OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vector radiative transfer

In spectroscopy and radiometry, vector radiative transfer (VRT) is a method of modelling the propagation of polarized electromagnetic radiation in low density media. In contrast to scalar radiative transfer (RT), which models only the first Stokes component, the intensity, VRT models all four components through vector methods.
For a single frequency, $\nu$, the VRT equation for a scattering media can be written as follows:
    ${\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {I}}({\hat {n}},\nu )}{\mathrm {d} s}}=-\mathbf {K} {\vec {I}}+{\vec {a}}B(\nu ,T)+\int _{4\pi }\mathbf {Z} ({\hat {n}},{\hat {n}}^{\prime },\nu ){\vec {I}}\mathrm {d} {\hat {n}}^{\prime }$
where s is the path, ${\hat {n}}$ is the propagation vector, K is the extinction matrix, ${\vec {a}}$ is the absorption vector, B is the Planck function and Z is the scattering phase matrix.
All the coefficient matrices, K, ${\vec {a}}$ and Z, will vary depending on the density of absorbers/scatterers present and must be calculated from their density-independent quantities, that is the attenuation coefficient vector, ${\vec {a}}$, is calculated from the mass absorption coefficient vector times the density of the absorber. Moreover, it is typical for media to have multiple species causing extinction, absorption and scattering, thus these coefficient matrices must be summed up over all the different species.
Extinction is caused both by simple absorption as well as from scattering out of the line-of-sight, ${\hat {n}}$, therefore we calculate the extinction matrix from the combination of the absorption vector and the scattering phase matrix:
    $\mathbf {K} ({\hat {n}},\nu )={\vec {a}}(\nu )\mathbf {I} +\int _{4\pi }\mathbf {Z} ({\hat {n}}^{\prime },{\hat {n}},\nu )\mathrm {d} {\hat {n}}^{\prime }$
where I is the identity matrix.
The four-component radiation vector, ${\vec {I}}=(I,Q,U,V)$ where I, Q, U and V are the first through fourth elements of the Stokes parameters, respectively, fully describes the polarization state of the electromagnetic radiation. It is this vector-nature that considerably complicates the equation.
Absorption will be different for each of the four components, moreover, whenever the radiation is scattered, there can be a complex transfer between the different Stokes components—see polarization mixing—thus the scattering phase function has 4*4=16 components. It is, in fact, a rank-two tensor.
# Tracheole

Tracheole (trā'kē-ōl') is a fine respiratory tube of the trachea of an insect or a spider, part of the respiratory system.
Tracheoles are about 1 μm in diameter, and they convey oxygen to cells while providing a means for carbon dioxide to escape.
Tracheoles branch from the larger tracheae (which can be several mm in diameter) much like capillaries branch from arteries, or twigs from branches of a tree. This increases the surface area for gas exchange in the insect. Areas of intense metabolic activity, such as the digestive tract and flight muscles, have very dense aggregations of tracheoles.
Though usually closely associated with cells, tracheoles physically penetrate only the flight muscle cells which have the highest oxygen demands.
Unlike the larger tracheae which are derived of ectodermal stem cells, tracheoles do not molt with the insect. Instead, they remain in place and fuse themselves to new tracheae at each molt by a cement they produce.
# The Chieftains Live!

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Chieftains Live! is the first album by the Chieftains which was recorded live. It was recorded on tour in December 1976 at Symphony Hall in Boston and Massey Hall in Toronto.
Although the album sold well, it is Paddy Moloney's least favorite album. Moloney was quoted as saying, "I don't know what they did to it technically, but I know it plays too fast!"

