OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wet strength

The wet strength of paper and paperboard is a measure of how well the web of fibers holding the paper together can resist a force of rupture when the paper is wet. Wet strength is routinely expressed as the ratio of wet to dry tensile force at break.
With combined board such as corrugated fiberboard or with laminations, wet strength also includes the ability to stay intact under humid or wet conditions. Wet strength adhesives are often needed.

## Mechanism

The cellulose fibreweb of paper is mainly held together by hydrogen bonds. These are dependent on physical contact between the fibres and can be broken by wetting of the fibres. The residual strength of a wetted paper can be less than 10% of the original strength.
Various techniques, such as refining of the pulp and wet pressing on the paper machine can be used to reduce the strength loss of the paper upon wetting. To improve the wet strength it is common to use chemicals. The use of chemicals can retain as much as 10% to 30% of the original dry strength of the paper. The wet strength chemicals may improve the dry strength of the paper as well.
A Japanese research team found that the effect of humidity on cardboard differs depending on how it is dispersed. Ultrasonic mist reduces the wet strength of cardboard more so than nano-mist.

## Wet strength chemicals

Wet strength chemicals improve the tensile properties of the paper both in wet and dry state by crosslinking the cellulose fibres with covalent bonds that do not break upon wetting.
Wet strength development should not be confused with sizing, the first representing the strength of the paper once wet, the latter being the speed and amount of water absorbed by the paper. Normal wet strength resins are: urea-formaldehyde (UF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF) and polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE).
Neutral sizing agents are alkylketene dimers (AKD) and alkenylsuccinic anhydride (ASA).

## Coatings

Sometimes wet strength can be obtained by curtain coating a polymer onto a paper or paperboard. Laminating a plastic film is also a method of providing wet strength.

## Applications

A wide range of paper materials are wet strengthened:
* Tissue paper
* Filter paper
* Liquid packaging board
* Paper bag
* Paper chemicals

## Environmental considerations

Recycling of wet strengthened paper requires higher intensity reworking conditions in the re-pulping process to break the fibre web. Some wet strength papers are not considered recyclable.
# Gabriela Fernández

Gabriela Alexandra Fernández Ocanto, is a pageant titleholder from Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela who competed in the Miss Venezuela 2008 pageant on September 10, 2008.
Fernández won the Miss Zulia 2008 title in a state pageant held in Maracaibo, Venezuela on 7 May 2008.
# Franz Firbas

Franz Firbas (born 4 June 1902 in Prague; died 19 February 1964 in Göttingen) was a German botanist who taught at the University of Göttingen. From 1952 to 1964, he was director of its Systematisch-Geobotanisches Institut. Former students include Otto Ludwig Lange, Gerhard Lang and Heinz Ellenberg.

## Education

Firbas studied at the German branch of Charles University (German Charles-Ferdinand University) in Prague under Prof. K. Rudolph. He was an assistant professor for a short time, before leaving to go to Germany.
# Rajiv Nagar railway station

Rajiv Nagar railway station is a small railway station in Patna district, Bihar. Its code is RVN. It serves Patna city. The station consists of one platform.
# Amalgamated Sons of Rest

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Pitchfork Media | (5.9/10) |
Amalgamated Sons of Rest is the name of a one-off project by American songwriters Will Oldham and Jason Molina, along with Scottish colleague Alasdair Roberts. The collaboration yielded one eponymous EP, released in 2002 on Galaxia Records, and a song, "Translation", released by Jade Tree Records. "Translation" was not released under the Amalgamated Sons of Rest moniker, but under Molina's then-usual band name, Songs: Ohia, on a split EP with My Morning Jacket, though the songwriter credit is to "A.S. of R."

## Track listing

* "Maa Bonny Lad"
* "My Donal"
* "The Gypsy He-Witch"
* "The Last House"
* "Major March"
* "Jennie Blackbird’s Blues"
* "I Will Be Good"
The last track, "I Will Be Good", is unlisted.
# Else Zeuthen

Else Marie Zeuthen née Bengtsson (1897–1975) was a Danish peace activist and feminist. In the 1950s, she represented the Danish Social Liberal Party as a member of the Folketing. From 1941 to 1953, she headed the Danish branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and was president of the international organization from 1956 to 1965. Zeuthen opposed Denmark's membership of NATO. She contributed to creating a Danish network of associations and institutions able to collaborate with similar organisations at the international level.

