OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hugo Tetrode

Hugo Martin Tetrode (7 March 1895, in Amsterdam – 18 January 1931, in Amstelveen) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who contributed to statistical physics, early quantum theory and quantum mechanics.
In 1912, Tetrode developed the Sackur–Tetrode equation, a quantum mechanical expression of the entropy of an ideal gas. Otto Sackur derived this equation independently around the same time. The Sackur–Tetrode constant, S$_0$/R, is a fundamental physical constant representing the translational contribution to the entropy of an ideal gas at a temperature of 1 K and pressure of 100 kPa, where R is the gas constant.
From Amsterdam, Tetrode corresponded with Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz and Paul Ehrenfest on quantum mechanics and wrote several influential papers on quantum mechanics which were published in the German physics journal Zeitschrift für Physik. In particular, the Machian notion that elementary particles only act on other elementary particles and not themselves was a key idea in the formulation of the Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory.

## Life

Hugo Tetrode was a member of the rich, prominent Tetrode family. He was the oldest of the three children of Pieter Johan Conrad Tetrode, who served as director of De Nederlandsche Bank (the Dutch national bank) from 1919 to 1934. Tetrode was born in what was then Nieuwer-Amstel, at an address that is now part of Amsterdam; as a child he lived on two of Amsterdam's canals.
Tetrode left for Germany in 1911 to study mathematics, physics and chemistry at the University of Leipzig, but returned to Amsterdam a year later. In 1912, at the age of 17, he published his first research paper in the German physics journal Annalen der Physik. He published a total of six scientific papers, all on topics of statistical physics and quantum mechanics.
He led a withdrawn life; it is said that when Einstein and Ehrenfest tried to visit him in Amsterdam, Tetrode's maid sent them away: Meneer ontvangt geen gasten ("Sir is not receiving guests").
Tetrode died at the age of 35, unmarried, after contracting tuberculosis.

## Publications

* Die chemische Konstante der Gase und das elementare Wirkungsquantum, Annalen der Physik 38 (1912) 434-442, correctie Berichtigung zu meiner Arbeit: Die chemische Konstante der Gase und das elementare Wirkungsquantum in nr. 39 (1912) 255-256
* Bemerkungen über die Energieeinhalt einatomiger Gase und über die Quantentheorie für Flüssigkeiten, Physikalische Zeitschrift 14 (1913) 212-215
* Theoretical determination of the entropy constant of gases and liquids, Proc. Sect. Sci. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Wet. Ser. B 17 (1914/1915) 1167-1184
* Über den Wirkungszusammenhang der Welt. Eine Erweiterung der Klassischen Dynamik, Zeitschrift für Physik 10 (1922) 317-328
* Der Impuls-Energiesatz in der Diracschen Quantentheorie des Elektrons, Zeitschrift für Physik 49 (1928) 858-864
* Allgemein-relativistische Quantentheorie des Elektrons, Zeitschrift für Physik 50 (1928) 336-346
# Ingrandes, Indre

Ingrandes (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Indre department in central France. The village is the site of the Gallic city of Pictavorum prior to the Roman Empire's domination of this part of Western Gaul (France). and called Fines later on in the roman period. The name Ingrandes comes from gallic Egoranda or Equoranda meaning frontier between regions. There are over 3 Ingrandes in the region, and over 100 towns, villages or locality called Ingrandes or other toponyms.

## Geography

The commune is located in the parc naturel régional de la Brenne.
The Salleron forms most of the commune's southeastern border, then flows into the Anglin. The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Anglin, which flows northwest through the commune.
# Parapoynx distinctalis

Parapoynx distinctalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1875. It is found in Colombia.
# Glipostenoda castaneicolor

Glipostenoda castaneicolor is a species of beetle in the genus Glipostenoda. It was described in 1950.
# Aramia River

The Aramia River is a river in southwestern Papua New Guinea.
# Susan Hogan

Susan Hogan may refer to:
* Susan Hogan (actress) (born 1951), Canadian actress
* Susan Hogan (historian) (born 1961), Scottish cultural historian, academic and author
# Flesselles

Flesselles can refer to:
* The town of Flesselles, Somme, in France
* Jacques de Flesselles (1721 – 14 July 1789), provost of Paris assassinated during the storming of the Bastille
** The Flesselles balloon, 1784 of Joseph Montgolfier, named after the above as promoter of the subscription list.
# Estradiol benzoate butyrate/algestone acetophenide

Estradiol benzoate butyrate/algestone acetophenide, also known as estradiol benzoate butyrate/dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide (EBB/DHPA) and sold under the brand names Neolutin N, Redimen, Soluna, and Unijab, is a form of combined injectable birth control which is used in Peru and Singapore. It contains estradiol benzoate butyrate (EBB), an estrogen, and algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide; DHPA), a progestin. The medication is given once per month by injection into muscle.

