OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lewes bomb

The Lewes bomb was a blast-incendiary field expedient explosive device, manufactured by mixing diesel oil and Nobel 808 plastic explosive. It was created by Lieutenant Jock Lewes, one of the original members of L Detachment SAS in 1941.

## History

The SAS needed a combined incendiary and explosive device light enough to be carried by a small group of commandos yet powerful enough to destroy and set fire to aircraft on an enemy airfield. Weighing approximately 1 pound (0.45 kg), the Lewes bomb could be carried in quantity by an individual.
The only available bomb at the time was too cumbersome to be carried by a paratrooper. Lewes experimented with various types of incendiary and explosive materials, using trial and error. The final design used 1 pound (450 g) of plastic explosive, mixed with a 1⁄4 pound (110 g) of thermite and a small amount of diesel oil and steel filings. Inside the mass was inserted a two-ounce (60 g) dry guncotton booster, plus a detonator attached to a thirty seconds fuse. Alternatively, Lewes bombs could be triggered by pencil detonators or booby-trap firing devices such as pressure release switches. It is not clear what was used as a container for the explosive, though it was probably a small canvas bag of some sort. In use, the device was placed inside the cockpit or on the wing of an aircraft in order to ignite the aviation fuel stored within.
A disadvantage of the Lewes bomb was that the detonators could be unreliable; several raids failed when their pencil-detonators were rendered unusable by heavy rain. The timing of the detonators could also be affected by the desert heat; after a raid in December 1941 one party reported the 30-minute time pencils had detonated in just 18 minutes due to the warmth of the night.
In the hands of the SAS the Lewes bomb was an effective weapon against parked aircraft; following an attack in December 1941, an assessment was carried out by a group of Italian engineers on some unexploded bombs found on aircraft at their airfield. After repairing the fuses, they placed the bombs "with school-boy enthusiasm" on some old aircraft, exactly as they had been found. The result, they reported, was that "in every case the firing of the charge, besides causing considerable damage due to the explosion, set the fuel alight... causing complete destruction of the vehicle". However they also noted that the fires did not "seem to have been due to any particular qualities of the explosive, but to the accurate placing of the charges in proximity to the fuel tanks"
# Dante Testa

Dante Testa (24 August 1861 – 3 March 1923) was an Italian stage and film actor and theatre and film director whose career began in the 1880s.

## Biography

Born in Turin, Dante Testa became one of great exponents of theatre in the Piedmontese language during the late 19th and early 20th-centuries. Initially working as a stage actor in a theatre company run by actor and playwright Teodoro Cuniberti and his wife Gemma Cuniberti, he also became a theatre manager. In the 1890s, he formed a company with playwright and actor Tancredi Milone, and formed another with Federico Bonelli, called the Compagnia Testa-Bonelli, in 1912. That year he also took over the management of the Teatro Rossini in Turin. In his later years he would open another theatre in Turin called the d'operetta Dante Testa.
During his stage career, Testa and his companies performed many works written by leading Piedmontese playwrights of the era, such as Federico Garelli, Mario Leoni, Nino Oxilia, Sandro Camasio and many others.
In 1910 he was hired Italian film pioneers Carlo Sciamengo and Giovanni Pastrone of Itala Film to begin work as an actor in the relatively new medium of motion pictures. He made his film debut at Itala Film in the 1910 short Sacrificata! (English: Sacrificed!). Among his more memorable roles at Itala was that of Karthalo, the High Priest of Carthage in the 1914 Pastrone directed epic Cabiria. At Itala, he would also direct two films; Padre (1912) and Lo scomparso (1913). Testa would work as an actor for other film companies such as Polidor Film and Ambrosio Film. His last film before his death was in the 1920 drama Terra, directed by his son Eugenio Testa.

## Death and legacy

Dante Testa died in his hometown of Turin in 1923 at age 61. He was the father of actors Adriana and Eugenio Testa.
# Richibucto

Richibucto is a former town in Kent County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held town status prior to 2023 and is now part of the town of Beaurivage.

## Geography

The town is situated on the Richibucto River where it discharges into the Northumberland Strait.

