OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jet quenching

In high-energy physics, jet quenching is a phenomenon that can occur in the collision of ultra-high-energy particles. In general, the collision of high-energy particles can produce jets of elementary particles that emerge from these collisions. Collisions of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion particle beams create a hot and dense medium comparable to the conditions in the early universe, and then these jets interact strongly with the medium, leading to a marked reduction of their energy. This energy reduction is called "jet quenching".

## Physics background

In the context of high-energy hadron collisions, quarks and gluons are collectively called partons. The jets emerging from the collisions originally consist of partons, which quickly combine to form hadrons, a process called hadronization. Only the resulting hadrons can be directly observed. The hot, dense medium produced in the collisions is also composed of partons; it is known as a quark–gluon plasma (QGP). In this realm, the laws of physics that apply are those of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
High-energy nucleus–nucleus collisions make it possible to study the properties of the QGP medium through the observed changes in the jet fragmentation functions as compared to the unquenched case. According to QCD, high-momentum partons produced in the initial stage of a nucleus–nucleus collision will undergo multiple interactions inside the collision region prior to hadronization. In these interactions, the energy of the partons is reduced through collisional energy loss and medium-induced gluon radiation, the latter being the dominant mechanism in a QGP. The effect of jet quenching in QGP is the main motivation for studying jets as well as high-momentum particle spectra and particle correlations in heavy-ion collisions. Accurate jet reconstruction will allow measurements of the jet fragmentation functions and consequently the degree of quenching and therefore provide insight on the properties of the hot dense QGP medium created in the collisions.

## Experimental evidence of jet quenching

First evidence of parton energy loss has been observed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) from the suppression of high-pt particles studying the nuclear modification factor and the suppression of back-to-back correlations.
In ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at center-of-momentum energy of 2.76 and 5.02 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), interactions between the high-momentum parton and the hot, dense medium produced in the collisions, are expected to lead to jet quenching. Indeed, in November 2010 CERN announced the first direct observation of jet quenching, based on experiments with heavy-ion collisions, which involved ATLAS, CMS and ALICE.
# Jeffrey Daniels

Jeffrey Daniels may refer to:
* Jeffrey Daniels (architect) (born 1953), American architect
* Jeffrey Daniels (author), author and professor
* Jeff Daniels (born 1955), American actor
* Jeff Daniels (director) (born 1978), American/Australian documentary film-maker
* Jeff Daniels (ice hockey) (born 1968), retired professional ice hockey player
* Jeff Daniels, pseudonym used by country singer Luke McDaniel (1927–1992)
# Eureka Quartzite

The Eureka Quartzite is an extensive Paleozoic marine sandstone deposit in western North America that is notable for its great extent, extreme purity, consistently fine grain size of Quartzite, and its tendency to form conspicuous white cliffs visible from afar.
The Eureka is commonly underlain and overlain by contrasting slope-forming limestone and dolomite strata, all of Ordovician age. It was named in 1883 for the Eureka mineral district in Nevada, and that name is used almost exclusively in Nevada, but, in ensuing years, as extensions of the deposit were discovered in other areas, the same formation was given many other local names.

## Description
### Extent

By whatever name, the Eureka can be traced, with gaps, from Nevada northward through Idaho into western Canada along the British Columbia-Alberta boundary, and southward to southeastern California, a north-south extent of about 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi). An isolated exposure was identified in Sonora, Mexico 950 kilometres (590 mi) south of its most southerly exposure in California, but that occurrence probably was tectonically displaced there from California. The Eureka and its correlatives are lenticular in cross-section: in Nevada and Utah the formation extends more than 300 kilometres (190 mi) east-west, thinning out in both directions from maxima along its axis of more than 150 metres (490 ft). In Canada the east-west extent is much less but there also, it thins out to both east and west.

### Composition

Cliff-forming quartzite, the principle part of the Eureka, is composed of more than 99 percent quartz, which includes both the sand grains and the cement that binds them. The quartz cement accounts for its outstanding hardness and resistance to erosion. Minor constituents are grains of zircon and tourmaline and a trace of feldspar. All of the constituents in Nevada and Utah are less than 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter; those in Canada are slightly larger. Bioturbation is believed to account for the scarcity of internal bedding.

