OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rugby union in Yugoslavia

Rugby union in Yugoslavia was a moderately popular sport. It was most popular in the Croatian SR (especially Zagreb), and to a lesser extent in the Serbian and Slovenian SRs (especially Belgrade and Ljubljana), with some presence in the Bosnian SR as well.

## History
### 1950s and 1960s

Some people date the start of Croatian rugby to the 17th of January 1954 when the Mladost team from Zagreb was formed to become Croatia's first rugby union club.
In 1953, the rival code of rugby league was introduced into Serbia, rather than rugby union played in Croatia and the authorities demanded that Serbian clubs switch to rugby union to unite Yugoslavia under one form of rugby football in 1964.

### 1970s and 1980s

Yugoslav rugby did not enjoy high reputation. For example, in 1988, an anonymous French rugby official joked that "one of the FIRA nightmares... is to have Yugoslavia playing Bulgaria refereed by a Soviet."
Yugoslavia was not invited to the first Rugby World Cup in 1987, and did not qualify for the second in 1991.
The former All Black scrum half Chris Laidlaw, writing at the end of the 1970s, saw rugby as a positive force in east-west relations at the time:
    "Rugby has become the ping-pong of outdoor sports in its capacity to spread goodwill between East and West. Over the last 30 or 40 years it has spread through Eastern Europe, establishing itself strongly in Rumania and Yugoslavia, Hungary and into the USSR. The fact that a Russian team [sic] has finally played a full-scale, if unofficial Test match against France speaks for itself."
Yugoslavia affiliated to the IRB in 1988, and played in the 1988 World Cup qualification.
Due to the links between many Yugoslav (mostly Croat) and New Zealand families, the side also toured there.

### Break up of Yugoslavia

1. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2. Croatia, 3. Macedonia,
4. Montenegro, 5. Serbia,
5a. Kosovo, 5b. Vojvodina, 6. Slovenia
In the early 1990s, former Italian cap, Dr Giancarlo Tizanini was a major driving force in Austrian rugby. Before his death in 1994, he tried hard to establish a Central European equivalent of the Six Nations between Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia.

## Popularity

Rugby union was a moderately popular sport in Yugoslavia (a name which Serbia retained long after the disintegration of that state). Although rugby union in Croatia was the main centre for the sport in the former Yugoslavia, there was still quite a bit of rugby played in Serbia. The Rugby Championship of Yugoslavia ran from 1957-1991. Partizan, a Belgrade team, won the second, third, and fourth title, as well as the final one in 1991 and Dinamo Pančevo won the first ever championship played in 1957, and won again in 1968, 1969, 1974 and 1979. Dinamo Pančevo won their first Cup in the same year.

## Domestic competition

* Rugby Championship of Yugoslavia

## National team

The SFR Yugoslavia side was, strictly speaking, a multinational side, consisting as it did of representatives of all the various nations within the SFR Yugoslavia.
# Rugby union in the Bailiwick of Guernsey

Rugby union in the Bailiwick of Guernsey is a popular sport. Outside the island of Guernsey itself, it is occasionally played in Alderney and Sark. Sark has its own rugby team, although it regularly has to pick up "guest" players to make up its numbers.

## Governing body

Rugby is played in Guernsey under the auspices of the (English) Rugby Football Union.

## History

Due to its proximity to the major rugby nations England and France, Guernsey rugby is among the oldest in the world, dating back to the mid 19th century. A number of schools play the sport, especially the private ones, such as Elizabeth College.
Guernsey RFC was founded in 1928 and competes in the English leagues. There is only one other club in Guernsey, St Jacques RFC, which was founded in 1978. From the 2014/15 season St Jacques compete in the Hampshire Rugby Football Union (Hants) Solent Merit league. St Jacques home ground is the King George V (KGV) playing fields. The current coaches are Jon Bell, Rob Box and Peter Mcmachon, the current captain is Brett McFarlane. St Jacques have a squad of around 40 players, with many being recent graduates of the Guernsey Rugby Academy.
The Siam Cup is an annual Rugby Union competition held between Jersey Reds and Guernsey RFC. It was first contested in 1920. The trophy awarded its winner is the second oldest rugby honour contested after the Calcutta Cup.
Development of the sport is limited due to the practicalities of small islands; Guernsey's national population is under 80,000.

