OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nielsen realization problem

The Nielsen realization problem is a question asked by Jakob Nielsen (1932, pp. 147–148) about whether finite subgroups of mapping class groups can act on surfaces, that was answered positively by Steven Kerckhoff (1980, 1983).

## Statement

Given an oriented surface, we can divide the group Diff(S), the group of diffeomorphisms of the surface to itself, into isotopy classes to get the mapping class group π$_0$(Diff(S)). The conjecture asks whether a finite subgroup of the mapping class group of a surface can be realized as the isometry group of a hyperbolic metric on the surface.
The mapping class group acts on Teichmüller space. An equivalent way of stating the question asks whether every finite subgroup of the mapping class group fixes some point of Teichmüller space.

## History

Jakob Nielsen (1932, pp. 147–148) asked whether finite subgroups of mapping class groups can act on surfaces. Kravetz (1959) claimed to solve the Nielsen realization problem but his proof depended on trying to show that Teichmüller space (with the Teichmüller metric) is negatively curved. Linch (1971) pointed out a gap in the argument, and Masur (1975) showed that Teichmüller space is not negatively curved. Steven Kerckhoff (1980, 1983) gave a correct proof that finite subgroups of mapping class groups can act on surfaces using left earthquakes.
# Golcar United F.C.

Golcar United Football Club is a football club based in Golcar, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Counties East League Premier Division and play at Longfield Avenue.

## History

Founded in 1904, the club initially played in the Huddersfield & District League. They joined the West Riding County Amateur League in 1934 and were runners-up in their first season in the league. After finishing bottom of the table in 1937–38, the club left the league.
Golcar won the West Riding County Challenge Cup in 2000–01, and were Premier Division runners-up in 2003–04. The following season saw them win the West Riding County Amateur League title. They were runners-up in 2014–15, and champions in 2017–18. They retained the league title the following season, and were promoted to Division One North of the North West Counties League. In 2021–22 they finished third in the league, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. After beating AFC Blackpool 4–2 on penalties in the semi-finals (after a 2–2 draw), they defeated Holker Old Boys 2–1 in the final to earn promotion to the Premier Division.

## Ground

The club moved to their Longfield Avenue ground in 1955, where the pitch had a noticeable side-to-side slope. Following their promotion to the North West Counties League, floodlights were installed, and were used for the first time on 8 October when the club defeated local rivals Shelley 1–0 in a league match in front of 556 spectators. A 100-seat stand was erected in March 2020.

## Honours

* West Riding County Amateur League
** Premier Division champions 2004–05, 2017–18, 2018–19
* West Riding County Challenge Cup
** Winners 2000–01
* Huddersfield Invitation Cup
** Winners 1919–20, 1922–23, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1970–71, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19

## Records

* Best FA Cup performance: Preliminary round, 2024–25
* Best FA Vase performance: First round, 2021–22, 2022–23
* Record attendance: 1,320 vs Emley, Northern Counties East League, League Cup semi-final, 21 April 2023
# Golbunia

Golbunia is a village in Pirojpur District in the Barisal Division of southwestern Bangladesh.
# Ina Rosenberg

Ina Rosenberg is the name of:
* Ina Rosenberg Garten, American chef and TV presenter
* Ina Rosenberg Balin, American actress
# In Death Ground

In Death Ground is a 1997 military science fiction novel by American writer David Weber and Steve White. The story is completed in the novel The Shiva Option.
The title is taken from a passage in Chapter 11 of Sun Tzu's The Art of War: "In difficult ground, press on; On hemmed-in ground, use subterfuge; In death ground, fight." The original text is "圮地則行；圍地則謀；死地則戰"。

## Plot summary

The novel is set in a distant future. Following the accidental discovery of interstellar travel via 'warp points', humanity has expanded throughout space, evolving into a Terran Federation consisting of Core Worlds like Earth and Alpha Centauri, Corporate Worlds like Galloway's Star, and Fringe Worlds colonized by small groups of like-minded people seeking to preserve ethnic or cultural identities from getting lost in a cosmopolitan sameness. (Tensions exist between the three groups of worlds, and are further explored in Insurrection, another novel also written by Weber and White).
Following a series of three interstellar wars (ISWs 1–3) with different species (warlike felinoid Orions and their centauroid Gorm associates, birdlike Ophiuchi, the genocidal Rigelians, and the Thebans (explored in a prequel novel Crusade), humanity has experienced a seventy-year "vacation from history", i.e. seven decades of peace.
A survey squadron travels through a previously uncharted warp point and encounters a hive-like species referred to derisively as the 'Bugs' (inspired by the Arachnids in Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers). All attempts at communication fail, and the Bugs ambush the survey squadron, with a great loss of material and human life. Pursuing the survivors, the Bugs mount a massive invasion of Terran and Orion space.
Satellites left behind monitor the conquered planets and reveal that Bugs regard other sentient life forms as food sources; indeed the Bugs prefer to consume their prey alive. It is later revealed that the Bugs raise ranches of conquered species.
The alternative being "equal opportunity genocide", Terrans, Orions, Gorm, and Ophiuchi form a Grand Alliance, with Terrans and Orions as the senior members. The novel features long and very detailed space and ground battle sequences, detailed discussions of tactical doctrine, the ongoing arms race between the Alliance and the Bugs, and the development of interpersonal relations between military people of different background and species.
The universe and novels are based on the Starfire wargame series, which David Weber helped to develop, and which has existed in various editions since 1976.
# Golzar Kalay

