OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Boundary Stones (Ukraine)

Boundary Stones is an archaeological site in Ukraine since the late Neolithic located in Kropyvnytskyi Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast. Consists of two series of 15 pairs of parallel stone monoliths - alley menhirs. Perhaps this religious building associated with the god of the sun. Rows are oriented from east to west, the height of the parallel pairs of identical blocks. The highest second pair (1.50 m), height should be gradually reduced. The distance between adjacent rows of blocks increases. Qualified archaeological research of the monument was carried out.
Within a radius of 1-2 km from the Boundary Stones is located about 20 barrows (Neolithic, Bronze) and many of them destroyed. In the immediate vicinity - Grotto (shelter) "Devil's Cave."

## External links and sources

* Legend about how the devil wanted to share the earth.(in Ukrainian)
* Boundary stones on Geocaching (in Russian)
* Boundary stones photo
# Brachyopa grunewaldensis

Brachyopa grunewaldensis is a European species of hoverflies.

## Distribution

Germany.
# Brachyopa exigua

Brachyopa exigua is an Asian species of hoverfly.

## Distribution

Myanmar.
# Carabus delavayi

Carabus delavayi is a species of ground beetle in the genus Carabus, first described by Léon Fairmaire in 1886.

## Subspecies

* Carabus delavayi achilleanus Cavazzuti, 2002
* Carabus delavayi delavayi Fairmaire, 1886
* Carabus delavayi meonoetius Cavazzuti & Rapuzzi, 2010
* Carabus delavayi parvipes Cavazzuti, 1996
* Carabus delavayi patrikeevi Cavazzuti, 2001
* Carabus delavayi planithoracis Kleinfeld, 2006
* Carabus delavayi tenuimanus Deuve & Imura, 1990
* Carabus delavayi yunlongensis Kleinfeld, 2000
* Carabus delavayi yunxiensis Deuve & Mourzine, 2002
# Anthrenocerus trimaculatus

Anthrenocerus trimaculatus is a species of beetle, native to Australia. It is within the genus Anthrenocerus and the family Dermestidae.
# Dschinghis Khan (album)

Dschinghis Khan (released internationally as Genghis Khan) is the debut album by German disco group Dschinghis Khan. The album includes the band's breakthrough single, also called "Dschinghis Khan", with which they represented Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, finishing in 4th position. Included is also the follow-up "Moskau", a tribute to the Russian capital Moscow. Both singles were also released in English-language versions in certain markets, entitled "Genghis Khan" and "Moscow" respectively.

## Track listing

Original release
All tracks are written by Bernd Meinunger and Ralph Siegel, except where noted
Australian release

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1979) | Peak position |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 8 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1979) | Position |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 46 |
# Dietzia natronolimnaea

Dietzia natronolimnaea is an alkaliphilic, aerobic, organotrophic bacteria, with type strain 15LN1 (= CBS 107.95).
# Czar, Alberta

Czar is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of the Saskatchewan border, at the intersection of Highway 13, Buffalo Trail, and the Canadian Pacific Kansas City tracks.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Czar had a population of 248 living in 86 of its 99 total private dwellings, a change of 22.8% from its 2016 population of 202. With a land area of 1.12 km$^2$ (0.43 sq mi), it had a population density of 221.4/km$^2$ (573.5/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Czar recorded a population of 202 living in 85 of its 87 total private dwellings, a 21% change from its 2011 population of 167. With a land area of 1.12 km$^2$ (0.43 sq mi), it had a population density of 180.4/km$^2$ (467.1/sq mi) in 2016.
# Alain Zenner

Alain Zenner (born 20 February 1946 in Ghent) is a Belgian politician. He served as Senator from 1999 to 2007, Government commissioner for the Minister of Finance from 1999 to 2003 and State Secretary for the Minister of Energy for a brief period in 2003.

