OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Squatting in Iran

Squatting in Iran mostly occurs around the major cities, as rural migrants move to urban centres. From the 1950s onwards shanty towns have been set up and inhabitants are known as "koukhnishinan". Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, squatter settlements increased, with the state sometimes evicting and sometimes legalizing the areas.

## History

Migrants from rural areas to Iran's major cities have set up informal settlements for decades. These shanty town dwellers are known as "koukhnishinan". In the 1950s and 1960s, squatters self-organised themselves into hey'ats (neighbourhood associations). They listened to recorded sermons from Ruhollah Khomeini in which he praised slum-dwellers as the real followers of Islam.
A 1972 survey of 481 squatted households in the capital Tehran reported that just over half of the men were unskilled workers. A minority of the squatters lived in caves hollowed out from the city's rubbish dumps. In 1977, there were serious clashes between police and squatters at evictions in places such as Afsariyeh, Mesgarabad, Narmak, Soleimanieh and Tehranpars. At Dowlatabad, thousands of migrants squatted beside the road from Tehran to Ray. During the revolution of 1979, people exploiting the chaos made land grabs and afterwards land squatting continued as well as the occupation of houses and hotels.

## Post-revolution

Khomeini led the revolution and became Grand Ayatollah of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In Tehran, hashiyenishini (squatter settlements) mushroomed, doubling in size in places such as Soleimanieh, Resalat Highway and Tajrish. Outside the city, squatters built homes out of mud and brick, their population increasing to almost half a million. Similar zones also developed around other cities such as Arak, Bakhtaran, Hamadan, Karadj, Mashhad, Tabriz and Shiraz. In Arak and Karadj, squatters campaigned to be supplied with running water.
Khomeini stated at "no one must remain without a dwelling in this country" and promised to ensure free electricity and water to all settlements. The Housing of the Dispossessed (Daftar-khanehsazi bara-ye mustazafin) began to confiscate buildings and land for distribution to the poor. The Revolutionary Guards often blocked these moves and a year later the office was closed. The state then nationalised land and pursued a policy of facilitating some occupations and evicting others. In 1985, an act was passed aiming to give land rights to peasants. They had one year to make their land productive, otherwise the state would take it over.
In the 1990s, evictions sparked rioting. One of the most serious riots took place in Mashhad at the end of May 1992, when the attempted demolition of the Kouy-e Tollab settlement led to severe disorder in which over 300 people were arrested. Six police officers died and four rioters were later hanged. There were also clashes in 2001.
# ORF

ORF or Orf may refer to:
* Norfolk International Airport, IATA airport code ORF
* Observer Research Foundation, an Indian research institute
* One Race Films, a film production company founded by Vin Diesel
* Open reading frame, a portion of the genome that has the potential to code for a protein
* Open Road Films, a joint venture of Regal Entertainment Group and AMC Theatres
* Operation River Falcon, a military operation in the Iraq War
* Operation Royal Flush, a military deception employed by the Allied Nations during the Second World War
* ORF (broadcaster), Austrian public service broadcaster
* Orf (disease), a cutaneous condition
* ORF format, Olympus raw image file format with extension .orf
* Orf, Iran, a village in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
# General Christie

General Christie may refer to:
* Gabriel Christie (British Army officer) (1722–1799), British Army general
* Johan Koren Christie (air force officer) (1909–1995), Royal Norwegian Air Force major general
* Werner Hosewinckel Christie (air force officer) (1917–2004), Royal Norwegian Air Force major general
# Olga Panfyorova

Olga Panfyorova (born August 21, 1977) is a female race walker from Russia. She set the world's best year performance in the women's 10 km walk in 1998, clocking 42:01.00 in Izhevsk, Russia.

