OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# AK model

The AK model of economic growth is an endogenous growth model used in the theory of economic growth, a subfield of modern macroeconomics. In the 1980s it became progressively clearer that the standard neoclassical exogenous growth models were theoretically unsatisfactory as tools to explore long run growth, as these models predicted economies without technological change and thus they would eventually converge to a steady state, with zero per capita growth. A fundamental reason for this is the diminishing return of capital; the key property of AK endogenous-growth model is the absence of diminishing returns to capital. In lieu of the diminishing returns of capital implied by the usual parameterizations of a Cobb–Douglas production function, the AK model uses a linear model where output is a linear function of capital. Its appearance in most textbooks is to introduce endogenous growth theory.

## Graphical representation of the model

The AK model production function is a special case of a Cobb–Douglas function with constant returns to scale.
    $Y=AK^{a}L^{1-a}\,$
This equation shows a Cobb–Douglas function where Y represents the total production in an economy. A represents total factor productivity, K is capital, L is labor, and the parameter $a$ measures the output elasticity of capital. For the special case in which $a=1$, the production function becomes linear in capital and does not have the property of decreasing returns to scale in the capital stock, which would prevail for any other value of the capital intensity between 0 and 1.
$n$ = population growth rate $\delta \$ = depreciation
$k$ = capital per worker
$y$ = output/income per worker $L$ = labor force
$s$ = saving rate
In an alternative form $Y=AK$, $K$ embodies both physical capital and human capital.
    $Y=AK\,$
In the above equation A is the level of technology which is positive constant and K represents volume of capital. Hence, output per capita is:
    ${\frac {Y}{L}}=A\cdot {\frac {K}{L}}$ i.e. $y=Ak$
The model implicitly assumes that the average product of capital is equal to marginal product of capital which is equivalent to:
$A>0$
The model again assumes that labor force is growing at a constant rate ‘n’ and there is no depreciation of capital. (δ = 0 ) In this case, the basic differential equation of neo-classical growth model would be:
$k(t)=s\cdot f(k)-nk$
Hence, ${\frac {k(t)}{k}}=s\cdot {\frac {f(k)}{k}}-n$
But in the model ${\frac {f(k)}{k}}=A$
Thus, ${\frac {k(t)}{k}}=s\cdot A-n$

## The united approach to the model

To avoid the contradictions, Russian economist Vladimir Pokrovskii proposed to write the production function in the united form
    $Y={\begin{cases}\xi K,&\xi >0\\Y_{0}{\frac {L}{L_{0}}}\left({\frac {L_{0}}{L}}{\frac {P}{P_{0}}}\right)^{\alpha },&0<\alpha <1\end{cases}}$
where $P$ is a capital severce; $Y_{0}$, $L_{0}$ and $P_{0}$ correspond to output, labour and substitutive work in the base year. This form of the theory explains growth as a consequence of the dynamics of the production factors, without any arbitrary parameters, which makes it possible to reproduce historical rates of economic growth with considerable precision.
# A Breed Apart (soundtrack)

A Breed Apart is the soundtrack album for the film A Breed Apart, composed and performed by Maurice Gibb. All of the instrumentals were recorded in 1984 but "Hold Her in Your Hand" and "On Time" were recorded in 1983. This soundtrack was the last recording session at the famous Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles. Even though he did not play on the soundtrack, Jimmie Haskell said years later that he was very impressed by Maurice's demos, especially his sensitive playing of the flute parts. Jimmie mixed the synthesizer flute into the finished recordings because he liked the sound. "Hold Her in Your Hand" was released as a single in 1984.

## Track listing

All the songs written and composed by Maurice Gibb except for “Hold Her in Your Hand”, which is by Maurice and Barry Gibb.

## Personnel

* Jimmie Haskell — orchestral arrangement
* Maurice Gibb — synthesizer, lead vocal on "Hold Her in Your Hand" and "On Time"
* Dennis Hetzendorfer — engineer
# Prevention of Genocide Task Force

On 8 December 2008, the Genocide Prevention Task Force, co-chaired by Madeleine Albright, a former US Secretary of State, and William Cohen, a former US Secretary of Defense, released its final report which concludes that the US government can prevent genocide and mass atrocities in the future.
In the words of Cohen, "This report provides a blueprint that can enable the United States to take preventive action, along with international partners, to forestall the specter of future cases of genocide and mass atrocities."
Recommendations include:
* a proactive role of the US president which would demonstrate to the US and the world that preventing genocide and mass atrocities is a national priority
* creating a body within the United States National Security Council to analyze threats and consider preventive action
* set up a fund of $250 million for crisis prevention and response
* help create an international network for the sharing of information and the coordination of preventive action
# Princess Klementine von Metternich

Princess Klementine Maria Octavia von Metternich (30 August 1804 – 6 May 1820) was an Austrian princess.

