OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Howell normal form

In linear algebra and ring theory, the Howell normal form is a generalization of the row echelon form of a matrix over $\mathbb {Z} _{N}$, the ring of integers modulo N. The row spans of two matrices agree if, and only if, their Howell normal forms agree. The Howell normal form generalizes the Hermite normal form, which is defined for matrices over $\mathbb {Z}$.

## Definition

A matrix $A\in \mathbb {Z} _{N}^{n\times m}$ over $\mathbb {Z} _{N}$ is called to be in row echelon form if it has the following properties:
* Let $r$ be the number of non-zero rows of $A$. Then the topmost $r$ rows of the matrix are non-zero,
* For $1\leq i\leq r$, let $j_{i}$ be the index of the leftmost non-zero element in the row $i$. Then $j_{1}<j_{2}<\dots <j_{r}$.
With elementary transforms, each matrix in the row echelon form can be reduced in a way that the following properties will hold:
* For each $1\leq i\leq r$, the leading element $A_{ij_{i}}$ is a divisor of $N$,
* For each $1\leq k<i\leq r$ it holds that $0\leq A_{kj_{i}}<A_{ij_{i}}$.
If $A$ adheres to both above properties, it is said to be in reduced row echelon form.
If $A$ adheres to the following additional property, it is said to be in Howell normal form ($S(A)$ denotes the row span of $A$):
* let $v\in S(A)$ be an element of the row span of $A$, such that $v_{k}=0$ for each $1\leq k<j_{i}$. Then $v\in S(A_{i\dots m})$, where $A_{i\dots m}$ is the matrix obtained of rows from $i$-th to $m$-th of the matrix $A$.

## Properties

For every matrix $A$ over $\mathbb {Z} _{N}$, there is a unique matrix $H$ in the Howell normal form, such that $S(A)=S(H)$. The matrix $H$ can be obtained from matrix $A$ via a sequence of elementary transforms.
From this follows that for two matrices $A,B\in \mathbb {Z} _{N}^{n\times m}$ over $\mathbb {Z} _{N}$, their row spans are equal if and only if their Howell normal forms are equal.
For example, the matrices
    $A={\begin{bmatrix}4&1&0\\0&0&5\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}},\;\;\;B={\begin{bmatrix}8&5&5\\0&9&8\\0&0&10\end{bmatrix}}$
have the same Howell normal form over $\mathbb {Z} _{12}$:
    $H={\begin{bmatrix}4&1&0\\0&3&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}.$
Note that $A$ and $B$ are two distinct matrices in the row echelon form, which would mean that their span is the same if they're treated as matrices over some field. Moreover, they're in the Hermite normal form, meaning that their row span is also the same if they're considered over $\mathbb {Z}$, the ring of integers.
However, $\mathbb {Z} _{12}$ is not a field and over general rings it is sometimes possible to nullify a row's pivot by multiplying the row with a scalar without nullifying the whole row. In this particular case,
    $3\cdot {\begin{bmatrix}4&1&0\end{bmatrix}}\equiv {\begin{bmatrix}0&3&0\end{bmatrix}}{\pmod {12}}.$
It implies ${\begin{bmatrix}0&3&0\end{bmatrix}}\in S(A)$, which wouldn't be true over any field or over integers.
# Splenogonadal fusion-limb defects-micrognathia syndrome

Splenogonadal fusion-limb defects-micrognathia syndrome, also known by its abbreviation, SGFLD syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal fusion of the spleen and the gonad (splenogonadal fusion) alongside limb defects and orofacial anomalies. It is a type of syndromic dysostosis.
Children with this condition typically have abnormal fusion of the spleen and the gonad, amelia (or any kind of severe shortening of a limb), microglossia, cleft palate, bifid uvula, micrognathia. Additional symptoms include cryptorchidism, anal stenosis, anal atresia, pulmonary hypoplasia, and congenital heart defects.
This condition is highly fatal, fetuses/children with this condition are more likely to either be stillborn or die in infancy.
This condition is congenital, although an exact inheritance pattern isn't known. OMIM proposes it to be autosomal dominant.
Around 30 cases of SGLD have been described in medical literature. Most of them were male.
# Friedenberg, Missouri

Friedenberg is an unincorporated community in Central Township in Perry County, Missouri, United States.

## Name

The Bavarians who settled just outside Perryville, Missouri in the 1830s felt so strongly about the importance of peace that they named their town “Friedenberg” (German: Hill of Peace). An old nickname for Friedenberg is “Raccoon Ridge”.