### Origin

Almost all of the constituent grains of the formation were deposited in a near-shore environment, mainly in shallow water, and to a much lesser extent on the beach as determined by the nature of bedding from place to place. The surfaces of the quartz grains are almost universally "frosted" or abraded, indicating that they, at one time or another, occupied a subaerial environment. Almost all of the constituent grains were determined to have originated in Canada, and were carried southward by currents along the eastern shore of the Paleozoic sea. This concept is supported by several lines of evidence: (1) the only plausible source of such a large volume of sand is in Canada at about 56° north latitude where Cambrian sandstone was exposed extensively in Ordovician time; (2) the base of the formation decreases in age from north to south as determined by marine fossils in subjacent beds; (3) the formation becomes finer grained from north to south apparently due to progressive abrasion of the grains along the way; and (4) the radiometric age of constituent zircon grains points to a northern source.
# La Forie

La Forie (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
# Athrips kostjuki

Athrips kostjuki is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Russia (Tuva). The habitat consists of semi-deserts.
The wingspan is 15–16 mm.
# Attic (disambiguation)

An attic is an area under the roof of a house.
Attic may also refer to:

## Attica-related

* The adjectival form of the word Attica, a historical region that encompasses the city of Athens
* Attic Greek, a dialect of the Greek language spoken in ancient Athens
* Attic orators, ten ancient Athenian speechwriters
* Attic peninsula, another name for Attica
* Attic (architecture), a story or low wall above the cornice of a façade in classical architecture

## Other uses

* Attic (backup software)
* Apache Attic, a repository for Apache Software Foundation software projects that have been retired
* Attic Entertainment Software, a defunct German computer game developer and publisher
* Attic Records, a Canadian record label
* Attic (or atticus), is the epitympanic recess of the middle ear
# Atigre

Atigre is a village in Kolhapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra, in western India. It is situated on Kolhapur-Sangli Highway about 410 kilometres (250 mi) from Mumbai, 17 km from Kolhapur, 8 km from Hatkanangle, 35 km from Sangli, and 12 km from Ichalkaranji.
Near Atigre is a small lake, "Shahu Talav", which has provided drinking and irrigation water for the village for many years.
In 1997, the population of Atigre was about 3000. Many of the people living in Atigre are employed as teachers.

## Education

There are many schools in this village: the "Anganvadi" for the kindergarten, the "Vidya Mandir Atigre" for primary school for Marathi medium education and high school for Marathi medium people learning up to 10th std. Students can obtain an international-level education at Sanjay Ghodavat Technical Institute.

## Festivals

Tourism is an industry in the village. There is a statue of Bahubali and a well-known temple, the "Maruti" temple. During Sri Ram Navami, which generally occurs in the months of March and April, a large number of devotees celebrate the three-day "Yatra" Festival in memory of Rama. It occurs on the ninth day, or navami, beginning on the "no moon day" or Amavasya, and continuing during the time of the waxing moon, "Shukla Paksha". Celebrations and festivities begin with prayer to the Surya Deva early in the morning. At midday a devotional service to him is performed with Bhakti and piety. As part of their belief in Maruti, the people in the village eat only vegetarian food, and in particular the Marathi food "Puran Poli" is served at this festival.Atigre village has a dargah of Hazrat Gabi Pir Baba near Shahu Lake since ancient times. His Urs takes place in Bahubij
# Atigun Gorge

Atigun Gorge is a valley located along the Atigun River, 2 miles east of Galbraith Lake in northern Alaska. It was first named in 1971.
It is an important travel corridor for wildlife within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and is specifically valuable to Dall sheep. It is also a popular hiking destination.
# Atlantic Corridor (disambiguation)

Atlantic Corridor may refer to:
* Atlantic Axis high-speed rail line, Spanish high-speed railway line
* Atlantic Core Network Corridor, Trans-European network of infrastructures connecting Portugal, Spain, France and Germany
* Atlantic Corridor, Irish road project
# Attorney General Boulton

Attorney General Boulton may refer to:
* G. D'Arcy Boulton (1759–1834), Attorney-General for Upper Canada
* Henry John Boulton (1790–1870), Attorney-General for Upper Canada
# Attorney General Bryant

Attorney General Bryant may refer to:
* Michael Bryant (politician) (born 1966), Attorney General of Ontario
* Winston Bryant (born 1938), Attorney General of Arkansas
# Attorney General Bowen

