OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones

Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones, 411 U.S. 145 (1973), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a state could tax tribal, off-reservation business activities but could not impose a tax on tribal land, which was exempt from all forms of property taxes.

## Background

The Mescalero Apache Tribe, doing business as the Sierra Blanca Ski Enterprises, run a ski resort in New Mexico, outside of the boundaries of the Mescalero Apache Reservation. New Mexico wanted to tax the gross receipts from the business and to tax improvements made to the land owned by the tribe and used for the resort. The tribe paid approximately US$32,000 under protest and sought a refund. The New Mexico State Commissioner of Revenue denied the claim and the New Mexico Court of Appeals affirmed. The New Mexico Supreme Court declined to hear the case and the tribe appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which granted certiorari to hear the case.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice Byron White delivered the opinion of the court. White found that if the tribe conducted off-reservation business they were liable for the corporate income taxes of New Mexico. The taxes on improvements to the land however were a different matter. Under the Indian Reorganization Act, 25 U.S.C. § 465, land acquired for tribes is to be held in trust for the tribe by the United States Department of the Interior and is exempt from state property taxes, including those that New Mexico sought for improvements to the land. The lower court decision was affirmed as to the income taxes and reversed as to the property taxes.

### Dissent

Justice William O. Douglas dissented. He would have held that the tribal ski resort was a federal instrumentality and that the state had no authority to impose a corporate income tax.
# Itztapaltotec

In Aztec religion, Itztapaltotec (sometimes spelled Iztapaltotec) is an aspect of the fertility god Xipe Totec. In the Aztec calendar, he is one of the patrons of the trecena beginning with the day One Rabbit (ce tochtli in Nahuatl), alongside Xiuhtecuhtli, the god of fire. Xipe Totec proper is the patron of the trecena beginning with the day One Dog (ce itzcuintli). Itztapaltotec is an obscure figure, known only from tonalamatl (calendars). Brief, confusing information about him is given in two related manuscripts, the Codex Telleriano-Remensis and the Codex Ríos (or Codex Vaticanus A).
Itztapaltotec is probably related to Itztli, another figure of the Aztec calendar also depicted as a personified knife.

## Gallery

* Codex Borgia
* Codex Vaticanus B
* Tonalamatl Aubin
* Codex Borbonicus
* Codex Telleriano-Remensis
* Codex Ríos
# Merida brushfinch

The Merida brushfinch or Merida brush finch (Atlapetes meridae) is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae, the New World sparrows. It is endemic to northwestern Venezuela.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) and the Clements taxonomy consider the Merida brushfinch to be a subspecies of moustached brushfinch (Atlapetes albofrenatus) but note that it might be a full species. The International Ornithological Congress (IOC) has accepted it as a full species.

## Description

Adults weigh about 30 g (1.1 oz) and are 17.5 to 18 cm (6.9 to 7.1 in) in length. The adult's body is olive above merging to lemon yellow below; wings and tail are olive. The head has a chestnut crown, a black mask, a white submoustacial stripe, and a yellow throat. The juvenile is duller, being olive above and dark yellow below. Its head pattern is similar to that of the adult but muted.

## Distribution and habitat

The Merida brushfinch is a year-round resident of the Andes of western Venezuela, in Mérida and the eastern part of Táchira departments. It prefers humid elfin and oak-dominant forest and is a bird of dense undergrowth including ferns and bamboo within and along the borders of such forests. It also inhabits drier woodland with dense undergrowth and is tolerant of disturbed habitats. The brushfinch is found primarily between 1,600 and 2,500 m (5,200 and 8,200 ft) but has been found as low as 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

## Behavior and ecology

The Merida brushfinch feeds primarily on arthropods, fruits, and berries. It tends to forage from the ground to 10 m (33 ft) up in shrubs and trees. It usually forages and travels in pairs or family groups but will also join mixed-species flocks. Though it usually remains hidden in dense vegetation, it appears to tolerate human observers.
Almost nothing is known about the Merida brushfinch's breeding biology. Its courtship, behavior at a nest, and the nest itself have not been described. Young have been seen: a juvenile bird in Perijá in August and fledglings in Mérida in May and June.

## Status

Though the species has a rather restricted range, it is fairly common within it and appears to have a stable population. That and its tolerance for disturbed habitat lead the IUCN to consider it a species of least concern.
# Meshal v. Higgenbotham

Meshal v. Higgenbotham is a U.S. federal lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union on behalf of Amir Mohamed Meshal, a natural born citizen of the United States, charging two agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Chris Higgenbotham and Steve Hersem, and two other unknown U.S. government officials for their roles in subverting Meshal's rights under the United States Constitution and the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991.