## History

Unlike the communities of Altenburg, Frohna, and Uniontown that were settled by Saxon Lutherans from Germany, Friedenberg was founded in 1838 by Lutheran immigrants from Bavaria, Germany. These Bavarians came from the Upper Franconian region, some from the city of Langenstadt near present-day Kulmbach. They worshiped in members’ homes until a log church was built in 1846 north of Cinque Hommes Creek. From 1852 until 1885 the congregation worshiped at their church on Frankenberg overlooking the Cinque Hommes Bottoms. In 1885 the congregation moved to its present site in Friedenberg and built a brick church. Peace Lutheran Church disbanded in 1980.
# Plagiorchis vespertillionis

Plagiorchis vespertillionis, also sometimes listed as Plagiorchis vespertilionis, is a species of trematode that parasitizes bats. It was described as a new species in 1780 based on specimens collected from a brown long-eared bat in Denmark. In 2007, it was documented within a human host for the first time.
# Tsugaru Mountains

The Tsugaru Mountains (津軽山地, Tsugaru-sanchi) are a mountain range on the Tsugaru Peninsula of Aomori Prefecture, in Honshū, Japan. The range stretches 60 km (37 mi) south-southeast from Cape Tappi on the northern end of the peninsula to the western flank of the volcanic Hakkōda Mountains south of the city of Aomori. The highest point in the range is Mount Maruyakata, measuring 718 meters (2,356 ft).
It is made up of mountains ranging roughly between 200 and 700 meters (660 and 2,300 ft) in height. Some mountains in the range are Mount Bonju, Mount Maruyakata, Tongari-dake, and Mount Manogami.
# Ya No Hace Falta

Ya No Hace Falta is an album by the Cuban band Bamboleo. It was released in 1999. The title track ("I am not in need") was the group's most commercially successful song. The band supported Ya No Hace Falta with a North American tour. The title track appeared in the film Suite Habana.

## Production

The majority of the album's songs were written and arranged by bandmember Lazaro Valdes, who was chiefly influenced by Earth, Wind & Fire. The songs were performed by four singers and 10 musicians. Valdes employed tumbaoes on many of the songs.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Sun-Sentinel wrote that "Bamboleo blends funky urban salsa with storytelling and arrangements that feature blaring horns, thunderous percussion and four poetic vocalists... Its music includes more breakdowns than the commercial salsa heard in the United States and Puerto Rico, so much so that the tembleque, or tremor, is ideally suited to freestyle dancing." The Washington Post called the album "irresistible," writing that it is full of "lots of bottom, lots of funk, lots of power in the horns."
The Santa Cruz Sentinel determined that "each track is uniquely eloquent, carrying the air of improvised artistic freedom and a clear-metered knowledge of the right musical elements." The Star Tribune noted that "the percolating piano, call-and-response vocals and sizzling percussion are unmistakably—and irresistibly—Cuban."
AllMusic wrote that "the group certainly does not want for heat, with salty montunos from pianist/arranger Lazaro Valdes and plenty of time-shifting breaks from a percussion section as good as any operating today."
# Peter Stichbury (artist)

Peter Stichbury (born 1969 in Auckland) is a New Zealand artist. Stichbury graduated from the Elam School of Fine Arts, University of Auckland, in 1997. He won New Zealand’s prestigious Wallace Art Awards the same year. Stichbury is primarily a painter but his body of work also spans the mediums of drawing, watercolour, sculpture and sound based work. Stichbury is most renowned for his intricate yet flat portraits of models and modern beauties sourced from contemporary media images. Stichbury is represented by the New York gallery Tracy Williams, Ltd. In 2019 a painting by Stichbury fetched $67,270 NZD at auction.

## Influences

Stichbury is influcened by modern psychology and sociology, alien conspiracy theory, popular culture and historical painters including Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and Lucian Freud.
# George Houston (painter)

George Houston RSA, RI, RSW (20 January 1869 – 5 October 1947) was a Scottish artist. He was a prolific landscape painter, using both oil and watercolour. He primarily depicted scenes of Argyll and Ayrshire.

## Life and death

Houston was born in Dalry, North Ayrshire. In the 1880s he stayed at North Bank Cottage in Portencross, where he formed a long-lasting friendship with the noted Scottish author Neil Munro (Para Handy). In 1912 Neil Munro wrote a book entitled "Ayrshire Idylls", and this was illustrated by George Houston. It is possible that Houston and his family moved to the nearby town of Saltcoats before moving back to Dalry. Thereafter he lived at West Lynn until his death on 5 October 1947.

