OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alpine Museum

Alpine Museum may refer to:
* Swiss Alpine Museum, Bern
* Alpine Museum Chamonix
* Alpine Museum Zermatt
* National Alpine Museum of Australia
# Avia B.35

The Avia B-35 was a fighter aircraft built in Czechoslovakia shortly before World War II.

## Design and development

The B.35 was designed to meet a 1935 requirement by the Czechoslovakian Air Force for a replacement for their B-534 fighter biplanes. The B.35 was an elegant, low-wing monoplane with an elliptical wing. The fuselage was constructed from welded steel tube, covered in metal ahead of and including the cockpit and fabric aft of the cockpit, while the wing was of entirely wooden construction. Rather anachronistically, the Air Force specified a fixed tailwheel undercarriage for the aircraft, in the hope that this would speed development, as the mechanism for retracting the undercarriage was not yet available.
The first prototype, the B-35/1, displayed excellent flying characteristics and high speed and was originally powered by a Hispano-Suiza 12Ydrs piston engine. The powerplant was later changed to a 12Ycrs with an identical power output, but with provision for an autocannon to be fitted between the cylinder banks to fire through the propeller hub. Testing continued until 22 November 1938, when the aircraft was destroyed in a crash that killed the Military Technical and Aeronautical Institute test pilot Arnošt Kavalec. Nevertheless, a second prototype, B-35/2, was already reaching completion, and was fitted with redesigned ailerons and flaps. It first flew on 30 December with testing beginning in earnest in February 1939. A preproduction series of ten aircraft was ordered, but before these could be built, Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in March 1939.
Development however was resumed under German control, with the substantially revised B.35/3 flying in August 1939. The elliptical leading edges of the wings had been replaced with straight ones, and an outward-retracting main undercarriage was fitted. This prototype was the first to actually carry its intended armament. With German markings and the registration D-IBPP, it was displayed at the Salon de l'Aéronautique in Brussels, where enough interest was generated to spur development of an improved version of the aircraft as the B.135.

## Variants

* B-35/1: First prototype.
* B-35/2: Second prototype.
* B-35/3: Third prototype.

## Specifications (B.35/1)

General characteristics
* Crew: one pilot
* Length: 8.50 m (27 ft 11 in)
* Wingspan: 10.85 m (35 ft 7 in)
* Height: 2.60 m (8 ft 6 in)
* Wing area: 17.00 m$^2$ (183 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,690 kg (3,726 lb)
* Gross weight: 2,200 kg (4,850 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs Twelve-cylinder supercharged liquid-cooled 60° V12 engine , 640 kW (860 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 495 km/h (308 mph, 268 kn)
* Range: 500 km (311 mi, 270 nmi)
* Rate of climb: 13.0 m/s (2,560 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 129.41 kg/m$^2$ (26.50 lb/sq ft)
# Mitsu Yashima

Mitsu Yashima (八島 光, Yashima Mitsu, born Tomoe Sasako (笹子 智江, Sasako Tomoe); October 11, 1908 – December 7, 1988) was an artist, children's book author, and civic activist.

## Life

Mitsu was the daughter of a shipbuilding company executive. She attended Kobe College, and later enrolled at Bunka Gakuin in Tokyo. In the 1930s, she joined a Marxist study group, where she met her future husband, artist Taro Yashima. She and her husband painted farmers and laborers, and participated in exhibitions of art that critiqued Japan's military expansion and the government's increasingly heavy handed suppression of dissent. She and her husband were later imprisoned and brutalized by the Tokkō (special higher police) in response to their antiwar, anti-Imperialist, and anti-militarist stance in the 1930s. Their lives from this time are depicted in her husband's picture books, published in English, The New Sun and Horizon is Calling.
Mitsu and Taro's son Makoto Iwamatsu was born in 1933. He would eventually become a renowned actor and voice actor. In 1939 she and Taro went to America so that Taro could avoid conscription into the Japanese Army and to study art. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Mitsu joined the U.S. war effort, working for the Office of Strategic Services by sending American propaganda to the Japanese. She adopted the pseudonym Mitsu Yashima during the war.
Following the war in 1948, Mitsu and Taro had a daughter Momo, who also appeared in their children's books. The family moved from New York to Los Angeles in 1954, where she and Taro opened an art institute. With Taro, she co-wrote the children's books Plenty to Watch in 1954 and Momo's Kitten in 1961.
Mitsu left Taro in the 1960s and moved to San Francisco, where she devoted herself to art and community work as well as civic activism. In 1976, she appeared in the television movie adaptation of the book Farewell to Manzanar, acting opposite her son and daughter.
In declining health, she moved back to Los Angeles in 1983 and lived with her daughter until her death on December 7, 1988.
# Harry Isaacs (pianist)

