OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fife and Kinross Miners' Association

The Fife and Kinross Miners' Association was a coal miners' trade union based in Fife and Kinross-shire in Scotland.

## History

The union was founded in 1869 or 1870, and proved immediately successful by achieving the eight-hour day for miners in the counties, and was the first union to be recognised by Scottish mine owners. In 1877, employers organised a lockout, targeting the union, but alone out of Scottish coal miners' unions, it survived. The union was a strong supporter of the 1892 UK miners' strike, even publishing a list of strikebreakers in the county.
In 1894, the association became a founding member of the Scottish Miners Federation, which in turn affiliated to the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB). By 1907, it had 15,500 members.
In 1922, the FKMA merged with the Clackmannan Miners' Association, forming the Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan Miners' Association (FKCMA).
The new union suffered several splits. The Independent Labour Party-aligned Miners' Reform Union of Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan left almost immediately, led by Philip Hodge. This union survived through the 1926 UK general strike, following which William Adamson was persuaded that it should be permitted to merge back into the FKCMA. However, Hodge was elected General Secretary in 1928, and Adamson left to found the right-wing Fife, Clackmannan, and Kinross Miners' Union, which subsequently was recognised as the official union by the National Union of Scottish Mineworkers and Miners' Federation of Great Britain.
The rump union soon disappeared, with supporters of the Communist Party of Great Britain forming the United Mineworkers of Scotland, and those in favour of a non-political union forming the "Fife, Kinross and District Industrial Trade Union". The United Mineworkers was the more successful, with its membership peaking at roughly half of the FCKMU.
In 1944, the MFGB became the National Union of Mineworkers, and the FKCMA became its Fife Area, with less independence than before. It was later merged with the Stirlingshire Area to become the "Fife, Clackmannan and Stirlingshire Area".

## General Secretaries
### Original union

    1869: Henry Cook
    1881: John Weir
    1908: William Adamson
    1917: James Cook
    1928: Philip Hodge

### Adamson union

    1928: William Adamson
    1936: James Cook
    1944: James Potter
    1946: John McArthur
    1956: Bill McLean
    1963: Lawrence Daly
    1965:
# Emmanuel Habyarimana

Emmanuel Habyarimana (born Katanga Plateau) is a Rwandan politician and former military officer.
Habyarimana, an ethnic Hutu, was a former member of the Rwandan Armed Force in the Hutu-dominated state of Juvénal Habyarimana. Following the successful conquest of Rwanda by the RPF, he joined the newly constituted Rwanda Defence Force and held the rank of colonel.
In 1997, he was made Minister of State for Defence in the Rwandan government. In 2000, he became Rwanda's Minister of Defence, and was later sometime afterwards promoted to Brigadier-General. While serving in this position he played a significant part in Rwanda's actions in the Second Congo War.
In November 2002, he was removed from his post as Minister of Defence, which government spokesperson Joseph Bideri attributed to his "extreme pro-Hutu" views. He was replaced by Marcel Gatsinzi.
On March 30, 2003, he defected to Uganda along with several other Rwandan army officers, including Lieutenant Ndayambaje and Lieutenant Colonel Balthazar Ndengeyinka.
| Preceded byPaul Kagame | Minister of Defence (Rwanda) 2000 – November 15, 2002 | Succeeded byMarcel Gatsinzi |
# Podorašje

Podorašje is a village in the municipality of Srebrenik, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 982.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 811 | 82.6% |
| Croats | 129 | 13.1% |
| Serbs | 4 | 0.4% |
| other/undeclared | 38 | 3.9% |
| Total | 982 | 100% |
# Emerson railway station

Emerson railway station is located on the Seaford and Flinders lines. Situated in the inner south-western Adelaide suburb of Black Forest, it is 7.1 kilometres from Adelaide station.