## Allegations

In January 2007, while fleeing to Kenya after the fighting broke out in the War in Somalia (2006–2009) in December 2006, Meshal was captured by forces of the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa. In the lawsuit, Meshal alleges he was "interrogated more than thirty times by U.S. officials who failed to adhere to the most elementary requirements of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments and the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991" and "U.S. officials repeatedly threatened Mr. Meshal with torture, forced disappearance, and other serious harm".

## Court decisions

Meshal filed a legal action for violation of his rights in 2009. In 2014 a lower court dismissed the case. On October 23, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld the lower court decision, (with a Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge Pillard.). The ruling said that Amir Meshal's allegations of abuse were "quite troubling," but stated that he is unable to pursue claims that agents violated his constitutional rights because the events took place overseas during a terrorism investigation. The court stated: "Matters touching on national security and foreign policy fall within an area of executive action where courts hesitate to intrude absent congressional authorization."
In the New York Times, Patrick G. Eddington concludes "Mr. Meshal has fallen into a legal black hole, where the light of justice is extinguished in the name of national security. The appellate court decision means that American citizens have no means available to hold the government accountable for violating their constitutional rights, simply because the United States conveniently denied those rights in another country of its choosing."
In June 2017, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case.
# Andy Barlow (producer)

Andy Barlow is a British record producer and musician best known for his work as a founding member of the band Lamb.

## Biography

Barlow first found fame as a member of the band Smoll Fat Child with lead guitarist Matt Goldberg.
Later in life, during a hiatus from Lamb, Barlow released solo work as Hip Optimist and LOWB.
His debut album as LOWB, Leap and the Net Will Appear, was re-released by Distiller Records with additional tracks, new artwork and the EP Inward Outburst in 2013. LOWB performed live on BBC Radio 2's Dermot O'Leary show and at The Great Escape Festival in Brighton.
Barlow has collaborated with and remixed other artists including Damien Rice, Elbow, and Placebo, produced and co-wrote Dismantle and Rebuild with The Ramona Flowers, produced and mixed David Gray's Mutineers and produced five songs on U2's Songs of Experience.

## Discography

Hip Optimist
* Anafey (BMG. Skint Records, 1996)
LOWB
* Leap and the Net Will Appear (Planet Imports, 2011/Distiller Records, 2013)
Lamb
# Miss Dominican Republic 1985

Concurso Nacional de Belleza 1985 was held on May 5, 1984. There were 24 candidates who competed for the national crown. The winner of the Miss Dominican Republic title represented the Dominican Republic at the Miss Universe 1985. The Señorita República Dominicana Mundo entered Miss World 1985. The Señorita República Dominicana Café entered Reinado Internacional del Café 1985.

## Results

| Final Results | Contestant |
| Miss República Dominicana Universo 1985 | Distrito Nacional - Melba Vicéns |
| Miss República Dominicana Mundo 1985 | Santiago - Mariela González Hernandez |
| Semi-finalists | La Vega - Olivia Oviedo María Trinidad Sánchez - María Batista Distrito Nacional - Thania Castillo |
| Quarter-finalists | Distrito Nacional - Sigrid Sánchez Monte Cristi - Miledy López Santiago - Andrea Rosado Espaillat - Sofia Ureña Azua - Yocasta Reyes Distrito Nacional - Maritza del Villar |

## Delegates

* Azua - Yocasta Reyes Fernández
* Azua - Marina Medina
* Barahona - Laura Soto
* Distrito Nacional - Marielly Rodríguez
* Distrito Nacional - Maritza del Villar
* Distrito Nacional - Thania Castillo
* Distrito Nacional - Sigrid Angiolina Sánchez Pichardo
* Distrito Nacional - Melba Altagracia Vicéns Bello
* Distrito Nacional - Zelba Delgado
* Distrito Nacional - Tammy Berroa
* Espaillat - Sofia Ureña
* La Romana - Mayra Perón
* La Vega - Olivia Oviedo
* La Vega - Sarah Tavares
* María Trinidad Sánchez - María Mercedes Batista
* Monte Cristi - Miledy López
* Puerto Plata - Belkis Hidalgo
* Salcedo - Rita Elvira Marques
* Santiago - Mariela González Hernández
* Santiago - Josefina González
* Santiago Rodríguez - Mary Elisa Collado
* Valverde - Cesarina de Moya
# Empty Country

Empty Country is the stage name of Cymbals Eat Guitars member Joseph D'Agostino.