## Medical uses

EBB/DHPA is used as a once-a-month combined injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women.

### Available forms

EBB/DHPA contains 10 mg estradiol benzoate butyrate (EBB), an estrogen, and 150 mg algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide; DHPA), a progestin.

## Pharmacology
### Pharmacodynamics

EBB/DHPA has been said to have relatively weak estrogenic activity and has been described as "progestogen-dominant".

### Pharmacokinetics

EBB is said to have a shorter duration than estradiol enantate of about 3 weeks. EBB/DHPA was developed because it was thought that the duration of EBB would be more suitable for use as a once-monthly combined injectable contraceptive than estradiol enantate in estradiol enantate/algestone acetophenide.

## Society and culture
### Brand names

EBB/DHPA is marketed under the brand names Neolutin N, Redimen, Soluna, and Unijab. It was originally developed under the tentative brand name Unimens, but ultimately was not marketed under this particular brand name.

### Availability

EBB/DHPA is available only in Peru and Singapore.
# Philo Judson Farnsworth

Philo Judson Farnsworth (January 9, 1830 – February 14, 1909) was an American physician who worked in Iowa.

## Biography

Philo Judson Farnsworth was born in Westford, Vermont on Jarnuary 9, 1830. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1854, and at its medical department in 1858. He practised at Philipsburg, Canada, until 1860, in which year he received a second medical degree from the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. He was in Lyons, Iowa, in 1862-66, then went to Clinton, Iowa, and in 1870 was elected to the chair of materia medica and diseases of children in the University of Iowa.
He married Elizabeth B. Deane Eaton in 1872, and they had one daughter.
He was a member of several medical societies, and has contributed frequently to professional journals, chiefly to the Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia. He has also paid some attention to local geology and archaeology. He read a paper on the "Therapeutics of Ammonia" before the American Medical Association in 1873, and one on "Indian Mounds" before the Iowa National History Society in 1876. He is the author of A Synopsis of a Course of Lectures on Materia Medica (Chicago, 1884).
He died in Clinton, Iowa on February 14, 1909.
# Paignton Cemetery

Paignton Cemetery is a burial ground situated within the town of Paignton, Devon, England.

## Commonwealth War Graves

The cemetery contains 40 burials of Commonwealth service personnel from the First World War (including one unidentified Royal Navy sailor) and 43 graves from the Second World War. Just within the Ailescombe Road entrance there is a Cross of Sacrifice of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission erected to commemorate the dead of the First World War.

## The Torquay and Paignton Hebrew Congregation Cemetery

There is a section of the cemetery devoted to Jewish burials situated off Ailescombe Road. There are approximately 90 people interred in this section.
# Ingrandes-de-Touraine

Ingrandes-de-Touraine (French pronunciation:, literally Ingrandes of Touraine) is a former commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Coteaux-sur-Loire.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 730 | — |
| 1800 | 727 | −0.4% |
| 1806 | 813 | +11.8% |
| 1821 | 788 | −3.1% |
| 1831 | 755 | −4.2% |
| 1836 | 778 | +3.0% |
| 1841 | 694 | −10.8% |
| 1846 | 710 | +2.3% |
| 1851 | 706 | −0.6% |
| 1856 | 706 | +0.0% |
| 1861 | 688 | −2.5% |
| 1866 | 689 | +0.1% |
| 1872 | 651 | −5.5% |
| 1876 | 662 | +1.7% |
| 1881 | 626 | −5.4% |
| 1886 | 710 | +13.4% |
| 1891 | 675 | −4.9% |
| 1896 | 666 | −1.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1901 | 653 | −2.0% |
| 1906 | 622 | −4.7% |
| 1911 | 558 | −10.3% |
| 1921 | 484 | −13.3% |
| 1926 | 483 | −0.2% |
| 1931 | 495 | +2.5% |
| 1936 | 529 | +6.9% |
| 1946 | 515 | −2.6% |
| 1954 | 500 | −2.9% |
| 1962 | 517 | +3.4% |
| 1968 | 487 | −5.8% |
| 1975 | 476 | −2.3% |
| 1982 | 512 | +7.6% |
| 1990 | 474 | −7.4% |
| 1999 | 469 | −1.1% |
| 2006 | 506 | +7.9% |
| 2009 | 500 | −1.2% |
# John Clinton, 7th Baron Clinton

Sir John Clinton, 7th Lord Clinton, KB (c. 1470 – 4 June 1514) was an English peer. He was also known as John Fiennes.

