OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gustaf Hagerman

Gustaf David Hagerman (1770-1839), was a Swedish merchant and banker.

## Career

Gustaf Hagerman was born on the 22 September 1770 in Tolånga parish, and died the 23 August 1839 in Ystad, Scania. He was the son of the Vicar Christian Hagerman. Hagerman began venturing into business through a relative of his Predbjörn Blanxius, with whom he trained to become a trader of raw materials. Upon his death, Blanxius left Hagerman his business, which at the time included mostly trading of grain. In 1798 he earned trading rights through his partnership with Jöns Peter Hemberg, and in 1802 he started his own company. Thanks to the continental system, Ystad profited greatly during the early 19th century, and so did Hagerman's business, which grew in range of products traded, including: spices, tobacco, tea, wine, iron, tools, paper, and tapestries. In 1930, Hagerman, together with Jöns Peter Hemberg, and Gustav Berghman, founded Skånes Enskilda Bank, in which he was a board member 1831–1839. The bank grew to become the largest private bank in Sweden during late 1800s.

## Personal life

Gustaf Hagerman on the 7 October 1798, married Christina Maria Blanxius, Predbjörn Blanxius' daughter. In 1831 he built the Hagerman House in Ystad, and in 1836 he acquired Vittskövle Castle from his brother, Jonas Hagerman, where he spent his final years. Vittskövle Castle, was inherited by his daughter Marie, who married court marshal Rudolf Holder Stjernswärd. Descendants of Hagerman through the Stjernswärd family still own Vittskövle Castle.
# Gunnar Eide

Gunnar Eide (11 May 1920 – 2 July 2012) was a Norwegian actor, theatre director and impresario.
He was born in Stavanger. He was the theatre director of Stavanger Teater from 1945 to 1947, then an actor at Rogaland Teater from 1953 to 1955 and 1956 to 1960, only interrupted by a period at Edderkoppen Teater from 1955 to 1956. He was also a singer. He started an impresario business in 1963, attracting country musician Jim Reeves to Norway. His company Gunnar Eide Concerts, which was established in 1975, became a subsidiary of Live Nation and changed its name to Live Nation Norway. Eide was decorated with the King's Medal of Merit in gold in 2000. He died in July 2012 in Oslo.

## Extranl links

* Gunnar Eide at IMDb
# Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz is a municipality located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.

## Towns and villages

The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:
| Name | 2010 Census Population |
| Ciudad Gustavo Díaz Ordaz | 11,523 |
| Valadeces | 2,009 |
| Venecia | 477 |
| Lucio Blanco | 418 |
| Los Villarreales | 193 |
| Luis Echeverría | 164 |
| Ejido Valadeces | 107 |
| Buenavista | 105 |
| Total Municipality | 15,775 |

## Adjacent municipalities and counties

* Reynosa Municipality - east and south
* General Bravo Municipality, Nuevo León - south
* Camargo Municipality - west and northwest
* Starr County, Texas - north
* Hidalgo County, Texas - northeast
# Gustavo Díaz

Gustavo "Chavo" Díaz Domínguez (born 7 November 1974) is a Uruguayan football manager and former player who played as a defender.
# List of ambassadors of Australia to Kuwait

The ambassador of Australia to Kuwait is the Australian Government's foremost diplomatic representative in Kuwait. The ambassador is an officer of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the head of the Embassy of the Commonwealth of Australia to the State of Kuwait. The position has the rank and status of an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The current ambassador, since 21 November 2017, is Jonathan Gilbert.
While the Australian Embassy in Kuwait City has been open since 23 December 2004, Kuwait and Australia have enjoyed diplomatic relations since 1974, when the inaugural ambassador to Saudi Arabia in Jeddah received non-resident accreditation for Kuwait.

