OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Schumacher criteria

Schumacher criteria are diagnostic criteria that were previously used for identifying multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis, understood as a central nervous system (CNS) condition, can be difficult to diagnose since its signs and symptoms may be similar to other medical problems. Medical organizations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardize the diagnostic process especially in the first stages of the disease. Schumacher criteria were the first internationally recognized criteria for diagnosis, and introduced concepts still in use, as CDMS (clinically definite MS).
Sometimes it has been stated that the only proved diagnosis of MS is autopsy, or occasionally biopsy, where lesions typical of MS can be detected through histopathological techniques, and that sensitivity and specificity should be calculated for any given criteria

## Context

Historically, the first widespread set of criteria were the Schumacher criteria (also spelled sometimes Schumacker). Currently, testing of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a lumbar puncture can provide evidence of chronic inflammation of the central nervous system, looking for oligoclonal bands of IgG on electrophoresis, which are inflammation markers found in 75–85% of people with MS., but at the time of Schumacher criteria, oligoclonal bands tests were not available, and they also lacked MRI.
The most commonly used diagnostic tools at that time were evoked potentials. The nervous system of a person with MS responds less actively to stimulation of the optic nerve and sensory nerves due to demyelination of such pathways. These brain responses can be examined using visual and sensory evoked potentials.
Therefore, clinical data alone had to be used for a diagnosis of MS. Schumacher et al. proposed three classifications based in clinical observation: CDMS (clinically definite), PrMS(probable MS) and PsMS(possible MS).

## Summary

To get a diagnosis of CDMS a patient must show the following:
* Clinical signs of a problem in the CNS
* Dissemination in space, shown by clinical evidence of damage in two or more areas of CNS.
* Evidence of white matter involvement
* Dissemination in time shown by one of these: Two or more relapses (each lasting ≥ 24 hr and separated by at least 1 month) or disability progression (slow or stepwise)
* Patient should be between 10 and 50 yr old at time of examination
* No better explanation for patient’s symptoms and signs should exist
The last condition, no better explanation for symptoms, has been heavily criticised, but it has been preserved and it is currently included in the new McDonald criteria in the form that "no better explanation should exist for MRI observations"

## Influence

These criteria were later substituted by Poser criteria and McDonald criteria. Poser criteria introduced the CNS oligoclonal bands into the diagnosis criteria, while McDonald criteria focus on a demonstration with clinical, laboratory and radiologic data of the dissemination of MS lesions in time and space for non-invasive MS diagnosis. All the later criteria were heavily influenced by the original Schumacher work.
# 5-HT1 receptor

The 5-HT$_1$ receptors are a subfamily of the 5-HT serotonin receptors that bind to the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT). The 5-HT$_1$ subfamily consists of five G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that share 40% to 63% overall sequence homology, including 5-HT$_{1A}$, 5-HT$_{1B}$, 5-HT$_{1D}$, 5-HT$_{1E}$, and 5-HT$_{1F}$. Receptors of the 5-HT$_1$ type, specifically, the 5-HT$_{1A}$ and 5-HT$_{1D}$ receptor subtypes, are present on the cell bodies. Receptors of the 5-HT1 type, specifically, the 5-HT$_{1B}$ and 5-HT$_{1D}$ receptor subtypes, are also present on the nerve terminals. These receptors are broadly distributed throughout the brain and are recognized to play a significant part in regulating synaptic levels of 5-HT.
The receptor subfamily is coupled to G$_i$/G$_o$ and mediate inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting the function of adenylate cyclase and modulating downstream ionic effects. This R-coupling to G$_i$/G$_o$ proteins leads to a reduction in local concentrations of cAMP, proving that 5-HT$_1$ are primarily inhibitory. There is no 5-HT$_{1C}$ receptor, as it was reclassified as the 5-HT$_{2C}$ receptor. For more information, please see the respective main articles of the individual subtypes:
# 2016–17 KBL season

The 2016–17 KBL season was the 21st season of the Korean Basketball League (KBL), the highest level of basketball in South Korea. Anyang KGC won its second KBL championship.