Harry Isaacs (3 June 1902 – 1972) was a British pianist. Born in Finchley, he began piano lessons with his great aunt, Miss Selina Pyke, from the age of seven, and three years later he took lessons from Sidney Rosenbloom. In 1916 he entered the Tobias Matthay Pianoforte School, studying with Hedwig McEwen (wife of John Blackwood McEwen). The following year he won the MacFarren Scholarship for composition at the Royal Academy of Music, and went there to study composition with Frederick Corder. He became pianoforte professor there in 1922 at the age of 20.
Isaacs had an absorbing interest in chamber music, and from 1929 until 1943 often played with the Griller String Quartet, performing quintets by Brahms, Schumann, Dvorak, Elgar, Bax and Bloch. He also performed many recitals at the Wigmore Hall with members of the Griller, and with Jean Pougnet, William Primrose, Lionel Tertis, Elsie Owen (violin), Winifred Copperwheat, Maurice Eisenberg, Douglas Cameron (cello) and others. During the 1930s Isaacs also performed as a duo with fellow RAM pianist York Bowen, a partnership that lasted until Bowen's death in 1961.
The Harry Isaacs Trio, formed in 1942, consisted of Isaacs with Leonard Hirsch (violin) and Norina Semino (cello). James Whitehead and Vivian Joseph also took the cello chair in the Trio. The Trio commissioned York Bowen to compose his Trio in E minor op. 118, first given at the Wigmore Hall on April 4, 1946. Arnold Bax also wrote his final chamber work, the Piano Trio in B flat, for the Isaacs Trio, who performed it at the Wigmore Hall on 21 March 1946.
Isaacs also worked as an examiner for the Associated Board of Music. During the war he was a full time air-raid warden. In the 1950s and into the 1960s he continued performing chamber music, including performances with the violinist Ralph Holmes. With Dennis Brain he premiered Peter Racine Fricker's Horn Sonata, Op 24 at the Conway Hall, on 20 March 1955.
# Moderate Republicans

Moderate Republicans may refer to:
* Within the United States Republican Party:
** Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era), active from 1854 to 1877
** Moderate Republicans (United States, 1930s–1970s) or Rockefeller Republicans
** Moderate Republicans (modern United States), the present-day faction
* In France:
** Moderate Republicans (France, 1848–1870)
** Moderate Republicans (France, 1871–1901) or Opportunist Republicans
# Allyn & Bacon

Allyn & Bacon, founded in 1868, is a higher education textbook publisher in the areas of education, humanities and social sciences. It is an imprint of Pearson Education, the world's largest education publishing and technology company, which is part of Pearson PLC.
Allyn & Bacon was an independent company until it was purchased by Esquire, Inc., the former publishers of the magazine of the same name, in 1981. Esquire, Inc. was sold to Gulf+Western in 1983, and Allyn & Bacon became part of Simon & Schuster's education division. Pearson purchased the education and reference divisions of Simon & Schuster in 1998.
In 2007, Allyn & Bacon merged with Merrill, also a Pearson company. As a result of the merge, the company's website changed from ablongman.com to pearsonhighered.com. The name still persists in a few titles like The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing by Ramage, Bean & Johnson, the 8th edition of which was released in 2018.
# Avraham Osdoba

Avraham Osdoba is an Orthodox rabbi and a member of the Chabad Hasidic movement. Rabbi Osdoba serves as a rosh yeshiva in 770 in addition to being a member of the Bais Din Tzedek (Jewish Rabbinical Court) of the Chabad community in Crown Heights, Brooklyn; he is an authority on Halacha (Jewish law), Talmud and Hasidic philosophy.

## Rabbi of Crown Heights

As a member of the Crown Heights Beth Din (rabbinical court), Rabbi Osdoba is considered one of the community's chief rabbis (Aramaic, מרא דאתרא (Marah D'Asra)). The rabbinical court is the spiritual and religious body governing the Crown Heights Chabad community. There are currently four rabbis serving on the Beth Din:
* HaRav Avraham Osdoba
* HaRav Yosef Avraham haLevi Heller
* HaRav Aharon Yaakov Schwei
* HaRav Yosef Yeshaya Braun
Each hold the title Marah D'Asra. As head of the court, Rabbi Osdoba holds the additional title of Av Beth Din (head of court).
The Crown Heights rabbinical court is funded by the Crown Heights Jewish Community Council (CHJCC), a religious corporation representing the Jewish community of Crown Heights.