Golzar Kalay (also Gulzar Kalay) is a village of Zabul Province, Afghanistan. It is located at 32°55′20″N 67°08′11″E﻿ / ﻿32.9222°N 67.1364°E﻿ / 32.9222; 67.1364 with an altitude of 2451m.
# Nihonbashi River

The Nihonbashi River (日本橋川, Nihonbashi-gawa) is a river which flows through central Tokyo, Japan. It is a distributary river of the Kanda River and flows into the Sumida River near the Eitai Bridge.
The river is 4.8 km (3.0 mi) in length and passes through Chiyoda and Chuo wards. The river was created by a re-channeling of the former Hira River in the 15th century at the direction of Ōta Dōkan to form a part of the external fortifications and water management plan for Edo Castle.
Connected to Tokyo Bay the river is shallow in depth and subject to a tidal range of up to two meters. The river banks are heavily built up in character and the Inner Circular Route C1 of the Shuto Expressway has covered almost the entire length of the river since the expressway's construction in 1962. Despite this the river features urban park space along its southern bank, occasional boat tours and a number of noteworthy and historic bridges along its route; foremost being the Nihonbashi Bridge designed by Tsumaki Yorinaka in 1911.
# Night on Earth (soundtrack)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Mojo | |
Night on Earth is an album by Tom Waits, released in 1992 on Island Records. It is the soundtrack to the 1991 Jim Jarmusch film of the same name.
Three musicians who performed on this album went on to form the group Oranj Symphonette.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Tom Waits, except where noted. Songs arranged by Tom Waits and Francis Thumm. Recorded and mixed by Biff Dawes and assisted by Joe Marquez at Prairie Sun Studios.

## Personnel

* Tom Waits - vocals, pump organ, drums, percussion, piano
* Ralph Carney - trumpet, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, bass clarinet, clarinet, baritone horn, pan pipes
* Josef Brinckmann - accordion
* Matthew Brubeck - cello
* Joe Gore - guitar, banjo
* Clark Suprynowitz - bass
* Francis Thumm - harmonium, Stinson band organ
# Night on Earth (Dawn of Relic album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Night on Earth is the third and last release by the black metal band Dawn of Relic. It was released in 2005 on Season of Mist records and was re-issued in 2006 and 2008.

## Line-up

* Jukka Juntunen - drums
* Rauli Roininen - guitars
* Teemu Luukinen - guitars

## Session

* Kai Jaakkola - vocals
* Sampo Heikkinen - synthesizers
* Jarno Juntunen - vocals (backing)
* IIkka Lassila - vocals (backing)
* Toni Laine - bass guitar
# This Ending

This Ending is a Swedish melodic death metal band formed in 1991.

## History

This Ending was formed in 1991 as A Canorous Quartet by Fredrik Andersson, Mårten Hansen and Linus Nirbrant. After some changes, the line-up was complete with the addition of Leo Pignon and Jesper Kramming. The band released an EP, As Tears, in 1994, and two full-length albums: Silence of the World Beyond in 1996 and The Only Pure Hate in 1998. They performed numerous shows with acts like At the Gates, Dissection, Hypocrisy and Edge of Sanity. In 1998, the members decided to separate. Hansen went on to join October Tide, while Nirbrant, Löfgren, and Andersson formed a group called Guidance of Sin; however, Andersson left in 1999 to join Amon Amarth.
In 2004, Andersson recorded a 5-song demo under the name Curriculum Mortis. That winter, the members played with the idea of regrouping for something new, and in early 2005, they decided it was time for a new era, officially creating This Ending. During the spring and summer 13 songs were created, three of which were chosen for the downloadable demo, Let the World Burn, recorded later the same year. The band landed a deal on Metal Blade Records, and recorded their first full-length album, Inside the Machine, in September 2006.
In January 2009, the band announced the completion their second studio album, Dead Harvest. The music video for the song "Parasite" was premiered on the band's Myspace on January 17. The album was released on January 30 in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy, February 2 in the rest of Europe, and February 3 in North America.
This Ending left Metal Blade Records in January 2011 and are planning to re-record the material they did as A Canorous Quintet in order to celebrate the 20th anniversary of having started under that name.

