OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# NSPACE

In computational complexity theory, non-deterministic space or NSPACE is the computational resource describing the memory space for a non-deterministic Turing machine. It is the non-deterministic counterpart of DSPACE.

## Complexity classes

The measure NSPACE is used to define the complexity class whose solutions can be determined by a non-deterministic Turing machine. The complexity class NSPACE(f(n)) is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine, M, using space O(f(n)), where n is the length of the input.
Several important complexity classes can be defined in terms of NSPACE. These include:
* REG = DSPACE(O(1)) = NSPACE(O(1)), where REG is the class of regular languages (nondeterminism does not add power in constant space).
* NL = NSPACE(O(log n))
* CSL = NSPACE(O(n)), where CSL is the class of context-sensitive languages.
* PSPACE = NPSPACE = $\bigcup _{k\in \mathbb {N} }{\mathsf {NSPACE}}(n^{k})$
* EXPSPACE = NEXPSPACE = $\bigcup _{k\in \mathbb {N} }{\mathsf {NSPACE}}(2^{n^{k}})$
The Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem states that NSPACE(s(n)) is closed under complement for every function s(n) ≥ log n.
A further generalization is ASPACE, defined with alternating Turing machines.

## Relation with other complexity classes
### DSPACE

NSPACE is the non-deterministic counterpart of DSPACE, the class of memory space on a deterministic Turing machine. First by definition, then by Savitch's theorem, we have that:
   ${\mathsf {DSPACE}}[s(n)]\subseteq {\mathsf {NSPACE}}[s(n)]\subseteq {\mathsf {DSPACE}}[(s(n))^{2}].$

### Time

NSPACE can also be used to determine the time complexity of a deterministic Turing machine by the following theorem:
   If a language L is decided in space S(n) (where S(n) ≥ log n) by a non-deterministic TM, then there exists a constant C such that L is decided in time O(C$^{S(n)}$) by a deterministic one.

## Limitations

The measure of space complexity in terms of DSPACE is useful because it represents the total amount of memory that an actual computer would need to solve a given computational problem with a given algorithm. The reason is that DSPACE describes the space complexity used by deterministic Turing machines, which can represent actual computers. On the other hand, NSPACE describes the space complexity of non-deterministic Turing machines, which are not useful when trying to represent actual computers. For this reason, NSPACE is limited in its usefulness to real-world applications.
# Nachane

Nachane is a census town in Ratnagiri district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Nachane had a population of 9236. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Nachane has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 76%. In Nachane, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# N'Debougou

N'Debougou is a village and seat of the commune of Sirifila-Boundy in the Cercle of Niono in the Ségou Region of southern-central Mali.
# Damnation Alley (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 5/10 |
Damnation Alley is an EP by American heavy metal band Bitch, and was released on the Metal Blade Records label. The EP-length release has the distinction of being the first album by a single artist and the second album of any kind released on Metal Blade Records (the first was the 1982 compilation album Metal Massacre).

## Track listing

All tracks written by Bitch
* "Saturdays" (4:16)
* "Never Come Home" (2:52)
* "Damnation Alley" (4:00)
* "He's Gone" (3:37)
* "Live for the Whip" (5:53)

## Personnel
### Band members

* Betsy Bitch - lead vocals
* David Carruth - guitar
* Mark Anthony Webb - bass
* Robby Settles - drums

### Additional musicians

* Richard Zusman - bass
# Children's Cancer Research Fund

Children's Cancer Research Fund is a not-for-profit organization focused on raising money to fund research for childhood cancer. In addition to funding research, they also provide support programs for families affected by cancer.

## History

Children's Cancer Research Fund was founded by Diana and Norm Hageboeck in 1981 after their daughter died of leukemia. The organization officially registered as a 501(c)(3) charitable non-profit in February 1998.
In 2013, the Zach Sobiech Osteosarcoma Fund was established to designate funding specifically for osteosarcoma research. It's administered by the Children's Cancer Research Fund and donations fund research at the University of Minnesota. The fund honors Zach Sobiech, a musician who died of osteosarcoma in May 2013 at age 18.
In 2023, Elizabeth Crippen Allen was hired as the Chief Executive Officer, replacing former CEO Daniel Gumnit.

