OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sandwich technique

In foreign language teaching, the sandwich technique is the oral insertion of an idiomatic translation in the mother tongue between an unknown phrase in the learned language and its repetition, in order to convey meaning as rapidly and completely as possible. The mother tongue equivalent can be given almost as an aside, with a slight break in the flow of speech to mark it as an intruder.
When modeling a dialogue sentence for students to repeat, the teacher not only gives an oral mother tongue equivalent for unknown words or phrases, but repeats the foreign language phrase before students imitate it: L2 => L1 => L2. For example, a German teacher of English might engage in the following exchange with the students:
    Teacher: "Let me try—lass mich mal versuchen—let me try."
    Students: "Let me try."
With this technique meaning is conveyed quickly, interference from the mother tongue (or negative transfer) is avoided and students can fully concentrate on repeating the foreign phrase correctly. Proponents of this technique (notably Butzkamm & Caldwell and Dodson) claim that this bilingual technique makes it easier to establish the foreign language as the working language of the classroom. By and by, the teacher introduces important classroom phrases in order to create a foreign language atmosphere:
    Teacher: "Your job is to match the sentences—die Sätze zuzuordnen—to match the sentences."
Teacher and students consistently keep track of expressions introduced so that further translations can be avoided. The teacher can also use richer and more authentic texts sooner, for instance in telling stories:
    Teacher: "…and her stepmother scolded her without mercy—schimpfte sie erbarmungslos aus—she scolded her without mercy…"
Mother tongue equivalents are always and immediately given in contexts, which is a far cry from isolated vocabulary equations. By using the mother tongue skillfully, it is argued, eventually whole lessons in the foreign language only can be given.
# Baltimore Strike

Baltimore Strike may refer to one of several strikes that have happened in Baltimore
* Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
* Baltimore police strike
* Baltimore municipal strike of 1974
# End-stopping

An end-stopped line is a feature in poetry in which the syntactic unit (phrase, clause, or sentence) corresponds in length to the line. Its opposite is enjambment, where the sentence runs on into the next line. According to A. C. Bradley, "a line may be called 'end-stopped' when the sense, as well as the metre, would naturally make one pause at its close; 'run-on' when the mere sense would lead one to pass to the next line without any pause."
An example of end-stopping can be found in the following extract from The Burning Babe by Robert Southwell; the end of each line corresponds to the end of a clause.
   As I in hoary winter's night stood shivering in the snow,
   Surprised I was with sudden heat, which made my heart to glow;
   And lifting up a fearful eye to view what fire was near,
   A pretty babe all burning bright did in the air appear.
The following extract from The Winter's Tale by Shakespeare is heavily enjambed.
   I am not prone to weeping, as our sex Commonly are; the want of which vain dew
   Perchance shall dry your pities; but I have
   That honourable grief lodged here which burns Worse than tears drown.
In this extract from The Gap by Sheldon Vanauken, the first and third lines are enjambed while the second and fourth are end-stopped:
   All else is off the point: the Flood, the Day
   Of Eden, or the Virgin Birth—Have done!
   The Question is, did God send us the Son Incarnate crying Love! Love is the Way!
Scholars such as Bradley and Goswin König have estimated approximate dates of undated works of Shakespeare by studying the proportion of end-stopping to enjambment, the former being more typical of Shakespeare's early plays, the latter a feature of his later plays.
# End-to-end

End-to-end or End to End may refer to:
* End-to-end auditable voting systems, a voting system
* End-to-end delay, the time for a packet to be transmitted across a network from source to destination
* End-to-end encryption, a cryptographic paradigm involving uninterrupted protection of data traveling between two communicating parties
* End-to-end data integrity
* End-to-end principle, a principal design element of the Internet
* End-to-end reinforcement learning
* End-to-end vector, points from one end of a polymer to the other end
* Land's End to John o' Groats, the journey from "End to End" across Great Britain
* End-to-end testing (see also: Verification and validation)
# Santa Monica Parish Church

Santa Monica Parish Church may refer to any of the following churches:
* Santa Monica Parish Church (Angat), Bulacan, Philippines
* Santa Monica Parish Church (Minalin), Pampanga, Philippines
* Santa Monica Parish Church (Sarrat), Ilocos Norte, Philippines
* Santa Monica Parish Church, also known as Panay Church, Capiz, Philippines
* Santa Monica Parish Church in Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Spain, designed by es:Ignacio Vicens.
# Saphenista rafaeliana

Saphenista rafaeliana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Colombia.
# Detroit Metal Mouldings

The Detroit Metal Mouldings were a minor league professional ice hockey team, and member of the International Hockey League. The team joined the league in its second season, and played three seasons. The team was known as Detroit Jerry Lynch for the 1948–1949 season.

