OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kinematic determinacy

Kinematic determinacy is a term used in structural mechanics to describe a structure where material compatibility conditions alone can be used to calculate deflections. A kinematically determinate structure can be defined as a structure where, if it is possible to find nodal displacements compatible with member extensions, those nodal displacements are unique. The structure has no possible mechanisms, i.e. nodal displacements, compatible with zero member extensions, at least to a first-order approximation. Mathematically, the mass matrix of the structure must have full rank. Kinematic determinacy can be loosely used to classify an arrangement of structural members as a structure (stable) instead of a mechanism (unstable). The principles of kinematic determinacy are used to design precision devices such as mirror mounts for optics, and precision linear motion bearings.
# Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge

The Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge is a federal national wildlife refuge located in Jasper County, Iowa, United States. The refuge, formerly known as Walnut Creek, is named after Congressman Neal Edward Smith, who championed its creation. It seeks to restore the tallgrass prairie and oak savanna ecosystems that once covered most of Iowa. It has a herd of approximately 62 American bison and 19 elk. An initial group of six bison were released in 1996. The bison herd roams an approximately 800-acre enclosure (320 ha).
The core of the Neal Smith refuge was a 3,600-acre (1,500 ha) block of land originally acquired by Iowa Power and Light) for a nuclear power plant. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service acquired this land in 1990. The Fish and Wildlife Service has acquired about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) more of the allocated 11,865 acres (4,802 ha).
Although the Neal Smith refuge includes a patchwork of small and seriously degraded native prairies, most of the refuge is the result of prairie restoration or reconstruction efforts. The restoration work has been done with local ecotype seed harvested from nearby native prairie remnants or from other restoration efforts that have used acceptable local ecotype seed.

## Prairie Learning Center

Located near Prairie City, Iowa, the Prairie Learning Center features exhibits and movies about the tallgrass prairie, sedge meadow and oak savanna ecosystems of the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge. The Center offers environmental education programs for school groups, scout groups and more. The Friends of the Prairie Learning Center operate the Prairie Point book store, which sells nature-themed books and gifts.
# Koahou

Koahou (died 1826) was a Hawaiian high chief who succeeded his father Kamanawa as one of the chief counselors of Kamehameha I.

## Life

He was the son of High Chief Kamanawa and High Chiefess Kekelaokalani. His father Kamanawa, along with Koahou's uncle Kameʻeiamoku, were known as the "royal twins" and helped Kamehameha I come to power and served him as advisors. His mother Kekelaokalani was the daughter of High Chief Kauakahiakua, son of Lonomakahonua and Kahapoohiwi, and High Chiefess Kekuʻiapoiwa I, the former wife of King Kekaulike of Maui. His siblings included two brothers: Noukana and Amamalua, a sister Peleuli, who became one of the wives of Kamehameha I, and a half-sister Piʻipiʻi Kalanikaulihiwakama.
After the death of his father and the passing of the last of the four warrior chiefs that supported Kamehameha I, the sons of the four were chosen to replace them in the Council of Chiefs. They included Koahou, son of Kamanawa, Hoapili, son of Kameʻeiamoku, Kahekili Keʻeaumoku, son of Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi and Naihe, son of Keaweaheulu. They were given the same honors, rights and powers that their fathers had held including any lands that were originally awarded to them as spoils of Kamehameha's conquest.
Koahou would continue to serve Kamehameha I's successor Kamehameha II and briefly served under the child monarch Kamehameha III. His principal place of residence was Hilo, which was called Byron's Bay by the foreigners at the time after George Byron, 7th Baron Byron who brought the bodies of King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu back from London aboard HMS Blonde. Even after the arrival of the missionaries, Koahou never converted to Christianity or if he ever did, he didn't take their religious teaching very seriously. On December 25, 1825, Rev. Artemas Bishop complained how Koahou's behavior and continual practice of polygamy were discouraging the natives of Hilo from converting:
   Preached morning and evening at the usual place of worship. The house was filled, and good attention paid in general to the word. But it is to be regretted, that no better example is set, and, in general, no more countenance given to religious things, by Koahou, the principal chief at this place. He still retains three wives, and revels in all the abominations of heathenism, while neither he, or his people, are often at church. Such an example, from a principal chief, has a pernicious effect upon the common people, and accordingly, there are found more open opposers among the natives at this, than at any other station....
Koahou died in 1826, at a place called Punahou, near Hilo. It isn't known whether he left any descendants or what happened to his lands and properties after his death, but they were probably inherited by his sister Peleuli and her descendants.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Koahou :
# Steve Canal

Steve Canal (born January 17, 1980) is an American author, public speaker, branding expert and former basketball player based in New York City.