## Events

The first fundraising event, "Dawn of a Dream", honored the Hageboeck's daughter, Katie, who died of leukemia. Since 1981, the Dawn of a Dream fundraiser has raised over $22 million for Children's Cancer Research Fund.
In December 2013, 5,000 people gathered in the rotunda at Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, as part of the first "Clouds Choir", an annual event that raises money for the Zach Sobiech Osteosarcoma Research Fund. During the event, participants pay tribute to Zach Sobiech while singing his hit song "Clouds". In 2019, 6,000 people attended the event, along with celebrities from the film Clouds: Justin Baldoni, Neve Campbell, Tom Everett Scott, Sabrina Carpenter, Madison Iseman and Fin Argus.
In 2015, Great Cycle Challenge USA was launched to support Children's Cancer Research Fund. The event encourages participants to set a goal for riding their bike over the course of a month and to ask their family and friends to support them as they ride their bikes to raise awareness for cancer research. Over the history of Great Cycle Challenge USA, more than 230,000 people have participated from all 50 states, raising more than $24 million for Children's Cancer Research Fund.

## Research

Since its inception, the Children's Cancer Research Fund has invested over $186 million to research and support programs. In 2014, money raised through the Zach Sobiech Osteosarcoma Fund helped support breakthrough research. With funding support from Children's Cancer Research Fund, the osteosarcoma research team at the University of Minnesota discovered Semaphorin-4D (SEMA4D), a gene associated with the cause of osteosarcoma.
# Nachtjagdgeschwader 6

Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 (NJG 6) was a Luftwaffe night fighter-wing of World War II. NJG 6 was formed in May 1943.

## Commanding officers

* Major Fritz Schaffer, 10 August 1943 – 8 February 1944
* Major Heinrich Wohlers, 9 February 1944 – 15 March 1944
* Major Heinz von Reeken, 16 March 1944 – 14 April 1944
* Major Heinrich Griese, 15 April 1944 – 12 September 1944
* Oberstleutnant Herbert Lütje, 13 September 1944 – 8 May 1945
# Nabil Abu Rudeineh

Nabil Abu Rudeineh (born; 3 May 1946) is a Palestinian politician who currently serves as the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Information in the Palestinian government of 2019.
# Naach Govinda Naach

Naach Govinda Naach is a 1992 Bollywood film directed by S.Subhash, and starring Govinda, Mandakini and Raj Kiran.

## Cast

* Govinda
* Mandakini
* Raj Kiran
* Aruna Irani
* Johny Lever

## Soundtrack

The music of the film was composed by Amar–Utpal, while the lyrics were written by Anjaan.
# Naaboudoufu@nana

Nana Shirai (白井 那奈, Shirai Nana), better known under her stage name Nābō Dōfu @ Nana or naaboudoufu@nana (なあ坊豆腐@那奈, Nābōdōfu atto Nana, "@" is pronounced as "at") is a Japanese former actress and model. She was a member of the idol duo Nananon (ななのん) (with actress and model Nozomi Maeda).
She resigned from show business on June 14, 2020, citing accusations of slander, sexual crimes, and escape with salary as the reason.

## Discography
### Singles

| No. | Title | Release date | Charts |
| No. | Title | Release date | JPN Oricon |
| 1 | "Kunekune Bravo!!" (クネクネ☆ブラボー!!) | May 23, 2012 (2012-05-23) | 43 |
| 2 | "Magical Lip Kiss" (マジカルリップKISS) | November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07) | 59 |
| — | "Nananananonnon" (ななななのんのん) (with Nozomi Maeda, under the group name of Nananon) | August 12, 2014 (2014-08-12) | 60 |
| — | "Rock Nananon / Android1617" (ROCK NANANON/Android1617) (with Nozomi Maeda, under the group name of Nananon) | March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24) | 19 |
    Note: "Kunekune Bravo!!" and "Magical Lip Kiss" were released on King Records, "Nananananonnon" and "Rock Nananon / Android1617" on Tsubasa Records.