## Standings

| Season | Team | GP | W | L | T | PTS | GF | GA | Pct | Standing | Playoffs |
| 1946–1947 | Metal Mouldings | 28 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 24 | 89 | 122 | 0.429 | 4 of 5 | Lost Semifinals Windsor Spitfires 2-1 |
| 1947–1948 | Metal Mouldings | 30 | 15 | 12 | 3 | 33 | 135 | 139 | 0.550 | 3 of 6 | Lost Semifinals Windsor Hettche 2-1 |
| 1948–1949 | Jerry Lynch | 31 | 16 | 6 | 9 | 44 | 163 | 125 | 0.710 | 4 of 11 | Lost Quarterfinals Windsor Hettche 2-0 |
| Totals | | 89 | 40 | 31 | 18 | 101 | 387 | 386 | 0.567 | |
# Gazeka

Monckton's Gazeka, also called the Papuan Devil-Pig is an animal said to have been seen on Papua New Guinea in the early 20th century. It is said to resemble a tapir or a giant sloth, having a long, proboscis-like snout, and some theories suggest it may be the descendant of an extinct marsupial belonging to the family Palorchestidae.
Totally separate from that creature (to which the name 'Monckton's Gazeka' was confusingly applied by person(s) unknown) is the 'real' Gazeka, which was the creation of the English comic actor, George Graves, who introduced it as a bit of by-play in the musical, The Little Michus at Daly's Theatre, London, in 1905. A contemporary magazine described it thus: "According to Mr. Graves, the Gazeka was first discovered by an explorer who was accompanied in his travels by a case of whiskey, and who half thought that he had seen it before in a sort of dream." Graves's idea became a fad of the season and George Edwardes mounted a competition to encourage artists to give sketches of what the beast might look like. Charles Folkard won the competition, and the Gazeka suddenly appeared in the form of various items of novelty jewellery, charms, etc., and was taken up by Perrier, the sparkling water makers, for a series of advertisements. Children attending matinée performances at Daly's during the 1905–06 Christmas holidays were presented with "a materialized Gazeka, the Unique Toy of the Season". The Gazeka also featured in a special song and dance in the entertainment Akezag, at the London Hippodrome at Christmas, 1905.
Firby-Smith, a schoolboy in P.G. Wodehouse's 1909 novel Mike, has the nickname "Gazeka" because of a supposed physical resemblance.
# Italy at the 1976 European Athletics Indoor Championships

Italy competed at the 1976 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Munich, West Germany, from 21 to 22 February 1976.

## Medalists

| Medal | Athlete | Event |
| | Renato Dionisi | Men's pole vault |

## Top eight

Three Italian athletes reached the top eight in this edition of the championships.

### Men

| Athlete | Triple jump |
| Renato Dionisi | |
| Roberto Veglia | 4 |
| Alberto Albero | 6 |

### Women

In this edition of the championships, no Italian woman reached the top eight.
# Alliance for the Republic

Alliance for the Republic may refer to:
* Alliance for the Republic (Nicaragua)
* Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)
* Alliance for the Republic (Spain)
# Louis Curchod

Louis Curchod (7 October 1826 – 18 October 1889) Swiss engineer, telegraph specialist, Director of the Swiss Telegraph Service, and first head of the International Telegraph Bureau (today known as the ITU).

## Early life

Curchod was born in 1826, to a pastor in Crissier, in the Vaud canton of Switzerland. He studied engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris, from which he graduated in 1849. For a short period he worked in railway construction; then, in 1852, he became the service inspector of Lausanne’s telegraphic system. In 1857 the Swiss government (Federal Council) elevated him to become Director of Switzerland’s Federal Administration of Telegraphs.