## Regular season

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Anyang KGC | 54 | 39 | 15 | 0.722 | Qualification to Semi-Finals |
| 2 | Goyang Orion Orions | 54 | 36 | 18 | 0.667 | Qualification to Semi-Finals |
| 3 | Seoul Samsung Thunders | 54 | 34 | 20 | 0.630 | Qualification to Quarter-Finals |
| 4 | Ulsan Hyundai Mobis Phoebus | 54 | 28 | 26 | 0.519 | Qualification to Quarter-Finals |
| 5 | Wonju DB Promy | 54 | 26 | 28 | 0.481 | Qualification to Quarter-Finals |
| 6 | Incheon Electroland Elephants | 54 | 26 | 28 | 0.481 | Qualification to Quarter-Finals |
| 7 | Seoul SK Knights | 54 | 23 | 31 | 0.426 | |
| 8 | Changwon LG Sakers | 54 | 23 | 31 | 0.426 | |
| 9 | Busan KT Sonicboom | 54 | 18 | 36 | 0.333 | |
| 10 | Jeonju KCC Egis | 54 | 17 | 37 | 0.315 | |

## Playoffs

| Quarter-finals | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| 4Ulsan Hyundai Mobis Phoebus | 3 | | |
| 5Wonju DB Promy | 0 | | |
| 5Wonju DB Promy | 0 | 1Anyang KGC | 3 |
| | | 4Ulsan Hyundai Mobis Phoebus | 0 |
| | | | | 1Anyang KGC | 4 |
| | | | | 3Seoul Samsung Thunders | 2 |
| 3Seoul Samsung Thunders | 3 | | | 3Seoul Samsung Thunders | 2 |
| 6Incheon Electroland Elephants | 2 | | | | |
| 6Incheon Electroland Elephants | 2 | 2Goyang Orion Orions | 2 | | |
| | | 3 Seoul Samsung Thunders | 3 |
# Bill Bruce

Bill Bruce may refer to:
* Bill Bruce (guitarist), American guitarist, producer, and songwriter
* Bill Bruce (athlete) (1923–2002), Australian athlete who won a silver medal at the 1948 Olympics in long jump
* Bill Bruce (died 1943), American airman in World War II, the Bruce–Mahoney Trophy is named partially in his honor
* Bill L. Bruce, American film producer, see Stingray (film)
# John Tomaszewski

John E. Tomaszewski is an American pathologist, a significant figure focusing in renal pathology, immunopathology and urological pathology, currently a Distinguished Professor at University of Buffalo.
# Felimare juliae

Felimare juliae is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae.

## Distribution

This species was described from a specimen measuring 57 mm (2.2 in) collected intertidally at Praia das Conchas, Cabo Frio, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 22°52′15″S 41°58′52″W﻿ / ﻿22.87083°S 41.98111°W﻿ / -22.87083; -41.98111 and a paratype, from Ilha dos Papagaios, Cabo Frio 22°53′49″S 41°59′02″W﻿ / ﻿22.89694°S 41.98389°W﻿ / -22.89694; -41.98389. Reported from Florida and probably present at intermediate localities in the western Atlantic Ocean.

## Description

Felimare juliae is similar in appearance to Felimare picta with a dark blue background colour but is densely covered on the mantle and foot with fine longitudinal orange lines. The mantle has a frilly edge with a marginal orange line enclosing a series of larger pale blue spots and pale blue spots occur amongst the orange lines.
# Rio Branco Esporte Clube (Roraima)

Rio Branco Esporte Clube was a football club which was based in Boa Vista, Roraima. The club presently competed in the Campeonato Roraimense before their dissolution.

## History

Before the foundation of the state of Roraima, Rio Branco was based in Amazonas from 1920 to 1943. Rio Branco competed in the Campeonato de Boa Vista, which was a split from the Campeonato Amazonense. In 1943, the Federação Roraimense de Futebol was formed and the Campeonato de Boa Vista was now called Campeonato Roraimense and Rio Branco competed in it until their dissolution.

## Honours

* Campeonato Roraimense:
** Winners (2): 1924 or 1925, 1952
# Scandinavia, Manitoba

Scandinavia is a locality in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the northern portion of the Municipality of Clanwilliam – Erickson and south of Riding Mountain National Park. The Post Office was located on 7-18-17W and opened in 1886 with Jems Hemmingsen as postmaster. It closed in 1968. A School District of the same name was located on 6-18-17W.
The locality's name likely came from the early settlers or the postmaster and referred to the Scandinavian settlers who were the first European people to inhabit the area. The locality to the south of Scandinavia was Hilltop and was settled during the same period with mainly Swedish immigrants.
# Simrauta

Semrauta is a village in Tiloi block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located at the intersection of the Maharajganj-Inhauna and Mohanganj-Haidargarh roads, about 20 km from Maharajganj, the tehsil headquarters. Although now eclipsed by Maharajganj, Semrauta was historically a relatively important village that served as the headquarters of a pargana and the capital of a branch of the Kanhpuria Rajputs, who later became known as the Rajas of Chandapur. As of 2011, the population of Simrauta is 6,423, in 1,031 households.
Semrauta hosts a Dhanush Yagya festival annually on Agrahayana Sudi 15. It is dedicated to worship of Rama. Vendors bring sweets, toys, and everyday items to sell at the fair. Siemrauta also hosts a general market twice per week, on Wednesdays and Sundays.