### DVD

* Nābō Tōfu @ 7chan neru (なあ坊豆腐@7ちゃんねる) (25 May 2013, Wani Books)

### Music videos

| Year | Title |
| 2012 | "Kunekune Bravo!!" |
| 2012 | "Zunzun Yume Kaikaku" |
| 2012 | "Magical Lip Kiss" |
| 2014 | "Nananananonnon" (by Nananon) |
| 2015 | "Nananon no Baby Portable Rock" (by Nananon) |
| 2015 | "Rock Nanananon" (by Nananon) |
# Chiniofon

Chiniofon is an antiprotozoal agent.
# Dan Milisavljevic

Dan Milisavljevic (born January 31, 1980) is a Canadian astronomer and assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Purdue University.
Milisavljevic received his undergraduate education at McMaster University, where he was enrolled in the prestigious McMaster Arts and Science Programme. Upon graduation in 2004, he was awarded the Commonwealth Scholarship to study at the London School of Economics. There he pursued an MSc in the Philosophy and History of Science, and completed a dissertation on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. In June 2011, Milisavljevic obtained a PhD in physics and astronomy from Dartmouth College. Afterwards, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian before joining the faculty at Purdue.
Milisavljevic specializes in observational work in supernovae and supernova remnants. He is also known for aiding in the discovery of Uranus's moons Ferdinand, Trinculo, and Francisco; and Neptune's moons Halimede, Sao, Laomedeia and Neso.
# Naddle Beck

Naddle Beck is a minor river of Cumbria, England.
Rising beneath Dodd Crag, Naddle Beck flows northward to meet the River Greta.
The major tributary of Naddle Beck is Shoulthwaite Gill, which drains the eastern side of High Seat and Bleaberry Fell. Mere Gill joins Shoulthwaite Gill beneath an old fort on Castle Crag. Other tributaries of Naddle Beck are Brown Beck and William's Beck.
54°36′43″N 3°04′48″W﻿ / ﻿54.6119°N 3.0800°W﻿ / 54.6119; -3.0800
* This Cumbria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article related to a river in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# NAACP Theatre Award for Best Playwright – Equity

NAACP Theatre Award for Best Playwright – Equity :
| Year | Playwright(s) | Production | Other Nominees |
| 1991 | | | |
| 1992 | | | |
| 1993 | | | |
| 1994 | | | |
| 1995 | | | |
| 1996 | | | |
| 1997 | | | |
| 1998 | | | |
| 1999 | | | |
| 2000 | | | |
| 2001 | | | |
| 2002 | | | |
| 2003 | | | |
| 2004 | | | |
| 2005 | | | |
| 2006 | | | |
| 2007 | Trey Anthony | Da Kink In My Hair | |
| 2008 | Suzan-Lori Parks | Ray Charles Live! A New Musical | Michael Chepiga - A Matter of Honor William Inge - Come Back, Little Sheba Charles Randolph-Wright - Cuttin' Up John Patrick Shanley - Defiance |
| 2009 | | | |
# Chirayinkeezhu railway station

Chirayinkeezhu railway station (station code: CRY) is an NSG–5 category Indian railway station in Thiruvananthapuram railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala.

## Details of annual passenger earnings from Chirayinkeezhu railway station

| Year | Collection | Change in revenue | % Increase |
| 2015–2016 | Rs. 1,53,08,062 | NA | NA |
| 2016–2017 | Rs. 1,53,14,378 | Rs. 6,316 | 0.04% |
| 2017–2018 | Rs. 1,54,19,697 | Rs. 1,05,319 | 0.68% |
| 2018–2019 | Rs. 1,45,87,352 | Rs. -8,32,345 | -5.39% |

## Service

Some of the major trains having halt at the station.
| No. | Train No | Origin | Destination | Train Name |
| 1. | 16347/16348 | Thiruvananthapuram Central | Mangalore Central | Mangalore Express |
| 2. | 16629/16630 | Thiruvananthapuram Central | Mangalore Central | Malabar Express |
| 3. | 16301/16302 | Thiruvananthapuram Central | Shornur Junction | Venad Express |
| 4. | 16303/16304 | Thiruvananthapuram Central | Ernakulam Junction | Vanchinad Express |
| 5. | 16127/16128 | Chennai Egmore | Guruvayur | Guruvayur Express |
| 6. | 16381/16382 | Mumbai CST | Kanyakumari | Jayanthy Janatha Express |
| 7. | 16525/16526 | Bangalore City | Kanyakumari | Island Express |

### Passenger Trains

| Sl No. | Train Number | Source | Destination | Name/Type |
| 1 | 56307 | Kollam Junction | Trivandrum Central | Passenger |
| 2 | 56700 | Madurai | Punalur | Passenger |
| 3 | 66304 | Kollam Junction | Kanyakumari | MEMU |
| 4 | 56309 | Kollam Junction | Trivandrum Central | Passenger |
| 5 | 56304 | Nagercoil | Kottayam | Passenger |
| 6 | 56701 | Punalur | Madurai | Passenger |
| 7 | 56308 | Trivandrum Central | Kollam Junction | Passenger |
| 8 | 66305 | Kanyakumari | Kollam Junction | MEMU |
# Nada Mandić

Nada Mandić (Serbian Cyrillic: Нада Мандић; born 1969) is a politician in Serbia. She has served in the Assembly of Vojvodina since 2016 as a member of the Serbian Progressive Party.

