OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Samantha Hunt

Samantha Hunt (born May 15, 1971) is an American novelist, essayist and short-story writer.
She is the author of The Dark Dark and The Unwritten Book, published by Farrar, Straus, Giroux; The Seas, published by MacAdam/Cage and Tin House; and the novels Mr. Splitfoot and The Invention of Everything Else, published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

## Early life

Hunt was born the youngest of six children in 1971. Her father was an editor, her mother is a painter. She moved in 1989 to attend the University of Vermont, where she studied literature, printmaking and geology. She received her MFA from Warren Wilson College, before moving to New York City in 1999.

## Career
### Books

Hunt's debut novel, The Seas, first published in 2004, is a magical-realist novel about a young girl in a Northern town who believes herself to be a mermaid. The book was voted one of the Village Voice Literary Supplement's Favorite Books of 2004, and won the National Book Foundation award for "5 under 35" in 2006. In 2018, The Seas was republished by Tin House Books in 2018 with a foreword by Maggie Nelson.
In 2008, she published her second novel, The Invention of Everything Else through Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The novel provides a fictionalized account of the final days of inventor Nikola Tesla. It won both the Bard Fiction Prize in 2010, and was shortlisted for the Orange Prize.
Her other novels include Mr. Splitfoot (2016), a ghost story, and The Dark Dark: Stories (2017), a collection of short stories.
Hunt's short stories and essays have appeared in The New Yorker, New York Times Magazine, McSweeney's, The Atlantic, A Public Space, Cabinet, Esquire, The Believer, Blind Spot, Harper’s Bazaar, The Village Voice, Seed Magazine, Tin House, New York Magazine, on the radio program This American Life and in a number of anthologies including Trampoline edited by Kelly Link. Hunt's play, The Difference Engine, a story about the life of Charles Babbage, was produced by the Theater of a Two-Headed Calf.

### Awards

Hunt won the Bard Fiction Prize, the National Book Foundation's 5 Under 35 award, the St. Francis College Literary Prize and was a finalist for the Orange Prize. In 2017, she received a Guggenheim Fellowship for fiction.

### Literary influences

Hunt's credits her experiences growing up one of six children for her interest in literature, her dialogue, and her fictional portrayals of motherhood.

### Profession

Hunt is a professor of writing at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, NY.
# Gille Críst, Earl of Mar

Gille Críst of Mar is the fourth-known mormaer of Mar, from 1183 to 1203.
His relationship to the previous mormaer, Morggán, is not totally clear, but Gille Críst was not the son of Morggán, and so his succession could probably be explained by operations of Gaelic succession, but scholars know almost nothing about the internal functions of Mar in this period.
He had two sons, Máel Coluim and Eoin. He also had a daughter, whose name is unknown. Her importance, though, is high, because she married Máel Coluim of Lundie, and their son Thomas Durward eventually contested the inheritance of Mar by the line of Morggán.
His wife was Orabilis, a daughter of Ness fitzWilliam, Lord of Leuchars. Her marriage to Gille was her third. She had previously been married to Robert de Quincy, Constable of Leinster, and, secondly, Adam, the son of Duncan I, Earl of Fife.
# Aldridge (disambiguation)

Aldridge may refer to:

## Places
### In the United Kingdom

* Aldridge, a town in England
** Aldridge-Brownhills Urban District
** Aldridge-Brownhills (UK Parliament constituency), its representation in the House of Commons

### In the United States

* Aldridge, Alabama
* Aldridge, Montana, a ghost town in Park County, Montana
* Aldridge, Texas, a ghost town in Jasper County, Texas
* Aldridge Botanical Gardens in Hoover, Alabama

## People

* Aldridge (surname)
* Aldridge Bousfield (1941–2020), American mathematician and writer
* The Aldridge Sisters, American singing act

## Other uses

* Aldridge Pryor, a fictional character from the British comic magazine Viz
* Aldridge Foundation, an educational charity which sponsors schools in England
# Philippe Bas

Philippe Bas (French pronunciation:; born 20 July 1958) is a French politician, member of the French Senate representing the department of Manche.
He was appointed general secretary of the Élysée Palace from 2002 to 2005. Since 2014, he is the president of the Commission des Lois in the French Senate. Between July 2018 and February 2019, he was the president of the Senate commission which investigated the Benalla affair, chiefly on the organization of the French presidency about security subjects.
# Blue and Gray Museum (Alabama)

