OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Atmospheric focusing

Atmospheric focusing is a type of wave interaction causing shock waves to affect areas at a greater distance than otherwise expected. Variations in the atmosphere create distortions in the wavefront by refracting a segment, allowing it to converge at certain points and constructively interfere. In the case of destructive shock waves, this may result in areas of damage far beyond the theoretical extent of its blast effect. Examples of this are seen during supersonic booms, large extraterrestrial impacts from objects like meteors, and nuclear explosions.
Density variations in the atmosphere (e.g. due to temperature variations), or airspeed variations cause refraction along the shock wave, allowing the uniform wavefront to separate and eventually interfere, dispersing the wave at some points and focusing it at others. A similar effect occurs in water when a wave travels through a patch of different density fluid, causing it to diverge over a large distance. For powerful shock waves this can cause damage farther than expected; the shock wave energy density will decrease beyond expected values based on uniform geometry ($1/r^{2}$ falloff for weak shock or acoustic waves, as expected at large distances).

## Types of atmospheric focusing
### Supersonic booms

Atmospheric focusing from supersonic booms is a modern occurrence and a result of the actions of air forces across the world. When objects like planes travel faster than the speed of sound, they create sonic booms and pressure waves that can be focused. Atmospheric factors present when these waves are created can focus the waves and cause damage.
Planes can also create boom waves and explosion waves that can be focused. Consideration for atmospheric focusing in flight plans is critical. The wind and altitude during a flight can create environments for atmospheric focusing, which can be determined through reference to a focusing curve. When this is the case, supersonic flight may cause damage on the ground.

### Meteor impacts

Meteors can also cause shock waves that can be focused. As the meteor enters Earth’s atmosphere and reaches lower altitudes, it can create a shock wave. The shock wave is impacted by what the meteor is made of, temperature, and pressure. Because the meteors need to have a large size and mass, there is only a small percentage of meteors that can create these shock waves. Radar and Infrasonic methodologies are able to detect meteor shock waves. These tools are used to study these shock waves and can help create new methods of learning about meteor shock waves.

### Nuclear explosions and bombs

Nuclear explosions and bombs can also lead to atmospheric focusing. The effects of focusing may be found hundreds of kilometers from the blast site. An example of this is the case of the Tsar Bomba test, where damage was caused up to approximately 1,000 km away. Atmospheric focusing can increase the damage caused by these explosions.
# Dalum IF

Dalum Idrætsforening is a Danish football club currently playing in the Denmark Series, the fifth tier of the Danish divisions. They play at Dalum Stadion in southern parts of Odense on Funen, a stadium with a capacity of 4,000. Founded in 1931, the club rose to prominence in the late 1990s, playing two seasons in the second tier, Danish 1st Division and six seasons in the third tier Danish 2nd Division from 1998 to 2006, and again from 2015–16.

## History

Starting from the 2006–07 season, they merged with B 1909 and B 1913, with new team FC Fyn their combined first team. This club dissolved in 2013.
In April 2023, Dalum were mentioned among the worst teams of Europe of the 2022–23 season, having recorded 23 losses out of 23 games, 0 points and a goal difference of –77. They soon after broke their remarkable losing record, beating AB Tårnby 3–0 on 22 April 2023.
# Niederfrohna

Niederfrohna is a municipality in the district of Zwickau in Saxony in Germany.
# Cornukaempferia longipetiolata

Cornukaempferia longipetiolata is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It was first described by John Donald Mood and Kai Larsen.

## Range

Cornukaempferia longipetiolata is native to Thailand.
# Aruba Athletic Federation

The Aruba Athletic Federation (AAB; Arubaanse Atletiek Bond) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in Aruba.

## History

AAB was founded on September 6, 1963, and was affiliated to the IAAF in 1986.
Recently, AAB president was Juan "Junior" Dake, and it was reported that he was re-elected in December 2012. However, the IAAF lists former sprinter and two-time Olympian Evelyn Farrell as new president of AAB.