## List of ambassadors

| Ordinal | Officeholder | Residency | Term start date | Term end date | Time in office |
| 1 | Ian Haig | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | 1974 (1974) | 1976 (1976) | 1–2 years |
| 2 | Donald Kingsmill | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | 1976 (1976) | 1979 (1979) | 2–3 years |
| 3 | Douglas Sturkey | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | 1979 (1979) | 1983 (1983) | 3–4 years |
| 4 | Alan Brown | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | 1983 (1983) | 1984 (1984) | 4–5 years |
| 4 | Alan Brown | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 1984 (1984) | 1988 (1988) | 4–5 years |
| 5 | Alex McGoldrick | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 1988 (1988) | 1991 (1991) | 2–3 years |
| 6 | Malcolm Leader | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 1991 (1991) | 1993 (1993) | 1–2 years |
| 7 | Warwick Weemaes | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 1993 (1993) | 1996 (1996) | 2–3 years |
| 8 | Philip Knight | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 1996 (1996) | 1998 (1998) | 1–2 years |
| 9 | George Aitkin | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 1998 (1998) | 2000 (2000) | 1–2 years |
| 10 | Bob Tyson | Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 2000 (2000) | 23 December 2004 (2004-12-23) | 3–4 years |
| 11 | Ralph King | Kuwait City, Kuwait | 23 December 2004 (2004-12-23) | December 2007 (2007-12) | 2 years, 11 months |
| 12 | Glenn Miles | Kuwait City, Kuwait | December 2007 (2007-12) | 28 November 2011 (2011-11-28) | 3 years, 11 months |
| (10) | Bob Tyson | Kuwait City, Kuwait | 28 November 2011 (2011-11-28) | 9 February 2015 (2015-02-09) | 3 years, 73 days |
| 13 | Warren Hauck | Kuwait City, Kuwait | 9 February 2015 (2015-02-09) | 21 December 2017 (2017-12-21) | 2 years, 315 days |
| 14 | Jonathan Gilbert | Kuwait City, Kuwait | 21 December 2017 (2017-12-21) | incumbent | 6 years, 281 days |
# List of Winter Olympics venues: C–G

For the Winter Olympics, there are a total of 11 venues starting with the letter 'C,' two venues starting with the letter 'D,' three venues starting with the letter 'E,' two venues starting with the letter 'F,' and three letters starting with the letter 'F.'

## C

| Venue | Games | Sports | Capacity |
| Rogers Arena (was known as General Motors Place at the time of the games, but due to the no-commercialization policy, it was renamed Canada Hockey Place during the games) | 2010 Vancouver | Ice hockey (final) | 18,630 |
| Canada Olympic Park (includes bobsleigh/luge track) | 1988 Calgary | Bobsleigh, Freestyle skiing (demonstration), Luge, Nordic combined (ski jumping), Ski jumping | 25,000 (bobsleigh/luge) 35,000 (ski jumping) 15,000 (freestyle) |
| Canmore Nordic Centre | 1988 Calgary | Biathlon, Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing) | Not listed. |
| Capital Indoor Stadium | 2022 Beijing | Figure Skating Short Track Speed Skating | 17,345 |
| Central Stadium | 2014 Sochi | Ceremonies (opening/ closing) | 45,000 |
| Cesana Pariol | 2006 Turin | Bobsleigh, Luge, Skeleton | 4,400 |
| Cesana San Sicario | 2006 Turin | Biathlon | 4,700 |
| Chamrousse | 1968 Grenoble | Alpine skiing (men) | Not listed. |
| Cresta Run | 1928 St. Moritz | Skeleton | Not listed. |
| Cresta Run | 1948 St. Moritz | Skeleton | Not listed. |
| Cypress Mountain | 2010 Vancouver | Freestyle skiing, snowboarding | 8,000 |

## D

| Venue | Games | Sports | Capacity | Ref. |
| Dæhlenenga | 1952 Oslo | Bandy (demonstration), Ice hockey | Not listed | |
| Deer Valley | 2002 Salt Lake City | Alpine skiing (slalom), Freestyle skiing | 13,400 | |

## E

| Venue | Games | Sports | Capacity |
| E Center | 2002 Salt Lake City | Ice hockey (final) | 10,500 |
| Eisschnellaufbahn | 1964 Innsbruck | Speed skating | Not listed. |
| Eisschnellaufbahn | 1976 Innsbruck | Speed skating | 7,000 |

## F

| Venue | Games | Sports | Capacity | Ref. |
| Father David Bauer Olympic Arena | 1988 Calgary | Ice hockey | 2,000 | |
| Freestyle Skiing Center and Snowboard Park | 2014 Sochi | Freestyle skiing, Snowboarding | 8,000 (freestyle skiing) 8,000 (snowboarding) | |

