OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Assaky

George Assaky (January 1, 1855–April 29, 1899) was a Romanian physician.
Born in Iași, he was the grandson of Gheorghe Asachi. After completing high school, he left for France in 1873. There, he enrolled in the medical faculty of Montpellier University. The following year, he transferred to the equivalent section of the University of Paris, from which he graduated. From 1875 to 1877, he worked in the embryology laboratory at the Collège de France. He returned home during the Romanian War of Independence, joining the ambulance service and caring for wounded soldiers. Assaky subsequently went back to France to continue his studies, and in 1879 finished first at an examination for Parisian interns. From that year until 1882, he worked as a surgical intern in the French capital. Meanwhile, he wrote for a number of medical journals. In 1886, he defended a thesis titled De la suture des nerfs à distance; it dealt with separated nerve sutures and described a procedure that came to be known as the Assaky operation. The same year, he obtained the title of aggregate professor.
In early 1887, Assaky returned to Romania, being greeted at Bucharest North railway station by a large, enthusiastic group of medical students. He had been offered a post as professor of clinical surgery within the University of Bucharest's medical faculty by the Liberal government. The fact that the job was offered without a competition irked fellow doctors, prompting the government to push a special law through parliament creating positions for Assaky, Victor Babeș and Nicolae Kalinderu. The law passed, although itself raised the objection that it infringed upon university autonomy. Assaky went on to found a surgery institute at Filantropia Hospital, and attended the International Medical Congress, held in Washington, D.C., in September 1887. He left Romania again around 1889, tired of certain colleagues' hostility and intrigue. For several years, he was aggregate professor at the University of Lille. He settled permanently in Bucharest in 1897 as director of the newly founded gynecology institute and professor of clinical gynecology. He died in the city two years later, at the height of his powers, aged 44.
Assaky's contributions were primarily in the fields of anatomy, physiology, embryology, surgery and gynecology, and his work was cited in numerous treatises of medicine and surgery. He was among the first Romanian surgeons to introduce modern principles of asepsis, antisepsis and a properly equipped operating room, as well as techniques of general surgery. His chief work, the doctoral thesis, received a prize from the Académie Nationale de Médecine; it reveals his method as being a precursor of nerve surgery and of experimental techniques in the field. Also in 1886, he published research into the influence of mechanical conditions on nerve growth. In 1890, he was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy.
# Evan Lewis

Evan Lewis may refer to:
* Evan Lewis (wrestler) (1860–1919), professional wrestler
* Evan Lewis (politician) (1869–1941), Los Angeles politician
* Evan Lewis (priest) (1818–1901), Welsh clergyman, dean of Bangor Cathedral, 1884–1901
* Evan Lewis (Final Destination), a character in Final Destination 2
* Evan Lewis (Neighbours), a character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours
# Panga Landscape Conservation Area

Panga Landscape Conservation Area is a nature park which is located in Saare County, Estonia.
The area of the nature park is 27 ha. The protected area was founded in 1959 to protect Panga Cliff and its plant communities.
# Bennett Salvatore

Bennett Salvatore (born January 9, 1950, in Stamford, Connecticut) is a former professional basketball referee in the National Basketball Association (NBA). At his retirement after the 2014-15 NBA season, Salvatore had officiated 1,520 regular season games.

## Early life

Salvatore has lived his entire life in Stamford, Connecticut. He was a two sport athlete in high school, playing baseball and football. He earned All-American and All-State honors as a quarterback in 1967 playing at C.W. Post.

## NBA Referee

Salvatore became infamous with NBA fans for a key call against Dirk Nowitzki in Game 5 of the 2006 NBA Finals, after which Dallas owner Mark Cuban held one of the angriest press conferences in NBA history, laying blame on Salvatore for his team's loss.

## Owner

Salvatore was the principal owner of Bennett's, a steakhouse in Stamford, Connecticut. One of his most intense athletic rivals in Stamford, and a lifelong friend, is former MLB manager Bobby Valentine. Valentine owns a competing restaurant in Stamford.
On October 8, 2010, Salvatore closed the doors on Bennett's, choosing to retire from his career as a restaurant owner.