## History

Passenger trains first stopped at Emerson Station on Monday 16 July 1928. At that stage, all passenger trains stopped for the purpose of allowing passengers to join or alight, except those travelling to and from Willunga. Initially the station's name raised some criticism due to its perceived similarity to nearby Edwardstown railway station and the potential confusion that could result.
The road intersection immediately south of Emerson railway station was a complex junction of the railway and major connector roads, South Road and Cross Road. Debate occurred during planning for the duplication of the then Brighton Line in 1949, that a level crossing should be avoided due to the expected resulting congestion and an overhead railway bridge was proposed by the Highways Department.
In September 1952, a conference was held to discuss the Emerson Rail Crossing where once again a grade separation was proposed via an overland bridge or a subway. A bridge was not built at this stage, with automatic gates being installed instead with coordinating traffic lights. Between 1982 and 1984 a road overpass (Emerson Crossing) was built for South Road, which had then become a major arterial road.
In July 2008, Emerson station became the first station to install a Caution More than One Train (CMToT) warning device. The device activates when there are two trains in the vicinity by sounding an alarm and lighting up the warning message where people cross at the pedestrian maze. The installation of the CMToT warning device was as a result of incidents and many near misses where pedestrians were walking behind one train and not being alert to a second train coming from the other direction.

## Services by platform

| Platform | Destination/s |
| 1 | Seaford/Flinders |
| 2 | Adelaide |
# Emerson effect

The Emerson effect is the increase in the rate of photosynthesis after chloroplasts are exposed to light of wavelength less than 680 nm (deep red spectrum) and more than 680 nm (far red spectrum). When simultaneously exposed to light of both wavelengths, the rate of photosynthesis is higher than the sum of the red light and far red light photosynthesis rates. The effect was early evidence that two photosystems, processing different wavelengths, cooperate in photosynthesis.

## History

Robert Emerson described the eponymous effect in 1957. In his paper he observed that:
* When plants are exposed to light having wavelength greater than 680 nm, then only one photosystem is activated; i.e. PS700 resulting in formation of ATP only.
* When plants are exposed to light having wavelength less than 680 nm, the rate of photosynthesis was very low.
* On giving both shorter and higher wavelengths of light, the efficiency of the process increased, because both photosystems were working together at the same time, resulting in higher yield.

## Description

When Emerson exposed green plants to differing wavelengths of light, he noticed that at wavelengths of greater than 680 nm the efficiency of photosynthesis decreased abruptly despite the fact that this is a region of the spectrum where chlorophyll still absorbs light (chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants - it absorbs mainly the red and blue wavelengths from light). When the plants were exposed to short-wavelength light, (less than 660 nm), the efficiency also decreased. Emerson then exposed the plants to both short and long wavelengths at the same time, causing the efficiency to increase greatly. He concluded that there must be two different photosystems involved in photosynthesis, one driven by short-wavelength light and one driven by long-wavelength (PS1 and PS2). They work together to enhance efficiency and convert the light energy to forms that can be absorbed by the plant.
The light excites the chlorophyll molecules at the reaction centre and causes an increase in energy. As the molecule becomes less excited, its energy is transported through a chain of electron carriers to the next photosystem which does much the same thing and produces energy-carrying organic molecules.
# Pol Cruchten

Pol Cruchten (30 July 1963 – 3 July 2019) was a Luxembourgish film director and producer. His film Hochzäitsnuecht was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.

## Filmography

* Somewhere in Europe (1988)
* Hochzaeitsnuecht (1992)
* Sniper (1994)
* Black Dju (1996)
* Boys on the Run (2001)
* Perl oder Pica (2006)
* Universalove (2008 - producer only)
* Never Die Young (2013)
* Voices from Chernobyl (2016)
# Emscher-Niederrhein-Bahn

The Emscher-Niederrhein-Bahn (RB 35) is a Regionalbahn service in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It runs hourly between Gelsenkirchen and Duisburg with Mönchengladbach. Its name refers to the Emscher river (which runs near Duisburg and Gelsenkirchen) and the Lower Rhine (which the service crosses between Duisburg-Hochfeld Süd and Rheinhausen-Ost).

## History

Before 2016, there was already a service numbered as RB 35, operating under the name of Der Weseler. It ran mainly between Wesel and Duisburg Hbf and was extended during the peak hour from Duisburg to Düsseldorf and once a day to Cologne, as well as from Wesel to Emmerich and it thus functioned to relieve the Rhein-Express (RE 5). From the timetable change of 2016, the route was extended beyond Duisburg to Mönchengladbach, which complemented the northern section of the Rhein-Niers-Bahn. The RE 5 was shortened to run on the Wesel–Duisburg–Düsseldorf–Köln–Bonn–Koblenz section and the section from Emmerich to Wesel was removed from the joint operations of the RE 5 and the RB 35; and now forms part of the Rhein-IJssel-Express (RE 19) service. The section from Oberhausen to Wesel was replaced by a section from Oberhausen to Gelsenkirchen at the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn's timetable change in December 2019. Since then the new Wupper-Lippe-Express (RE 49) from Wesel to Wuppertal has replaced the section between Oberhausen and Wesel.