## Early life and education

Canal was born in New York City in 1980. His parents were born in Haiti and came to United States in late 1970s. Canal received his early education in Nyack and attended Fordham University where he received his graduation degree in sociology, in 2002. Canal represented the Fordham Rams in Atlantic 10 Conference basketball games between 1998 and 2002.

## Career

Canal began his basketball career in 1998 while attending Fordham University in New York City. Canal represented Fordham Rams in 92 games, spreading over four seasons of Atlantic 10 Conference between 1998 and 2002. He played at forward position and scored over 340 points.
After basketball, Canal started his professional career as an operational manager at Vital Marketing, New York, in 2003. In 2011, Canal joined MillerCoors, a beer brewing company based in Chicago. Canal is currently serving as a National Community Affairs Lead at MillerCoors in New York City. He is accountable for the growth and execution of community investment and outreach strategies at the organization.
In 2017, Canal authored his debut book, The Mind of a Winner. The book was published in July with contributions from Daymond John, Barbara Corcoran, Enitan Bereola II, Grammy award winner 2 Chainz and Kenny Smith.The Mind of a Winner focuses on personal growth of an individual. The book rose to No. 1 on the Amazon bestseller list in August 2017. Canal is also the founder and CEO at The Brand Executive, a personal development firm based in New York City.

## Personal life

In 2015, Canal married his long-term girlfriend, Swin Cash, in Atlanta, Georgia. Cash is an executive with the NBA's New Orleans Pelicans and played in the Women's National Basketball Association.
# International Stasys Šimkus choir competition

International Stasys Šimkus Choir Competition (Lithuanian: Tarptautinis Stasio Šimkaus chorų konkursas) is an international choir competition held every two years since 1976 in Klaipėda (Lithuania). Artistic director and organizer of the Choir Competition, president of Klaipėda Choirs' Association "Aukuras" – assoc. prof. Algirdas Šumskis. The competition is open to mixed, male, female, youth, children‘s choirs, sacred music, folk choirs, and vocal ensembles.
# Giovanni Pieraccini

Giovanni Pieraccini (25 November 1918 – 14 July 2017) was an Italian journalist and socialist politician who was a member of the Italian Socialist Party. Starting his political career in 1948, Pieraccini served in different cabinet posts in the period 1963–1974.

## Early life and education

Pieraccini was born in Viareggio on 25 November 1918. He was given the name of his father who had died before his birth.
Pieraccini completed his high school education at the Carducci gymnasium in Viareggio. He graduated from the University of Pisa obtaining a law degree. Pieraccini participated in the resistance forces in Florence after 8 September 1943.

## Career

After the liberation of Florence Pieraccini was made the councilor of the first democratic administration and worked as the director of a socialist weekly entitled La defense. He was editor of the newspaper of the Resistance forces entitled La Nazione del Popolo and co-director of another newspaper, Il Nuovo corriere.
Pieraccini was a deputy from 1948 to 1968. He was part of the group which assumed the leadership of the Italian Socialist Party and director of the newspaper Avanti! from 1960 to 1963. In the late 1960s Pieraccini was part of the right-wing group in the party together with Pietro Nenni and Mario Zagari. He was appointed minister of public works to the first cabinet of Prime Minister Aldo Moro in December 1963 and was in office until 23 July 1964. He served as the minister of budget in the second and third Moro cabinet (1964-1968). Pieraccini was a member of the Italian Senate from 1968 to 1976 and was the head of the socialist group at the Senate. He was appointed minister of merchant navy to the cabinet led by Mariano Rumor in 1973 and was in office until 14 March 1974. Then Pieraccini was named the minister for the coordination of scientific and technological research initiatives on 14 March 1974 to the next cabinet of Mariano Rumor which he held until November that year.
Following his retirement from politics in 1974 Pieraccini served as the president of the Assitalia insurance company in 1983 and president of the SEC Naval Shipyard in Viareggio. In 1986 he founded an organization with Jean-Marie Drot called RomaEuropa which initiated the Romaeuropa Festival, a cultural festival.