## Biography

He was born in Ghent and graduated with a doctor of Laws at age of 22 years from the University of Ghent. He completed his studies with a Master of Comparative Law at the University of Chicago Law School in 1969. He practices as a lawyer in Brussels and conduct a career assistant to the Law Faculty of the Free University of Brussels. Since 1991, he was elected to the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region on behalf of the Liberal Reform Party and then the Reform Movement.
When the Forges de Clabecq (a steel mill located 20 km from Brussels) was declared bankrupt by the Commercial Court of Nivelles in 1996, Zenner was designated as liquidator for the company. The closure was symbolic for the decline of Walloon industry. Opposing him was Roberto D'Orazio, a worker of Italian origin, son of immigrant worker and leader of the delegation of the Socialist labor union FGTB, supported by the Workers' Party of Belgium.
In late November 2009, Alain Zenner was appointed liquidator of Royal Excelsior Mouscron, football club playing in Jupilerproleague (1st Belgian division championship).
# Drum + Fife

"Drum + Fife" is the third single from The Smashing Pumpkins' ninth studio album Monuments to an Elegy. The track was premiered through NME on November 21, 2014.

## Background and recording

In an interview with the NME, Billy Corgan said "'Drum + Fife' was originally a folk song. We really had a problem getting it off its almost dour Irish balladeer aspect. And I must give a lot of credit to Tommy Lee, because he's the one who turned the corner. Without saying it he was reacting in a way that told me he thought it was a bit boring. Tommy loves energy. Tommy wants to feel excitement. So he's playing the song and he's like 'I know this is a good song but it's just not working.' And he said to me 'Do you mind if I tinker around with it?' And so he got on the computer and used his experience in dance music and kind of turned the corner and found some loops and some beats and suddenly I was like...'wow'. It's almost like mid 80s new wave or something and it reminded me a little bit of early U2 or Big Country. The open strut made the Irish ballad part of the song come alive and have more of a expansive quality and from there on it got a lot easier."
Despite doing significant restructuring on the song, Tommy Lee was not given a co-writer's credit.

## Reception

The song was received positively. Stereogum compared it to the previous songs released from Monuments, saying it was "not on the level of 'Tiberius', but at least as good as 'One and All'." Consequence of Sound described it as "a melodic, yet rallying rocker", and went on to describe Corgan's vocals as "tenacious". Radio.com stated "Our latest taste is track 'Drum + Fife', a mid-tempo, melodic rock song, structured and accessible like all their best work. Essentially, the Smashing Pumpkins are not still in their experimental period. They are back to crowd-pleasing—and many are, appropriately, pleased."

## Personnel
### The Smashing Pumpkins

* Billy Corgan – vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards and synthesizers
* Jeff Schroeder – guitar

### Additional musicians

* Tommy Lee – drums
# Drum Buddy

The Drum Buddy, invented by New Orleans Ninth Ward one-man band Quintron, is a light-activated oscillating drum machine which operates on the principles of an optical sound theremin. An electronic instrument developed in the Spellcaster Lodge QElectronics laboratory, only 44 units hand-assembled by Quintron exist. Its four voices – Space, Snare, Bass and Kick, are triggered by activating a photoelectric cell either intermittently or with an on/off DIP switch in combination with exposure to light.
The Drum Buddy is outfitted with a light fixture on a periscopic pipe fixed to its base. The fixture's bulb can be controlled by means of a dimmer switch. The bulb hangs above a rotating platen upon which a number 10 can (the large size common to coffee, canned vegetables and some sauces) prepared with holes and non-reflective paint is placed. As the can rotates, its holes pass the Drum Buddy's photoelectric cells, firing drum-like tones and theremin or Moog synthesizer-like chirps or buzzes.
Accomplished purveyors of the Drum Buddy can operate the instrument freestyle by "scratching" the can back and forth against the resistance of the platen's motor or by performing short solos on the bass channel's 12-point chromatic scale.
# Dubautia microcephala

Dubautia microcephala, the small-head dubautia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to the island of Kauai in Hawaii. It is a perennial shrub or tree that grows up to 10 ft (3.0 m) tall.
# Driopea

Driopea is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
subgenus Driopea
* Driopea clytina Pascoe, 1858
* Driopea schmidi Breuning, 1971
* Driopea setosa Aurivillius, 1922
subgenus Fasciatodriopea
* Driopea chinensis Breuning, 1967
* Driopea griseobasalis Breuning, 1968
* Driopea nigrofasciata Pic, 1926
subgenus Inermodriopea
* Driopea atronotata Pic, 1929
* Driopea cyrtomera Aurivillius, 1922
* Driopea delta Aurivillius, 1922
* Driopea griseonotata Breuning, 1957
* Driopea inermis Pascoe, 1864
* Driopea nigromaculata Pic, 1926
subgenus Luteodriopea
subgenus Trichodriopea
# Duchy of Sandomierz