The Blue and Gray Museum was a large, privately-owned collection of American Civil War artifacts in Decatur, Alabama, in the United States. The museum was also home to a number of non-Civil War artifacts including U.S. General Joseph K. Mansfield's ivory-handled Colt 1851 Navy revolver, shako military hats that dated to the Mexican–American War, Lt. Charles E. Warren's 1810–1840-era sword, and letters from Ulysses S. Grant, John C. Calhoun, Ormsby Mitchel, and P.G.T. Beauregard.
# Andriëtte Bekker

Andriëtte Bekker (born 1958) is a South African mathematical statistician. She is a professor at the University of Pretoria, and head of the statistics department at the university.

## Education

Bekker earned her Ph.D. in 1990 at the University of South Africa. Her dissertation, Veralgemening, samestelling en karakterisering as metodes om parameterryke verdelings te vind [Generalising, compounding, and characterising as methods to obtain parameter-rich distributions], was supervised by J. J. J. Roux.

## Recognition

Bekker is an Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute.
# Gradient Salience Model

The Gradient Salience model is a model of figurative language comprehension proposed by Rachel Giora in 2002 as an alternative to the standard pragmatic model.
It offers a possible explanation for the results obtained in various contemporary studies, in which figurative language is processed as fast as literal language.

## Salient and non salient meanings

The definition of saliency is included in Rachel Giora's (2002) article "Literal vs. figurative language: Different or equal?". Salient meanings are meanings which are stored in the mental lexicon. They are most prominent in language, as they are the most familiar, conventional, frequent and prototypical. Non salient meanings, on the other hand, are meanings which are relatively new to language. They are novel and infrequent.

## Assumptions

The Gradient Salience model assumes that the processing of metaphorical expressions depends on the meaning's saliency.
* Salient meanings are processed faster than non salient ones, as they are more familiar. That is why conventional metaphors and literal expressions are processed faster than novel metaphors.
* Non salient meanings are processed slower.
# Johannes Kuenen

Johannes Petrus Kuenen (11 October 1866 in Leiden – 25 September 1922 in Leiden) was a Dutch physicist.

## Biography

Kuenen was the son of the professor of theology Abraham Kuenen and his wife Wiepkje Muurling. His son Philip Henry Kuenen was professor of geology. From 1884 to 1889 he studied at the University of Leiden, where he graduated in 1892. He became a professor in physics in 1895 at University College, Dundee in Dundee, Scotland, where he worked until 1907. For most of this period the college was part of the University of St Andrews. While at Dundee he performed early experiments with x-rays with the physiologist Edward Waymouth Reid. In 1907 he was appointed professor of physics at Leiden University. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Kuenen led the Kamerlingh Onnes Physics Laboratory.
On the basis of his scientific work he was elected in 1911 as a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and became a member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen in 1915.

## Retrograde condensation

He discovered retrograde condensation and published his findings in April 1892 in the Ph.D. thesis with the title "Metingen betreffende het oppervlak van Van der Waals voor mengsels van koolzuur en chloormethyl". (Measurements on the Van der Waals surface for mixtures of carbonic acid and methyl chloride).
# Samantha Hughes

Samantha Hughes may refer to:
* Samantha Hughes (fighter) (born 1992), American mixed martial artist
* Samantha Hughes, fictional character in The House of the Devil
* Samantha Hughes, fictional character in In Country
# Gille Ruadh

Gille Ruadh was the Galwegian leader who led the revolt against King Alexander II of Scotland. His birth, death date and origins are all unknown.
Upon the death of Alan, Lord of Galloway, in 1234, Galloway was left without a legitimate feudal heir. Alexander II had decided to partition the lordship between the Anglo-Norman husbands of Alan's three living daughters, Roger de Quincy (married to Ela), John de Balliol (married to Derborgaill) and William de Forz (married to Cairistiona).
However, Alan had left an illegitimate son, Thomas. In Gaelic succession law, Thomas was a perfectly acceptable heir. Thus the native Galwegians and the Gaelic clergy of the province rose in revolt against the Scottish king.

