OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ionic potential

Ionic potential is the ratio of the electrical charge (z) to the radius (r) of an ion.
${\text{Ionic potential}}={\frac {\text{electrical charge}}{\text{ionic radius}}}={\frac {z}{r}}$
As such, this ratio is a measure of the charge density at the surface of the ion; usually the denser the charge, the stronger the bond formed by the ion with ions of opposite charge.
The ionic potential gives an indication of how strongly, or weakly, the ion will be electrostatically attracted by ions of opposite charge; and to what extent the ion will be repelled by ions of the same charge.
Victor Moritz Goldschmidt, the father of modern geochemistry found that the behavior of an element in its environment could be predicted from its ionic potential and illustrated this with a diagram (plot of the bare ionic radius as a function of the ionic charge). For instance, the solubility of dissolved iron is highly dependent on its redox state. Fe$^{2+}$ with a lower ionic potential than Fe$^{3+}$ is much more soluble because it exerts a weaker interaction force with OH$^−$ ion present in water and exhibits a less pronounced trend to hydrolysis and precipitation. Under reducing conditions Fe(II) can be present at relatively high concentration in anoxic water, similar to these encountered for other divalent species such as Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$ . However, once anoxic ground water is pumped from a deep well and is discharged to the surface, it enters in contact with atmospheric oxygen. Then Fe$^{2+}$ is easily oxidized to Fe$^{3+}$ and this latter rapidly hydrolyzes and precipitates because of its lower solubility due to a higher z/r ratio.
Millot (1970) also illustrated the importance of the ionic potential of cations to explain the high, or the low, solubility of minerals and the expansive behaviour (swelling/shrinking) of clay materials.
The ionic potential of the different cations (Na$^+$ , K$^+$ , Mg$^{2+}$ and Ca$^{2+}$ ) present in the interlayer of clay minerals also contribute to explain their swelling/shrinking properties. The more hydrated cations such as Na$^+$ and Mg$^{2+}$ are responsible for the swelling of smectite while the less hydrated K$^+$ and Ca$^{2+}$ cause the collapse of the interlayer. In illite, the interlayer is totally collapsed because of the presence of the poorly hydrated K$^+$ .
Ionic potential is also a measure of the polarising power of a cation.
Ionic potential could be used as a general criterion for the selection of efficient adsorbents for toxic elements.
# Irish National Heritage Park

The Irish National Heritage Park is an open-air museum near Wexford, Ireland, which tells the story of human settlement in Ireland from the Mesolithic period up to the Norman Invasion in 1169. It was opened to the public in 1987.
It has 16 reconstructed dwellings, including a Mesolithic camp, a Neolithic farmstead, a portal dolmen, a cyst grave, a stone circle, a medieval ringfort, a monastic site, crannóg, and a Viking harbour. It covers 13.7 hectares (34 acres) of parkland, estuary trails, and wetland forest. It is a nonprofit organisation and all of its receipts from admissions, restaurant, and shop sales go directly back into the maintenance of the park.

## Courses and events

The park runs a selection of courses throughout the year ranging from blacksmithing and wood carving, to stone masonry and mounted combat. One of the goals of the park is to bring traditional skills back into the public. The Trials of Tuan are a set of activities for children. The park also offers guided tours led by costumed guides, as well as audio guides or self-guided options. The guided tour lasts about one and a half hours and ends at the reconstructed Viking harbour.

### Carrig

The newest addition to the park is an archaeological excavation at the site of the first Norman fortification in Ireland, on the hill of Carrig, overlooking the river Slaney. The park partnered with the IAFS (Irish Archaeology Field School) to excavate and research the site. The site contains ringwork, burnt wooden structures, and a later stone castle. A town grew around the castle and existed until the 1300s.
# John of Trogir

John of Trogir (died before 1111) was the bishop of Trogir, a Christian saint who lived in the 11th century.
He was originally a Benedictine monk in the monastery of Saint Peter in Osor, located on the island of Cres. John was eventually consecrated as the bishop of Trogir upon the citizen's request by Laurentinus, Archbishop of Split. His name appears variously in the charters of Croatian Kings towards the end of 11th century.
In 1105, he had diverted Coloman, King of Hungary from destroying Trogir, during his succession campaign for the crown.
His tomb is located in the Trogir Cathedral (Chapel of Saint Ivan Trogiranin). Feast of St. Ivan Trogir, patron of the city of Trogir, is solemnly celebrated on November 14.
# Sconyers Bar-B-Que

Sconyers Bar-B-Que, also known as Sconyers Inc. is a southern food and barbecue restaurant located in Augusta, Georgia. It has received popular acclaim for its food, and was listed as a top ten barbecue restaurant in the United States by People magazine in 1989.

