OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# German Sims Woodhead

Sir German Sims Woodhead, KBE FRSE PRMS LLD (29 April 1855 – 29 December 1921) was an English pathologist.

## Life

He was born at Woodland Mount, a large country house near Huddersfield, on 29 April 1855 the son of Joseph Woodhead, a newspaper owner (and later politician), and his wife Catherine Woodhead.
He was educated at Huddersfield College. He then studied Medicine at Edinburgh University, graduating MB ChB in 1878.
From 1885 to 1890 he worked as a lab assistant in Edinburgh University, living then at 6 Marchhall Crescent. During his time in Edinburgh, in 1886, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, Alexander Crum Brown, Robert Gray and Sir John Murray.
In 1890, aged only 35, he became Director of the Conjoint Laboratories of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and of Surgeons in London.
In 1899 he was made Professor of Pathology in Cambridge University. He was the first Editor of the Journal of Pathology.
In the First World War he was the Inspector of Government Laboratories serving all military hospitals. He was attached to the RAMC at the rank of Lt Colonel. Largely as a result of this service he was knighted (KBE) by King George V in 1919.
He died at Aisthorpe Hall in Lincolnshire on 29 December 1921 and is buried in Cambridge City Cemetery.

## Family

In 1881, he married Harriet Elizabeth St Clair Erskine Yates.

## Published work

* Practical Pathology (1883)
* Pathological Mycology (1885), with A. W. Hare
* Bacteria and Their Products (1891)
* Report to the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis (1895)
# Cuba–Kiribati relations

Diplomatic relations between Kiribati and Cuba developed in the 2000s (decade). Like other countries in Oceania, Kiribati is a beneficiary of Cuban medical aid; bilateral relations between Tarawa and Havana must be viewed within the scope of Cuba's regional policy in Oceania.

## Cuban assistance

In 2007, there were sixteen doctors providing specialised medical care in Kiribati, with sixteen more scheduled to join them. Cubans have also offered training to I-Kiribati doctors (I-Kiribati are the native people of Kiribati). Cuban doctors have reportedly provided a dramatic improvement to the field of medical care in Kiribati, reducing the child mortality rate in the country by 80%.
As of September 2008, twenty I-Kiribati were studying medicine in Cuba, their expenses paid for by Cuba, with more expected to join them as Cuba increased the number of scholarships provided to Pacific Islander medical students. In December 2010, it was reported that thirty-three I-Kiribati had studied or were studying in Cuba, of which thirty-one were studying medicine.

## State visits

In September 2008, I-Kiribati President Anote Tong met Cuban President Raúl Castro in Havana to discuss "mutual friendship and cooperation", thus becoming the first Pacific leader to pay a state visit to Cuba. Tong was in Havana to attend a multilateral Cuba-Pacific summit, where attendees discussed "strengthening co-operation in health, sports and education", and where Cuba pledged assistance to Pacific Island countries in facing the effects of climate change.
In December 2010, President Tong carried out his second State visit to Cuba, to hold official talks with President Castro. Tong was accompanied by other members of Kiribati's government, with an aim to expand bilateral relations beyond the field of medical aid. An agreement on "sports cooperation", in particular, was prepared.
# Loch of Craiglush

Loch of Craiglush is a freshwater loch, located around 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) north-east of Dunkeld in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The loch is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), as well as forming part of a Special Area of Conservation.

## Fishing

Loch of Craiglush, Loch of the Lowes, Loch of Butterstone, Loch of Clunie, Loch of Drumellie, Loch Rae, Fingask Loch, Loch White and Loch Black and the Stormont Loch form a series of lochs all draining into the Lunan Burn, which flows into the River Isla before its junction with the River Tay. All these rivers contain pike and perch and trout are taken in Lochs Craiglush, Lowes and Butterstone.
# Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk

The Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk was a Regional Municipality that was proclaimed on January 1, 1974 in the province of Ontario, Canada, on the advice of a report by Milt Farrow, a "special advisor" appointed by the Government of Ontario. In 2001, the Region was dissolved and split into two single-tier municipalities, the Town of Haldimand and the Town of Norfolk. Immediately after their formation, they changed their names to Haldimand County and Norfolk County.

## Overview

Under this arrangement, the Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk was established as an upper-tier municipality and comprised the former Haldimand and Norfolk Counties, which they superseded. Its lower-tier municipalities were: the city of Nanticoke, the town of Haldimand, the town of Dunnville, the town of Simcoe, and the townships of Delhi and Norfolk.
The Region was responsible for providing police services, public transit, and social services, while the lower-tier municipalities were responsible for fire and recreation services; although both tiers shared the responsibility for maintaining roads and water. It was governed by a Regional Chair who presided over a Regional Council with representatives from each of the constituent municipalities.