## Track listing

* "The Morning Dew" - 3:32
* "George Brabazon" - 2:56
* "Kerry Slides" - 3:52
* "Carrickfergus" - 3:49
* "Carolan's Concerto" - 3:09
* "The Foxhunt" - 4:42
* "Round the House and Mind the Dresser" - 2:54
* "Solos: Caitlin Trail / For The Sakes Of Old Decency / Carolan's Farewell To Music / Banish Misfortune / The Tarbolton / The Pinch Of Snuff / The Star Of Munster / The Flogging Reel" - 13:51
* "Limerick's Lamentation" - 3:54
* "O'Neill's March" - 3:37
* "Ril Mhor" - 3:23

## Personnel

* Paddy Moloney - uilleann pipes, tin whistle
* Seán Potts - tin whistle, bodhrán, bones
* Seán Keane - fiddle, tin whistle
* Martin Fay - fiddle, bones
* Michael Tubridy - flute, concertina and tin whistle
* Derek Bell - neo-Irish harp, medieval harps, tiompán, oboe
* Kevin Conneff - bodhrán
# Irish Postal Union

The Irish Postal Union (IPU) was a trade union representing clerks, telegraphists and telephonists working in the Post Office in Ireland.
The union was founded in 1900 as the Dual Workers' Association, and in 1904 it was renamed as the Association of Irish Post Office Clerks. That year, it was recognised for negotiating purposes by the Postmaster General, but the union's journal was consistently critical of Post Office policies and, as a result, recognition was withdrawn in 1909. Following an agreement to stop publishing critical articles, recognition was reinstated.
By the 1910s, the union was the only body representing sorting clerks, telegraphists and telephonists in the Post Office in Ireland. Unlike most other unions in the service, it did not merge into the Union of Post Office Workers (UPW) on its formation. Once Northern Ireland was created, the IPU's members in the state were transferred to the UPW.
In 1920, the union renamed itself as the "Irish Postal Union". In 1923, it merged with the Irish Post Office Engineering Union and the Irish Postal Workers' Union, forming the Post Office Workers' Union.
# Honourable Merchant

Honourable Merchant (German Ehrbarer Kaufmann) describes the historically grown model for responsible participants in business life in Europe. It stands for a pronounced sense of responsibility for one's own company, for society and for the environment. An honorable businessman bases his conduct on virtues which aim at long-term economic success without opposing the interests of society. He operates sustainably.

## Theory

The Honourable Businessman stands as a model for the optimally acting economic subject.
In literature there are many synonyms for the attribute honorable. To be named are the true, good, genuine, honorable, honest, moral, ideal, ethical or moral acting and even the royal merchant. The term honor is not an absolute term. It is strongly subject to historical change. An exact definition is therefore not possible. The honorable merchant must always be seen in the context of his time. Nevertheless, there is a basic framework that has determined the behaviour of honorable merchants since the Middle Ages.

## History

Since the 12th century, the model of the Honourable Merchant has demonstrably been taught in European merchant manuals. His European beginnings can be found in medieval Italy and the North German League of Hanseatic Cities. The model of the honourable merchant came to Italy in 1494 and is attributed to Luca Pacioli: "There is nothing higher than the word of the good merchant, and so they affirm their oaths by saying: In the honour of the true merchant".

## Criticism

The public criticism of the model of the Honourable Merchant refers to the assumed remoteness from reality of the model. By citing negative examples of entrepreneurs and managers, it attempts to show that respectable behaviour is of no significance in reality. Furthermore, a romanticization of the historical concept of merchant is deplored, also with reference to negative examples.

## Literature

* Horst Albach: Zurück zum ehrbaren Kaufmann. Zur Ökonomie der Habgier. In: WZB-Mitteilungen, 100, Berlin June 2003, German, ISSN 0174-3120, p. 37–40.
* Oswald Bauer: Der ehrbare Kaufmann und sein Ansehen. Dresden 1906, German. Steinkopf & Springer.
* Beschorner, Thomas; Hajduk, Thomas: Der ehrbare Kaufmann – Unternehmensverantwortung „light“?. In: CSR MAGAZIN (2011), German, Nr. 3, p. 6–8.
* Dagmar Burkhart: Eine Geschichte der Ehre. Darmstadt 2006, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, German, ISBN 3-534-18304-5.
* Josef Wieland: Wozu Wertemanagement? Ein Leitfaden für die Praxis. In: Josef Wieland (Hrsg.): Handbuch Werte Management. Murmann, Hamburg 2004, German, ISBN 3938017066, p. 13–54.
* Wegmann/Zeibig/Zilkens: Der ehrbare Kaufmann, Leistungsfaktor Vertrauen – Kostenfaktor Misstrauen, ISBN 978-3-86556-233-3, German, Cologne, 2009.
# Serra-di-Scopamène