## Early life, family and education

Born in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen on 10 October 1897, Else Marie Bengtsson was the daughter of the teacher Svend Otto Bengtsson (1871–1956) and his wife Elise Marie née Lassen (1873–1956). In 1915, she matriculated from Marie Kruse's School and earned a master's degree in English from the University of Copenhagen in 1921. In November 1924, she married the economics professor Frederik Ludvig Bang Zeuthen (1888–1959). They had no children.

## Career

In 1919, while still a student, Zeuthen was a co-founder of the social science journal Socialvirke (Social Work). On graduating, she became a tutor, translator, and from 1929 to 1935, a teaching assistant at the university. She chaired Kvindelig Læseforening (Women's Reading Association) from 1935 to 1945. Her main interest was however international cooperation on peace. After serving on Danske Kvinders Fredskæde, the Danish branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), in 1935 she became a board member of the central organization and headed the Danish chapter from 1941 until 1953 when she resigned after becoming a member of the Folketing. She supported the WILPF throughout the German occupation.
As a member of the Folketing, representing the Danish Social Liberal Party, she focused on social issues, including international relations such as membership of the United Nations and problems in developing countries. In accordance with the party line, she opposed Denmark's entry into NATO.
Zeuthen continued to serve on the central WILPF board from 1946, becoming international chairman from 1956 to 1965.
Else Zeuthen died in Rungsted or 27 December 1975 and was buried in Hellebæk.
# Strobilanthes japonica

Strobilanthes japonica is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant from Asia, one of around 350 plants of the genus Strobilanthes. The 20–50 cm ornamental plant is cultivated in Japan and China, and blooms in autumn with 1.5 cm purple to white funnel-shaped flowers.

## Description

Strobilanthes japonica grows 20–50 cm in height, with thin, heavily-branching stems and purplish-red glabrous (smooth) branchlets. Its leaves are simple and opposite, attached by 2–5 cm petioles, are narrow elliptic or lanceolate in shape, 2–5 cm long and 0.5-1.8 cm wide, and are glabrous and densely covered with cystoliths. The plant flowers from August or September to October or November, with 1.5 cm purple to white 5-lobed funnel-shaped corollas, which produce loculicidal capsules with four ovate seeds.
The species appears similar to Strobilanthes tretraspermus (Champ. ex Benth.) Druce in China, but S. japonica has lanceolate leaves and glabrous ovary, and S. tretraspermus has a pubescent calyx.

## Distribution

Earlier thought to be indigenous to Japan, S. japonica is now thought to have been introduced from China.
Partial distribution includes regions of Japan (Shikoku and Kyushu) and regions of China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan). ("Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution.") The plant typically grows at 500–1100 meters altitude, and Flora of China notes that it is often found near temples and religious sites. In Japan, it is "cultivated for ornamental purpose, rarely naturalized on S. Kyushu"), and "wild plants are not known in China," according to Flora of Japan.

## Naming

Common names include イセハナビ or 伊勢花火 (Ise-hanabi, meaning "Ise fireworks") in Japanese, 日本黄 (RìBenHuáng) in Chinese, and 日本马蓝 (RìBenMaLán) in Mandarin Chinese. An 1852 French journal transliterated two common Japanese names as "Ise fanabi" and "Iwa kikyau." There is no common name in English.
Synonyms include Acanthopale japonica (Thunberg) C. B. Clarke ex S. Moore, Championella japonica (Thunberg) Bremekamp, Ruellia japonica Thunberg (from 1784), and Strobilanthes bontaiana H. Léveillé.

## Conservation status

Strobilanthes japonica was listed as Vulnerable in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants.
# Streptomyces graminearus

Streptomyces graminearus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces graminearus produces the antibiotic gougerotin.
# Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus

Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus (c. 180 – c. 225) was a Roman senator who was appointed consul in AD 221.

