OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constance Hill Marteena

Constance Hill Marteena (August 24, 1897/1903 – December 29, 1978) was an American librarian and author, known for her bibliographies about Black women.

## Early life and education

Marteena was born on August 24, 1897, or in 1903, in Richmond, Virginia. Her parents were Irene Robinson Hill and Reuben T. Hill. She attended Hartshorn Memorial College and earned her B.S. degree from Hampton Institute in 1933. She studied library science at the Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago, and received a Master of Arts degree in 1946. She worked as director of public information at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University from 1929 to 1937 where she was also a founding member of the Alpha Phi chapter of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority in 1931.

## Career

Marteena was president of the North Carolina Negro Library Association (NCNLA) from 1952 through 1954, and helped guide its merger with the North Carolina Library Association, which ended the segregation of professional library associations in North Carolina.
Through NCNLA, she published the printed resource Achievements of Afro-American women of the twentieth century: a checklist in 1949. This built on her previous publication, A bibliographic technique illustrated in the compilation of a selective guide to the literature of Afro-American women of achievement, which was published in 1946. She also authored the book The Lengthening Shadow of a Woman: A Biography of Charlotte Hawkins Brown about the woman who founded the Palmer Memorial Institute. Marteena was an advocate for women's education stating, "when you educate a woman you educate a family."
Marteena worked at Bennett College from 1937 until 1967, retiring as director of the Thomas F. Holgate Library in Greensboro, North Carolina. She was an instructor in the college's teacher-librarian certification program and worked on a library collection on African-American women. The special collections room was named in her honor in 1978.
Marteena died on December 29, 1978, in Greensboro.
# Chane

Chane may refer to:
* Chané, an indigenous people of South America
* Chané language, an extinct Amerindian
* Chañe, a municipality in Spain
* Chane, Bhiwandi, a village in Bhiwandi taluka, India
* Chane (mayfly), a genus of insects
* Chane Behanan, American basketball player
* John Bryson Chane, American bishop
# Chantal Dumas

Chantal Dumas (born 1959) is a sound artist based in Montreal. She has worked as a composer and improviser through the mediums of radio and sound installation.

## Discography

* Le parfum des femmes — Das Perfüme der Frauen (OHM / Avatar, AVTR 011, 2000)
* Radio Roadmovies with Christian Calon (326music, 326 006/007, 2003)
# Chanut

Chanut is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Chanut Piyaoui (born 1924), Thai businesswoman and entrepreneur
* Denis Gargaud Chanut (born 1987), French slalom canoeist
* Pierre Chanut (1601–1662), French state counsellor and ambassador in Sweden
# Char Doani Lathimara

Char Doani Lathimara is a village in Barguna District in the Barisal Division of southern-central Bangladesh.
# Chapman (occupation)

A chapman (plural chapmen) was an itinerant dealer or hawker in early modern Britain.

## Etymology

Old English céapmann was the regular term for "dealer, seller", cognate with the Dutch koopman and German Kaufmann with the same meaning. Old English céap meant "deal, barter, business". The modern adjective cheap is a comparatively recent development from the phrase a good cheap, literally "a good deal" (cf. modern Dutch goedkoop = cheap). The word also appears in names such as Cheapside, Eastcheap, Chepstow and the prefix Chipping: all markets or dealing places. The name of the Danish capital Copenhagen has a similar origin, being derived from Køpmannæhafn, meaning "merchants' harbour" or "buyer's haven".
By 1600, the word chapman had come to be applied to an itinerant dealer in particular, but it remained in use for "customer, buyer" as well as "merchant" in the 17th and 18th centuries. The slang term for man, "chap" arose from the use of the abbreviated word to mean a customer, one with whom to bargain.
The word was applied to hawkers of chapbooks, broadside ballads, and similar items. Their stock in trade provides a graphic insight into the methods of political and religious campaigners of the Civil War period, for example.
Chapman is also a common personal name of the class derived from trades.
# Champlain Thrust

The Champlain Thrust is a 200-mile long fault extending from southern Quebec, down through western Vermont in the Champlain Valley, and into eastern New York in the Catskills/Hudson Valley. This east dipping thrust fault transports Cambrian-Ordovician passive margin shelf rocks westward by about 30–50 miles (48–80 km) and places them on top of Middle Ordovician rocks. The Middle Ordovician accretion of the one or more island arcs terranes drove the initial thrusting during the Taconic Orogeny, though reactivation of the fault may have occurred during the middle Devonian Acadian Orogeny. The Champlain Thrust marks the most westerly thrust of the Taconic Orogeny.