## History

Richibucto had been the location of an annual Mi'kmaq summer coastal community prior to British colonisation. The town takes its name from "Elsipogtog" or "L'sipuktuk" Mi'kmaq terms meaning "river of fire". It is believed the term was mispronounced, or misunderstood from the Mi'kmaq language. See Elsipogtog First Nation.
On 1 January 2023, Richibucto amalgamated with the village of Saint-Louis de Kent and all or part of four local service districts to form the new town of Beaurivage. The community's name remains in official use.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Richibucto had a population of 1,411 living in 649 of its 704 total private dwellings, a change of 11.5% from its 2016 population of 1,266. With a land area of 11.9 km$^2$ (4.6 sq mi), it had a population density of 118.6/km$^2$ (307.1/sq mi) in 2021.
| Religion | Population | Pct (%) |
| Catholic | 1,285 | 95.90% |
| Protestant | 45 | 3.36% |
| No religious affiliation | 10 | 0.75% |
| Income type | By CAD |
| Per capita income | $16,541 |
| Median Household Income | $34,809 |
| Median Family Income | $39,057 |
| Language | Population | Pct (%) |
| French | 805 | 63.39% |
| English | 375 | 29.53% |
| Non-Official Languages | 45 | 3.54% |
| Multiple responses | 45 | 3.54% |

## Economy

The downtown area, situated on the mouth of the river, has commercial fishing wharves, several restaurants, and local stores. The economy is dominated by lobster and deep sea fishing.

## Attractions

* St. Louis de Gonzague Roman Catholic Church was completed in 1965. Designed by Belanger and Roy of Moncton, it was inspired by the designs of the Spanish architect, Félix Candela.

## Notable people

* Kate McPhelim Cleary (1863–1905), novelist
* Murray MacLaren (1861–1942), doctor, politician
* George McLeod (1836–1905), politician, lumber merchant, manufacturer, shipbuilder, shipowner
* James D. Phinney (1844–1915) lawyer, judge, politician
* Henry Powell (1855–1930), politician
* Louis Robichaud (1925–2005), former Premier of New Brunswick
* Peter Veniot (1863–1926), former Premier of New Brunswick
* Charles Wesley Weldon (1830–1896), lawyer, politician
# Hm3

HM3 can refer to:
* Hannah Montana 3, a soundtrack for the Hannah Montana TV series
* United States Navy Hospital Corpsman, Third Class (E-4)
* A Human Genome Organisation symbol for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
* One of the implementations of Modula-3
* Horological Machine No.3, a timepiece from MB&F
hm³ can refer to:
# Lopharcha moriutii

Lopharcha moriutii is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Thailand and China (Hong Kong).
# Centerview, Kansas

Centerview is an unincorporated community in Edwards County, Kansas, United States.

## History

A post office was opened in Centerview in 1917, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1959.
# Alkaline magma series

The alkaline magma series is a chemically distinct range of magma compositions that describes the evolution of an alkaline mafic magma into a more evolved, silica-rich end member.

## Geochemical characterization

Rocks in the alkaline magma series are distinguished from rocks in the subalkaline tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series by their high content of alkali metal oxides (K$_2$O plus Na$_2$O) relative to silica (SiO$_2$). They are distinct from the rare peralkaline magmas, which have excess alkali oxides relative to alumina (Na$_2$O + K$_2$O > Al$_2$O$_3$).$^{:Ch6}$
Alkaline magmas tend to show high titanium oxide (TiO$_2$) content, typically in excess of 3% by weight. Other incompatible elements, such as phosphorus and light rare earth elements, are also elevated. This is attributed to a very low degree of partial melting of the source rock, with only 5% or less of the source rock going into the magma melt.

## Petrography

All alkaline series magmas are thought to have evolved from a primitive mafic alkaline magma, either an alkalic picrite basalt or an ankaramite. This evolves to an alkali olivine basalt or basanite. Thereafter the series branches to the sodic series, the potassic series, or the nephelinic, leucitic, and analcitic series.$^{:Ch6}$
The sodic series evolves through hawaiite or nepheline hawaiite through mugearite or nepheline mugearite and benmoreite or nepheline benmoreite to trachyte or phonolite. The potassic series evolves through trachybasalt or leucite trachybasalt through tristanite or leucite tristanite to potassic trachyte or leucite phonolite. The nephelinic, leucitic and analcitic series evolves from nephelinite or melilite through analcite to leucitite or wyomingite. The latter two may also be produced by evolution of leucite trachybasalt.$^{:Ch6}$
The less evolved alkali rocks tend to contain phenocrysts of olivine, and almost all have augite phenocrysts with elevated titanium, aluminum, and sodium compared with the calcic augite phenocrysts of tholeiites.
Peralkaline rhyolites (comendite or pantellerite) may be generated by fractionation of alkali basalt magma.

