OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Calcium bicarbonate

Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogencarbonate, has the chemical formula Ca(HCO$_3$)$_2$. The term does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in aqueous solution containing calcium (Ca$^{2+}$), bicarbonate (HCO$^−$ $_3$), and carbonate (CO$^{2−}$ $_3$) ions, together with dissolved carbon dioxide (CO$_2$). The relative concentrations of these carbon-containing species depend on the pH; bicarbonate predominates within the range 6.36–10.25 in fresh water.
All waters in contact with the atmosphere absorb carbon dioxide, and as these waters come into contact with rocks and sediments they acquire metal ions, most commonly calcium and magnesium, so most natural waters that come from streams, lakes, and especially wells, can be regarded as dilute solutions of these bicarbonates. These hard waters tend to form carbonate scale in pipes and boilers, and they react with soaps to form an undesirable scum.
Attempts to prepare compounds such as solid calcium bicarbonate by evaporating its solution to dryness invariably yield instead the solid calcium carbonate:
    Ca(HCO$_3$)$_2$(aq) → CO$_2$(g) + H$_2$O(l) + CaCO$_3$(s).
Very few solid bicarbonates other than those of the alkali metals (other than ammonium bicarbonate) are known to exist.
The above reaction is very important to the formation of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and other speleothems within caves, and for that matter, in the formation of the caves themselves. As water containing carbon dioxide (including extra CO$_2$ acquired from soil organisms) passes through limestone or other calcium carbonate-containing minerals, it dissolves part of the calcium carbonate, hence becomes richer in bicarbonate. As the groundwater enters the cave, the excess carbon dioxide is released from the solution of the bicarbonate, causing the much less soluble calcium carbonate to be deposited.
In the reverse process, dissolved carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) in rainwater (H$_2$O) reacts with limestone calcium carbonate (CaCO$_3$) to form soluble calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO$_3$)$_2$). This soluble compound is then washed away with the rainwater. This form of weathering is called carbonation and carbonatation.
In medicine, calcium bicarbonate is sometimes administered intravenously to immediately correct the cardiac depressor effects of hyperkalemia by increasing calcium concentration in serum, and at the same time, correcting the acid usually present.
# CNT EP

The Corporación Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, CNT EP is the public telecommunications company in Ecuador that offers fixed telephony services local, regional and international, Internet Access (Dial-Up, DSL, mobile Internet), satellite television and mobile telephony in Ecuadorian territory.
It was founded on October 30, 2008, as a result of the merger of the now defunct Andinatel S.A. and Pacifictel S.A. On January 14, 2010, the CNT S.A. became a public company and was renamed the Corporación Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, CNT EP. Subsequently, July 30, 2010, was the official merger of the Corporación Nacional de Telecomunicaciones, CNT EP with Alegro mobile phone company, allowing the company to enhance their product portfolio by focusing efforts in the packaging business and converged services technology.
# CNW Group

CNW Group Ltd., also called Canada Newswire and CNW, is a commercial press release service owned by Cision. Cision Distribution services in Canada are powered by Canada Newswire. The service is offered stand-alone or as part of its flagship Cision Communications Cloud platform for PR professionals.

## History

CNW was founded in 1960 as Canada News Wire, by Joseph Adair Porter Clark (1921–2013) who became CEO and President of the news service. Clark is the father of television journalist Tom Clark.
CNW originally delivered text news releases to news media outlets on behalf of paying clients. This model expanded over time to include the provision of ancillary services required by investor relations and public relations professionals, including translation, photography, webcasts, media databases and media monitoring.
Canada Newswire distribution switched to using XHTML instead of ANPA-1312, allowing for more formatting of releases. In 2003, CNW entered into a commercial endorsed deal with TSX for its newswire and webcast services through a paid sponsorship agreement.
CNW was acquired by US-based PR Newswire in 2013. PR Newswire was subsequently acquired by Cision in 2016. Cision was most recently acquired by Platinum Equity, announced October 22, 2019.
On March 19, 2021 Business Insider reported Cision may be looking to spin off its Newswire unit.
# Calfa