## Broadcast media

Guernsey has no television of its own (the ITV variant Channel Television sometimes includes rugby news) but does have its own radio stations. British and French television can both be received in the islands, and often include extensive rugby coverage - such as the Rugby World Cup and Six Nations Championship.
# EXM

EXM may refer to:
* Entesa per Mallorca, a defunct Spanish political party
* Excel Maritime, an American shipping company
* Exmouth railway station, in England
* Expansion microscopy
# Dónal Murphy

Dónal Murphy is a British-born Irish traditional accordionist, known for his work with the band Four Men and a Dog. Born in Birmingham to a father who played the button accordion and a mother who was a step dancer, he moved to Limerick as a child. Here he co-founded Four Men and a Dog in 1990 together with Cathal Hayden (fiddle), Brian McGrath (banjo), Gino Lupari (Bodhrán) and Mick Daly (guitar/vocals).
In 2009 he released the solo album “Happy Hour”, and since 2015 he tours with his band "Breaking Trad". He has also played in the band Sliabh Notes with Matt Cranitch and Tommy O'Sullivan, a band specializing in the traditional music of the Sliabh Luachra region.
# Rule-based modeling

Rule-based modeling is a modeling approach that uses a set of rules that indirectly specifies a mathematical model. The rule-set can either be translated into a model such as Markov chains or differential equations, or be treated using tools that directly work on the rule-set in place of a translated model, as the latter is typically much bigger. Rule-based modeling is especially effective in cases where the rule-set is significantly simpler than the model it implies, meaning that the model is a repeated manifestation of a limited number of patterns. An important domain where this is often the case is biochemical models of living organisms. Groups of mutually corresponding substances are subject to mutually corresponding interactions.
BioNetGen is a suite of software tools used to generate mathematical models consisting of ordinary differential equations without generating the equations directly. For example below is an example rule in the BioNetGen format:
$A(a,a)+B(b)->A(a!1).B(b!1)$
Where:
* A(a,a): Represents a model species A with two free binding sites a
* B(b): Represents a model species B with one free binding site
* A(a!1).B(b!1): Represents model species where at least one binding site of A is bound to the binding site of B
With the above line of code, BioNetGen will automatically create an ODE for each model species with the correct mass balance. Additionally, an additional species will be created because the rule above implies that two B molecules can bind to a single A molecule since there are two binding sites. Therefore, the following species will be generated:
4. A(a!1,a!2).B(b!1).B(b!2): Molecule A with both binding sites occupied by two different B molecules.

## For biochemical systems

Early efforts to use rule-based modeling in simulation of biochemical systems include the stochastic simulation systems StochSim
A widely used tool for rule-based modeling of biochemical networks is BioNetGen It is released under the GNU GPL, version 3. BioNetGen includes a language to describe chemical substances, including the states they can assume and the bindings they can undergo. These rules can be used to create a reaction network model or to perform computer simulations directly on the rule set. The biochemical modeling framework Virtual Cell includes a BioNetGen interpreter.
A close alternative is the Kappa language. Another alternative is BioChemical Space language.
# Eagle Lake (Alberta)

Eagle Lake is a lake in Alberta. It is located just southeast of the town of Strathmore.
* This Southern Alberta location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# E.S. Venkataramiah

Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah (18 December 1924 – 24 September 1997) was the 19th Chief Justice of India, serving from 19 June 1989 until his retirement on 17 December 1989. He began his legal career in 1946, and was appointed as a Judge of Karnataka High Court in November 1970.
In March 1979, he was appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court of India, and he became Chief Justice of India in June 1989. Incidentally he is the first person from Karnataka to become the Chief Justice of India. Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Venkataramiah authored 256 judgments and sat on 720 benches. He died of a heart attack on 24 September 1997.
# Rumana

Rumana or Roumana may refer to:
* Rumana, Israel
* Rumana, West Bank
* Rumana Monzur, Bangladeshi woman studying in Canada who was blinded by her husband in an attempt to stop her education
# Arvense