## History

The Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk was created by Act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1973, which took effect on January 1, 1974. The creation of the Regional Municipality resulted in the consolidation of the former municipalities of Haldimand and Norfolk Counties into six new municipalities:
Creation of area municipalities in the Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk (1974) :
| Area municipality | Created from | Police villages dissolved |
| Township of Delhi | Town of Delhi, annexing portions of the Townships of Charlotteville, Middleton, South Walsingham and Windham | |
| City of Nanticoke | Village of Jarvis, Town of Port Dover, Town of Waterford, annexing portions of the Townships of Rainham, Townsend, Walpole, and Woodhouse | |
| Town of Dunnville | Town of Dunnville, Townships of Canborough, Dunn, Moulton, and Sherbrooke | |
| Town of Haldimand | Town of Caledonia, Village of Cayuga, Village of Hagersville, Townships of North Cayuga, Oneida, Seneca, and South Cayuga, annexing portions of the Townships of Rainham and Walpole | |
| Township of Norfolk | Village of Port Rowan, Townships of Houghton, North Walsingham, annexing portions of the Townships of Middleton and South Walsingham | Canfield Fisherville Saint Williams Selkirk Vittoria |
| City of Simcoe | City of Simcoe | |

## Dissolution

In the early 2000s, a new Progressive Conservative government was responsible for amalgamating and dissolving most Regional Municipalities from 2000 to 2001, with Ottawa-Carleton, Hamilton–Wentworth, Sudbury, and others being dissolved. Metropolitan Toronto was the first Regional Municipality to be amalgamated out of the bunch in 1998.
# Louise Charbonneau

Louise Charbonneau may refer to
* Louise Charbonneau (politician), Member of Parliament of Canada
* Louise Charbonneau (judge), judge in Canada
# Carlsson

Carlsson is a Swedish patronymic surname meaning "son of Carl" or "Carl’s son". Cognates include Carlson and Karlsson. The parallel Danish-Norwegian forms are Karlsen and Carlsen.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Agnes Carlsson, 2005 Idol winner
* Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930) Swedish zoologist.
* Allan Carlsson (boxer), Swedish boxer
* Allan Carlsson (cyclist) (1929–1953), Swedish cyclist
* Andreas Carlsson, Swedish music producer, composer, and pop songwriter
* Arvid Carlsson, famous neuroscientist
* Bernt Carlsson (1938–1988), Swedish politician, United Nations Commissioner for Namibia
* Christoffer Carlsson (born 1989), Swedish football player
* Christoffer Carlsson (writer) (born 1986), Swedish criminologist and writer
* Clas-Göran Carlsson (born 1962), Swedish politician
* Erik Carlsson (1929–2015), Swedish rally driver
* Gabriel Carlsson (born 1997), Swedish ice hockey player
* Göran Carlsson (born 1963), Swedish curler
* Gunilla Carlsson (born 1963), Swedish politician
* Henry Carlsson, Swedish footballer
* Ingvar Carlsson (born 1934), Swedish politician, Prime Minister of Sweden (1986–1991; 1994–1996)
* Janne Carlsson, Swedish film and television actor
* Johan Carlsson (footballer)
* Johan Carlsson (tennis), former professional tennis player
* Kent Carlsson, former tennis player
* Leo Carlsson (born 2004), Swedish ice hockey player
* Magnus Carlsson (disambiguation), multiple people
* Márcio Carlsson, former professional tennis player
* Maria Carlsson (born 1937), German translator
* Nicklas Carlsson, professional footballer
* Pat Moss-Carlsson (1934–2008), English rally driver
* Peter Carlsson, former professional tennis player
* Pontus Carlsson (born 1982), Swedish chess grandmaster
* Robin Carlsson (Robyn) (born 1979), Swedish musician
* Rose-Marie Carlsson (born 1954), Swedish politician
* Sven Carlsson (1915–1995), Swedish curler
* Tobias Carlsson (footballer, born 1975), retired Swedish footballer
# Austroponera castanea

Austroponera castanea is an ant species in the subfamily Ponerinae. It is endemic to New Zealand.
# Bradd

Bradd is a name. Notable people with this name include:
* Bradd Wong (born 1960), American actor
* Bradd Dalziell (born 1987), Australian football player
* Bradd Shore (born 1945), American anthropologist
* Bradd Westmoreland (born 1975), Australian painter
* Les Bradd (born 1947), English football player
# Lepet