## International Telegraph Union

Curchod represented Switzerland at the first International Telegraph Conference, held in Paris in 1865, which saw the birth of ITU. The second International Telegraph Conference in 1868 created a permanent central secretariat for the Union in Bern. Originally called the Bureau international des Administrations télégraphiques, the secretariat was supervised by the Swiss government and which also appointed its director. Louis Curchod was the first person in that post, which he held for some twenty years until his death in 1889 with a brief interruption of 1870-1873 during the tenure of Charles Lendi, while Curchod served as director of French transatlantic cable project.
The ITU secretariat in Bern started with just three members of staff, who had to turn their hands to every task. For instance, the precursor of today’s ITU News (the Journal Télégraphique) was initially produced in Curchod’s own home with the help of his household. He oversaw the International Telegraph Conferences of 1871 in Rome, 1875 in St Petersburg, 1879 in London and 1885 in Berlin.
Curchod received many honours from member governments of ITU, including admittance to the French Légion d'honneur.
# Henry Elam

Henry Elam (29 November 1903 - 13 August 1993) was a British judge. He was at the trial of John Thomas Straffen, Neville Heath, Timothy Evans, John Christie, the Rex v Bourne trial, and the murder of Gay Gibson trial.
# 1982–83 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team

The 1982–83 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1982–83 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by head coach Roy Chipman, the Panthers finished with a record of 13–15. This was Pitt's first season in the Big East Conference. They were previously members of the Eastern 8 Conference.
# Henry Earle Vaughan

Henry Earle Vaughan, better known as H. Earle Vaughan, (February 3, 1912 – March 9, 1978) was an American telephony engineer, responsible for system and software design for Bell Laboratories' Electronic Switching System No. 1 ESS, and for planning and development of No. 4 Electronic Switching System for long-distance telephony.

## Biography

In 1928 Vaughan began work in Bell Laboratories, then attended Cooper Union College in New York City, where in 1933 he received a Bachelor of Science degree. Throughout the next decade he worked on a variety of transmission and signaling projects, and in 1944 received the Naval Ordnance Award for his computer work. In 1945 he began research on two experimental switching systems: first the Electronically Controlled Automatic Switching System (ECASS), an experimental system using cold cathode gas tubes, reed switches and a special telephone set, and subsequently the Drum Information Assembler and Dispatcher (DIAD), a magnetic drum system that used vacuum tubes and semiconductor diodes. DIAD was the first switch with memory.
In 1952 Vaughan became a supervisor in Bell Labs' Switching Research Department, leading studies on transistor, ferroelectric, and magnetic core memories in logic systems. In 1955 he was named Head of the Switching Research Department and began work on the Experimental Solid State Exchange (ESSEX), a pioneering solid-state system using pulse-code modulation and a central time-division switch. In 1958 Vaughan became Director of the Systems Research Center, and in 1962 moved to the Switching Systems Development Area. In 1968, Vaughan assumed overall responsibility for planning and developing No. 4 ESS. He died on March 9, 1978, in Pinehurst, North Carolina.

## Awards

Vaughan is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, holds 27 patents, and was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1977 "for his vision, technical contributions and leadership in the development of the first high-capacity pulse-code-modulation time-division telephone switching system."
# Henry Eam

Sir Henry Eam (also spelled Esme, Em and Eme; died before 1360) was a Founder Knight of the Order of the Garter.
Very little is known about him. A native of Brabant, it is thought he was one of the knights who came to England on the invitation of Edward III in January 1343/4. His inclusion among the companions when the Order was founded in 1348 has been attributed to his success at jousting.
Eam afterwards entered the service of Edward, the Black Prince. The last mention of him is in a list of the Prince's accounts dated 15 May 1358. He died before 1360, when Sir Thomas Ughtred succeeded to his stall in St George's Chapel.
# 1985 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A

The 1985 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 27th national championship for football teams in Ecuador.

## Teams

The number of teams for this season was played by 14 teams.
| Club | City |
| 9 de Octubre | Guayaquil |
| América de Quito | Quito |
| Barcelona | Guayaquil |
| Deportivo Cuenca | Cuenca |
| Deportivo Quevedo | Quevedo |
| Deportivo Quito | Quito |
| El Nacional | Quito |
| Emelec | Guayaquil |
| Filanbanco | Guayaquil |
| LDU Portoviejo | Portoviejo |
| LDU Quito | Quito |
| Manta | Manta |
| Técnico Universitario | Ambato |
| Universidad Católica | Quito |