## History

Semrauta was historically the seat of a pargana. At the time of Akbar in the late 1500s, the area that would later form the pargana was then split between the mahals of Jais (in the sarkar of Manikpur) and Subeha (in the sarkar of Awadh).
Simrauta was also the seat of a taluqdari estate held by a branch of the Kanhpuria Rajputs. According to tradition, five generations after the original Kanhpuria conquest of the region, the clan's territories were divided between three brothers: Janga Singh, the oldest, received Tiloi; Man Singh, the second-oldest, received Atheha (in today's Pratapgarh district), and Madan Singh, the youngest, received Simrauta. For several generations, basically nothing is known about the Simrauta branch. The sixth-generation descendant, Jagat Singh, supposedly was in good standing with the Mughal emperor. The Simrauta estate was later divided between the brothers Mandhata Singh and Jaswant Singh, who were Jagat Singh's grandsons and contemporaries of Saadat Ali Khan I, the first Nawab of Awadh. Mandhata Singh received Simrauta, while his younger brother Jaswant Singh founded the Siwan estate. Mandhata Singh was in good standing with the Nawab, and was given a mansab of 7,000. At some point, the Simrauta taluqdars shifted their main residence to Chandapur.
At the turn of the 20th century, Simrauta was described as a mostly agricultural village with a small market. Maharajganj had overtaken it by that point. It had a large primary school and belonged to the Raja of Chandapur, who had a residence on the east side of the village. Simrauta's population in 1901 was 2,886 people, including a large proportion of Brahmins.
The 1961 census recorded Simrauta (under the spelling "Semrauta") as comprising 8 hamlets, with a total population of 2,573 people (1,297 male and 1,276 female), in 573 households and 565 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,560 acres and it had a post office at the time. Average attendance of the annual Dhanush Yagya festival was then about 1,000 people, while average attendance of the twice-weekly market was about 100.
The 1981 census recorded Simrauta (again as "Semrauta") as having a population of 2,897 people, in 706 households, and having an area of 631.31 hectares.
# Muya Valley vole

The Muya Valley vole or Muisk vole (Alexandromys mujanensis) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found only in Russia.
# Patung

In Zuni and Hopi mythology Patung (known as the "Squash Kachina) is a kachina fetish that relates to healing and agriculture. The Hopi belief is that Patung showed the Puebloan peoples how to plant corn, then vanished.
At Hopi Patung is a Mongkatsina (a chief among the Katsinam). The Pumpkin Clan is devoted to Patung, although there are few members left of the clan and as a result their stories are not well known. Although Patung's function as a wuya is unknown and may be lost, he is still seen in use as a fetish for protection or healing Mesa. Patung is considered a shape shifter, able to become a Badger. Patung is always seen heading south in a protective and healing fetish set or Mesa. Characteristics associated with Patung include tenaciousness, passion, control, persistence and earthiness. He is most often associated with the color red and is believed to have knowledge of healing roots and herbs. Patung appears in the fall months, hiding among the harvest, usually in the shade on the southern side of a rock or tree. The katchina doll on Hopi is often made of dried gourds, pumpkins, or most commonly dried squash.
# 2017 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships – Men's C-4 1000 metres

The men's C-4 1000 metres competition at the 2017 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Račice took place at the Sportcentrum Račice.

## Schedule

The schedule was as follows:
| Date | Time | Round |
| Sunday 27 August 2017 | 10:09 | Final |
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)

