OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Lowell Putnam

William Lowell Putnam II (November 22, 1861 – June 1924) (more commonly known as William Putnam Sr.) was an American lawyer and banker.

## Biography

Putnam was the son of George and Harriet (Lowell) Putnam. He graduated from Harvard in 1882, and proceeded to make a professional name for himself in legal and financial circles. Even before his marriage to Percival Lowell's sister, Elizabeth, in 1888, Putnam (who was also Percival's half third cousin) handled a large part of the Lowell family's finances, thus leaving Augustus Lowell and Percival free to pursue their interests in science and culture. Also a successful lawyer, Putnam eventually served as the primary lawyer for both Percival Lowell and the Lowell Observatory as well as working as a partner at the well-regarded law firm of Putnam, Putnam & Bell.
Putnam's role in Lowell Observatory's history begins when Percival Lowell succumbed to severe nervous exhaustion in 1897. At this time, Putnam stepped in as the Observatory's trustee with A.E. Douglass serving as Director. Since Putnam's understanding of astronomy was minimal, he left many of the decisions about the operation of the Observatory to Douglass and contented himself with handling the Observatory's finances. As temporary trustee, he felt that it was not his place to make any dramatic changes in the Observatory's staff or location. Thus, an Observatory expedition and possibly a permanent move to South America was postponed, effectively establishing the Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona.
Despite his conviction that he should not make any major changes to the Observatory, Putnam did become embroiled in the controversy surrounding T. J. J. See. See was employed at Lowell Observatory at that time, but was both an extremely unpopular man and regarded as a bad scientist. Three Observatory employees had already resigned due to See's poor treatment of them, and Douglass began working to remove See from the Observatory staff. Putnam, however, had to make the final decision on the matter and he was the one to tell See that he had been dismissed.
When Lowell returned to work in 1901, Putnam resumed his role as the financial and legal power behind the Observatory. He also continued his other business in Boston and New York City.
When Lowell died in 1916, Putnam was placed in charge of investing Lowell's estate for the Observatory. Putnam died in June 1923, aged around 61, during Constance Lowell's attempt to contest Percival's will. Constance Lowell later asked William's son, Augustus, to become trustee. After Gus's death, William's second son, Roger, became trustee.

## Legacy

In 1927, Elizabeth Lowell Putnam established the William Lowell Putnam Intercollegiate Memorial Fund in order to begin a college-level mathematics competition, the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. This contest, which continues to this day, began in 1935 under the direction of the Mathematical Association of America.
Putnam's grandson by the same name, William Lowell Putnam, born 1924, was a geologist, businessman, and climber, and served as the sole trustee of Lowell observatory from 1987 to 2013.
# Siobhan Freegard

Siobhan Freegard OBE (born 17 July 1967) is a leading female founder and social innovator focused on creating positive connections in the digital world. Siobhan founded both Netmums.com, the UK’s first social network for mothers and ChannelMum, the UK’s first all-female influencer agency.
Siobhan founded her first business, Netmums, in 2000 and grew it to become the biggest and most commercially successful female-interest website in the UK with a unique network of 151 local websites and 300 national groups for mums to meet offline, alongside 2,300 parent bloggers and over 8 million unique users each month. Traffic to the site was ahead of Vogue, Cosmopolitan and every other parenting title.
In 2011 Freegard and her co-founders sold Netmums to Axel Springer-owned French women’s publisher Aufeminin but she remained as Managing Director. In March 2014 Freegard estimated that the business was worth £50 million. In September 2014 Freegard stepped down as Managing Director to start a new content company for mothers, called Channel Mum.
Channel Mum was the UK's first all-female influencer agency and is credited with developing the ‘Mumfluencer’ phenomenon after launching the 2015 ‘Vlogstars’ competition. UK TV network ITV took a minority stake in the business at launch.
Channel Mum won a number of coveted awards including the 2019 Campaign for Good Awards (Best Use of Celebrity / Influencer) beating British Airways and the UN,
The agency also won Content Marketer of the Year 2018 Digiday Europe Awards, Best Team in Influencer Marketing and Best Boutique Agency Bronze Winner at the 2021 IMA awards, Best Branded Content Series with Iceland at the 2018 Digiday Europe Awards and Best Branded Content Series plus Content Marketer of the Year at the 2019 Digiday Europe Awards. In 2019 Freegard’s agency also won the Best In-House Content Team at the UK Content Awards. Channel Mum was sold to M&C Saatchi Social in 2022.
An expert in Web 3.0, Freegard is currently consulting for a number of leading AI and Metaverse projects.
Freegard was awarded an OBE in the 2013 New Years Honours List for services to families, which was presented to her in March 2014 at Buckingham Palace by Prince William.
She is also the author of the book How to be a Happy Mum, published by Headline. Headline published six other Netmums parenting books under Freegard's guidance.

