OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 3794 Sthenelos

3794 Sthenelos /ˈ(s)θɛnɪlɒs/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 12 October 1985, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California. The presumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.9 hours. It was named after the Greek warrior Sthenelus from Greek mythology.

## Orbit and classification

Sthenelos is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L$_4$ Lagrangian point, 60° ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.4–6.0 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,338 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1949 SA at Heidelberg Observatory in September 1949, or 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.

## Physical characteristics

Sthenelos is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids. It has a high V–I color index of 1.07.

### Rotation period

In August 1995, a rotational lightcurve of Sthenelos was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomer Stefano Mottola using the Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.877±0.016 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sthenelos measures 34.53 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.112, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 46.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.

## Naming

This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Sthenelus, a Greek warrior and companion of Diomedes during the Trojan War. He stole Aeneas' chariot horses and brought it back to the Greek camp. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 August 1988 (M.P.C. 13482).
# Muon capture

Muon capture is the capture of a negative muon by a proton, usually resulting in production of a neutron and a neutrino, and sometimes a gamma photon.
Muon capture by heavy nuclei often leads to emission of particles; most often neutrons, but charged particles can be emitted as well.
Ordinary muon capture (OMC) involves capture of a negative muon from the atomic orbital without emission of a gamma photon:
    μ$^−$ + p$^+$ → ν $_μ$ + n$^0$
Radiative muon capture (RMC) is a radiative version of OMC, where a gamma photon is emitted:
    μ$^−$ + p$^+$ → ν $_μ$ + n$^0$ + γ
Theoretical motivation for the study of muon capture on the proton is its connection to the proton's induced pseudoscalar form factor g$_p$.

## Practical application - Nuclear waste disposal

Muon capture is being investigated for practical application in radioactive waste disposal, for example in the artificial transmutation of large quantities of long-lived radioactive waste that have been produced globally by fission reactors. Radioactive waste can be transmuted to stable isotopes following irradiation by an incident muon ( μ$^−$ ) beam from a compact proton accelerator source.
# 68 Aquarii

68 Aquarii is a single star located 270 light years away from the Sun in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 68 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation, though it also bears the Bayer designation of g$^2$ Aquarii. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.24. The object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +24.5 km/s.
This star is 3.79 billion years old with a stellar classification of G8 III, indicating the star is a giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded off the main sequence. It is a red clump giant, which means it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has 1.39 times the mass of the Sun and 10 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 59 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,036 K.
# John Nunn (disambiguation)

John Nunn (born 1955) is an English chess grandmaster.
John Nunn may also refer to:
* John Nunn (sailor) (1803–1860), English sailor and author
* John Nunn (rower) (born 1942), American Olympic rower
* John Nunn (racewalker) (born 1978), American Olympic race walker
* John Nunn (RAF officer) (1919–2013), British Royal Air Force officer, mathematician, and politician
* John Nunn (cricketer) (1906–1987), English cricketer
* John F. Nunn, dean of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, 1979–1982
# John Leslie (politician)

John Robert Leslie, MP (3 November 1873 – 12 January 1955) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.
He was born in Lerwick, Shetland, Scotland to John Leslie and Clementina Hunter. Leslie and his wife had 3 sons, John, William and Robert, and two daughters, Clementina and Alice. He moved to London from Edinburgh, where his first son was born, in 1912.
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield in County Durham at the 1935 general election, defeating the Conservative Party MP Roland Jennings, who had been elected in 1931. When discussing the 1938 Hire Purchase Act, Leslie made anti-Semitic accusations over the apparent involvement of Jewish people in extortionate hire-purchase agreements: ‘I do not want to raise racial prejudices, but hon. Members can guess his nationality'. John Leslie held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1950 general election.
# Diasebesten