## Biography

A member of the Gens Vetti, Gratus Sabinianus was probably the grandson of Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes, suffect consul around AD 176. Presumably a recently established Patrician, he began his career in the military, serving as the sevir equitum Romanorum (or commander) of the 3rd Turmae. He then received a commission as a military tribune of the Legio VII Claudia. With the emperor's consent, he turned his eye to a political career. He may have been selected as an imperial candidate for the office of quaestor, followed by his nomination for the office of praetor tutelarius, responsible for matters pertaining to guardianships.
Gratus Sabinianus’ next appointment was as the curator of the Via Flaminia, and included responsibility for the supply of food into Rome. He was then elected as consul prior alongside Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus in AD 221. It is speculated that Gratus Sabinianus died shortly after his consulship.
Gratus Sabinianus had at least one son, Gaius Vettius Gratus Atticus Sabinianus, who was elected consul in AD 242.

## Sources

* Mennen, Inge, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 (2011)
# Social CRM

Social CRM (customer relationship management) is the use of social media services, techniques and technology to enable organizations to engage with their customers.

## Applications

Social CRM has applications in marketing, customer service and sales, including:
* Social engagement with prospects: Social CRM tools allow businesses to better engage with their customers by, for example, listening to sentiments about their products and services.
* Social customer service: Ownership of social media is shifting away from Marketing and Communication as engagement increasingly relates to inbound customer service-based topics. Rather than social being seen purely as a space for companies to deliver outbound marketing messages, it is the inbound customer queries that allow for meaningful points of engagement and the building of brand advocacy.
* Personalized marketing strategy: The ability to create custom content is increasingly dependent on access to reliable, qualitative social user data to facilitate precise audience segmentation. Furthermore, dynamic audience segments, built on both social data and demographic data, allow for more accurate measurement of campaign KPIs.

## Traditional CRM

Traditional customer relationship management focuses on collecting and managing static customer data, such as past purchase information, contact history and customer demographics. This information is often sourced from email and phone interactions, commonly limited to direct interactions between the company and the customer.
Social CRM adds a deeper layer of information onto traditional CRM by adding data derived from social networks like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn or any other social network where a user publicly shares information. The key benefit of social CRM is the ability for companies to interact with customers in a multichannel retailing environment (commonly referred to as omnichannel) and talk to customers the way they talk to each other. Social CRM enables companies to track a customer's social influence and source data from conversations occurring outside of formal, direct communication. Social CRM also allows companies to keep a full audit history of all customer interactions, regardless of social channel they choose to use, available to all customer care employees.

## Social CRM metrics in applications

Metrics for building awareness:
* web traffic
* search volume trends
* volume of followers
* social mentions
Metrics for increasing sales:
* website traffic
* social mentions
* volume of followers
* repeat visits
* social content acceptance rate
Metrics for assessing changes environment in an industry:
* Share of Voice: how much of the overall voice a single brand consumes.
# Strongbow

Strongbow may refer to:

## People

* Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke, a Norman earl commonly known as "Strongbow"
* Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, his son, also commonly known as "Strongbow"
* Jules Strongbow, wrestler in the 1980s–1990s
* Chief Jay Strongbow, wrestler in the 1940s–1980s

## Fictional characters

* Beleg Cúthalion (literally "Strongbow"), a character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Quenta Silmarillion
* A character in the comic book Elfquest
* A Western character for DC Comics

## Royal Navy

* HMS Strongbow (1916), destroyer launched 1916, sunk 1917
* HMS Strongbow (P235), submarine launched 1943, broken up 1946

## Other

* Strongbow (cider)
# Stronge

Stronge may refer to:
* Abel Nathaniel Bankole Stronge (born in Freetown, Sierra Leone) is the current speaker of Parliament of Sierra Leone
* Francis Stronge KCMG (1856–1924), senior British diplomat and the second son of Sir John Calvert Stronge and Lady Margaret Stronge
* James Stronge (Mid-Armagh MP) (1932–1981), soldier and Unionist MP in the Parliament of Northern Ireland, and the later Northern Ireland Assembly
* Norman Stronge, MC, PC (NI), JP (1894–1981), senior Unionist politician in Northern Ireland
# Gajisan

Gajisan may refer to:
* Gajisan (Ulsan/Gyeongsang), a mountain in South Korea
* Gajisan (South Jeolla), a mountain in South Korea
# Stratonis (castra)