## Results

With fewer than ten boats entered, this event was held as a direct final.
| Rank | Canoeists | Country | Time |
| | Sebastian Brendel Stefan Kiraj Jan Vandrey Conrad Scheibner | Germany | 3:14.893 |
| | Piotr Kuleta Marcin Grzybowski Tomasz Barniak Wiktor Głazunow | Poland | 3:16.798 |
| | Denys Kamerylov Vitaliy Vergeles Eduard Shemetylo Denys Kovalenko | Ukraine | 3:17.198 |
| 4 | Henrik Vasbányai Tamás Kiss Pál Sarudi Dávid Varga | Hungary | 3:18.623 |
| 5 | Cătălin Chirilă Constantin Diba Gabriel Gheoca Ștefan Andrei Strat | Romania | 3:19.738 |
| 6 | Kirill Shamshurin Rasul Ishmukhamedov Ivan Likhovidov Ilya Pervukhin | Russia | 3:21.703 |
| 7 | Maksim Krysko Ivan Patapenka Aliaksei Makhnist Dzmitry Lapata | Belarus | 3:22.858 |
| 8 | Petr Fuksa Daniel Kořínek Simon Hajek Radek Miškovský | Czech Republic | 3:27.653 |
| 9 | Drew Hodges Craig Spence Marc Tarling Roland Varga | Canada | 3:47.553 |
# Sinan Pasha Mosque

Sinan Pasha Mosque may refer to:
* Sinan Pasha Mosque (Damascus) in Damascus, Syria
* Sinan Pasha Mosque (Istanbul) in Istanbul, Turkey
* Sinan Pasha Mosque (Prizren) in Prizren, Kosovo
* Sinan Pasha Mosque (Kaçanik) in Kaçanik, Kosovo
* Sinan Pasha Mosque (Bulaq) in Bulaq, Cairo, Egypt
# 2023 World Para Swimming Championships – Women's 150 metre individual medley

The women's 150m individual medley events at the 2023 World Para Swimming Championships will be held at the Manchester Aquatics Centre between 31 July and 6 August.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| SM3 | Tanja Scholz Germany | Marta Fernandez Infante Spain | Ellie Challis Great Britain |
| SM4 | Kat Swanepoel South Africa | Gina Böttcher Germany | Patricia Pereira dos Santos Brazil |
# Fantasy Focus

Fantasy Focus may refer to:
* Fantasy Focus (podcast), a sports talk podcast
* Fantasy Focus (XM radio program), a show focused on fantasy baseball
# Sina Surgical System

The Sina Surgical System is a robotic surgical system that uses a minimally invasive surgical approach. The system is manufactured by the company Sina Robotics and Medical Innovators. The system is used for prostatectomies, and increasingly for cardiac valve repair, and for renal and gynecologic surgical procedures.
In May 2023, two devices of this system have been exported to Indonesia. Russian institutions have also expressed interest in the device. In this context, a joint production agreement of this system has been signed with the Russian Central Research and Development Institute of Robotics and Cybernetic Technologies. According to this agreement, the Sina surgeon robot is supposed to be produced in Iran in semi-assembled form and exported to Russia as SKD and assembled in Saint Petersburg.
# 504 Cora

504 Cora, provisional designation 1902 LK, is a metallic asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomer Solon Bailey at Harvard's Boyden Station in Arequipa, Peru, on 30 June 1902. It was later named after Cora, a figure in Inca mythology.

## Classification and orbit

Cora orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,640 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 4 years after its discovery with the first used observation made at Heidelberg in 1906.

## Physical characteristics
### Spectral type

On the Tholen taxonomic scheme, as well as by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Cora is classified as a metallic M-type asteroid.
Mineralogic observations in the near-infrared with the NASA IRTF telescope using its SpeX spectrograph, showed that its surface is that of an X-type asteroid, with absorption features indicating the presence of pyroxene minerals. In 2004, the body's spectrum was also obtained in the SMASSII survey at the U.S. MDM Observatory, Kitt Peak, Arizona.

### Rotation period

Several rotational lightcurves of Cora were obtained for this asteroid by astronomers Maria A. Barucci, David Higgins, Axel Martin, and the Palomar Transient Factory. With one exception, they all gave a rotation period close to 7.59 hours. Among these, David Higgins' observation made in September 2010, at the Hunters Hill Observatory (E14) in Ngunnawal, Australia – gave the best rated lightcurve with a period of 7.588±0.003 hours and a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=3-).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's WISE telescope with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Cora's surface has a high albedo between 0.239 and 0.341. Combined with their respective absolute magnitudes, this results in a diameter estimate of 27.2 to 35.0 kilometers. In contrast, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a much lower albedo of 0.19 and a diameter of 29.1 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Cora, a figure in Inca mythology (AN 169).
# Paleontological Society Medal

The Paleontological Society Medal is an award given by the Paleontological Society to a person whose eminence is based on advancement of knowledge in paleontology.