Arvense (the neuter form of arvensis), a Latin adjective meaning in the fields, is the specific epithet of the following:
* Anemopaegma arvense, a medicinal plant native to Cerrado vegetation in Brazil
* Arvense (section), a section within the mushroom genus Agaricus
* Cerastium arvense, the field chickweed, a flowering plant species
* Cirsium arvense, a plant species native throughout Europe and northern Asia and widely introduced elsewhere
* Equisetum arvense, a herbaceous perennial plant, native throughout the arctic and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere
* Lithospermum arvense, a flowering plant of the family Boraginaceae
* Melampyrum arvense, an herbaceous flowering plant of the genus Melampyrum in the family Orobanchaceae
* Thlaspi arvense, the field penny-cress, a foetid Eurasian plant species naturalized throughout North America
* Trifolium arvense, the haresfoot clover, a clover species
# EBW

EBW may refer to:
* Electron beam welding, a fusion welding process
* Exploding bridgewire detonator, a device for detonating explosive charges
* European Bike Week, an annual event held at the Faaker See in Carinthia, Austria for fans of motorbikes
* EBW (rail company) (also known as "EBW cargo"), a private rail cargo company based in Dachau, Germany
# Rushville Shale

The Rushville Shale is a geologic formation in Ohio. It dates back to the Mississippian.
# Earleville, Maryland

Earleville is an unincorporated community in Cecil County, Maryland, United States. Earleville is located at the intersection of Maryland Route 282 and Grove Neck Road west of Cecilton.
Located at Earleville and listed on the National Register of Historic Places are: Bohemia Farm, Mount Harmon, Rose Hill, and St. Stephen's Episcopal Church.
# ESF Camps

Education, Sports and Fun Camps (ESF) is a network of summer day camps. ESF operates 60+ different camps at 12 ESF Camp locations in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maryland and Florida. ESF is described by Philadelphia Magazine as the "gold standard of summer day camps."

## History

ESF was founded by brothers Michael and Bill Rouse in 1982 as a two-week summer tennis camp at the Haverford School. Michael, who was 15 at the time, needed to raise $3,200 to play in the United States Tennis Association National Tournament.
In 2019, the Aspen Institute recognized ESF as a Project Play Champion at the institute's annual Project Play Summit.

## Activities

In total, ESF has more than 60 different camps at their 10 locations. They offer traditional day camp options such as Mini Camp, Day Camp, and Senior Camp which offer options including art, music, science and sports. However, ESF also has specialty camp options including Tennis Camp, Specialty Major Camps, SportsLab powered by Under Armour and Tech Camps.
ESF works with many organizations including the Philadelphia Zoo, the Franklin Institute, Cirque du Soleil and The Walt Disney Company for their camp programming. They also work with many sports teams including the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia 76ers, Arsenal F.C., and Brooklyn Nets to offer specialty sports experiences.
# Earthrise (1990 video game)

Earthrise, also known as Earthrise: A Guild Investigation, is an adventure game designed and programmed by Matt Gruson and published for MS-DOS in 1990 by Interstel. The player assumes the role of an astronaut sent to an asteroid base to investigate why it has ceased communication. It uses a combination of a text-based interface with EGA graphics.

## Gameplay

A sci-fi adventure in which the player attempts to save Earth from a collision with a mechanically controlled asteroid. Space travel and exploration of the deserted mining colony.

## Reception

Computer Gaming World reviewed Earthrise as "a clean, simple game with logically-constructed puzzles and a humorous touch". They rated the graphics as unspectacular and criticized the game's text parser as more trial-and-error in certain scenarios.
# As the crow flies

The expression as the crow flies is an idiom for the most direct path between two points.

## Etymology

The meaning of the expression is attested from the early 19th century, and appeared in the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist (1838):
   "We cut over the fields at the back with him between us – straight as the crow flies – through hedge and ditch."
While crows do conspicuously fly alone across open country, they do not fly in especially straight lines. While crows do not swoop in the air like swallows or starlings, they often circle above their nests.
One suggested origin of the term is that before modern navigational methods were introduced, cages of crows were kept upon ships and a bird would be released from the crow's nest when required to assist navigation, in the hope that it would fly directly towards land. However, the earliest recorded uses of the term are not nautical in nature, and the crow's nest of a ship is thought to derive from its shape and position rather than its use as a platform for releasing crows. It has also been suggested that crows would not travel well in cages, as they fight if confined.
# Rusike

Rusike is a Zimbabwean surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Evans Rusike (born 1990), Zimbabwean football forward
* Matthew Rusike (born 1990), Zimbabwean football player
* Tafadzwa Rusike (born 1989), Zimbabwean football winger
# Russ Alben

Bernard Russ Alben (December 27, 1929 – August 26, 2012) was an American advertising executive and composer. He served as the Vice President and Creative Director of Ogilvy & Mather from the early 1970s until his retirement in December 1981. Alben is credited with writing the Good & Plenty's Choo Choo Charlie jingle and creating the Timex watch advertising slogan, "It takes a licking and keeps on ticking."