## History

The restaurant began operations in 1956 when Claude and Adeline Sconyers opened a road side stand in the rural south side of Augusta. It has remained family owned and operated to this day, and is currently owned by Larry Sconyers, the youngest son of Claude and Adeline. It was his decision to move the restaurant to its current location and expand its operation to include catering services.

## Catering

His catering vision was soon realized when Sconyers was invited to cater a southern style affair for United States President Jimmy Carter at the White House in 1980. In February 2006, Congressman Charlie Norwood marked the fiftieth anniversary of the restaurant's opening with an address to the United States House of Representatives. The Georgia General Assembly gave official commendation to the restaurant in House Resolution 1388.
# Anthrenocerus hirsutus

Anthrenocerus hirsutus is a species of beetle, native to Australia. It is within the genus Anthrenocerus and the family Dermestidae.
# Macrobathra latipterophora

Macrobathra latipterophora is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by H.H. Li and X.P. Wang in 2004. It is found in China (Hubei).
# Irish National Petroleum Corporation

The Irish National Petroleum Corporation (INPC) is a semi-defunct Irish State-owned company which owned and operated the Whiddy Island Terminal on Whiddy Island and Whitegate refinery at Whitegate, both in County Cork, Ireland. It was founded in 1979 and was involved in acquiring oil, refining it, and distributing petroleum products to consumers in Ireland. Its main assets were sold to TOSCO Corp (later Phillips Petroleum) in 2001.
As of 2020, the INPC has no staff, but has an active three-person board who manage a portion of the proceeds from the 2001 sale which was set aside for ongoing liabilities and claims.

## History

The Whitegate Oil Refinery, built in 1959, was threatened to be closed by its private owners in the early 1980s. To avoid closure of Ireland's only refinery, and become completely reliant on foreign imports, the refinery was purchased by the INPC in 1982. The Fuels (Control of Supplies) Order 1982 mandated that all importers of petroleum to Ireland purchase a proportion from the INPC, to ensure the refinery's success.
The INPC acquired the Whiddy Island Terminal, destroyed in the 1979 Whiddy Island disaster, in 1985, which it repaired and reopened by 1998.
The National Oil Reserves Agency (NORA) was created in 1995 as a subsidiary of INPC and as of 2020 continues to manage Ireland's strategic oil reserves.
Government philosophy later shifted away from owning strategic assets and towards privatisation,$^{:74}$ and in 1999 the INPC was asked by Minister for Public Enterprise Mary O'Rourke to investigate alternative commercial opportunities for its assets. In 2000, American multinational TOSCO Corp announced its intention to acquire the INPC's assets (excluding NORA), which was completed in 2001.
# Itzstedt (Amt)

Itzstedt is an Amt ("collective municipality") in the districts of Segeberg and Stormarn, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Itzstedt.

## Overview

It is one of the two Ämter (with Großer Plöner See) in Germany that joins municipalities into two different districts, but only Tangstedt is located in Stormarn.

## Subdivision

The Amt Itzstedt consists of the following municipalities:
* Itzstedt
* Kayhude
* Nahe
* Oering
* Seth
* Sülfeld
* Tangstedt (Stormarn district)
# Izurium Capital

Izurium Capital was a UK-based investment firm focused on private equity and special situations investment strategies. Izurium Capital was founded in December 2009 and stopped operating and was dissolved around 2017.
Prior to its demise it was headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Since its inception, the firm had raised over €300 million in committed capital.
The firm sought to invest in a variety of businesses with operations in Europe, the Americas, and Asia. The firm preferred businesses with a sizeable international presence outside their home market and with enterprise values ranging from €50 million to €500 million. The firm specialized in control investments, co-investments, leveraged buyouts, growth equity investments and sponsored mergers and acquisitions. The firm also provided mezzanine capital as part of its special situations strategy.