Calfa is a commune in the Anenii Noi District of the Republic of Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Calfa and Calfa Nouă.
# Cainhoe Castle

Cainhoe Castle was an 11th-century Norman castle, located near the village of Clophill, in the county of Bedfordshire, England.
Cainhoe Castle was a motte and triple bailey castle, built by Nigel d'Aubigny, a Norman Knight, sometime after the Norman Invasion (1066). It was not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086;
"Cainou: Nigel d'Aubigny; Thurstan from Avelina, Ralph Tailbois' wife. Mill."
The d'Aubigny family, known for being deeply involved in the crusades, used the castle as the seat of the Barony of Cainhoe. The castle was to stay in the d'Aubigny family until the death of Simon d'Aubigny, who died without a male heir, in 1272. It then passed to the de Lacys and the Nortons, and then on to the Greys, Earls of Kent.
The castle was occupied until the time of the Black Death (1348), when all the inhabitants died of the disease. The castle, and the small village that had built up around it, were discovered abandoned sometime later.
By 1374 the castle was in ruins. The site was excavated in 1973, 1985 and 1986. Only earthworks remain. The site is a Scheduled Monument.
# Calanque de Port-Miou

The Calanque de Port-Miou is one of the three big Cassis calanques. It is very long and narrow, and thus was very suitable for establishing a marina.
The name Port-Miou is an approximate transcription in French orthography of the Occitan Pòrt-Melhor (the "best port") which is locally pronuncied /pwɔʁ.mi.ju/.

## History

Port-Miou was for a long time a seigniory in its own right, dependent on the Maison des Baux. On April 4, 1402, in Brantes, at the foot of Ventoux, in the presence of his wife Alix des Baux, Odon de Villars donated to his nephew Philippe de Lévis the fiefs of Brantes, Plaisians and their dependencies, the seigneuries of Saint-Marcel, Roquefort, Le Castellet, Cassis and Port-Miou, dependent on the barony of Aubagne, as well as La Fare-les-Oliviers, and Éguilles. His nephew, in return, was to serve as a surety vis-à-vis Raymond de Turenne in the observation of an agreement made between the viscount, him and his wife Alix. In the event of non-compliance on the part of Alix and Odon, the latter would have to pay 50,000 florins to Raymond de Turenne.
# Callithera

Callithera was a town of Thessaly in the district Thessaliotis, of uncertain site. Livy relates that the retreat of Philip V of Macedon after the Battle of the Aous (198 BC) allowed the Aetolians to occupy much of Thessaly. Whilst they were devastating the fields round Metropolis the townsmen who had mustered in force to defend their walls inflicted a repulse upon them. Then, in an attack upon Callithera they met with similar resistance, but after an obstinate struggle they drove the defenders back within their walls. As there was no hope whatever of their effecting the capture of the place, they had to content themselves with this success. The Aetolians then continued to attack nearby Acharrae, Theuma, and Celathara, the latter two which they plundered.
Its location has been identified with remains at Agios Yannis that are close to the current village of Palouri in the municipality of Makrakomi.
# Callithoe

Callithoe or Kallithoe (Καλλιθόη) is a name in Greek mythology that may refer to:
* Callithoe, a daughter of Celeus
* Callithoe, same as Callithyia
# Kilphedir

Kilphedir (from Scottish Gaelic Cill Pheadair 'Peter's church') is a small remote settlement, which sits in the Strath Ullie valley (known also as Strath of Kildonan) in Helmsdale, Sutherland, east coast of the Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.
The River Helmsdale flows past Kilphedir following the A897 road.
# John Poulett

John Poulett may refer to:
* John Poulett, 1st Baron Poulett, (1585–1649), English sailor and politician who sat in the House of Commons
* John Poulett, 2nd Baron Poulett, (1615–1665), English peer and Member of Parliament
* John Poulett, 3rd Baron Poulett (c. 1641–1679), English peer
* John Poulett, 1st Earl Poulett (1663–1743), English peer, the son of John Poulett, 3rd Baron Poulett
* John Poulett, 2nd Earl Poulett (1708–1764), English peer, known as Viscount Hinton from birth until 1743
* John Poulett, 4th Earl Poulett (1756–1819), English peer and militia officer
* John Poulett, 5th Earl Poulett (1783–1864), English peer and militia officer
# 28 Squadron SAAF

28 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is a medium transport squadron flying Lockheed C-130BZ Hercules medium transport aircraft.