## Affiliations

AAB is the national member federation for Aruba in the following international organisations:
* International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
* North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association (NACAC)
* Association of Panamerican Athletics (APA)
* Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation (CACAC)
* Asociación Iberoamericana de Atletismo (AIA; Ibero-American Athletics Association)
Moreover, it is part of the following national organisations:
* Aruban Olympic Committee (COA; Papiamento: Comité Olimpico Arubano)

## National records

AAB maintains the Aruban records in athletics.
# Brian Cox (rugby league)

Brian Cox is an Australian rugby league footballer who played as a fullback who played for Parramatta and Cronulla-Sutherland who played in the 1960s and 1970s. He was an inaugural player for Cronulla and played in the club's first ever game.

## Playing career

Cox began his first grade career with Parramatta in 1960. In his two seasons at the club, Parramatta finished last on the table claiming the wooden spoon. In 1962, under the guidance of new coach Ken Kearney, Parramatta went from easy beats to a competitive side and qualified for their first final series in 1962. Cox missed out on the 1963 season but returned in 1964 as Parramatta finished 2nd on the table. Cox played in both finals games as the club were defeated by Balmain in the preliminary final.
In 1967, Cox joined Cronulla who had just been admitted into the NSWRL competition along with Penrith. Cox played in Cronulla's first ever game which was an 11–5 victory over Eastern Suburbs at the Sydney Sports Ground. Cronulla only managed to win 2 games for the whole season after that point and finished last on the table. Cox went on to play with Cronulla for another 3 seasons in which the club struggled near the foot of the table and finished last again in 1969.
# Deadman's Cross

Deadman's Cross is a first-person shooter and digital collectible card game developed and published by Square Enix. It was released for iOS on February 13, 2014, and for PlayStation Vita on February 17, 2015. It follows a survivor of a zombie apocalypse who has stayed indoors for three months, then ventures outside and finds the world destroyed by "Deadmen". He aims to defeat the zombies using a rifle and recruit them as his personal army. The game received mixed reviews from critics, citing its weak story and gameplay, and its always-on DRM.

## Reception

The game's iOS version received an aggregate score of 54/100 on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Rob Rich of Gamezebo rated the game 3/5 stars, calling it "basically just Guardian Cross with zombies". He praised the art as high quality and the concept of managing a horde of zombies, but called the variety of missions "extremely limited". Peter Willington of Pocket Gamer also rated the game 3/5 stars, calling it on the cusp of being a good game, but saying it needed a more coherent world and story, as well as more substance to its gameplay. Alberto González of Vandal rated the game 5/10 points, calling the game repetitive and boring, while noting there were many better rivals on the App Store.
# Hybrid fibre-optic

Hybrid fibre-optic is the connection used by some television studio and field production video cameras that combine all video, audio, data, control, power, and other signals onto two single mode optical fibres and a few copper conductors in one jacket, therefore allowing one cable to provide all the necessary signals a camera needs for the television production environment.
* This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ruvaal Lighthouse

The Ruvaal, Rhuvaal, or Rubh'a' Mhàil Lighthouse is a listed 19th-century lighthouse located at the north-eastern end of the island of Islay, in the Inner Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland. The active lighthouse marks the northern approaches to the Sound of Islay, a narrow channel separating Islay from the adjacent island of Jura, and is one of the seven lighthouses operated by the Northern Lighthouse Board, which act as maritime aids to navigation on and around Islay.

## History

The need for lights near the sound had been identified as early as 1835 by Robert Stevenson, with the Board of Trade requesting that the light should cover the Neva Rocks to the west. This requirement meant that a substantial tower was required. It was designed by the brothers David Stevenson and Thomas the sons of Robert, from the notable Stevenson lighthouse engineering family.
Construction started in 1857 and it was completed in 1859. The total cost was £6,500 (equivalent to £822,402 as of 2023). The lighthouse consists of a brick 34-metre-high (112 ft) cylindrical white washed tower, supporting the lantern and single gallery. It has 158 steps to the top of the tower. Sandstone was used to construct the window and door openings. The architecture of the long keeper's cottages was criticised in a report from 1861 as looking 'more like dog kennels than anything else'.
Access to the lighthouse has always been difficult due to its remote location, bringing in supplies and relief keepers was eased by the use of helicopters in the 1980s. Helicopters were also used to help in construction of an overhead electricity line to the site in 1981. One helicopter crashed during the project, and the pilot survived the accident.
The new supply meant that a sealed beam electric lighting unit could be installed in 1982, and the light was automated the following year. The keepers were withdrawn and the cottages were sold, which are now private property. The tower and its light are still operated and maintained by the Northern Lighthouse Board.
The original third-order fresnel optic was preserved and now forms part of a garden feature at Colonsay House on the nearby island of Colonsay.