## Origins

John Clinton was born about 1470/71 in Folkestone, Kent. He was the son of Sir John Clinton, 6th Lord Clinton (c.1429 - 29 Feb 1487/88) and Elizabeth Fiennes.

## Titles

John Clinton succeeded to the title of 7th Lord Clinton on 29 February 1487/88.
He was invested as a Knight, Order of the Bath (K.B.) on 14 November 1501.

## Family

John Clinton married twice. His first wife was Elizabeth Morgan, daughter of Sir John Morgan of Tredegar, Monmouthshire, Wales, whom he married before 1490.
His second wife was Anne West, daughter of Thomas West, 8th Baron de la Warr (d. 1525), whom he married before 1501.
Sir John died on 4 June 1514. He was succeeded by his son by Elizabeth Morgan, Thomas Clinton, 8th Baron Clinton.
# Globe Shipbuilding

Globe Shipbuilding may refer to:
* Globe Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Maryland, former name of Maryland Drydock Company
* Globe Shipbuilding Company, company operated in World War I in Superior, Wisconsin that built ships for the United States Shipping Board
* Globe Shipbuilding Company, company operated in World War II in Superior, Wisconsin that built ships for the United States Maritime Commission under Walter Butler Shipbuilders
# Jean-Marie Georges Girard de Soubeyran

Jean-Marie Georges Girard, baron de Soubeyran (3 November 1828, Paris - 2 February 1897, Paris), was a French politician and administrator.

## Life

The son of the financial receiver-general (receveur général des finances) at Nancy and (through his mother) the grandson of Savary, duc de Rovigo, he studied law before rejoining the ministère des Finances in 1849. In 1853, he was made a knight of the Légion d'honneur, and the following year he became head of personnel and head of the ministère d’État.
Raised to the rank of officer of the Légion d’honneur, he was made deputy governor of the Crédit Foncier de France in 1860 and was the same year elected mayor of Morthemer after having tried out politics as conseiller général of the canton of Saint-Julien-l'Ars (1855–1892).
On 14 October 1864, he married Marie-Marguerite Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire. Between 1863 and 1893, he was, without a break, elected deputé of Vienne. At the National Assembly, he supported Adolphe Thiers and sat with the conservative right. He also participated in the National Assembly's budget commission. Well known for his financial talents, it was his advice that Léon Gambetta sought upon being elected president of the budget commission in 1876.
A member of the centre-right, he voted against the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and stood aside at the fall of the Second Empire. He bought the daily newspaper Le Soir (founded in 1869 by the banker Merton) in 1873 and imposed a more conservative editorial line on it. He later sold it to Alfred Edwards.
Between 1874 and 1879, he was vice president of the Historic Monuments Commission. Re-elected on the chamber's dissolution in 1877, he sat on the side of the Bonapartists and voted against one government initiative of the Third Republic after another, notably those on economic and colonial questions. In 1878, he was relieved of his role at the Crédit Foncier de France and so decided to profit from his fortune and concentrate on enlarging his business affairs as the carrier of Normandoux at Tercé, which he had acquired in 1869. He created the Banque d'Escompte de Paris as well as various other financial and insurance companies, and he heavily restored the château and church at Morthemer. Between 1881 and 1890, he was director of the "haras de Saint-Georges", near Moulins, which he had bought with the vicomte d’Harcourt and the duc de Castries.
Following irregularities, the Seine Tribunal of Commerce pronounced the Banque d’Escompte de Paris bankrupt in February 1894. The baron de Soubeyran was arrested and then freed, but his goods were all liquidated, and so, ruined, he died three years later.
# Křivánek

Křivánek (feminine Křivánková) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ondřej Křivánek (born 1950), Czech physicist
* Petr Křivánek (born 1970), Czech footballer
* Tomáš Křivánek (born 1966), Czech canoeist
# Gungnae

Gungnaeseong (Korean: 국내성; Hanja: 國內城) or Guonei (Chinese: 國內) was the capital of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, which was located in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula. The perimeter of its outer fortress measures 2,686m. It is located in present day Ji'an city, Jilin province, northeast China. Because of its historical importance and exceptional architecture, Gungnae was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. It is part of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom World Heritage Site, together with nearby Hwando Mountain City and the Onyeosan City, in modern northeast China.

