OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jinmaku

Jinmaku (陣幕) is a curtain used in setting up a military encampment commonly seen from the pre-modern era in Japan. The jinmaku were also historically known as a gunmaku (軍幕), or "military curtain".

## Origin

Jinmaku literally means "camp curtain". In the Japanese the word is formed from two kanji. The first, 陣, means "military camp" and the second, 幕 means "curtain".

## Early use

In ancient Japan jinmaku were tied to poles and stretched around field encampments to form a defensive barrier. References to its use as early in the Nara period (710–794) are found in the Konjaku Monogatarishū, a Japanese collection of over one thousand tales written during the late Heian period (794–1185). Soldiers in the Konjaku Monogatarishū slept in an area surrounded by jinmaku to provide protection while sleeping. Jinmaku were typically constructed of hemp cloth. Illustrations on the Mongol invasion in the Zenkunen kassen emaki depict the appearance of clan mon emblems on jinmaku in the 13th century. The style and construction of jinmaku were standardized in the Muromachi period (1336–1573).

## Edo period

The Honchō Gunki Kō (Thoughts on Japanese Military Equipment), a military manual written in 1709 by Arai Hakuseki (1657–1725), lays out standard measurements for jinmaku. Arai, an advisor to the shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu, recorded that a jinmaku should be 1.5 m (5 ft) tall and 8.4 m (28 ft) wide. The number of makukuji (幕串), or poles for hanging the jinmaku, was set at 10 for a taisho officer and 8 for other soldiers, tethers only in white, black, or blue, and mon clan emblems placed in between three, five, or seven places. In the Edo period military science became popular among samurai and gave religious meaning to jinmaku as a sacred item.

## Modern use

Jinmaku are used in festivals and theaters, especially for open-air performances. Traditionally the jinmaku is thought to have the power to drive evil away from the stage.
# Louis Duffus

Louis George Duffus (13 May 1904 in Melbourne, Australia – 24 July 1984 in Johannesburg, South Africa) was a South African cricketer who became the country's most respected writer on the game.

## Life and career

Duffus was educated in Johannesburg, where he gained a Bachelor of Commerce degree at Witwatersrand University by part-time study. He was a fine athlete and baseballer, as well as a cricketer. A right-handed batsman and occasional wicket-keeper, he played in five first-class matches for Transvaal between 1923/24 and 1934/35. He played in a trial match to select the South African tour of England in 1929, but was not chosen.
Duffus quit his junior accountancy position with the Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company in Johannesburg in 1929 to accompany the South African cricket team on their tour of England in the hope of earning enough money from freelance reporting to pay for the trip. He was so successful that by the time he returned to South Africa he was employed as a full-time sports journalist. Thereafter, until South Africa were barred from Test cricket some forty years later as a result of apartheid, he hardly missed a Test match in which they were involved. He covered more than one hundred in all. His Wisden obituary described him as "conscientious, generous and very fair, with a delightful manner and a nice turn of phrase".
During the 1935 South African tour of England he was summoned from the press box to field as a substitute against Glamorgan. He caught Dyson at slip, which helped in ensuring the tourists' victory in front of a large Swansea crowd. He was proud that Wisden mentioned this in its match report.
He served as a war correspondent in the Mediterranean for the duration of World War II. He compiled and edited Volume 3 of the official history of South African cricket, covering the years from 1927 to 1947. He also wrote on rugby union, tennis, golf and women's hockey, among other sports. He was the sports editor of the Johannesburg Star.
He was married in Winchester, England, in 1932. He achieved a degree of fame in the medical world in 1970 when, though a haemophiliac, he had a hip operation in Oxford.
# Kömürler, Nurdağı

Kömürler is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nurdağı, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 402 (2022). The village is populated by Turks, Kurds, and Arabs.
# Kömürlü, Bozyazı

Kömürlü is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bozyazı, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 297 (2022). It is situated to the north of Bozyazı. The distance to Bozyazı is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) and the distance to Mersin is 206 kilometres (128 mi).
# Freeman Hollow