## Prominent exposures

The thrust fault is exposed to the north of the city of Burlington, Vermont on the shores of Lake Champlain at Lone Rock Point. Here the Lower Cambrian Dunham Dolomite can be seen thrust on top of the Middle Ordovician Iberville shales.
# Chana

Chana, chhana, or chaná may refer to :

## Food

* Chickpea, known in South Asia as chana
* Chhana, a type of curds from South Asia

## Places

* Chana, Illinois, United States, an unincorporated community
* Chana District, Songkhla Province, southern Thailand

## Other uses

* Chang'an Motors commercial vehicles sub-brand known as Chana, a Chinese automaker
* Chaná people, an ethnic group of Uruguay
* Chaná language, an extinct language of Uruguay and Argentina
* Chana (Bible), alternate transliteration of Hannah, a Biblical character; sometimes spelled "Chane"
* Woman with seven sons, a character in 2 Maccabees, sometimes called Chana
* Rosanna Tavarez, an American singer who used Chana as a stage name

## People with the name

* Ameet Chana (born 1975), British-Indian actor
* Arjan Drayton Chana (born 1994), English field hockey player
* Chana Blaksztejn, a Polish-Jewish writer and journalist
* Chana Bloch (1940–2017), American poet, translator, and scholar
* Chana Eden (1932–2019), Israeli-American actress and singer
* Chana Joffe-Walt, radio journalist and producer
* Chana Katan (born 1958), American-born Israeli gynecologist, and public figure
* Chana Kowalska (1907–1942), Polish painter and journalist
* Chana Masson (born 1978), Brazilian handball player
* Chana Orloff (1888–1968), Ukraine-born sculptor
* Chana Pilane-Majake, South African politician
* Chana Porpaoin (born 1966), Thai boxer
* Chana Schneerson (1880–1964), wife of a Chabad Hasidic rabbi in Ukraine
* Chana Timoner (1951–1998), American rabbi
* Khuli Chana (born 1982), South African Motswako rapper
* Navjot Chana (born 1983), Indian martial artist
* Pindi Chana (born 1974), Tanzanian politician
* Tarlochan Singh Chana (born 1949), Kenyan field hockey player
# Chapleau Ojibway First Nation

Chapleau Ojibway First Nation is an Ojibwa First Nation located near Chapleau Township, Sudbury District, Ontario, Canada. The First Nation have reserved for themselves the 67 ha Chapleau 61A Indian Reserve, 64.7 ha Chapleau 74 Indian Reserve and the 799.3 ha Chapleau 74A Indian Reserve. In September, 2007, their total registered population 39, of which their on-reserve population was 30 (24 on their main Reserve).

## History

The people of Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation live on the only Ojibwa-language reserve in the Chapleau area. Their historical kinship and relationship with the land therefore draws them west to the shores of Lake Superior and south to the shores of Lake Huron, rather than north into Cree territory to the shores of James Bay. As such, much of their traditional territory was ceded to the Crown under the 1850 Robinson Treaties. These treaties cover all land whose waters drain into the north shores of lakes Huron and Superior. Chapleau Ojibwe forefathers were not, however, signatories to the Robinson Treaties, partly because William Benjamin Robinson did not take the time to meet with inland First Nation communities and partly because inland First Nation leaders were reluctant to travel as a result of a cholera outbreak in 1849.
After visiting Chapleau in 1905, the Treaty 9 commissioners reported that it would not be necessary to negotiate a treaty with the Indian people of Chapleau as they belonged to bands residing at Moose Factory, English River and other places already under treaty. Treaty 9 covers all land in the Chapleau are that drains north into James Bay. Since large reserves had already been established in other parts of the province for the bands from which people at Chapleau had immigrated, the commissioners recommended that a small area be set aside for Chapleau Ojibwe so that they could build small houses and cultivate garden plots. The Chapleau Ojibway Reserve was established in 1950.