## Death

Pieraccini died in Viareggio on 14 July 2017 at the age of 98.
# Linda Sparke

Linda Siobhan Sparke is a British astronomer known for her research on the structure and dynamics of galaxies. She is a professor emerita of astronomy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Explorers Program Scientist in the NASA Astrophysics Division.

## Education and career

Sparke was born in London, and read mathematics as an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge. She completed a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley; her dissertation was Swirling Gas Flows in Elliptical Galaxies.
After postdoctoral research at the Institute for Advanced Study, the University of Cambridge, and the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, she became a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She retired in 2010 to become a professor emeritus, served as a program manager at the National Science Foundation for two years, and became research program manager in astrophysics at NASA and later Explorers Program Scientist at NASA.

## Book

With John Gallagher III, Sparke is the author of the undergraduate textbook Galaxies in the Universe: an Introduction (Cambridge University Press, 2000; 2nd ed., 2006).

## Recognition

Sparke was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2002, after a nomination from the APS Division of Astrophysics. The fellowship citation noted her "studies of the structure and dynamics of galaxies, using orbital motions to probe both time-steady and time-varying gravitational potentials, and the distribution of dark matter". In 2020 she was named a Fellow of the American Astronomical Society (AAS), as one of 200 Legacy Fellows named to start the AAS Fellows program.
Her book Galaxies in the Universe: an Introduction won the Chambliss Astronomical Writing Award of the American Astronomical Society in 2008.
# 1749 in France

Events from the year 1749 in France

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Louis XV

## Births
### Full date missing

* Louis-Pierre Deseine – sculptor (died 1822)

## Deaths
### Full date missing

* André Cardinal Destouches, composer (born 1672)
* Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois, naval officer (born 1671)
* Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan, churchman and politician (born 1674)
* Pierre Subleyras, painter (born 1699)
* Louis Marie, Duke of Rambouillet, prince (born 1746)
* Madeleine Leroy, industrialist (born 1685)
# Malqueridas

Malqueridas (lit. 'The unloved women') is a 2023 Chilean-German documentary film directed by Tana Gilbert, at her feature film debut. It premiered at the 80th edition of the Venice Film Festival.

## Plot

The daily life of inmate mothers in a Chilean prison.

## Production

The film had a seven years production. It was shot clandestinely in a Chilean women's prison through cellphones.

## Release

While in its editing stage, a work-in-progress version of the film was screened at the 2022 Cannes Docs Marché du Film. It eventually premiered in the International Critics' Week section at the 80th Venice International Film Festival, being the first Chilean documentary ever screened in Venice sidebar, and it won the Critics' Week Grand Prize, as well as the award for best technical contribution.
# Kim Bôi district

Kim Bôi is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 118,767. The district covers an area of 551.03 km$^2$. The district capital lies at Bo. It is famous for such sites as Kim Boi Hot Springs and Serena Resorts.

## Administrative divisions

Kim Bôi is divided into 17 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Bo and 16 rural communes (Bình Sơn, Cuối Hạ, Đông Bắc, Đú Sáng, Hợp Tiến, Hùng Sơn, Kim Bôi, Kim Lập, Mỵ Hòa, Nam Thượng, Nuông Dăm, Sào Báy, Tú Sơn, Vĩnh Đồng, Vĩnh Tiến, Xuân Thủy).