The Duchy of Sandomierz was a district principality and a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Poland. It was formed in 1138 from the territories of the Kingdom of Poland, following its fragmentation, that was started by the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth. The Duchy existed until 1320 when it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland. Its capital was the city of Sandomierz. The territory was centred around Sandomierz Land in the southeastern corner of Poland, between the rivers of Pilica, Vistula, San, and Dunajec.

## History

The period of fragmentation of Poland began in 1138, after the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty. According to the testament, Duke Henry of Sandomierz was granted the Land of Sandomierz. Since the duke was too young, the newly created province was temporarily ruled by High Duke Władysław II the Exile. In 1146, after another conflict with the junior dukes, Wladyslaw II was forced to flee abroad, and the Duchy of Sandomierz was transferred to Henry.
Henry died in 1166, killed by the Old Prussians. Since he was childless and had no wife, part of his province, with Wislica, was inherited by his youngest brother, Casimir II the Just, while Sandomierz was seized by Bolesław IV the Curly. The province remained divided until 1173, when Casimir II the Just reunited it. Casimir II died in 1194, and the Duchy of Sandomierz was inherited by Leszek I the White, and his younger brother, Konrad I of Masovia. In c. 1200 the brothers divided their properties, with Konrad receiving Mazovia and Kujawy, while Leszek remained in Sandomierz. In 1205, the two brothers united their forces, defeating Roman the Great in the Battle of Zawichost.
In the 13th century, the Duchy of Sandomierz was several times raided by the Mongol hordes (see, e.g., Sack of Sandomierz (1241) and Sack of Sandomierz (1260)). In the late 1280s, Duke Władysław I the Elbow-high took control over Sandomierz, but in 1292, he was forced by Wenceslaus II of Bohemia to abandon the province. In 1304, Lokietek returned, capturing Wislica, and after the death of Wenceslaus (1305), he seized the whole province. During the reign of Lokietek, the Duchy of Sandomierz was turned into Sandomierz Voivodeship.
The Duchy of Sandomierz had twelve castellanies, located in the following towns: Łuków, Lublin, Sieciechów, Radom, Skrzynno, Żarnów, Małogoszcz, Czchów, Wislica, Połaniec, Zawichost and Sandomierz.

## The Dukes of Sandomierz

* Henry of Sandomierz (1146-1166)
* Bolesław IV the Curly (1166-1173)
* Casimir II the Just (1173-1194)
* Leszek the White (1194-1227)
* Konrad I of Masovia (1194-1200)
* (as regent) Helen of Znojmo (1194-1200)
* Bolesław V the Chaste (1227-1279)
* Bolesław I of Masovia (1229-1232)
* Leszek II the Black (1279-1288)
* Bolesław II of Masovia (1288-1289)
* Konrad II of Masovia (1289)
* Władysław I the Elbow-high (1289-1292)
* Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (1292-1304)
* Władysław I the Elbow-high (1304-1333)
# Episcepsis demonis

Episcepsis demonis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1896. It is found in Panama and Peru.

## Description

Head, thorax, and abdomen black brown; back of head with two crimson spots; abdomen with dorsal crimson spot on 1st segment, and lateral spots on 4th segment. Forewing greyish black-brown; an obscure, oblique, subbasal black band, and curved antemedial band; a subquadrate hyaline (glass-like) spot in end of cell; a blackish discoidal bar; an ill-defined postmedial blackish band excurved between veins 5 and 3, then bent inwards to below angle of cell, and with a curved hyaline band beyond it from vein 8, narrowing to vein 3, and with a curved dark patch beyond it from costa to vein 5; terminal dark patches at apex and below vein 5. Hindwing hyaline, the veins black; a terminal bluish-black band expanding widely towards apex and tornus. Its wingspan is 44 mm.
# Episcapha