## History

Gungnae was chosen to become the capital city by the ruler, Yuri during the 10th month of the year 3 AD. The city was sacked several times until the rise of the 19th ruler, Gwanggaeto the Great, who greatly expanded Goguryeo's territory and made it a formidable power in northeast Asia. When King Gwanggaeto died in 413, his son, Jangsu of Goguryeo, inherited the throne and moved the capital down to Pyongyang in 427. The city played a central role of the kingdom after the power transfer.
Just before the fall of Goguryeo, Gungnae City fell to the Silla-Tang Chinese alliance when General Yeon Namsaeng, son of Yeon Gaesomun, surrendered the city in 666. Goguryeo fell in 668 when the Tang army captured Pyongyang and took King Bojang and Yeon Namgeon into custody.

## Gallery

* Modern statues in the ruins
* City wall
* A corner of the ruins
# Flesk Castle

Flesk Castle was a historic country house in County Kerry in Ireland. It has since been ruined.

## House

Flesk Castle, also known as Coltsmann’s Castle or Glenflesk Castle, was a gothic Georgian style country house, built 1809–1815 for John Coltsmann. The house was in use through the 1940s but was dismantled c. 1950 leaving the shell standing.
It was built in the early decades of the 19th century and continued in the Coltsmann family and their descendants until the early 20th century when it was sold to Major John McGillycuddy in the early 20th century. The Flesk Castle site was bought in 2005 by the O’Reilly family.
# Philippa of Coimbra

Infanta Philippa of Coimbra (1437–1497) was the youngest child of Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra, and Isabella of Aragon, Countess of Urgell.
She became a nun in the Convent of Odivelas where she died in 1497.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Philippa of Coimbra :
# Paddy Noonan

Patrick Thomas "Paddy" Noonan (4 September 1875 – 27 January 1935) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club and Carlton Football Club in the Victorian Football League.

## Football

A small rover, Noonan played in Fitzroy's inaugural VFL season in 1897 and then their inaugural premiership side the following year. In 1901 he crossed to Carlton and spent two seasons with the Blues.
Noonan spent the rest of his career in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) where he captained North Melbourne to premierships in 1903 and 1904. Noonan also spent some time playing at fellow VFA side Williamstown Football Club.
Following North Melbourne's entry to the VFL, Noonan was appointed coach in 1929, where North Melbourne finished last, with their only win coming against Footscray. Noonan remains the oldest first-time coach in VFL/AFL history.
# Inese Šlesere

Inese Šlesere (born 2 August 1972 in Riga) is a Latvian politician, former model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was the runner-up in the 1999 Mrs. World and a contestant in Miss World 1991. She was a member of the Latvian Parliament from 2002 to 2011. Since 2010, she is the main organizer of the annual Latvian Prayers breakfast. She is married to Ainārs Šlesers and has five children, including Ričards Šlesers.
# Globe Pit

Globe Pit is a 0.4-hectare (0.99-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Little Thurrock in Essex. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.
Natural England describes Globe Pit as "an important site for the interrelationship of archaeology with geology since it is vital in the correlation of the Lower Palaeolithic chronology with the Pleistocene Thames Terrace sequence". Interpretation of the site is controversial, and it is therefore important for future research. There is a considerable quantity of Clactonian flint tools, dated by Paul Pettit and Mark White to MIS 10 to 9, around 350,000 years ago.
In the early 20th Century, the site was used for allotments which were recorded in two oil paintings by Francis van der Weegen in 1918 and 1928. These paintings have been described as 'rare examples of a very small number of pre-1939 depictions of English allotments'.
The site is on private land with no public access.
# Jean-Marie Gaspar

Jean-Marie Gaspar, usually called only Jean Gaspar (1861–1931) was a Belgian sculptor.