## Personal life

Freegard has spoken publicly about the postnatal depression that she experienced after the birth of her first child, and has campaigned publicly for better support and understanding for mums with postnatal depression.
# 1766 in Russia

Events from the year 1766 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Catherine II

## Events

* Russian Theatre was founded.
* Assembly of the Nobility was founded.
* Gorodetsk was renamed to Bezhetsk.
* Catherine the Great started educational reforms.
* Gatchina Palace started construction.
* Leonhard Euler returned to the St. Petersburg Academy.
* Sterlitamak was founded.

## Birth

* Vasily Pushkin, Russian poet (d. 1830)
* Nikolay Karamzin, Russian historian (d. 1826)
* Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg, Russian diplomat (d. 1850)
* Natalia Kurakina, Russian composer (d. 1831)
* Varvara Golovina, Russian artist (d. 1821)
* Stepan Degtyarev, Russian composer (d. 1813)
* Adam Laxman, Finnish–Swedish military officer (d. 1806)
* Ivan Valberkh, Russian dancer (d. 1819)
* Fyodor Petrovich Lvov, Russian composer

## Death

* Ivan Polzunov, Russian inventor
* Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Russian diplomat and chancellor
* Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov, Russian bibliographers
# HMS Raven

Fourteen ships and a shore establishment of the Royal Navy have borne the name Raven, after birds of the genus Corvus, particularly the common raven:
Ships
* English ship Raven (1652) was a 36-gun ship captured in 1652, and captured by the Dutch in 1654.
* English ship Raven (1656) was a 6-gun vessel, possibly a French ship, previously named St Cornelius. She was captured in 1656 and listed until 1659.
* HMS Raven (1745) was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1745 and sold in 1763.
* HMS Raven was a sloop, previously the 8-gun fireship HMS Vesuvius launched in 1771. She was renamed Raven later that year and was sold in 1780.
* HMS Raven was an 18-gun sloop, launched in 1777 as Ceres that the French captured in 1778. The British recaptured her in 1782 and renamed her Raven, only to have the French recapture her again early in 1783. She served in the French Navy until sold at Brest in 1791.
* HMS Raven (1796) was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1796 and wrecked in 1798.
* HMS Raven was an 18-gun brig-sloop, previously the French Aréthuse. She was captured in 1799 and wrecked in 1804.
* HMS Raven (1804) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1804 and wrecked in 1805.
* HMS Raven (1805) was a 16-gun brig-sloop launched in 1805 and sold in 1816.
* HMS Raven (1829) was a 4-gun survey cutter launched in 1829. She became a quarantine ship in 1848, was transferred to the coastguard in 1850 and was sold in 1859.
* HMS Raven (1855) was a mortar vessel launched in 1855 and renamed MV 13 later that year; she was ordered to be sold in 1856.
* HMS Raven (1856) was an Albacore-class wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856 and sold in 1875.
* HMS Raven (1882) was a composite screw gunboat launched in 1882. She became a diving tender in 1904 and was sold in 1925.
* HMS Raven II was a seaplane carrier, previously a seized German merchant ship, in service between 1915 and 1917.
Shore establishment
# Ursin Durand

Ursin Durand (20 May 1682, Tours – 31 August 1771, Paris) was a French Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, and historian.

