OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Amager Common

Amager Common (Danish: Amager Fælled) is a 223 hectare nature reserve on Amager in Copenhagen. It contains meadows, lakes, forests and a range of wildlife such as Highland cattle.

## History

The area where Amager Common now lies is a former military area. Abandoned in 1964, Amager Common gained protected status in two rounds: Kalvebodkilefredningen in 1990 and Amager Fælled fredningen in 1994.
Amager Common contained one of Copenhagen's execution sites, with the final execution taking place on April 22, 1845.
# Ambrose Burton House

The Ambrose Burton House, located on Unity Rd. near Harrodsburg, Kentucky, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
It is believed to have been built by Ambrose Burton in 1798. The house is a two-story log building with a single room on each floor. It is 18 by 24 feet (5.5 m × 7.3 m) in plan.
# Revenue stamps of South Australia

The Australian state of South Australia issued revenue stamps from 1894 to 2003. There were various types for different taxes.

## Bailiff Fee (1982-2002)

South Australia's first Bailiff Fee stamps were issued in 1982 and the designs were similar to earlier stamp duty revenues but with new inscriptions. Stamps in the same design but with differences in perforation or colour were issued until 1990, and they were used until about 2002.

## Beer Duty (1894-1918)

The first beer duty stamps were issued for beer in kegs in 1894, and like issues for the other Australian states, most were damaged or destroyed in use so most existing examples are in mint condition. The second issue was in 1903, and stamps in similar designs for use on kegs or bottles were issued until 1918. Later that year they were replaced by Australian Commonwealth beer duty issues.

## Cattle Duty (1940-1994)

These were used for compensation in case of slaughter for reasons of infection, and the first set was issued in 1940. A second set was issued in 1966 in decimal currency and these remained in use until 1994.

## Court Fee (1982-2002)

South Australia's first Court Fee stamps were issued in 1982 and the designs were similar to earlier stamp duty revenues but with new inscriptions. Stamps in the same design but with differences in perforation or colour were issued until 1990, and they were used until about 2002.

## Income Tax (1936-c.1937)

The first design was issued in 1936 and the set consisted of nine values ranging from 1s to £1. This was overprinted STAMP a year later to comply with the exact wording of the law, and a new set with corrected inscriptions was issued later.

## Jetty Tolls (1915-1954)

These were used as receipts by the South Australia Harbours Board for wharfage fees on fish landed. The first issue was a numeral design and reprints continued until 1931 with changes in perforation. They were used until 1954.

## Stamp Duty (1902-2003)

The first stamp duty revenues were issued in 1902 with the portrait of King Edward VII and they replaced fiscally used postage stamps. This design continued to be used until it was replaced by a numeral type in 1916. This design remained in use and a set in decimal currency was issued between 1966 and 1976. In 1977 a new set with the symbol of the state, a magpie, was issued, and stamps in this and a similar design were issued until 2003.

## Swine Duty (1937-c.1985)

These were used for compensation in case pigs had to be destroyed for reasons of infection, and the first set was issued in 1937. A second set was issued in 1966 in decimal currency and reprints of this set continued to be issued until around 1985.

## Tax Instalment (1941)

Only one set of tax instalment stamps was issued, in 1941. It was the keytype used in all Australian states, overprinted S.A. below the value. Twenty nine values ranging from 1d to £5 were issued, and are most commonly found in mint condition.
# Amakusa 1637 (disambiguation)

Amakusa 1637 may refer to:
* Amakusa 1637, manga written by Michiyo Akaishi
* Shimabara Rebellion, led by Amakusa Shirō, began in 1637
# Ambulyx carycina

Ambulyx carycina is a species of moth in the family Sphingidae. It was described by Karl Jordan in 1919, and is known from Papua New Guinea.
# Amatsuhikone

Amatsuhikone (天津日子根命,天津彥根命, which means little lad of Heaven) in Japanese mythology is the third son of Amaterasu.
In many versions, he is born from Amaterasu's jewels in her hair. In other versions he is born from the vine used to bind Amaterasu's hair.
He is believed to be the ancestor of several clans, including the Oshikochi and Yamashiro clans.
Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto [ja] is his son. He later descended onto 432-meter Mount Mikami during the reign of Emperor Kōrei (290 - 215 BC) to become the shintai of the mountain. On the mountain Mikami Shrine was built to worship him. It is a Shinto shrine located in the city of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan.
# Amatsukaze

Amatsukaze may refer to:

