OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1870 in Australia

"none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The following lists events that happened during 1870 in Australia.

## Incumbents
### Governors

Governors of the Australian colonies:
* Governor of New South Wales – Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore
* Governor of Queensland – Colonel Sir Samuel Blackall
* Governor of South Australia – Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet
* Governor of Tasmania – Charles Du Cane
* Governor of Victoria – John Manners-Sutton, 3rd Viscount Canterbury
* Governor of Western Australia – The Hon. Sir Frederick Weld GCMG.

### Premiers

Premiers of the Australian colonies:
* Premier of New South Wales – John Robertson, until 13 January then Charles Cowper, until 16 December then James Martin
* Premier of Queensland – Charles Lilley, until 3 May then Arthur Hunter Palmer
* Premier of South Australia – Henry Strangways, until 30 May then John Hart
* Premier of Tasmania – James Milne Wilson
* Premier of Victoria – John Alexander MacPherson, until 9 April then James McCulloch

## Events

* 3 January – A state flag of Western Australia is adopted.
* 1 February – A state flag of Victoria is adopted, although with no crown like the current flag.
* 22 March – A state flag of Queensland is adopted, with a portrait of Queen Victoria.
* 20 April – A second state flag of New South Wales is adopted, similar to the current flag of Victoria: a crown above the Southern Cross.
* 22 July – A state flag of South Australia is adopted.
* 11 August – Melbourne Town Hall is opened.

## Exploration and settlement

* Gulgong, New South Wales, is founded.
* 27 August – John Forrest successfully arrives in Adelaide from Perth, leading an expedition along the south coast via the Great Australian Bight.

## Science and technology

* September – Work begins on the Australian Overland Telegraph Line linking Port Augusta to Darwin.

## Sport

* 12 May – Port Adelaide Football Club is founded in South Australia

## Births

* 3 January – Ethel Richardson, author (d. 1946)
* 14 January – Sir George Pearce, Western Australian politician (d. 1952)
* 17 May – Sir Newton Moore, 8th Premier of Western Australia (d. 1936)
* 1 November – Christopher Brennan, poet, scholar and literary critic (d. 1932)
* 21 November – Joe Darling, cricketer (d. 1946)
* 26 December – Norman Ewing, 23rd Tasmanian Opposition Leader (d. 1928)

## Deaths

* 23 May – Foster Fyans, military officer, administrator and politician (born in Ireland) (b. 1790)
* 25 May – Captain Thunderbolt, bushranger (b. 1835)
* 24 June – Adam Lindsay Gordon, South Australian politician and (born in the United Kingdom) poet (b. 1833)
# Official PlayStation Magazine

Official PlayStation Magazine may refer to one of several magazines:
* Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine, a U.S. magazine by Ziff Davis
* PlayStation: The Official Magazine, a U.S. magazine by Future Publishing
* PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia, an Australian magazine by Media Factory Pty. Ltd
* PlayStation Official Magazine – UK, a UK magazine by Future Publishing
* Official PlayStation Magazine (Ireland), an Irish magazine by TP Media
# Stenamma impar

Stenamma impar is a species of ant in the family Formicidae.
# List of amphibians of the Dominican Republic

This is a list of amphibians found in the Dominican Republic. There is a total of 47 amphibian species recorded in the Dominican Republic. This list is derived from the database listing of AmphibiaWeb.

## Frogs and Toads (Anura)
### Bufonidae

Order: Anura. Family: Bufonidae
* Peltophryne fluviatica (CR)
* Peltophryne fracta (EN)
* Peltophryne guentheri (VU)
* Rhinella marina (LC)

### Eleutherodactylidae

Order: Anura. Family: Eleutherodactylidae
* Eleutherodactylus abbotti (LC)
* Eleutherodactylus alcoae (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus aporostegus
* Eleutherodactylus armstrongi (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus audanti (VU)
* Eleutherodactylus auriculatoides (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus bothroboans
* Eleutherodactylus coqui (LC) (I)
* Eleutherodactylus diplasius
* Eleutherodactylus flavescens (NT)
* Eleutherodactylus fowleri (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus furcyensis (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus haitianus (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus heminota (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus hypostenor (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus inoptatus (LC)
* Eleutherodactylus jugans (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus leoncei (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus melatrigonum
* Eleutherodactylus minutus (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus montanus (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus nortoni (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus notidodes
* Eleutherodactylus parabates (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus paralius
* Eleutherodactylus patriciae (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus pictissimus (VU)
* Eleutherodactylus pituinus (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus probolaeus (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus rucillensis
* Eleutherodactylus rufifemoralis (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus ruthae (EN)
* Eleutherodactylus schmidti (CR)
* Eleutherodactylus sommeri
* Eleutherodactylus tychathrous
* Eleutherodactylus weinlandi (LC)
* Eleutherodactylus wetmorei (VU)