## Income tax fraud

In 2000, he was sentenced to a year of probation, 150 hours of community service and a fine of $500 for his role in airline ticket fraud. He pleaded guilty in a New Haven federal court on July 26, 2000, to filing a false tax return with the Internal Revenue Service for the tax year 1993.
# Ali Bey (disambiguation)

Ali Bey usually refers to Ali Bey al-Kabir (1728–1773), a Mamluk leader of Egypt.
Ali Bey or Ali Beg may also refer to:

## People

* Mihaloğlu Ali Bey (1425–1507), Ottoman military commander and sanjakbey of Smederevo
* Ali Bey Evrenosoglu, or simply Ali Bey, fifteenth-century Ottoman military commander
* Ali Bey, Prince of Dulkadir (fl. 1515), governor of Dulkadir
* Wojciech Bobowski (1610–1675), also known as Ali Bey, Polish musician and translator of the Bible into Turkish
* Ali Bey of Tunis (d. 1682), a Muradid
* Ali Bey al-Abbasi (1766–1818), pseudonym of Domènec Badia i Leblich, Spanish explorer and spy
* Ali Bey (officer), Mehmet Ali Bey (1874–?), Ottoman and Turkish officer
* Ali Çetinkaya, "Kel" Ali Bey (1878–1949), Ottoman-Turkish officer and politician
* Ali Kemal Bey (1867–1922), Ottoman journalist, newspaper editor and poet
* Ali Kılıç, Kılıç Ali Bey (1890–1971), Ottoman-Turkish officer and politician
* Nawab Muhammad Ali Beg (born 1852), Indian Army officer

## Other uses

* Ali Bey, an 1818 book by Samuel Lorenzo Knapp
# Lioré et Olivier LeO 40

The Lioré et Olivier LeO 40 was a French experimental biplane built by Lioré et Olivier. The two-seat LeO 40 had full span slats fitted to both wings, it was powered by a 95 hp (71 kW) Argus engine in Pusher configuration. Only one was built and the design was abandoned.

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Capacity: 2
# Leioderma cherokeense

Leioderma cherokeense is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae.

## Taxonomy

Leioderma cherokeense was formally described as a new species in 2005 by the Norwegian lichenologists Per Magnus Jørgensen and Tor Tønsberg. The type specimen was collected by Tønsberg in 2002 from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina), at an elevation of 650 m (2,130 ft). There, in a mixed deciduous forest, it was found growing on the bark at the base of a tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) trunk. The species epithet refers to the Cherokee people that inhabit the region.

## Description

Leioderma cherokeense is a foliose lichen, meaning it has a leaf-like structure. The thallus (body of the lichen) can grow up to 2 cm (13⁄16 in) in diameter and is composed of rounded lobes that are about 3 mm (1⁄8 in) across. The margins of these lobes are curled under. The upper surface of the thallus is pale gray-blue and covered with spider web-like hairs, especially towards the ends of the lobes, while the center is more or less smooth and can be slightly wrinkled. The lower surface features scattered, branched rhizohyphae (root-like structures), which range in color from white to dark bluish.
In cross-section, the thallus is 150–200 μm thick and has an upper cortex (outer layer) that is 30–40 μm thick, made up of tightly packed cells. The photobiont (photosynthetic partner) is Scytonema, a type of cyanobacterium, which forms short chains with individual cells measuring 7–10 μm. Reproductive structures such as apothecia (fruiting bodies) and pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures), have not been observed to occur in this species.
# Gibberula zambranoae

Gibberula zambranoae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae. It is named after María Zambrano.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 3 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe.
# Peter Libby

Peter Libby is an American physician, focusing in atherosclerosis, cardiology and preventive cardiology, currently the Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School at Brigham and Women's Hospital.

## Personal life

Libby was married to Beryl Benacerraf.
# Bernard A. Monaghan

Bernard Andrew Monaghan Jr. (1916–1987) was United States General Counsel of the Army from 1952 to 1953 and Chief Executive Officer of Vulcan Materials Company from 1959 to 1981.