## Operations

The line only runs from Monday to Friday between 5 a.m. and 7 p.m. Together with the Niers-Haard-Express (RE 42) and the Rhein-Niers-Bahn (RB 33), three services an hour are operated on the Duisburg–Mönchengladbach section. The section between Duisburg and Gelsenkirchen is also served by the Rhein-Emscher-Bahn (RB 32), which stops at all intermediate stations (replacing a service of the S 2), producing a half-hourly service. In Gelsenkirchen there is a direct connection to the Rhein-Haard-Express (RE 2) and the Niers-Haard-Express (RB 42) towards Münster, although the connections are not at the same platform.

## Operator

The line is operated by VIAS. VIAS replaced Abellio Rail NRW in early 2022 after the latter's insolvency. Until 10 December 2016, the operator was DB Regio NRW.

## Rolling stock

Stadler FLIRT 3 sets are used on the line. Abellio acquired a total of 21 railcars of this class for lines RE 19, RE 19a and RB 35.
The operator maintains a workshop in the immediate vicinity of Duisburg Hauptbahnhof for rolling stock maintenance.

## Railway lines used

The service uses the following railway lines:
* Duisburg–Dortmund railway from Gelsenkirchen to Duisburg
* the whole length of the Duisburg-Ruhrort–Mönchengladbach railway
# Pododesmus macrochisma

Pododesmus macrochisma, common name the green falsejingle or the Alaska jingle, is a species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Anomiidae, the jingle shells.
This species inhabits the northwest Sea of Japan, and more specifically, the coast of the South Primorye at Hokkaido Island, the northern part of Honshu Island, off the southern and eastern Sakhalin in the Kuril Islands, and in the east of Kamchatka in the Commander and Aleutian Islands. More recently it has been found in the Chukchi Sea near Alaska, potentially due to global warming.
# Ferric reducing ability of plasma

Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP, also Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) is an antioxidant capacity assay that uses Trolox as a standard. The FRAP assay was first performed by Iris Benzie and J. J. Strain of the Human Nutrition Research Group at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. The method is based on the formation of O-Phenanthroline-Fe(2+) complex and its disruption in the presence of chelating agents. This assay is often used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods, beverages and nutritional supplements containing polyphenols.

## Experimental procedure

A reaction mixture containing 1 ml of 0.05% O-Phenanthroline in methanol, 2 ml ferric chloride (200 M) and 2 ml of various concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 g was incubated at room temperature for 10 min and the absorbance of the same was measured at 510 nm. EDTA was used as a classical metal chelator. The experiment was performed in triplicates. The ferric reducing activity of date seed extract was estimated based on the method of Benzie and Strain (1999). The FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 50 ml of acetate buffer (0.3 M) at pH 3.6, 5 ml of tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ) solution 10 mM prepared in HCl (40 mM) and 5 ml of ferric chloride solution (FeCl$_3$) (20 mM). 2 ml of the freshly prepared FRAP reagent was added to 10 lL of the extract. Then the absorbance was measured at 593 nm against the blank after 10 min at room temperature. The standard curve was constructed using Trolox. The result was expressed as Trolox equivalent in mg/100 g of dry weight (DW) date seed.
# Field Trip (album)

Field Trip is an album by Canadian rock band The Grapes of Wrath, released in 2000. The album marked the reunion of Kevin Kane and Tom Hooper as songwriting partners and bandmates for the first time since 1991's These Days, although they were the only two original band members to appear on the album. Session musicians filled in the remaining slots left by departing members Chris Hooper and Vincent Jones, including Pete Bourne on drums and Dave Genn on keyboards.
The album was also packaged with a bonus disc comprising new renditions of several of the band's older songs. Matt Brain drums on the bonus disc.
A video was released for the song "Black Eye".
After the tour for this album, Hooper and Kane said that they, "...had taken the reunion as far as they could take it" and decided to part ways. The group once again reunited for live dates in 2010, but did not release another album of new material until 2013's High Road.