Attorney General Bowen may refer to:
* Edward Bowen (politician) (1780–1866), Attorney-General for Lower Canada
* Lionel Bowen (1922–2012), Attorney General of Australia
# Atlas Tower

Atlas Tower (formerly Millennium Plaza and Reform Plaza) is a skyscraper in Warsaw located at Artur Zawisza Square on the western part of Aleje Jerozolimskie. The building was designed and built by the controversial Turkish architect and businessman Vahap Toy.
The building was completed in 1999, after the expulsion of Vahap Toy from Poland and the termination of his business interests in the country. First called Reform Plaza after the Turkish firm, Reform Company Ltd., that financed the US$45 million project, the building changed owners and was renamed.
The facility is 116 meters high, has 31 floors, of which three are below ground. The two lowest levels house a car park for 436 vehicles and utility facilities, the next four floors are retail, while the fifth is occupied by restaurants. The sixth floor contains conference facilities and can be combined into one large conference room. Language exams organized by the British Council are held in this area. The remainder of the floors are Class A offices which also include the Embassy of Mexico to Poland. Two panoramic elevators serve the commercial area, and six serve the office tower.
Until March 2008, the Millennium Plaza served as the headquarters of Bank Millennium, from which it derived its previous name. Other well-known tenants included the Publishing and Advertising Agency On (publisher of the weekly Wprost), Dell, and ABG S.A., a publicly listed IT company, and Salesforce Consulting Firm VRP Consulting Sp. z o.o.
Residents of Warsaw sometimes nickname the building "Toi-Toi", after a brand of portable toilets. Most likely, this term is a combination of the names of the first owner, the peculiar design of the skyscraper, and its similar coloration.
# Atlantic Line

The following railroad lines have been called the Atlantic Line or a similar name:
* The Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road in New York City
* The Atlantic Avenue Elevated line of the Boston Elevated Railway
* The Atlantic City Line of New Jersey Transit
* The southern pair of tracks of the South London Line
* The Atlantic Coast Line, Cornwall
# Atmospheric lake

An atmospheric lake is a long-lived moisture-rich pool of slow moving water vapor. Currently, such pools are only known to exist over the western equatorial Indian Ocean (WEIO). Atmospheric lakes are formed when streams of water vapor separate from the South Asian monsoons to become isolated objects. These objects last for days at a time, slowly meandering to the coasts. They move slowly as they exist in regions that lack strong winds. Atmospheric lakes can occur several times during the year.
Atmospheric lakes move water from one area and to other areas that are dry and semi-arid. Atmospheric lakes that occur away from the equator sometimes become tropical cyclones.
# Atsushi Taira

Atsushi Taira (大蘿淳司, born April 26, 1963) is a Japanese entrepreneur and investor. He co-founded The Edgeof, an ecosystem builder and venture capital entity, with Taizo Son, the youngest brother of SoftBank magnate Masayoshi Son. He is also the managing director of Mistletoe Singapore, a global startup ecosystem builder focused on the Asia–Pacific region that is also active in supporting entrepreneurs and innovators that aim to solve current social problems.

## Biography

Atsushi Taira is from present-day Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture. He started a research-oriented software development company while he was still a student at Waseda University, and he himself also participated as a programmer. After graduation, he joined Arthur Andersen (present-day Accenture) where he engaged in consulting work. He was also a brand manager for Coca-Cola Japan, and the brand CEO of Richemont Japan Limited. In 2000, he joined DealTime.com (acquired by EBay) as co-chairman during the launch of its Japanese subsidiary.
In 2003, he became the first general manager for marketing at Yahoo! Japan. In this capacity, he appeared on variety programs for Fuji Television, wherein he gave commentary on Yahoo! search rankings and keywords. In 2008, he became the chairman of Myspace Japan. As social networking services experienced a boom in Japan with the arrival of Facebook and the rapid growth of the Japanese social networking service Mixi, Myspace Japan was supportive in expanding the Japanese music market globally.
In 2010 he became involved in the development of SoftBank's social network and music streaming service. In 2011 he became a director of Bharti SoftBank Holdings, a joint venture between SoftBank and Bharti Enterprises, whose flagship company Bharti Airtel is one of the largest mobile network operators globally. This joint venture invested in the instant messaging application Hike Messenger, which became the youngest startup in India to reach unicorn status with a value of $1.4 billion. In 2012 he became the Managing Executive Director and Head of the Global Business Strategy Department of SoftBank Mobile, where he was involved in the expansion of its mobile business in the United States and Southeast Asia.
In 2016 he became involved with Mistletoe, a Japanese entrepreneurial ecosystem builder led by Taizo Son, and in 2017 he became the managing director of Mistletoe Singapore. In 2023, he and Son co-founded The Edgeof, an ecosystem builder and venture capital entity with the aim of creating a support environment for startups that envision solving current social problems. In April 2023 The Edgeof and SoftBank announced that an agreement was reached wherein The Edgeof would acquire SoftBank Ventures Asia, a wholly-owned SoftBank subsidiary, to establish a pan-Asian ecosystem for pioneering startups.
# Atsushi Suzumi