## Biography

Bernard A. Monaghan was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on January 28, 1916, son of Bernard Andrew Monaghan Sr. and Mary Frances (Jackson) Monaghan. He was educated at Birmingham–Southern College, receiving a B.A. in 1934. During his time there, he was affiliated with Alpha Tau Omega. He then attended Harvard Law School, receiving an LL.B. in 1937. He was admitted to the bar of Alabama in 1937. Monaghan then studied at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, receiving a second B.A. in 1939.
In 1939, Monaghan returned to Birmingham, joining a law firm that is the predecessor firm of Bradley Arant Rose & White (which would eventually merge and become Bradley Arant Boult Cummings LLP). During World War II, Monaghan served in the United States Marine Corps as a captain. After the war, he returned to his law firm, becoming a partner in the firm in 1948. In 1952, he took a leave of absence from the firm to serve as General Counsel of the Army, holding that post from August 26, 1952, until August 14, 1953. He then returned to his Birmingham law practice. He also remained active in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, eventually attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel.
In 1958, one of Monaghan's clients, Vulcan Materials Company, asked Monaghan to join their company as executive vice president. After a year as executive vice president, in 1959 Monaghan became president and chief executive officer of Vulcan Materials. He held this position until 1981. Under Monaghan's leadership, Vulcan Materials grew dramatically, eventually becoming a Forbes 500 company.
# Alison Winter

Alison Winter (19 November 1965 – 22 June 2016) was an American academic.

## Biography

Born on 19 November 1965 in New Haven, Connecticut, Winter spent her early childhood in Bonn, Germany, and attended high school in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where her father taught mathematics at the University of Michigan. His influence led her to study the history of science at the University of Chicago beginning in 1983. Winter moved to the United Kingdom for graduate study, where she met Adrian Johns in 1987. The two married in 1992. Winter completed her M. Phil at the University of Cambridge in 1991, followed by a PhD in 1993. She began teaching at the California Institute of Technology in 1994, and returned to Chicago as a faculty member in 2001.
Winter's doctoral dissertation was published by the University of Chicago Press as the book Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain in 1998. The work covered the early history of animal magnetism and Franz Mesmer, as well as its spread throughout England from the 1830s to the 1870s, and focused on the work of John Elliotson. Research for Winter's second book Memory: Fragments of a Modern History was funded by the Guggenheim Fellowship, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and National Science Foundation. Memory was written in eleven chapters that can be read separately, as each chapter covers a different topic and several examples relating to memory. Alluding to its title, Memory sought to help readers "understand the broad historical developments precisely by bringing fragments of memory's history to life." Following its publication by the University of Chicago Press in 2012, Winter received the Gordon J. Laing Award in 2014.
Winter was diagnosed with glioblastoma in 2015, and died of a brain tumor on 22 June 2016, aged 50.
# Lionel Froissart

Lionel Froissart is a French sports journalist. He was born in 1958 in Paris. He worked for Libération for almost thirty years, where he specialized in F1 and tennis. He is known for his biography of Ayrton Senna, published in 2004. The 2007 novel Les boxeurs finissent mal… en général won the 2008 Sport-Scriptum prize for the best sports book of the year. Punto Basta, his new novel appeared in 2021.
After the 2022 Austrian Grand Prix he was fired after Criticising Aston Martin F1 Team driver Lance Stroll as "The Autistic".
# Jare Henrik Tiihonen

Jare Henrik Tiihonen is the fifth studio album by Finnish rapper Cheek. It was released on 13 May 2009. The album peaked at number one on the Official Finnish Album Chart.

## Charts

| Chart (2009) | Peak position |
| Finnish Albums Chart | 1 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| Finland | 13 May 2009 | CD, Digital download | Rähinä Records |
# Leiodes puncticollis

Leiodes puncticollis is a species of round fungus beetle in the family Leiodidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America.
# Gibbes (disambiguation)

Gibbes may refer to:

## People

* Gibbes, a surname
* Gibbes baronets later Osborne-Gibbes baronets, titles in the Baronetage of Great Britain

## Places

* Mount Gibbes, of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, U.S.
* Gibbes, and Gibbes Bay, Saint Peter, Barbados

## Other uses

* Gibbes Museum of Art, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
# Aberfeldy Footbridge

Aberfeldy Footbridge is a pedestrian bridge crossing the River Tay in Aberfeldy, Perth and Kinross. Built in 1992 and is the world’s first all-plastic bridge. Today the bridge still holds the Guinness World Record for the longest span plastic bridge, with an impressive 63m.
The bridge was initially used as a crossing for golfers at the Aberfeldy Golf Club to access the section of the course on the other side of the river, however when the Golf Course was downsized the bridge was no longer needed by golfers. The bridge is now used by walkers and cyclists to cross the river.
In 2016 the Golf Club decided the bridge needed work and put up barriers to stop people crossing. The bridge was later reopened after locals broke the barriers down, and although parts of the bridge are still held together with cable ties, the plastic bridge remains open.
# Europa TV

Europa TV was a consortium of five European public service broadcasters from West Germany (ARD), Ireland (RTÉ), Italy (RAI), the Netherlands (NOS) and Portugal (RTP).