In pre-modern medicine, diasebesten (from Greek dia "[made] with" + modern Latin sebesten, Arab. sabastān, from Persian sepestān, possibly from Persian sag-pestān سگ‌پستان, literally "dog's teats"), is a soft, purgative electuary, containing sebesten, the plum-like fruit of the tree Cordia myxa, as one of its ingredients.
The other ingredients are prunes, tamarinds, juices of iris, anguria, and mercurialis, penide, simple diaprunum (made of damask prunes), violet seed, the four cold seeds (melon, gourd, purslane, and quince), and diagrydium. It was said to be good in intermittent and continued fevers, appease thirst, promote sleep, and expel morbid humours through urine.
# Dubautia plantaginea

Dubautia plantaginea is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name plantainleaf dubautia. It is endemic to Hawaii where it is the only member of the silversword alliance that is found on all six of the largest islands (Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, Hawai'i). Two of the three subspecies are rare and endangered. Like other Dubautia this plant is called na`ena`e.
This plant varies in morphology, taking the form of a small shrub to a tree up to 7 meters tall. There are three subspecies. The dwarf subspecies, ssp. humilis, is endemic to Maui, where there is only one population consisting of about 50 plants. This subspecies was federally listed as an endangered species in 1999. The ssp. magnifolia is a shrub or a tree which is endemic to Kaua'i, where there are no more than 2 populations remaining. It was listed as endangered in 2010.
These plants grow in moist and wet forest habitat with 75 to over 700 centimeters of precipitation annually.
Threats to this species and its habitat include landslides, rockslides, erosion, flooding, and invasive plant species such as hilo grass (Paspalum conjugatum). The ssp. magnifolia was decimated by Hurricane Iniki in 1992.
# Cañas, Los Santos

Cañas is a corregimiento in Tonosí District, Los Santos Province, Panama with a population of 650 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 1,015; its population as of 2000 was 994.
# Cobalt lactate

Cobalt lactate is a chemical compound, a salt of cobalt and lactic acid with the formula Co(C$_3$H$_5$O$_3$)$_2$.

## Synthesis

Cobalt lactate can be formed by boiling hydrated oxide of cobalt with lactic acid.

## Physical properties

Cobalt lactate forms a peach-blossom red salt. It is soluble in water.
When heated, the compound becomes black, takes fire, and leaves cobalt oxide.

## Use

Cobalt lactate is used as a ruminal source of cobalt in a high-forage total mixed ration fed to late-lactation dairy cows.
# Cliff Thomas

Cliff Thomas is a British railway author and journalist, particularly known for his works on narrow-gauge railways.

## Biography

Thomas was a writer and editor of Railway World magazine. He has been a writer on the subjects of steam locomotives and heritage railways for The Railway Magazine since 2007. Thomas is Chairman of the Greensand Railway Museum Trust, a charity that restores historic rolling stock related to the sand quarrying industry. He is also a Director of the Leighton Buzzard Light Railway.
In 2016, Thomas sued writer and illustrator Pauline Hazelwood over a children's book about the steam locomotive "Alice". The case was settled before trial with the payment of a financial sum to Mr Thomas.

## Works

* Thomas, Cliff (25 August 1995). The Whipsnade and Umfolozi Railway and The Great Whipsnade Railway. The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0853614784.
* —— (27 August 2001). Quarry Hunslets of North Wales. The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0853615756.
* —— (May 2002). The Narrow Gauge in Britain and Ireland. Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 1902827058.
* —— (June 2007). Railway Moods – The Ffestiniog Railway. Halsgrove. ISBN 978-1841146003.
# Clássica Aldeias do Xisto

Clássica Aldeias do Xisto is a one-day road cycling race held annually since 2017 in Portugal. It was part of the UCI Europe Tour in category 1.2 in 2017 and 2018. Since 2019, it has been on the Portuguese national calendar.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| 2017 | Spain | Vicente García de Mateos | Louletano–Hospital de Loulé |
| 2018 | Portugal | Daniel Mestre | Efapel |
| 2019 | Portugal | Joni Brandão | Efapel |
| 2020 | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2021 | Portugal | Joni Brandão | W52 / FC Porto |
| 2022 | Portugal | Frederico Figueiredo | Glassdrive–Q8–Anicolor |
| 2023 | Portugal | Frederico Figueiredo | Glassdrive–Q8–Anicolor |
| 2024 | Uruguay | Mauricio Moreira | Sabgal–Anicolor |
# Coat of arms of Sofia