## Aircraft

* Avro Anson
* Vickers Wellington
* Douglas C-47 Dakota
* De Havilland DH-89 Dragon Rapide
* Avro York
* Lockheed Ventura
* De Havilland Devon
* Vickers Viscount
* Transall C-160
* Lockheed C-130B Hercules built in 1963.
# Moving Castle

The Moving Castle (Chinese: 白色陋屋; pinyin: Báisè Lòuwū; lit. 'White Hovel') is a house in Taitung City, Taitung County, Taiwan.

## History

The 4-story house was built by an owner surnamed Lee, who had served in the National Revolutionary Army and fled Mainland China for Taiwan after the end of the Chinese Civil War. He later served the Republic of China Armed Forces and was based in Tainan. His house was constructed over 30 years with materials left abandoned, such as wood, bricks and glass. In July 2016, the house was severely damaged by Typhoon Nepartak. Lee died in January 2017.

## Architecture

The house resembles the house featured in the Japanese movie Howl's Moving Castle. The owner used to live on the second floor and grew vegetables on the third floor.
# Kanifushi (Lhaviyani Atoll)

Kanifushi Island is situated in the Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives. Kanifushi is one of the few resort islands in Laviyani Atoll; the resort started operation on 15 December 2013, managed and operated by Atmosphere Hotels & Resorts.

## Geography

Kanifushi Island is approximately 2 km in length and 90 meters wide.
# Gavin Jarvie

Gavin Jarvie (20 January 1879 – 25 July 1957) was a Scottish footballer who played as a defender for clubs including Bristol Rovers and Sunderland.

## Career

Jarvie was born in Newton, Scotland. He made his debut for Sunderland on 2 September 1907 against Manchester City in a 5–2 defeat at Roker Park. He played for Sunderland from 1907 to 1911, making 95 league appearances while scoring two goals.
# Harnahi

Harnahi is a village in Bihar, India under Aurangabad District.
# Melbylejren

Melbylejren is a former military installation and training ground situated at Liseleje in Halsnæs Municipality, North Zealand, some 60 km north of Copenhagen, Denmark. It was established in 1886 and decommissioned in 2003 and the buildings are now used as a venue for events and recreational activities.

## History

The area was turned into a military training ground in 1886 although the first buildings were not built until 1897 and a permanent staff was not stationed at the camp until 1916. The camp was used by the occupying German forces during World War II and for a while used as a military prison camp after the liberation before it was once again turned into a shooting range. It closed in 2003. The buildings are now used for events.
# Ironkids

The IronKids Triathlon Series is a series of triathlons owned or licensed by the World Triathlon Corporation that is held around the U.S. for children ages 7 to 15. The series started in 1985 and since then more than 40,000 kids have participated, including famous alumni, such as Lance Armstrong.

## Competition

The competition is divided by gender and one-year age groups and in age-appropriate distances for swimming, biking and running (in that order). Children 6 to 8 are classified as Juniors. 9 to 11 year old kids are classified as intermediate. The senior group is classified as 12 to 15. The junior group competes in a 50-yard swim, a 2-mile bike ride and a 500-yard run. The intermediate age group goes on a 150-yard swim, a 4-mile bike ride and a 1-mile run. The senior group races on a 300-yard swim, an 8-mile bike ride and a 2-mile run.
The age groups start in heats, with each boys' age groups starting before the girls' age group. The first age group to start are the 14-year-old boys, followed by the 14-year-old girls, and this continues down the age groups to the 6-year old girls, the final group to start.
In addition to the individual race, there are relay divisions where each leg of the triathlon is completed by a different child.
There is also a "challenged IronKids" division for disabled children.