## Ships

* Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze (1916), an Imperial Japanese Navy Isokaze-class destroyer launched in 1916, completed in 1917, and scrapped in 1935
* Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze (1939), an Imperial Japanese Navy Kagerō-class destroyer launched in 1939 and commissioned in 1940 that served in World War II and was sunk in 1945
* JDS Amatsukaze (DDG-163), a Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force destroyer, the only one of her class, launched in 1963 and in commission from 1965 to 1995

## People

* Amatsukaze Masao (born 1937), Japanese sumo wrestler
# Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers of South Africa

The Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers of South Africa (ASW) was a trade union representing carpenters, joiners and those in related trades in South Africa.
The union originated in 1881, when the British-based Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (ASC&J) founded a branch in Cape Town. This was the first union to form in South Africa. The ASC&J became the Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers, and the South African section maintained its affiliation. In 1913, it was a founding affiliate of the Cape Federation of Labour Unions. Membership declined to only 500 by 1914, but under the leadership of Harry Green, it grew rapidly, and by 1921 had more than 3,000 members, about half in Transvaal.
In 1926, the union gained independence from its British parent, and by 1945 it had grown to 5,837 members. Almost all its members were white; it admitted coloured and Indian workers in the Western Cape, where they formed a majority of the membership. By this point, its leadership had become increasingly conservative.
By 1978, the union had 4,474 members, with around two-thirds being white. In 1980, the majority of the union's membership left, to join the rival Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers of South Africa. The union was left with just the 600 members in its former engineering section. It appears to have dissolved in the 1990s.
# Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union

The Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union (ATWU) was a trade union in Great Britain.

## History

The union was founded in 1974, when the Amalgamated Weavers' Association merged with the National Union of Textile and Allied Workers. The Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association developed close links with the new union, and the two shared a general secretary.
In 1983, the important Burnley, Nelson, Rossendale and District Textile Workers' Union decided to leave the ATWU, and argued that as its largest affiliate, it should be entitled to a proportionate share of the union's funds. The ATWU disagreed, and the dispute went to the High Court of England and Wales, which rejected the Burnley and Nelson union's claim.
With widespread redundancies in the industry, the union lost two-thirds of its members before it merged into the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trades Union in 1985. Based in Rochdale, the union's final general secretary was Jack Brown.

## Affiliates

By 1982, the union had the following affiliates:
    Blackburn and District Weavers', Winders' and Warpers' Association
    Bolton and District Union of Textile and Allied Workers
    Bolton and District Weavers', Winders' and Warpers' Association
    Burnley, Nelson, Rossendale and District Textile Workers' Union
    Colne and Craven Textile Workers' Association
    Oldham Provincial Union of Textile and Allied Workers
    National Union of Textile and Allied Workers, Rochdale and Districts
    Northern Textile and Allied Workers' Union
    North Lancashire and Cumbria Textile Workers' Association
    North West Lancashire, Durham and Cumbria Textile Workers' Union
    Rochdale and Todmorden District of the Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
    Southern Area
    Staff Section
    Wigan

## Leadership
### General Secretaries

    1974: Fred Hague and Joe King
    1975: Fred Hague
    1976: Jack Brown

### Presidents

    1974: Jim Browning
    1976: Joe Quinn
    1984: Albert Hilton
# Amanda Chou

Amanda Chou Hsiao-han (traditional Chinese: 周曉涵; simplified Chinese: 周晓涵; pinyin: Zhōu Xiǎohán) is a Taiwanese actress.