## International competitions

Representing  Russia :
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Result | Notes |
| 1995 | European Junior Championships | Nyíregyháza, Hungary | 2nd | 5000 m | 22:24.95 |
| 1996 | World Junior Championships | Sydney, Australia | 2nd | 5,000 m | 21:52.27 |
| 1997 | World Race Walking Cup | Poděbrady, Czech Republic | 15th | 10 km | 43:08 |
| 1997 | European U23 Championships | Turku, Finland | 1st | 10 km | 43:33 |
| 1997 | World Championships | Athens, Greece | — | 10 km | DQ | Lifting |
| 1998 | European Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 22nd | 10 km | 47:20 |
# Dypterygia caliginosa

Dypterygia caliginosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Russian Far East, the Korean Peninsula and Japan.
The wingspan ranges from 38 to 45 mm.
# Under Blazing Heavens

Under Blazing Skies or Under Blazing Heavens (German: Unter heißem Himmel) is a 1936 German adventure film directed by Gustav Ucicky and starring Hans Albers, Lotte Lang and Aribert Wäscher. It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in Berlin and on location on the Aegean Sea coast of Greece. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Robert Herlth and Walter Röhrig. It was produced and distributed by UFA, Germany's largest film company. The film was popular enough to be given a second release in West Germany in 1950.

## Cast

* Hans Albers as Capt. Kellersperg
* Lotte Lang as Rosa Ferugas
* Aribert Wäscher as Calfa
* Eberhard Leithoff as Ghazarian
* Alexander Engel as Theater director
* René Deltgen as Groppi
* Bruno Hübner as Dr. Negruzzi
* Hans Leibelt as Police Inspector
* Ida Turay as Frau Rießelschmidt
* Adolf Gondrell as Herr Rießelschmidt
* Jack Trevor as Mr. Hicks
* Ellen Frank as Fräulein Altamont
* Erna Fentsch as Vera von Biron
* Reinhold Bernt as 1. Offizier auf der Gorboduc
* Franz Nicklisch as 2. Offizier auf der Gorboduc
* Willi Schur as Sanitätsgehilfe
* Angelo Ferrari as Kommissar der Strompolizei
* Gustav Püttjer as Kolk, Matrose
* Alfred Beierle as Polizeikommissar
* S.O. Schoening as Vorsitzender des Polizeigerichts
* Josef Dahmen as Polizeiarzt
* Ernst Rotmund as Verehrer von Rosa
* Werner Scharf as 1. Offizier der Emmaos
* Walter Ladengast as Pferdepfleger
* Wilfried Seyferth as Pop, Matrose
* Hans Schultze as Bochmann
* Eva Genschow as Barbesucherin
* Michael von Newlinsky as Ober
# Invergordon Town Hall

Invergordon Town Hall is a municipal building in the High Street in Invergordon in the Highland area of Scotland. The structure, which is used as a community events venue, is a Category B listed building.

## History

Following significant population growth, largely associated with development of the harbour, the area became a police burgh in 1863. In this context, the new council established its burgh chambers on the south side of the High Street at No. 56 and met there for the first time on 24 August 1864. Within a few years, council leaders decided that they also needed a community events venue; the site they selected for the new town hall was on the north side of the High Street. The new town hall was designed by William Cumming Joass in the Italianate style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1871.
The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with three bays facing onto the High Street. The central bay, which was slightly projected forward, featured a round headed doorway with a fanlight, an architrave and a keystone flanked by pilasters supporting a segmental pediment; on the first floor, there was a prominent Venetian window which was surmounted by modillioned pediment with a carving depicting Neptune in the tympanum. The outer bays were fenestrated by round headed windows with architraves and keystones on the ground floor and by shell headed windows with architraves on the first floor. At roof level, there a modillioned cornice, a small parapet and three urns. The carving depicting Neptune was sculpted by D. and A. Davidson. Internally, the principal room was the main assembly hall.
The town hall was initially used for concerts and theatre performances but, in 1934, it was leased to the Invergordon Picture House Company and a programme of conversion works were carried out, to a design by Alexander Ross & Son, so that it could be used as a cinema. It was also used as a Bingo Hall from the late 1960s. In the late 1960s, it was also the venue for a packed public meeting at which the managing director of British Aluminium, Ronald Utiger, talked about the potential local impact of a proposed aluminium smelter. Following local government re-organisation in 1975, it passed into the ownership of Ross and Cromarty District Council; it closed as a cinema in 1984 and was converted for use as an arts centre in 1988. Following the creation of unitary authorities in 1996, it passed into the ownership of the Highland Council. In January 2019, the council announced that, in the context of the significant cost of future refurbishment work which it estimated would be at least £200,000, it would consult on the possible disposal of the building. The building was generating limited income from its use as a community events venue but it was inadequate to cover operating costs. Accordingly, although a community group was formed to consider options, the group was unable to develop a viable proposal and, in June 2021, council officers recommended disposal of the building.
# Telonaca