### Hylidae

Order: Anura. Family: Hylidae
* Hypsiboas heilprini (VU)
* Osteopilus dominicensis (LC)
* Osteopilus pulchrilineatus (EN)
* Osteopilus vastus (EN)

### Leptodactylidae

Order: Anura. Family: Leptodactylidae
* Leptodactylus albilabris (LC)

### Ranidae

Order: Anura. Family: Ranidae
* Rana catesbeiana (LC) (I)
# Megane-e

In Japanese art, a megane-e (眼鏡絵, 'optique picture') is a print designed using graphical perspective techniques and viewed through a convex lens to produce a three-dimensional effect. The term derives from the French vue d'optique. The device used to view them was called an Oranda megane (和蘭眼鏡, 'Dutch glasses') or nozoki megane (覗き眼鏡, 'peeping glasses'), and the pictures were also known as karakuri-e (繰絵, 'tricky picture').
Perspective boxes first appeared in Renaissance Europe and were popular until superseded by the stereoscope in the mid-19th century. The Dutch brought the first such device to Japan in the 1640s as a gift to the shōgun. The devices became popular in Japan only after the Chinese popularized them in Japan about 1758, after which they began to influence Japanese artists.
The artist Maruyama Ōkyo (1733–95) made serious study of imported perspective techniques and applied them to his painting. He gained an interest in making ukiyo-e prints through the artist Utagawa Toyoharu, who produced uki-e 'floating pictures' using linear perspective techniques. Ōkyo began making uki-e prints for viewing through a convex lens: megane-e. Ōkyo later dismissed his megane-e, perhaps because their subjects were of kabuki and the pleasure quarters and thus considered of low artistic value. Prints by artists such as Utamaro and Masanobu depict people enjoying megane-e.
# Knonau railway station

Knonau is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich, situated in the municipality of Knonau. The station is located on the Zurich to Zug via Affoltern am Albis railway line.

## Service

Knonau station is an intermediate stop on Zurich S-Bahn line S5. During weekends, there is also a nighttime S-Bahn service (SN5) offered by ZVV.
Summary of S-Bahn services:
* Zürich S-Bahn:
** S5: half-hourly service to Zug, and to Pfäffikon SZ via Zürich HB.
** Nighttime S-Bahn (only during weekends):
*** SN5: hourly service to Pfäffikon SZ via Zürich HB.
# National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education

35°43′08″N 139°28′29″E﻿ / ﻿35.71889°N 139.47472°E﻿ / 35.71889; 139.47472
The National Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education (大学改革支援・学位授与機構, Daigaku Kaikaku Shien • Gakui Juyo Kikō), abbreviated NIAD-QE, is Independent Administrative Institution affiliated with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), whose objectives are:
* To evaluate education and research activities of Japanese universities and their consortia and to publish the result of the evaluation.
* To evaluate achievements of higher education-level learning outside mainstream universities and award academic degrees.
As of July 2007, the second objective consists of:
* Accrediting the courses of some daigakkō and awarding academic degrees to the graduates
* Awarding bachelor's degrees to the graduates of Japanese junior colleges and kōsen (technical colleges) who did recognisable extra studies.
It is headquartered in Kodaira, Tokyo.

## History

* 1991: The Study Centre for Academic Degree Awarding and Committee for Study for Creation of Academic Degree Awarding Institution was established in the Graduate University for Advanced Studies.
* 1992: The NIAD was established.
* 1994: The NIAD was expanded to NIAD-UE.
* 2002: The first publication of the results of evaluation.
* 2003: Relocated to the current campus in Kodaira.
* 2016: The NIAD-QE was established.
# 2000 Samoa National League

The 2000 Samoa National League, or also known as the Upolo First Division, was the 12th edition of the Samoa National League, the top league of the Football Federation Samoa. Titavi FC won their first title.