## Listed buildings

The entire station including the tower, keeper's cottages, and boundary walls are protected as a category B listed building.
# Obala Foundation

Obala Foundation is a U.S. based IRS code 501(c)(3) tax exempt non-profit organization that began as a forum for addressing what many have appreciated as the vast health care and resource gap between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the known world.
With 195 million people, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country. There are many things that make it a challenging place to engage. However, if only for the sheer number of people that stands to be affected by successful policy interventions, it would be almost irresponsible for any proponent of "global health" to ignore this country where 90% of the population subsists on less than two dollars per day.
In 2006 two physicians at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston surveying the Nigerian health care system found that whereas health care infrastructure remains underdeveloped, there was a concurrent epidemic of resource under-utilization compounding the disadvantage. They formed the group drawing from intellectual resources at Harvard Medical School and surroundings to address these issues.
This group differs from other traditional NGOs in that its primary focus is on resource optimization. The belief is that this approach which requires building infrastructure or testing its integrity is the surest path to sustainability.
Some of their current projects include efforts to leverage recent availability of mobile phones as the telecommunications platform for an Emergency/urgent care response system. As of 2009 their work is primarily being conducted in Lagos, Abuja and Jos, Nigeria.
# Niedereschach

Niedereschach is a town, with 6000 inhabitants, in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Geography

Niedereschach lies in the Eschach valley on the eastern edge of the Black Forest between 620 and 720 metres above sea level between the county town of Villingen-Schwenningen and the town of Rottweil.

### Neighbouring municipalities

The parish is bounded in the north by municipality of Zimmern ob Rottweil and in the east by Deißlingen, both in the county of Rottweil, and in the south by Dauchingen and Villingen-Schwenningen and in the west by Königsfeld im Schwarzwald. Within the parish lie the villages of:
* Niedereschach
* Kappel
* Schabenhausen
* Fischbach

### Municipal divisions

With the municipality of Niedereschach with the former independent parishes of Fischbach, Kappel and Schabenhausen there are 33 village, hamlets, farmsteads and houses. To the former parish of Fischbach belong the villages of Fischbach and Sinkingen, the hamlet of Vorderweiler, the farmstead of Pfaffenberg(höfe) and the houses of Auf dem Bühl, Eichbühl and Kirchhalde. To the old paris of Kappel belong the village of Kappel itself, the farmstead of Winkelhof (Im Winkel) and Haus Dobel. To the parish of Niedereschach in the boundaries of the 1970s municipal reform belong the village of Niedereschach itself, the farms of Klosterhof (formerly Seyhof) and Mühle and the houses of Am Eichenberg, An der Schabenhäuserhalde, Bubenholz, Ebersteinerhof, Oberer Vogelsang, Pulvermühle, Granegg Castle and Vogelsang. To the former parish of Schabenhausen belong the hamlets of Altbad, Auf den Höfen, Bei der Mühle, Im oberen Loh, Kohlerberg, Kohlwald, Mittendorf (Beim Neubad), Unterdorf (Bei der Krone), the farms of Hasenstall, Lohhof and Schlössle and the dwelling place of Bärleswies.

## History

Niedereschach was first mentioned in the records in 1086. In the course of its history it became an estate of the abbeys of Gengenbach and St. Georgen and of the free imperial town of Rottweil. In 1805 the village became part of the Duchy of Württemberg and, in 1810, transferred to the Grand Duchy of Baden.
In addition, Granegg Castle is supposed to have stood on the mountain between Fischbach and Schabenhausen, until the Middle Ages. A road was named after this castle, the Graneggstraße.