Telonaca is a genus of treehopper belonging to the tribe Telamonini in the subfamily Smiliinae. It has only two described species.
* Telonaca alta
* Telonaca ramona
# Springdale Farm

Springdale Farm(s) may refer to:
* Springdale Farm (Burnham, Maine), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Waldo County, Maine
* Springdale Farm (Mendenhall, Pennsylvania), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Southern Chester County, Pennsylvania
* Springdale Farms, a historic farmers market in Cherry Hill, New Jersey
# OAS Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression

The office of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression of the Organization of American States (OAS) was established by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in 1997 to monitor OAS member states' compliance with the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of freedom of expression.
The office analyses complaints of free expression violations received by the IACHR and advises the commission on cases, including requests for "precautionary measures" from OAS member states to protect journalists and others who face threats or the risk of irreparable harm.
In cases involving a serious violation of freedom of expression, the Special Rapporteur issues press releases about the information it has received, expresses its concern to the authorities, and makes recommendations for re-instating this right. In other cases, the special rapporteur directly contacts government authorities to obtain further information and/or to request that the government take measures to rectify the harm that has been inflicted.
The special rapporteur also makes recommendations to OAS member states to reform laws and regulations that violate free expression rights guaranteed under the convention.
The special rapporteur participates in education, training and other activities to promote the right to freedom of expression and support local journalists and human rights defenders, and conducts fact-finding missions to investigate reports of abuses in OAS member states.
Each year, the rapporteur issues an annual report detailing the state of press freedom and freedom of expression in each country in the Americas.
The OAS Rapporteur is one of the four International Mechanisms for Promoting Freedom of Expression, the others being the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. Each year, they issue a joint declaration calling attention to worldwide free expression concerns.

## Special rapporteurs

* Dr. Santiago A. Canton [es] (Argentina): 1998–2002
* Dr. Eduardo Bertoni (Argentina): 2002–2006
* Dr. Ignacio Álvarez (Venezuela): 2006–2008
* Dr. Catalina Botero (Colombia): 2008–2014
* Dr. Edison Lanza [es] (Uruguay): 2014–2020
* Dr. Pedro Vaca Villarreal [es] (Colombia): 2020–present
# Souma

Souma may refer to:
* Soumâa, Boumerdès, a village in Boumerdès Province, Algeria
* Soumâa, Blida, a town in Blida Province, Algeria
* Soma (drink), a Vedic ritual ambrosia drink
# Herpetopoma exasperatum

Herpetopoma exasperatum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chilodontaidae.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 5 mm and 10 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines, Eastern Thailand and Northern Java, Indonesia
# Oligella urethralis

Oligella urethralis is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonfermentative bacterium of the genus Oligella (first known under Moraxella urethralis) which can cause urosepsis.
# Dystrichothorax macrops

Dystrichothorax macrops is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Baehr in 2004.
# Unemployment in Russia