## Kid friendly

A unique feature of the IronKids Triathlon Series is that the bike and run portions of the triathlon are held on closed courses, i.e. not on streets open to automobiles. This, and the high number of volunteers who line the entire course, make this a relatively safe and kid-friendly event. The bike and run courses are also run on multiple loops making them viewer friendly.
The IronKids Triathlon Series promotes friendly competition where "Every Finisher is a Winner." Everyone who competes in the triathlon receives a finishers T-shirt, goodie bag, and finishers medal.

## Notable alumni

Many world-class triathletes started their triathlon career in the IronKids Triathlon Series including four-time Olympian Hunter Kemper, 2003 ITU Triathlon World Championship silver medalist Laura Reback, and Olympian Nick Radkewich.
# Ironmacannie Mill

Ironmacannie Mill is a historic watermill near Balmaclellan in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Built in the 18th and 19th centuries, on the site of an older mill, it retains a substantial amount of original gearing and machinery, and was designated a Category A listed building in 1971. It was converted for domestic use in the 1990s, and is currently used as holiday accommodation.

## Description

The mill stands on a site about 2.4 miles (3.9 km) south of Balmaclellan, on the north bank of the Shirmers Burn. It is a three-story L-plan building, with rubble masonry made of locally mined whinstone. The windows are plain, and mostly in the south-east wall. Two cast iron waterwheels survive, fed via its mill races by water from a dam some 80 metres (260 ft) north of the mill. The larger wheel formerly drove the mill's three grinding stones, while the smaller one operated the bellows for the mill's kiln. There is now a micro hydro generator, providing power for the building.

## History

Most of the surviving structure dates to the nineteenth century, but the oldest parts of the building are late eighteenth-century, and it was built on the site of a much older mill. It was designated a Category A listed building in 1971; its designation describes it as being "remarkable for the survival of most of the internal gearing and machinery". In 1990, consent was granted to convert the building for use as domestic accommodation, while preserving the historic gear and machinery in-situ; work began shortly afterwards, and the building is currently used as holiday accommodation, marketed as The Hidden Mill.
# Isabella Ribeiro de Cabral

Isabella Ribeiro de Cabral (11 March 1918 – 6 November 2005) was the first female pilot from Trinidad and Tobago.

## Early life

Isabella Ribeiro de Cabral was born on 11 March 1918 in Trinidad to Isabella (née Ribeiro) and George Cabral, and was of Portuguese descent. Cabral's mother died in childbirth when her ninth child was born, and the eight remaining children were raised by her father, who was mayor of Port of Spain, Trinidad, in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The family travelled often by plane and Cabral became interested in flying. When in 1939 the Light Aeroplane Club was founded in Trinidad, she and her father joined as life members.

## Career

Cabral chose to work in the insurance business and became a career woman. When the war ended and the flying club resumed its training facilities, she immediately began to study for a pilot's license. Most of the trainers were veterans of the Royal Air Force and Cabral studied with former RAF pilot Neville Pereira. She passed her three hour solo flight on her first try. When she received her licence in 1948, she became the first woman pilot of Trinidad and Tobago. Soon after, on New Year's Day in 1949, she married Frank de Freitas, who subsequently became a pilot. The couple had two children, Francis and Isabella.
For a while, de Freitas did exhibition and competition shows in an Auster Aircraft, with which she had trained. Then she shifted her focus to production of cabarets, Carnival productions and band competitions often with her brother, George Jr. Her father composed two songs, The Story of Love and A Million Memories in honour of her mother.

## Death

De Freitas died on 6 November 2005. Her legacy was recalled in the book A biographical sketch of George Cabral, former Mayor of Port-of-Spain (1962), by author Aubrey E. James, who wrote the last chapter "A Woman in the News" as a biography of her.
# Megachile postnigra

Megachile postnigra is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1937.
# Megachile plumata

Megachile plumata is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Yan-Ru Wu in 2005.
# Megachile polychroma

Megachile polychroma is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1937.
# Meinir, Anglesey

Meinir is a hamlet in the community of Llannerch-y-medd, Anglesey, Wales, which is 138.5 miles (222.9 km) from Cardiff and 220.2 miles (354.3 km) from London.
The name "Meinir" in the Welsh language means 'girl'.
# Megachile enceliae

Megachile enceliae is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1926.
# Isabella Steven

Isabella Steven or Tibbie Stein was the daughter of a tenant farmer from Littlehill or Little Hill Farm (NS467305) that adjoined the Burns's farm at Lochlea. 'Stein' is an alternative form of the surname 'Steven'. Littlehill had three acres of land that are said to have been little better than peat moss. She is also said to have lived in Tarbolton.