Stratonis was a fort in the Roman province of Moesia. As Tabula Peutingeriana shows it is situated between Callatis and Tomis; 22 miles from Callatis and 12 miles from Tomis.
# Galdha

Galdha is a village development committee in Palpa District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3304 people living in 544 individual households.
# Stub Stewart

Walter Leslie "Stub" Stewart (1888 – August 15, 1974) was an American athlete and coach for the University of Iowa. He earned nine athletic letters at Iowa in football, basketball, and baseball from 1907 to 1910. Stewart later served as the head coach of Iowa's basketball and baseball teams from 1910 to 1912.

## Playing career

Walter "Stub" Stewart was born in Tecumseh, Nebraska, but he moved to Iowa at age seven. He attended Des Moines West High School and won letters in football, baseball, and track from 1904 to 1906. Since his high school did not yet support a basketball team, Stewart played basketball for the local Y.M.C.A. team, which went undefeated in his three years there.
Walter Stewart was nicknamed "Stub" because he stood five feet, five inches tall and never weighed more than 130 pounds during his athletic career. Still, he went to the University of Iowa and earned nine athletic letters in football, basketball, and baseball from 1907 to 1910. Stewart was the second team All-Big Ten quarterback as a senior in 1909. He was the captain of the baseball team as a second baseman in 1909 and captain of the basketball squad in 1910.

## Coaching career

Stub Stewart graduated from Iowa in 1910 and entered law school at the university. During his two years attending law school, he served as Iowa's head basketball and baseball coach for two seasons. Stewart's Iowa baseball team compiled a 16-12-1 record in 1911 and 1912. His Hawkeye basketball team had a 9–4 record in his first season in 1910–1911. However, in his second season, Iowa struggled to a 6–8 record, including a 0–4 record in the Big Ten. It remains the only winless conference season Iowa basketball has ever had. Stewart earned his law degree from Iowa in 1912.
Stub Stewart then moved to Des Moines and opened a law practice. He also served as a member of the Board of Control of Athletics at the University of Iowa for decades. In 1938, Stewart was the representative sent by the university to Boston to negotiate a coaching contract with Eddie Anderson to become the head football coach of the Hawkeyes.

## Honors

Stub Stewart was inducted into the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1965. He was also inducted into the University of Iowa Athletics Hall of Fame in 2000.
# Gary Chapman (footballer, born 1964)

Gary Chapman (born 1 May 1964) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Career

Born in Bradford, Chapman played for Frickley Athletic, Bradford City, Notts County, Mansfield Town, Exeter City, Torquay United, Darlington and Emley.
# Snack Attack (disambiguation)

Snack Attack is a 1981 maze action video game.
Snack Attack may also refer to:
* Snack Attack (FIRST), a challenge theme for Food Factor
* Snack Attack II, a 1982 Pac-Man-inspired maze game
* Ismism, a 1981 album by Godley & Creme released in the US under the name Snack Attack
# Snack Boy

Snack Boy was a comedy show webcast distributed by The Sync over the Internet, from 1998 through 2001. The show starred Terry Crummitt (1972–2004), a Washington, D.C.-area unemployed actor, who presented comic anecdotes concerning his shaky career, his raucous family, and his various misadventures. The show's title referred to Crummitt's former work as a snack bar manager. Crummitt created original childlike drawings to illustrate each story, which ran exactly five minutes. The show was webcast live on weekdays at 3:15pm Eastern Time, with older episodes archived for on-demand viewing.
Snack Boy was among the first webcast-exclusive programs to gain attention from the mainstream media, and Crummitt was briefly the center of press attention. However, when The Sync closed during the dot-com industry collapse, his visibility waned. Several episodes of the program remain online.
Performing under the name Terry McCrea, Crummitt had small roles in films and television shows that were shot in the Washington and Baltimore areas, including Gods and Generals and Cecil B. Demented. Crummitt was killed in an automobile accident in Laurel, Maryland, his home town, on May 13, 2004; he was 31 years old.
# Gaonburha