## Biography
### Early life and career

Alben grew up in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York and graduated Midwood High School. He received a bachelor's degree in 1951 from Syracuse University, where he contributed to Radio Station WAER. He briefly worked as a producer for several children's television shows, such as Bozo the Clown, before beginning a forty-year career in advertising.

### Advertising

Alben began his career in the ad industry by working as a copywriter at Benton & Bowles and then Grey Advertising. Many of his accounts dealt with accounts for children's toys and other products, including manufactured by Mattel, Hasbro and the Ideal Toy Company. He often had his two sons play with new toys to come up with commercial ideas. Alben created ad campaigns for Hot Wheels and wrote the script for the first Barbie Fashion Show.
Alben also worked on campaigns for foods, candies and children's cereals. He wrote the jingle Good & Plenty's Choo Choo Charlie television commercials. Alben held an advertising account for Post Cereal during the 1960s. He wrote songs for two of Post's advertising mascots, Linus the Lionhearted and Sugar Bear.
During the Fall of 1968, Alben became the creative director of the Carson Roberts Agency, based in Los Angeles, California. Alben became the Vice President and Creative Director of Ogilvy & Mather in the early 1970s, when Ogilvy acquired the Carson Roberts Agency. He remained the creative director of Ogilvy & Mather until his retirement in December 1981.

### Composer

Alben and his wife, Ruth, wrote both of the official albums for the 1964 New York World's Fair, Jump to the Fair and Hop to New York. Musically gifted, Alben wrote lyrics for numerous radio and television commercials and amateur productions, such as the Sinai Temple Annual Dinner Dance in Los Angeles. He played the clarient, saxophone, banjo, balalaika and mandolin, often performing in concert with Ruth.
Alben also teamed with Jerry Hart to write the music for a play based on the life of Albert Einstein called "The Smartest Man in The World." The play opened in 2007 at the West Coast Jewish Theater. A Concert Adaptation of the musical's songs and lyrics were restaged by the Chapman on Broadway series at Chapman University in Orange, California in May 2014.
Russ Alben died from a short illness in Los Angeles on August 26, 2012, at the age of 82. He was survived by his wife, Alice Germanetti; two sons, Alex Alben and Ted Alben; and five grandchildren. He was buried at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California.
# Ascea

Ascea is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of southwestern Italy. In the communal territory are the Greek ruins of Velia. It is part of the Cilento traditional area; the maritime touristic part of the municipality is the Marina di Ascea. The town is located on the beach and is popular with European tourists in the summer months.
# Ascension of the Watchers

Ascension of the Watchers is an American gothic rock band from Pennsylvania. It was originally formed by Burton C. Bell (Fear Factory, G/Z/R) and John Bechdel (Ministry, Fear Factory, Killing Joke, Prong, Murder, Inc.).

## Career

In October 2005, they headlined The Surfacing Tour with Bechdel's other band, False Icons, and Still Life Decay, a New York City industrial metal band that Burton has recorded with. A full-length album and some "special shows" were in the planning stages for 2007, according to an announcement Burton made on the official Ascension of the Watchers website in October 2006. In July 2018, Burton announced Ascension of the Watchers would be recording their second studio album titled Apocrypha, originally named Stormcrow. The band also announced the addition of Welsh solo artist Jayce Lewis whom also produced and mixed the new album at his studio in Wales.

### 2005: Iconoclast

Following the departure of Burton C. Bell from metal band Fear Factory due to internal disputes, Bell announced the release of his debut EP/mini album Iconoclast in June 2005 with long time friend John Bechdel originally released as 12" vinyl, the EP was written and recorded at Bechdel's home in rural Pennsylvania.

