OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bazeley's Case

Bazeley's Case is an English criminal case of 1799 that prompted Parliament to create the crime of embezzlement.

## Overview

Bazeley was a bank teller who took money from a depositor but applied it to pay a sum he owed to Bazeley's own business.$^{:951–2}$ The court agreed with Bazeley's argument (acquitting him) that the bank only had a right to possess or title to the note, not possession of it.$^{:951–2}$

## Consequence

The Embezzlement Act 1799 — prompted by the case — was enacted before the end of the year to forbid the fraudulent conversion of money or property that an employee receives for their employer.$^{:951–2}$

### Prohibition of financial exploitation of position

The illustrative actions (facts) of the case before the court amounted to acting as an agent of another party, without their express or lawfully implied permission. Bazeley's underhand act boosted immediate cash flow and avoided cost of debt collection in Bazeley's business. Assuming (almost always true) the other party owed other debts or had other outgoings then the action is furthermore one of granting oneself a position as a preferential creditor, ensuring debts were paid ahead of all other matters by the debtor, regardless of their solvency (which means avoiding the risk and cost of bad debt).
These were the gaps in the law (lacunae or mischiefs) addressed by the new crime of embezzlement which aimed to target most, if not all, financial abuse of position.
# Enzymatic hydrolysis

In biochemistry, enzymatic hydrolysis is a process in which enzymes facilitate the cleavage of bonds in molecules with the addition of the elements of water (i.e. hydrolysis). It plays an important role in the digestion of food.
It may be used to help provide renewable energy, as with cellulosic ethanol.
# Kosciuszko's Monument (West Point)

Kościuszko's Monument is a pedestal and statue of Polish General Tadeusz Kościuszko at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Kościuszko designed the defenses of the West Point garrison from 1778–1780 during the height of the Revolutionary War, when George Washington considered West Point to be the most important military post in America. The pedestal and shaft of the monument was first proposed in 1825 by John Latrobe, and dedicated in 1828. The statue, designed by D. Borja, was later added in 1913.
Kosciuszko, having attended the Royal Knights School in Warsaw and audited classes at the Ecole Militaire, advocated the establishment of an American military school for officers, a subject on which he wrote Jefferson many times.$^{:88}$ After Jefferson established the academy, General William Davie requested Kosciuszko write the manual, Manoeuvres of Horse Artillery, which became a textbook at the academy.$^{:257}$
In May 2023, during a restoration of the monument's base, West Point Association of Graduates' Construction Manager Chris Branson found an unexpected time capsule placed there in 1828. The capsule was opened in August 2023 and West Point announced its archaeologist team had found six coins and a commemorative medal dating from 1795 to 1828 inside the time capsule. The items include:
* a Liberty dollar coin from 1800, measuring 1.564 inches in diameter
* a 50-cent coin from 1828, measuring 1.276 inches in diameter
* a 25-cent coin from 1818, measuring 1.066 inches in diameter
* a 10-cent coin from 1827, measuring .745 inches in diameter
* a 5-cent coin from 1795, measuring .643 inches in diameter
* a 1-cent coin from 1827, measuring 1.114 inches in diameter
* an Erie Canal commemorative medal from 1826, measuring 1.763 inches in diameter

## Gallery

* Closeup of engraving
* Front of monument
* Back of monument
* The pedestal c. 1900, before the statue was emplaced
* Monument seen from Hudson River
# Asaperda chongqingensis

Asaperda chongqingensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chen and Chiang in 1993.
# Harpalus suturangulus

Harpalus suturangulus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Reitter in 1877.
# Guyana at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics

Guyana competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, in Nanjing, China from 16 August to 28 August 2014.

## Athletics

Guyana qualified one athlete.
Qualification Legend: Q=Final A (medal); qB=Final B (non-medal); qC=Final C (non-medal); qD=Final D (non-medal); qE=Final E (non-medal)

### Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Jason Yaw | 400 m | 49.41 | 15 qB | 47.47 | 9 |

## Swimming

Guyana qualified two swimmers.

### Boys

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Hannibal Gaskin | 100 m freestyle | 58.03 | 36 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Hannibal Gaskin | 50 m butterfly | 28.11 | 42 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Girls

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Britany van Lange | 50 m freestyle | 28.43 | 36 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Britany van Lange | 100 m freestyle | 1:01.41 | 33 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

## Table Tennis

Guyana was given a quota to compete by the tripartite committee.

### Singles

| Athlete | Event | Group Stage | Rank | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | Rank |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Score | Rank | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank |
| Chelsea Edghill | Girls | Group F  N Bajor (POL) L 0 – 3 | 4 qB | A Zarif (FRA) L w/o | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 25 |
| Chelsea Edghill | Girls | K Mischek (AUT) L 0 – 3 | 4 qB | A Zarif (FRA) L w/o | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 25 |
| Chelsea Edghill | Girls | L Rakovac (CRO) L 0 – 3 | 4 qB | A Zarif (FRA) L w/o | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 25 |

### Team

| Athletes | Event | Group Stage | Rank | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | Rank |
| Athletes | Event | Opposition Score | Rank | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank |
| Latin America 3 Chelsea Edghill (GUY) Alejandro Toranzos (PAR) | Mixed | Thailand T Khetkhuan (THA) P Tanviriyavechakul (THA) L 0 – 3 | 4 qB | Latin America 2 G Arvelo (VEN) F Tenti (ARG) L 1 – 2 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 25 |
| Latin America 3 Chelsea Edghill (GUY) Alejandro Toranzos (PAR) | Mixed | Austria A Levenko (AUT) K Mischek (AUT) L 0 – 3 | 4 qB | Latin America 2 G Arvelo (VEN) F Tenti (ARG) L 1 – 2 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 25 |
| Latin America 3 Chelsea Edghill (GUY) Alejandro Toranzos (PAR) | Mixed | Croatia L Rakovac (CRO) T Pucar (CRO) L 0 – 3 | 4 qB | Latin America 2 G Arvelo (VEN) F Tenti (ARG) L 1 – 2 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 25 |
Qualification Legend: Q=Main Bracket (medal); qB=Consolation Bracket (non-medal)
# Akuliakattagmiut

Akuliakattagmiut were a geographically defined Copper Inuit subgroup in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. They were located near Cape Bexley on the south shore, mainland side of Dolphin and Union Strait, and in the vicinity of the Melville Hills' Akuliakattak Lake, the source of the Rae River.

