OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reinventing Discovery

Reinventing Discovery: The New Era of Networked Science is a book written by Michael Nielsen and released in October 2011. It argues for the benefits of applying the philosophy of open science to research.

## Summary

The following is a list of major topics in the book's chapters.
* Reinventing Discovery
* Online Tools Make Us Smarter
    Kasparov versus the World, The Wisdom of Crowds, various online collaborative projects
* Restructuring Expert Attention
    InnoCentive, collective intelligence, Paul Seabright's economic theory, online chat
* Patterns of Online Collaboration
    History of Linux, Open Architecture Network, Wikipedia, MathWorks' computer programming contest
* The Limits and the Potential of Collective Intelligence
    communication in small groups, particularly as studied by Stasser and Titus; praxis of science; a discussion of communication among scientists
* All the World's Knowledge
    Don R. Swanson and Literature-based discovery, predicting influenza with Google searches, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Allen Institute for Brain Science, Ocean Observatories Initiative, Human Genome Project, Google Translate, playchess.com Tournaments
* Democratizing Science
    Galaxy Zoo, Foldit, citizen science, eBird, open access, arXiv, PLoS
* The Challenge of Doing Science in the Open
    Complexity Zoo, academic publishing, Bayh–Dole Act
* The Open Science Imperative
    Open science, academic journal publishing reform, SPIRES
    appendix - The problem solved by the Polymath Project

## Reviews

Timo Hannay's review in Nature said that in this book Nielsen gives "the most compelling and comprehensive case so far for a new approach to science in the Internet age".
The Financial Times review said that the book was "the most compelling manifesto yet for the transformative power of networked science".
# Reginald Earnshaw

Reginald Hamilton Earnshaw (5 February 1927 – 6 July 1941), known as Reggie Earnshaw, is believed to have been the youngest person in the British services to die in World War II. He was just 14 years, 151 days old when he died under enemy fire off the coast of Norfolk on 6 July 1941.
Earnshaw was born in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, to Dorothy Earnshaw. She then married Eric Shires, and the couple had two daughters. Aged 12, he moved with the family to the Granton area of Edinburgh, attending Bellevue School. He left aged 14, and joined the Merchant Navy in February 1941, giving his birth year as 1926 rather than 1927 in order to appear 15, which was the minimum age for recruitment. Earnshaw's body was recovered after the attack and his death certificate, based partly on the false information he had supplied on recruitment, gave his age only as "about 15 years". Buried originally in an unmarked grave (section P, grave 440) at Comely Bank Cemetery, Edinburgh, his story and his true age came to light after shipmate Alfred Tubb started a search for his burial place. In 2009, the grave was marked by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission with a granite headstone.
# Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand

Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand is a village in Kalyan Taluka, Thane District, Maharashtra, India. It is located near the western coast of India, about 14 kilometres east of the district capital Thane, and 3 kilometres south of the taluka capital Kalyan. In 2011, its population is 36,163.

## Geography

Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand is situated to the south of Ulhas River. It is located to the south of Kalyan, west of Ulhasnagar, north of Nevali Gaon, and east of Dombivli. It covers an area of 170.02 hectares.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 9,087 households in Nandiwali Tarf Pachanand. Among the 36,163 residents, 19,095 are male and 17,068 are female. The total literacy rate is 82.82%, with 16,278 of the male population and 13,671 of the female population being literate. Its census location code is 552985.
# Rivadeneira

Rivadeneira, Rivadeneyra is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adolfo Rivadeneyra (1841–1882), Spanish diplomat, orientalist, editor and traveler
* Gabriela Rivadeneira (born 1983), Ecuadorian politician
* Oscar Rivadeneira (born 1960), Peruvian boxer
* Patricia Rivadeneira (born 1964), Chilean actress and cultural manager
* Ricardo Rivadeneira (1929–2011), Chilean politician
# Nicastro (disambiguation)

Nicastro may refer to:
* Francesco Nicastro (born 1991), Italian football forward
* Fredrik Wikström Nicastro, Svensk film producer and head of feature films at the production company Tre Vänner
* Michelle Nicastro (1960–2010), American actress and singer
* Nicholas Nicastro (born 1963), American author and film critic
* Roberto Nicastro (born 1964), Italian Chairman of the "Good Banks" and Group General Manager of Unicredit
# Aborolabis rufocapitata