## Biography

Princess Klementine von Metternich was born on 30 August 1804 into the House of Metternich. Her father was the Austrian diplomat Klemens, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein. Her mother was Countess Eleonore von Kaunitz, a granddaughter of Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg. She was their fifth child and second daughter.
Klementine was painted by Moritz Michael Daffinger in 1819, posed as the goddess Hebe. The painting Portrait of a Lady attributed to Sir Thomas Lawrence is allegedly a portrait of Klementine.
She died from tuberculosis on 6 May 1820.
# Princess Ki

Princess Ki (紀皇女)was a Japanese princess during the Asuka period of Japanese history. She was a daughter of Emperor Tenmu and Lady Ōnu, whose father was Soga no Akaye. Her brother was Prince Hozumi and her sister Princess Takata.

## Genealogy

Some people say that she was once a wife of Prince Karu, a grandson of Empress Jitō, but no clear evidence exists.
The Man'yōshū includes some poems of her love for her half-brother Prince Yuge, a son of Princess Ōe. No other historical materials recording about her life are existing. No records say that she married him.
# Print

Print or printing may also refer to:

## Publishing

* Canvas print, the result of an image printed onto canvas which is often stretched, or gallery-wrapped, onto a frame and displayed
* Offset printing, the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the printing surface.
* Old master print, a work of art produced by a printing process in the Western tradition
* Photographic printing, the process producing a final image on paper
* Print run, all of the copies produced by a single set-up of the production equipment
* Printing is the process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template
* Printing press, a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium
* Printmaking, the process of making artwork by printing, normally on paper
* Release print, a copy of a film that is provided to a movie theater
* Textile printing, the process of applying color to fabric in patterns or designs
* Waterless printing, an offset lithographic printing process

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Print (magazine), a bimonthly magazine about visual culture and design
* Prints (album), a 2002 album by Fred Frith
* ThePrint, an Indian online newspaper

## Computing

* PRINT, the DOS command providing printer spooling capability
* PRINT, the BASIC command mainly for outputting text on the screen
* Printf, is a fundamental function in C

## Other uses

* Printing, when the shape or outline of a firearm is visible through a garment
* Print Matthews (1840–1883), American sheriff who was murdered
# A Sunset Touch

A Sunset Touch is a 1953 novel by the British writer Howard Spring.
A bank clerk, Roger Menheniot, yearns, during World War Two, to escape from London by acquiring, if possible, a house in Cornwall, the site of which was formerly owned by some of his ancestors. This aspiration takes him into involvement with various local people in the area, with various consequences.
# A War Song

"A War Song", originally called "A Soldier's Song", was a poem written by C. Flavell Hayward and set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar in 1884.
As A Soldier's Song, it was Elgar's first published song, appearing in Magazine of Music in 1890. It was dedicated to "F. G. P." (Frederick Pedley), who gave its first performance on 18 March 1884 at a Worcester Glee Club meeting in the Crown Hotel, Broad Street, Worcester.
In 1903 it was re-published by Boosey & Co. with the name A War Song, as Elgar's Op. 5. The cover of the song clearly shows "Op.5, No.1", but no other Op.5 work is known, though J.F. Porte in his book describing the works of Elgar commends 'the two numbers comprising Opus 5.' It was performed at the Royal Albert Hall on 1 October of that year, sung by Kennerley Rumford.

## Lyrics

A SOLDIER'S SONG / A WAR SONG
    Hear the whiz of the shot as it flies,
    Hear the rush of the shell in the skies,
    Hear the bayonet’s clash, ringing bright,
    See the flash of the steel as they fight,
    Hear the conqueror’s shout !
    As the foe’s put to rout !
    Hear the cry of despair
    That is rending the air –
    Now the neigh of a horse, now the bugle’s loud blast.
    See! anger and pain, passion and shame,
    A struggle for life, a thirst for fame.
             Ah !
       Glory or death, for true hearts and brave,
       Honour in life, or rest in a grave.
    Now the warfare is o’er, life is past,
    Now in peace lie the dead, still at last ;
    Bronzed and brown, wan and pale, side by side,
    Side by side, as they fought, fell and died ;
    There they lie, rank and pride,
    Rags and wealth, proved and tried.
    Youth and age, fear and trust,
    Scarred and scorched, in the dust ;
    Gone for ever their pain, anger, passion, and shame,
    Gone! tumult and smoke, conflict and din,
    Gone, anguish and trouble, sorrow and sin, -
             Ah !
       Glory or death, for true hearts and brave,
       Honour in life, or rest in a grave.