Serra-di-Scopamène is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica. It takes its name from the Scopamène river, which flows through the commune.
# Justin Simmons (baseball)

Justin Simmons (born October 5, 1981) is an American former college and minor league baseball player.

## College career

Justin Simmons was a pitcher for the University of Texas from 2001-2004. As a freshman in 2001, Simmons went 7-3 with a 3.39 ERA, earning Big 12 Conference Freshman Pitcher of the Year honors.
Simmons had his best college season in 2002, going 16-1 with a 2.53 ERA, earning Big 12 Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year honors and First-Team All-American honors. Simmons helped Texas to the 2002 College World Series, helping the Longhorns to their fifth College World Series championship. In the College World Series, Simmons went 2-0, allowing just 4 runs in 14 innings, and earning the win in the championship game against the South Carolina Gamecocks.
Though he failed to match the personal accomplishments of his sophomore season, Simmons helped the Longhorns return to the College World Series in 2003 and 2004. In 2003, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Hyannis Mets of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

## Professional career

Simmons was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 47th round of the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft but elected to return to Texas. Simmons was then drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft.
Simmons would spend his entire professional career in the Dodgers organization, spending time with the GCL Dodgers, Vero Beach Dodgers, Jacksonville Suns, and Las Vegas 51s until his retirement after the 2006 season.
# List of Vostok and Voskhod missions

Vostok and Voskhod were two spacecraft flown by the Soviet Union. Between 1960 and 1966, Vostok and Voskhod performed 11 successful, 2 partially successful and 3 unsuccessful missions. There are allegations that the Soviets had sent more Vostok missions than what Russian officials said, which are excluded from this list.

## Vostok missions

| Mission | Spacecraft | Launch | Landing | Crew | Outcome | Notes |
| Korabl-Sputnik 1 | 1P | 15 May 1960 | 5 September 1962 | — | Partial failure | |
| Unnamed | 1K-1 | 28 July 1960 | — | — | Failure | |
| Korabl-Sputnik 2 | 1K-2 | 19 August 1960 | 20 August 1960 | — | Success | |
| Korabl-Sputnik 3 | 1K-3 | 1 December 1960 | 2 December 1960 | — | Partial failure | |
| Unnamed | 1K-4 | 22 December 1960 | — | — | Failure | |
| Korabl-Sputnik 4 | 3KA-1 | 9 March 1961 | 9 March 1961 | — | Success | |
| Korabl-Sputnik 5 | 3KA-2 | 25 March 1961 | 25 March 1961 | — | Success | |
| Vostok 1 | 3KA-3 | 12 April 1961 | 12 April 1961 | Yuri Gagarin | Success | First man in space. |
| Vostok 2 | 3KA-4 | 6 August 1961 | 7 August 1961 | Gherman Titov | Success | First crewed mission lasting a full day. |
| Vostok 3 | 3KA-5 | 11 August 1962 | 15 August 1962 | Andriyan Nikolayev | Success | First simultaneous flight of two crewed spacecraft. |
| Vostok 4 | 3KA-6 | 12 August 1962 | 15 August 1962 | Pavel Popovich | Success | First simultaneous flight of two crewed spacecraft. |
| Vostok 5 | 3KA-7 | 14 June 1963 | 19 June 1963 | Valery Bykovsky | Success | Longest solo orbital flight. |
| Vostok 6 | 3KA-8 | 16 June 1963 | 19 June 1963 | Valentina Tereshkova | Success | First woman in space. |