Aborolabis rufocapitata is a species of earwig in the genus Aborolabis, the family Anisolabididae, and the order Dermaptera.
# History of the Old Kent Road

History of the Old Kent Road is a mural by the Polish artist Adam Kossowski. It is on the exterior of the former North Peckham Civic Centre in London.
# Mabibo

Mabibo (Kata ya Mabibo, in Swahili) is an administrative ward in Ubungo District of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Manzese and Ubungo border the ward to the north. Makurumla and Mburahati border the ward to the east. Kigogo and Tabata, the latter of which is in Ilala and former of Kinondoni, are to the south. The Makuburi ward is to the west. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 85,735.

## Administration

The postal code for Mabibo Ward is 16109. The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (Mitaa):

### Government

Like every other ward in the country, the ward has local government offices based on the population served. The Mabibo Ward administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration of the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:
* Mabibo Ward Police Station
* Mabibo Ward Government Office (Afisa Mtendaji)
* Mabibo Ward Tribunal (Baraza La Kata) is a Department inside Ward Government Office
In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward comprises a committee of eight elected council members, including a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councilors.

## Demographics

The ward serves as the Zaramo's ancestral home along with a sizable chunk of the district. The ward changed over time into a cosmopolitan ward as the city grew.

## Education and health
### Education

The ward is home to these educational institutions:
* Mpakani Primary School
* Mabibo Secondary School
* Kawawa Primary School
* Malaika Primary School
* Jeshini Primary School, Mabibo
* Green acres Mambibo Primary School

### Healthcare

The ward is home to the following health institutions:
* Mabibo Health Center
* Mafarsa Muleba Health Center
* Mabibo Hospital
* Mico Farasi Health Center
* MCDIT Health Center
* DEA Eye Center, Mabibo
* Oasis Health Center, Mabibo
# Hoback River

The Hoback River, once called the Fall River, is an approximately 55-mile (89 km)-long tributary of the Snake River in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It heads in the northern Wyoming Range of Wyoming and flows northeast, northwest, and then west through the Bridger-Teton National Forest. Its largest tributary is its South Fork, which joins the Hoback about nine miles downstream of its head as it turns northeast and continues to U.S. Route 191. It then turns northwest, where it spreads onto a large marshy flat in a braided floodplain once known as Jackson's Little Hole, but now referred to as the "Hoback Basin" in which lies the town of Bondurant. It then heads west, entering the steep, narrow Hoback Canyon from which it emerges to join the Snake about 11 miles (18 km) south of Jackson Hole, just upstream of head of the Snake River Canyon near the town of Hoback. The entire length of the Hoback is free flowing and unobstructed by dams. About 30 miles (48 km) downstream from the confluence with the Hoback River, the Snake River crosses into the state of Idaho and is impounded by Palisades Dam.
The river is named after John Hoback, an explorer who traveled with the Astor Expedition from the Snake River, using the Hoback River as a passage to the Green River, a tributary of the Colorado River.
# Machalí

Machalí is a Chilean commune and city in Cachapoal Province, O'Higgins Region.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Machalí spans an area of 2,586 km$^2$ (998 sq mi) and has 28,628 inhabitants (14,297 men and 14,331 women). Of these, 26,852 (93.8%) lived in urban areas and 1,776 (6.2%) in rural areas. The population grew by 18.5% (4,476 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

## Administration

As a commune, Machalí is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is José Miguel Urrutia.
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Machalí is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Eugenio Bauer (UDI) and Ricardo Rincón (PDC) as part of the 33rd electoral district, together with Mostazal, Graneros, Codegua, Requínoa, Rengo, Olivar, Doñihue, Coinco, Coltauco, Quinta de Tilcoco and Malloa. The commune is represented in the Senate by Andrés Chadwick Piñera (UDI) and Juan Pablo Letelier Morel (PS) as part of the 9th senatorial constituency (O'Higgins Region).
# Hohenleuben

Hohenleuben is a town in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 12 km northwest of Greiz, and 19 km south of Gera.