## Governance

The First Nation is led by Chief Anita Stephens and two Councillors: Johanne Wesley and Joshua Memegos. Chapleau Ojibway First Nation is member of Wabun Tribal Council, a regional tribal council affiliated with the Nishnawbe Aski Nation.
Chapleau Ojibway First Nation is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service, an Aboriginal-based service.
# Charles Fox Townshend

Charles Fox Townshend (28 June 1795 – 1817) was the founder of the Eton Society.
Townshend was the eldest son of Lord John Townshend, second son of George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend. His mother was Georgiana Anne, daughter of William Poyntz, while George Townshend, 2nd Marquess Townshend, was his uncle. His name derived from his father's close friend Charles James Fox. He was educated at Eton and St John's College, Cambridge. While a student at Eton in 1811 Townshend founded the Eton Society, a debating society which later became known as "Pop". In 1817 he stood as a candidate for Cambridge University but died before the elections took place. He never married. Townshend's younger brother John succeeded his cousin in the marquessate of Townshend in 1855.
# Charles F. Bowman

Charles F. Bowman (May 3, 1919 – April 8, 2009) was an American businessman who partnered with Orville Redenbacher to create a popping corn which won a third of the US market for unpopped popcorn by the mid-1970s. The corn was marketed as Orville Redenbacher's and is now owned by ConAgra Brands.
Charlie Bowman graduated from Purdue University. In 1951, Bowman and Redenbacher bought Chester, Inc., a company based in Boone Grove, Indiana, that specialized in hybrid seeds. Redenbacher's eponymous popcorn was the result of nearly twenty years of research at Chester and was launched in 1970. Bowman served as the company's president while Redenbacher drove the scientific research. Bowman retired as president in 2006 at age 87.
Bowman lived in Holland, Michigan after his retirement. He died in 2009, almost 14 years after Redenbacher's death. Bowman's survivors included his wife of 64 years, Mary, and three daughters: Judy Anthrop, June Bowman and Connie Bowman.
# Charles Law

Charles Law may refer to:
* Charles's law, also known as the law of volumes, experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated
* Charles Law (British politician) (1792–1850), British judge and Conservative Party MP
* Charles B. Law (1872–1929), United States Representative from New York
# Charles Murphy (Australian politician)

Charles James Murphy (c.1909 – 6 January 1997) was an Australian politician who served as member for Hawthorn in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, representing the Labor Party from 1952–1955 and the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) (Democratic Labor Party) from March–April 1955.
# Charles Frederic Ulrich

Charles Frederic Ulrich (18 October 1858 – 15 May 1908) was an American Realist painter who spent most of his career in Germany. He is best known for his genre scenes of working-class people.

## Biography

He was born in New York City. His father, Friedrich, was from Germany. Ulrich began his art studies at the National Academy of Design and the Cooper Union. In 1875, after completing his work there, he took his first trip to Germany; visiting Munich, where he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts. His primary instructors were Ludwig von Löfftz and Wilhelm von Lindenschmit. He also became friends with John Henry Twachtman and joined the circle of American-born artists who associated with Frank Duveneck in Munich and the Bavarian town of Polling.
Between 1879 and 1881, Ulrich was back in the United States, where he made a study of the methods used by artists during the Golden Age of Dutch painting; especially the interiors of Pieter de Hooch and Jan Vermeer and the portraits of Frans Hals and Anthony van Dyck. In 1883, he was named an Associate Member of his alma mater, the National Academy, and a full member of the Society of American Artists. He soon became one of the few artists of that period to deal with the depiction of social issues. A notable work from this time was In the Land of Promise (1884), showing an immigrant in the reception station at Castle Garden.
This attracted the attention of Thomas B. Clarke, a lace and linen manufacturer who was also a collector of contemporary art. Ulrich painted Clarke's portrait and Clarke promoted his career, awarding him the first Thomas B. Clarke Prize for "Best American Figure Composition".
In the summer of 1884, Ulrich returned to Europe; travelling with William Merritt Chase and Robert Frederick Blum. They visited Belgium and the Netherlands. Ulrich and Blum shared an apartment in Haarlem. They were together for much of the next three years. Blum concentrated on scenes from everyday life, while Ulrich continued to focus on social commentary; including paintings done from sketches made in an orphanage.
Europe became his home. The year 1886 found him living in Venice, followed by the Netherlands in 1890. He also visited Venice repeatedly after 1890 and, from 1899 to 1902, lived in Rome. In 1888 and 1892, he organized exhibits of American art in Munich. He, himself, exhibited at the London Royal Academy of Arts and the Glaspalast and, in 1893, joined the Berlin Secession at the Große Berliner Kunstausstellung.
In 1897, he married Margarethe Oppenheim (1877–1939), daughter of the banker, Hugo Oppenheim [de]. In 1906, his name appears on the membership list of the Deutscher Künstlerbund, making him one of its earliest members.
Ulrich died of pneumonia in Berlin in 1908.