## G

| Venue | Games | Sports | Capacity |
| Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall | 1994 Lillehammer | Ice hockey | 5,300 |
| Große Olympiaschanze | 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, Ski jumping | 40,000 |
| Gudiberg | 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alpine skiing (combined - slalom) | 24,000 |
# List of Winter Olympics venues: M

For the Winter Olympics, there are 27 venues starting with the letter 'M'. This is the most among all Winter Olympic venues listed alphabetically.
| Venue | Games | Sports | Capacity |
| M-Wave | 1998 Nagano | Speed skating | 10,000 |
| Makomanai Biathlon site | 1972 Sapporo | Biathlon | Not listed. |
| Makomanai Cross-country site | 1972 Sapporo | Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing) | Not listed. |
| Makomanai Ice Arena | 1972 Sapporo | Figure skating (final), Ice hockey (final), Closing ceremonies | 2,700 |
| Makomanai Speed Skating Rink | 1972 Sapporo | Opening ceremonies, Speed skating | 50,000 |
| Maly Ice Palace | 2014 Sochi | Ice hockey | 7,000 |
| Marienlyst stadion | 1952 Oslo | Ice hockey | Not listed |
| Max Bell Arena | 1988 Calgary | Curling (demonstration), Short track speed skating (demonstration) | 3,200 |
| McKinney Creek Stadium | 1960 Squaw Valley | Biathlon, Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing) | 1,000 |
| McMahon Stadium | 1988 Calgary | Ceremonies (opening/closing) | 38,205 |
| Méribel | 1992 Albertville | Alpine skiing (women) | 3,000 |
| Méribel Ice Palace | 1992 Albertville | Ice hockey | 6,420 |
| Messehalle | 1964 Innsbruck | Ice hockey | 5,544 |
| Messehalle | 1976 Innsbruck | Ice hockey | Not listed. |
| Mikaho Indoor Skating Rink | 1972 Sapporo | Figure skating | 12,000 |
| Minami Nagano Sports Park | 1998 Nagano | Ceremonies (opening/ closing) | 50,000 |
| Miyanomori Jumping Hill | 1972 Sapporo | Nordic combined (ski jumping), Ski jumping (normal hill) | Not listed. |
| Mount Eniwa Downhill Course | 1972 Sapporo | Alpine skiing (downhill) | Not listed. |
| Mount Faloria | 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo | Alpine skiing (giant slalom) | 7,920 (men) |
| Mount Higashidate | 1998 Nagano | Alpine skiing (giant slalom) | 20,000 |
| Mt. Teine Alpine Skiing courses | 1972 Sapporo | Alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom) | Not listed. |
| Mt. Teine Bobsleigh Course | 1972 Sapporo | Bobsleigh | Not listed. |
| Mt. Teine Luge Course | 1972 Sapporo | Luge | Not listed. |
| Mount Tofana | 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo | Alpine skiing (downhill, slalom) | 12,080 (men's slalom) |
| Mt. Van Hoevenberg Bob-Run | 1932 Lake Placid | Bobsleigh | 12500 |
| Mt. Van Hoevenberg Bob and Luge Run | 1980 Lake Placid | Bobsleigh, Luge (Separate tracks) | 11,000 (bobsleigh) |
| Mount Yakebitai | 1998 Nagano | Alpine skiing (slalom), Snowboarding (giant slalom) | 20,000 |
# Gwangsan Tak clan

Gwangsan Tak clan (Korean: 광산 탁씨; Hanja: 光山 卓氏) is a Korean clan. Their Bon-gwan was in Gwangju. According to the research in 2015, the number of Gwangsan Tak clan was 19551. Their founder was Tak Ji yeop [ja]. He had an ancestor who was appointed as Podeokhu (Hanja: 布德侯) in Han dynasty. He served as Hanlin Academy in Goryeo during Seonjong of Goryeo’s reign. He began Gwangsan Tak clan because he was appointed as Prince of Gwangsan (Hanja: 光山君).
# Gwangsan No clan

Gwangsan Noh clan (Korean: 광산 노씨; Hanja: 光山 盧氏) was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Gwangju. According to the research in 2015, the number of Gwangsan Noh clan was 102329. Their founder was Noh Hae. His father, Noh Su, fled from China with his children to avoid An Lushan Rebellion happened in 755. Noh Hae (Hanja: 盧穂), eldest son of Noh Su, was appointed as Prince of Gwangsan (Hanja: 光山伯) and began Gwangsan Noh clan.
# Gwendoline Etonde Burnley

Gwendoline Etonde Burnley, born Martin (1932-2020) was a Cameroonian politician and development consultant. She was the first woman Cameroonian from West of the Mungo to become a Member of Parliament in the Cameroon National Assembly, and was MP from 1969 to 1988.