## Climate

Climate data for Kim Bôi :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.5 (94.1) | 37.2 (99.0) | 41.4 (106.5) | 39.8 (103.6) | 41.6 (106.9) | 40.9 (105.6) | 40.8 (105.4) | 39.4 (102.9) | 38.0 (100.4) | 36.0 (96.8) | 37.4 (99.3) | 33.7 (92.7) | 41.6 (106.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) | 21.3 (70.3) | 24.1 (75.4) | 28.5 (83.3) | 32.2 (90.0) | 33.3 (91.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.5 (90.5) | 31.3 (88.3) | 29.0 (84.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 22.4 (72.3) | 27.8 (82.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) | 17.6 (63.7) | 20.3 (68.5) | 24.1 (75.4) | 26.9 (80.4) | 28.3 (82.9) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.6 (81.7) | 26.4 (79.5) | 24.0 (75.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 17.5 (63.5) | 23.2 (73.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.6 (74.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 25.1 (77.2) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 20.9 (69.6) | 17.5 (63.5) | 14.3 (57.7) | 20.2 (68.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) | 4.5 (40.1) | 6.7 (44.1) | 12.0 (53.6) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.3 (63.1) | 19.2 (66.6) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.9 (60.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 7.0 (44.6) | 1.4 (34.5) | 1.4 (34.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 33.5 (1.32) | 30.8 (1.21) | 55.3 (2.18) | 103.6 (4.08) | 272.6 (10.73) | 304.4 (11.98) | 339.8 (13.38) | 348.8 (13.73) | 346.0 (13.62) | 224.7 (8.85) | 75.2 (2.96) | 25.1 (0.99) | 2,159.7 (85.03) |
| Average rainy days | 11.5 | 13.0 | 16.2 | 15.9 | 17.6 | 18.1 | 19.2 | 18.9 | 15.2 | 11.9 | 8.4 | 7.2 | 173.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.2 | 85.1 | 85.9 | 85.2 | 83.5 | 84.0 | 84.4 | 86.6 | 86.1 | 84.3 | 82.7 | 81.6 | 84.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 64.5 | 51.0 | 55.3 | 93.3 | 164.2 | 155.2 | 170.0 | 158.3 | 153.2 | 137.7 | 123.6 | 106.2 | 1,434.5 |
| Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology ||||||||||||||
# Koakin, Kombissiri

Koakin is a village in the Kombissiri Department of Bazèga Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 393.
# Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio. It was established in October 2000 and covers all aspects of molecular and cell biology. The editor-in-chief is Kim Baumann.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 113.915, ranking it 1st out of 194 journals in the category "Cell Biology".
# Slăvei

Slăvei is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Florin Slăvei (1951–1995), Romanian water polo player
* Ilie Slăvei (born 1952), Romanian water polo player
# International Steel

International Steel can refer to:
* International Steel Company, a defunct Evansville, Indiana company, or
* International Steel Group, a defunct Cleveland, Ohio company
# Intermediate Ring Road, Hyderabad

The Intermediate Ring Road are roads identified as the main connecting roads between various radial roads in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It complements the inner and outer ring roads, acting as a bypass, when traveling from one end of the city to the other, helping reduce travel time.

## Intermediate Ring Roads

* Intermediate ring roads in Hyderabad
| Intermediate Ring Road # | Starting Point | Via | Ending Point |
| IMRR 1 (Old Bombay Road) | Rethibowli (RR 3 & RR 6) | RR 5 | Gachibowli (Nehru-ORR & RR 6 & RR 33) |
| IMRR 2 | Gachibowli (Nehru-ORR & RR 6) | RR 7, RR 8 | Miyapur (RR 9) |
| IMRR 3 | Miyapur (RR 9) | RR 32, Gandi Maisamma, RR 11 & Bhadurpally | Kompally at RR 12 (NH7) |
# International Association for the Protection of Civilian Arms Rights

International Association for the Protection of Civilian Arms Rights (IAPCAR) is an association of gun rights organizations, with over 29 member organizations.