## Standings

Known results from source:
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Titavi | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 2 | +37 | 19 |
| 2 | Goldstar Sogi | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 16 |
| 3 | Under-20s | 10 | 7 | 1 | 2 | – | – | — | 16 |
| 4 | Moamoa | 11 | 6 | 2 | 3 | – | – | — | 14 |
| 5 | Moata'a | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 13 |
| 6 | Vaitoloa | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 12 |
| 7 | Faatoia | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 10 |
| 8 | Vaivase-tai | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | – | – | — | 10 |
| 9 | Vaipuna | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 10 |
| 10 | Kiwi | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 8 |
| 11 | Vaiala | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 6 |
| 12 | Togafuafua | – | – | – | – | – | – | — | 2 |
# Haplognathiidae

Haplognathiidae is a family of worms belonging to the order Filospermoidea.
Genera:
# List of people from Heerlen

This is a list of notable people from Heerlen, The Netherlands.

## Born in Heerlen

The following were born or adopted in Heerlen. Some became famous after they moved away.
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

### A

* Wiel Arets (1955), architect and urban planner

### B

* Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989), novelist and playwright
* Jessica Blaszka (1992), wrestler
* Melanie Bonajo (1978), artist and filmmaker
* Roel Brouwers (1981), football player

### C

* Jo Coenen (1949), architect and urban planner

### D

* Johan Michiel Dautzenberg (1808–1869), writer and poet
* Isabelle Diks (1965), politician

### E

* Silvio Erkens (1990), politician

### G

* Harrie Geelen (1939), illustrator and writer
* Agnes Giebel (1921-2017), classical soprano
* Dion Graus (1967), politician

### H

* Hubert-Jan Henket (1940), architect
* Loek Hermans (1951), politician
* Tamara Hoekwater (1972), singer
* Danny Hoesen (1991), football player
* Jan Hugens (1939-2011), road cyclist
* Guus Hupperts (1992), football player

### K

* Shirley Kocacinar (1986), football player

### L

* Jef Lataster (1922-2014), long distance runner
* Romée Leuchter (2001), football player

### M

* Issam El Maach (2000), football player
* Jan Mans (1940-2021), politician and mayor
* Eugène Martineau (1980), decathlete
* Jan Mertens (1916–2000), politician

### P

* Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert (1973), politician

### R

* Peter Raedts (1948-2021), medievalist
* Fernando Ricksen (1976-2019), football player
* Jo Ritzen (1945), economist and politician
* Rob Ruijgh (1986), road cyclist

### S

* Peter Joseph Savelberg (1827–1907), priest and missionary
* Pierre Schunck (1906-1993), businessman and resistance leader
* Ger Senden (1971), football player
* Nicoline van der Sijs (1955), linguist and etymologist
* Rutger Stuffken (1947), Olympic rower
* Jules Szymkowiak (1995), racing driver

### T

* Gijs Tuinman (1979), knighted military officer
* Nic. Tummers (1928-2020), politician

### V

* Klaas de Vries (1943), politician

### W

* Carlijn Welten (1987), field hockey player
* Oswald Wenckebach (1895–1962), sculptor and painter

## Born somewhere else

These people were not born or adopted in Heerlen but are or were well known for living there.
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

### G

* Rob Geus (1971), cook and TV presenter (Rotterdam)

### P

* Frits Peutz (1896–1974), architect (Uithuizen)

### S

* Peter Schunck (1873–1960), businessman (Hergenrath, Prussia)
* Fatih Sonkaya (1981), football player (Oltu, Turkey)

### T

* Frans Timmermans (1961), politician (Maastricht)

### W

* Jan de Wit (1945), politician (Zevenbergen)
# Stenamma schmitti

Stenamma schmitti is a species of ant in the family Formicidae.
# List of airlines of Ecuador

This is a list of operators which have an Air Operator Certificate issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of Ecuador.