## Life

Gwendoline Burnley was born in Buea on February 29, 1932, the daughter of Ernest Kofele Martin and Hannah Nene Enanga Martin, née Steane. She attended primary school at the Basel Mission School in Buea, before going to the CMS Girls' School, Lagos. After university she completed a postgraduate diploma in Social Welfare at The Hague. In 1960 she married R. E. G. Burnley.
Burnley was nominated as the women's representative in the West Cameroon House of Assembly:
   I was teaching, then, in Kumba, I think. And I was not even among the women in the party who were helping to see that people were fed and all the things which had to be done were done. I just heard my name that I had been selected to represent the women. I think that, after they had gone through the elections process and found out that there were no women among themselves, they decided to put in a woman. And that’s how I entered politics.
After one term in the West Cameroon House, that assembly was dissolved. Burnley returned to the Ministry where she was working until the new National Assembly was formed. Drafted to the new assembly as the only woman in 1969, she spent four terms there and left in 1988, by which time the number of women parliamentarians had risen to 17. In 2012 she criticized the lack of continued progress in increasing female representation in Cameroon's National Assembly.
She died on March 7, 2020.
# Gwendoline Lycett

Frances Gwendoline Lycett (19 September 1880 – 6 May 1954) was a British figure skater. She competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics, the first Olympics where figure skating was contested, and finished fifth out of five skaters. She also participated at the World Figure Skating Championships twice, finishing fourth in 1912.

## Competitive highlights

| Event/Year | 1907 | 1908 | 1912 |
| Summer Olympic Games | | 5th | |
| World Championships | 5th | | 4th |
# Gymnodoris arnoldi

Gymnodoris arnoldi is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae. It was first described in 1957.

## Distribution

This species is known from southeastern Australia.

## Description

Gymnodoris arnoldi has an orange-red body with translucent white rhinophores.

## Ecology

This species eats colonial ascidians.
# Gyldenkrantz

The Gyldenkrantz family was a Danish and Norwegian noble family of Dutch origin. The family became patrilineally extinct after some generations.

## History
### Before the ennoblement

Joachim Christian Gertsen Geelmuyden (1730-1795) was born in Nordhordaland and grew up in Bergen, Norway. He belonged to a family of officials; his father was a parish priest and an official and his grandfather was a merchant. The Geelmuyden family was originally from the Netherlands. Joachim Geelmuyden attended Bergen Cathedral School in 1746 and continued in 1749 with theology studies. By 1752 he had also completed law studies, but without graduating.
In 1754 he became Vice-City Manager of Bergen. He continued in 1755 as notarius publicus. In 1758 he was General Manager of Customs in Bergen and Stavanger. In 1760 he was awarded cand.jur. by the University of Copenhagen. In 1765 he became General Commissary of War and in 1766 he became City Manager of Bergen. Joachim Geelmuyden was a wealthy man, owning properties in Bergen as well as Damsgård Manor (Damsgård hovedgård). He married in 1753 Elisabeth Both (22 June 1731 – 6 May 1800), together with whom he had the son Hans Both Joachimsen Geelmuyden (10 July 1759- 8 May 1813).

### After the ennoblement

On 29 January 1783 Joachim Geelmuyden and his family were ennobled under the name Gyldenkrantz ' meaning "Golden Wreath". Their son Hans Gyldenkrantz (1759- 1813) entered into marriage with Frederikke Louise von Linstow (27 June 1759 – 20 August 1788), who was the daughter of Hartvig Christoph von Linstow and Cathrine Eleonore Fredrichsdatter Lohmann in Bergen. The couple had a son Joachim Christian Gyldenkrantz the younger (1786–1845).