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Filanbanco | 30 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 65 | 31 | +34 | 44 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 2 | Barcelona | 30 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 39 | 20 | +19 | 41 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 3 | Deportivo Quito | 30 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 53 | 36 | +17 | 37 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 4 | El Nacional | 30 | 14 | 7 | 9 | 70 | 47 | +23 | 35 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 5 | Universidad Católica | 30 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 46 | 36 | +10 | 34 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 6 | 9 de Octubre | 30 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 38 | 29 | +9 | 34 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 7 | LDU Portoviejo | 30 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 42 | 45 | −3 | 34 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 8 | Esmeraldas Petrolero | 30 | 14 | 5 | 11 | 36 | 30 | +6 | 33 | Qualified to the Octogonal Final |
| 9 | LDU Quito | 30 | 14 | 5 | 11 | 52 | 46 | +6 | 33 | |
| 10 | Emelec | 30 | 11 | 5 | 14 | 43 | 46 | −3 | 27 | |
| 11 | Deportivo Quevedo | 30 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 24 | 34 | −10 | 27 | |
| 12 | Deportivo Cuenca | 30 | 10 | 3 | 17 | 40 | 50 | −10 | 23 | |
| 13 | Técnico Universitario | 30 | 8 | 5 | 17 | 28 | 43 | −15 | 21 | |
| 14 | Audaz Octubrino | 30 | 9 | 3 | 18 | 32 | 65 | −33 | 21 | |
| 15 | América de Quito | 30 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 40 | −22 | 19 | |
| 16 | Manta | 30 | 5 | 7 | 18 | 26 | 54 | −28 | 17 | Relegated to the Serie B |

## Octogonal Final

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Barcelona (C) | 14 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 29 | 5 | +24 | 26 | 1986 Copa Libertadores |
| 2 | Deportivo Quito | 14 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 28 | 22 | +6 | 21 | 1986 Copa Libertadores |
| 3 | Filanbanco | 14 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 32 | 15 | +17 | 20 | |
| 4 | Esmeraldas Petrolero | 14 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 22 | 20 | +2 | 16 | |
| 5 | El Nacional | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 12 | |
| 6 | Universidad Católica | 14 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 23 | 24 | −1 | 12 | |
| 7 | 9 de Octubre | 14 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 13 | 26 | −13 | 8 | |
| 8 | LDU Portoviejo | 14 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 7 | 42 | −35 | 3 | |
* ↑ Barcelona were awarded two point.
* ↑ Deportivo Quito were awarded one point.
* ↑ Filanbanco were awarded three points.
* Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol 1985 champion
* Barcelona
# Hendrik van Eikema Hommes

Hendrik Jan van Eikema Hommes (May 3, 1930, IJlst – September 3, 1984, Bussum) was a noted Dutch legal scholar and successor to Herman Dooyeweerd in the post of philosopher and judicial scholar at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Van Eikema Hommes wrote an Introduction to the Philosophy of Dooyeweerd, along with numerous legal studies. He was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1983.

## Academic works

* Major trends in the history of legal philosophy. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1979.
* "Freedom and equality in constitutional and civil law." In: Equality and Freedom: International and Comparative Jurisprudence. Papers of the World Congress on Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. St Louis, 1975. Vol. III, 1977, pp. 1085–1094.
* "Some remarks on the relation between law and logic". Logical Analysis. 14: 165–169. 1971.
* "Review: Wijsbegeerte en Vakwetenskap by D. F. M. Strauss". Philosophia Reformata. 37 (3/4): 194–196. 1972. doi:10.1163/22116117-90001243.
* Van Eikema Hommes, H. J. (1974). "The Functions of Law and the Role of Legal Principles". Philosophia Reformata. 39 (1/2): 77–81. doi:10.1163/22116117-90001265.
* Van Eikema Hommes, H. J. (1976). "The Limits of the Legal Competence of the State". Philosophia Reformata. 41 (1/2): 9–23. doi:10.1163/22116117-90001278.
* Van Eikema Hommes, H.J. (1978). "The Material Idea of the Law-State". Philosophia Reformata. 43 (1/2): 49–60. doi:10.1163/22116117-90001308.
* Van Eikema Hommes, Hendrik (1982). "Moderne Rechtsstaat en Grondrechten". Philosophia Reformata. 47 (2): 97–120. doi:10.1163/22116117-90001385.
* "Legal Order and Legal Principles," in Symposia I (Memoria del X Congreso mundial ordinario de filosofía del derecho y filosofía social 5; Universidad nacional autónoma de México, 1981), pp. 43–56.
# Hendrik van Heuraet

Hendrik van Heuraet (1633, Haarlem - 1660?, Leiden) was a Dutch mathematician also known as Henrici van Heuraet. He is noted as one of the founders of the integral, and author of Epistola de Transmutatione Curvarum Linearum in Rectus [On the Transformation of Curves into Straight Lines] (1659). From 1653 he studied at Leiden University where he interacted with Frans van Schooten, Johannes Hudde, and Christiaan Huygens. In 1658 he and Hudde left for Saumur in France. He returned to Leiden the next year as a physician. After this his trail is lost.
# 1985 Umbrian regional election

The Umbrian regional election of 1985 took place on 12 May 1985.