## Scheduled airlines

This is a list of active airlines (March 2023).
| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Founded | Hub airport(s) | Notes |
| Aeroregional | | RER | REGAIR | 2018 | Mariscal Sucre International Airport | |
| Avianca Ecuador | 2K | GLG | GALAPAGOS | 2014 | José Joaquín de Olmedo International AirportMariscal Sucre International Airport | |
| EC Plus Airline | | | | 2019 | Eloy Alfaro International Airport | Proposed |
| Ecuacóndor | | | | 2017 | José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport | Proposed |
| Ecuatoriana Airlines | | | | 2020 | José Joaquín de Olmedo International AirportMariscal Sucre International Airport | Proposed |
| Galapagos Airways | | | | 2021 | Mariscal Sucre International Airport | Proposed |
| LATAM Ecuador | XL | LNE | AEROLANE | 2016 | José Joaquín de Olmedo International AirportMariscal Sucre International Airport | |

## Charter airlines

| Airline | Callsign | Founded | Hub airport(s) | Notes |
| Aeromaster Airways | | 1989 | | |
| Avioandes | AVIOANDES | 2007 | Mariscal Sucre International Airport | Air charter |
| Citiair de Aviación | | 2019 | José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport | Air taxi |

## Cargo airlines

| Airline | Image | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Founded | Hub airport(s) | Notes |
| DHL Ecuador | | 7T | RTM | AERO TRANSAM | 1991 | Mariscal Sucre International Airport | |

## Government airlines

| Airline | Image | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Founded | Hub airport(s) | Notes |
| Petroecuador | | | EP | | 1970 | Mariscal Sucre International Airport | Provides oil industry support services |
| Presidential Squadron | | | FAE | ECUADORIAN AIR FORCE | 1981 | Mariscal Sucre International Airport | Operating for the heads of state and government of Ecuador |
# Mean Length Turn

Mean Length Turn, sometimes Mean Length per Turn is the mean length of winding turn in a coil, usually referred to by the initials MLT. The dimensions of a coil former or bobbin define the MLT of a full wound coil. In some cases the coil is not made of a single wire with multiple turns, and a coil former is not always necessary, but may be constructed in a stack of printed circuit layers. The MLT is an important measure in the design of inductors, transformers and other wound components.
# Klaus Berger

Klaus Berger may refer to:
* Klaus Berger (art historian) (1901–2000), German art historian
* Klaus Berger (theologian) (1940–2020), German theologian
# 1891 in Australian literature

This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1891.

## Books

* Jennings Carmichael – Hospital Children: sketches of life and character in the Children's Hospital, Melbourne
* Fergus Hume – Whom God Hath Joined: A Question of Marriage
* Hume Nisbet — The Savage Queen: A Romance of the Natives of Van Dieman's Land

## Short stories

* Mary Gaunt – "The Yanyilla Steeplechase"
* Louisa Lawson – "A Bush Experience"
* A. B. Paterson
** "The Cast-Iron Canvasser"
** "His Masterpiece"
* Rosa Praed – "The Bunyip"
* Price Warung
** "John Price's Bar of Steel"
** "The Liberation of the First Three"

## Poetry

* Barcroft Boake
** "The Digger's Song"
** "On the Range"
** "Where the Dead Men Lie"
* Victor J. Daley – "Lachesis"
* George Essex Evans
** "An Australian Symphony"
** The Repentance of Magdalene Despar and Other Poems
* Henry Lawson
** "Freedom on the Wallaby"
** "My Literary Friend"
** "The Shame of Going Back"
* Louisa Lawson – "A Dream"
* Harriet Anne Patchett Martin – Coo-ee : Tales of Australian Life by Australian Ladies (edited)
* J. B. O'Hara – Songs of the South
* A. B. Paterson
** "An Evening in Dandaloo"
** "The Flying Gang: A Railroad Song"
** "In the Droving Days"
** "A Mountain Station"
** "The Open Steeplechase"

## Births

A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1891 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.
* 13 March — Maie Casey, Baroness Casey, pioneer aviator, poet, librettist, biographer, memoirist and artist (died 1983)
* 9 April – Lesbia Harford, poet (died 1927)
# Old Schoolhouse

Old Schoolhouse or Old School House may refer to:

## in the United States

* Old School House (Tampa, Florida), NRHP-listed
* Old Schoolhouse (York, Maine), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in York County, Maine
* Old Schoolhouse (Mount Holly, New Jersey), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Burlington County, New Jersey
# Haploesthes robusta

Haploesthes robusta is a Mexican species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It has been found only in the state of Coahuila in northern Mexico.
The genus name is sometimes spelled Haploësthes, with two dots over the first e to indicate that the o and the e are to be pronounced in separate syllables. This is optional; either spelling is equally acceptable.
Haploesthes robusta grows along stream banks in areas with gypsum soil. It is a sprawling, succulent shrub with stems up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Leaves are triangular in cross-section.
# Hiroshi Sugawara

Hiroshi Sugawara (菅原 浩志) is a Japanese film director, film producer, and screenwriter.