## Selected paintings

* In the Land of Promise, Castle Garden, 1884, National Gallery of Art
* Glass Blowers of Murano, 1886, Metropolitan Museum of Art
* The Village Printing Shop, Haarlem, the Netherlands, 1884
* Waifs in an Orphanage, 1884
# Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge

The Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge is the third longest hanging bridge for pedestrian use in the world. It is located in Randa, Switzerland and replaced the defunct Europabrücke [de], which had been damaged by a rock slide. The bridge spans 494 meters (1621 feet), and upon its inauguration on 30 July 2017 became the longest suspension bridge built for pedestrian travel. The bridge runs 85 metres (279 feet) above the ground at its highest point. It employs 8 tonnes (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons) of cables, and has a system that prevents it from swinging. The bridge is part of Europaweg, a hiking path between the Swiss villages of Zermatt and Grächen.
# Charles Scobie

Charles Smith Scobie (21 February 1895 — 2 September 1965) was a Scottish first-class cricketer and umpire.
The son of James Scobie, he was born at Edinburgh in February 1895. He was educated at Daniel Stewart’s College. Scobie began employment as a second class clerk with Sasine Office at the Registers of Scotland in May 1915, having been successful in an open competition for the role. He served in the British Army from July 1915, enlisting as a private with the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and by the time he was sent to the Western Front he was an acting corporal. He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in September 1917, being commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant on probation in September 1917, and was confirmed in the rank in March 1918. He was seconded on attachment to 4 Squadron Australian Flying Corps in May 1918, before transferring to No. 80 Squadron RAF in July 1918, where he flew Sopwith Camels on low-level operations. At the end of the war he was transferred to the unemployed list, at which point he held the rank of lieutenant.
Following the war, Scobie returned to the Sasine Office. A club cricketer for Stewart's Former Pupils and Grange, he made his debut in first-class cricket for Scotland against Surrey at Glasgow in 1923. He played first-class cricket for Scotland until 1928, making eight appearances. Playing as a leg break googly bowler, he took 20 wickets at an average of 29.15; he took one five wicket haul, with figures of 5 for 112 against Lancashire in 1925. As a lower order batsman, he scored 95 runs in his eight matches with a highest score of 26. In addition to playing at first-class level, Scobie also stood as an umpire in the 1930 fixture between Scotland and Ireland at Aberdeen. He married Shena Bertram Melrose in July 1937 and later retired as assistant keeper at the Registers of Scotland. Scobie died at Edinburgh in September 1965.
# Charles Hopkinson

Charles Sydney Hopkinson (1869 – 1962) was an American portrait painter and landscape watercolorist. He maintained a studio in the Fenway Studios building in Boston from 1906 to 1962. He painted over 800 portraits in a direct style with a palette gradually lightening through his career. Many of his paintings were commissioned by U. S. East Coast institutions, especially Harvard University, where he acted as house portraitist. Among his sitters were Oliver Wendell Holmes, Calvin Coolidge, Lewis Perry and John Masefield.