## Private career

Mandić holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Engineering. She lives in Sombor.

## Politician

Mandić was elected to the village council of Kljajićevo in Sombor in February 2016, against the backdrop of an absolute victory of the Progressive Party in the community. As of 2020, she was the leader of the Progressive Party's organization in the village.
She received the thirty-fourth position on the Progressive Party's electoral list in the 2016 Vojvodina provincial election and was elected when the list won a majority victory with sixty-three out of 120 mandates. She was subsequently promoted to the eighteenth position in the 2020 provincial election and was re-elected when the list won an increased majority with seventy-six mandates. Mandić is now a member of the committee on agriculture and the committee on organization of administration and local self-government.
# Nachtigal

Nachtigal is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gustav Nachtigal (1834–1885), German explorer
* Jacob M. Nachtigal (1874–1947), American architect, of Omaha, Nebraska
* Johann Karl Christoph Nachtigal (1753–1819), German theologian and philologist
* Ralph Nachtigal (1933–2014), American politician
# China at the Hopman Cup

China is a nation that has competed at the Hopman Cup tournament on two occasions, their debut coming at the 18th annual staging of the tournament in 2006, when they lost to the Netherlands in the qualification play-off.
China also participated a number of times in the now defunct Asian Hopman Cup, a qualifying tournament which ran from 2006 until 2009 and granted the winners entry into the Hopman Cup the following year. China participated every year and each time failed to progress past the round robin stage of the event

## Players

This is a list of players who have played for China in the Hopman Cup.
| Name | Total W–L | Singles W–L | Doubles W–L | First year played | No. of years played |
| Li Na | 3–3 | 3–0 | 0–3 | 2012 | 1 |
| Peng Shuai | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 2006 | 1 |
| Sun Peng | 0–2 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2006 | 1 |
| Wu Di | 0–6 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 2012 | 1 |

## Results

| Year | Competition | Location | Opponent | Score | Result |
| 2006 | Qualification Play-off | Burswood Dome, Perth | Netherlands | 1–2 | Lost |
| 2012 | Round Robin | Burswood Dome, Perth | France | 1–2 | Lost |
| 2012 | Round Robin | Burswood Dome, Perth | Spain | 1–2 | Lost |
| 2012 | Round Robin | Burswood Dome, Perth | Australia | 1–2 | Lost |
# Daniel Buckley (disambiguation)

Daniel Buckley may refer to:
* Daniel Buckley (1890–1918), Irish survivor of Titanic sinking
* Danny Buckley (born 1957), Irish hurler
* Domhnall Ua Buachalla (born Daniel Buckley; 1866–1963), Irish politician and governor-general of the Irish Free State
# Ching-i Tu

Ching-I Tu (simplified Chinese: 涂经诒; traditional Chinese: 涂經詒; pinyin: Tú Jīng-yí; born 13 May 1935 in Nanking, China) is an expert on classical Chinese poetry, Chinese intellectual history, Chinese hermeneutics, and cultural changes in modern East Asia. He was a professor and founding chair of the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at Rutgers University and the founding director of the Confucius Institute of Rutgers University (CIRU). Tu has written and edited several books and authored a number of academic articles.

## Biography

Tu was born in Nanking, China in 1935. He graduated from National Taiwan University with B.A. in 1958 and received a Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1967. He married his wife, Sabrina S. Wang, on 14 June 1970. He was a visiting professor at University of Hawaii in Honolulu, from 1971 to 1972, and then at National Taiwan University in Taipei, from 1974 to 1975.
Tu was the first faculty member to teach Chinese language at Rutgers University. He established the Chinese program, and was important in the development of Chinese studies, Asian studies and Asian-American studies at Rutgers. He was initiated the introduction of Japanese in the 1980s and later instrumental in the introduction of Korean and Hindi. at Rutgers University.
Tu also initiated the Rutgers Multimedia Chinese Teaching System (RMCTS), which received the 2008 World Languages Award from Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT.) In 2007, Tu initiated the Confucius Institute of Rutgers University (CIRU) and served as the founding director until 2017.