## Filmography
### Television series

| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Network | Notes |
| 2006 | White Robe of Love | 白袍之戀 | Xiao Ai | CTS | |
| 2007 | Queen's | 至尊玻璃鞋 | Cai Ke Er | CTS | |
| 2007 | The Teen Age | 18禁不禁 | Liang Pei Jun | CTV, GTV Variety Show | |
| 2008 | The Legend of Brown Sugar Chivalries | 黑糖群俠傳 | Tian Shan Tong Lao | Star Chinese Channel | |
| 2008 | Mr Sandwich | 三明治先生 | Sun Jia Lin | CTS | |
| 2009 | Knock Knock Loving You | 敲敲愛上你 | Xiao Bu | CTS | |
| 2010 | My Class | 我的這一班 | Zhou Ya Qi | PTS | |
| 2010 | Down With Love | 就想賴著妳 | Xu Ya Ling | CTV, GTV Variety Show | |
| 2011 | I, My Brother | 我和我的兄弟·恩 | Fen Ni (Tiffany) | CTV | |
| 2011 | Who's The One | 我的完美男人 | A Zhui | TTV | |
| 2011 | Symphony of Fate | 命運交響曲 | Jiang Ying Fan | AHTV, Shenzhen TV | |
| 2012 | The Diamond's Dream | 一克拉夢想 | Liu Yun Xi | ZJTV | |
| 2012 | Confucius | 智勝鮮師 | Yang Ting | CTV, GTV Variety Show | |
| 2013 | Two Fathers | 兩個爸爸 | Cai Shu Fei | SET Metro, EBC Variety | |
| 2013 | Shining Days | 璀璨人生 | Liu Xiao Hui | Hunan TV | |
| 2013 | Love Family | 有愛一家人 | Zhang Yin Yin | SET Metro, EBC Variety | |
| 2014 | Chou Zhen | 湊陣 | Chen Qiu Fen | PTS | |
| 2014 | Go, Single Lady | 上流俗女 | Han Han | ZJTV, CTV, GTV Variety Show | |
| 2014 | Say Again Yes I Do | 再說一次我願意 | Liang Man Ni | TTV, SET Metro, EBC Drama | |
| 2014 | Tie the Knot | 媽咪的男朋友 | Rima | SET Metro, EBC Variety | |
| 2015 | Love Cuisine | 料理高校生 | Yao Xin Ti (Cindy) | SET Metro, EBC Variety | |
| 2015 | Bromance | 愛上哥們 | Fan Xiao Qing | TTV, SET Metro | |
| 2016 | Love @ Seventeen | 我和我的十七歲 | Bai Shu Lei | TTV, EBC Variety TTV | |
| 2016 | Love By Design | 必勝練習生 | Miss Zhou | TTV, EBC Variety TTV | Cameo |
| 2017 | Happy Valentine's Day | 我的狐仙老婆 | Ma Yi Xuan | Youku | |
| 2017 | Lion Pride | 獅子王強大 | Wang Qiang Wei | TTV, EBC Variety TTV | |
| 2018 | Campus Heroes | 高校英雄傳 | Lu Da Xiang's Ex | TTV, SET Metro, TTV | Cameo |
| 2018 | Wuda's Girls | 武大的小姐姐們 | Xi Shi | Youku | |
| 2019 | My Hero, My Daddy | 必勝大丈夫 | Huang Tian Lam | SET Metro | |
| 2019 | Big Thing | 一起幹大事 | Zhou Xiao Han | TTV, GTV Variety Show | Cameo |
| 2020 | The Devil Punisher | 天巡者 | Qing Guang-wang | SETTV | |
| 2024 | Game On | 遊戲開始 | | TVBS |

### Film

| Year | English title | Original title | Role | Notes |
| 2018 | The Outsiders | 鬥魚 | Grid girl | Cameo |
| 2018 | Monga 2018 | 艋舺之江湖再現 | Qiao An | iQiyi |
| 2019 | Nina Wu | 灼人秘密 | Girl No.2 | |
# Rhizogene

Rhizogene is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
# Ambinanifaho

Ambinanifaho is a municipality in northern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Antalaha, which is a part of Sava Region. According to 2001 census the population of Ambinanifaho was 6,573.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 99% of the population are farmers. The most important crop is vanilla, while other important products are coffee, cloves and rice. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.

## References and notes

* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
14°37′S 50°8′E﻿ / ﻿14.617°S 50.133°E﻿ / -14.617; 50.133
* This Sava region of Madagascar location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Rex Williams (disambiguation)

Rex Williams is an English professional snooker and billiards player.
Rex Williams may also refer to:
* Rex Williams (American football), American football player.
* Rex Williams (politician) (1928–2012), Australian politician
* Rex Williams (commissioner), New Zealand chancellor of Canterbury University and commissioner at the Canterbury Regional Council
# American Association of Individual Investors

The American Association of Individual Investors is a nonprofit organization with about 150,000 members whose purpose is to educate individual investors regarding stock market portfolios, financial planning, and retirement accounts. AAII "assists individuals in becoming effective managers of their own assets through programs of education, information and research." The organization markets itself as an unbiased source of investment information because of its not-for-profit status.
The organization was founded in 1978 by James Cloonan, Ph.D. Over the last thirty years, AAII's members report "investment returns that are consistently higher than those of the stock market as a whole" (using the S&P 500 as reference). Since 2003, AAII has maintained two real portfolios—a shadow stock portfolio and a mutual fund portfolio for education purposes. These portfolios' returns and contents are available online and, the site reports, have outperformed the market considerably over the course of their existence.

## Membership

AAII.com is the organization's main outlet for their educational materials. While it does offer some completely free information, requiring no registration or membership dues, a large portion of the site requires free registration or membership. AAII's best and premium content is made available only to members, who pay fees starting at $29 a year. For this fee, they receive the AAII Journal (the organization's monthly ad-free magazine), access to the organization's model portfolios, techniques for screening stocks, free investment courses, and other benefits. For members interested in using their computers as an investment resource, AAII offers the Computerized Investing journal and microsite for an additional annual fee. AAII also offers members the opportunity to attend its annual investor conference for an additional fee, featuring notable speakers from across the finance space.