## History

Izurium Capital was founded in 2009. The founders of the firm came from private equity firms and hedge funds including Francisco Partners and Sisu Capital.
Izurium Capital invested in or purchased companies such as Dynacast, CapitalSpring, Emailvision, Fab.com, South American Silver Corp.
# Izurtza

Izurtza (in Basque and officially, in Spanish Izurza) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Izurtza is part of the comarca of Durangaldea and has a population of 270 inhabitants as of 2010 and according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.

## History

As happens with most of the elizates, the origins and date of foundation of the town are unknown. According to the local tales, the tower of Etxaburu, which is located on a hill above the town, was built following the orders of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. The tower was afterwards destroyed by Henry IV of Castile and built again in the 16th century by Sancho López de Ibargüen. Also on this century the church of the town, named San Nicolás Obispo was built. Izurtza was part of the merindad of Durango, and it had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number eleven.

## Geography
### Location

Izurtza is located in the southeastern part of the province of Biscay, northern Spain. It is one of the smallest municipalities of the province by extension. It limits at north and west with Durango, at south with Mañaria and at east with Abadiño.
Izurtza is situated between the Mugarra and Untxillaitz mountains and the Mañaria River runs through it. The road BI-623 that connects Durango with Vitoria-Gasteiz crosses the town from north to south. Izurtza is made by a small urban core surrounding the BI-623 road and farming houses scattered through the hillsides.

### Hydrography

Izurtza is located in a valley formed by the Mañaria river that originates in the hillsides of the mountains and later joins the Ibaizabal river.

## Economy

Historically, the economy of the municipality has been linked to the farming exploitations. Since the 20th century, the industrial expansion has caused the primary sector to lose its range as the main economical activity.

## Transportation

The transportation is based on road transportation by the BI-623 road, which connects the town with Durango, the capital city of the comarca of Durangaldea and only 1,5 km away. The same road by south connects the town with Mañaria and Urkiola and from there to Otxandio, Dima and the province of Álava. In Durango, the road is connected to the National Road N-634 and the highway AP-8 to Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastián.
# J.P. Stevens

J.P. Stevens may refer to:
* J.P. Stevens Textile Corporation, a constituent corporation of WestPoint Home
* J.P. Stevens High School, named after the founder of the above
* John Paul Stevens (1920-2019) American Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
* John Peters Stevens, American textile industrialist
# Mesolimulus

Mesolimulus is an extinct genus of horseshoe crab. The best known examples are found in Solnhofen limestone near Solnhofen, Bavaria, Germany. Originally assigned to the living genus Limulus, they are related to and look virtually identical to modern horseshoe crabs. Other species assigned to Mesolimulus have been recorded spanning over 140 million years from the Middle Triassic to Late Cretaceous from England, Spain, Siberia and Morocco.

## Kouphichnium

The unusual trackways left by these animals at Solnhofen were originally thought to have been made by birds or pterosaurs, since they included a cross-shaped marking comparable with the impression of a typical bird foot. Eventually they were correctly identified as arthropod footprints and named Kouphichnium walchi, as proved by some remarkable 'death traces' showing a Mesolimulus circling round on itself before dying. The last leg of more advanced horseshoe crabs is modified into a so-called 'pusher' which consists of four plates at the tip which push against the soft sediment rather like a snow-shoe. This was what left the unusual bird-like footprints.
Horseshoe crabs in general date to the Ordovician Period, more than 440 million years ago, and late Paleozoic Euproops fossils indicate that they have changed little over the last 300 million years. Fossils preserved in Solnhofen limestone are unusual because soft body parts and skeletons are clearly represented.

## Species

After Bicknell et al. (2021):
* Mesolimulus sibiricus Ponomarenko, 1985, Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Talynzhansk Formation, Russia
* Mesolimulus tafraoutensis Lamsdell et al., 2020 Late Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian –lower Turonian) Gara Sbaa Lagerstatte, Morocco
* Mesolimulus walchi (Desmarest, 1822) Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian –Early Tithonian) Solnhofen Limestone, Germany
* Mesolimulus woodwardi (Watson, 1909) Middle Jurassic (Aalenian) Northampton Sand Formation, England
* Mesolimulus crespelli Vıa Boada, 1987 Middle Triassic (Ladinian) Alcover Limestone Formation, Spain
# Mesolita