## Geologic context

Alkaline magmas are characteristic of continental rifting, areas overlying deeply subducted plates, or at intraplate hotspots.$^{:Ch6}$ They are more likely to be generated at greater depths in the mantle than subalkaline magmas.$^{:Ch23.6}$
Alkaline rocks are rare in the Archean, but become common in the Proterozoic. Alkaline rocks with an age close to 570 million years are common around the perimeters of many continental shields and are evidence of worldwide rifting at that time.$^{:Ch15.6}$
# Browndale, Kansas

Browndale is a ghost town in Clay County, Kansas, United States. It is located at 39°21′35″N 97°21′03″W﻿ / ﻿39.35972°N 97.35083°W﻿ / 39.35972; -97.35083.

## History

Browndale was located on the Union Pacific Railroad.
# Babadan railway station

Babadan Station (station code: BBD) is a third-class railway station in Dimong, Madiun, Madiun Regency, East Java, Indonesia, operated by Kereta Api Indonesia. This railway station is the southwesternmost railway station in the Madiun Regency. The station was built as part of the Nganjuk–Babadan double track segment activation on 30 April 2019 and Babadan–Geneng on 16 October 2019.

## Gallery

* The Babadan railway station's old building has not been used since 30 April 2019
# Hibernian Catholic Benefit Society

The Hibernian Catholic Benefit Society is a friendly society in New Zealand, with a former associated credit union. It was created in 1869.
After a large case of fraud occurring over several years through the early 2000s, in which an employee stole an estimated $1.24 million in society money, the associated credit union had to be wound up, and the society had to default on a large amount of the moneys held for its depositors. However, the society noted that it would continue to exist and strive to fulfill its aims.
# Gigi (singer)

Ejigayehu Shibabaw, known by her stage name Gigi (born 1974), is an Ethiopian singer. She has performed the music of Ethiopia in combination with a wide variety of other genres, often in collaboration with her former husband Bill Laswell, a bassist and producer.

## Early life and career

Gigi was born and raised in Chagni in northwestern Ethiopia. She has described learning traditional songs from an Ethiopian Orthodox priest in the family home. She lived in Kenya for a few years before moving to San Francisco in about 1998.
Gigi recorded two albums for the expatriate Ethiopian community, but it was her 2001 album, titled simply Gigi, that brought her widespread attention. She was noticed by Palm Pictures owner Chris Blackwell, who had years earlier introduced reggae to the mainstream through his former label, Island Records. Blackwell and Gigi's producer (and later, husband) Bill Laswell, decided to use American jazz musicians (including Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Pharoah Sanders, and others) to accompany Gigi on the album.
The result was a fusion of contemporary and traditional sounds. The album was a critical success internationally and generated controversy in her home country for such a radical break with Ethiopian popular music. This release was soon followed by Illuminated Audio, an ambient dub style remix of the album by Laswell.
2003 saw the release of Zion Roots, under the band name Abyssinia Infinite. Bill Laswell played guitar and keyboard (instead of his usual bass), and several of Gigi's family members contributed vocals. The album was a return to a mainly acoustic sound for Gigi, incorporating instruments such as the krar and the tabla.
Gigi's voice can be heard in the Hollywood film Beyond Borders (2003), in which Angelina Jolie portrays an aid worker during the 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia.
She released her Three album, Gold and Wax on Palm Pictures, in 2006.
She has also appeared in "Running From the Light" in Buckethead's Enter the Chicken (2005). In 2010, she recorded Mesgana Ethiopia with Material, released on the M.O.D. Technologies label.
Her 2001 song "Guramayle" appears in the 2006 documentary God Grew Tired of Us. It plays over opening and closing credits.

## Personal life

Gigi was married to her producer Bill Laswell. Her younger sister, singer Tigist Shibabaw, died under unknown circumstances in 2008.