## History

D'Agostino formed Cymbals Eat Guitars in 2007, where he was the vocalist and guitarist until 2017. After the breakup of Cymbals Eat Guitars, D'Agostino formed a solo project called Empty Country. In 2020, D'Agostino released his first solo album under the Empty Country name. The album was originally set to be released in 2019, but was postponed due to the issues with the label D'Agostino was signed to at the time, Tiny Engines. In 2023, D'Agostino released his second solo album under the Empty Country name, titled Empty Country II.
# Dhekal Chhoti

Dhekal Chhoti is a village in Madhya Pradesh state of India.
# Le Mesnil-sur-Bulles

Le Mesnil-sur-Bulles (French pronunciation:, literally Le Mesnil on Bulles) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
# 1989 Clásica de San Sebastián

The 1989 Clásica de San Sebastián was the 9th edition of the Clásica de San Sebastián cycle race and was held on 12 August 1989. The race started and finished in San Sebastián. The race was won by Gerhard Zadrobilek of the 7-Eleven team.

## General classification

| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Gerhard Zadrobilek (AUT) | 7-Eleven | 6h 24' 10" |
| 2 | Francisco Antequera (ESP) | BH | + 2' 05" |
| 3 | Tony Rominger (SUI) | Chateau d'Ax | + 2' 05" |
| 4 | Charly Mottet (FRA) | RMO | + 2' 09" |
| 5 | Jesús Rodríguez Magro (ESP) | Reynolds | + 2' 09" |
| 6 | Jean-Claude Leclercq (FRA) | Helvetia–La Suisse | + 2' 09" |
| 7 | Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) | PDM–Ultima–Concorde | + 2' 09" |
| 8 | Andrew Hampsten (USA) | 7-Eleven | + 2' 09" |
| 9 | Juan Tomás Martínez (ESP) | Lotus–Zahor | + 2' 09" |
| 10 | Julián Gorospe (ESP) | Reynolds | + 2' 09" |
# James Latham

James Latham may refer to:
* James Latham (painter) (c. 1696–1747), Irish portrait painter
* James Latham (criminal) (1942–1965), American serial killer
* James Latham (priest), Irish Anglican priest
# James Waterson

James Waterson was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a wing half.
# Jami al-tafsir

Jami al-tafsir, also spelled as Jame Tafasir, is a multimedia software produced by the Noor Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences. It is a tafsir in the form of an encyclopedia of the Qur'an.
The Jame tafsir contains an exhibition of complete texts of 184 commentaries of different Islamic sects in 1225 volumes such as: Min Wahy al-Qur`an, al-Tebyan Fi Tasfir al-Qur`an, Noor al-Thaqalain, Kashful Asrar wa Edatol Abrar, Tafsir al-Qur`an al-Karim, al-Amthal Fi Tafsir al-Ketab al-Munzal, al-Mizan Fi Tafsir al-Qur`an from Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei, Tafsir Nemouneh, Majma’ al-Bayan Fi Tafsir al-Qur`an, Tafsir Rawdh al-Jinan and Tafsir Beidhawi.
The aim of the software is to provide content and options to simplify the research path for researchers of Islamic sciences and Qur'anic scholars.
# James McGrath (Canadian politician)

James Aloysius McGrath, PC (January 11, 1932 – February 28, 2017) was a politician and the eighth lieutenant governor of Newfoundland, Canada.

## Life

As a young man, McGrath was a member of the Responsible Government League which opposed Newfoundland becoming a province of Canada. Nevertheless, upon the dominion's joining confederation in 1949, McGrath left to enlist with the Royal Canadian Air Force. He returned to Newfoundland in 1953 and became sales manager with radio station CJON. In 1955, he became secretary of the provincial Progressive Conservative Party association. In 1956, he ran unsuccessfully for the party in the provincial election.
His daughter Robin McGrath is a poet and novelist.

## Federal politics

He entered federal politics the next year, and won a seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1957 election as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for St. John's East. In 1962, McGrath became parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys, and served in that position until he was defeated along with the Diefenbaker government in the 1963 election.
McGrath regained his seat in the 1968 election, and remained in parliament through five subsequent elections.
When the Progressive Conservatives formed the government following the 1979 election, Prime Minister Joe Clark advised the Governor General to appoint McGrath Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. McGrath returned to the opposition bench when Clark's minority government was defeated in the 1980 election.
McGrath was not included in the Cabinet when the Tories returned to power in the 1984 election under Brian Mulroney. Instead, McGrath was appointed chairman of the Special Committee on the Reform of the House of Commons. The report he authored led to a number of procedural changes, including the introduction of election by secret ballot for the position of Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons. Its recommendations also led to the formation of the Canadian Association of Former Parliamentarians, established in 1996. McGrath also served as chairman of the Standing Committee on Human Rights.

