OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Impulsoria

The Impulsoria was a locomotive constructed in 1850 that was powered via a gearbox by one-two to four horses on a treadmill following a design by Clemente Masserano. It undertook trials in London in 1850 and was exhibited at The Great Exhibition in 1851.

## Description

The invention of a successful mobile treadmill powered locomotive was made by Clemente Masserano from Pignerol in Italy. The idea was not new, but previous attempts in England, France, and Spain were unsuccessful. Using Masserano's designs, Impulsoria was built in Italy and transported to England. A syndicate was formed and it was trialled at the Nine Elms terminus of the South Western Railway line in London where it successfully completed a hill climb. The trials were supported by the directors of the South Western Railway and assisted by their Chief Engineer John Gooch. The device was said to be much cheaper to run than a steam locomotive. The device allowed a steam locomotive to be replaced by this vehicle, which used the power of two or four horses that had to walk up a treadmill, called a pedivella by Masserano. The power was transferred to the wheels by chains and a gearbox that allowed it to climb. It was said to be able to pull 30 wagons up an incline and could be used with two or four horses.
The gear box allowed the horses to always walk at their best speed whilst the vehicle could then have a range of speeds and torques. Because of the gears, the top speed was not limited to the top speed of the horses. The gearbox allowed the horses to drive the vehicle in forward as well as reverse directions, and it was also possible to disengage the drive so that the vehicle could stop whilst the horses continued to walk up the treadmill.
During trials at Nine-Elms terminus of the South Western Railway, the two-horse Impulsoria travelled at 7 mph (11 km/h) pulling one wagon within the station. It was thought that a final version would reach 15 to 20 mph (24 to 32 km/h) and would outrun a steam engine.

## Cost and efficiency

The efficiency of the device was compared favourably with existing steam locomotives, which were thought to waste too much energy. The cost of operating the Impulsoria was estimated at two shillings per day per horse. During that eight-hour day it was estimated that the horses could propel Impulsoria eight times over a thirty-mile route.

## Exhibition

An Italian Professor of Philosophy, Dr Andrea Crestadoro, improved the design of this unusual device, and later took out related patents in 1852. With his improvements, he exhibited it at The Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851. He subsequently took an interest in bibliography and became a librarian in Manchester. A similar vehicle, also called Impulsoria, was exhibited in 1853 in Germany and said to be the property of a Mr. Steinheil.
# Bob Crossley

Bob Crossley (30 August 1912 – 19 September 2010) was an abstract artist who lived in Cornwall, England from 1959. He was still painting at the age of 97. He worked in oil and acrylic, producing paintings influenced, in part, by the modernism of the 1950s.
He was born in Northwich, Cheshire but grew up in Rochdale, the Lancashire town where his father, an engine fitter, worked. He left school at 14 and spent the 1930s working as a coach painter and signwriter and served in the RAF during the Second World War. After demobilisation he attended drawing classes in Manchester and joined the Rochdale Art Society and the Manchester Academy. LS Lowry bought a painting from his first major London show at the Reid Gallery in 1960.
He moved to Cornwall in 1959 and alternated between painting and running a beachside shop in St Ives. In 1960 he became a member of the Penwith Society of Arts and a member of the Newlyn Society of Artists a year later, his election supported by his friend Terry Frost. He painted from the 1970s in a large Porthmeor studio within the long-established artists' complex with views directly onto Porthmeor beach.
His last solo exhibition was at the Belgrave Gallery in St Ives in 2009, when he was 97.
He married Marjorie Belfield in 1938. They had two daughters and one son. Marjorie died in 2000.
# Bodo Tümmler

Bodo Tümmler (born 8 December 1943) is a German former middle-distance runner. He competed for West Germany at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics in the 1500 meter event, and won a bronze medal in 1968.

## Biography

Tümmler was born in Toruń (Thorn), part of Poland under German occupation in years 1939-1945, now Toruń, Poland. He entered the 1968 Olympics as the reigning European Champion. The 1500 m final was run at a fast pace and at the start of the last lap the eventual Olympic Champion Kipchoge Keino had already established a substantial lead. Tümmler and his countryman Harald Norpoth were in second and third place but were outsprinted by the world-record holder Jim Ryun on the last lap.
# BC Telšiai

BC Telšiai is a professional Telšiai, Lithuania basketball club, currently playing in National Basketball League.