### Appointment

In 1986, the Lubavitcher Rebbe encouraged the chasidim to vote for the members of the bais din. Rabbi Osdoba along with Rabbi Heller and Rabbi Marlow won the election and they each assumed the title Mara D'Asra. Rabbi Osdoba assumed the role as Av Beth Din (chief rabbi) of the rabbinical court, following the death of Rabbi Yehuda Kalmen Marlow, the court's first head rabbi.

## Crown Heights Kashrus

Aside from the usual responsibilities of a community rabbi (officiate weddings etc.) Rabbi Osdoba also administers Crown Heights Kashrus (CHK, a kosher certification agency operating under the Crown Heights rabbinical court.

### CHK controversy

In recent years, Rabbi Osdoba's authority as sole administrator of the CHK was challenged by others, including supporters of Rabbis Schwei and Braun arguing that the arbitration panel (Zabl"a) ruled that the CHK should be run by a board of directors and is not a private entity, stating: "There is a need to create a new Vaad HaKashrus, which shall be the executive body of the Rabbis and the Vaad Hakohol. The court however remanded this ruling back to the arbitration panel for clarification which is yet to reconvene.
# Mixochlora

Mixochlora is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Mixochroa

Mixochroa is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Mixochlorus

Mixochlorus is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
* Mixochlorus elegans Fisher, 1925
* Mixochlorus lateralis Waterhouse, 1889
* Mixochlorus suturalis Waterhouse, 1887
# Average per-bit delivery cost

Average Per-Bit Delivery Cost, or APBDC, is the cost accounting method by which Internet Service Providers (ISPs) calculate their cost of goods sold.

## Concept

Average Per-Bit Delivery Cost divides the cost of however many bits were actually modulated across a network or component of a network over a period of time by the total operational and amortized capital expenses associated with the network or component over the same time-period, to produce an average cost for the delivery of each transmitted bit of data. This is contrasted principally with flat-rate and 95th percentile functions, which are typically used for billing customers rather than cost accounting. In typical use, APBDCs of individual links or components of an operating network are compared with the APBDC of the whole, in order to evaluate the efficiency of the components and to track improvements in efficiency.
High APBDC may reflect either a high cost or a low utilization, either of which is detrimental to the price/performance of the network as a whole, and indicates an area that needs attention and improvement. Besides reduction in costs of existing network components, use of already-amortized or less expensive components, and transmission of greater volumes of traffic, fundamental or "revolutionary" changes to the topology of a network, such as the substitution of peering-derived bandwidth for purchased transit, often have substantial impacts on a network's APBDC.
The use of Internet Exchange Points (IXes or IXPs) to disintermediate ISP networks from sources of Internet bandwidth is a typical mechanism by which ISPs reduce their APBDC. Properly-sourced, bandwidth procured directly from its point of production in an IXP has a lower APBDC than bandwidth procured indirectly through an intermediary transit provider.
Average Per-Bit Delivery Cost was first described under that name by Bill Woodcock in 2004, but built upon his previous work on Internet cost calculation, some of which was in collaboration with Andrew Odlyzko in the 1990s and with Zhi-Li Zhang and others in the early 2000s.
# Average memory access time

In computer science, Average Memory Access Time (AMAT) is a common metric to analyze computer memory system performance.

## Metric

AMAT uses hit time, miss penalty, and miss rate to measure memory performance. It accounts for the fact that hits and misses affect memory system performance differently. In addition, AMAT can be extended recursively to multiple layers of the memory hierarchy. It focuses on how locality and cache misses affect overall performance and allows for a quick analysis of different cache design techniques. A tacit assumption of AMAT is that a data access is either a hit or a miss, meaning the memory only supports sequential accesses and cannot have multiple accesses occurring simultaneously. Recently AMAT has been extended to consider concurrent data access. A model, called Concurrent-AMAT (C-AMAT), is introduced for more accurate analysis of current memory systems. More information on C-AMAT can be found in the external links section.
AMAT's three parameters hit time (or hit latency), miss rate, and miss penalty provide a quick analysis of memory systems. Hit latency (H) is the time to hit in the cache. Miss rate (MR) is the frequency of cache misses, while average miss penalty (AMP) is the cost of a cache miss in terms of time. Concretely it can be defined as follows.
$AMAT=H+MR\cdot AMP$
It can also be defined recursively as,
$AMAT=H_{1}+MR_{1}\cdot AMP_{1}$
where
$AMP_{1}=H_{2}+MR_{2}\cdot AMP_{2}$
In this manner, this recursive definition can be extended throughout all layers of the memory hierarchy.
# Ax the Tax