The coat of arms of Sofia consists of a shield divided into four. The image of the Saint Sofia Church which gave the name to the city takes up the upper right quarter (as seen from behind the shield) and a humanized picture of the ancient town of Serdica taken from an antique coin is located to the left. At the lower left is a golden baldachin and a statue of Apollo Medicus representing the mineral springs around the city, while the lower right quarter is reserved for Vitosha, the mountain at the foot of which Sofia is located.
In the middle is another, smaller shield (inescutcheon), with a lion rampant, a traditional Bulgarian symbol. A mural crown tops the larger shield. At the bottom is the city motto, "Расте, но не старѣе" – Raste, no ne staree ("Ever Growing, Never Aging").

## History

The coat of arms was created for the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900 by a team of three noted Bulgarian artists and specialists – Haralampi Tachev, Ivan Mrkvička and Václav Dobruský, as the city was required by the executive committee to submit a symbol in order to take part. The then-Knyaz Ferdinand approved the coat of arms and it was sent to Paris.
Changes were made to the original image of the coat of arms in the following years. The motto was first added in 1911 by Haralampi Tachev, who also gave it a final touch by adding a band with the motto and laurel twigs in 1928. A simplified version was suggested by Boris Angelushev in the 1940s, with Ivan Radoev adding a five-pointed star and additionally stylizing the coat of arms in 1974. The 1928 edition of Haralampi Tachev returned into official use after the democratic changes.

## Gallery

* 1900-1911
* 1911-1928
* 1928-1974
* 1974-1991
* 1991
# Cochrane Cup

The Cochrane Cup has been competed for since 1961 by the Men's Varsity Eight rowing teams of Dartmouth College, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Wisconsin.
The cup was placed in competition by Mrs. Edward Cochrane in 1961 for heavyweight races among Dartmouth, MIT and Wisconsin. The cup is named after Admiral Edward L. Cochrane, former president of M.I.T., and director of the Navy's Bureau of Ships. After one race of one mile (1961), one of 1.75 miles (1962) and another of two miles (1963), the cup has been raced on a 2000-meter course ever since.
The cup is named after Adm. Edward L. Cochrane of the Navy's Bureau of Ships who is a former president of MIT.
# Coal Valley, Iowa

Coal Valley is an extinct town in Boone County, in the U.S. state of Iowa. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place.

## History

Coal Valley was platted in 1867 as a coal mining community. Once the coal deposits were exhausted, Coal Valley's business activity shifted elsewhere and its population dwindled. The former town site now is farmland.
# Codville Rogers

Codville Leon Rogers (born 4 July 1976) is a cricketer from Sandy Point, St. Kitts. A left–hand batsman, Rogers played three first–class matches for St. Kitts and the Leeward Islands from 2003 to 2007.

## Career

Rogers played his first match on 19 February 2004 against Jamaica, in Nain. Batting at number two, Rogers made a duck and nine. His next matches were both List–A cricket against Trinidad and Tobago on 25 January 2007, where he scored 50 on his List–A debut, and Guyana, where he scored four. On 28 January, Rogers played a first–class match against Guyana, scoring 26 and 49.
Rogers then faced the Windward Islands in a first–class match on 5 February 2007, scoring another duck and two. He ended his second season of first–class cricket with 77 runs at 19.25 and a career best 49. Rogers' last appearance in domestic cricket game on 30 January 2008 in the Stanford Twenty20. Here, he faced the United States Virgin Islands, scoring 13 runs from nine balls before being bowled.
# Colchagua, O'Higgins

Colchagua is a Chilean village located northwest of Palmilla, Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.
# Coleophora crepidinella

Coleophora crepidinella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found on the Iberian Peninsula, Mallorca, Sardinia, Sicily and in Greece.
The larvae feed on Beta maritima. At flowering time the larvae feed on the ground leaves. Later, they feed on the fruits.
# Coleophora ningxiana