## Discography
### As A Canorous Quintet

* As Tears (1995)
* Silence of the World Beyond (1996)
* The Only Pure Hate (1998)

### As This Ending

* Inside the Machine (2006)
* Dead Harvest (2009)
* Systematic Worship EP (2012)
* Garden Of Death (2016)
* Needles of Rust (2021)

## Band members

* Mårten Hansen - vocals
* Peter Nagy - drums
* Linus Nirbrant - guitar
* Linkan Pettersson - bass
# Goephanes mediovittatus

Goephanes mediovittatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1957.
# Independent regulatory agencies in Turkey

Independent regulatory agencies in Turkey are public authorities within the executive branch of the state that are autonomous from the government or any other bodies. They constitute service-based (as opposed to geographical) decentralized administration in terms of the Turkish constitution.
Independent regulatory agencies represent a historically unfamiliar mode of governance in Turkey whose tradition of public administration favors a strong and centralized state with a preference of market intervention. The waves of liberalization and privatization measures taken following the 1980 coup d'etat, the conditionalities imposed by the European Union and the economic crises during the 1990s and early 2000s provided the necessary momentum for their establishment.
Despite a certain degree of controversy in the Turkish legal doctrine most scholars have accepted that the concept has been well-established within Turkish legal and administrative system even though there is no legal framework governing these bodies nor a sufficient body of case-law by the supreme judicial courts that clarify their administrative nature.
Independent regulatory agencies in Turkey include:
* the Competition Authority
* the Banking Regulation and Supervision Authority
* the Capital Markets Authority
* the Energy Market Regulation Authority
* the Public Procurement Authority
* the Radio and Television Supreme Council
* the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (previously a branch of the Banking Regulation and Supervision Authority)
* the Telecommunication Authority
* the Tobacco, Tobacco Products and Alcoholic Beverages Markets Regulation Board.
The Sugar Authority and the Restructuring Board can also be conceived as independent regulatory agencies.
# Nikki Forrest

Nik Forrest (born 1964) is a visual and media artist who lives in Montreal. Born in Edinburgh, their practice includes drawing, installation and sound art. They completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Saskatchewan in 1985 and a master's degree in open media from Concordia University in 1995.
They are best known for their short experimental videos. They have participated in international artist residencies including the CALQ residency in Buenos Aires, Argentina and The Canada Council studio at Cite Internationale des Arts in Paris. Their work is included in collections at The National Gallery of Canada, The Saskatchewan Arts Board and Concordia University.
They directed the film My Heart the Rock Star in 2001 as part of a collaborative video series with artists Annie Martin and Nelson Henricks titled "My Heart." This was a reflective piece focusing on childhood memory and gender fluctuation. They have been involved in sound and video performances including Leibig12 (in collaboration with audio artist Nancy Tobin) in Berlin in 2014.

## Expositions

Selected solo and group exhibitions:
* (2019) "Où sommes-nous" Kunsthalle Mulhouse Mulhouse, France
* (2018) “Où sommes-nous” Oboro, Montréal, Canada
* (2018) “Transformables (Part 2)” Latitude 53, Edmonton, Canada
* (2018) “Contaminations” Eastern Block, Montréal, Canada
* (2016) “Transformables” Eastern Block, Montréal, Canada
* (2016) “Sounds Like” Paved Arts, Saskatoon, Canada
* (2015) “Pictures For Listening” Vox, Montreal, Canada
* (2012) “Flip/Bend” La Centrale, Montreal, Canada
* (2009) “Observations Part 2“, SBC Galerie d'art contemporain, Montréal, Canada
* (2009) “Observations Part 1“, SBC Galerie d'art contemporain, Montréal, Canada
* (2005) “Ectoplasmes“, Société des arts technologiques, Montréal, Canada
* (2004) “Video Heroes“, Cambridge Galleries, Ontario, Canada
* (2002) “Placing Spaces“, Spacing Places, MSVU Art Gallery, Halifax, Canada
* (2002) “Drift“, Galerie Powerhouse, Montréal, Canada, collaboration with Jackie Gallant
* (1999) Stravaig - Errance, Videographe Gallery, Montreal, Canada
* (1998) Video d'Ecossee, Articule Gallery, Montreal, Canada
* (1995) Noise Box / Temporary Room, Optica Gallery, Montreal and AKA Gallery, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
# Thomas Cecil (disambiguation)