## Biography

Jean Gaspar was born in Arlon, in the Luxembourg province of Belgium. He studied engineering in Liège before deciding to become a sculptor where he was taught sculpting by Jef Lambeaux. He specialised in sculptures depicting animals, including exotic animals which he observed at Antwerp Zoo. Among his works are a sculpture of a deer and a monument commemorating the dead of World War I which are in his hometown Arlon. Several of his works are also part of the collections of the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. In Arlon, the Gaspar Museum is devoted to his work, life, and that of his brother Charles who was a photographer. Jean Gaspar died in Brussels.
# Archer, Northern Territory

Archer is a relatively new and still sparsely populated suburb in the southwestern part of Palmerston. It is 25 km SE of the Darwin CBD and 5.4 km from Palmerston City. It is on the traditional Country and waterways of the Larrakia people. Its local government area is the City of Palmerston. Archer is the largest suburb of Palmerston by area.
The suburb was named after James C. Archer, former Administrator of the Northern Territory.
# Guns for Hire

"Guns for Hire" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, from their album Flick of the Switch, released on 19 August 1983. Written by band members, Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson, it was also released in September as a single with "Landslide" as the B-side. It charted at No. 37 on the UK Singles Chart, and No. 84 on the United States Billboard Hot 100. It also reached No. 19 in Ireland.
Cash Box said that "raucous as ever, the track includes a matured guitar solo and is fused with a high rock ‘n’ roll energy."
The track served as the opening song during the band's performances on the tour in support of Flick of the Switch, but has never been performed on any other AC/DC tours since. A promotional video was produced for the song, which featured drummer Simon Wright rather than Phil Rudd. Rudd had left the band during the recording of Flick of the Switch and was replaced by Wright before the start of the tour.

## Personnel

* Brian Johnson – lead vocals
* Angus Young – lead guitar
* Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Phil Rudd – drums

## Charts

| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 84 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 37 |
# Gymnastics at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's vault

The men's vault competition at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar was held on 2 and 6 December 2006 at the Aspire Hall 2.

## Schedule

All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+03:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Saturday, 2 December 2006 | 12:00 | Qualification |
| Wednesday, 6 December 2006 | 16:00 | Final |

## Results
### Qualification

| Rank | Athlete | Vault 1 | Vault 2 | Total |
| 1 | Ng Shu Wai (MAS) | 16.600 | 16.150 | 16.375 |
| 2 | Ri Se-gwang (PRK) | 16.650 | 15.650 | 16.150 |
| 3 | Huang Yi-hsueh (TPE) | 16.600 | 15.650 | 16.125 |
| 4 | Nguyễn Hà Thanh (VIE) | 15.800 | 16.350 | 16.075 |
| 5 | Yernar Yerimbetov (KAZ) | 15.900 | 15.950 | 15.925 |
| 6 | Roel Ramirez (PHI) | 15.650 | 15.850 | 15.750 |
| 7 | Maki Al-Mubiareek (KSA) | 15.850 | 15.500 | 15.675 |
| 8 | Sain Autalipov (KAZ) | 15.650 | 15.200 | 15.425 |
| 9 | Ooi Wei Siang (MAS) | 15.800 | 14.950 | 15.375 |
| 10 | Jad Mazahreh (JOR) | 15.450 | 15.150 | 15.300 |
| 11 | Mayank Srivastava (IND) | 15.100 | 14.700 | 14.900 |
| 12 | Nasser Al-Hamad (QAT) | 14.500 | 14.050 | 14.275 |
| 13 | Muhammad Afzal (PAK) | 14.150 | 13.350 | 13.750 |
| 14 | Hầu Trung Linh (VIE) | 15.050 | 0.000 | 7.525 |

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Vault 1 | Vault 2 | Total |
| | Ri Se-gwang (PRK) | 16.575 | 16.675 | 16.625 |
| | Ng Shu Wai (MAS) | 16.325 | 16.650 | 16.487 |
| | Yernar Yerimbetov (KAZ) | 16.375 | 16.225 | 16.300 |
| 4 | Sain Autalipov (KAZ) | 16.175 | 16.100 | 16.137 |
| 5 | Nguyễn Hà Thanh (VIE) | 15.625 | 16.275 | 15.950 |
| 6 | Roel Ramirez (PHI) | 15.600 | 15.800 | 15.700 |
| 7 | Maki Al-Mubiareek (KSA) | 15.375 | 15.725 | 15.550 |
| 8 | Huang Yi-hsueh (TPE) | 16.475 | 0.000 | 8.237 |