## Recordings

* "The Unknown Elgar" includes "A War Song" performed by Stephen Holloway (bass), with Barry Collett (piano)
* Songs and Piano Music by Edward Elgar has "A War Song" performed by Peter Savidge (baritone), with David Owen Norris (piano).
* John Ireland - Orchestral Songs and Miniatures With a collection of the music of Ireland, two songs by Elgar are included: Follow the Colours and A War Song, performed by Roderick Williams (baritone), BBC Concert Orchestra/Martin Yates
# A War Story Book I

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
A War Story Book I is the second studio album by American hip hop group Psycho Realm. Unlike their first album this was released under their own Sick Symphonies label. This CD only contains one song with B-Real, unlike their first CD where B-Real was on most of the songs. This was due to his commitment to Cypress Hill and was no longer able to collaborate with the Psycho Realm. On this album they only have two featured guests: Crow from the Street Platoon and of course B-Real on "Show Of Force".

## Personnel

* Joaquin Gonzalez - vocals, producer, mixing
* Gustavo Gonzalez - vocals (tracks: 1–2, 4–11), producer
* Louis Freese - vocals (track 12), producer
* Carlos Vargas - vocals (tracks: 7–8), co-producer (tracks: 7–8)
* Menno - additional vocals, guitar, keyboards
* Eric Lance Correa - percussion
* Jay Turner - scratches
* David Cheppa - mastering
* Joe Warlick - mixing
# Priscopedatidae

Priscopedatidae is a prehistoric family of extinct sea cucumbers.
# Prodioctes haematicus

Prodioctes haematicus, commonly known as rhizome weevil, is a species of weevil native to India and Sri Lanka. It is one of the common pest on cardamom and ginger.

## Description

This small weevil has a body length of 12 mm. Adult is brown in color.

## Biology

Adult weevil lays eggs in the cavities made on rhizome. Egg period is about 8 to 10 days. Grub is usually found inside the rhizome where they make tunnels and feed on the rhizome causing death of entire clumps of cardamom. Grub period is about 21 days. Larvae become full fed within three weeks. Final grub starts to pupate in the feeding tunnels. Pupal period lasts for 21 days. Lifespan of the adult is about 7 to 8 months. Adult completes only one generation in a year. Grub infestation is severe in the secondary nursery during November to January.
Grubs are also known to attack rhizomes of ginger where grubs bore into the pseudostem and cause dead hearts.

## Control

Adults and final grubs can be control by hand picking. Affected plants and seedlings can be destroyed and burn. Otherwise, base of the clump can be treated with chlorpyrifos, malathion or carbaryl pesticides. Infected ginger plants can be treated with monocrotophos, fenitrothion, endosulfan, nimbicidine or carbofuran 3G granules immediately after mother rhizome extraction.
# Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom

The privileged bodies of the United Kingdom are those institutions and corporations which enjoy the historic right to present an address to the British Sovereign in person.
In modern times this right is exercised on significant occasions in the life of the monarch and at a ceremony specially organised for the purpose. A senior representative of each body delivers each loyal address and, after each has been read, the monarch responds and receives parchment copies of each.

## List

On 9 March 2023, the following 27 bodies presented loyal addresses to King Charles III at a ceremony at Buckingham Palace to mark the start of his reign:
| Type | Privileged bodies |
| Faith communities and ecclesiastical bodies | The General Synod of the Church of EnglandThe General Assembly of the Church of ScotlandThe Free Churches GroupThe Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)The Board of Deputies of the British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish AssociationThe Dean and Chapter of WestminsterThe Dean and Chapter of St Paul’s CathedralThe Dean and Canons of St George’s Chapel, WindsorThe Catholic Church in England and Wales |
| Institutions of higher learning | The University of OxfordThe University of CambridgeThe University of EdinburghThe University of LondonThe University of St AndrewsThe University of GlasgowThe University of Aberdeen |
| Bodies from cities and regions | The City of London CorporationThe Corporation of the City of EdinburghThe Greater London AuthorityThe Lieutenancy of the City of LondonThe Corporation of the City of WestminsterThe Royal County of BerkshireThe Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead |
| Cultural, learned and civic organisations | The Royal SocietyThe Royal Academy of ArtsThe Bank of EnglandThe Military Knights of Windsor |

## History

The speeches given and presented were originally called humble addresses, like those of Parliament, but over time have become known as loyal addresses. They offered regional government and other organisations an opportunity to demonstrate their dedication to the Crown. There were formerly several hundred privileged bodies and the addresses provided the opportunity to reassert their loyalty as well as drawing the monarch's attention to particular issues. In an age of limited communications, it was a rare and valuable opportunity to directly address the monarch. It also gave the government of the time an idea of what concerned the country’s citizens.
Today, as with Parliament's humble addresses, the privilege is more ceremonial than political, serving to emphasise and reaffirm the antiquity and importance of the privileged bodies on special royal occasions.
Queen Elizabeth II received the privileged bodies five times during her reign:
* her accession in 1952
* her Silver Jubilee in 1977
* the engagement of The Prince of Wales in 1981
* her Golden Jubilee in 2002
* her Diamond Jubilee in 2012
King Charles III has currently received them once during his reign:
* to mark the start of his reign and before his coronation in 2023
# ATP6V1G1

