# Pavel Haas

Pavel Haas (21 June 1899 – 17 October 1944) was a Czech composer who was murdered during the Holocaust. He was an exponent of Leoš Janáček's school of composition, and also utilized elements of folk music and jazz. Although his output was not large, he is notable particularly for his song cycles and string quartets.

## Pre-war

Haas was born in Brno, into a Moravian-Jewish family. His father, Zikmund, a shoemaker by trade, was from the Moravian region, while his mother, Olga (née Epstein), was born in Odesa. His brother, Hugo Haas (1901–1968), was a popular actor in interwar Czechoslovakia. After studying piano privately, Haas began his more formal musical education at the age of 14 and studied composition at the Brno Conservatory from 1919 to 1921 under Jan Kunc and Vilém Petrželka. This was followed by two years of study in the master class of the noted Czech composer Leoš Janáček. Janáček was by far Haas's most influential teacher, and Haas, in turn, proved to be Janáček's best student. In 1935, he married Soňa Jakobson, the former wife of Russian linguist Roman Jakobson.
Of the more than 50 works Haas wrote during the rest of his life, only 18 were given opus numbers by the self-critical composer. While still working in his father's business, he wrote musical works of all kinds, including symphonic and choral works, lieder, chamber music, and scores for cinema and theatre. His opera, Šarlatán (The Charlatan), was first performed in Brno to sincere acclaim in April 1938. He received the Smetana Foundation award for the opera (sharing the award with Vítězslava Kaprálová who received it for her Military Sinfonietta).

## The war

In 1941, Haas was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp (Terezín). He was one of several Moravian-Jewish composers there, including Viktor Ullmann, Gideon Klein and Hans Krása. Prior to his arrest, he had officially divorced his wife Soňa in order that she and their young daughter, Olga, would not suffer a similar fate. In 1938, in desperation, he wrote to relatives of his wife in New Jersey, and also to Frank Rybka in New York, who was a former student of Janáček. An attempt was launched by these Americans to help Haas secure passage, but this came too late to help. On his arrival at Theresienstadt, he became very depressed and had to be coaxed into composition by Gideon Klein. Haas wrote at least eight compositions in the camp, only a few of which have survived. They include a set of Four Songs on Chinese Poetry for baritone and piano, a work for men's choir titled "Al s'fod" (his first and only work in Hebrew), and the Study for String Orchestra which was premiered in Theresienstadt under the Czech conductor Karel Ančerl and is probably Haas's best-known work today. The orchestral parts were found by Ančerl after the liberation of Theresienstadt and the score was reconstructed.
In 1944 the Nazis remodeled Theresienstadt just before a visit from the Red Cross, and a propaganda film, Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt (The Führer Gives the Jews a City), was made by director Kurt Gerron, under the coercion of the camp commandant, Karl Rahm. In the film, Theresienstadt, children are seen singing Hans Krása's opera, Brundibár, and Haas can be seen taking a bow after a performance, conducted by Karel Ančerl, of his Study for Strings. When the propaganda project was over, the Nazis transferred 18,000 prisoners, including Haas and the children who had sung in Brundibár, to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were murdered in the gas chambers. According to the testimony of Karel Ančerl, Haas stood next to him after their arrival at Auschwitz. Doctor Mengele was about to send Ančerl to the gas chamber first, but the weakened Haas began to cough, so the death sentence was chosen for him instead. After the war Ančerl met with Haas's brother Hugo and told him the story.

## Post-war

Haas's large-scale symphony, which he began prior to his deportation to Theresienstadt, remained unfinished, but the extant material was orchestrated by Zdeněk Zouhar in 1994. Haas's music, stemming from Bohemian and Moravian roots, is sometimes tinted by Hebrew melody. Haas has been described as "a reserved but eloquent student of Janáček" by Alex Ross in his history of classical music in the 20th century, The Rest is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century.