## Awardees

Source: Paleontological Society
| Year | Recipient |
| 1963 | Raymond C. Moore |
| 1964 | G. Arthur Cooper |
| 1966 | Alfred S. Romer |
| 1967 | Carl O. Dunbar |
| 1970 | Ralph W. Chaney |
| 1971 | Preston E. Cloud |
| 1972 | Katherine Van Winkle Palmer |
| 1973 | George Gaylord Simpson |
| 1974 | John W. Wells |
| 1975 | Frank M. Carpenter |
| 1976 | Kenneth E. Caster |
| 1977 | Wendell Woodring |
| 1978 | James M. Schopf |
| 1979 | Norman D. Newell |
| 1980 | Everett C. Olson |
| 1981 | Harold S. Ladd |
| 1982 | Alfred R. Loeblich Jr & Helen Tappan |
| 1983 | Harry B. Whittington |
| 1984 | Curt Teichert |
| 1985 | William A. Cobban |
| 1986 | Heinz A. Lowenstam |
| 1987 | Harlan P. Banks |
| 1988 | Rousseau H. Flower & J. Wyatt Durham |
| 1989 | Thomas W. Amsden |
| 1990 | Daniel I. Axelrod |
| 1991 | Norman F. Sohl |
| 1992 | Malcolm C. McKenna |
| 1993 | Adolf Seilacher |
| 1994 | Walter C. Sweet |
| 1995 | Alfred G. Fischer |
| 1996 | James W. Valentine |
| 1997 | David M. Raup |
| 1998 | Allison R. Palmer |
| 1999 | Arthur J. Boucot |
| 2000 | Jack A. Wolfe |
| 2001 | Alan H. Cheetham |
| 2002 | Stephen Jay Gould |
| 2003 | Richard K. Bambach |
| 2004 | Martin A. Buzas |
| 2005 | Andrew H. Knoll |
| 2006 | Geerat J. Vermeij |
| 2007 | Steven M. Stanley |
| 2008 | Niles Eldredge |
| 2009 | Jeremy Jackson |
| 2010 | Bruce Runnegar |
| 2011 | Stig Bergström |
| 2012 | J. William Schopf |
| 2013 | Estella Leopold |
| 2014 | Erle Kauffman |
| 2015 | Derek Briggs |
| 2016 | Richard Fortey |
| 2017 | David Jablonski |
| 2018 | Kay Behrensmeyer |
| 2019 | David Bottjer |
| 2020 | Susan Kidwell |
# Paul-Alain Beaulieu

Paul-Alain Beaulieu is a Canadian Assyriologist, a Professor of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto.
Beaulieu earned a master's degree from the Université de Montréal in 1980 under the supervision of Marcel Leibovici, and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1985. He was an assistant and subsequently associate professor at Harvard University before joining the faculty at Toronto.

## Books

Beaulieu is the author of:
* L'introduction du cheval et du char de guerre au Proche-Orient au IIe millénaire av. J.C. (Masters thesis, Université de Montréal, 1980).
* The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon, 556–539 B.C. (Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1989, and Yale Near Eastern researches 10, Yale University Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0-300-04314-3). This was the first book in 60 years about Nabonidus, who was himself something of an archaeologist. In contrast to the previous book by Raymond P. Dougherty, Beaulieu's book downplays the role of Nabonidus' heterodox religious beliefs in causing his split rule with his son Belshazzar, instead highlighting political and economic factors. Beaulieu also compares the historical documents on Nabonidus' rule with the accounts of the same time in the Book of Daniel.
* Late Babylonian Texts in the Nies Babylonian Collection, Vol. 1 (CDL Press, 1994, ISBN 978-1-883053-04-8).
* Legal and Administrative Texts from the Reign of Nabonidus (Yale oriental series: Babylonian texts 19, Yale University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-300-05770-6). This book describes some 313 tablets from Uruk, in the collections of Yale University. They include letters on religious matters, land transfers, sales contracts, and legal documents.
* The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period (Cuneiform Monographs 23, Leiden & Boston: Brill/Styx, 2003, ISBN 978-90-04-13024-1). Reviewer Robert D. Biggs writes that "this is a major contribution to the study of ancient Mesopotamia" while M. A. Dandamayev calls it "an enormous step in the study of Babylonian religion". It includes chapters on the clothing ceremony, offering lists, and individual gods and their companions, and focuses particular attention on Ishtar, the "lady of Uruk".
* A History of Babylon (John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4051-8898-2).
* The Cuneiform Uranology Texts (Paul-Alain Beaulieu, Eckart Frahm, Wayne Horowitz and John Steele). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Published By: American Philosophical Society 2018