## Filmography
### Director

* Seven Days' War (1988)
* That's Cunning! Shijo Saidai no Sakusen (1996)
* Tokimeki Memorial (1997)
* Magnitude (1997)
* Dreammaker (1999)
* Drug (2001)
* Fireflies: River of Light (2003)
* Hayazaki no Hana (2006)- Forget-me-not
* Shashin Koshien Summer in 0.5 Seconds (2017)
* Songs of Kamui (2023)

### Producer

* Legend of Eight Samurai: Satomi Hakken-den (1983)
* Aijou Monogatari (1984)
* The Closest Island to Heaven: Tengoku ni Ichiban Chikai Shima (1985)
* Second Generation is Christian: Nidaime wa Kurisuchan (1985)
* Cabaret (1986)
* Three Penny Opera (1989)
* Shogun (1990)
* Ruby Cairo (1993)

### Screenwriter

* Seven Days' War (1988)
* Magnitude (1997)
* Dreammaker (1999)
* Fireflies: River of Light (2003)
* Hayazaki no Hana (2006)
* Shashin Koshien Summer in 0.5 Seconds (2017)
* Songs of Kamui (2023)

### Production Manager

* Ten to Chi to: Heaven and Earth (1990)
# Isabella, Georgia

Isabella is an unincorporated community in Worth County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

The community was named after Isabella Worth, the wife of General William J. Worth. A post office called Isabella was established in 1854, and remained in operation until 1900. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Isabella as a city in 1903.
# Kluis

Kluis is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
# National Cycle Route 21

National Cycle Route 21 (or NCR 21) is part of the United Kingdom's National Cycle Network. It runs from Greenwich in South-East London south to Crawley, then east to Groombridge and south to Eastbourne, with a short final loop northwards again to its end at Pevensey.
The route is approximately 150 km (93 miles) long. Several sections are not suitable for road bikes.
Links to:
* National Cycle Route 4 at Greenwich which is the route's start.
* National Cycle Route 1 at Greenwich is a few hundred metres from the route's start.
* National Cycle Route 2 at Polegate and at Pevensey at the route's finish.
* National Cycle Route 20 at Redhill and at Crawley.
The route forms much of the English section of the Avenue Verte, a planned long-distance cycle route linking London and Paris.

## Route
### Greenwich to Crawley

Greenwich | Lewisham | South Norwood | New Addington | Redhill | Horley | Gatwick Airport | Crawley
This section starts by leaving NCR 4 beside the River Thames and following the Waterlink Way south through South-East London, generally on well-surfaced bridleways and residential roads and climbing gently. On leaving Greater London the route quickly becomes more rugged, following a number of paths and roads, including the long access road to Woldingham School. After passing under the M25 motorway the track quality improves again and the route heads west to Redhill, before again heading south, close by the London-Brighton railway. It passes directly underneath the South Terminal of Gatwick Airport, weaves through the runway approach lights and continues south to Crawley.
Between Redhill and Crawley the route duplicates Route 20.

### Crawley to Groombridge

Crawley | Crawley Down | East Grinstead | Groombridge
This section is largely on well-made railway paths through attractive countryside and consists of the Worth Way immediately followed by the Forest Way. It finishes just south of Groombridge, with a short signposted spur to the village itself.

### Groombridge to Eastbourne

Groombridge | Rotherfield | Mayfield | Heathfield | Hailsham | Polegate | Eastbourne
The first half of this section is on undulating country roads, passing by Eridge Station. About one mile before Eridge Station is a spur connecting Crowborough with the route. After Mayfield there is a steep off-road section. The route then follows the whole length of the Cuckoo Trail from Heathfield to Eastbourne, crossing NCR 2 at Polegate.

### Eastbourne to Pevensey

Eastbourne | Pevensey
The route follows the coast up from the east side of Eastbourne, passing the harbour, to Pevensey, where it meets NCR 2.
# Haungtharaw River

The Haungtharaw River, also known as the Haungthayaw River, is a river of Kayin State, in southeastern Burma (Myanmar). It has its source in the Dawna Range and flows into the Gyaing River.