## Mentions

* Syndicated columnist Humberto Cruz has mentioned AAII in his investment advice columns; he wrote, "For my money, I prefer AAII. But BetterInvesting may appeal to those interested in forming investment clubs, and several people I know belong to both organizations."
* AAII.com has earned a "Best of the Web" award from Forbes in 2012.
* AAII's "Sentiment Survey", which is a weekly poll (indicator) of its members' opinion on where the market will be in six months, is often written about by financial bloggers and other personal investment organizations, who consider the survey to be among the best of contrarian indicators.
* AAII.com was mentioned in a June 2006 Newsweek article: "If you want more-technical information, try the American Association of Individual Investors".
* AAII.com was treated more critically by Johnathan Ping in his Mymoneyblog, which not only details the 2009 revenue to salary and marketing costs of the organization, but argues that the performance claims of the AAII portfolios are not entirely honest.
# Reynel

Reynel (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.
# Amdalaye

Amdalaye is a village in the Zam Department of Ganzourgou Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 296.
# American Princes

American Princes is an indie rock band from Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. The band started in 2003 when David Slade, then-bassist John Beachboard and drummer Matthew Quin moved to Little Rock from New York City. Within their first year in Arkansas, they met guitarist Collins Kilgore and released their first album, We Are the People, on Max Recordings. In 2004, after their first national tour, American Princes released their second album, Little Spaces, also on Max Recordings. Luke Hunsicker (Sugar and the Raw) joined the 2004 tour in support of Little Spaces.
In 2005, the band signed with Yep Roc Records and went into Richmond’s Sound of Music studio with producer Alan Weatherhead to record Less and Less. Since the release of Less and Less some of the bands American Princes have shared the stage with include The Flaming Lips, The Roots, Big Star, The Hold Steady, Spoon, De La Soul, Lucero, Catfish Haven, John Doe, The Apples in Stereo, and others. In 2006 guitarist Will Boyd joined the band, and in the Summer of 2007 the band began work on their fourth album with producer Chuck Brody (Wu Tang Clan, Northern State) in New York.
In January 2007 Magnet Magazine released their Best Albums of 2006 list on which Less and Less appeared as number 17. American Princes' 2008 release Other People was voted #1 on Magnet Magazine's Best Albums of 2008 list.
Bassist Luke Hunsicker died of brain cancer in August 2010.

## Band members
### Current

* Collins Kilgore (Lead Guitar, Vocals)
* Matthew Quin (Drums)
* David Slade (Rhythm Guitar, Vocals)
* Will Boyd (Lead Guitar, Vocals)
* Jack Lloyd (Bass, Vocals)

### Former

* Luke Hunsicker (Bass) (deceased)
* John Beachboard (Bass, Vocals)
* Ryan Universe (Bass)

## Discography

* We Are The People (2003, Max Recordings)
* Little Spaces (2004, Max Recordings)
* Less And Less (2006, Yep Roc Records)
* Other People (2008, Yep Roc Records)
* American Princes (EP) (2011, Reynolds Records)
# Rhaphiptera avicenniae

Rhaphiptera avicenniae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Dalens and Tavakilian in 2007. It is known from French Guiana and Brazil.
# American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

The United States of America has conducted espionage against the Soviet Union and its successor state, the Russian Federation.

## Soviet Union

Throughout the Cold War, acts of espionage, or spying, became prevalent as tension between the United States and Soviet Union increased. Information played a crucial role in the Cold War and would be essential to a victory of either side. Both the United States and Soviet Union understood this fact and invested greatly in espionage missions and technology.

## Russian Federation

According to U.S. government officials, as of 2016 the United States Intelligence Community had earmarked up to 10-percent of its budgets "to Russia-related espionage".

### Incidents

* In 2000 a former U.S. naval intelligence officer was convicted of espionage by a Russian court and sentenced to 20 years in prison, however, was later pardoned by Russian president Vladimir Putin. At the time of his arrest, the man had been seeking to purchase technical details about a Russian rocket-propelled torpedo; he later claimed he had only been seeking unclassified information regarding the torpedo for his technical consulting business.
* In 2013 Ryan Fogle, the third secretary at the U.S. embassy in Moscow, was deported from Russia after Russian counterintelligence officers caught him carrying two wigs, three pairs of sunglasses, a Moscow street atlas, $130,000 in cash, and "a letter offering up to $1-million a year for long-term cooperation".
* In 2017 a cybersecurity specialist working in the Federal Security Service was arrested by Russian authorities on suspicion of passing information to U.S. intelligence.
# Amola-Faca River (Caveiras River tributary)

The Do Amola Faca River is a river of Santa Catarina state in southeastern Brazil. It is part of the Uruguay River basin.
# Amplypterus mansoni

Amplypterus mansoni is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Benjamin Preston Clark in 1924.