## Events

The Italian Communist Party was by far the largest party. After the election, Germano Marri, the incumbent Communist President, continued to govern the Region at the head of a left-wing coalition with the Italian Socialist Party (Popular Democratic Front). In 1987 Marri was replaced by Francesco Mandarini, a Communist too.

## Results

seats :
| | Italian Communist Party | 258,806 | 44.4 | 14 |
| | Christian Democracy | 160,388 | 27.5 | 9 |
| | Italian Socialist Party | 84,587 | 14.5 | 4 |
| | Italian Social Movement | 36,960 | 6.3 | 2 |
| | Italian Republican Party | 14,996 | 2.6 | 1 |
| | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 9,840 | 1.7 | - |
| | Proletarian Democracy | 7,188 | 1.2 | - |
| | Italian Liberal Party | 5,197 | 0.9 | - |
| | Valdostan Union – Democratic Party – others | 2,326 | 0.4 | - |
| | Pensioners Italian Alliance – Venetian League | 2,103 | 0.4 | - |
| | Pensioners' National Party | 1,183 | 0.2 | - |
| Total | Total | 583,574 | 100.0 | 30 |
Source: Ministry of the Interior
# Henri Rust

Henri Rust (1906–1996) was a Dutch-born film editor who worked in several countries, notably France.

## Selected filmography

* The Threepenny Opera (1931)
* Sailor's Song (1932)
* Sleeping Car (1933)
* The Old Devil (1933)
* The Crew (1935)
* Mayerling (1936)
* Tovarich (1937)
* Les Visiteurs du Soir (1942)
* Children of Paradise (1945)
* Passion (1951)
* The Girl with the Whip (1952)
* Thérèse Raquin (1953)
* The Air of Paris (1954)
* Gervaise (1956)
* Wasteland (1960)
* Germinal (1963)
* Johnny Banco (1967)
# Henry George Madan

Henry George Madan (6 September 1838 – 22 December 1901) was an English chemist, teacher and academic.
He was born in Cam Vicarage, Gloucestershire, England, the eldest child of George Madan. After an education at Marlborough College, he earned an open exhibition at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He earned a B.A. in 1860, became a fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford in 1861 and was awarded an M.A. in 1864. He became the science master at Eton College, where he served for twenty years. He was elected a Fellow of the Chemical Society and published several works on chemistry and physics. In 1887, he co-published Exercises in practical chemistry with A. G. V. Harcourt, which became a standard textbook for many years thereafter.
In 1877, American astronomer Asaph Hall discovered two satellites orbiting the planet Mars. Various names were proposed, but Asaph chose the suggestion of Henry Madan, who proposed the names Deimus (later Deimos) and Phobus (later Phobos). (These names are found in the Fifteenth Book, line 119 of Homer's Iliad.) Henry was the brother of Falconer Madan (1851–1935), the librarian of the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford. Falconer's granddaughter, Venetia Burney (1918–2009), was the first person to suggest the name Pluto for the dwarf planet, discovered in 1930.
In 1901, Henry George Madan was injured by a railway truck and needed his arm amputated. His health never recovered and he died several months later.
# Henry George Nicholls

Henry George Nicholls (1825–1867) was Perpetual curate of the church of the Holy Trinity, East Dean−, in the Forest of Dean. He wrote three books on the area and its history. His work includes information on such landmarks as St Briavels Castle and Speech House. His descriptions and historical information continue to be cited as authority concerning the history of the area.
Nicholls was the only son of Sir George Nicholls, K.C.B. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received a B.A. in 1845 and an M.A. in 1848. He assumed his position at the church of the Holy Trinity in 1847 and held it until he died. He was married and was survived by twin boys.

## Works

* The Forest of Dean (1858)
* The Personalities of the Forest of Dean (1863)
* Iron Making in the olden times as instanced in the ancient mines, forges and furnaces of the forest of Dean (1866)