## Notable works

An Ayrshire Landscape was purchased by Glasgow Corporation in 1904 and remains in the Glasgow Museums collection. Houston was a friend of the writer Neil Munro and illustrated Munro's book Ayrshire Idylls (A&C Black, 1912). Munro also provided commentary on Burns' Country, a series of 12 etchings made by Houston published in 1915. These etchings are now in the possession of the North Ayrshire Council Museums Service.

## Family

Houston married Anne Kerr Crawford in 1889 and the couple had ten children together.
# Siccia orbiculata

Siccia orbiculata is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Lars Kühne in 2007. It is found in Kenya.
# Friedenau Dam

Friedenau Dam is a gravity concrete dam in Khomas Region, Namibia. Located 38 kilometres (24 mi) southwest of Windhoek, it dams the Kuiseb River and provides water to nearby Matchless Mine. It has a capacity of 6.723 million cubic metres (8,793,000 cu yd) and was completed in 1972, when the territory was occupied by South Africa.
# Bill Carlson

Bill Carlson (November 26, 1934 – February 29, 2008), born William Meyer Carlson, was an American journalist and longtime television anchor at WCCO in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Carlson was born in Thief River Falls, Minnesota and grew up in St. Paul, Minnesota. Carlson died of prostate cancer at the age of 73 on February 29, 2008.

## Career

He began his career with WCCO Television in 1951, while still in high school, working as a page. After completing military service, he returned to the station in 1959, working in front of the camera in a variety of capacities. Carlson's extraordinary good looks, winning personality and Scandinavian manner made him popular with viewers. In the 1960s, he began reviewing films, and was widely respected among colleagues and people in the movie industry alike.
Carlson married fellow WCCO personality and former Miss Minnesota USA Nancy Nelson in 1970.
Carlson has one daughter, Susan, born in 1965.
Carlson was best known as the anchor of the weekday noon news on WCCO, a post he held for over four decades. Despite competent and professional execution of his duties, he was removed from the position briefly in 2003 due to his age. A protest campaign spearheaded by his wife and overwhelming viewer response resulted in his return a few months later.
Carlson was a fixture at the Minnesota State Fair, having attended over 60 consecutive fairs during his lifetime. He was also known for his compassion and work with animals, including the Humane Society of Minnesota and the University of Minnesota's Raptor Center, where for years he served on the Board of Directors

## Personal life

Susan- daughter and only child, Sarah- oldest granddaughter,
Megan- youngest granddaughter
# Plagiorhynchus

Plagiorhynchus is a genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Plagiorhynchidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
* Plagiorhynchus allisonae Smales, 2002
* Plagiorhynchus angrensis (Travassos, 1926)
* Plagiorhynchus asturi (Gupta & Lata, 1967)
# The Panman: Rhythm of the Palms

The Panman: Rhythm of the Palms is a 2007 film that tells the story of the rise and fall of the steel drum pan player Harry Daniel. Daniel is an icon of the Caribbean whose personal life suffers when he places his music above his family. For he is desperate to pass the pan culture to a younger generation. During this crusade to keep the music alive on his beloved island of St Martin, he meets the exceptionally talented Jacko, who becomes his star apprentice and hope for the future. Harry treats him like the son he never had. However, when Harry's fame begins to diminish, Jacko turns against him and embraces instead the world of rock music. But when Harry dies unexpectedly, Jacko returns to his island culture to become pan music's brilliant new icon.
Since its December 2007 red-carpet premiere in St. Maarten, Panman has been screened elsewhere in the region and is on the line-up for film festivals in the UK, North America, Europe, South Africa and Australia. It was also shown at the Curaçao film festival and at Carifesta in Guyana and had a grand premiere in the Netherlands September 2008.
The film has picked up two awards, winning the best feature film at the Hollywood Black Film Festival and Best Score at the Brooklyn International Film Festival, both in June 2008.
Panman is based on Ian Valz's play Rhythm of the Palms, first produced in 1991. The film is the debut feature of Dutch director Sandy Burger and is co-produced by scriptwriter Norman de Palm.
The Panman: Rhythm of the Palms is St. Maarten's first locally produced feature film; most of Panman’s cast are home-grown actors, most of them introduced to the stage and groomed by Valz himself.
On April 28, 2010, Valz died of cancer at St. Maarten Medical Center.