Mesolita is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
* Mesolita alternata Carter, 1929
* Mesolita antennalis Carter, 1929
* Mesolita ephippiata Lea, 1918
* Mesolita inermis van der Poll, 1892
* Mesolita interrupta Lea, 1918
* Mesolita lineolata Pascoe, 1862
* Mesolita myrmecophila Lea, 1918
* Mesolita pascoei van der Poll, 1892
* Mesolita scutellata Lea, 1918
* Mesolita simplicicollis Aurivillius, 1920
* Mesolita transversa Pascoe, 1862
# Michael Berek

Michael Berek is a former East German slalom canoeist who competed in the mid-to-late 1970s. He won a bronze medal in the C-2 event at the 1977 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Spittal.
# Metarctia tenebrosa

Metarctia tenebrosa is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Ferdinand Le Cerf in 1922. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania.
# Metarctia unicolor

Metarctia unicolor is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Oberthür in 1880. It is found in Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Kenya.
# Metarctia schoutedeni

Metarctia schoutedeni is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1953. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Uganda.
# Meszes

Meszes is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary.
# Michael Fitzgerald (hurler)

Michael Fitzgerald is an Irish hurler with the Doon GAA club and the Limerick county panel. He was an important part of Limerick's run to the 2007 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final, adding a cutting edge to their attack.
# Iwo Jima (disambiguation)

Iwo Jima may refer to:

## Places

* Iwo Jima, a volcanic island in Japan's Ogasawara Islands chain, now officially called Iōtō in Japanese, that was the scene of the Battle of Iwo Jima (see below) in World War II. Today it belongs to Tokyo, Japan.
* Iōjima, Kagoshima, another volcanic island, also known as Satsuma Iōjima and located in the Satsunan Shotō, an island group south of Kyūshū, Japan.
* Iōjima, Nagasaki, a former town in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.

## Events

* Battle of Iwo Jima, fought by the United States of America and the Empire of Japan in February and March 1945
** List of Medal of Honor recipients: World War II: Iwo Jima
** Category:Battle of Iwo Jima
* Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, the events that led up to a photograph on February 23, 1945, of the second flag raising on Iwo Jima that won a Pulitzer Prize and became the inspiration for stamps, statues, and paintings
* USMC War Memorial, also known as the Iwo Jima Memorial

## Books

* Iwo Jima: Legacy of Valor, 1986 book by Bill Ross
* Iwo Jima: Portrait of a Battle: United States Marines at War in the Pacific, 2006 book by Eric Hammel
* Flags Of Our Fathers, 2000 book by James Bradly and Ron Powers

## Movies & other media

* Letters from Iwo Jima, 2006 Golden Globe- and Academy Award-winning war film directed by Clint Eastwood
* Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, a historic photograph taken on February 23, 1945, by Joe Rosenthal
* Sands of Iwo Jima, 1949 war film which follows a group of Marines from training to the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II
* To the Shores of Iwo Jima, a 1945 short war film produced by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, documenting the Battle of Iwo Jima
* Flags of Our Fathers (film), 2006 American war film. It is directed by Clint Eastwood. Written by William Broyles, Jr. and Paul Haggis. It is based from the book Flags of Our Fathers
* Iwo Jima (video game), a 1986 strategy video game released by Personal Software Services for home computers

## Military equipment

* Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship, helicopter landing platform ships (LPH) of the United States Navy
** Category:Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ships
* Iwo Jima LORAN-C transmitter, a former LORAN-C transmitter at Iwo Jima, Japan
* USS Iwo Jima (CV-46), a Ticonderoga-class aircraft carrier, construction canceled August 12, 1945
* USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2), an amphibious assault ship, launched September 17, 1960
* USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7), a Wasp-class amphibious assault ship, launched on February 4, 2000
# 2017 Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship II

The 2017 Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship was the tenth edition of the Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship II, the second level of the women's European under-21 field hockey championships organized by the European Hockey Federation. It was held from 16 to 22 July 2017 in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
Russia won their second Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship II title and were promoted to the 2019 Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship together with the runners-up Belarus who Russia defeated 3–0 in the final.