## Voskhod missions

| Mission | Spacecraft | Launch | Landing | Crew | Outcome | Notes |
| Kosmos 47 | 3KV-2 | 6 October 1964 | 7 October 1964 | — | Success | |
| Voskhod 1 | 3KV-3 | 12 October 1964 | 13 October 1964 | Vladimir Komarov Konstantin Feoktistov Boris Yegorov | Success | First multiman spacecraft. |
| Kosmos 57 | 3KD-1 | 22 February 1965 | 6 April 1965 | — | Failure | |
| Voskhod 2 | 3KD-4 | 18 March 1965 | 19 March 1965 | Pavel Belyayev Alexey Leonov | Success | First spacewalk. |
| Kosmos 110 | 3KV-5 | 22 February 1966 | 16 March 1966 | — | Success | |
# Pauline van de Ven

Pauline van de Ven (born 2 January 1956) is a Dutch writer and visual artist. She made her debut with Uitgeverij Balans in 1997 with the social satire Drijvend Paviljoen and wrote six novels and a number of illustrated stories. In 2014 she received the Halewijn Prize [nl; de] for her entire oeuvre. Her digital painting has been awarded several times.

## Biography

Pauline van de Ven was born and grew up in Houthem, a rural village in South Limburg. Her father was mayor of Bunde and Geulle, and her mother was a lawyer. The family with three children lived in Rustenburg in an environment of farmers and fruit growers near the river Geul, but fell apart during the illness and early death of the mother in 1963. Van de Ven was cared for by a farming and mining family in the village and the manufacturing family of her grandparents. Under the father's second marriage, the family was reunited. After high school, she sold magazines and movie tickets, priced books, filled cement bags, guided tourists and filled out policy numbers. Journalism was a long-cherished wish. She then worked on the economic editorial boards of Trouw, NRC, Intermediair and other media and graduated in 1995 in environmental economics from the University of Amsterdam. In 1997 she made her debut at Uitgeverij Balans with the social satire Drijvend Paviljoen. In 2000 she wound up her work as a journalist to devote herself fully to writing and painting.
After she left publishing house De Geus, she founded the Auteursdomein in 2005, together with Eisjen Schaaf, a non-profit publisher and advocate for authors.

## Selected bibliography

* 1985 – Failliet op krediet, with Pieter Lakeman (non-fiction, Balans)
* 1986 – Stop-loss! (non-fiction, Balans)
* 1997 – Drijvend paviljoen (novel, Balans)
* 2000 – Vrouw in het vogelhuis (documentary novella, Archipel/De Arbeiderspers)
* 2001 – Ziel van Putter (story, Ad.Donker)
* 2003 – Het verhaal van de bamboesnijder, (adaptation of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, novel, De Geus)
* 2006 – De man met de hoed (novel, Ad.Donker)
* 2014 – Lily Dumont (novel, Auteursdomein)
* 2018 – Grachtenhuis (novel, Auteursdomein)
* 2019 – Digital Painting (non-fiction, Auteursdomein)
* 2021 – Dagboek 1999-2001 (Auteursdomein)
# Gardner Soule

Gardner Soule (December 16, 1913 – October 26, 2000) was an American writer known for his books on cryptozoology and marine life.

## Biography

Soule contributed articles to Boys' Life and Popular Science. Many of his books were aimed for younger readers.
His books on ancient mariners and oceanographic discoveries received positive reviews. However, the factual content of his works on cryptozoology was disputed. Critics described his work on alleged cryptids like the Flathead Lake Monster as entertaining, not scientific. Other reviews were more positive, describing his research on marine creatures such as the giant squid, megamouth shark and sea wasp as informative.
Soule who had spent his early life in Texas authored The Long Trail which described the history of cowboys and cattle trails. Historian Ralph Bieber wrote that the book was "disorganized, full errors, and generally unreliable." Orlan Sawey a President of the Texas Folklore Society wrote that a "major defect of the book is its historical inaccuracy."