## Track listing

* Black Eye (Kane)
* Like a Fool (Hooper/Little)
* 18 (Kane)
* Sell the Goat (Hooper)
* Rivers Flow (Kane)
* Hitchhiker (Hooper)
* Dropping the Y (Kane)
* Head in My Hands (Hooper)
* Jack's Dilemma (Kane/Collins/Kravec)
* Begin Communication (Hooper/Little)
* But Oh Well (Kane)
* Still Confused (Hooper)

### Bonus Disc ("Extended Field Trip")

This disc was recorded June 12–16, 2000 in Vancouver. Tracks 1–4 are new acoustic versions of Grapes of Wrath hit singles. Note that the author credits as listed on this disc differ from the author credits as found on the original recordings.
Tracks 5 and 6 are cover versions of songs by The Monkees and Albert Hammond, respectively.
* Misunderstanding (Hooper/Kane/Hooper)
* You May Be Right (Hooper/Jones/Hooper)
* All the Things I Wasn't (Kane)
* What Was Going Through My Head (Hooper/Jones/Hooper)
* Porpoise Song (Goffin/King)
* Ninety Nine Miles from L.A. (Hammond)

### Personnel

Produced by: The Grapes of Wrath
Engineer: Lee Preston
Additional Engineering: Ryan Froggett
Mix Engineer: Dave "Rave" Ogilvie
* This article about a 2000s pop rock album is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Emmanuel Maurel

Emmanuel Maurel (born 10 May 1973 in Épinay-sur-Seine), is a French politician. He was a member of the board of the French Socialist Party. He was a candidate for the leadership of the Socialist Party but lost against Harlem Désir, winning almost a third of the votes.
Maurel was a declared candidate for the leadership of the Socialist Party at the Aubervilliers Congress in 2018. On 12 October, he announced his departure from the party. He is currently part of the Republican and Socialist Left.

## Political career
### Career in national politics

In the 2011 Socialist Party presidential primary, Maurel endorsed the campaign of Martine Aubry and opposed François Hollande.
In 2012, Maurel co-founded the "Now The Left" grouping alongside Senator Marie-Noëlle Lienemann. Together they urged President Hollande to abandon his 2013 deficit targets and embark on a dash for growth. Following the Socialist Party’s losses in the 2014 municipal elections, Maurel and Lienemann co-authored an open letter addressed to Hollande, calling on him to return to Socialist basics, end a freeze on public sector salaries, and raise the minimum salary and pensions.

### Member of the European Parliament, 2014–present

Maurel has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2014 European elections. A member of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group, he has since been serving on the Committee on International Trade. He was also member of the Special Committee on Tax Rulings and Other Measures Similar in Nature or Effect (2015-2016) and the Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion (2016-2017) that investigated the Panama Papers revelations and tax avoidance schemes more broadly.
In addition to his committee assignments, Maurel is a member of the parliament’s delegation for relations with India. Since 2023, he has also been chairing the delegation to the Maghreb countries.
# Encephalartos nubimontanus

Encephalartos nubimontanus is a species of cycad which is native to Limpopo, South Africa.

## Description

This cycad has a tree-like growth pattern, with a tall, upright or leaning stem reaching up to 2.5 meters in height and 35-40 centimeters in diameter. It may also have additional stems growing from its base. The leaves are arranged in a circular cluster at the top of the stem and are 1-2 meters long, supported by a 23-centimeter stem with a distinctive reddish ring at its base. Each leaf is made up of numerous pairs of lance-shaped, tough leaflets, up to 25 centimeters long, with serrated edges and a sharp tip, positioned at a 70-degree angle along the leaf's central axis.
This species is dioecious, meaning individual plants are either male or female. Male plants bear 1 to 5 cone-shaped structures on stalks, each 25-40 centimeters long and 5-9 centimeters wide. Female plants produce 1-3 oval-shaped cones, each 35-40 centimeters long and 18-20 centimeters wide, with a light green color. The seeds are roughly oval-shaped, measuring 3.5-3.8 centimeters in length and covered in an orange-red outer layer called a sarcotesta.
# Encephalartos marunguensis

Encephalartos marunguensis, the Marungu cycad, is a species of cycad in Africa.
It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (in the Marungu Mountains and on Muhila plateau) and Tanzania (about 100 km west of Marungu) in the southeast of the country.