## Member organizations

The International Association for the Protection of Civilian Arms Rights has 29 groups from 21 countries on 6 continents representing tens of millions of firearm owners.
* A2S5 Coalition (Philippines)
* ALUTARA (Argentina)
* The Society of Gun Culture Enhancement in Israel (Israel)
* Association of Bullet and Practical Shooting (Belarus)
* Canada's National Firearms Association (Canada)
* Canadian Institute for Self Defense (Canada)
* Canadian Institute for Legislative Action (Canada)
* Canadian Shooting Sports Association (Canada)
* Canadian Sporting Arms and Ammunition Association (Canada)
* Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms (United States)
* Firearms Owners Association of Australia (Australia)
* FISAT (Italy)
* Knife Rights (United States)
* Lone Star Shooting Association (United States)
* Movimento Viva Brasil (Brazil)
* National Arms Association of Spain (Spain)
* National Association for Gun Rights India (India)
* National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association (United States)
* PEFOP (Greece)
* Practical Shooting Association (Moldova)
* Pro Defensa (Costa Rica)
* Pro Legal (Germany)
* ProTell (Switzerland)
* Right to Arms (Russia)
* Second Amendment Foundation (United States)
* South African Gun Owners Association (South Africa)
* Sport and Practical Shooting Club (Austria)
* Taiwan Defensive Firearms Association (Taiwan)
* Ukrainian Gun Owners Association (Ukraine)
* UNPACT (France)

## Recent campaigns

IAPCAR has recently mounted a strong campaign in opposition to the United Nations Arms Trade Treaty. One of the co-founders of IAPCAR, Julianne Vernsel, submitted testimony to the Arms Trade Treaty conference objecting to the exclusion of civilian's arms rights from the treaty. They also strongly objected to the lack of acknowledgement or protection of civilian arms rights or recognizing the right to self-defense in its enforceable language.
# Intragenic

Intragenic may refer to:
* Intragenic, a proposed designation for genetic modifications which originate in a common genome
* Intragenic region, a term from which intron is derived
# Libertarian Party of Manitoba candidates in the 1988 Manitoba provincial election

The Libertarian Party of Manitoba fielded six candidates in the 1988 provincial election, none of whom were elected.

## Candidates

* Elmwood: Russ Letkeman
* Fort Rouge: Dennis Owens
* Osborne: Clancy Smith
* River Heights: Jim Weidman
* St. James: Dennis Rice
* St. Vital: Trevor Wiebe
* This Manitoba-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# International Committee of Slavists

The International Committee of Slavists is a scholarly organization uniting the national committees of the Slavists of Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The International Committee of Slavists is part of the UNESCO educational system.
The International Committee of Slavists was established in Yugoslavia (Belgrade, 1955), with the aim of renewing and continuing international relations in Slavic studies and traditions of the 1st International Congress of Slavists, which was held in Prague in 1929. It took over the organisation of that conference.
# Interosseous ligament

A Interosseous ligament can refer to:
* Dorsal intertarsal ligaments
* Interosseous ligaments of tarsus
* Bifurcated ligament
* Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
* Interosseous intercarpal ligaments
* Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments
* Interosseous metatarsal ligaments
It is sometimes used interchangeably with interosseous membrane.
# Interosseous membrane of leg

The interosseous membrane of the leg (middle tibiofibular ligament) extends between the interosseous crests of the tibia and fibula, helps stabilize the Tib-Fib relationship and separates the muscles on the front from those on the back of the leg.
It consists of a thin, aponeurotic joint lamina composed of oblique fibers, which for the most part run downward and lateralward; some few fibers, however, pass in the opposite direction.
It is broader above than below. Its upper margin does not quite reach the tibiofibular joint, but presents a free concave border, above which is a large, oval aperture for the passage of the anterior tibial vessels to the front of the leg.
In its lower part is an opening for the passage of the anterior peroneal vessels.
It is continuous below with the interosseous ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, and presents numerous perforations for the passage of small vessels.
It is in relation, in front, with the Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis proprius, Peronæus tertius, and the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve; behind, with the Tibialis posterior and Flexor hallucis longus.

## Additional images

* Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface.
* Right knee-joint. Posterior view.
* The popliteal, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries.
* Knee and tibiofibular joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
* Knee and tibiofibular joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
* Knee, tibiofibular and ankle joints. Deep dissection. Anterolateral view.
* Knee, tibiofibular and ankle joints. Deep dissection. Anterolateral view.