Atsushi Suzumi (鈴見 敦, Suzumi Atsushi, born in Ehime Prefecture) is a Japanese manga artist. She has been drawing manga since kindergarten and cites Akira Toriyama and Mutsumi Inomata as influences. In 2005, she released Haridama Magical Cram School, and in 2007, she released Amefurashi: The Rain Goddess. Her manga Venus Versus Virus was adapted into an anime television series in 2007.

## Works

| Name | Year | Notes |
| Haridama Magic Cram School | 2005 | Published by Sirius KC for 1 volume |
| Amefurashi | 2007 | Published under Sirius KC for 2 volumes |
| Venus Versus Virus | 2005–08 | Serialized in Dengeki Comic Gao! and Dengeki Daioh Published by Dengeki Comics for 8 volumes. |
| Nightmare Go Round | 2009 | Published by Young Gangan comics for 2 volumes |
| Uruwashi Kaito Arisu (うるわし怪盗アリス, Beautiful Phantom Thief Alice) | 2010 | Published by Dengeki Comics for 2 volumes |
| Tokyo Ravens | 2010–17 | Manga adaptation of light novel Serialized in Shōnen Ace Published by Kadodawa Comics Ace for 15 volumes. |
| Record of Lodoss War: The Crown of the Covenant | 2019–2021 | Manga adaptation of light novel Serialized in Monthly Shōnen Ace. Published by Kadodawa Shoten for 3 volumes. |
# Atsushi Takenouchi

Atsushi Takenouchi (竹之内 淳志) (born 1962) is a Japanese Butoh dancer who performs various solo works as well as collaborations; such as "Enclosure" performed in conjunction with Brighton based arts company, Red Earth, on Hambledon Hill, Dorset.

## Career

Atsushi Takenouchi joined the butoh dance company Hoppo-Butoh-ha in Hokkaido in 1980. His last performance with the company Takazashiki (1984) was developed by butoh-founder Tatsumi Hijikata. Atsushi started Jinen Butoh in 1986 and created his solo works Itteki and Ginkan. He made a three-year "JINEN" tour throughout Japan for 600 sites (1996-1999).
Since 2002, he has been mainly based in Europe, working on collaborations with dancers and actors in France, Poland, the US and other countries. Joining in festivals such as Avignon festival, Paris Butoh festival, NY Butoh festival, he presents his solo piece. He also collaborates with film productions. His recent work in Alaska and Hawaii, Ridden by nature, an environmental art film was expected to be completed in late 2015/early 2016.

## Publications

* 1994 - Dance with Nature in the Rice Festival picture book. Poems, calligraphy and illustrations by Takenouchi (published by Nobunkyo- Rural Culture Association-)
* 2005 - Dancing Identity: Metaphysics in Motion - Sandra Fraleigh
* 2006 - Hijikata Tatsumi and Ohno Kazuo Sandra Fraleigh & Tamah Nakamura
* 2011 - "On the silk route of gesture - Wiesna Mond-KozŁowska
* 2012 - Healing the fabric of the universe - De Carolina Diaz