## History
### Development

Europa TV aspired to be pan-European not only with regard to its geographical reach but also its programming content. It came after the Eurikon experiment in 1982, that consisted on the production of an experimental television service which over a period of five weeks, was distributed in closed-circuit format.
The channel was financed through contributions from the Dutch government, the European Commission, the participating broadcast organizations and through advertising revenues within its initial three-year budget was 30 million ECUs. Europa TV studios were located in Hilversum in the Netherlands, and Klaas Jan Hindriks [nl] was appointed as general manager.

### Operation

Europa TV started its transmissions on 5 October 1985 and initially only available in the Netherlands, which expanded its reach to 4.5 million households across Europe via ESA and Eutelsat's ECS-1 satellite. This included access to 1.5 million households in Portugal where it was transmitted terrestrially on RTP2 (in other countries the signal was also distributed by cable).
To overcome language barriers, Europa TV transmitted on several sound channels within facilities for simultaneous translation (in English, Dutch, German and Portuguese) enabled audiences to receive the channel in their native tongue. In addition, subtitling in different languages was provided through teletext.
All of the co-operating broadcasters sent in their programmes to Europa TV, but some were produced especially for the channel. These included weather forecasts (covering EEC countries such as Norway, Sweden and Finland but excluding East Germany), current affairs (ex: Worldwatch) and music programmes (ex: Countdown, presented by Adam Curry).

### Closure

On 29 November 1986, it was forced to cease operations having already exhausted its initial three-year budget.

## Preservation

The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision started ongoing preservation efforts of Europa TV broadcasts on 29 August 2018, recovering recordings from about 300 VHS tapes from their archives, 400 Betamax tapes from RTP and documents from RTÉ, RAI and Klaas Jan Hindriks.
# Bernard A. Reinold

Bernard Adolph Reinold (1860 – March 19, 1940) was an American stage actor. He also used the stage name of Adolph Bernard.
Reinhold was born in New York City. He ran away to sea at age 15 to avoid having to follow his father (Bernard Henry Reinhold, head of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University) into the medical profession, spending four years on a whaling boat. He then became an actor, including supporting Lawrence Barrett, and stints with Rose Coghlan's company and Charles Frohman's company. He was also on the executive staff of producer William A. Brady. One of his last roles was in Quarantine (1924) with Helen Hayes. He became superintendent of the Percy Williams Home for Retired Actors in 1926, where he died on March 19, 1940.
He also fought in the Spanish–American War and World War I, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
# Ríkharður

Ríkharður is an Icelandic masculine given name, equivalent to English Richard. Notable people with the name include:
* Ríkharður Daðason (born 1972), Icelandic football player
* Ríkharður Hrafnkelsson (born 1957), Icelandic basketball player
* Ríkharður Jónsson (1929–2017), Icelandic football player and manager
# Glenurus gratus

Glenurus gratus, also known as the pleasing picture-winged antlion, is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae. It is found in North America.
# Jaroslav Krejčí (sociologist)

Jaroslav Krejčí (13 February 1916 – 16 February 2014) was a Czech-British sociologist, historian, economist and former professor of sociology at Lancaster University.
Krejčí was born on 13 February 1916 in Polešovice, Austria-Hungary (the present-day Czech Republic). He studied law.
Krejčí's father, Jaroslav Krejčí, held office as the Prime Minister of the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 1942 to 1945. In contrast to his father's collaboration, Jaroslav Krejčí opposed the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and became actively involved in the Czech resistance during World War II.
Krejčí joined the Josef Hlavka National Economic Institute after the end of the war. He openly opposed the merger of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party, to which he was a member, into Communist Party of Czechoslovakia following the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état. In 1954, he was sentenced to ten years in prison on charges of treason for his opposition to the Communist Party.
He was released from prison in 1960 as part of an amnesty. He and his wife immigrated to the United Kingdom following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, which had crushed the Prague Spring. Krejčí became a professor of sociology at Lancaster University. He taught in the university's Departments of French Studies, German Studies and Religious Studies from 1969 until 1983. Much of his research focused on history and the formation of civilization from a macrosociological approach. He returned to Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic following the fall of communism to teach at Charles University in Prague and Palacký University, Olomouc, as well as the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna.
He founded the Anna and Jaroslav Krejčí Research Endowment Fund in 2006 to support individuals engaged in the humanities.
In 1998, President Václav Havel awarded Krejčí the Medal of Merit. Lancaster University also honored him with an honorary doctorate in 2000.
Jaroslav Krejčí died in Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom, on 16 February 2014 at the age of 98.
# Leiodes punctostriata