## Life

Durand took vows in the monastery of Marmoutier at the age of nineteen and devoted himself especially to the study of diplomatics. In April, 1709, he joined his confrère Edmond Martène, who was making a literary tour through France with the purpose of collecting material for a new edition of a Gallia Christiana. After searching the archives of more than eight hundred abbeys and one hundred cathedral churches, they returned in 1713 to the monastery of St-Germain-des-Prés, laden with all kinds of historical documents, many of which were included in Gallia Christiana, while the others were published in a separate work, entitled Thesaurus novus anecdotorum (5 vols. folio, Paris, 1717).
In 1718 the two Maurists started on a new literary tour through Germany and the Netherlands to collect material for Martin Bouquet's Rerum Gallicarum et Francicarum Scriptores. Besides collecting valuable material for Bouquet's work they gathered an immense mass of other historical documents which they published in a large work entitled Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum et moralium amplissima collectio (9 vols. fol. Paris, 1724–33). They also jointly published in French a learned account of their journeys: Voyage littéraire de deux religieux bénédictins de la Congrégation de St. Maur (2 vols. Paris, 1717 and 1724).
In addition to the works which Durand published jointly with Martène, he also collaborated with Dantine and Clémencet in a French work on diplomatics, entitled L'Art de vérifier les dates, continued Constant's Collection of Papal Letters, assisted Sabatier with the edition of the "Itala" and contributed to many other Maurist publications.
In 1734 he was banished from the monastery of St-Germain-des-Prés as a Jansenist "Appellant", at the instance of Cardinal de Bissy. He was sent to the monastery of St. Eloi in Noyon. After two years he was permitted to repair to the monastery of Blancs-manteaux in Paris; where he spent the remainder of his life in literary pursuits.

## Works

* Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum, 5 vol. in-folio, Paris, 1717.
** Thesaurus novus anecdotorum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Florentin Delaulne. 1717.
** Thesaurus novus anecdotorum (in Latin). Vol. 3. 1717.
* Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmatiorum et moralium amplissima collectio, 9 vol. fol., Paris, 1724-1733.
** Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio. Vol. 4. 1729.
** Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio. Vol. 5. 1729.
** Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio. Vol. 9. 1733.
* Voyage littéraire de deux Religieux Bénédictins de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur, 2 vol., Paris, 1717 and 1724.
* L'Art de vérifier les dates (with Maur Dantine and Charles Clémencet), 1750 edition in 2 parts
** L'Art de vérifier les dates, 1770 edition
** L'Art de vérifier les dates, 1818-1819 edition, 5 volumes
# Henry Bingham Towner

Henry Bingham Towner (1909–1997) was an English architect. He is best known for designing churches in Southern England.

## Biography
### Early life

He was born and raised in Uckfield, Sussex. After giving up on becoming a Roman Catholic priest, he studied architecture.

### Career

He started his architectural firm in Uckfield in 1938.
He is best known for designing many churches in Sussex, Kent and Surrey in South-East England, starting in the 1950s. For example, he designed St Wilfrid's Church in Hailsham in 1954. In 1957, he designed the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, Queen of Peace located at Whiteway Lane in Rottingdean and the Church of St Thomas of Canterbury in Mayfield. In 1959, he designed St John Vianney Roman Catholic Church in Bexleyheath and the Church of St Teresa of Avila in Chiddingfold.
Two years later, in 1961, he designed St Gabriel's Church, Billingshurst and started work on St Michael and All Angels Church in Locksbottom, Farnborough, Kent (completed in 1964). In 1962, he designed St Charles Borromeo Catholic Church in East Worthing, Sussex, and a year later in 1963, St Thomas More's Church in Patcham, a suburb of Brighton. He designed the Chapel of the Holy Rood in Pevensey Bay in 1964. In 1969, he designed an extension to the Church of St Thomas More in Seaford, Sussex and to the St Francis of Assisi Roman Catholic Church in Moulsecoomb, a suburb of Brighton. The same year, he designed St Joseph's Roman Catholic Church in Milford, Surrey. A year later, in 1970, he designed both Christ the King Catholic Church in Langney near Eastbourne and the Holy Family Church in Lancing, West Sussex.
# Tommy Paget

William Sidney Thomas Paget (4 March 1909 – 1960) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a forward. He played in the Football League for Cardiff City and Newport County and later played for non-league side Barry.
# Terra Informa

Terra Informa is a weekly, half-hour environmental news program produced out of CJSR Radio in Edmonton, Alberta. Currently airing in more than 50 communities from coast to coast, it is one of the most widely broadcast shows on Canadian campus and community radio.
The program covers environmentally themed news stories from across Canada with an emphasis on grassroots movements and under-reported stories. Billing itself as, "Your source for the news that the mainstream media missed," the show's reports frequently include interviews with directly affected communities and members of local First Nations, in addition to politicians, academics, and environmental groups.