A gaonburha or gaoburha is the leader of an Assamese village or gaon. The role of gaonburhas in Assamese gaons that are under mouzas is limited since mouzadars take the responsibility of the gaonburha. However, in gaons that are located far from district headquarters or major cities, gaonburhas still play definitive roles.
A similar position exists in Naga society.
# Gaongo

Gaongo is a town in the Gaongo Department of Bazèga Province in central Burkina Faso. The town has a population of 2,181 and is the capital of Gaongo Department.
# Socken

Socken (Swedish: or) is the name used for a part of a county in Sweden. In Denmark similar areas are known as sogn, in Norway sokn or sogn and in Finland pitäjä (socken). A socken is an rural area formed around a church, typically in the Middle Ages. A socken originally served as a parish. Later it also served as a civil parish or an administrative parish, and became a predecessor to today's municipalities of Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark. Today it is a traditional area with frozen borders, in Sweden typically identical to those of the early 20th century rural parishes. The socken also served as a registration unit for buildings, in Sweden recently replaced by identical districts as registration unit. A socken consists of several villages and industry localities (company towns), and is typically named after the main village and the original church.

## Sweden
### History

Socken, in old Swedish sokn (compare: Danish and bokmål sogn, nynorsk sokn) is an archaic name for the original country church parishes, kyrksocken. It also describes a secular area, a sockenkommun ("rural area locality") or a taxation area, a jordbokssocken. In the Nordic countries a socken was an administrative area consisting of several villages or localities in much the same way as the civil parishes in England, but the concept is not used in reference to towns. A socken had a socken church, it was governed by a socken council and it was the predecessor to modern municipalities
In 1862, the kyrksockens ("church socken") and the sockenkommuns ("rural area locality") in Sweden were abolished as administrative areas during municipality reforms. The jordbrukssocken ("taxation area") remained in use until the Fastighetsdatareformen ("Reform for registration of real property") 1976–1995 was complete. No further alterations to the sockens was made after this.
On 1 January 2016, a new administrative division and area for statistics, registration districts or simply districts, was introduced in Sweden. Geographically, the districts correspond with the parishes of the Church of Sweden as of 31 December 1999. About 85% of the old sockens corresponds with the new districts.
Even though the term socken is no longer used administratively in Sweden, it is still used for cataloging and registering historical archives (Swedish National Heritage Board), botany, dialect research, toponymy and by local historical societies. Socken is a convenient parameter for these purposes since it does not change with time.

### Lists of sockens

* List of sockens in Sweden on Swedish Wikipedia, sv:Kategori:Socknar i Sverige
# Gargela xanthocasis

Gargela xanthocasis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found on the Sangir Islands of Indonesia.
# Snake in the Radio

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Snake in the Radio is the first album by Mark Pickerel and His Praying Hands. It was released in 2006 by Bloodshot Records.

## Production

The album was recorded between September 2004 and November 2005.

## Critical reception

AllMusic wrote: "Pickerel's voice has the shaky intensity of an unholy combination of Roy Orbison and Chris Isaak, while the ramshackle production, overseen by grunge legend Steve Fisk, provides an appropriately unsettling musical backdrop." The Riverfront Times wrote that "if you need a soundtrack for savoring that late-night, as-yet-indefinite pensive mood, this is just the thing." PopMatters wrote: "Call it maturity, wanderlust, the need to maintain artistic relevance, or the realization that much of grunge was roots rock with more guitar distortion, but this Americana-by-way-of-Seattle storyline (for lack of a better description) has been an enjoyable development." Seattle Weekly wrote the songs "could be the soundtrack to a David Lynch flick set in a Bakersfield honky tonk."

## Track listing

* "Forest Fire" (5:11)
* "Come Home Blues" (3:48)
* "A Town Too Fast for Your Blues" (2:34)
* "I'll Wait" (5:48)
* "Graffiti Girl" (3:54)
* "Ask the Wind, Ask the Dusk" (4:00)
* "Don't Look Back" (4:04)
* "You'll Be Mine" (3:34)
* "Sin Tax Dance" (2:57)
* "Snake in the Radio" (4:51)
* "Town Without the Blues" (5:09)

## Personnel

* Neko Case - artwork
* Steve Fisk - keyboards
* Jim Sangster - bass
* Johnny Sangster - guitar