## Club achievements

* 2012-2013 season: RKL 4th place
* 2013-2014 season: RKL 3rd place
* 2014-2015 season: RKL Winners
* 2015-2016 season: NKL Round of 16
* 2016-2017 season: NKL Round of 8
* 2017-2018 season: NKL Round of 16
* 2018-2019 season: NKL 3rd place
* 2019-2020 season: NKL 2nd place
* 2020-2021 season: NKL 2nd place
* 2021-2022 season: NKL 3rd place
* 2022-2023 season: NKL 3rd place
# In-young

In-young is a Korean unisex given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 29 hanja with the reading "in" and 34 hanja with the reading "young" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names.
People with this name include:
* Choi In-young (born 1962), South Korean football player
* Hwang In-young (born 1978), South Korean actress
* Park Inyoung (born 1982), South Korean singer
* Seo In-young (born 1984), South Korean singer
* Yoo In-young (born Yoo Hyo-min, 1984), South Korean actress
* Hong In-young (born 1985), South Korean actress
* Song In-young (born 1990), South Korean football player
# Imap

IMAP may refer to:
* Internet Message Access Protocol, an Internet standard protocol used by email clients
* Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe, a NASA spacecraft mission to study the boundary of the heliosphere
# B-tagging

b-tagging is a method of jet flavor tagging used in modern particle physics experiments. It is the identification (or "tagging") of jets originating from bottom quarks (or b quarks, hence the name).

## Importance

b-tagging is important because:
* The physics of bottom quarks is quite interesting; in particular, it sheds light on CP violation.
* Some important high-mass particles (both recently discovered and hypothetical) decay into bottom quarks. Top quarks very nearly always do so, and the Higgs boson is expected to decay into bottom quarks more than any other particle given its mass has been observed to be about 125 GeV. Identifying bottom quarks helps to identify the decays of these particles.

## Methods

The methods for b-tagging are based on the unique features of b-jets. These include:
* Hadrons containing bottom quarks have sufficient lifetime that they travel some distance before decaying. On the other hand, their lifetimes are not so high as those of light quark hadrons, so they decay inside the detector rather than escape. The advent of precision silicon detectors within particle detectors has made it possible to identify particles that originate from a place different to where the bottom quark was formed (e.g. the beam–beam collision point in a particle accelerator), and thus indicating the likely presence of a b-jet.
* The bottom quark is much more massive than anything it decays into. Thus its decay products tend to have higher transverse momentum (momentum perpendicular to the original direction of the bottom quark, and therefore of the b-jet). This causes b-jets to be wider, have higher multiplicities (numbers of constituent particles) and invariant masses, and also to contain low-energy leptons with momentum perpendicular to the jet. These two features can be measured, and jets that have them are more likely to be b-jets.
* Opposite-side algorithms have been used at the LHCb to tag the flavor in pairs of b quarks using the decay products of B-hadrons to infer the flavor of B-mesons.
None of the methods of identifying b-jets are foolproof, and modern particle physics experiments must devote significant time to studying how often they successfully identify b-jets and how often they misidentify other jets. Monte Carlo simulations are used to develop and evaluate the performance of tagging algorithms.
Experiments making precise measurements of B mesons (mesons containing b-quarks) also try to identify the particular initial B meson within the jet. This is done in order to observe the oscillation of one meson into another ( B$^0$ – B$^0$ oscillation), which allows the measurement of CP violation.
# Next French election

Next French election could refer to:
* Next French legislative election, to be held in 2029 or earlier
* 2026 French Senate election
* 2027 French presidential election, scheduled to be held between 8 and 23 April 2027
# 2002 Sports Network Cup