Lepet (Javanese), Leupeut (Sundanese), or Lepat (Indonesian) is a type of sticky rice dumpling mixed with peanuts cooked with coconut milk and packed inside a janur (young coconut leaf) or palm leaf. It is a delicacy commonly found in Javanese and Sundanese cuisine (of Java, Indonesia), and often consumed as a snack. It is similar to lontong, but with a stickier texture and richer flavor due to the use of coconut milk and peanuts.
Lepet is made by steaming the ketan (sticky rice) until half cooked in coconut milk then mixed with pandan leaf and salt until all of the coconut milk is absorbed into the sticky rice. Then the half-cooked coconut milk sticky rice is mixed further with grated coconut flesh and peanuts then wrapped inside janur (young yellowish coconut leaf) in a cylindrical-shape and secured with strings made from coconut leaf fibers (or any kind of strings). The rice packages inside the coconut leaf are then steamed further until completely cooked. The most common filling is peanuts, however other kinds of beans such as kidney beans, cowpeas, jack beans, or corn might also be used.
Other than sticky rice, lepet can be made from corn as well, which is similar to tamale.
In the Sundanese area of West Java, it is known as leupeut and usually made in a smaller size with peanut filling and usually consumed with tahu sumedang (fried tofu). It is a popular snack in the Kuningan and Sumedang Regency.
In Sumatra, Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula there is a similarly named food known as lepat, although the recipe and method are slightly different as lepat uses palm sugar and grated coconut flesh fillings which are wrapped inside a banana leaf instead of a young coconut leaf.
# Culdrum Township, Morrison County, Minnesota

Culdrum Township is a township in Morrison County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 505 at the 2000 census.

## History

Culdrum Township was organized in 1871. The first settler in the area of the town was J.C. Stebbins who in 1859 located in an area known as Martin place. During the US-Dakota War of 1862 the entire population of township was abandoned. Soon after the war the end of the war John Workman, one of the Little Falls first settlers, selected the name for the township which was named for Culdrum Townland in County Londonderry, his native town in Ireland.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 33.8 square miles (88 km$^2$), of which 33.5 square miles (87 km$^2$) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km$^2$) (0.68%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 505 people, 165 households, and 130 families residing in the township. The population density was 15.1 inhabitants per square mile (5.8/km$^2$). There were 178 housing units at an average density of 5.3 per square mile (2.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.60% White, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.
There were 165 households, out of which 44.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.7% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.54.
In the township the population was spread out, with 35.6% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.3 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $34,712, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,174. About 3.1% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.
# Loch of Houll

Loch of Houll is a loch on Whalsay, one of the Shetland islands of Scotland. It is located to the southeast of Brough and on the eastern side of Setter Hill. An eastern tributary of the Scarfmoor Burn passes into the western side of the loch. It is described as a "large shallow loch with brown trout averaging 8-10 oz and some over 2 lbs." On the western side of the loch is Peerie Roonie House, a ruined stone house, which still has traces of the inner face of a drystone wall and drain. Archaeologists excavating at the site discovered stone tools dated to the Neolithic period and peat ash.

## Whalsay Model Yacht Club

The Loch of Houll is home to the Whalsay Model Yacht Club, which has a boathouse on the shore. Members of the club sail yachts with a waterline length of 60 cm in twos throughout the winter, and stage an event on Christmas Day, known as the "Yule Dee model yacht race". Locals join in with the festivities during which sailing is followed by Christmas dinner, and a bonfire and fireworks are lit later.
# Renqingxiubu Lake

Renqingxiubu , or Renqingxiubucuo (Chinese: 仁青休布错; pinyin: Rénqīng Xiūbù Cuò), also known as Rinchen Shubtso (Tibetan: རིན་ཆེན་ཤུབས་མཚོ་, Wylie: rin chen shubs mtsho, ZYPY: Rinchen Shuptso), is a salt lake in Zhongba County in the Shigatse Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It is located about 45 kilometres northwest of Taruo Lake and southeast of Ang Laren Lake. It is 21.5 km long and 16.4 km wide and has an area of 187.1 square km.
# Louise Charron

Louise Charron, CC (born March 2, 1951) is a Canadian jurist. She was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada in October, 2004, and is the first native-born Franco-Ontarian Supreme Court judge. (This distinction has sometimes been attributed to Louise Arbour, but Arbour was born and raised Québécoise.)
Born in Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, Charron received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Carleton University in 1972, her Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Ottawa in 1975, and was called to the Bar of Ontario in 1977. She practiced civil litigation before joining the Crown Attorney's office in 1980. She then became a law professor at the University of Ottawa.
She was appointed to the District Court of Ontario in 1988 and to the Court of Appeal for Ontario in 1995. Though she was eligible to sit on the bench until 2026, her retirement was announced in May 2011, and became effective August 30, 2011. She was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on December 30, 2012.
# Carlia longipes

Carlia longipes is a species of skink, commonly known as closed-litter rainbow-skink, in the subfamily Eugongylinae.