### 2020: Apocrypha

In 2018, Burton C. Bell announced the recording of a new album with a working title Stormcrow. Following a successful Pledgemusic campaign, Bell teamed up with Solo artist Jayce Lewis to produce and mix the new album, during recording Pledgemusic announced a liquidation order leaving the band no option but to continue, later announcing the signing to Dissonance Records with an album release date of October 9, 2020.

## Line-up

* Burton C. Bell – guitars, vocals (2001--present)
* Jayce Lewis - drums, programming (2018--present)

### Live members

* Scott Irvine – bass (2005–2006)
* Fade Kainer – drums (2005–2006)
* Edu Mussi – guitars (2005–2020)
* John Bechdel – keyboards, programming (2005-2021)
* Alex Terhune – bass (2008)
* Bones Padilla – drums (2008)

## Discography

* Iconoclast (demo – 2004 – self-released)
* Numinosum (LP – 2008 – 13th Planet Records)
* Apocrypha (LP – 2020 – Dissonance Records)
* Translations (Double LP – 2021 – Dissonance Records)
# Eastburn, West Yorkshire

Eastburn is a village within the Steeton with Eastburn civil parish, in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District, West Yorkshire, England. The road through Eastburn is approximately 1/2 mile long and has a post office. The village also contains a school (Eastburn Junior & Infant School), a small chapel, a farm, a factory and a former mill building which houses many businesses.

## Governance

The village is part of the civil parish of Steeton with Eastburn. The parish is part of the Craven ward of the Metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, part of the Metropolitan county of West Yorkshire.

## Population

Population according to the 2011 census:
| Variable | Measure | Eastburn | The area | Bradford |
| All people | Count | 1,614 | 12,643 | 522,452 |
| Males | Count | 766 | 6,076 | 257,132 |
| Females | Count | 848 | 6,567 | 265,320 |
| Population density (number of people per hectare) | Rate | 11.0 | 3.4 | 14.3 |
# Rutger von Langerfeld

Rutger von Langerfeld, or Rutger van Langevelt (15 February 1635, in Nijmegen – 15 March 1695, in Berlin), was a Dutch mathematician, painter and architect. He moved to the court of Frederick William (later king of Prussia) during the summer of 1678.
# Artūras

Artūras is a Lithuanian masculine given name. It is a cognate of the English language name Arthur. Notable people with the name include:
* Artūras Barysas (1954–2005), Lithuanian "counter-culture" actor, singer, photographer, and filmmaker
* Artūras Dubonis (born 1962), Lithuanian historian
* Artūras Gudaitis (born 1993), Lithuanian basketball player
* Artūras Jomantas (born 1985), Lithuanian basketball player
* Artūras Karnišovas (born 1971), retired Lithuanian professional basketball player
* Artūras Kasputis (born 1967), retired track and road cyclist from Lithuania
* Artūras Milaknis (born 1986), Lithuanian basketball player
* Artūras Paulauskas (born 1953), Lithuanian politician
* Artūras Rimkevičius (born 1983), Lithuanian footballer
* Artūras Skučas (born 1961), writer and military man of Lithuania
* Arturas Veta, Soviet sprint canoeist
* Artūras Zuokas (born 1968), Lithuanian journalist, businessman, leader of the Liberal and Centre Union political party
# East Leroy, Michigan

East Leroy is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Michigan, United States. East Leroy is 11 miles (18 km) south-southwest of Battle Creek. East Leroy has a post office with ZIP code 49051.

## History

David C. Fish became the first resident of East Leroy in 1836, though Ira Case had bought land in the area the previous year. Fish's wife named the community Leroy after the couple's first son, Leroy Fish. A marsh in the area split the community into East and West Leroy. The post office opened on June 28, 1852, under the name Secillia; William H. Gilles was its first postmaster. The post office closed in 1871 but reopened in 1872, and it was renamed East Leroy in 1874.
# Ashern Airport

Ashern Airport (TC LID: CJE7) is a registered aerodrome located 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) south of Ashern, Manitoba, Canada.
# Asgill baronets

The Asgill Baronetcy, of London, was a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 17 April 1761 for Charles Asgill, a merchant banker and Lord Mayor of London between 1757 and 1758. The second Baronet was a general in the British Army. The title became extinct on his death in 1823.

## Asgill baronets, of London (1761)

* Sir Charles Asgill, 1st Baronet (1713–1788)
* Sir Charles Asgill, 2nd Baronet (1762–1823)