The 2002 Sports Network Cup was a college football postseason NCAA Division I FCS Mid-Major Championship Series. The Dayton Flyers finished ahead of the Duquesne Dukes 20–7 in first places votes to be named the NCAA Division I FCS Mid-Major Football National Champions.
| Team (First place votes) | Record (W-L) | Points |
| Dayton (20) | 11-1 | 286 |
| Duquesne (7) | 11-1 | 267 |
| Albany (2) | 8-4 | 235 |
| Stony Brook (1) | 8-2 | 217 |
| Morehead State | 9-3 | 187 |
| Davidson | 7-3 | 144 |
| Sacred Heart | 7-3 | 124 |
| Wagner | 7-4 | 85 |
| Marist | 7-4 | 71 |
| Saint Peter's | 6-5 | 29 |
* Dropped Out: None
* Others receiving votes (in order of points, minimum of five required): None.
# Newport Steam Factory

The Newport Steam Factory is an historic building at 449 Thames Street in Newport, Rhode Island. It is a 3+1⁄2-story stone structure, 120 feet (37 m) by 48 feet (15 m). It was built in 1831 by a group of local businessmen in an effort to boost the local economy, which had suffered since the British occupation during the American Revolutionary War. The building was used as a cotton mill until 1857. In 1892 it was purchased by the Newport Illuminating Company. It is now part of the International Yacht Restoration School.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
# Image response

Image response (or more correctly, image response rejection ratio, or IMRR) is a measure of performance of a radio receiver that operates on the superheterodyne principle.
In such a radio receiver, a local oscillator (LO) is used to heterodyne or "beat" against the incoming radio frequency (RF), generating sum and difference frequencies. One of these will be at the intermediate frequency (IF), and will be selected and amplified. The radio receiver is responsive to any signal at its designed IF frequency, including unwanted signals. For example, with a LO tuned to 110 MHz, there are two incoming signal frequencies that can generate a 10 MHz IF frequency. A signal broadcast at 100 MHz (the wanted signal), and mixed with the 110 MHz LO will create the sum frequency of 210 MHz (ignored by the receiver), and the difference frequency at the desired 10 MHz. However, a signal broadcast at 120 MHz (the unwanted signal), and mixed with the 110 MHz LO will create a sum frequency of 230 MHz (ignored by the receiver), and the difference frequency also at 10 MHz. The signal at 120 MHz is called the image of the wanted signal at 100 MHz. The ability of the receiver to reject this image gives the image rejection ratio (IMRR) of the system.

## Image rejection ratio

The image rejection ratio, or image frequency rejection ratio, is the ratio of the intermediate-frequency (IF) signal level produced by the desired input frequency to that produced by the image frequency. The image rejection ratio is usually expressed in dB. When the image rejection ratio is measured, the input signal levels of the desired and image frequencies must be equal for the measurement to be meaningful.
IMRR is measured in dB, giving the ratio of the wanted to the unwanted signal to yield the same output from the receiver. In a good design, ratios of >60 dB are achievable. Note that IMRR is not a measurement of the performance of the IF stages or IF filtering (selectivity); the signal yields a perfectly valid IF frequency. Rather, it is the measure of the bandpass characteristics of the stages preceding the IF amplifier, which will consist of RF bandpass filters and usually an RF amplifier stage or two.

## Image rejection formulas

The Image Frequency Rejection Ratio (IRR) is characterized by its RF filter which can be determined on the basis of its relative response of a parallel tuned circuit.
$IRR={\sqrt {1+\rho ^{2}Q^{2}}}$
where,
$\rho ={\frac {f_{IMAGE}}{f_{RF}}}-{\frac {f_{RF}}{f_{IMAGE}}}$and Q is the quality factor.
The Image Rejection Ratio for a given value of gain imbalance $\gamma ,(\epsilon =\gamma -1)$ and phase imbalance $\phi$ is determined by,
$IMRR={\frac {\gamma ^{2}+1-2\gamma cos(\phi )}{\gamma ^{2}+1+2\gamma cos(\phi )}}\approx {\frac {\epsilon ^{2}+\phi ^{2}}{4}}$
# Orontius

Orontius is a name of Latin origin. It can refer to:
People
* Marcellus Orontius, a disciple of Plotinus
* Orontius of Lecce, or Oronzo, saint
* Vincent, Orontius, and Victor (d. 305 AD), saints
* Orontius Finnaeus (Oronce Finé) (1494-1555), French cartographer and mathematician
Places
# 2009 Canadian Rugby Championship