## Leader of Galloway revolt

The revolt of the Galwegians started in 1235, under Gille Ruadh's leadership. Matthew Paris says that Manx and Irish forces got involved too. Thomas received help from his father's father-in-law, Hugh de Lacy the Earl of Ulster, Hugh had his own problems which limited his participation. Thomas also seems to have gained support from Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill and the Uí Domnaill of Tír Conaill.
Alexander soon invaded Galloway. Gille Ruadh ambushed the royal army, almost bringing it to disaster. However the Scottish King was saved by Fearchar, Mormaer of Ross. Gille Ruadh and Thomas escaped to Ireland, Alexander returned north, and Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, was left to subdue the province, ravaging the lands and monastic establishments (Glenluce Abbey and Tongland Abbey were both sacked, and their abbots punished).
Soon afterwards, Gille Ruadh returned from Ireland with a new army. The royal forces fled the province. However, for an unknown set of reasons, Gille Ruadh abandoned Thomas and gave himself up on favorable conditions to Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar. Thomas followed suit.
The failure of the revolt ensured the death of the Lordship of Galloway as a united and distinct sub-kingdom of northern Britain.
# Albert de Grossouvre

Marie Félix Albert Durand de Grossouvre (23 August 1849, Bourges – 18 May 1932, Bourges) was a French geologist, best known for his research in the fields of stratigraphy and paleontology.

## Biography

He studied at the École Polytechnique and the École des Mines de Paris, and afterwards worked as a mining engineer in his hometown of Bourges. In 1889 he attained the post of chief mining engineer. He conducted stratigraphic investigations throughout France, and in the process, uncovered numerous fossils, most notably ammonites. As a cartographer, he participated in the creation of geological maps of central France (Issoudun, Châteauroux, Valençay).
In 1878 he was one of the founders of the Société scientifique, historique et archéologique de la Corrèze. He was an officer of the Légion d'honneur, and in 1913 became a correspondent member of the Académie des sciences (mineralogy section).
In 1894 he circumscribed the ammonite subfamily Acanthoceratinae. He was also the taxonomic authority of the ammonite genera Barroisiceras, Gaudryceras, Hauericeras, Kossmaticeras and Peroniceras.

## Published works

His major work on stratigraphy and paleontology, "Recherches sur la craie supérieure" (1893–1901) was published in two volumes (4 tomes). In 1911 he authored a book on the history of Bourges, titled "Le vieux Bourges". His other noteworthy written efforts include:
* Etude sur les gisements de phosphate de chaux du centre de la France, 1885 – Study on the deposits of phosphate of lime in central France.
* Etude sur les gisements de minerai de fer du centre de la France, 1886 – Study on the deposits of iron ore in central France.
* Sur le terrain crétacé dans le Sud-Ouest du bassin de Paris, 1889 – On the Cretaceous strata southwest of the Paris Basin.
* Contributions à la stratigraphie des Pyrénées, 1892 – Contributions to the stratigraphy of the Pyrénées.
* Sur l'Ammonites peramplus et quelques autres fossiles Turoniens, 1899 – On ammonites and some other Turonian fossils.
* Sur quelques fossiles Crétacés de Madagascar, 1899 – On some fossils from Madagascar.
* Crétacé de la Touraine et du Maine, 1900 – The Cretaceous strata of Touraine and Maine.
* Etude paleogéographique sur le détroit de Poitiers, 1901 – Paleontological study on the strait of Poitiers.
* Sur le crétacé des Corbières, 1912 – On the Cretaceous strata of the Corbières Massif.
# Philippe Barroso

Philippe Barroso (born 1 August 1955 in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques) is a retired French alpine skier who competed in the 1976 Winter Olympics, finishing 25th in the giant slalom.
# Bohlinger

Bohlinger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* John Bohlinger (born 1936), American businessman and politician
* John Bohlinger (born c. 1967), American musician and writer
* Rob Bohlinger (born 1975), American football player
# Global Standard Stratigraphic Age