V-type proton ATPase subunit G 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP6V1G1 gene.
This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A, three B, and two G subunits, as well as a C, D, E, F, and H subunit. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three V1 domain G subunit proteins. Pseudogenes of this gene have been characterized.
# ATP6V1F

V-type proton ATPase subunit F is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP6V1F gene.
This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A and three B subunits, two G subunits plus the C, D, E, F, and H subunits. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The V0 domain consists of five different subunits: a, c, c', c", and d. Additional isoforms of many of the V1 and V0 subunit proteins are encoded by multiple genes or alternatively spliced transcript variants. This encoded protein is the V1 domain F subunit protein.
Subunit F is a 16 kDa protein that is required for the assembly and activity of V-ATPase, and has a potential role in the differential targeting and regulation of the enzyme for specific organelles. This subunit is not necessary for the rotation of the ATPase V1 rotor, but it does promote catalysis.
# Primula hortensis

Primula hortensis is a name which has been applied to various hybrids in the genus Primula, e.g. to Primula × polyantha Mill. by Focke and to Primula × pubescens by Wittstein. The name Primula hortensis is not an accepted taxon name, however.

## Description

These flowers are yellowish-orange in colour.
# Primula lutea

Primula lutea is a species of primrose that grows on basic rocks in the mountain ranges of southeastern Europe, including the southern and eastern Alps, southern Carpathians, Apennines, and the Balkans. The leaves are obovate and stalkless, with a cartilaginous edge, all growing in a basal rosette. The yellow flowers grow in clusters on 5–20 cm long stalks.
In the past it was considered synonymous with the very similar Primula auricula, but a recent study split this species off from P. auricula, with the latter being found in the more northerly areas (western Alps, Jura, Vosges, Black Forest and Tatra mountains).
# Profiles (TV series)

Profiles is a Canadian biographical television miniseries that aired on CBC Television from 1979 to 1980.

## Premise

Various personalities featured in this mini-series.

## Scheduling

The five episodes of the mini-series were broadcast approximately monthly at random times between 27 December 1979 and 16 April 1980.

## Episodes

* Eric Arthur (architect-writer), hosted by June Callwood
* Douglas Crozier (medicine), hosted by Joe Coté
* Walter Kenyon (archaeologist), hosted by Joe Coté
* Madelaine Parent (union movement), hosted by Sharon Dunn
# Aage B. Sørensen

Aage Bottger Sørensen was born on May 13, 1941, in Silkeborg, Denmark, and died on April 18, 2001, in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
In 1967, Sørensen was the first recipient of a master's degree in Sociology from the University of Copenhagen. He went on to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore where he earned a Ph.D. in Social Relations in 1971. From 1971 to 1984, Professor Sørensen taught at the University of Wisconsin, serving as department chair in Sociology from 1979 to 1982. He was appointed to the faculty at Harvard University in 1984. As chair of the Sociology Department from 1984 until 1992, he led a substantial renewal of its faculty and programs. From 1994 until his injury, he was chair of Harvard's Joint Doctoral Program in Organizational Behavior.
Sorensen's main contribution involved theories of how social and economic inequality reflects the unequal distribution of opportunities and social resources. His work offered a sociological alternative to some economic theories that see inequality as a result of differences in training and education. Instead, he argued that the benefits of education and training depended on whether jobs were available on a freely competitive basis or whether access to them was restricted in various ways. Persistent inequalities, he argued, occur when individuals and groups are able to limit access to jobs, education and other opportunities.
Sorensen died in Boston, having been in poor health since February 2000, when he was injured in a fall on ice near his home. He was survived by his wife Annemette, director of the Henry A. Murray Research Center at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, his son, Jesper, and three grandchildren, Nikolaj, Benjamin, and Chloe.
# Aage Bendixen

Aage Bendixen (16 June 1887 – 30 December 1973) was a Danish actor. He is best known for his work in short comedy films of the 1920s and 1930s in the Cinema of Denmark.

## Career

He began acting in film in 1919 at the age of 32 in Væddeløberen.

## Filmography

* Prisoner Number One (1935) - Regissør
* Københavnere (1933)
* Han, hun og Hamlet (1932) - Short sailor
* Pas paa pigerne (1930)
* The Joker (1928)
* Don Quixote (1926)
* Fra Piazza del Popolo (1925)
* Landsvägsriddare (1921) - Släpvagnen
* Kärlek och björnjakt (1920) - Mr. Pålsson
* Flickorna i Åre (1920) - Porter
* Gudernes yndling (1920) - Jack Pudding
* Et Sommereventyr eller De keder sig på Landet (1919)
* Væddeløberen (1919)