The employment rate of the Russian population has been quite high since the end of the Soviet era, when the birth rate fell and the number of women involved in the economy rose sharply. After the labor market crisis during the shock therapy of the 1990s, renewed economic growth and a decline in the economically active population of Russia in the 1990s increased employment and reduced the unemployment rate.
The number of unemployed in Russia is assessed by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) through surveys of the population using a special method. As of September 2016, the official statistical level of unemployment in Russia according to Rosstat amounted to 5.2% of the economically active population (labor force) or 4.0 million people, unchanged from September 2015.
The number of unemployed registered in the employment centers was 917,000 people as of 18 October 2015, 991,000 as of 22 June 2016. Such a low level of registered unemployment is explained by the fact that employment centers automatically remove from the register all unemployed people who have refused the job offered to them twice in a row. Also, most positions offered in employment centers pay minimum wage. The maximum period for payment of unemployment benefits is one year from the date of dismissal from the last job.
There is widespread shadow employment (more than 20% of the economically active population since 2014), which causes a mismatch between official and effective employment statistics. According to data cited by Nezavisimaya Gazeta, citing the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, Olga Golodets, in 2013 44% (38 million out of 86 million) Russian citizens of working age (16–54 years for women, 16–59 years for men) did not have official employment.
Another problem affecting employment in Russia is that some employers still practice gender and age discrimination. Women are actively employed in the economy, and in the 21st century there has been a reduction in discrimination on grounds of sex; for example, according to Grant Thornton International, by 2014 the number of women among company leaders in Russia was 43%, the highest rate in the world. The most widely practiced discrimination by employers is age discrimination, with wages for men declining after the age of 38, for women after 44.
# Invergowrie Bay

Invergowrie Bay is a tidal basin located near Invergowrie in eastern Scotland. Also in the bay are the Gowrie Burn and the Huntly Burn. There is a 1.25 mi (2.01 km) walk along the shoreline from Invergowrie railway station to Kingoodie.
# Telomerization (dimerization)

The telomerization is the linear dimerization of 1,3-dienes with simultaneous addition of a nucleophile in a catalytic reaction.

## Reaction

The reaction was independently discovered by E. J. Smutny at Shell and Takahashi at the Osaka University in the late sixties. The general reaction equation is as follows:
The formation of several isomers are possible. In addition to 1,3-butadiene also substituted dienes such as isoprene or cyclic dienes such as cyclopentadiene can be used. A variety of substances such as water, ammonia, alcohols, or C-H-acidic compounds can be used as nucleophiles. When water is used, for example di-unsaturated alcohols are obtained.
The catalysts used are mainly metal-organic palladium and nickel compounds. In 1991, Kuraray implemented the production of 1-octanol on an industrial scale (5000 t a(-1)).
The commercial route to produce 1-octene based on butadiene as developed by Dow Chemical came on stream in Tarragona in 2008. The telomerization of butadiene with methanol in the presence of a palladium catalyst yields 1-methoxy-2,7-octadiene, which is fully hydrogenated to 1-methoxyoctane in the next step. Subsequent cracking of 1-methoxyoctane gives 1-octene and methanol for recycle.

## Mechanism

While the reaction is catalyzed by Pd(0) complexes, the pre-catalyst can also be a Pd(II) compound that is reduced in situ. Once the Pd(0) catalyst is formed it can coordinate two butadienes which by oxidative coupling give the intermediate B. Even though the oxidative coupling is facile it is nonetheless reversible; the latter is illustrated by the fact that B is only stable at high butadiene concentration. Subsequent protonation of this intermediate by NuH at the 6-position of the η$^3$-,η$^1$-octadienyl ligand leads to intermediate C. Nw direct attack of the nucleophile can take place at either the 1- or 3-position of the η$^3$-octadienyl chain, which leads to the linear or branched product complexes D$_n$ and D$_{iso}$ respectively. Upon displacement by new 1,3-butadiene the product telomer is liberated while the catalyst is regenerated and can continue the cycle.
While from purely steric reasons nucleophilic attack at the less substituted side of the allyl is favored, the regioselectivity of nucleophilic attack can heavily depend on the exact nature of ligands positioned trans to the allyl group.