Freeman Hollow is a valley in Oregon County in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Freeman Hollow has the name of Peter Freeman, a pioneer citizen.
# LG cloche

The LG cloche was a defensive element common to many Maginot Line ouvrages. The fixed cupola was deeply embedded into the concrete on top of a combat block, with only the top surface visible. The opening permitted the ejection of grenades from the interior of the cloche, providing a means of close defense against enemy troops on top of the bunker. 75 units were installed in the Maginot Line.
LG refers to Lance-Grenade (grenade launcher). Unlike other cloches such as the GFM or the JM, the LG cloche was effectively "blind", possessing a single shuttered orifice 60 millimetres (2.4 in) in diameter in its flat crown. It had no observation ports at all, as it did not project appreciably above the surrounding surface. The LG cloche came in three models: a small version, 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) high, a large 2.1-metre (6.9 ft) version, and a cloche for two persons, 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) tall. All were 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter. LG cloches were usually found in the vicinity of an entrance block.
The LG cloche was armed with a grenade launcher that could fire at an angle from 45 degrees to vertical in all directions. The original 60mm mortar/launcher was not satisfactory. A 50mm mortar, the same used in the GFM cloche, was used as a replacement, but was not much more successful.
# Kıyan, Araç

Kıyan is a village in the Araç District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 114 (2021).
# Frenkel Frenel Museum

Frenkel Frenel Museum is an art museum in the northern Israeli city of Safed. It was also known as Frenkel's Castle in the press.

## History

The museum is in the former home of Franco-Israeli international artist Yitzhak Frenkel. It was opened in 1973 by Frenkel and his fourth wife Ilana. The Museum exhibits works of the Israeli artist. It is the sole museum dedicated entirely to Frenkel Frenel.
The building was used as an academy of art in the early 1950s. Frenkel ran and taught in the school. However, in 1954 he left Safed for Paris (for 6 years). In 1973 the building opened to the public as a museum exhibiting Frenkel's work from the 1920s up to the 1970s. The museum continued after Frenkel Frenel's death in 1981.
Frenkel Frenel was schooled in Odesa in his teens and then in the École des Beaux-Arts and at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière durings his 20s. Returning to Mandatory Palestine in the 1920s, he introduced modern French influenced art and techniques, thus revolutionizing art in Palestine. Frenkel was one of the first artists to settle in Safed. He was one of the founders of the artists' colony in Safed.
The museum is composed of a large courtyard. The walls of the courtyard were once covered with frescos and reliefs by Frenkel. However, only one relief has survived to the present day. The building which houses the art surrounds the Western and Northern section of the courtyard. The local architecture is evident in the entirety of the complex.
The museum hosts a variety of artworks by Frenel. The earliest from the 1920s up until the artist's very last weeks in 1981. The museum's collection is composed of a wide range of styles. From abstract and cubist art from the 1920s to vivid expressionism from the 1970s. The collection also includes sketches of costumes, theater sets and exhibition posters.
# La Forge

La Forge, LaForge, or Laforge may refer to:

## Places

* La Forge, Vosges, a commune in Vosges, France
* La Forge, Missouri, a community in the United States

## People

* Claude LaForge (born 1936) Canadian ice skater
* Ed LaForge (1935–2018), American politician
* Élodie Jacquier-Laforge (born 1978), French politician
* Frank La Forge (1879–1953), American pianist and composer
* Louis de La Forge, 17th-century French philosopher
* Marc Laforge (born 1968), ice hockey player
* Harald Welte, German hacker known as LaForge

## Fictional characters

* Geordi La Forge, a fictional character in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek:Picard
* Alandra La Forge, a fictional character in the television series Star Trek:Picard, daughter of Geordi
* Sidney La Forge, a fictional character in the television series Star Trek:Picard, daughter of Geordi
# From Wimbledon to Waco

From Wimbledon to Waco is a 1995 travelogue book written by Nigel Williams describing his family's first visit to the United States. The Williamses do not live in Wimbledon, nor do they reach Waco, but as Nigel Williams explains in the last chapter of the book "I like the title..."