## Retirement

In August 1986, McGrath left politics to accept an appointment as Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland. He retired from the position in 1991.

## Death

McGrath died at home on February 28, 2017.

## Arms

Coat of arms of James McGrath :
* NotesThe arms of James McGrath consist of:
* CrestUpon a helmet mantled Rose and Vert doubled Argent on a wreath Argent, Rose and Vert a demi-lion Or gorged with an antique crown pendant therefrom a chevron Gules bearing in its dexter paw a trefoil slipped Vert.
* EscutcheonTierced in pale Rose Argent and Vert over all a representation of the mace of the House of Commons of Canada in bend Or between six crosses botonny two in pale per pale Rose and Vert two in fess Argent two in bend sinister counterchanged.
* SupportersTwo Caribou Argent langued Gules attired and unguled Or.
* CompartmentOn a rock Proper rising from waves Azure crested Argent.
* MottoMelius Est Nomen Bonum Quam Divitiae Multae
# Jan Gerard Wessels Boer

Jan Gerard Wessels Boer (born 10 August 1936, Haren, Groningen- died Molenaarsgraaf 13 July 2019) was a Dutch plant taxonomist best known for his work on palms. He has described 37 species, subspecies and varieties of plants, especially in the palm family
# Jan-Magnus Bruheim

Jan-Magnus Bruheim ( 15 February 1914 – 10 August 1988) was a Norwegian poet and children's writer.

## Biography

Bruheim was born at Skjåk in Oppland, Norway. He was the son of Mathias Bruheim (1882–1967) and Torø Jonsdotter Lund (1880–1929). After graduation from gymnasium, Bruheim spent one year at Viken kristelege ungdomsskole at Gjøvik. From 1958 to 1961 he was a teacher at Øygardskulen in Skjåk.
He published over forty books including twenty poetry collections and a range of children's books with poems and rhyme. His first poetry collection was Stengd dør from 1941. Among his children's books are Skrythøna from 1956, Røyskatten from 1961, and Doggmorgon from 1977.
He was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 1963.
He died at his home in Skjåk during 1988.
# Jan-Lauritz Opstad

Jan-Lauritz Opstad (4 November 1950 – 21 November 2018) was a Norwegian museum director and art historian.
He was born in Sarpsborg, Norway as a son of Lauritz Opstad (1917–2003). His father was director of the Norwegian Museum of Decorative Arts and Design.
Opstad had a master's degree in art history from the University of Oslo in 1978 with an assignment on Norwegian enamel art 1880–1914. In 1979, he was hired as director of the Nordenfjeld Art Museum (Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustrimuseum) in Trondheim, a position he held until 2013. His special field is enameling history, and important books include Norsk emalje: Kunsthåndverk i verdenstoppen (1994).

## Selected works

* Norsk art nouveau (1979)
* Ny norsk gullsmedkunst (1983)
* En ny bevissthet : norsk kunsthåndverk 1970-1990 (1989)
* Norsk emalje : kunsthåndverk i verdenstoppen (1994)
* Paa Trondhjemsk vis : selskapskultur og skjulte matskatter fra 1700 til 1900 (2003)
# James Van Trees

James Crawford Van Trees (August 13, 1890 – April 11, 1973) was an American cinematographer in Hollywood whose career spanned the silent and sound eras.

## Biography

His father was Franklin S. Van Trees (1866-1914), a society architect, best known for his mansions in the Pacific Heights area of San Francisco, such as the Baron Edward S. Rothschild house on Jackson Street. His mother was silent era scriptwriter Julia Crawford Ivers. Mother and son worked together on a few films more than likely becoming the first mother and son to direct and film productions.
Van Trees was the President of the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) during 1923–1924. His son James Van Trees, Jr. was a cameraman and worked for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with his father.