## Early life

Born on July 27, 1869, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, he graduated the Hopkinson School started by his father. He began to draw for the Harvard Lampoon upon his entrance to Harvard in 1888, and in 1891, he moved to New York City to study at the Art Students' League where he worked with John Henry Twachtman and H. Siddons Mowbray.
Hopkinson studied at the Académie Julian in Paris with Edmond Aman-Jean, traveled to Brittany, and exhibited in the 1895 Paris Salon.

## Career

In the late 1890s he worked in Cambridge, Massachusetts and showed his paintings in New York at the Society of American Artists and also in Boston. He was a Member of the Boston Art Club and was involved in the promotion of Modern Art in Boston and Cambridge.
He returned to Europe in 1901, where he visited Spain to study the painting of Velázquez and El Greco and traveled through Brittany, and the Netherlands to see portraits by his "heroes", Frans Hals and Rembrandt.
Hopkinson then began a lucrative career as a portrait painter in Cambridge winning awards like the Logan Medal of the arts (1926), and soon his first commission being a baby portrait in 1896 of poet E. E. Cummings, a work that is in the Massachusetts Historical Society.
Adopting the colour theories of his former neighbour Denman Ross, who had become a prominent collector and a teacher at Harvard, Hopkinson later used the results of Carl Cutler's experiments with a spinning disk to study the color spectrum.
He exhibited regularly in the national annuals and at several Boston and New York galleries. His watercolors were described as "modern" in the press and he exhibited three oils in the 1913 Armory Show. Instead of allying himself with the local established painters, Hopkinson showed his work with the "Boston Five", a group of young watercolorists though he continued to paint in oil for an elite clientele.
In 1919 the National Art Commission selected him to paint some of the participants of the Peace Conference at Versailles, France. In 1927 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1929.
In the mid-1920s, Hopkinson took on a young Boston painter Pietro Pezzati as his assistant, who worked with him at his Fenway studio. Hopkinson would pass on his studio to Pezzati when he died in October 1962, in Beverly, Massachusetts.
Hopkinson died October 16, 1962.
# Charles Hopkins (poet)

Charles Hopkins (1664?–1700?) was an Anglo-Irish poet and dramatist.

## Life

The elder son of Ezekiel Hopkins, bishop of Derry, Charles Hopkins was born about 1664 at Exeter and was taken early to Ireland. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and then at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1688.
Returning to Ireland, Hopkins engaged in military service. He subsequently settled in England, and gained some reputation as a writer of poems and plays. Giles Jacob in the Poetical Register says that Hopkins might have made a fortune in any scene of life, but was unmotivated. His death aged 35, about the beginning of 1700, was put down to a debauched lifestyle.

## Works

John Dryden, in a letter to Mrs. Steward (7 November 1699), described Hopkins as "a poet who writes good verses without knowing how or why; I mean, he writes naturally well, without art or learning or good sense."
He wrote:
* Epistolary Poems; on several Occasions: With several of the Choicest Stories of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Tibullus's Elegies, London, 1694, dedicated to Anthony Hammond. One of the epistles is addressed to the Earl of Dorset; another to Walter Moyle.
* The History of Love. A Poem: in a letter to a Lady, London, 1695, dedicated to Isabella FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton; translations from Ovid's Metamorphoses and Heroides.
* The Art of Love: In two Books dedicated to the ladies, London, a paraphrase of portions of Ovid's Ars Amatoria.
* Whitehall; or the Court of England: A Poem, Dublin, 1698, dedicated to the Duchess of Ormonde; reprinted in Dryden's Miscellany Poems under the title of The Court Prospect.
Hopkins was also the author of four tragedies, three performed at Lincoln's Inn Fields:
* Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, 1695, to which William Congreve contributed a prologue.
* Neglected Virtue, 1696.
* Boadicea, Queen of Britain, 1697.
* Friendship Improved, or the Female Warrior, 1699.
Before Friendship Improved there is a dedicatory epistle, written from Londonderry (to Edward Coke of Norfolk), in which the author refers to his failing health: "My Muse is confined at present to a weak and sickly tenement; and the winter season will go near to overbear her, together with her household." In John Nichols's Collection of Poems are preserved some verses written by Hopkins "about an hour before his death".