## Description

This plant is stemless, growing up to 40 cm high and 15 cm wide underground. Its bluish-green leaves, 50-80 cm long, have a strong central ridge and are arranged oppositely on the stem. The upper part of the stem is curved, and the leaves often reduce to spines near the base. This species is dioecious, with bluish-green male cones (18-25 cm long, 5-7.5 cm wide) and similar female cones (20-30 cm long, 10-15 cm wide), usually produced in small numbers. The oblong seeds (20-30 mm long) have a red or yellow sarcotesta.
# Poenari

Poenari may refer to several places in Romania:
* Poenari, a village in Ulmi Commune, Giurgiu County
* Poenari, a district in the city of Râmnicu Vâlcea, Vâlcea County
* Poenari Castle, Vlad III the Impaler's castle
* Poenari, a small handmade fountain pens factory in Romania.
# Policewoman of Malaysia

The Policewoman of the Royal Malaysia Police was first established during the Malayan emergency period, when local women were recruited as Special Police. In August 1955, the Policewoman Unit was officially organised.

## History

The involvement of women in policing institutions began on 23 June 1948. This restored the women involved in the movement of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) during the emergency in 1948. The early history of the establishment of women police from the emergency period in 1948 and the first intake of seven women's with the rank of Women Police Inspector in 1955. The first intake of 56 Women Police Constables (WPC) were ranked was in 1956. An Englishwoman police officer, Miss BDB Wentworth, was assigned to the Policewoman Unit to aid in efforts to recruit the Malayan pioneer group of policewomen. Intake the Women Special Constable or Special Constabulary (SC) have a very good response, especially among those who live in rural areas.
Members of the SC women assigned to the gates of entry and exit of new villages. They carried out their duties with the policemen and the male SC.
They tasks perform is as Inspecting Officer or Women Searcher against women and children. Prior to the establishment of SC women, these tasks formerly carried out by the police wives and civilians who are appointed as examiners for women.
After serving 52 years, the women police officers had proven their ability and excellence in various fields. The government at that time actively launched the operation to prevent food supplies from falling into the hands of communist terrorists. After the declaration of emergency was made, the government found that the most effective means to oppose communist terrorism was by checking those people receiving food supplies from public sources. This project required inspection/examination in villages, and because most of the people who worked as rubber tappers in Malaysia were women, they were ideal for the duties of checking food supply receivers.
Special Policewomen also worked in jails and as police escorts for women and children who were detained. Since then, the Policewoman Unit continues to develop, and further plays a vital role to maintain the peace and peoples' well-being in Malaysia.

## Notable policewomen members

* Commissioner of Police Dato' Robiah Binti Abdul Ghani
* Commissioner of Police Dato' Zaleha Binti Abdul Rahman
* Commissioner of Police Dato' Lee Bee Phang
* Deputy Commissioner of Police Dato' Zakiah Laidin
* Deputy Commissioner of Police Dato' Yong Lei Choo
* Deputy Commissioner of Police Dato' Nooryah Binti Md Anvar
* Deputy Commissioner of Police Normah Binti Ishak
* Superintendent Blossom Wong Kooi Fong
* Inspector Zaharah Binti Rautin
* Inspector Raja Nor Jasmi Binti Raja Shahar Shah
* Inspector Ng Leng Sim
* Inspector Emily Koshy
* Inspector Irene Lee Saw Leng
* Inspector Khairunisa Binti Karim
* Inspector Lee Yoke Lin
# Policemen in the Precinct

Policemen in the Precinct is a 1949 detective story by E.C.R. Lorac, the pen name of the British writer Edith Caroline Rivett. It was the thirty third entry in her long-running series featuring Chief Inspector MacDonald of Scotland Yard. It was published in the United States by Doubleday using the alternative title And Then Put Out the Light.
Reviewing the novel in The Observer Maurice Richardson wrote "Tense throughout, this is Mr. Lorac’s best book and reminds us how much life—despite the claims of the tough school—there is in the old provincial English whodunnit yet."

## Synopsis

In Paulborough, a Midlands market town dominated by its Norman abbey, a notorious local gossip is found dead after spreading gossip about prominent figures in the town.