## Summary

The first two chapters deal with the journey from the Williams home in Putney, south-west London, to Heathrow Airport and arrival in LAX (Los Angeles International Airport).
The next two deal with their stay at the Chateau Marmont on Sunset Boulevard, a visit to Universal Studios and to a successful friend in Hollywood.
The next three chapters cover the journey by hire car through the Hopi Reservation in Arizona visiting Window Rock, Chinle, Canyon de Chelly, First and Second Mesa, Walpi and the Hopi Cultural Center.
Chapters 8 to 10 covers their journey from the Grand Canyon through to the Yosemite National Park via Boulder City (Nevada) and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas including a boating trip on Lake Mead.
Chapter 11 includes Jamestown (California), Columbia State Historic Park, the Napa Valley and Calistoga.
Chapters 12 and 13 cover San Francisco, including a trip to Pier 39, and the journey south to Los Angeles via Monterey.
The family then fly to New York City and the last three chapters include Darien and Mystic in Connecticut and Hancock (Vermont) and a stay at The Peninsula New York.
# Kızılağaç, Saimbeyli

Kızılağaç is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Saimbeyli, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 353 (2022).
# Fresh air

Fresh air may refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Fresh Air (film), a 1999 Australian film
* Fresh Air (Homeshake album), 2017
* Fresh Air (Faust album), 2017
* "Fresh Air" (song), by Quicksilver Messenger Service, 1970
* “Fresh Air”, a song by Zayn from his 2018 album Icarus Falls
* Fresh Air, an American radio talk show broadcast on National Public Radio
* FreshAir.org.uk, a student-run radio station serving Edinburgh, Scotland

## Enterprises and organizations

* Fresh Air (airline), a defunct Nigerian cargo airline
* The Fresh Air Fund, a charity that provides summer vacations to New York City children from low-income communities
# Fuling Mausoleum

41°49′56″N 123°35′1″E﻿ / ﻿41.83222°N 123.58361°E﻿ / 41.83222; 123.58361
The Fuling or Fu Mausoleum (Chinese: 福陵; pinyin: Fúlíng; lit. 'Mausoleum of Propitiousness'; Manchu: ᡥᡡᡨᡠᡵᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᠮᡠᠩᡤᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: hūturingga munggan), also known as the East Mausoleum (simplified Chinese: 东陵; traditional Chinese: 東陵; pinyin: Dōnglíng), is the mausoleum of Nurhaci, the founding monarch of the Later Jin dynasty (subsequently posthumously recognized as an emperor of the Qing dynasty) and his wife, Empress Xiaocigao. It served as the main site for ritual ceremonies conducted by the imperial family during the entire Qing dynasty. Located in the eastern part of Shenyang city, Liaoning Province, northeastern China, Fuling has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2004.

## Layout

The mausoleum is an extensive architectural complex that consist of stone archway, main red gate, sacred way, cloud pillars, stone animals, a 108-step stone staircase, the Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion, the washing room, the fruit room, the tea room, the waiting room, Long'en Gate, Long'en Hall, eastern and western side-halls, silk burning pavilion, Lingxing Gate, the five stone sacrifice utensils, Ming pavilion, and Treasure City.

## Location

The mausoleum is located in a hilly area 10,000 meters east of the old city of Shenyang.

## Protection

Fuling was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in an extension to the site Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in 2004.
# Frovold Lake

Frovold Lake is a lake in Swift County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
Frovold Lake was named for Knut P. Frovold, a pioneer settler.
# Friedmann–Einstein universe

The Friedmann–Einstein universe is a model of the universe published by Albert Einstein in 1931. The model is of historic significance as the first scientific publication in which Einstein embraced the possibility of a cosmos of time-varying radius.