Units in geochronology and stratigraphy :
| Segments of rock (strata) in chronostratigraphy | Time spans in geochronology | Notes to geochronological units |
| Eonothem | Eon | 4 total, half a billion years or more |
| Erathem | Era | 10 defined, several hundred million years |
| System | Period | 22 defined, tens to ~one hundred million years |
| Series | Epoch | 34 defined, tens of millions of years |
| Stage | Age | 99 defined, millions of years |
| Chronozone | Chron | subdivision of an age, not used by the ICS timescale |
In the stratigraphy sub-discipline of geology, a Global Standard Stratigraphic Age, abbreviated GSSA, is a chronological reference point and criterion in the geologic record used to define the boundaries (an internationally sanctioned benchmark point) between different geological periods, epochs or ages on the overall geologic time scale in a chronostratigraphically useful rock layer. A worldwide multidisciplinary effort has been ongoing since 1974 to define such important metrics. The points and strata need be widespread and contain an identifiable sequence of layers or other unambiguous marker (identifiable or quantifiable) attributes.
GSSAs are defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) under the auspices of their parent organization, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), and are used primarily for time dating of rock layers older than 630 million years ago, lacking a good fossil record.
The geologic record is more restricted before about 539 million years ago. This is because the Earth's crust in geological time scales is constantly being recycled by tectonic and weathering forces, and older rocks and especially readily accessible exposed strata that can act as a time calibration are rare.
For more recent periods, a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), largely based on paleontology and improved methods of fossil dating, is used to define such boundaries. In contrast to GSSAs, GSSPs are based on important events and transitions within a particular stratigraphic section. In older sections, there is insufficient fossil record or well preserved sections to identify the key events necessary for a GSSP, so GSSAs are defined based on fixed dates and selected criteria. The ICS first attempts to meet the standards of the GSSPs (see below) and if those fail, usually have enough information to make a preliminary selection of several competing GSSA prospects or proposals.
# Andrić

Andrić (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation:) is a Croatian and Serbian surname, derived from Andrija. It may refer to:
* Andric noble family, medieval noble house from Serbia
* Domagoj Andrić (born 1933), Croatian composer and conductor
* Dragan Andrić (born 1962), former Yugoslav water poloist
* Dragan Andrić (born 1975), Serbian politician
* Dragan Andrić (born 1989), Serbian footballer
* Dragan Andrić "Andra", former bass guitar player of the Serbian band Piloti
* Dušan Andrić (born 1946), former Yugoslav footballer
* Ivo Andrić (1892–1975), Yugoslav novelist and Nobel laureate
* Ivo Andrić-Lužanski (born 1956), Bosnian Croat politician
* Jerolim Andrić (1807–1879), Croatian theologian, writer, pedagogue and politician
* Josip Andrić (1894–1967), Croatian writer, translator and composer
* Klara Andric (born 1981), Austrian politician
* Komnen Andrić (born 1995), Serbian footballer
* Lukša Andrić (born 1985), Croatian basketball player
* Mario Andric (born 1998), Austrian footballer
* Mihajlo Andrić (born 1994), Serbian basketball player
* Mila Andrić (born 1990), Serbian hurdler
* Miodrag Andrić (1943-1989), Serbian actor
* Mirko Andrić Gudžuli (born 1926), Croatian poet and writer
* Mirko Andrić (born 1976), Serbian footballer
* Neda Andrić (1927–2010), Croatian economist
* Nemanja Andrić (born 1987), Serbian footballer
* Nikola Andrić (1867–1942), Croatian writer, philologist and translator.
* Nikola Andrić (born 1992), Serbian footballer
* Srđan Andrić (born 1980), Croatian footballer
* Stefan Andrić (born 1996), Serbian-born Macedonian footballer
* Vicko Andrić (1793–1866), Croatian architect
* Viktor Andrić, formerly known as Ivica Rajić (born 1958), Croatian military officer and convicted war criminal
* Vjekoslav Andrić (born 1992), Slovenian footballer
# Pato Kelesitse

Pato Kelesitse is a climate justice activist from Gaborone, Botswana. Pato is also the Founder of Sustain267, a non-profit initiative fostering on climate justice solutions across Africa, she served as a Project Officer and now serves as a Sustainability Lead at the South African Climate Action Network.

## Biography

Pato was born in Kanye, Botswana. She holds a Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Accounting and Finance, and she is also a candidate for Master of Arts in Development Studies at the University of Botswana. Pato is a delegate of the Government of Botswana to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 2019 Pato was named as one of the “40 under 40 African Leaders for Climate Resilience” by Wilton Park, an Executive Agency of the UK Foreign Office. She served as the coordinator of Resilient40, which is a network of over 60 young people in 29 African countries. Pato is a member of the World Economic Forum Global Shapers Community-Gaborone Hub.