## Publications

* The Maybe Monsters (1963)
* Gemini and Apollo: The Next Two Projects in Space: A Preview (1964)
* The Mystery Monsters (1965)
* Sea Rescue (1966)
* The Ocean Adventure: Science Explores the Depths of the Sea (1966)
* Trail of the Abominable Snowman (1966)
* UFOs and IFOS: A Factual Report on Flying Saucers (1967)
* Undersea Frontiers: Exploring by Deep-Diving Submarines (1968)
* Under the Sea: A Treasury of Great Writing about the Ocean Depths (1968)
* Strange Things Animals Do: How Scientists Probe Their Secrets (1970)
* The Greatest Depths: Probing the Sea to 20, 000 Feet and Below (1970)
* Wide Ocean: Discoveries at Sea (1970)
* Surprising Facts About Our World and Beyond (1971)
* New Discoveries in Oceanography (1974)
* Remarkable Creatures of the Seas (1975)
* Men Who Dared the Sea: The Ocean Adventures of the Ancient Mariners (1976)
* The Long Trail: How Cowboys & Longhorns Opened the West (1976)
* Mystery Monsters of the Deep (1981)
* Mystery Creatures of the Jungle (1982)
* Antarctica (1985)
* Christopher Columbus: On the Green Sea of Darkness (1990)
# Jairamnagar

Jairamnagar is a town and a railway station also named after that town. It is about 4.9 kilometers (3 miles) from Masturi and about 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. The station code is JRMG.

## History

On 1 September 1939, the Bengal Nagpur Railway re-named it after Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan, a notable Kutchi railway contractor. Jairamnagar is the only railway station in India named after a businessman. The town was known as Paragaht before its 1939 renaming. Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan was once the sole proprietor of the Jairamnagar village; he owned mining sites of dolomite, manganese, and limestone.

## Demographics and economy

Jairamnagar has a large pond, previously a limestone quarry, that belonged to Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chauhan. The pond's water is used by locals for daily needs such as cooking, washing, and bathing. A Shivalinga, built in 1922 by Jairam Valji Chauhan.
# Promise of Power

Promise of Power may stand for:
* Rifts: Promise of Power game
* A sorcery card from Magic: The Gathering
# Solanum (disambiguation)

Solanum may refer to

## Biology

* Solanum, a genus of flowering plants.
* Solanum virus 1, commonly called potato virus X
* Solanum virus 2, commonly called potato virus Y

## Other uses

* Solanum, a fictional virus referred to in The Zombie Survival Guide by Max Brooks
# Human Communication Research

Human Communication Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering empirical work in any area of human communication and human symbolic processes. It was established in 1974 and the current editor-in-chief is Yariv Tsfati (University of Hafai) and Steven R. Wilson (University of South Florida). It is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Communication Association. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.0 ranking it 13th out of 96 journals in the category "Communication".

## Editors

The following persons have been previous editors-in-chief:
* 2017-2020: Eun-Ju Lee (Seoul National University)
* 2013−2017: John Courtright (University of Delaware)
* 2010−2012: James E. Katz (Rutgers University)
* 2007−2009: Jake Harwood (University of Arizona)
* 2004−2006: James Price Dillard (Pennsylvania State University)
* 2001−2003: John O. Greene (Purdue University)
* 1998−2000: Edward L. Fink (University of Maryland, College Park)
* 1995−1997: Cindy Gallois (University of Queensland)
* 1992−1994: Howard Giles (University of California, Santa Barbara)
* 1989−1991: James Bradac (University of California, Santa Barbara)
* 1987−1988: Joseph N. Cappella (University of Pennsylvania)
* 1984−1986: Charles R. Berger (University of California, Davis)
* 1980−1983: Mark L. Knapp (University of Texas at Austin)
* 1977−1979: James C. McCroskey (University of Alabama at Birmingham)
* 1974−1976: Gerald R. Miller (Michigan State University)
# Harpeth River State Park