## Discography
### As leader

* Tsehay, 1997
* One Ethiopia, 1998
* Gigi (Guramayle), 2001
* Illuminated Audio, 2003
* Abyssinia Infinite: Zion Roots, 2003
* Gold & Wax, 2006
* Mesgana Ethiopia, 2010

### Other appearances

* Future2Future by Herbie Hancock
* Sacred System: Dub Chamber 4 (Book of Exit) by Bill Laswell
* Realize by Karsh Kale
* Live at Stern Grove by Tabla Beat Science
* Enter The Chicken by Buckethead
* Radioaxiom by Bill Laswell and Jah Wobble
* Daylightless by Fanu (in Salem and Semena-Worck tracks)
* Shin.e - Lightyears by Shin Terai and Buckethead
# Daniel Webster (pilot boat)

The Daniel Webster was a 19th-century pilot boat, built in 1851 at Chelsea, Massachusetts. She was sold to the San Francisco Pilots' Opposition Line in October 1853. In 1864 she sailed for Shanghai, China to be in the pilot service. She operated in Shanghai until 1892 when she was lost in a storm.

## Construction and service

The Boston pilot-boat Daniel Webster, was built in 1851 at Chelsea, Massachusetts. Captain William R. Lampee as a maritime pilot and Thomas Cooper as an apprentice served on the Webster in the Boston pilot service. She was named for Daniel Webster, an American lawyer and statesman. When Webster died on 24 October 1852, the pilots of the Daniel Webster, wanted to attend his funeral. However, when they sailed to Marshfield, Massachusetts, they could not come ashore because there was not enough wind to pilot the boat near the shore.
After losing the Dennison J. Lawlor Boston built pilot-boat Dancing Feather, in 1853 to the newly established San Francisco Merchant Line, the Daniel Webster, was purchased by the San Francisco Pilots' Old Line in October 1853. The Daniel Webster sailed from Boston to Cape Horn to get to San Francisco. The company was composed of W. W. Neal, C. L. Abbot, D. Murphy, W. E. Dornette, and O. E. Sampson. The Daniel Webster, served the San Francisco fleet until 1862 when she was replaced by the Boston pilot-boat Caleb Curtis.
The Daniel Webster, left San Francisco in February 1863 and sailed for Shanghai, China to become a pilot-boat. Her owners were Shelby, Palmer, Reddish, and C. L. Abbott, all San Francisco pilots, who went with her to be used a pilot-boat there. Captain N. L. Rogers took the Daniel Webster to Shanghai as the sailing master. She operated in Shanghai until 1892.

## End of service

Pilot-boat Daniel Webster, operated until 1892 in Shanghai, when she was lost in a storm. All pilots were rescued.
# Richia serano

Richia serano is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Richia serano is 10879.
# 1981 Lacoste Cup

The 1981 Lacoste Cup, also known as the Cologne Cup, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Sporthalle in Cologne, West Germany that was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 26 October through 1 November 1981. First-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Ivan Lendl defeated Sandy Mayer 6–3, 6–3
* It was Lendl's 8th singles title of the year and the 15th of his career.

### Doubles

Sandy Mayer / Frew McMillan defeated Jan Kodeš / Karl Meiler 6–0, 6–4
# Centerview, Oklahoma

Centerview is a populated place in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, at an elevation of 988 feet. It is located 4 miles south-southeast of Prague, Oklahoma, on US Route 377 at Moccasin Trail.
The 1936 WPA-constructed Centerview School still exists and has had an Oklahoma Landmarks Inventory Nomination.
# Alligator Peak

For the location in Canada, see Alligator Peak, British Columbia
Alligator Peak (78°28′S 158°45′E﻿ / ﻿78.467°S 158.750°E﻿ / -78.467; 158.750) is a prominent conical rock peak at the head of Alligator Ridge in the Boomerang Range of Antarctica. It was named for its proximity to Alligator Ridge by the 1957–58 New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1956–58.
# Brownburnie

The brownburnie (Chaetodon blackburnii), also known as Blackburn's butterflyfish or the rayed butterflyfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean.

## Description

The brownburnie is rather drab when compared to many of its congeners. The body of this species is mainly brownish black with the head and front part of the body being bright yellow with a black vertical bar running across the eye. The dark colour extends onto the dorsal fin and the anal fin while the pelvic fins are bright yellow. The dorsal fin contains 16 spines and 21-23 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 17-18 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 13 centimetres (5.1 in).

## Distribution

The brownburnie is found in the western Indian Ocean. It is distributed along the East African coast from Kenya in the north to the Mbhashe River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It has also been recorded from the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the Mozambique Channel islands, Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues and Réunion in the Indian Ocean.