Episcapha is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Salpingidae.
The species of this genus are found in Southeastern Asia and Australia.
Species:
* Episcapha asahinai
* Episcapha flavofasciata
# Paul Rhodes

Paul Rhodes (born 1956) is a Canadian political strategist. He was communications director for the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party during the 1995, 1999 and 2003 elections, and communications director for Ontario Premier Mike Harris from 1995 to 1997. Rhodes was an architect of the Common Sense Revolution, the policy platform which ushered the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party into government in 1995.
Before entering politics, Rhodes was a reporter for CTV's affiliate in Kitchener, CKCO.
# Paul Rhymer

Paul Mills Rhymer (November 21, 1905-October 26, 1964) was an American scriptwriter and humorist best known as the creator of radio's long-run Vic and Sade series. With a listening audience of 7,000,000, Vic and Sade was voted the number one daytime radio series in 1942, and Rhymer is regarded by many as one of the great humorists of the 20th Century.
Born in Fulton, Illinois, in 1905, Rhymer grew up in Bloomington, Illinois, attending Illinois Wesleyan University in the mid-1920s. Following his father's death, he dropped out of college to help support his mother. After employment on the Chicago and Alton Railroad, he worked as a cabdriver and then became a reporter with The Pantagraph, the Bloomington newspaper. He lost that job when the editor learned Rhymer had been fabricating interviews with non-existent people. In 1929, Rhymer moved to Chicago and signed on with the continuity department of NBC Radio, where he wrote station breaks and introductions to the dance band remote broadcasts from the local hotel ballrooms.
He launched Vic and Sade on June 29, 1932, and between 1932 and 1946, he wrote more than 3500 episodes. He was honored on April 28, 1938, when Bloomington celebrated Paul Rhymer Day. In July, 1949, Rhymer's characters were seen on television in NBC's Colgate Theater, and they returned in 1957 for a two-month run on WNBQ in Chicago.
In 1952, Rhymer scripted the five-minute NBC-TV series, The Public Life of Cliff Norton, a spin-off of comedy sketches Norton had performed on Dave Garroway's Garroway at Large from 1949 to 1951.
Rhymer also wrote book reviews and freelance magazine articles. He died October 26, 1964.
# Duffy Books in Homes

Duffy Books in Homes is the trading name of The Alan Duff Charitable Foundation. It is a New Zealand registered, literacy-focused charitable organization which has links to similar organisations in the United States and Australia.

## History

The programme was conceived in 1992 when the author Alan Duff visited Camberley School in Hastings, New Zealand. According to Principal Peter Johnstone "Alan was appalled to see so many children come from bookless homes."
Following a meeting with philanthropist Christine Fernyhough in 1994 the Alan Duff Charitable Foundation was legally formed. The official launch of the programme (then known as Books in Homes) took place at Tairangi School in Wellington on 24 August 1995 and was attended by then Prime Minister Jim Bolger.
The programme began with 80 schools, 16,000 students and 14 sponsors. In 2020 the programme reported almost 510 schools, over 200 Early Childhood Centres, over 100,000 students and more than 200 funding partners and supporters.
In 2019 the programme celebrated its 25th year and 13 millionth gifted book with respective events at Government House with Governor-General of New Zealand Dame Patsy Reddy and New Zealand Parliament with Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.
Notable personalities who were once students in Duffy Books in Homes schools include BMX rider Sarah Walker and Miss World New Zealand 2010 Cody Yerkovich.

## Operations

The programme has a stated aim of inspiring "a love of books in Duffy children so they become adults who inspire a love of reading." Its core function is as a form of book club in which students at low decile primary and intermediate schools in New Zealand order books from a brochure which are then presented at role model assemblies at the end of three school terms. Each child participating receives a minimum of six new books each year.
Additional components of the programme include annual awards for parents and grandparents, effort in reading and writing and excellence in attitude. There are also weekly book awards for good behaviour.
Two troupes of performers visit the majority of schools in the programme annually to perform a literacy-focused stage show. In 2024 the Duffy Theatre performs a show entitled 'Calling Detective Duffy - Stat!'.
The programme is also offered to early childhood education centres under the name 'Ready 4 Reading'.