## Description

Interpreting Edwin Hubble's discovery of a linear relation between the redshifts of the galaxies and their radial distance as evidence for an expanding universe, Einstein abandoned his earlier static model of the universe and embraced the dynamic cosmology of Alexander Friedmann. Removing the cosmological constant term from the Friedmann equations on the grounds that it was both unsatisfactory and unnecessary, Einstein arrived at a model of a universe that expands and then contracts, a model that was later denoted the Friedmann–Einstein model of the universe.
In the model, Einstein derived simple expressions relating the density of matter, the radius of the universe and the timespan of the expansion to the Hubble constant. With the use of the contemporaneous value of 500 km·s$^{−1}$Mpc$^{−1}$ for the Hubble constant, he calculated values of 10$^{−26}$ cm$^{−3}$, 10$^8$ light-years and 10$^{10}$ years for the density of matter, the radius of the universe and the timespan of the expansion respectively. It has recently been shown that these calculations contain a slight systematic error.

## Einstein's blackboard

In May 1931, Einstein chose the Friedmann–Einstein universe as the topic of his 2nd Rhodes lecture at Oxford University. A blackboard used by Einstein during the lecture, now known as Einstein's Blackboard, has been preserved at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. It has been suggested that the source of the numerical errors in the Friedmann–Einstein model can be discerned on Einstein's blackboard.
# Friedmann Nunataks

The Friedmann Nunataks (70°55′S 65°30′W﻿ / ﻿70.917°S 65.500°W﻿ / -70.917; -65.500) are a small group of nunataks 6 nautical miles (11 km) southeast of the Braddock Nunataks on the western margin of Dyer Plateau, Palmer Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by the United States Geological Survey in 1974, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Herbert Friedmann of the Smithsonian Institution, author of Birds of the United States Antarctic Service Expedition, 1939–41 (Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 89, 1945).
# Friedrich Philippi (historian)

Gustav Friedrich Dettmar Philippi (14 July 1853, in Elberfeld – 26 April 1930, in Münster) was a German archivist and historian.
He studied philology at the University of Bonn, receiving his doctorate in 1876 with a dissertation on the Tabula Peutingeriana. Following graduation, he worked as an archivist at the state archives in Münster. In 1888, he was appointed head of the state archives in Osnabrück and, in 1897, returned to Münster as director of the archives.
He served as chairman of the Historical Commission for Westphalia and was an honorary professor at the University of Münster. He was also in charge of the archaeological excavation at Haltern.

## Selected works

* Das westfälische Vemegericht und seine Stellung in der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, 1888 – The Westphalian Vehmic court and its position in German legal history.
* Die Chroniken des Mittelalters (with Hermann Forst, 1891) – The chronicles of the Middle Ages.
* Zur Verfassungsgeschichte der Westfälischen Bischofsstädte, 1894 – On the constitutional history of the Westphalian bishop cities.
* Osnabrücker Urkundenbuch (with Max Bär; 1896–1902) – Osnabrück register.
* Zur Osnabrücker Verfassungsgeschichte, 1897 – Osnabrück constitutional history.
* Der westfälische Friede, 1898 – The Peace of Westphalia.
* Historisches und Topographisches über die Umgebung Halterns (with Theodor Ilgen, 1901) – History and topography concerning the environs of Haltern.
* 100 Jahre Preußischer Herrschaft im Münsterlande, 1904 – 100 years of Prussian rule in Münsterland.
* Siegel, 1914 (documents and seals)
* Einführung in die Urkundenlehre des deutschen Mittelalters, 1920 – Introduction to the German Middle Ages.
* Geschichte Westfalens, 1926 – History of Westphalia.
He was also the author of several biographies in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
# La Pisseure

La Pisseure (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# La Pitchoune

La Pitchoune is a small stucco house that Julia Child and her husband, Paul, built in the Provençal village of Plascassier in France in the early 1960s. La Pitchoune is a Provençal expression for "the little one", deriving from the Occitan word pichon.
The cottage was built on property belonging to Simone Beck and her husband Jean Fischbacher with a "handshake" promise they would turn it over to the Fischbachers when they finished their use. The Childs began construction in 1963 and occupied the property shortly thereafter. "La Pitchoune" was often lovingly shortened to "La Peetch", and the Childs visited the property yearly. Here they entertained the culinary likes of James Beard and M. F. K. Fisher.
Following the deterioration of Paul's health and the death of long-time friend Simone Beck in December 1991, Julia relinquished the property in June 1992. She later recalled that La Pitchoune had lost its "raison d’être" without Paul or Simone and that she had no regrets giving up the property.