Coleophora ningxiana is a moth of the family Coleophoridae which is endemic to China (Ningxia).
The wingspan is about 14 millimetres (0.55 in).
The larvae feed on wild and cultivated Lycium barbarum. They live on branches and leaves of their host plant.
# Coleophora nigrosparsella

Coleophora nigrosparsella is a moth belonging to the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Afghanistan.
# Combined Military Services Museum

The Combined Military Services Museum in Maldon, Essex, was opened on 5 July 2004. It was set up by Richard Wooldridge to house a personal collection he had created over many years. A charity was established in 1996 to facilitate the funding of a museum building. A suitable property was found in 2001, a former bonded warehouse in Maldon. This underwent considerable modification to suit its new purpose. In the period of setting up the museum, the initial collection was expanded by donations and acquisitions. In 2007, a National Lottery grant was given to extend the museum to house the Donnington Historic Weapons Collection. These works were completed in November 2008.
Amongst the items in the museum is a Cockle Mark II canoe from the "cockleshell heroes" raid, Operation Frankton, as well as a large collection of Special Operations Executive (SOE) equipment and the Donnington Historic Weapons Collection. The Donnington collection also holds a replica of the Victoria Cross metal, a piece of bronze from a captured cannon from which all Victoria Crosses have been made. The original metal is still closely guarded within MoD Donnington. Amongst the rarest items in the museum are the Riggal Papers. These are the training records of Captain P M Riggal, an instructor in the SOE, found 50 years after the end of the Second World War.
On 7 September 2016, nearly 100 artefacts from the museum's SOE and Mason collections were shipped to the Musée de l'Armée in Paris for an exhibition called "Guerres Secretes" ("Secret Wars"), to run from 12 October 2016 and to 29 January 2017.
# Combined Munitions Assignments Board

The Combined Munitions Assignments Board was a major government agency for the U.S. and Britain in World War II. With Harry Hopkins, Roosevelt's top advisor in charge, it took control of the allocation of war supplies and Lend lease aid to the Allies, especially Britain and the Soviet Union.
Churchill's original plan called for two offices for the Board, one in London which he controlled, and one in Washington under Harry Hopkins. The US Army strongly protested, and insisted that the board be under the control of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, the body that brought together the top American and British military commanders. General George C. Marshall, US Army Chief of Staff, argued that the distribution of munitions was so essential to military strategy, that it could never be left to civilians. His argument won out. Hopkins became the head of the Board, but he always saw his role as subordinate to the Combined Chiefs.
Canada asked for a seat on the Board; it was refused but was given a seat on other, much less powerful combined boards.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill set it up in January 1942 with a threefold mission:
    1. The entire munitions resources of Great Britain and the United States will be deemed to be in a common pool, about which the fullest information will be interchanged.
    2. Committees will be formed in Washington and London under the combined Chiefs of Staff in a manner similar to the S.W. Pacific agreement. These committees will advise on all assignments both in quality and priority, whether to Great Britain and the United States or other of the united nations, in accordance with strategic needs.
    A meeting of the Combined Munitions Assignments Board in February 1943.3. In order that these committees may be fully apprised of the policy of their respective Governments, the President will nominate a civil chairman, who will preside over the committee in Washington, and the Prime Minister will make a similar nomination in respect of the committee in London. In each case the committee will be assisted by a secretariat capable of surveying every branch and keeping in touch with the work of every sub-committee as may be necessary.
# Comani (tribe)

The Comani were a Gallic tribe or the inhabitants of an eponymous town dwelling in the region of Massalia (modern Marseille) during the Iron Age.

## Name

They are mentioned as Comani by Pliny (1st c. AD) and by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).
The ethnonym Comani may be compared with the personal name Comanus, which is based on the Gaulish prefix co- attached to -mānos (perhaps 'good, favourable'; cf. Welsh mawn-, Ogam Irish Manu).