## Coat of arms

Description: In the first of four fields, on a red shield a golden laurel wreath. In the second field, on a blue shield three (one over two) six-pointed golden stars. In the third field, on a green shield a brown hart rampant. In the fourth field, on a golden shield seven (four over three) silver balls. On the helm a noble coronet, and up from the coronet a brown hart rampant. Supporters: a bear to the dexter and a wolf to the sinister.
Before the ennoblement, Joachim Gyldenkrantz used the Geelmuyden arms, which display on a green shield a brown hart rampant three (one over two) six-pointed golden stars.
# List of ambassadors of Norway to the United Kingdom

The Ambassador of Norway to the United Kingdom is Norway's foremost diplomatic representative in the United Kingdom, and in charge of the Norwegian diplomatic mission in the UK. Norway and the United Kingdom have exchanged diplomats since Norway became independent in 1905, when the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen was appointed Minister. The Norwegian legation was upgraded to a full embassy during the Second World War when the Norwegian government sat in exile in London. The current Embassy is located in Belgravia in London.

## List of heads of mission
### Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom

* 1906–1908: Fridtjof Nansen
* 1908–1910: Johannes Irgens
* 1910–1934: Benjamin Vogt
* 1934–1942: Erik Colban

### Ambassadors to the United Kingdom

* 1942–1946: Erik Colban
* 1946–1959: Per Preben Prebensen
* 1959–1961: Erik Braadland
* 1962–1968: Arne Skaug
* 1968–1975: Paul Koht
* 1975–1982: Frithjof Jacobsen
* 1982–1989: Rolf Trygve Busch
* 1989–1994: Kjell Eliassen
* 1994–1996: Tom Vraalsen
* 1996–2000: Kjell Colding
* 2000–2005: Tarald Brautaset
* 2005–2010: Bjarne Lindstrøm
* 2010–2014: Kim Traavik
* 2014–2019: Mona Juul
* 2019–present: Wegger Christian Strømmen
# Gymnothorax equatorialis

Gymnothorax equatorialis is a moray eel found in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California to Peru. It was first named by Hildebrand in 1946, and is commonly known as the spotted-tail moray or the spottail moray.
# Gympie Airport

Gympie Airport (IATA: GYP, ICAO: YGYM) is located approximately 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the Gympie town centre in Kybong, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. The airport serves as a small regional airport serving the local area.
# Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's floor

These are the results of the men's floor competition, one of eight events for male competitors in artistic gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. The qualification and final rounds took place on July 20, 22 and 28th at the Georgia Dome.

## Results
### Qualification

Ninety-three gymnasts competed in the floor event during the compulsory and optional rounds on July 20 and 22. The eight highest scoring gymnasts advanced to the final on July 28. Each country was limited to two competitors in the final.
| Rank | Gymnast | Score |
| 1 | Yevgeni Podgorny (RUS) | 19.549 |
| 2 | Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) | 19.462 |
| 3 | Alexei Nemov (RUS) | 19.450 |
| 4 | Ioannis Melissanidis (GRE) | 19.375 |
| 5 | Grigory Misutin (UKR) | 19.362 |
| 6 | Li Xiaoshuang (CHN) | 19.350 |
| 8 | Ivan Ivanov (BUL) | 19.324 |
| 8 | Thierry Aymes (FRA) | 19.324 |

### Final

| Rank | Gymnast | Score |
| | Ioannis Melissanidis (GRE) | 9.850 |
| | Li Xiaoshuang (CHN) | 9.837 |
| | Alexei Nemov (RUS) | 9.800 |
| 4 | Ivan Ivanov (BUL) | 9.750 |
| 4 | Thierry Aymes (FRA) | 9.750 |
| 6 | Yevgeni Podgorny (RUS) | 9.550 |
| 7 | Vitaly Scherbo (BLR) | 9.275 |
| 8 | Grigory Misutin (UKR) | 9.100 |
# Galdeberget

Galdeberget is a mountain in Vang Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 2,075-metre (6,808 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen mountains on the north shore of the lake Bygdin, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of the village of Vang i Valdres. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Oksedalshøi to the southwest, Snøholstinden and Høgbrothøgdi to the northwest, Slettmarkkampen and Slettmarkpiggen to the north, Langedalstinden to the northeast, and Torfinnstindene and Nørdre Kalvehølotinden to the east.
# Hip Hop (Royce da 5′9″ song)

"Hip Hop" is a song by American rapper Royce da 5'9", released as the first single from his second studio album, Death Is Certain, which was released in 2004 through E1 Music (formerly "Koch Records"). The song is produced by DJ Premier. The single was released on November 22, 2003 in both physical and digital format. "Hip Hop" charted at #98 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart in late 2003. "Hip Hop" samples "Overture" by Jerry Goldsmith. The b-side for this single is "Death Is Certain Pt. 2 (It Hurts)".