## Selected publications
### Author

* Poetic Remarks in the Human World (1970), revised edition (2016)
* Anthology of Chinese Literature (1972)
* Readings in Chinese Classical Literature (1981)

### Editor

* Tradition and Creativity: Essays on East Asian Civilization (Proceedings of the Lecture Series on East Asian Civilization) (1986)
* Classics and Interpretations: The Hermeneutic Traditions in Chinese Culture (2000)
* Interpretation and Intellectual Change: Chinese Hermeneutics in Historical Perspective (2004)

### Co-Editor

* Publication Series on Chinese Culture, Confucius Institute of Rutgers University (CIRU) (2010-2019)

### Translator

* Poetic remarks in the human world, Jen Chien Tz'u Hua (1969)
# Ching Chau

Ching Chau or Tsing Chau may refer to:
* Ilha Verde, former island, now an area on Macau Peninsula, Macau
* Green Island, Hong Kong, an island within Central and Western District, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
* Steep Island, Hong Kong, an island near Clear Water Bay within Sai Kung District, the New Territories, Hong Kong
* Ching Chau, an island in Tsam Chuk Wan, within Sai Kung District, the New Territories, Hong Kong
* Pillar Island, a former island in Rambler Channel, the New Territories, Hong Kong
* Tsing Chau, an islet near Sharp Island, the New Territories, Hong Kong, with a lighthouse
# Naagam (1991 film)

Naagam is a Malayalam drama movie directed by K.S. Gopalakrishnan and released under the banner of Dushyantha Movies in 1991. The movie starred Ashwini Kumar and Geetanjali in lead roles.
# Danelle German

Danelle German is an American businesswoman and author who is known for her creation of handbags made from cat and dog hair. She later founded the National Cat Groomers Institute of America (NCGIA) located in Greer, South Carolina.

## Cat breeder

From 1999 to 2005, German bred Persian cats for Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) shows, earning several regional awards for her cats, completing her show career in 2005 with a third place premiership (spayed or neutered cats over eight months old) for her cat, GC, GP, NW Chantilylace Groucho Marks of Bara, DM. In preparation for the CFA shows, German and her husband had built a cattery and grooming operation for her Persians in their home. At the request of The Cat Clinic of Greenville (South Carolina), German opened her doors to the public in January 2001 to create The Catty Shack.

## The Catty Shack

By 2003, the business was so successful, that German moved The Catty Shack to neighboring Simpsonville (located southeast of Greenville). German sold her business to Morgan Reynolds in December 2009 to focus on the NCGIA in Greenville which she founded in May 2007.
While at The Catty Shack, German started a side business creating handbags and tote-bags, crafted from cat hair shed at her South Carolina grooming-parlor on a daily basis. This project eventually led to the birth of Catty Shack Creations, a handbag business highlighted during the "Persian Cats" segment on Animal Planet's Cats 101 in December 2008.

## National Cat Groomers Institute of America

Prior to the NCGIA's founding in 2006, German had presented seminars regarding cat grooming. By late 2006, German realized the need to train people to properly groom a cat. This was evident in the amount of phone calls and e-mails received from frustrated groomers and disappointed cat owners alike. This resulted in German creating the NCGIA, the first feline-specific grooming instruction of its kind to be formed. Since the NCGIA's formation in 2007, German has also been a sought-after speaker, innovator and entrepreneur within the pet care industry. In her talks, she leads people into self-awareness and self-actualization, inspires them to find and pursue their own excellence, motivates humans to reach deeper within themselves as they learn to communicate with another species on a profound level. She espouses several simple truths along the way: never trust a cat; failure is not an option; every cat deserves the best groom and groomer.
German is also the author of The Ultimate Cat Groomer Encyclopedia. This encyclopedia focuses on the cat grooming business, CFA-approved cat breeds, feline behavior, grooming and handling techniques, feline health, and case studies on cat grooming. The NCGIA relocated to Greer (Between Greenville and Spartanburg) in the late 2010s.

## Personal

German is married with five children. Her oldest daughter, Olivia, works at the NCGIA. With her husband, German developed the patented CattyShack Vac drying system which is used to dry a cat once they are washed, and Chubbs Bars, a degreasing shampoo for pets.