The 2009 Canadian Rugby Championship was the inaugural season of the CRC, Canada's highest level of domestic rugby competition. The BC Bears won the MacTier Cup going undefeated, while the Ontario Blues finished as runners-up, allowing them both to advance to the Americas Rugby Championship.
Nathan Hirayama's 36 points scored in the regular season is an all-time record for the league, during the 6 game format. The format was later changed to 10 games in the regular season, where in 2011 Dean Blanks scored 55 points, holding the current league record for points scored, albeit having played three more games.

## The Season
### Structure

The 2009 CRC season included four Canadian senior representative teams—the BC Bears, the Prairie Wolf Pack, the Ontario Blues, and The Rock, playing against each other in a round-robin format, similar to that of The Rugby Championship, with the team that has collected the most points during the season being named champions. There were no divisions or conferences. Six games were played, each team playing every other team once. In lieu of a post-season, the champion and runner-up both continued on to participate in the ARC.

### Standings

| Place | Team | Games | Games | Games | Games | Points | Points | Points | Bonus points | Bonus points | Table points |
| Place | Team | Played | Won | Lost | Drawn | For | Against | Difference | 4 Tries | 7 Point Loss | Table points |
| 1 | BC Bears | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 45 | 44 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
| 2 | Ontario Blues | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 69 | 48 | 21 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 3 | The Rock | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 43 | 63 | −20 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 4 | Prairie Wolf Pack | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 51 | 96 | −45 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
# Nego

Nego may refer to:
* Nego (historian) (1921-1993), Ion Negoițescu, Romanian literary historian
* Erica Nego (born 1984), Ghanaian beauty queen and model
* Nêgo (footballer) (born 1985), Lindenbergh Francisco da Silva, Brazilian footballer
* Loïc Négo (born 1991), Hungarian footballer
* Nego do Borel (born 1992), Leno Maycon Viana Gomes, Brazilian funk musician
# Hugo Dixon

Hugo Duncan Dixon (born December 1963) is a British business journalist and the former editor-in-chief and chairman of the financial commentary website Breakingviews which he co-founded. He was the editor of the Financial Times Lex column from 1994 to 1999, and a visiting fellow at Saïd Business School, Oxford University. He is the great-grandson of former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill.

## Early life

Hugo Duncan Dixon was born in December 1963 to the Conservative MP Piers Dixon and the artist Edwina Sandys. The couple divorced in 1970 when Dixon was six. Dixon has an older brother, Mark Pierson Dixon, born in 1962.

## Education

Dixon was a King's Scholar at Eton and gained a first in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at Balliol College, Oxford.

## Career

Dixon's first job was as an intern at The Economist in 1985. A year later, he became junior banking correspondent for the Financial Times (FT). In 1988, aged 24, he was seconded to work for the then Social Democratic Party (SDP) leader Bob Maclennan to write the manifesto for the party's merger with the Liberals. Voices and Choices For All became known as 'the dead parrot document' after the famous Monty Python sketch because, when Liberal MPs read about its proposals in this paper, they barricaded their leader David Steel into his Commons office and told him he would be turfed out if he backed the controversial document – copies of which had already been left for journalists waiting at the press conference to announce the merger. Dixon also began working as telecoms and electronics correspondent for the FT in the same year.
In 1993 Dixon became leader writer for the FT, and a year later became editor of the paper's Lex column.

### Breakingviews

Inspired by an interview with Bill Gates in 1999, Dixon quit his job at the FT and co-founded – with his colleague from the FT, Jonathan Ford – Breakingviews, a website providing financial commentary. In 2007, Dixon and Ford fell out and Ford left to help set up a rival financial commentary website at Reuters.
In 2009, Dixon sold Breakingviews to Reuters for £13 million, making himself £2.5 million, with a retention bonus for Dixon to stay on as the website's editor for the following three years. The move meant that Ford lost his position at Reuters. Dixon continued as Breakingviews editor until 2012 when he became its commentator-at-large. For a time, he contributed a fortnightly column to the website.