## Literature

* P. Fischer: process concepts for the transition-telomerization of isoprene with water or methanol. Shaker Verlag, 2002, 176 pages, ISBN 3-8322-0414-8, ISBN 978-3-8322-0414-3
* Arno Behr, Marc Becker, Thomas Beckmann, Leif Johnen, Julia Leschinski, Sebastian Reyer: Telomerization: Advances and Applications of a Versatile Reaction. In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48, 2009, p. 3598–3614, doi:10.1002/anie.200804599.
* M.J.-L. Tschan, E.J. Garcıa-Suarez, Z. Freixa, H. Launay, H. Hagen, J. Benet-Buchholz, P.W.N.M. van Leeuwen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6463-6473.
# Spensley

Spensley is a surname. Notable people by that name include:
* Calvert Spensley (1846–1924), member of the Wisconsin State Senate.
* Howard Spensley (1834-1902), Australian lawyer and British Liberal politician.
* James Richardson Spensley (1867–1915), English doctor, footballer, manager, Scout Leader and medic from Stoke Newington.
* Philip Calvert Spensley (1920–1994), British tropical scientist.
# OASIS International Hospital

OASIS International Hospital (Chinese: 北京明德医院; pinyin: Běijīng Míngdé Yīyuàn) is a full service private hospital in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. OASIS opened in February, 2012.

## Overview

OASIS International Hospital offers a full range of medical treatment, imaging, and laboratory work, designed to meet international standards of care. The hospital is located north of Beijing’s 798 Art District in a 15,000m² facility with 60 inpatient beds and 24/7 emergency care. Its staff are multilingual and its doctors are internationally trained. Languages spoken by doctors include: English, Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, German, Dutch, Korean, and Persian. The hospital has direct billing with most major international insurance providers.
# Soumaila

Soumaila is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Soumaïla Cissé (born 1949), Malian politician
* Soumaila Coulibaly (born 1978), Malian footballer
* Soumaila Diakite (born 1984), Malian footballer
* Soumaila Samake (born 1978), Malian basketball player
* Soumaila Tassembedo (born 1983), Burkinabé footballer
# Heustreu

Heustreu is a municipality in the district of Rhön-Grabfeld in Lower Franconia in Germany. It lies on the river Streu.
Heustreu is situated in the Main-Rhön region in the very north of Lower Franconia. The Rhön mountains are a low mountain range in the very north of Bavaria, Hesse and Thuringia. The most successful football club in Heustreu is the TSV 1894 Heustreu e.V., which plays in the Kreisklasse of the Rhön-Grabfeld district.

## History

Heustreu was first mentioned in 1057 when a Polish princess gave the village as a present to the diocese of Würzburg. The document in which this donation was certified is seen as the founding date of the village, although there might have been settlements on the soil at earlier times. The strategic importance of the village, which is situated on the confluence of the river "Streu" and "Saale", has been important since ancient times. Heustreu is located on the old salt street and the nearby mountain "Altenberg" (Old Mountain) is a vantage point because the valley of "Streu" and "Saale" can be overlooked from there.

## TSV 1894 Heustreu e.V.

The local football (soccer) team of Heustreu is the TSV 1894. The team promoted in 2007 to the Kreisklasse Rhön-Grabfeld 3, in which the team is now playing and still hoping not to relegate again. Coach of the team is Ali Louzri, who has already coached the team for the last 3 years. President of the club is Klaus Eisenmann.

## Economy, agriculture and forestry

According to official statistics of 1998, 258 people are employed in manufacturing. The total workforce of the village is 1031. Most of them work in the nearby city of Bad Neustadt, in which Siemens, Preh and the Rhön Klinikum AG are the biggest employers. There are eight construction businesses and 76 agricultural businesses.
# Trachylepis chimbana

Chimba skink or Chimban mabuya (Trachylepis chimbana) is a species of skink found in Namibia and Angola.
# ERG11

ERG11 or Sterol 14-demethylase is a fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme originally from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, belongs to family CYP51, with the CYP Symbol CYP51F1. ERG11 catalyzes the C14-demethylation of lanosterol to 4,4'-dimethyl cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3-beta-ol which is the first step of biosynthesis of the zymosterol, zymosterol will be further converted into Ergosterol.