## Other residents and usage

In 1993, La Pitchoune became home to the culinary school 'Cooking with Friends in France' run by American Kathie Alex, where she offered 6-day courses for up to six people. Alex studied under Simone Beck and worked at the nearby Moulin de Mougins. Child once wrote to Alex: “I’m counting on you to teach Americans about butter and cream!” Alex closed the school in 2015, and La Pitchoune was put on the public market.
Makenna Held, who, like Child, attended Smith College, purchased the house with investors and immediately opened it to the public for vacation rentals. La Pitchoune is the home to the Courageous Cooking School, a five-night, six-day cooking experience.
# La Provincia Pavese

La Provincia Pavese is an Italian language regional daily newspaper and is the main paper of the province of Pavia.

## History and profile

La Provincia Pavese is part of the Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso through its subsidiary, Finegil, which publishes it. The paper has its headquarters in Pavia.
In 2013 La Provincia Pavese had a circulation of 16,585 copies. The Espresso Group reported that the circulation of the paper was 15,700 copies in 2014.
# Fritz Metzger

Fritz Metzger (1898–1973) was a Swiss church architect.
# Frontera Comalapa

Frontera Comalapa is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. It covers an area of 717.90 km².
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 67,012, up from 52,168 as of 2005.
As of 2010, the city of Frontera Comalapa had a population of 18,704. Other than the city of Frontera Comalapa, the municipality had 291 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Paso Hondo (3,654), classified as urban, and Ciudad Cuauhtémoc (2,325), Verapaz (2,237), Doctor Rodulfo Figueroa (Tierra Blanca) (2,218), Nueva Independencia (Lajerío) (2,001), Sabinalito (1,808), Joaquín Miguel Gutiérrez (Quespala) (1,701), San Caralampio (1,604), Agua Zarca (1,495), Nueva Libertad (1,329), El Triunfo de las Tres Maravillas (1,300), Monte Redondo (1,183), Guadalupe Grijalva (1,034), Sinaloa (1,020), and El Portal (1,002), classified as rural.

## History

In March 2012, authorities discovered the remains of at least 167 people in a cave at a ranch in Frontera Comalapa. A subsequent investigation revealed the remains date back to the pre-Columbian era, between 700 and 1200. There were no obvious signs of violence, and officials believe the cave was previously used as a cemetery. A number of clay works were also recovered.
On January 8, 2021, Irán Mérida Matamoros, former municipal president (2008–2010), was arrested on charges of diversion of resources, criminal association and illegal exercise of public service. He was the eighth former municipal president of Chiapas arreste on similar charges. Less than two weeks later, on January 12, the current mayor, Oscar Armando Ramírez Aguilar, was tied to a tree for delivering a public works project in poor condition. A water tank was patched but continued to leak after the supposed repair.
# Lactonitrile

Lactonitrile is the organic compound with the formula CH$_3$CH(OH)CN. It is an intermediate in the industrial production of ethyl lactate and lactic acid. It is the cyanohydrin of acetaldehyde. It is a colorless liquid, although degraded samples can appear yellow.

## Synthesis and use

Lactonitrile is obtained by the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetaldehyde.
Lactonitrile is used in making esters of lactic acid.

## Regulations

Cyanohydrins are sources of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide. The substance is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
# Munglinup River

The Munglinup River is an ephemeral river in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.
The headwaters of the river rise near Cheadanup Nature Reserve. It flows in a southerly direction through cleared farmland, then crossing the South Coast Highway near the town of Munglinup before discharging into the Oldfield River, of which it is a tributary, approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) from the coast. For most of the length of the river it is within a vegetated corridor; the surrounding land is mostly cleared for stock with only about 15% remnant vegetation remaining. The river only flows in the winter months and the water is naturally saline or brackish.
The only tributary to the river is Clayhole Creek.
The word Munglinup is Aboriginal in origin, and of unknown meaning. The name was first recorded by C.D. Price, a surveyor in 1875. The Dempster brothers first used the name for their sheep station in 1860.