## Background

Terra Informa was started by Paul Reikie and Tara Irwin and began broadcasting in 2003. It initially focused on news stories affecting Alberta, and in particular Edmonton. In 2009 the show was picked up by CFRU in Guelph and began shifting its coverage to include stories from across Canada. As of 2011, it is broadcast on 17 radio stations serving 59 communities. A complete list of broadcast locations is available on the show's website.

## Awards

Terra Informa won two awards from the National Campus and Community Radio Association in 2011. It was recognized for Outstanding Achievement - Current Affairs or Magazine Show and Outstanding Achievement - Documentary for its 2010 report on air pollution in the Peace River region of Alberta. It was the only program to take home multiple awards.
In 2012, Terra Informa won the National Campus and Community Radio Association award for Outstanding Achievement - News. In 2013 and 2015, Terra Informa took home awards for Outstanding Achievement - Syndicated Show or Podcast.
# Veaceslav Dobîndă

Veaceslav Dobîndă (born 18 December 1971) is a Moldovan diplomat who currently serves as the Moldovan Ambassador to the Netherlands.
# Siraj al-Din al-Sajawandi

Sirāj ud-Dīn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd ur-Rashīd Sajāwandī (Persian: محمد ابن محمد ابن عبدالرشید سجاوندی) also known as Abū Tāhir Muhammad al-Sajāwandī al-Hanafī (Arabic: ابی طاهر محمد السجاوندي الحنفي) and the honorific Sirāj ud-Dīn (سراج الدین, "lamp of the faith") (died c. 1203 CE or 600 AH) was a 12th-century Hanafi scholar of Islamic inheritance jurisprudence, mathematics astrology and geography. He is primarily known for his work Kitāb al-Farāʼiḍ al-Sirājīyah (Arabic:کتاب الفرائض السراجیه), commonly known simply as "the Sirājīyah", which is a principal work on Hanafi inheritance law. The work was translated into English by Sir William Jones in 1792 for subsequent use in the courts of British India. He was the grand-nephew of qari Muhammad ibn Tayfour Sajawandi. He lies buried in the Ziārat-e Hazrat-o 'Āshiqān wa Ārifān in Sajawand.

## Name

His full name is Sirāj ud-Dīn Abū Tāhir Muḥammad Ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd ur-Rashīd ibn Tayfoūr Sajāwandī (Persian: سراج الدین محمد سجاوندی). His nasab, Ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd ur-Rashīd ibn Tayfoūr refers to him being the "son of Muhammad son of 'Abd ur-Rashīd son of Tayfour". Sajāwandī is his nisbah meaning "from Sajawand". He is also known by the teknonym Abū Tāhir meaning "father of Tahir".

## Works

* Kitāb al-Farāʼiẓ al-Sirājīyah (The Sirajite Book of Inhertiance laws, کتاب الفرائض السراجیه) a.k.a. al-Sirājīyah ("The Sirajite")
* al-Tajnīs Fī al-Hasāb (The Analogy for the Calculations , کتاب التجنیس فی الحساب)
* Resālat Fī al-Jabr wa al-Muqābilah (Treatise on Algebra , رسالة فی الجبر و المقابله)
# Voiced velar lateral affricate

The voiced velar lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ͜ʟ̝⟩, though in extIPA ⟨ɡ͜𝼄̬⟩ is preferred. This consonant exists in the Hiw and Ekagi languages.