## Habitat and range

An Australian skink found in open forest and the edges of rainforest, from Hinchinbrook Island to Cooktown in north-east Queensland, Cape York Peninsula and eastern Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory.

## Description

It has a snout to vent length of 55mm, with four fingers and five toes. The ear opening is vertical or circular with pointed scales on the front edge. The body is brown with bronze sides, and a black stripe runs from the nostril to behind the foreleg. The back scales have a rounded hind edge, and the breeding male has a white throat. A similar species is Carlia rostralis.
# Autonomy Liberty Democracy

Autonomy Liberty Democracy (Autonomie Liberté Démocratie, ALD) was a centre-left coalition in Aosta Valley, Italy. It took part to three Italian general elections and elected representatives in both houses of the Italian Parliament.

## History

ALD was originally formed as an electoral list, affiliated to The Union, for the 2006 general election comprising: the Democrats of the Left (DS), The Daisy (DL), Valdostan Renewal (RV), Vallée d'Aoste Vive (VdAV), Alé Vallée (AV), the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), the Federation of the Greens (Alternative Greens) and other minor parties. In that occasion, ALD elected a deputy, Roberto Nicco (DS), and a senator, Carlo Perrin (RV), defeating Marco Viérin (SA, VdA) 43.4% to 30.7% and incumbent senator Augusto Rollandin (UV, VdA) 44.2% to 32.0%, respectively.
In the 2008 general election Antonio Fosson (UV, VdA) defeated incumbent senator Perrin 41.4% to 37.4%, while incumbent deputy Nicco narrowly defeated Ego Perron (UV, VdA) 39.1% to 37.8%. Under a new electoral law, the coalition ran together also in the 2008 regional election. The alliance, comprising three party lists (the Democratic Party–PD, RV–VdAV and Rainbow Aosta Valley–AvdA), won a mere 27.4% of the vote, being severely defeated by the UV-led regionalist coalition, which won 62.0% of the vote and confirmed its stable majority in the Regional Council.
In the 2013 general election Patrizia Morelli (ALPE, ALD) was defeated by Albert Lanièce (UV, VdA) 37.0% to 30.8% for the Senate, while Jean Pierre Guichardaz (PD, ALD) came third after Rudi Marguerettaz (SA, VdA) and Laurent Viérin (UVP). In the 2013 regional election the coalition, including also the UVP, won 40.5%.
In July 2015 and June 2016 the regional government, formed by the UV and SA, was enlarged to the PD and the UVP, respectively. In March 2017 the UVP, ALPE, SA and PNV formed a new government without the UV, under President Pierluigi Marquis (SA). In October Marquis resigned and was replaced by L. Viérin (UVP) at the head of a coalition composed of the UV, the UVP, the PD and the Valdostan Autonomist Popular Edelweiss (EPAV), the latter formed by a pro-UV group of splinters from SA who had not endorsed Marquis' government in the first place. In the run-up of the 2018 general election ALD was thus disbanded.
# Alex Hodgson

Alex Hodgson (born 12 August 1961) is a Scottish folk singer/songwriter signed to the record label Greentrax Recordings. In his early professional career, Alex was the drummer and lead vocalist of The Last Resort alongside working as a technician at Edinburgh City Art Centre and then Preston Lodge High School however began to focus on his solo career after his first album launch with Greentrax Recordings 'Jeelie Jars and Coalie Backies' in July, 2010. His second album 'The Brig Tae Nae Where', was met with positive reviews by the Scottish Folk scene and several tracks were used for local historical exhibitions. Notably including 'The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh exhibition in Musselburgh Museum, Scots Language Centre and on the album 'The Music & Song of Great Tapestry of Scotland' which also featured The Proclaimers, The Battlefield Band, Gordon Gunn and Alastair Mcdonald.
Alex has also been featured on the Album 'A Tribute in Music and Song to John Bellany (Scottish artist) with his song titled 'The Reel John Bellany' alongside The Corries, Davy Steele, Aly Bain and Phil Cunningham.
Born and raised in his hometown of Prestonpans, Alex was brought up in the same town that was made famous by the Jacobite battlefield of the Battle of Prestonpans and was surrounded by countless other historical sites in East Lothian. Using the rich history of his surroundings as inspiration, he has, through his song writing, tried to spread his interest in the Scottish history of his home. As a two-time winner of 'Burnsong', an international songwriting competition held to celebrate the works of Robert Burns, Alex has played in the Scottish Parliament Building, at Balmoral Castle for Queen Elizabeth II at her annual Ghillie's Ball and has travelled the world celebrating his Scottish heritage through song.
# History of Baghdad (1831–1917)