## Qualified teams

Participating nations have qualified based on their final ranking from the 2014 competition.
| Dates | Event | Location | Quotas | Qualifiers |
| 20–26 July 2014 | 2014 EuroHockey Junior Championship | Waterloo, Belgium | 2 | Czech Republic Russia |
| 14–20 July 2014 | 2014 EuroHockey Junior Championship II | Vienna, Austria | 6 | Austria Belarus Poland Scotland Turkey Ukraine |
| Total | Total | Total | 8 | |

## Preliminary round
### Pool A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Russia | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 2 | +13 | 9 | Semi-finals |
| 2 | Czech Republic (H) | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | +2 | 4 | Semi-finals |
| 3 | Scotland | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | −4 | 4 | |
| 4 | Turkey | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 14 | −11 | 0 | |

### Pool B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Belarus | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 4 | +6 | 9 | Semi-finals |
| 2 | Austria | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 5 | +1 | 6 | Semi-finals |
| 3 | Ukraine | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 4 | +2 | 3 | |
| 4 | Poland | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 9 | −9 | 0 | |

## Fifth to eighth place classification

The points obtained in the preliminary round against the other team are taken over.

### Pool C

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 5 | Scotland | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 3 | +8 | 9 |
| 6 | Ukraine | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 6 | +4 | 6 |
| 7 | Turkey | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 | −2 | 3 |
| 8 | Poland | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 12 | −10 | 0 |

## First to fourth place classification
### Bracket

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| 21 July | 21 July |
| Russia | 11 |
| Russia | 11 | 22 July | 22 July |
| Austria | 1 | 22 July | 22 July |
| Austria | 1 | Russia | 3 |
| 21 July | 21 July | | Russia | 3 |
| 21 July | 21 July | Belarus | 0 |
| Belarus | 3 | Belarus | 0 |
| Czech Republic | 1 | | |
| Czech Republic | 1 | Third place | Third place |
| | | 22 July | 22 July |
| | | Austria | 2 |
| | | Czech Republic | 3 |
# Mettingen

Mettingen is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Geography

Mettingen is situated approximately 25 km east of Rheine and 20 km west of Osnabrück.

## Neighbouring places

Neighbour villages of Mettingen are Recke in the west, Neuenkirchen, (Lower Saxony) in the north, Ibbenbüren in the south and Westerkappeln in the east.

## Economy

The production site of the frozen cakes manufacturer Coppenrath & Wiese is based in Mettingen. Until 2018 Mettingen had one of the last two active coal mines in Germany.

## People from Mettingen

* Felix Lobrecht (born 1988), German stand-up comedian, podcast host, and author.
* Clemens (1818–1902) and August (1819–1892) Brenninkmeijer brothers who co-founded department store C&A in Sneek, The Netherlands
* Josef Wiese (1932–2009), co-founder of Coppenrath & Wiese
* Kasper König (1943–2024), from 2000 until the end of October 2012 director of the Museum Ludwig, art professor and curator
* Peter Niemeyer (born 1983), German footballer
* Annika Suthe (born 1985), German spearhead, 2004 Olympian and Junior European champion

### Honorary citizens

* Clemens Brenninkmeyer (1932)
* Franz Brenninkmeyer (1969)
* Theodor Kersting (1973)
* Josef Wiese (2005)
# Jaane Jaan

Jaan-E-Jaan (also known as Nikamma) is a 1983 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Ramesh Behl and produced by Mandhir Sial, starring Randhir Kapoor and Neetu Singh. The film was started way back in 1976 but production got delayed and film was released in 1983.

## Story

Neetu plays a rich little suicidal girl as she believe she is suffering from cancer and has only few months to live, hires an unemployed person, Randhir to kill her.

## Cast

* Randhir Kapoor as Raju
* Neetu Singh as Meena
* Ranjeet as Tony
* Bindu as Rosy
* Ajit as Kundan
# Michael P. Jacobson

Michael P. Jacobson (born October 24, 1953) is the founder and director of the Institute for State and Local Governance at the City University of New York (CUNY). He is also the chair of the New York City Criminal Justice Agency.

## Education and career

Jacobson received his Ph.D. in sociology from CUNY Graduate Center. In 1984, he began working at the New York City Mayor's Office of Management and Budget, where he became the deputy budget director before leaving in 1992. That same year, he became New York City's probation commissioner, a position he held until 1996. From 1995 to 1998, he also served as New York City's Correction Commissioner. From 1998 to 2005, he was a professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the CUNY Graduate Center. In January 2005, he became the fourth director of the Vera Institute of Justice, replacing Christopher Stone. Jacobson held this position until joining CUNY in May 2013 to help found their Institute for State and Local Governance.