## Life and character

Isabella or Tibbie was regarded as having been very good looking and at the age of seventeen Robert Burns was greatly attracted to her. The poet "deemed himself doing well in his courtship" until 'Tibbie' came into a legacy and dowry of £75 at which point she decided herself above a mere farmer's son. She married a more prosperous suitor soon after.
Aged nine or ten at the time of these events, Isobel Burns, sister of the poet, is the only source of Isabella Stevens identification as being the 'Tibbie' of the song. A Tarbolton tradition holds that 'Tibbie' lived in the village on the west side of Burns Street on the corner of Garden Street. Her father is said to have been a wealthy farmer.

### Association with Robert Burns

The poet is said to have visited her home one evening only to be politely informed that 'Tibbie' was not available as she was engaged with another admirer. Burns turned on his heels and never visited her again. Tibbie married her beau to become Mrs Isabella Allan and Robert turned his attention to Elizabeth Paton.
The poet wrote the caustic song "O Tibbie, I Hae Seen The Day" with the chorus:
   O Tibbie, I hae seen the day, Ye would na been sae shy, For lack o' gear ye lightly me, But, trowth, I care na by.
The love song, one of Burn's first in this category, is set to the tune "Invercauld's Reel", appears (no. 196) in Johnson's The Scots Musical Museum in 1788:
   Yestreen I met ye on the moor, Ye spak na, but gaed by like stoure; Ye geck at me because I'm poor, But fient a hair care I!
Tibbie however was proud enough to acknowledge that the song was about her and that she once held some affection for the poet. On an occasion when her grandson recited the song she told him that she was the heroine of the piece.
The poet scorns the heiress:
   There lives a lass beside yon par', I'd rather hae her in her sark Than you wi a' your thousand mark, That gars you look sae high.
A thousand marks or merks at the time would amount to around £56, close enough with poetic licence to £75. It is thought that the "lass beside yon park" refers to Elizabeth Paton although Burns never confirmed this.

## Micro-history

The National Trust for Scotland holds Isabella Steven's wedding spoon and spectacles at the Burns Birthplace Museum in Alloway.
# Irving Township, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota

Irving Township is a township in Kandiyohi County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 787 at the 2000 census.
Irving Township was organized in 1868. According to Warren Upham, the township was probably named for Washington Irving, an American author.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93 km$^2$), of which 32.8 square miles (85 km$^2$) is land and 3.3 square miles (8.5 km$^2$) (9.19%) is water.
Irving Township is located in Township 121 North of the Arkansas Base Line and Range 33 West of the 5th Principal Meridian.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 787 people, 310 households, and 243 families residing in the township. The population density was 24.0 inhabitants per square mile (9.3/km$^2$). There were 559 housing units at an average density of 17.0 per square mile (6.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.60% White, 0.38% African American, 0.51% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.13% of the population.
There were 310 households, out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.6% were married couples living together, 1.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.3% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the township the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $47,188, and the median income for a family was $55,781. Males had a median income of $35,313 versus $23,393 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,715. About 5.4% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over.
# Melanodexia satanica

Melanodexia satanica is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae.

## Distribution

United States.
# Melanodexia tristina

Melanodexia tristina is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae.

## Distribution

United States.
# Melbourne, Missouri

Melbourne is an unincorporated community in Harrison County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
The community is in the southeast corner of the county on Missouri Route 146. Gilman City is approximately four miles (6.4 km) to the west and Brimson in adjacent Grundy County is about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the east. Sugar Creek flows past to the north and Tombstone Creek passes the south side of the community.

## History

A post office called Melbourne was established in 1897, and remained in operation until 1966. The community was named after Melbourne, in Australia.