## Works

Principal publishers: Boosey & Hawkes, Bote & Bock, Sádlo, Tempo
| Genre | Opus | Date composed | Czech title | English title | Scoring | Notes |
| Vocal | 1 | 1918–1919 | Šest písní v lidovém tónu | 6 Songs in Folk Tone | for soprano and piano | orchestrated 1938 |
| Vocal | 2 | 1919–1920 | Tři písně | 3 Songs | for soprano and piano | words by Josef Svatopluk Machar |
| Chamber music | 3 | 1920 | Smyčcový kvartet č. 1 | String Quartet No. 1 in C♯ minor | for 2 violins, viola and cello | |
| Vocal | 4 | 1919 | Čínské písně | Chinese Songs | for medium voice and piano | words by Kao Shi, Tsui Hao, Thu Fu |
| Orchestral | 5 | 1921 | Zesmutnělé scherzo | Scherzo triste | for orchestra | |
| Vocal | 6 | 1923 | "Fata morgana" Klavírní kvintet se sólovým zpěvákem tenorového hlasu | Fata morgana | for tenor, 2 violins, viola, cello and piano | words by Rabindranath Tagore |
| Chamber music | 7 | 1925 | Smyčcový kvartet č. 2 "Z opičích hor" | String Quartet No. 2 From the Monkey Mountains | for 2 violins, viola, cello and percussion 'ad libitum' | |
| Vocal | 8 | 1927 | Vyvolená | The Chosen One | for tenor, flute, horn, violin and piano | poems by Jiří Wolker |
| Choral | 9 | 1928–1929 | Karneval | Carnival | for male chorus | words by Dalibor Chalupa |
| Chamber music | 10 | 1929 | Dechový kvintet | Wind Quintet | for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn and bassoon | |
| Orchestral | 11 | 1931 | Předehra pro rozhlas | Overture for Radio | for small orchestra and male voices | words by Hugo Haas |
| Choral | 12 | 1932 | Žalm 29 | Psalm XXIX | for baritone, female chorus and chamber orchestra with organ | |
| Film score | – | 1933 | Život je pes | Life Is a Dog | for orchestra | music for the film |
| Film score | – | 1934 | Mazlíček | The Little Pet | for orchestra | music for the film |
| Piano | 13 | 1935 | Suita pro klavír | Suite | for piano | |
| Opera | 14 | 1936 | Šarlatán | The Charlatan | for soloists, chorus and orchestra | opera in 3 acts; libretto by the composer |
| Film score | – | 1937 | Kvočna | Mother-Hen | for orchestra | music for the film |
| Piano | – | 1937 | Allegro moderato | Allegro moderato | for piano | |
| Chamber music | 15 | 1937–1938 | Smyčcový kvartet č. 3 | String Quartet No. 3 | for 2 violins, viola and cello | |
| Choral | 16 | 1938 | Od večera do rána muzika nám vyhrává... | From Evening Until Morning Music Plays For Us... | for soloists, chorus and orchestra | Medley of songs from the Moravian Slovakia region |
| Chamber music | 17 | 1939 | Suita pro hoboj a klavír | Suite | for oboe and piano | |
| Vocal | 18 | 1940 | Sedm písní v lidovém tónu | 7 Songs in Folk Style | for high voice and piano | words by František Čelakovský |
| Orchestral | – | 1940–1941 | Symfonie | Symphony | for orchestra | unfinished; orchestration completed by Zdeněk Zouhar |
| Choral | – | 1942 | Al s'fod | Do Not Lament | for male chorus | words by David Shimoni |
| Orchestral | – | 1943 | Studie pro smyčcový orchestr | Study | for string orchestra | |
| Vocal | – | 1944 | Čtyři písně na slova čínské poezie Zaslech jsem divoké husyV bambusovém hájiDaleko měsíc je domovaProbděná noc | 4 Songs on Chinese Poetry I Heard the Wild GeeseIn the Bamboo GroveThe Moon Is Far from HomeA Sleepless Night | for bass (or baritone) and piano | poems by Wei Jing-wu, Wang-wei, Tchang Tiou-ling, Han I |
| Vocal | – | | | The Advent | for mezzo-soprano, tenor and quintet | |
| | – | | | Fantasy on a Jewish Melody | | |
| Piano | – | | | Partita in Olden Style | for piano | lost |
| Vocal | – | | | Terezín Songs | | |
| Vocal | – | | Tři skladby | 3 Pieces | for mezzo-soprano, tenor, flute, clarinet, 2 violins, viola and cello | lost |
| Concertante | – | | Variace pro klavír a smyčcový orchestr | Variations | for piano and string orchestra | |