Leiodes punctostriata is a species of round fungus beetle in the family Leiodidae. It is found in North America.
# Lichtenau, Ohio

Lichtenau is an abandoned village in Coshocton County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## History

Lichtenau (German meaning "pasture of light") was founded as an Indian Christian settlement in the late 18th century by German-speaking missionaries of the Moravian Church.
The town was abandoned by the converts in 1780.
# Echiniscus clavispinosus

Echinscus clavispinosus is a species of tardigrade in the family Echiniscidae. The species is endemic to the Cape Verde Islands and is found only in the island of Santo Antão. The species was first described by Paulo Fontoura, Giovanni Pilato, and Oscar Lisi in 2011.
# Bernadette Charleux

Bernadette Charleux is a French polymer chemist. She is a member of the Academia Europaea and a senior member of the Institut universitaire de France since 2009. Since 2012, she is the Deputy Vice-president of Research and Development at Saint-Gobain.

## Scientific work

Bernadette Charleux first worked on emulsion polymerization, which led to the creation of new materials : functional latexes, amphiphilic copolymers, etc. before turning to pioneering research on Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization in aqueous media. More recently, she has worked on the creation of nano-objects via the self-assembly of macromolecules.
This work has led to numerous patents.

## Prizes and distinctions

* Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (2013)
* CNRS Silver Medal (2012)
* The Prix Grammaticakis-Neuman of the French Academy of Sciences (2011)
* Société chimique de France Prize, Materials, polymers, and elastomers division (2000)
* CNRS Bronze Medal (1997)
# 2016 meningitis outbreak in Ghana

Pneumococcal meningitis cases were recorded in Ghana in the last quarter of 2015 and an outbreak confirmed by the ministry of health was reported in January 2016. On January 26, 2016, it was reported that 153 people had become infected and 32 had died.
# Ali bin al Mugrab Al Uyuni

Ali bin al-Mugrab Al Uyuni (علي بن المقرب العيوني) was a Bahrani poet from Al-Hasa, who died in 630 AH or 1232 AD, one of the late known poets among the people of the Arabian Peninsula before the modern era. Percentage due to Al Uyuni built from Abdul Qays, who ruled Ahsa in that period after extracted from Qarmatians. Al Uyuni poet, and is considered his office and explanations which are attached by one of the most important sources on the history of that state.
This has been achieved by his several times of poetry, by a number of researchers, including Ahmed Musa al-Khatib and new investigations and explanation. by three researchers (Abdul-Khaliq al-Janabi, Abdul Ghani Alarafat, and Ali Bey).
# Lios na gCon

Lios na gCon (from Irish Lios na gCon, meaning 'ringfort of the hounds') is a reconstructed ringfort located in Darrara, County Cork, Ireland.
It was excavated and reconstructed on its original location between August 1987 and August 1989 by Macra na Feirme from Clonakilty.
It opened to the public in 2009 but was abandoned in 2015 over alleged disagreements between Teagasc (the owners of the land) and Cork County Council.
In keeping with other similar ringforts, it may have served as a fortified farmstead between 400 BC and 1200 AD.
# Jaroslav Král

Jaroslav Král (born 6 March 1948) is a Czechoslovak boxer. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1972 Summer Olympics. In his first fight, he lost to Janusz Gortat of Poland.
# Lenah, Virginia

Lenah is an unincorporated community located in the Aldie ZIP code area on U.S. Route 50 in Loudoun County, Virginia. It lies at the crossroads of U.S. Route 50 and Lenah Road.
* This Loudoun County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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