Ax the Tax is a citizens group in Florida that leads efforts throughout the state against proposed tax increases for various projects it deems as wasteful government spending. The organization is credited with defeating as much as $47.5 billion in proposed taxes since it began in 1982, although critics say some of the tax initiatives the group fought against would have been defeated anyway.
Ax the Tax was founded by Doug Guetzloe, a political consultant and owner of a public relations and marketing firm. He has led the organization to 17 successful anti-tax battles. Guetzloe has been described as having “a sharp sense of humor, an acerbic tongue and a populist message,” according to a reporter for the Orlando Sentinel, which “has built Ax the Tax into a small but highly motivated grass-roots force.” Opponents of the organization claim its anti-tax crusades have taken funding away for environmental lands, schools and roads, but supporters have described many of the tax proposals as “boondoggles,” including multibillion-dollar rail projects that have been rejected by Florida voters four times.
The organization was formed following an attempt to construct a downtown Orlando sports arena in 1982 at a cost of $110 million with a sales tax increase. The tax proposal was rejected by 62 percent of the voters. Among the group’s other victories was the defeat of an $8.8 billion road and transportation plan in Orange County in 2003. The group’s effort to defeat an education tax a year earlier failed. Ax the Tax helped in defeating property and sales tax increases in Orange, Seminole, Osceola, Leon, and Broward counties, forming Ax the Tax affiliates in those areas.
# Harsleber Bach

Harsleber Bach is a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It flows into the Hellbach near Derenburg.
# Aluminium isopropoxide

Aluminium isopropoxide is the chemical compound usually described with the formula Al(O-i-Pr)$_3$, where i-Pr is the isopropyl group (–CH(CH$_3$)$_2$). This colourless solid is a useful reagent in organic synthesis.

## Structure

A tetrameric structure of the crystalline material was verified by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The species is described by the formula Al[(μ-O-i-Pr)$_2$Al(O-i-Pr)$_2$]$_3$. The unique central Al is octahedral, and three other Al centers adopt tetrahedral geometry. The idealised point group symmetry is D$_3$.

## Preparation

This compound is commercially available. Industrially, it is prepared by the reaction between isopropyl alcohol and aluminium, or aluminium trichloride:
    2 Al + 6 iPrOH → 2 Al(O-i-Pr)$_3$ +3H$_2$
    AlCl$_3$ + 3 iPrOH → Al(O-i-Pr)$_3$ + 3 HCl
The procedure entails heating a mixture of aluminium, isopropyl alcohol, with a small amount of mercuric chloride. The process occurs via the formation of an amalgam of the aluminium. A catalytic amount of iodine is sometimes added to initiate the reaction. The industrial route does not use mercury.

## Reactions

Aluminium isopropoxide is used in MPV reductions of ketones and aldehydes and the Oppenauer oxidation of secondary alcohols. In these reactions, it is assumed that the tetrameric cluster disaggregates. It is used in the Tishchenko reaction.
Being a basic alkoxide, Al(O-i-Pr)$_3$ has been also investigated as a catalyst for ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters.

## History

Aluminium isopropoxide was first reported in the master's thesis of the Russian organic chemist Vyacheslav Tishchenko (Вячеслав Евгеньевич Тищенко, 1861–1941), which was reprinted in the Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society (Журнал Русского Физико-Химического Общества) of 1899. This contribution included a detailed description of its synthesis, its peculiar physico-chemical behavior, and its catalytic activity in the Tishchenko reaction (catalytic transformation of aldehydes into esters). It was later found also to display catalytic activity as a reducing agent by Meerwein and Schmidt in the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction ("MPV") in 1925. The reverse of the MPV reaction, oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone, is termed the Oppenauer oxidation. The original Oppenauer oxidation employed aluminium butoxide in place of the isopropoxide.