## Habitat and biology

The brownburnie inhabits shallow rocky reefs and calm bays with limited growth of coral. They are found wither solitarily or in pairs. They are omnivorous and feed on benthic invertebrates such as bivalves, soft coral polyps, crustaceans and worms as well as zooplankton. it is an oviparous species in which the male and females mate as pairs.

## Taxonomy and etymology

The brownburnie was first formally described in 1836 by the French naturalist Julien Desjardins (1799-1840) with the type locality given as Mauritius. The specific name honours the English jurist Edward Berens Blackburn (1786-1839) who was the Chief Justice of Mauritius from 1824 to 1835 and president of the Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Ile Maurice (the Natural History Society of the island of Mauritius).

## Utilisation

The brownburnie is rarely seen in the aquarium trade because of its comparatively drab colouration.
# Bagata

Bagata may refer to:
* Bagata people, one of the Scheduled Tribes of India living primarily in Andhra Pradesh
* Bagata, Bandundu, a town in Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Bagata Territory, a territory in Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Bagata (South Ossetia), a settlement in the Tskhinvali district of South Ossetia
# Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society

The Hibernian Australian Catholic Benefit Society (HACBS) was a church-based support network. It was founded in 1868 by a group of Irish immigrants, including Mark Young.
In 1857 Young arrived in the colony of Victoria from Ireland. He moved to Ballarat, where he worked in a variety of occupations, including keeping a store with his brother. In 1861 he joined a gold rush to Otago, New Zealand, returning to Ballarat in 1862. Young ran the White Hart Hotel in Sturt Street and became very active in local affairs. He assisted other Irishmen in the foundation of the Ballarat Hibernian Benefit Society and later worked to achieve the amalgamation of that society with the Australian Catholic Benefit Society to form the Hibernian Australian Catholic Benefit Society. He was elected as its first president.
The Society supported St Patrick's Day parades. In 1953 sixty of its branches marched in the Melbourne parade.
The State Library of New South Wales holds extensive records of the H.A.C.B.S.

## Significant buildings

A number of halls & offices constructed by the society remain and some are now heritage listed. The halls include:
* Hibernian House, Surry Hills, New South Wales, built in 1924
* Hibernian Hall, Roma, Queensland, built in 1932
* Storey Hall, Melbourne
* building built in 1917 with H.A.C.B.S, 87 Hill Street, Orange
# Richard E. DeVor

Richard Earl DeVor (1944–2011) was a College of Engineering Distinguished Professor of Manufacturing and research professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His research interests consist of mathematical modeling/simulation of material removal processes and mathematical modeling of the end milling/face milling processes. He attained his PhD at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He died in July 2011.
# Hohenleipisch

Hohenleipisch (Sorbian: Lubuš) is a municipality in the Elbe-Elster district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

## History

Two kilometres west of Hohenleipisch is an old brown coal and quartz sand pit called Grube Gotthold.
From 1952 to 1990, Hohenleipisch was part of the Bezirk Cottbus of East Germany.

## Demography

| Year | Population |
| 1875 | 1 500 |
| 1890 | 1 700 |
| 1910 | 2 587 |
| 1925 | 2 888 |
| 1933 | 3 209 |
| 1939 | 3 321 |
| 1946 | 4 016 |
| 1950 | 3 937 |
| 1964 | 3 297 |
| 1971 | 3 252 |
| Year | Population |
| 1981 | 2 850 |
| 1985 | 2 759 |
| 1989 | 2 626 |
| 1990 | 2 608 |
| 1991 | 2 566 |
| 1992 | 2 516 |
| 1993 | 2 845 |
| 1994 | 3 024 |
| 1995 | 2 836 |
| 1996 | 3 001 |
| Year | Population |
| 1997 | 3 008 |
| 1998 | 3 022 |
| 1999 | 2 896 |
| 2000 | 2 822 |
| 2001 | 2 845 |
| 2002 | 2 803 |
| 2003 | 2 679 |
| 2004 | 2 660 |
| 2005 | 2 552 |
| 2006 | 2 383 |
| Year | Population |
| 2007 | 2 304 |
| 2008 | 2 258 |
| 2009 | 2 235 |
| 2010 | 2 171 |
| 2011 | 2 188 |
| 2012 | 2 148 |
| 2013 | 2 089 |
| 2014 | 2 069 |
| 2015 | 2 048 |
| 2016 | 2 056 |