Bronte-Stewart

Helen M. Bronte-Stewart is a neurologist and an assistant professor of neurology and neurological sciences at Stanford University School of Medicine. She is also the director of the Stanford Movement Disorders Center.

## Education and career

She studied mathematics and physics at the University of York before earning a master's degree in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania. She then obtained a medical degree from the Perelman School of Medicine. She was promoted to an associate professorship in December 2006. Bronte-Stewart later held the John E. Cahill Family Professorship, first held by William C. Mobley. Her research focuses on the pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease and other movement disorders.

## Personal life

Bronte-Stewart is a former professional dancer.