## Pro-EU activism

Dixon is pro-EU and opposed to Brexit. He is the chair and editor-in-chief of InFacts, a website that focuses on facts and factual analysis about Brexit.
Dixon has written several pro-EU articles for The Guardian and The Independent in the aftermath of the Referendum.

## Other roles

Dixon is a visiting fellow at Saïd Business School, Oxford University.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Hugo Dixon :
# Human rights in Somaliland

Human rights in Somaliland are protected by Chapter one, Part three of the Constitution of Somaliland. Somaliland is an unrecognised sovereign state in the Horn of Africa, internationally considered to be part of Somalia.
Amnesty International criticizes the persistence of the death penalty and cases of controversial detentions and trials in Somaliland.
In January 2007, the editor and several journalists of the Haatuf newspaper were arrested because they had "defamed" the president's family with their corruption allegations. Under pressure from Somalilander expats and local media, the government released the journalists after 86 days in custody. Other journalists dealing with corruption were also victims of intimidation. Asylum seekers from the Ethiopian regions of Somali and Oromia, who are suspected of supporting the separatist Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) or the Oromo Liberation Front, have been repatriated to Ethiopia at the request of the Ethiopian government. According to human rights organizations, these people are at risk of arbitrary detention and torture. However, this order was not carried out.
As of 2009, Freedom House names the following human rights problems in Somaliland: corruption, interference and harassment of journalists, banning non-Islamic proselytizing, banning public demonstrations, lack of due process and prolonged detention before trial, weak judiciary and female genital mutilation.

## Freedom of expression

It is forbidden in Somaliland to promote the unity of Somaliland with Somalia, or to wear the flag of Somalia.
# Nicolas Monod

Nicolas Monod is a professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and known for work on bounded cohomology, ergodic theory, geometry (CAT(0) spaces), locally compact groups and amenability.
He was born in Montreux, Switzerland. He obtained his PhD from ETH Zurich in 2001 with thesis "Continuous Bounded Cohomology of Locally Compact Groups" written under the direction of Marc Burger.

## Career

Monod is a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He has been awarded the Gauss Lectureship and the Berwick Prize, and was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2006. He was one of the youngest Advanced Investigator awardees in the history of the European Research Council.
Monod was the president of the Swiss Mathematical Society from 2014 to 2015 and was the director of the Bernoulli Center at EPFL from 2014 to 2021.
# Humanitarian education

Humanitarian education teaches various social topics from a humanitarian perspective. A desire to reduce suffering, save lives and maintain human dignity is central to understanding humanitarian education. It is based on the assumption that people have an innate desire to help others, so is centrally concerned with our shared humanity.

## Definition and context

Humanitarian education is an area of learning that concentrates on the desire or impulse to save lives, protect human dignity and reduce suffering. It particularly relates to offering assistance to others in an emergency or crisis and is also used to refer to the skills, knowledge and attitudes needed for individuals and communities to help themselves. In the UK it may appear within curriculum subjects such as citizenship and personal, social, health and economic education. It began to be developed and encouraged in the UK by the British Red Cross during 2005.

## Goals and outcomes

The goal of humanitarian education is that communities increase their resilience and that individuals and groups are more confident, able and willing to help themselves and others when faced with a crisis.

## Curriculum content

By exploring crisis situations humanitarian education enables students to recognise that people can overcome adversity. It develops their understanding of humanitarian issues, the skills that build resilience and encourages them to intervene to support others in crisis.
The way in which educators explore with students any topic, issue or event must be within the framework of the principles of humanity and impartiality. It does not directly address causes and explicitly avoids exploring political, religious, social class, nationality, economic, environmental or other factors that might contribute to or create a crisis.

## Difference from other forms of education

Its origins in the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement mean that humanitarian education is sometimes confused with development education or global education, or simply teaching about the work of aid or development NGOs. Adherents also stress that humanitarian education is philosophically and practically distinct from human rights education, since the humanitarian impulse is founded on needs rather than rights or entitlement.
Humanitarian education is linked to, but distinct from, education about international humanitarian law, often referred to as the laws of war. Aspects of international humanitarian law are often topics within humanitarian education.