Thomas Cecil, Earl of Exeter, Lord Burghley and minister to Elizabeth I of England.
Thomas Cecil may also refer to:
* Thomas Cecil (engraver), English engraver who flourished about 1630
* Lord Thomas Cecil (1797–1873), British peer and member of Parliament for Stamford
* Tommy Cecil, musician who worked with Cyro Baptista
# Thomas Harrison (surveyor)

Thomas Harrison (c. 1823–1894) was the first Government Surveyor of Jamaica. His maps have become an important historical resource for the island.
He was apprenticed to Edward McGeachy.
# Indian Babu

Indian Babu is a 2003 Indian Bollywood drama film directed by Lawrence D'Souza and produced by Surjit Pandher. It stars Jaz Pandher and Gurleen Chopra in pivotal roles. Cast also includes Johnny Lever, Alok Nath and Mukesh Rishi.

## Plot

Dil (Gurleen Chopra) is getting engaged to Abhay Thakur (Rajat Gawda) against her wish. Suddenly she feels pain in her heart and it is discovered she has a hole in her heart. Abhay's uncle who is from London decides to send Dil to London for her treatment. There she meets Jeet (Jaz Pandher) and after a few meetings, they fall in love with each other. Later during a party, where Dil and Jeet are, Abhay Thakur comes there and Abhay's uncle announces that Abhay and Dil are engaged. Jeet becomes heartbroken. Abhay takes Dil back to India and starts preparing for the wedding. Jeet's father says go to India and get my daughter-in-law. Jeet's father sends a letter with Jeet to give to a woman. The woman was Jeet's real mother and she gave her son to the couple that lives in London because Abhay's father had misunderstandings with her. Jeet finds out and he then introduces Dil to her. Abhay's father warns Jeet's real mother to tell her son to stay away from Dil as she will marry his son. Jeet still goes and meets Dil. On the day of the wedding Jeet and Dil run away to get married in a temple where Jeet's London parents are there too. Unfortunately, Abhay and his father reach there and stop the wedding. Later when the Thankur is about to shoot Jeet, Thakur's sister-in-law comes in front and clears out the misunderstanding between everyone. Everyone there present watches Dil and Jeet get married.

## Cast

* Jaz Pandher - Jeet
* Gurleen Chopra - Dil Thakur/Dil Kuljeet Khurana, Abhay's ex-fiancée, Kuljeet's wife
* Mukesh Rishi - Thakur Suraj Pratap Singh
* Johnny Lever - Mr. Patel/Principal (Patel Bond 008)
* Nishigandha Wad
* Alok Nath - Sharad Babu
* Rajat Gawda - Abhay Thakur
* Mohan Joshi - Karan, Abhay's uncle
* Debina Bonnerjee - Dil's step sister
* Avantika - Dil's step sister
* Shama Deshpande - Asha Sharma (Jeet's biological mother)

## Soundtrack

The music of this movie was composed by Nadeem–Shravan, while the lyrics were written by Sameer.
| # | Title | Singer(s) |
| 1 | "Mere Sang Sang" | Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu |
| 2 | "Aap Humse Pyar Karne Lage" | Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu |
| 3 | "Rabba Rabba" | Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan, Kunal Ganjawala |
| 4 | "Hum Deewane Hum" | Jaspinder Narula |
| 5 | "Aaya Dulha Aaya" | Kumar Sanu, Sarika Kapoor, Nirja Pandit |
| 6 | "I Wanna Take You" | KK |
| 7 | "Dil Mera Dil Mera Dil" | Kumar Sanu |
# Golay

Golay may refer to:
* Jeanne Golay (born 1962), bicycle professional
* Helen Golay (born 1931), American woman who murdered two homeless men for life insurance money
* Marcel J. E. Golay (1902–1989), mathematician, physicist and information theorist
* Dolphy (1928-2012), Filipino actor and comedian, used Golay as his screen name in 1944.
Several devices and systems were named after Marcel J. E. Golay:
* Golay cell, a detector for infrared spectroscopy
* Savitzky–Golay filter, a signal processing filter
* Binary Golay code, an error-correcting code
* Ternary Golay code, an error-correcting code
Places:
# Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology is a private engineering college established in 1997 in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. GRIET is ranked by NIRF at 149th Place in 2022.
# Goods for Catalonia

Ware für Katalonien (English-language title: Goods For Catalonia) is an East German black-and-white film, directed by Richard Groschopp. It was released in 1959.