## Geography

Comani is mentioned as an oppidum with Latin Rights by Pliny, and as a people located between the Avatici and the Deciates by Ptolemy. Historian Guy Barruol contends that the name Comani probably designated the inhabitants of this settlement rather than an ethnic group, and that Ptolemy's description may be erroneous since the territory he describes (between L'Estaque and the Massif de l'Esterel) was known to be populated by other peoples, namely the Segobrigii, Camactulici, and Suelteri. According to philologist Javier de Hoz, it is possible that they were the descendants of the Segobrigii, or else that they were another tribe that supplanted them in this area. Barruol also notes that their name is possibly connected to Comanus, a king of the Segobrigii from the 6th century BCE.
According to Barruol, they were part of the Saluvian confederation.
# Combosclera

Combosclera is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Combosclera cingens Razowski, 1999
# Comboni Missionaries

The term Comboni Missionaries can refer to either of two religious orders founded by Saint Daniele Comboni:
* Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus
* Comboni Missionary Sisters
# Colobium sindonis

The colobium sindonis (Latin for "shroud tunic") is a simple sleeveless white linen shift worn by British monarchs during part of the coronation service. It symbolises divesting oneself of all worldly vanity and standing bare before God. The monarch is continually robed and disrobed during the ceremony, according to ancient custom.
Following the anointing in the coronation service, the colobium sindonis is placed over the monarch's clothes, and then the supertunica, a long robe of gold brocade, is placed over that. Wearing these garments, the monarch is invested with the regalia, crowned and enthroned. Both garments are removed before the final procession out of the abbey. Both of these robes are of very ancient design; those used by the medieval kings of England were said to have been used by King Edward the Confessor at his coronation in 1043, however these were destroyed by the Parliamentarians after the English Civil War. Up until George V, a new colobium sindonis was usually made for each coronation; however, Charles III wore his great grandfathers George V colobium sindonis for his coronation in 2023.
# Comic Media

Comic Media was a short-lived comic book company owned by Allen Hardy that existed in the 1950s. Its titles were mainly action-adventure, Western, and horror. Its most notable character was Johnny Dynamite, created by Pete Morisi. The main artist across its titles was Don Heck, who in 1955 would be recruited by Stan Lee to Atlas Comics; what would become Marvel Comics. Heck went on to be one of the architects of what became known as "The Marvel Age of Comics," along with Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, and Dick Ayers. While there Heck co-created Iron Man, Hawkeye, and Black Widow.
When Comic Media became defunct, the company sold its titles and characters to Charlton Comics. Charlton then continued Dynamite as Johnny Dynamite, with work by Morisi, who continued to work for the company for many years. Johnny Dynamite would later be purchased by Max Allan Collins and Terry Beatty and reprinted in their Ms. Tree title and a limited series they created.

## Notable titles

* 3D Funny Movies (1 issue, 1953) (humor)
* All True Romance (20 issues, 1951–54) (romance) — acquired by Farrell Publications
* Confessions of Love (2 issues, 1950) (romance)
* Danger (11 issues, 1953–53) (espionage)
* Dear Lonely Heart (8 issues, 1951–52) (romance)
* Dear Lonely Hearts (8 issues, 1953–54) (romance)
* Death Valley (6 issues, 1953–54) (western)
* Dynamite (9 issues, 1953–54) (action, Johnny Dynamite in issue #3 on)
* Honeymoon Romance (2 issues, 1950) (romance)
* Horrific (13 issues, 1952–54) (horror)
* Noodnick (5 issues, 1953–54) (humor)
* Terrific (1 issues, 1954) (horror) (numbering continues from Horrific (Comic Media, 1952 series) #14
* War Fury (4 issues, 1952–53) (War)
* Weird Terror (13 issues, 1952–54) (horror)
# Comic Relief (disambiguation)

Comic Relief is a United Kingdom charity for the needy.
Comic Relief may also refer to:
* Comic relief, the comedic term.
* Comic Relief, Inc., a United States charity working to break the cycle of poverty.
* Comic Relief USA, a defunct United States charity for the homeless.
* Comic Relief (retailer), a former comic book retail store run by Rory Root in Berkeley, California.
* "Comic Relief", a 2001 episode of Dexter's Laboratory.