## Awards

* 2008 Brooklyn International Film Festival (Brooklyn, NY) — Winner, Best Original Score Award (Jury).
* 2008 Hollywood Black Film Festival (Hollywood, CA) — Winner, Best Feature Film Award (Jury).
# Hotepibre

Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef (also Sehetepibre I or Sehetepibre II depending on the scholar) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period.

## Family

Qemau Siharnedjheritef complete nomen means "Qemau's son, Horus he who seizes his power" and from this it is likely that he was the son of his predecessor Ameny Qemau and the grandson of king Amenemhat V. Ryholt further proposes that he was succeeded by a king named Iufni, who may have been his brother or uncle. After the short reign of Iufni, the throne went to another grandson of Amenemhat V named Ameny Antef Amenemhat VI.

## Attestations

There are several attestations of Hotepibre in Lower Egypt and exchange with the Northern Levant.

### Lower Egypt
#### Khatana

A seated statue on a throne dedicated to Ptah and bearing the name of Hotepibre was found in Khatana, but its location of origin is unknown.

#### el-Atawla, temple-block

At Per Nemty (el-Atawla), near Asyut (5 km) in the 12th Nome of Upper Egypt, a temple block with his name is now in the Cairo Museum (Temp 25.4.22.3).

#### Tell el-Dab'a, palace

Hotepibre is sometimes also credited as the founder of a palace recently rediscovered at Tell El-Dab'a (the ancient Avaris).

### Levant
#### Ebla (Inner Syria), ceremonial mace

This pharaoh is also known by a ceremonial mace found inside the so-called "Tomb of the Lord of the Goats" in Ebla, in modern northern Syria; the mace was a gift from Hotepibre to the Eblaite king Immeya who was his contemporary.

## Speculations

According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, he was the sixth king of the dynasty, reigning for one to five years, possibly three years, from 1791 BC until 1788 BC. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath and Detlef Franke see him as the ninth king of the dynasty.
# Jacaré River (Das Cinzas River tributary)

The Jacaré River, or Jacarezinho River, is a river in the Paraná state in southern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Das Cinzas River and inspired the name of the town of Jacarezinho.
# Pharyngeal branch

Pharyngeal branch can refer to any one of several different structures near the pharynx:
* Nerves
** Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve - "ramus pharyngeus nervi vagi"
** Pharyngeal branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve - "rami pharyngei nervi laryngei recurrentis"
** Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve - "rami pharyngei nervi glossopharyngei"
** Pharyngeal nerve of pterygopalatine ganglion
* Arteries
** Pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery - "rami pharyngeales arteriae pharyngeae ascendentis"
** Pharyngeal branch of artery of pterygoid canal - "ramus pharyngeus arteriae canalis pterygoidei"
** Pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery
** Pharyngeal branches of inferior thyroid artery - "rami pharyngeales arteriae thyroideae inferioris"
# Hrutov

Hrutov (Czech pronunciation:) is a municipality and village in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. The municipality forms an enclave in the territory of Kněžice.
Hrutov lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-east of Jihlava and 130 km (81 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Spycat

Spycat: An Interactive Exposé of M.I.41⁄2 is an action-adventure game for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron, written by Peter Scott (under the pseudonym Dylan) and published by Superior Software in 1988. The game is a parody of the scandal surrounding the Spycatcher book.

## Gameplay

Spycat is loosely based on the then current scandal surrounding the release of Spycatcher, the memoirs of former MI5 officer and Assistant Director Peter Wright. The player takes the role of the Spycat, Peter Correct, who has worked for M.I.41⁄2 for fifty years but finds out he is to be forced to retire with a low pension. The player must collect classified research documents (among other items), then flee to Greenland to write his memoirs. Other characters found in the game include Sir Clive Amstrad (an amalgamation of Clive Sinclair and Alan Sugar) as technical expert "Q" and the Prime Minister Margo Thatch (Margaret Thatcher).
The game takes the form of an arcade adventure with the player moving through a series of locations and rooms, collecting and using items to progress. The player must avoid CCTV cameras and "Q"'s electronic devices that will drain Spycat's energy. The actions in the game (e.g. picking up and using items, opening doors) are controlled using an icon panel at the top of the screen.