## Partial filmography

* The Wild Olive (1915)
* The Code of Marcia Gray (1916)
* David Garrick (1916)
* The Shuttle (1918)
* Sauce for the Goose (1918)
* Mrs. Leffingwell's Boots (1918)
* Widow by Proxy (1919)
* Happiness a la Mode (1919)
* The Thirteenth Commandment (1920)
* Judy of Rogue's Harbor (1920)
* Jenny Be Good (1920)
* The Furnace (1920)
* Sacred and Profane Love (1921)
* Wealth (1921)
* The Young Rajah (1922)
* The White Flower (1923)
* Lilies of the Field (1924)
* Single Wives (1924)
* Fifth Avenue (1926)
* The Prince of Pilsen (1926)
* Don Juan's Three Nights (1926)
* Midnight Lovers (1926)
* The Prince of Headwaiters (1927)
* The Noose (1928)
* Sinner's Parade (1928)
* The Whip (1928)
* The Lone Wolf's Daughter (1929)
* So Long Letty (1929)
* The Sacred Flame (1929)
* The Green Goddess (1930)
* The Man from Blankley's (1930)
* Viennese Nights (1930)
* Star Witness (1931)
* The Heart of New York (1932)
* Heroes for Sale (1933)
* Midnight Mary (1933)
* Baby Face (1933)
* The Girl from 10th Avenue (1935)
* The Bishop Misbehaves (1935)
* Shanghai (1935)
* Palm Springs (1936)
* Her Master's Voice (1936)
* The Gorilla Man (1943)
* Nine Girls (1944)
# James Zikusoka

James Mbuzi Nyonyintono Zikusoka (11 November 1926 – 29 January 2012), was a Ugandan civil engineer, who served as the Cabinet Minister of Works and Transport from 1971 until 1972.

## Background and education

Zikusoka was born on 11 November 1926, in present-day Iganga District, Busoga sub-region, in the Eastern Region of Uganda. He attended local primary schools before he entered Busoga College Mwiri, where he completed his O-Level and A-Level education, graduating in 1947. He served as a prefect at the all-boys boarding school. Later he trained as a civil engineer.

## Engineering career

After his training as an engineer, Zikusoka was hired as the town engineer for Jinja Town, the first African to serve in that position. He was part of the team that designed the roads and streets in the town. In honor of his service to the town, a road, Engineer Zikusoka Road, was named after him, by Jinja Municipal Council. By 1969, he had risen to the position of Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Works in the government of Uganda.

## Political career

In 1971, when Idi Amin overthrew the first government of Milton Obote, he named James Zikusoka as the Minister of Works, Communications and Housing in his first cabinet. However, when forces aligned to Milton Obote launched a botched attempt to overthrow Idi Amin, the dictator fired all cabinet ministers that he did not trust, Zikusoka included. Zikusoka sought political refugee in Kenya, and then later joined the United Nations Development Program and served as a consultant in New York City and Saudi Arabia, then for the Commonwealth Secretariat in Barbados until Amin was overthrown in 1979. He served as Uganda's high commissioner to the United Kingdom, appointed to that position by Godfrey Binaisa, the then newly appointed President of Uganda in 1979. Later, from 1993 until 1997, Zikusoka served as the chairman of the Public Service Commission.

## Religious career

In 1988, Zikisoka was ordained a deacon in Christ the King Cathedral at Bugembe. The following year, he was elected as reverend, canon and dean of the cathedral. He also helped with civil repairs to the physical building and purchased and financed the installation of a church organ out of his own pocket.

## Death

Zikusoka died on 29 January 2012, at Nakasero Hospital, in the country's capital, Kampala. He was interned at his ancestral home at Namungalwe, in Iganga District. He was survived by a widow and six of his seven children.
# Jan Kok (pharmacist)

Jan Kok (13 June 1899, Amsterdam - 7 September 1982, Egmond aan Zee) was a Dutch pharmacist. In 1945, he was appointed as professor at the University of Amsterdam, and between 1960 and 1964 he was rector magnificus of this university.
# Jane Abell Coon

Jane Abell Coon (born May 9, 1929) is an American diplomat who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Bangladesh.

## Early life

Jane Abell Coon was born on May 9, 1929, in Durham, New Hampshire. In 1951 she graduated from the College of Wooster. She married Carleton S. Coon Jr, in 1966, and has six stepchildren from him.

## Career

Coon joined the State Department as foreign affairs officer in 1951. She later worked in the State Department as an intelligence research analyst. In 1956 she was made a foreign service officer, she was stationed in Karachi in Pakistan and Bombay and New Delhi in India. In 1967 she resigned from the State Department. In 1976 she returned to the State Department and joined the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs as international relations officer. She served as the Director of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh Affairs in the State Department from 1977 to 1979. She became the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs in the State Department in 1976.
Coon was appointed the United States Ambassador to Bangladesh on June 30, 1981. She presented her credentials on August 11, 1981. Her term ended on August 3, 1984. Her husband, Carleton Stevens Coon Jr, served as the United States Ambassador to Nepal, while she was the ambassador to Bangladesh.