## Related compounds

* Aluminium phenolate
* Aluminium tert-butoxide, which is a dimer [(t-Bu-O)$_2$Al(μ-O-t-Bu)]$_2$. It is prepared analogously to the isopropoxide.
# Ayenia asplundii

Ayenia asplundii is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is native to Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, from sea level to 2,000 meters elevation.
# Harrison Tembo

Harrison Tembo (born 21 January 1969) is a Zambian footballer. He played in five matches for the Zambia national football team from 1994 to 1998. He was also named in Zambia's squad for the 1994 African Cup of Nations tournament.
# Modraže

Modraže (pronounced) is a settlement in the Municipality of Poljčane in northeastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills above the left bank of the Dravinja River, east of the town of Poljčane. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Drava Statistical Region.
# Avraham Toledano

Avraham Toledano is an Israeli politician. He was the Mashgiach ruchani of the Yeshivat Haraayon Hayehudi, and was number four on the Kach Knesset list in 1988. He was briefly the leader of Kach after Rabbi Meir Kahane was murdered, and before Baruch Marzel took over.

## Biography

Rabbi Toledano was born in Morocco, and educated in France. He has a black belt in judo, and lives in the Israeli settlement of Kiryat Arba.
# Alvin Eicoff

Alvin Maurey Eicoff (June 8, 1921 – March 2, 2002) was widely recognized as a founder of direct response television (DRTV) advertising. He helped pioneer the use of “1-800” numbers on television, along with the phrase “or your money back”. Alvin was a proponent of short-form DRTV, which consisted of 120-second and 60-seconds commercials featuring a 1-800 number and a call to action.

## Biography

Eicoff found his own advertising agency in 1959, A. Eicoff & Company, specializing in short-form DRTV. Due to his significant contributions and accomplishments in the direct response industry, he was elected to the Direct Marketing Association Hall of Fame and was elected as one of the 50 most influential people in television history by Advertising Age.

## Personal life

In 1947, Eicoff married Helene Topaz (1928–2020); they had two children Larry Eicoff and Jeffrey Eicoff. He died on March 2, 2002, and was buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights, Illinois.
# Aylesbury UTC

Aylesbury UTC is a university technical college (UTC) which opened in September 2013 in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England. In November 2021, the college joined a Multi-Academy Trust. In 2022, the school underwent a rebrand and name-change from Bucks UTC. The school offers courses in Digital and Health and Social Care, for 14–19 year olds.

## Location

Aylesbury UTC is located near the Aylesbury Train Station and the bus station and shopping center. It is based next to Aylesbury College and Sir Henry Floyd Grammar School, in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England.

## History

Aylesbury UTC moved to the leadership of Merchant Taylors' Oxfordshire Academy Trust in November 2021. A new Principal, Nick Lamb, was also appointed that month. He replaced Sarah Valentine, who left the UTC in October 2021.
In 2022, the school changed its name from Bucks UTC to Aylesbury UTC as part of a rebrand. It also introduced a new specialism subject called Health and Social Care.
In 2023, Joe Dunckley was appointed as the school's fifth Principal since it opened in 2013.
The school stopped offering Building Studies courses in July 2024.

## Sponsors and partners

Buckinghamshire New University is the university sponsor of the UTC. Cisco, Buckinghamshire NHS Trust and Amazon are some of the school's other partners. Local employers of Aylesbury UTC include Alcom IT, The Freemantle Trust, Chiltern Rangers and Cloudy IT.

## Admissions

Aylesbury UTC had an initial intake of students aged 14 and 16 (academic years 10 and 12) in 2013, but has expanded to accommodate students aged 14 to 19.

## Facilities

The building cost £10 million and has solar panels to provide sustainable energy to the facilities and local area. Digital facilities include an Apple Mac lab, creative media workstation suite, green screen and multiple IT suites. There is also a canteen on-site. The school has full disabled access and disabled toilets.
In 2023, Aylesbury UTC opened new facilities for its Health and Social Care specialism. This includes a mock triage, two classrooms, demo home and kitchen areas, and wards.
The school received £120,000 through T-Level Digital specialist equipment allocation funding in 2024.

## Curriculum

Aylesbury UTC teaches Digital and Health & Social Care. Pupils aged 14 to 19 follow a programme of study dedicated to one of the specialisms. These programmes include a compulsory core of English, Maths and Science GCSEs. Sixth form students have the option to study T-Level courses and industry certifications. The UTC supports apprenticeships and work experience in conjunction with local partners.
In September 2022, the school introduced its Health & Social Care specialism subject.