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1990 | 4,936 |
| 2001 | 5,922 |
| 2011 | 5,813 |
| 2021 | 5,980 |
# Cornufer wolfi

Cornufer wolfi is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae. It is endemic to the Solomon Islands archipelago and known from the Buka and Bougainville Islands in Papua New Guinea and from the Santa Isabel and Choiseul Islands in the Solomon Islands. The specific name wolfi honours Eugen Wolf, a member of the Hanseatische Südsee-Expedition (1909) and writer of the expedition's travel report. Common name Wolf's sticky-toed frog has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males measure 25–31 mm (1.0–1.2 in) and adult females 28–32 mm (1.1–1.3 in) in snout–vent length. The finger tips are dilated into broad discs; the toes have less broad discs and have minute webbing at their base. The dorsum is relatively uniform olive green. A blackish band runs from the tip of the snout through the eye and the tympanum to the post-axillary region. The venter is creamy. Melanistic specimens are dark brown with brownish venter. The iris is reddish.

## Habitat and conservation

Cornufer wolfi occurs in lowland and hill rainforests at elevations below 700 m (2,300 ft). It prefers primary forest but can be found on the forest edge and in wild banana plants. It is an arboreal species that lays its eggs in leaves in trees some two meters above the ground. The eggs develop directly into froglets, without free-living tadpole stage.
It is threatened by logging. There are no protected areas within its known range.
# Asa (album)

Asa is the sixth studio album by the German Viking metal band Falkenbach. It was released in 2013 on Prophecy Productions. The lyrics are written in Limburgish. Tümmers says he chose to use the language as it is the language of his ancestors.

## Reception

Yvonne Duchateau of Sonic Seducer, Markus Endres of Metal.de and Filip Van Muylem of Peek-a-Boo Magazine commented that the album combines stylistic elements from Falkenbach's entire career. Duchateau wrote that what is new is the presence of more quiet songs with clear vocals, such as "Eweroun" and "Bluot fuër bluot", which gives a more immediate impression; Endres wrote that "[i]n this tension between Nordic folklore with acoustic guitars and clear vocals, Pagan / Black Metal with sawing riffs, melodic keyboards and harsh voice, Asa comes alive". Van Muylem called the combination of different expressions a "successful amalgamation of tradition without any clichés and fiery passion".

## Personnel

* Vratyas Vakyas - all instrument, vocals

### Additional personnel

* Nikos Mavridis - violin
* Tyrann - vocals
* Hagalaz - guitars
* Boltthorn - drums
* Patrick Damiani - mixing
* Robin Schmidt - mastering
* Albert Bierstadt - artwork
* Costin Chioreanu - layout
* Christophe Szpajdel - logo
# Mavoungou

Mavoungou is a Congolese surname that may refer to
* Donatien Mavoungou (1947–2020), Gabonese doctor
* Jocelyne Mavoungou (born 1986), Congolese handball player
* Julienne Mavoungou Makaya (1950–2020), Republic of the Congo politician
* Martin Parfait Aimé Coussoud-Mavoungou (1959–2022), Congolese politician and businessman
* Maurice Mavoungou, Congolese politician
# Aurél Bernáth

Aurél Bernáth (1895–1982) was a Hungarian painter and art theorist. He studied at Nagybánya with István Réti and János Thorma. Bernath fought as a soldier in the First World War and moved to Vienna in 1921. Bernath's painting style was heavily influenced by the onslaught of German Expressionism. He was invited to Berlin by Herwarth Walden where his work was exhibited at the now-defunct Sturm Gallery between 1922 and 1924. Two years later, he returned to Hungary and joined the KUT (Képzőművészek Új Társasága, New Society of Artists), becoming one of the leading figures of the Gresham Circle of artists during the 1930s. He taught at the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts from 1945 to 1974. From 1948 to 1949, he worked as an editor for the journal Hungarian Art. After 1947, many of Bernath's writings on art theory were published and became very popular.
# 2008 Sun Bowl