## History

Within the German Empire (1871-1918), Hohenleuben was part of the Principality of Reuss-Gera.
# Pterolophia servilis

Pterolophia servilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.
# 5040 Rabinowitz

5040 Rabinowitz, provisional designation 1972 RF, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory on 15 September 1972. Contrary to most of his discoveries, this asteroid is unrelated to the Palomar–Leiden survey and exclusively credited to Tom Gehrels.

## Orbit and classification

The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics, named after its largest member, 25 Phocaea. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,373 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 24° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1971, extending the body's observation arc by one year prior to its official discovery observation.

## Physical characteristics
### Rotation period

In July 2013, a rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory. The well-defined lightcurve gave a rotation period of 4.6901±0.0004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 in magnitude (U=3).
During the same opposition opportunity, two more lightcurves – obtained by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies and by Maurice Clark at the Preston Gott Observatory – gave a similar period of 4.691 and 4.472 hours, with an amplitude of 0.35 and 0.31 in magnitude, respectively (U=3-/2+).

### Diameter and albedo

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23, derived from the Phocaea family's namesake, and calculates a diameter of 6.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.18.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after American astronomer David Rabinowitz (born 1960), a discoverer of minor planets himself and researcher at Yale University. The naming also honors his work for the Spacewatch program. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 September 1993 (M.P.C. 22505).
# Dollo

Dollo may refer to:

## People

* Benny Dollo (born 1950), Indonesian football coach
* Louis Dollo (1857–1931), Belgian palaeontologist

## Other uses

* Dollo Zone, Ethiopia
* Dollo, a dialect of the Basketo language
# Reji Abraham

Reji Abraham is the managing director of Aban Group in India. He was listed on the 2008 and 2009 Forbes list of the world's wealthiest people. He runs India's largest offshore drilling company Aban Offshore. He resides in Chennai. According to Forbes 2008, Abraham was named the 605th richest man in the world with an estimated $2 billion fortune. As of 2009, his wealth has decreased to $770 million. His wealth is mainly dependent on the fortunes of his company, Aban Offshore. In 2014, Aban Offshore's market cap drastically dipped due to the prolonged bear market.
He possesses both a Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree.

## History

Reji Abrahams business empire initially began with his late father M.A Abraham in 1986 as a small construction firm. Reji Abraham took charge of Aban Group in 2004 after his father's death. Under his leadership Aban Group acquired two tranches from a Norwegian company, Sinvest, for a sum of $1.3 billion.

## Awards

* 2008: Listed on the 2008 Forbes list of the world's wealthiest people.
# Gmina Kolno, Podlaskie Voivodeship

Gmina Kolno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Kolno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.
The gmina covers an area of 282.13 square kilometres (108.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,787 (8,884 in 2011).

## Villages

Gmina Kolno contains the villages and settlements of Bialiki, Borkowo, Brzózki, Brzozowo, Czernice, Czerwone, Danowo, Filipki Duże, Filipki Małe, Gietki, Glinki, Górskie, Górszczyzna, Gromadzyn-Wykno, Janowo, Kiełcze-Kopki, Kolimagi, Kossaki, Kowalewo, Koziki-Olszyny, Kozioł, Kumelsk, Lachowo, Łosewo, Niksowizna, Obiedzino, Okurowo, Pachuczyn, Rupin, Rydzewo-Świątki, Stare Kiełcze, Stary Gromadzyn, Truszki-Kucze, Truszki-Patory, Truszki-Zalesie, Tyszki-Łabno, Tyszki-Wądołowo, Waszki, Wincenta, Wścieklice, Wszebory, Wykowo, Zabiele, Zakaleń, Zaskrodzie and Żebry.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Kolno is bordered by the gminas of Biała Piska, Grabowo, Mały Płock, Pisz, Stawiski, Turośl and Zbójna.
# Nandkheda, Parbhani

Nandkheda is a village in Parbhani taluka of Parbhani district of Maharashtra state in India.

## Demography

According to the 2011 census of India, Nandkheda had a population of 2295, of which 1175 were male and 1120 were female. The average sex ratio of the village was 953, which was above than the Maharashtra state average of 929. The literacy rate was 69.87% compared to 82.3% for the state. Male literacy rate was 78% while female literacy rate was 62%.