In the history of Baghdad, the period from 1831 to 1917 began with the fall of the Mamluk state of Iraq in 1831 after the Ottoman Empire occupied the city. It ended with the Fall of Baghdad on 11 March 1917 after the British Empire occupied the city during the First World War. Ali Rıza Pasha was a first Ottoman Governor of Baghdad, and Khalil Pasha was the last.

## Timeline

* 1832 – The uprising of Abdul Ghani Al-Jameel against Ottoman Governor Ali Reza Pasha failed.
* 1845 – A plague was spreading in Baghdad .
* 1853 – Baháʼu'lláh and his family arrived in Baghdad coming from Iran on 8 April, where he stayed for 10 years.
* 1854 – The Islamic scholar Mahmud al-Alusi dies.
* 1864 – An earthquake happened in Baghdad on 7 December.
* 1869 – Midhat Pasha is now in power .
* 1870
** Municipal council established.
** City walls demolished.
* 1871 – Population: 65,000.
* 1879 – Many Kurds come to Baghdad after a major famine had spread in the Kurdistan region, and this year people from Baghdad knew it would be Bersima year for the city.
* 1895
** Population: 100,000 (estimate) .
** Two Earthquakes happened in Baghdad on 25 November .
* 1897 – The Governor of Baghdad Atteallah Pasha Kawakeby opened the Al-Khar Bridge (Al-Hamidiyah)
* 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).
* 1909 – Cinema built.
* 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
* 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).
* 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.
* 1915
** Istanbul-Baghdad railway begins operating.
** Al Rasheed Street laid out.
** Cholera epidemic.
* 1917
** March: Fall of Baghdad (1917); British in power.
** Cinema opens.

## Ottoman walis (1831–1917)

| Person | Time as governor |
| Ali Reza Pasha | 1831–1842 |
| Najeb Pasha | 1842–1849 |
| Abdul-Karim Pasha | 1849–1850 |
| Mohamed Wajeh Pasha | 1850–1851 |
| Mehmed Namık Pasha | 1851–1852 |
| Rashid Pasha | 1852–1857 |
| Omar Pasha | 1858–1859 |
| Mustafa Nuri Pasha | 1859–1861 |
| Ahmed Tawfiq Pasha | 1861 |
| Mehmed Namık Pasha | 1862–1867 |
| Taqialden Pasha | 1867–1869 |
| Midhat Pasha | 1869–1872 |
| Mehmed Rauf Pasha bin Abdi Pasha | 1872–1873 |
| Radif Pasha | 1873–1875 |
| Abdel Rahman Pasha | 1875–1877 |
| Akif Pasha | 1877–1878 |
| Qadri Pasha | 1878 |
| AbdelRahman Pasha | 1879–1880 |
| Taqialden Pasha | 1880–1887 |
| Mustafa Asim Pasha | 1887–1889 |
| Sırrı Pasha | 1890–1891 |
| Hassan Pasha | 1891–1896 |
| Atteallah Pasha Kawakeby | 1896–1899 |
| Namık Pasha | 1899–1902 |
| Ahmed Fayzi Pasha | 1902–1904 |
| Abdulwahab Pasha | 1904–1905 |
| Abdulmajeed Pasha | 1905–1906 |
| Abu Bakir Hazem Pasha | 1907–1908 |
| Nadim I Pasha | 1908 |
| Najemaldeen Beg | 1908–1909 |
| Mohamed Fadil Pasha | 1909 |
| Shawket Pasha | 1909–1910 |
| Hussain Nadim Pasha | 1910–1911 |
| Youssef Agah Pasha | 1911 |
| Djemal Pasha | 1911–1912 |
| Ali Redha Pasha | 1912 |
| Mohamed Zaki Pasha | 1912–1913 |
| Mohamed Fadil Pasha | 1913–1914 |
| Süleyman Nazif Pasha | 1914–1915 |
| Nurialdeen Pasha | 1915 |
| Khalil Pasha | 1916–1917 |