## Funding

Duff stipulated that schools bear some of the cost of funding the programme themselves. Schools fund approximately one third of the cost of the programme with the remaining costs being met by the New Zealand Government and private sponsorship.
Major supporters include Mainfreight, Scholastic, Ernst & Young, Carter Holt Harvey, Rotary, Latitude Financial Services and The Warehouse.

## Results

Research undertaken in 1996 and 1997 by Dr Warwick Elley suggested that year 5 and 6 children in eight schools "improved (their reading ability) by 35% more than they would have without the Duffy Programme."
# Epimerase and racemase

Epimerases and racemases are isomerase enzymes that catalyze the inversion of stereochemistry in biological molecules. Racemases catalyze the stereochemical inversion around the asymmetric carbon atom in a substrate having only one center of asymmetry. Epimerases catalyze the stereochemical inversion of the configuration about an asymmetric carbon atom in a substrate having more than one center of asymmetry, thus interconverting epimers.
Human epimerases include methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, involved in the metabolic breakdown of the amino acids alanine, isoleucine, methionine and valine, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, which is used in the final step of galactose metabolism - catalyzing the reversible conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose.
# Epimerox

Epimerox is an experimental broad-spectrum antibiotic compound being developed by scientists at the Rockefeller University and Astex Pharmaceuticals. It is a small molecule inhibitor compound that blocks the activity of the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase, an epimerase enzyme that is called 2-epimerase for short.

## Mechanism of action

2-Epimerase converts UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine. Bacterial 2-epimerase differs from its human counterpart in that the bacterial molecule has an allosteric site. For enzymatic activity, the allosteric site needs to be occupied by the substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine; this is the first enzyme described in which the substrate is present in both the catalytic and allosteric sites. Because epimerox targets the allosteric site of the bacterial 2-epimerase, low human toxicity is expected since the human 2-epimerase does not have this site.
Although epimerox was originally developed specifically to target Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, it was found that it is also effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and many other Gram-positive bacteria.
No bacteria could be identified that were resistant to the compound (resistance frequency of <10$^{−11}$). Thus, epimerox is an antibiotic with low resistance potential. Therefore, 2-epimerase is a new antibiotic target to which resistance is a rare event. 2-Epimerase was discovered as a target because it was one of the enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for synthesizing an essential neutral polysaccharide in the cell wall of B. anthracis (Glu:Gal-NAc:Man-NAc at a 3:2:1 ratio). This polysaccharide is only found in B. anthracis and is the receptor for a bacteriophage lysin enzyme called PlyG, which is produced by the γ-bacteriophage to release its progeny from infected B. anthracis. For bacteriophage to survive they need to replicate inside a bacterial cell and release their progeny phage when they are assembled using their lysin. Since lysins from bacteriophage that infect Gram-positive bacteria must bind to a cell wall receptor to function, the enzymes have evolved over a billion years to identify substrate receptors in the bacterial cell wall that the bacteria cannot change easily. These substrates are either part of the peptidoglycan or sugars linked to it. Deletion of both 2-epimerase genes in B. anthracis is lethal to the bacterium.

## Chemistry

Epimerox is the name of two chemically closely related compounds that were found to block 2-epimerase and act as antibiotics by the described mechanism. Both are thiohydantoin derivatives of the amino acid phenylalanine. They differ in the residue on the thiohydantoin's carbon atom, which is (E)-5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)furan-2-ylmethylene in one compound and (E)-5-(3-bromophenyl)thiophene-2-ylmethylene in the other.

### Synthesis

The substances are prepared via a Knoevenagel condensation of a thiohydantoin–phenylalanine imine with different aldehydes, which yields a mixture of E and Z isomers. The active compounds are the E forms.
# Epoxybutane

Epoxybutane may refer to:
* 1,2-Epoxybutane
* 1,4-Epoxybutane (tetrahydrofuran)
* 2,3-Epoxybutane
# Paul Rudd (disambiguation)

Paul Rudd (born 1969) is an American actor known for comedies.
Paul Rudd may also refer to:
* Paul Ryan Rudd (1940–2010), American actor known for theater work
* Paul Rudd (DJ) (born 1979), English house music DJ