The 2008 Brut Sun Bowl, part of the 2008–09 NCAA Division I FBS bowl season, was played on December 31, 2008 at the stadium of the same name on the campus of the University of Texas at El Paso in El Paso, Texas. The 75th annual contest pitted the Pittsburgh Panthers against the Oregon State Beavers. Pittsburgh previously appeared in the Sun Bowl in 1975 and 1989. Oregon State previously appeared in the Sun Bowl only once, in 2006. Entering the contest, the teams had a combined 3–0 record in Sun Bowls.
Oregon State won 3–0, the lowest scoring bowl game since a 0–0 tie between Air Force and TCU in the 1959 Cotton Bowl Classic and the lowest-scoring Sun Bowl since a 0–0 tie between Arizona State and Catholic University on January 1, 1940. It was the first shutout loss for the Panthers since 1996. This game, however, was special because the only points were scored on a field goal kicked off of a botched hold. The two teams combined for five turnovers and twenty punts while Victor Butler led the way with four sacks for the Beavers. Pittsburgh players would later refer to it as "the worst bowl game ever".
Oregon State opted to wear orange uniforms (while Pittsburgh wore blue), even though as the nominal visiting team they were required to wear white. As a result, they were docked a time out in lieu of a penalty that was assessed on the opening kickoff.
This game marked the 41st consecutive telecast by CBS Sports. No other network and bowl game has been paired for a longer period of time.
The halftime show included a performance by musical group The Village People as Sun Bowl officials broke the Guinness World Record for largest Y.M.C.A. dance.

## Scoring summary

| Scoring Play | Score |
| 2nd Quarter ||
| OSU - Justin Kahut 44-yard FG, 2:18 | OSU 3–0 |
# Russell Francis Wright

Russell Francis Wright, MBE, Service number VX70200, was an Australian radio engineer and soldier.

## Early life and education

Russell Francis Wright was born in Melbourne September 28, 1920, the son of Col. Charles C. and Mrs. Jessie G. Wright and twin brother of Norman Douglas Wright ED, Lt. Col. He married Irma (nee Sanders) in 1956 and was the father of Col. Iain Wright and Dr Stuart Wright. He was educated at Scotch College, Melbourne where he constructed his own technically advanced radio receiver.

## World War Two

With the intention of following his father into the Army, Wright studied engineering at Melbourne University. After enlisting during World War II in 1942, he left Singapore aboard the Mata Hari on Australia Day when the ship was captured by the Japanese. He was made a prisoner of war in Changi Prison, where he and others built radios, concealing one receiver in a broom. Intelligence gathered by this means was vital to morale in the POW camp.
In 1947, Lieutenant Wright was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire "For highly meritorious service and outstanding ability."

## England

Following his education in Australia and his recovery from ill treatment by the Japanese, he pursued his studies of radio and engineering as a long time resident of England, gaining wide respect in the aircraft and nuclear power industries.
He died suddenly in England 22 April 2012, in his 92nd year and was buried at a funeral held in Caterham, England on May 10, 2012.
# O'Sullivan College

45°29′50″N 73°34′25″W﻿ / ﻿45.4972415°N 73.5736895°W﻿ / 45.4972415; -73.5736895
Collège O'Sullivan de Montréal inc. is a small bilingual private college that was founded in 1916. It is located at 1191, Mountain Street (rue de la Montagne) in downtown Montreal. The college is near Peel and Lucien L'Allier metro stations.
The college offers many programs granting both Attestation of Collegial Studies (ACS) and Diploma of Collegial Studies (DCS).

## Programs
### DCS

* Paralegal Technology - 3 years
* Accelerated Paralegal Technology - 2 ½ years
* Computer Science Technology - 3 years
* Medical Records (offered in French only) - 3 years
* Administration and management techniques - 3 years

### ACS (offered in French only)

* Web marketing strategies for social networks - 8 months
* Paralegal Technology - 18 months
* Media Technology and Film Sets - 1 year
* Network Management and IT Security - 12 months
* Office Systems Technology Legal Specialization (offered in French only) - 8 intensive months
* Production Coordinatior WEB, Cinema and TV - 8 months
* Production Assistant - 8 months
# Nikolai Rein

Nikolai Rein (born 25 November 1989) is a German male acrobatic gymnast. Along with his partner, Sophie Bruehmann, he competed in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.