## Geography and Transport

Following table shows distance of Nandkheda from some of major cities.
| City | Distance (km) |
| Parbhani | 07.5 |
| Jintur | 40 |
| Sailu | 48 |
| Nanded | 77 |
| Aurangabad | 196 |
| Mumbai | 511 |
# Andrus Vaarik

Andrus Vaarik (born 14 May 1958) is an Estonian film, television, and theater actor and theater director. He is best known for his portrayal of Andrus Kivirähk's fictional character Ivan Orav, Raul in the film Agent Sinikael, Osvald Kallaste in the television miniseries Tuulepealne maa and his work as a stage actor at the Tallinn City Theatre. He is the father of actress Marta Vaarik.

## Awards

* 1980: Voldemar Panso Award
* 1988: Ants Lauter Award [et]
* 2000: Union of Estonian Actors Award
* 2001: Order of the White Star, 5th Class
# Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in 2004 as Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology and obtained its current title in April 2009. The editor-in-chief is Katrina Ray.

## Scope

The content includes editorial and opinion pieces, highlights from the current literature, commentaries on the application of recent research to practical patient care, reviews, and case studies. The scope includes pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and biliary tract, such as functional gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory diseases, cancer, infection, and nutritional disorders.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed by:
* Index Medicus/MEDLINE
* PubMed
* EMBASE/Excerpta Medica
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Current Contents/Clinical Medicine
* CINAHL
* CAB Abstracts
* Chemical Abstracts Service
* Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 73.082, ranking it 1st out of 93 journals in the category "Gastroenterology & Hepatology".
# Ngbaka Minagende language

Ngbaka (Ngbàkà) is a Gbaya language spoken by just over a million people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is a regionally important language, used by the Gilima, Ngbundu, Mbandja and Mono peoples, and is taught in primary schools; 10% are literate in Ngbaka.
Ngbaka is a common local ethnic name; the language may be distinguished from other languages called "Ngbaka" as Ngbaka Gbaya or Ngbaka Minagende.
There are no significant dialectal differences within Ngbaka, and it may be mutually intelligible with members of the Manza dialect cluster.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋ͡m | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | k | | ʔ |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | | ɡ | | |
| Plosive | prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | | ᵑɡ | | |
| Implosive | voiced | ɓ | ɗ | | | ɠ͡ɓ | |
| Implosive | voiceless | | | | | ɠ̊͡ɓ̥ | |
| Implosive | prenasal | | | | | ᵑᵐɠ͡ɓ | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | | | | h |
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | | | | |
| Fricative | prenasal | | ⁿz | | | | |
| Trill | Trill | | (r) | | | | |
| Tap | Tap | ⱱ | ɺ | | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | l | j | | w | |
* The trill /r/ mainly occurs in ideophones, in both initial and final position. When it occurs in loanwords, it is often pronounced as a lateral [l].
* The glottal stop /ʔ/ mostly occurs before word-initial vowels.
* Sounds /ŋ͡m, ʔ, h, w/, do not appear in intervocalic position.
* /ŋ/ does not appear in word-initial position
* The fricative /f/ can be pronounced in the western dialects as a voiceless stop [p].
* The voiceless stop /k/ can be pronounced as a voiced stop [ɡ] in the western dialects.

### Vowels

| | Oral vowels | Oral vowels | Oral vowels | Nasal vowels | Nasal vowels | Nasal vowels |
| | Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i iː | | u uː | ĩ | | ũ |
| Close-mid | e eː | | o oː | | | |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | | ɔ ɔː | ɛ̃ | | ɔ̃ |
| Open | | a aː | | | ã | |