## Plot

At 1959, the People's Police notices a strange occurrence: the local demand for optical instruments increases, while the orders from abroad sharply decrease. Several detectives launch an investigation, revealing that a West German criminal named Hasso Teschendorf has been forging documents and using them to illegally obtain the goods, which he has been selling to the Spanish Army and to customers in Barcelona. After a long hunt, the smuggler is arrested just before he manages to flee to West Berlin.

## Cast

* Wilfried Ortmann as Hasso Teschendorf
* Fritz Diez as Captain Gerner
* Werner Dissel as doorman
* Peter Sturm as Mr. Dupont
* Gerd Michael Henneberg as businessman
* Manfred Krug as smuggler
* Eva-Maria Hagen as Marion Stöckel
* Hanna Rimkus as Sabine Falk
* Hartmut Reck as Schellenberg
* Heinz-Dieter Knaup as Hasselbach
* Ivan Malré as Bob Georgi
* Carola Braunbock as Charlotte Gansauge
* Dom de Beern as inspector
* Albert Garbe as Bachmann
* Herbert Grünbaum as Rösli
* Hubert Hoelzke as customer
* Walter Jupé as Erwin

## Production

At 1957, the West German criminal Hasso Schützendorf organized a complex fraud: his partners, using forged documents, managed to take possession on the entire stock of optical instruments produced by the Zeiss factory in Jena, East Germany. He sold them to clients in Barcelona. Schützendorf managed to escape justice, settling in Spain, where he lived as a rich man until his death at 2003. The film Ware fur Katalonien was loosely based on this incident, although the villain "Hasso Teschendorf" was caught in the end.

## Reception

Director Richard Groschopp was awarded the Art Prize of the German Democratic Republic in 1959 for his work on the film. He later received a letter from Schützendorf, who wrote him "Dear Groschopp, please be more realistic next time... Arresting me just before reaching the Brandenburg Gate? Are you that deluded?"
The German film lexicon described the picture as "a well-made crime film, with notably good acting."
# Indian cricket team in Ceylon in 1944–45

The Indian national cricket team toured Ceylon in March to April 1945 and played five matches including an international against the Ceylon national team. As Ceylon had not then achieved Test status, the international is classified as a first-class match. Played at the Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium in Colombo, the match was impacted by rain and ended in a draw. India were captained by Vijay Merchant and Ceylon by Sargo Jayawickreme.
# Thomas J. Hartigan

Thomas Joseph Hartigan C.M.G. (8 December 1877 or 8 December 1878 – 2 May 1963), was a railways clerk who became Chief Railways Commissioner in New South Wales. He was a keen cricketer, playing one first-class match for New South Wales in 1907/08.

## History

Hartigan was born in Wooloomooloo or Muswellbrook, New South Wales,
He joined the railway service as a junior clerk in 1892 and became assistant chief accountant in 1917, chief accountant in 1820. and controller of accounts and audit in 1921.
In 1929 he toured Europe and America investigating railway matters.
He had a disagreement with W. J. Cleary, which may have helped his relations with Lang. He was appointed to the Transport Commission (finance branch) in 1932.
He became Commissioner for Railways on 29 December 29 1932, succeeding William James Cleary, who resigned after surviving a feud with Premier Jack Lang. After five years he was pleased to announce that the Railways had made a profit of £28,000, modest enough, but a welcome change from deficits in the millions.
He was a popular official, with a ready smile and archetypical Irish flattery — blarney — and a politician's memory for names and faces. He was even popular with the unions, but that didn't arrest the wave of strikes in the late 1930s and late 1940s. He was forced to retire in October 1948, to be replaced by his assistant, F. C. Garside.

## Other interests

Hartigan was a keen cricketer: a useful bowler and secretary of the Gordon Cricket Club, which he founded. His brother Roger Hartigan was a Test cricketer.

## Family

Hartigan married Imelda Josephine Boylson on 26 March 1908. They had two sons and two daughters:
* Geoffrey Thomas Hartigan married Kathleen McBride on 20 June 1940 They had twin daughters a year later.
* John Hartigan married Olga Ferguson on 3 January 1941.
* Joan Marcia Hartigan (born c. 1913) married Hugh Moxon Bathurst on 4 May 1946 Joan was a champion tennis player.
* Gwen Hartigan married rugby union player Eric Excell Ford on 4 February 1937.
They had a home at 58 Moruben Road, Mosman.
He was not closely related to Monsignor Patrick Joseph Hartigan, better known as John O'Brien, author of Around the Boree Log.