## Development and release

Author Peter Scott completed the game while still under exclusive contract to Audiogenic. Unhappy with their promotion of his games, he offered Spycat to Superior Software who wanted to publish it. Scott needed to give twelve months notice to get out of the deal with Audiogenic so Spycat (and other games he released in 1988) had to be credited only to the pseudonym Dylan. It became the first of ten full price games Scott created for Superior between 1988 and 1990.
The game was released in 1988 by Superior Software on cassette for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro as well as 5.25" floppy disk for the BBC Micro and 3.5" disk for the Master Compact.

## Reception

Electron User gave the game an overall score of 7/10 with reviewer Chris Nixon finding the icon control panel "tiresome" and "unwieldy" but this is his "only complaint in an otherwise excellent game". He concludes: "Spycat is an excellent arcade adventure with a strong vein of humour underlying all the action".

## Legacy

Spycat was included on the Play It Again Sam 9 compilation in 1989 and was reissued as part of the Superior / Blue Ribbon budget range in 1990.
# Hendries

Hendries was an American company based in Milton, Massachusetts, that produced ice cream and popsicles under the Hendrie's brand name. Popsicles have been produced in various flavors since the 1940s. The "traditional" flavors included grape, cherry and orange. Other popsicle package varieties include Citrus Stix (orange, lime, and raspberry), Fudge Stix, and Kids' Carnival Stix, which feature a wide variety of flavors including, but not limited to, grape, root beer, cotton candy, and bubble gum.
Hendries ran a chain of ice cream shops named Hendrie's Ice Cream Shoppes, Inc.
The Hendries factory building was demolished in 2018 to make way for a new mixed-use development. The demolition effort required the MBTA to shut down the Mattapan trolley for 7 days since the brick building shadowed the train tracks and Central Avenue Station.
# Ian Hughes

Ian Hughes may refer to:
* Ian Hughes (Australian footballer) (1939–1976), Australian rules footballer
* Ian Hughes (epredator) (born 1967), British technology evangelist and television personality
* Ian Hughes (footballer, born 1946), Welsh footballer
* Ian Hughes (footballer, born 1961), English footballer for Sunderland
* Ian Hughes (footballer, born 1974), Welsh footballer
* Ian Hughes (rugby league) (born 1972), rugby league footballer of the 1990s and 2000s
# INS Bangaram

INS Bangaram (T65) the lead ship of the Bangaram class of the Indian Navy is designed for interdiction against fast moving surface vessels and for search-and-rescue operations in coastal areas and in the exclusive economic zone. Named after Bangaram in Lakshadweep, the vessel was designed and built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers. The diesel generators on board are supplied by Cummins India. The electronic equipment on board is from Bharat Electronics Limited, ECIL and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.

## Operations

In Dec 2016 INS Bangaram was operationally deployed in the rescue of 800 tourist alongside INS Bitra, INS Kumbhir (L22) and LCU 38 from the Havelock Island and ferried them to Port Blair as a result of severe cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal.
In Mar 2017 the warship alongside INS Karmuk (P64) visited Yangon in Myanmar to take part in the 5th Indo-Myanmar coordinated patrol CORPAT.
# Georgina Basin

The Georgina Basin is a large (c. 330,000 km$^2$) intracratonic sedimentary basin in central and northern Australia, lying mostly within the Northern Territory and partly within Queensland. It is named after the Georgina River which drains part of the basin. Deposition of locally up to c. 4 km of marine and non-marine sedimentary rocks took place from the Neoproterozoic to the late Paleozoic (c. 850-350 Ma). Along with other nearby sedimentary basins of similar age (Amadeus Basin, Officer Basin), the Georgina Basin is believed to have once been part of the hypothetical Centralian Superbasin, that was fragmented during episodes of tectonic activity.
# Periphyllidae

Periphyllidae is a family of jellyfish containing four genera and six species. The most well-known member of the family, Periphylla periphylla, is usually considered a deep-sea species, but it forms large blooms in surface waters of Norwegian fjords.

## Genera

* Nauphantopsis
** Nauphantopsis diomedeae Fewkes, 1885
* Pericolpa
** Pericolpa campana (Haeckel, 1880)
** Pericolpa quadrigata Haeckel, 1880
* Periphylla
** Periphylla periphylla (helmet jellyfish) (Péron & Lesueur, 1810)
* Periphyllopsis
** Periphyllopsis braueri Vanhöffen, 1902
** Periphyllopsis galatheae Kramp, 1959