## Music video

The music video to "Hip Hop" starts off in an old abandoned warehouse that Royce has refurbished into a livable place. Royce is sitting at a desk and writing a song that he raps throughout the whole video. The rest of the video shows Royce da 5'9" rapping from his sheet of paper and also different clips of him chucking different bits of songwriting paper away with lyrics that he's not completely satisfied with.

## Chart positions

"Hip Hop" peaked at No. 98 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart in late 2003.
| Chart (2003) | Peak position |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard) | 98 |
# Souňov

Souňov is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
# Cyperus pohlii

Cyperus pohlii is a species of sedge that is native to southern parts of tropical South America.
# 5-HT1D receptor agonist

5-HT$_{1D}$ receptor agonists are pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of migraine. They include:
* Triptans (which additionally act as 5-HT$_{1B}$ receptor agonists)
* Ergotamine (which also has other mechanisms of action)
* Dihydroergotamine, a derivative of the former
* Alniditan
# N4 (nuclear reactor)

The N4 reactor type is a generation II pressurized water reactor designed and built by Framatome.

## Design specifications

The reactor houses 205 fuel assemblies each made out of 264 fuel rods. The rods are filled with low enriched uranium oxide (UO$_2$) pellets for a total mass of 110 tonnes. The reactor core has a diameter of 3.48 meters and a height of 4.27 meters. The pressure vessel has a height of 13.65 meters, a diameter of 4.65 meters and a thickness of 230 millimeters. The primary circuit has four loops and is pressurized at 155 bar. For safety reasons, the four steam generators are placed inside the containment building. The produced steam is directed towards a 1500 MW Alstom Arabelle turbine at a pressure of 71 bar and a temperature of 268.8 °C.
The name "N4" stands for "Nouveau 4 boucles primaires", French for "New 4 primary loops". At 1500 MW$_e$, it is still the most powerful tier of operational reactors in France, but the new generation III EPR design of the Flamanville 3 reactor should surpass it once commercial operation begins.

## List of operational N4 reactors

Only four reactors of this type are currently operating in the world : two at the Civaux Nuclear Power Plant and two at the Chooz Nuclear Power Plant. Both plants are operated by French electric utility company EDF.
| Reactor name | Net electric power (MW$_e$) | Thermal capacity (MW$_t$) | Construction began | First Criticality Date | Commercial operation |
| Chooz-B1 | 1500 | 4270 | 01 Jan, 1984 | 25 Jul, 1996 | 15 May, 2000 |
| Chooz-B2 | 1500 | 4270 | 31 Dec, 1985 | 10 Mar, 1997 | 29 Sep, 2000 |
| Civaux-1 | 1495 | 4270 | 15 Oct, 1988 | 29 Nov, 1997 | 29 Jan, 2002 |
| Civaux-2 | 1495 | 4270 | 01 Apr, 1991 | 27 Nov, 1999 | 23 Apr, 2002 |
# Gallic Alps

The Gallic Alps (Latin: Alpibus Gallicanis) were an ancient cultural region located in the Alps and populated mainly by Gauls. The term Celtic Alps is also found in ancient Greek texts.
The Romans distinguished the following chains in the Alps: Alpes Maritimae (Maritime Alps), Alpes Cottiae (Cottian Alps), Alpes Graiae (Graian Alps), Alpes Poeninae (Pennine Alps), Alpes Raeticae (Rhaetian Alps), Alpes Noricae (Noric Alps), Alpes Carnicae (Carnic Alps), and Alpes Venetae (Venetian Prealps). They also gave the name of Alpes to the Austrian (Austrian Central Alps) and Dalmatian mountains (Dinaric Alps).

## History

After the Roman conquest of the Western Alps (16–15 BC), three provinces were created in the mountain range between Italy and Gallia Narbonensis: Alpes Cottiae, Alpes Maritimae, and Alpes Graiae et Poeninae.