## Features

Features of the voiced velar lateral affricate:
* Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
* Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

## Occurrence

| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
| Ekari | | | | |
| Hiw | qr̄ē | [kʷg​͡ʟɪ] | 'dolphin' | Contrasts with /r/ in recent loanwords. |
# HMS Ravager

Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Ravager:
* HMS Ravager (D70) was a Ruler-class escort carrier launched in 1942 and transferred to the Royal Navy under Lend lease as HMS Ravager in 1943. She was returned to the USN in 1946 and then sold into merchant service. She was scrapped in 1973.
* HMS Ravager (1947) was a Landing Ship, Tank launched in 1945 as HMS LST 3505 and renamed HMS Ravager in 1947. She was sold in 1961.
# John Kyme (MP for Helston)

John Kyme or Cayme (by 1519 – 25 April 1585), of London and Lewes, Sussex, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Helston in April 1554.
# Henry Bingham (1688–1743)

Henry Bingham was an Irish politician.
Bingham was educated at Trinity College Dublin. He sat in the Irish House of Commons as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the Irish House of Commons for County Mayo from 1707 to 1714; and for Castlebar from 1715 to 1743.
# Ob-Ugric creation myth

The Ob-Ugric creation myth is the genesis story of the world in the mythology of the Khanty and Mansi people of Western Siberia. Their creation myth is very similar to the creation myths of other peoples of the Urals, sharing a lot of common elements, such as the skygod, the primordial waterfowl, the primordial waters, etc, but is also similar to the creation myths of many peoples of the northern hemisphere such as the Cherokees, Yukaghirs, Chukchis and Ainus. It is categorised as an Earth diver myth.
   There once lived an old man and an old woman (skygod Numi-Toorum and fertility goddess Kaltaš). They lived in a cottage in the middle of an ocean. They lived like that for a long time, until one day a rumble was heard from the upper sky. The old man looked outside of the window and saw that from the sky fell a loon, who landed on the water and was looking for land. It dived into the water three times, until it finally found a bit of mud and flew with it back to the sky. The next day, a rumble was heard again. The same loon came down from the sky and was looking for land again. After diving into the water three times, it came out with mud on its beak. The loon rubbed the mud on the house where the old man and old woman lived, and flew back to the sky once again. The mud grew and grew and after three days, the whole world was covered in it.
# From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess (novel)

From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess is a 2015 children's novel written and illustrated by Meg Cabot and a spinoff of the author's young adult fiction series, The Princess Diaries. The book, released on May 19, 2015 through Feiwel & Friends, is the first in the series of the same name From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess. It follows Olivia, a biracial 12-year-old who finds out she is the paternal younger half-sister of Princess Mia Thermopolis.
The story of Olivia's adventures is written diary-style with the author's illustrations mixed in. Of the novel, Cabot has stated that the character of Olivia differs from Mia in that she's "much less neurotic, much more stable" and that her upbringing made the character have a greater appreciation for discovering that she's a princess with previously unknown family members, as she "hasn’t been loved to the degree that Mia has. I mean, Olivia actually likes her grandmother, really appreciates her, and she’s very excited to have this happen to her."

## Synopsis

Olivia, full name "Olivia Grace Clarisse Mignonette Harrison", has always been completely average at everything other than art. Other than being a half orphan, her life has been fairly uneventful.
This all changes when Princess Amelia "Mia" arrives and invites her to come and meet the father that she's never met, Prince Phillipe Renaldo, which makes Princess Mia her elder half-sister. Now Olivia is being whisked off to live with her father and half-sister in a world where she is now a princess in training. How will this change her and will it require leaving everything and more specifically everyone she has ever known behind?

## Reception

Critical reception has been positive. The School Library Journal and the Horn Book Guide both reviewed From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess, with the School Library Journal writing that the "bubble-gum flavored contemporary tale will be a perfect fit for Fancy Nancy alumni and readers not quite ready for Cabot's longer novels". Booklist and Kirkus Reviews also gave favorable reviews, and Booklist felt that "this entertaining, quickly absorbing read will have readers anticipating the sequel."
The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books was more critical, as they commented that "fans of the earlier series may find this too familiar of a retread" but also stated that "Olivia has an amusing and self-deprecating wit that makes the narration breezy and accessible, and Cabot’s black and white illustrations liven up the tale."
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