## Videos and DVDs

* 1996 - The　2nd Osaka Dance Experience1996 RE-VIEW（TORII HALL/Japan）
* 1998 - JINEN in Iwaya 1997（BE-BOX）
* 1999 - 1996～1998 Ginyu-Butoh JINEN digest & Tanagokoro・Itteki・Ginkan digest (Denyu-Kohboh /Japan)
* 2005 - KI ZA MU 2005 (Teatr KANA/Poland)
* 2008 - Film Silken (11 minutes) Directed by Damien Serban and Yann Bertrand (Autour de Minuit Présente/France) SOGO ISHII punk years 1976- 1983 DVD box I.
* 2008 - Film Asia Strikes Back ( Japan / 1983) Directed by Sogo Ishii (Transformer/ Japan)
* 2010 - JINEN Butoh performance STONE (70minutes) at the Sunflower theater in Beirut 2008 (Artrace/ France)
* 2012 - Film "Ridden by Nature" directed by Kathi von Koerber filming in Alaska, Hawaii and Arizona (Kkiahkeya/ USA)
# Auger Ferrier

Auger Ferrier (1513–1588) was a French physician, known also as an astrologer, poet, and interpreter of dreams.

## Life

He was born near Toulouse, and educated by his father, a surgeon. He studied medicine with the law and mathematics. He took a medical degree at the University of Montpellier in 1540, under Jean Schyron. He was particularly interested in judicial astrology.
He went to Paris, where he made his way rapidly. Cardinal Bertrand presented him to Catherine de Medici, who made him physician in ordinary. He was a success in Rome, also, and befriended Julius Caesar Scaliger.
Settling finally in Toulouse, Ferrier fell into a sharp controversy with Jean Bodin, over his Six Livres de la République, when Ferrier answered a slight in Avertissement à Jean Bodin sur le quatrième livre de sa République. Aged 75, he died of an intestinal complaint.

## Works

* De diebus decretoriis secundum Pythagoricam doctrinam et astronomicam observationem, Leyden, 1541, 1549, in-16; reproduced on microfilm in the 1549 edition, Cambridge (Mass.), Omnisys, 1990, 153 p.
* Remèdes préservatifs et curatifs de la peste, Lyon, 1548, 93 p.
* Liber de Somniis, Leyden, 1549, in-16, with treatises of Hippocrates, Galen and Synesius on insomnia; republished in Toulouse, no date, 95 p. This was the longest treatment of dreams, in the Western European tradition, since Albertus Magnus.
* Jugements astronomiques sur les nativités, Lyon, 1550, 220 p.; Rouen, 1583, 248 p.
* De Pudendagra, lue Hispanica, libri duo, Toulouse, 1553, in-12, often reprinted; De Lue hispanica sive morbo gallico, Paris, 1564, 122 p. On syphilis;
* De radice chinœ liber, quo probatur diversam esse ab apio, Toulouse, 1554, in-8°;
* Vera medendi methodus, duobus libris comprehensa. Castigationes medicinæ, Toulouse, 1557, in-8°; Leyde; 1574, 1602, in-8°;
* Advertissemens à M. Jean Bodin sur le quatriesme livre de sa République, Paris, 1580, in-8°, 71 p.
# Aubria masako

Aubria masako is a species of frog in the family Pyxicephalidae. It is found in southeastern Cameroon, eastern Gabon, southwestern Central African Republic, northern Republic of the Congo, and eastward to the central Democratic Republic of the Congo, with one (doubtful) record from Angola; it might occur in Equatorial Guinea. Common names Masako ball frog and Masako fishing frog have been coined for this species. Whether it is distinct from Aubria subsigillata has been debated, but at present it is treated as a valid species.

## Description

Adult males typically measure 63–79 mm (2.5–3.1 in) in snout–vent length; females are larger. Their maximum length is about 100 mm (3.9 in). The tympanum is large and distinct, and the supratympanic fold is present. The finger and toe tips are rounded, but not enlarged. The fingers have only some dermal fringes, whereas the toes are moderately webbed. The dorsum is brown and has dark speckles. A white or off-white vertebral line may be present. The underside is speckled white over a brown background, turning almost entirely white in older individuals (the exception being from the throat). Both sexes have conspicuous yellow-brown femoral glands close to the knee.

## Habitat and ecology

A. masako occurs in swamps or along small streams in lowland forests, gallery forests, and degraded secondary habitats (farm bush) in the forest zone. Breeding takes places in standing water - pools, swamps, and marshes. It is nocturnal, burrowing in mud when inactive. Somewhat unusually for an amphibian, its diet consists of fish (e.g., Epiplatys), arthropods, and other amphibians, including younger conspecifics.

## Conservation

Although it is considered an adaptable species, in parts of its range, A. masako is only known from pristine habitats. Nevertheless, this species is not considered to face any significant threats. It is presumed to be found in several protected areas.