Harpeth River State Park is a state park in Cheatham and Davidson counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The park is a linear park that was created to connect several state historic, natural, and archaeological sites along the lower Harpeth River. The park includes an incised meander in the river known as the Narrows of the Harpeth and its associated national historic landmark, the Montgomery Bell Tunnel. The park also includes the Mound Bottom and Mace Bluff archaeological sites, the Newsom's Mill Historic Site, the Gossett Tract State Natural Area, and a section of land at Hidden Lakes.
The Montgomery Bell Tunnel is a man-made water feature in Cheatham County, Tennessee, which directs water through a tunnel at a narrow portion of an oxbow on the Harpeth River. Created in 1818 by Montgomery Bell, the 290-foot (88 m) long tunnel (state park signs at the tunnel give its length as 200 feet) was devised to power an iron-manufacturing operation known as Pattison Forge. The area is now protected as being a Tennessee state park, as well as a National Historic Landmark.
# Hitchcock (disambiguation)

Alfred Hitchcock (1899–1980) was an English film director.
Hitchcock may also refer to:

## People

* Hitchcock (surname)

## Places

* Hitchcock, Indiana, United States
* Hitchcock, South Dakota, United States
* Hitchcock, Texas, United States
* Hitchcock, Oklahoma, United States
* Hitchcock County, Nebraska, United States
* Lake Hitchcock, a former glacially-formed lake of New England
* Snell-Hitchcock Halls, two connected residence halls at the University of Chicago

## Other uses

* Hitchcock (film), a 2012 film about filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock
* Michael Hitchcock (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), fictional character in the sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine
* Hitchcock (automobile), an American car manufactured in 1909
# The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Venezuela

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Venezuela refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Venezuela. The first small branch was established in 1966. Since then, the LDS Church in Venezuela has grown to more than 175,000 members in 235 congregations.

## History

The first congregation was organized in November 1966, by Marion G. Romney.
On March 17, 2014, the LDS Church announced it would be removing the 152 missionaries in Venezuela and sending them to other missions in South America, the church announced Monday, due to political unrest. In February and March, riot police have clashed with anti-government demonstrators, with more than two dozen people killed.

## Missions

| Mission | Organized |
| Venezuela Barcelona | 1 Jul 1994 |
| Venezuela Caracas | 1 Jul 1971 |
| Venezuela Maracaibo | 1 Jul 1979 |
| Venezuela Valencia | 1 Jul 1991 |

## Temples

| 96. Caracas Venezuela Temple Official website News & images | 96. Caracas Venezuela Temple Official website News & images | |
| Location: Announced: Groundbreaking: Dedicated: Size: Style: | Caracas, Venezuela 30 September 1995 by Gordon B. Hinckley 10 January 1999 by Francisco J. Viñas 20 August 2000 by Gordon B. Hinckley 15,332 sq ft (1,424.4 m$^2$) on a 0.5-acre (0.20 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Taller de Arquitectura and Church A&E Services | Caracas, Venezuela 30 September 1995 by Gordon B. Hinckley 10 January 1999 by Francisco J. Viñas 20 August 2000 by Gordon B. Hinckley 15,332 sq ft (1,424.4 m$^2$) on a 0.5-acre (0.20 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Taller de Arquitectura and Church A&E Services |
| 350. Maracaibo Venezuela Temple (Announced) Official website News & images | 350. Maracaibo Venezuela Temple (Announced) Official website News & images | |
| Location: Announced: | Maracaibo, Venezuela 7 April 2024 by Russell M. Nelson | Maracaibo, Venezuela 7 April 2024 by Russell M. Nelson |