## Activism

Pato's experience in advocacy includes youth and community engagement organizing, project coordination, as well as capacity building and documentation. As a feminist, she advocates for the adoption of African feminist principles in addressing the climate crisis. She was the African representative, as one of the global youth leaders at the UN Climate Summit in addressing world leaders on climate change as a global priority. She serves as an advisor for Urgent Action Fund-Africa and is a FuturElect Class of 2022 Fellow.
# Johann Meduna

Johann Meduna (24 July 1894 – 16 March 1943) was a Czech-Austrian resistance fighter against the Nazi regime.
A descendant of the South-Moravian branch of the Meduna family, he was born on 24 July 1894 in Podmyče, Moravia, and executed on 16 March 1943 in Vienna. He was a master tailor in Vienna's 16th district. In 1912, he joined the Austrian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
Together with his son, he worked illegally for the Communist Party, producing and distributing leaflets. He was arrested on 27 January 1941 and sentenced to death on 14 December 1942. He was guillotined in Vienna on 16 March 1943.
# Samizdata

Samizdata is a British group weblog. Founded on 2 November 2001, by Perry de Havilland and originally named ‘Libertarian Samizdata’, it dropped the label due to the reluctance of editors to subscribe to a particular label.
Edited by "anarcho-libertarians, tax rebels, Eurosceptics, and Wildean individualists," Samizdata is one of the UK's oldest blogs. The editors describe Samizdata.net as "a blog for people with a critically rational individualist perspective. We are developing the social individualist meta-context for the future. From the very serious to the extremely frivolous.
In 2005, The Guardian wrote that it was "by some measures the nation's most successful independent blog," with over 15,000 unique visitors a day, and "arguably the grandfather of British political blogs." In 2008, The Observer labeled it as one of the fifty most powerful blogs in the world.
# Leukocyte-promoting factor

Leukocyte-promoting factor, more commonly known as leukopoietin, is a category of substances produced by neutrophils when they encounter a foreign antigen. Leukopoietin stimulates the bone marrow to increase the rate of leukopoiesis in order to replace the neutrophils that will inevitably be lost when they begin to phagocytose the foreign antigens.
Leukocyte-promoting factors include colony stimulating factors (CSFs) (produced by monocytes and T lymphocytes), interleukins (produced by monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells), prostaglandins, and lactoferrin.
# Albert de Gresle

Albert de Gresle (fl. 1086 - 1094) was a non-resident lord of the manor of Manchester.

## Origins

Various antiquarians believed that the Gresle family originated from Malahulc, purported uncle of Rollo, of whom descended Roger I of Tosny, ancestor of the future Gresley Baronets. William Robert Whatton disputed this, believing the origin and descent of the Gresle family to be separate to that of the Derbyshire baronets, noting the distinct armorial bearings, and noting that there is no record of the Gresleys holding land in Lancashire. Later historians such as James Tait and Falconer Madan supported Whatton's refutation of this purported origin.
In The History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster, James Croston identifies Albert Gresle as being Albert Bussel, brother of Lord Warin Bussel of Penwortham. Tait states in Mediæval Manchester and the beginnings of Lancashire that "this wild identification affords a good illustration of the mingled ignorance and rashness of too many local antiquaries".
Albert's surname likely originates from the Old French term greslet, meaning pock-marked or pitted. This was likely to be an attribute of either Albert himself, or one of the families earlier members. In the Domesday book, he is also known as Albert crematus (Albert the Burnt). It is difficult to tell whether this was either a previous family name, or merely a nickname.

## Career

Following the Norman Conquest of England, Roger the Poitevin granted Albert with lands in Norfolk, Lincoln, Nottingham, and in conjunction with Roger de Busli the Blackburn Hundred.
Sometime after 1086, Albert resigned his fee in Blackburn, and instead obtained a grant of the manor of Manchester within the Salford Hundred.
Albert was a witness to Roger de Poitevin's charter establishing the Lancaster Priory in 1094.
# Phonetic alphabet

Phonetic alphabet can mean:
* Phonetic transcription system: a system for transcribing the precise sounds of human speech into writing
** International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): the most widespread such system
** (See Category:Phonetic alphabets for other phonetic transcription systems)
* Phonemic orthography: an orthography that represents the sounds of a particular language in such a way that one symbol corresponds to each speech sound and vice versa
* Spelling alphabet a.k.a. radio alphabet: a set of code words for the names of the letters of an alphabet, used in noisy conditions such as radio communication; each word typically stands for its own initial letter
** NATO phonetic alphabet: the international standard (e.g., Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot etc.)
** (See Category:Spelling alphabets for other radio-telephony spelling alphabets)