## Recordings

* Šarlatán (complete opera) – Prague Philharmonic Choir, Prague State Opera Orchestra, Israel Yinon (conductor); Decca Record Company 460 042-2 (1998)
* Pavel Haas: Orchestral Music – Staatsphilharmonie Brünn, Israel Yinon (conductor); Koch Schwann (1996)
       Scherzo triste, Op. 5
       Charlatan (opera suite), Op. 14
       Symphonie (unfinished; orchestration Zdeněk Zouhar [cs])
* Janáček/Haas/Szymanowski: String Quartets Arranged for String Orchestra – Australian Chamber Orchestra, Richard Tognetti (conductor); Chandos CD 10016
       String Quartet No. 2 "Z opičích hor", Op. 7
* Pavel Haas: String Quartets 1-3 (Czech Degenerate Music, Volume 2) – Kocian Quartet; Praga Productions 250 118 (1998)
* Haas and Janáček String Quartets – Pavel Haas Quartet, Supraphon SU 3922-2
       String Quartet No. 1 in C-sharp minor, Op. 3
       String Quartet No. 3, Op. 15
* Haas/Korngold/Haydn string quartets: String quartet No. 2. Adamas Quartett; Gramola 2013.
* Pavel Haas: Bläserquintett, Suiten Op. 13 • Op. 17, Vyvolená – Jörg Dürmüller (tenor), Dennis Russell Davies (piano), Stuttgarter Bläserquintet; Orfeo International Music C 386 961 A (1996)
       Wind Quintet, Op. 10
       Suite for Piano, Op. 13
       Suite for Oboe and Piano, Op. 17
       Vyvolená, Op. 8
* Chamber Music of Pavel Haas – Ensemble Villa Musica; MD&G 304 1524-2
       Wind Quintet, Op. 10
       Suite for Oboe and Piano, Op. 17
       String Quartet No. 3, Op. 15
* Risonanza – Vilém Veverka (oboe), Ivo Kahánek (piano); Supraphon SU 3993-2
       Suite for Oboe and Piano
* Music from Theresienstadt – Wolfgang Holzmair (baritone), Russell Ryan (piano); Bridge Records 9280
       4 Songs after Words of Chinese Poetry
* 4 Songs on Chinese Poetry, sung by Christian Gerhaher, appear on a CD Terezín/Theresienstadt initiated by Anne Sofie von Otter, Deutsche Grammophon, 2007.
* KZ Musik: Encyclopedia of Music Composed in Concentration Camps, Volume 4 – Petr Matsuszek (baritone), Francesco Lotoro (piano); KZ Music 231787
       Four Chinese Songs
The whole music written in Concentration Camps (including P. Haas's Study for Orchestra, 4 Chinese Songs and Al s'fod) are contained in the CD-Encyclopedia KZ MUSIK created by Francesco Lotoro (Musikstrasse Roma- Membran Hamburg), 2007
* The Bohemian Album - Dvořák, Haas, Schulhoff – Amsterdam Sinfonietta, Candida Thompson; Channel Classics 24409, 2009.
       String Quartet No. 2 "Z opičích hor", Op. 7

## Haas in literature

Haas is a central character in David Herter's First Republic trilogy, comprising the novels On the Overgrown Path, The Luminous Depths and One Who Disappeared.
Haas is mentioned in Simon Mawer's The Glass Room.