## Distribution

It is known from south-east Asia, including north-eastern India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra and Java).

## Description

The wingspan is 110–115 mm.
* Male dorsal
* Male ventral

## Subspecies

* Amplypterus mansoni mansoni
* Amplypterus mansoni takamukui (Matsumura, 1930) (Taiwan)
* Amplypterus mansoni takamukui ♂
* Amplypterus mansoni takamukui ♂ △
* Amplypterus mansoni takamukui ♀
* Amplypterus mansoni takamukui ♀ △
# Amorsolo (disambiguation)

Fernando Amorsolo (1892–1972) was a Filipino painter.
It may also refer to:
* Pablo Amorsolo (1898–1945), Filipino painter, younger brother of Fernando
* Sylvia Amorsolo-Lazo (born 1943), Filipino painter, daughter of Fernando
* Amorsolo Street, a minor north-south roadway in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines
* The Beacon – Amorsolo Tower, a planned residential condominium skyscraper in Makati, Philippines
# Reuven Kalisher

Reuven Kalisher, resident of Zhytomir, was a Jewish doctor and Hebrew-language literist.

## Vitiligo and Tzaraath

Kalisher maintained the view that the Torah mentioned Tzaraath is not Leprosy but in fact Vitiligo, Yehuda L. Katzenelson quotes Kalisher's view in his work on medicinal talmudic work (הרפואה וחכמת התלמוד berlin, 1928).

## Literary works

* Natural works and medicine (Hebrew) Warsaw, 1862.
* This biographical article related to medicine in Russia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This biographical article about a person notable in connection with Judaism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Rhys Jenkins (rugby union)

Rhys Jenkins is a rugby union player for Newport RFC and the Newport Gwent Dragons regional team. He is a Wales Under 18 and Under 20 international.
A back row forward, Jenkins joined Newport RFC from Ebbw Vale RFC at the start of the 2010–11 season. He made his debut for Newport Gwent Dragons regional team against the Ospreys on 7 May 2010 as a second-half replacement. He was released by Newport Gwent Dragons at the end of the 2011–12 season and joined Newport RFC
# Riama

Riama is a genus of lizards in the family Gymnophthalmidae. The genus is endemic to South America.

## Species

The genus Riama contains 16 species which are recognized as being valid.
* Riama anatoloros (Kizirian, 1996)
* Riama antioquensis Arredondo, 2013
* Riama balneator (Kizirian, 1996)
* Riama cashcaensis (Kizirian & Coloma, 1991) – Kizorian's lightbulb lizard
* Riama colomaromani (Kizirian, 1996)
* Riama columbiana (Andersson, 1914) – Colombian lightbulb lizard
* Riama inanis (Doan & Schargel, 2003)
* Riama labionis (Kizirian, 1996)
* Riama meleagris (Boulenger, 1885) – brown lightbulb lizard
* Riama orcesi (Kizirian, 1995)
* Riama raneyi (Kizirian, 1996)
* Riama simotera (O'Shaughnessy, 1879) – O'Shaughnessy's lightbulb lizard
* Riama stigmatoral (Kizirian, 1996)
* Riama striata (W. Peters, 1863) – striped lightbulb lizard,
* Riama unicolor Gray, 1858 – drab lightbulb lizard
* Riama yumborum Aguirre-Peñafiel, Torres-Carvajal, Sales-Nunes, Peck & Maddock, 2014
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Riama.
# Amucallia venezuelensis

Amucallia venezuelensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2010. It is known from Venezuela.
# Amos Russel Wells

Amos Russel Wells (23 December 1862, in Glens Falls, New York – 6 March 1933, in Massachusetts) was a United States editor, author and professor.
He graduated from Antioch College in 1883. He was professor of Greek and geology at Antioch College from 1883 to 1891 and from 1891 editor of the Christian Endeavor World, Boston. From 1901, he was associate author of Peloubet's Notes on the Sunday School Lessons. He was a member of the International Sunday-School Lesson Committee. He was a voluminous author, no less than 63 titles being credited to his pen. His works include books dealing with young people's work, the Sunday school, juvenile fiction, poetry and devotional literature.