## Writing system

Alphabet ngbaka :
| Uppercase |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | ʼB | D | ʼD | E | Ɛ | F | G | Gb | H | I | K | Kp | L | M | N | Ng | Ngg | O | Ɔ | S | T | U | V | W | Z |
| Lowercase |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | ʼb | d | ʼd | e | ɛ | f | g | gb | h | i | k | kp | l | m | n | ng | ngg | o | ɔ | s | t | u | v | w | z |
Nasalisation is indicated with a tilde on the vowel : ⟨ã, ɛ̃, ĩ, ɔ̃, ũ⟩.
The tones of the syllables are shown with diacritics to prevent ambiguity :
* the high tone is indicated with the acute accent : ⟨á, é, ɛ́, í, ó, ɔ́, ú, ã́, ɛ̃́, ĩ́, ɔ̃́, ṹ⟩ ;
* the low tone is indicated with the grave accent : ⟨à, è, ɛ̀, ì, ò, ɔ̀, ù, ã̀, ɛ̃̀, ĩ̀, ɔ̃̀, ũ̀⟩ ;
* the following tones are not usually indicated in the spelling but may be indicated in some linguistic works :
** the medium tone with the vertical line above : ⟨a̍, e̍, ɛ̍, i̍, o̍, ɔ̍, u̍, ã̍, ɛ̃̍, ĩ̍, ɔ̃̍, ũ̍⟩ ;
** the falling tone with the circumflex accent : ⟨â, ê, ɛ̂, î, ô, ɔ̂, ã̂, ɛ̃̂, ĩ̂, ɔ̃̂, ũ̂⟩ ;
** the rising tone with the caron/hacek : ⟨ǎ, ě, ɛ̌, ǐ, ǒ, ɔ̌, ã̌, ɛ̃̌, ĩ̌, ɔ̃̌, ũ̌⟩.
# Reginald Bazire

Reginald Victor Bazire (30 January 1900 – 20 October 1990) was an Anglican priest: the Archdeacon of Southwark from 1967 to 1973; and of Wandsworth from 1973 to 1975.
Bazire was educated at Christ's Hospital. and in 1922 Bazire went to China as a Missionary.
After suffering at the hands of terrorists, when Japan invaded China he was interned in the Chefoo Camp, with his wife Eileen (born 9 January 1902, an artist and a musician with the Chefoo School group in the camp), and children (Theodore, born 30 August 1928, and Peter, born 2 November 1930). Others have commented on Bazire's presence in the camp.
Returning to Britain, he served as Vicar of St Barnabas, Clapham Common from 1949 to 1967; and Rural Dean of Battersea, 1953–66.
# MV Pacific Egret

Pacific Egret is an INF Class 3 nuclear waste carrier launched in January 2010.

## Construction

Pacific Egret was built by Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding, Tamano, Japan. She was launched on 12 January 2010. Her homeport is Barrow in Furness, Cumbria.
It was purpose-built to carry plutonium, highly enriched uranium and mixed-oxide nuclear fuel. It is fitted with naval guns, cannons and other means of repelling assaults.
# Acacia shapelleae

Acacia shapelleae is a shrub of the genus Acacia, also known as Shapelle's wattle, that is native to Western Australia and is found in a small area within the Mount Manning Range Nature Reserve.
# Musée Claude-Debussy

The Musée Claude-Debussy, or Maison Claude Debussy, is the birthplace of the composer Claude Debussy, in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a western suburb of Paris, France. It contains a small museum about the composer.
The house was built in the 17th century. Claude Debussy was born here on 22 August 1862, and lived here in early childhood; his father had a china shop on the ground floor.
The museum opened in 1990. It is reached by a wooden staircase in the inner courtyard. There are two rooms containing objects, furniture, manuscripts, photographs and paintings relating to the composer. A third room is a small auditorium.
The wooden staircase is a monument historique. The award Maisons des Illustres ("Houses of the illustrious") has been given to the museum.
# Dollocaris

Dollocaris is an extinct genus of thylacocephalan that lived during the Jurassic period. Fossils have been found in France, specifically the La Voulte-sur-Rhône lagerstätte. It is known for its massive compound eyes, giving Dollocaris a rather characteristic appearance. One species is currently known, D. ingens.

## Description

Adult specimens of Dollocaris measured over 30 cm (12 in) in length. It sported a row of small appendages to assist in swimming, as well as three pairs of clawed segmented legs, but it was probably a poor swimmer, instead depending on ambush to hunt prey. It is known for its well-preserved, large compound eyes, sporting well-preserved individual retinula cells, which assisted in catching prey.