## Culture

Akuliakattagmiut wore more seal than other Copper Inuit. They did not wear belts at the hips, rather their pants come to the waist.
According to Vilhjalmur Stefansson, the Akuliakattagmiut showed fear of guns, while other Inuit did not. All of their tools were sharp: iron snow knives, ulus; steel whittling knives, crooked knives, needles; copper ice picks; and metal scrappers.
Some Akuliakattagmiut songs were of Uallirnergmiut origin. Their trade partners included the Haneragmiut and the Puiplirmiut.
# Pope Alexander of Alexandria

Pope Alexander of Alexandria may refer to:
* Pope Alexander I of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria in 313–326 or 328
* Pope Alexander II of Alexandria, ruled in 702–729
# Carrickbeg

Carrickbeg (Irish: An Charraig Bheag, meaning 'the small rock') is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. Located on the border with County Waterford, it comprises that part of the town of Carrick-on-Suir lying south of the River Suir. The area is in County Tipperary, but some residents have an affinity for County Waterford, as well as it previously having been a part of that county.
Carrickbeg came to national attention in 2008 when the winning ticket for a €15 million EuroMillions jackpot was sold in the village.

## History

The Franciscan order had a presence in Carrickbeg between 1336 and 2006. The land on which the friary was constructed was first granted to the order by the 1st Earl of Ormond. However, the suppression of monasteries by Henry VIII led to the closure of the friary. Just prior to the invasion of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell, the friars had returned for an 11-year period, before being shut down again and the friars having to go underground to avoid persecution. It was not until 1820 and the onset of Catholic Emancipation that the friars were able to fully return and a new chapel was built. Saint Francis Roman Catholic Church was built on the grounds of the former fourteenth-century Franciscan Friary. The friars served the local community until a lack of vocations led to the order finally leaving Carrickbeg in 2006.

## Features

The main features of Carrickbeg are the old St. Molleran's church, the River Suir and the views of Slievenamon.

## Sport

The local Gaelic Athletic Association club is St. Molleran's. The club is one of three GAA clubs in the town of Carrick-on-Suir, the others being Carrick Davins and Carrick Swan.
The 1998 Tour de France passed through Carrickbeg.
# Bazelon

Bazelon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Cecile Gray Bazelon (born 1927), painter
* David L. Bazelon (1909–1993), jurist
* Emily Bazelon (born 1971), journalist
* Irwin Bazelon (1922–1995), composer
# Asaperda rufipes

Asaperda rufipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1873.
# 1948 Brownlow Medal

The 1948 Brownlow Medal was the 21st year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Bill Morris of the Richmond Football Club won the medal by polling 24 votes during the 1948 VFL season.

## Leading votegetters

| | Player | Votes |
| 1st | Bill Morris (Richmond) | 24 |
| 2nd | Ollie Grieve (Carlton) | 21 |
| 3rd | Bill Hutchison (Essendon) | 17 |
| 4th | Ron Clegg (South Melbourne) | 16 |
| 5th | Bill Twomey (Collingwood) | 15 |
| =6th | Allan Ruthven (Fitzroy) | 13 |
| =6th | Robert Hancock (St Kilda) | 13 |
| =8th | Dally O'Brien (North Melbourne) | 12 |
| =8th | Harold Bray (St Kilda) | 12 |
| =10th | Bert Deacon (Carlton) | 11 |
| =10th | Neil Mann (Collingwood) | 11 |
| =10th | Bruce Morrison (Geelong) | 11 |
| =10th | Alec Albiston (Hawthorn) | 11 |
| =10th | Alby Rodda (Melbourne) | 11 |
# Ajay S. Shriram

Ajay S. Shriram is chairman and Sr. Managing Director of DCM Shriram Ltd. and chairman of its subsidiary company, Shriram Bioseed Ventures Ltd. Post his schooling from The Doon School, Dehradun (India), Shriram obtained a bachelor's degree in commerce from Sydenham College, Bombay. He attended various training & management development programs in India & overseas and participated in the “Programme for Management Development” (PMD) at the Harvard Business School, Boston, USA.
Following his education at The Doon School, Dehradun (India), Shriram obtained a bachelor's degree in commerce from Sydenham College, Bombay. He attended various training & management development programs in India & overseas and participated in the “Programme for Management Development” (PMD) at the Harvard Business School, Boston, USA.
Shriram is the immediate Past President, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). He is also the Chairman of the Governing Body of Shri Ram College of Commerce (SRCC) and a Trustee of SOS Children's Villages of India.
Shriram has been recently conferred with Degree of Doctor of Letters (Honoris Causa) by BML Munjal University.
Apart from being a Chairman or Member of various Committees in CII in the past, he has also held the following positions:
1. President & Chairman of International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris (2009–11)
2. Chairman, Agriculture Committee, International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris (2003–05)
3. Chairman, Fertilizer Association of India (2000–02)
4. Member, Asian Food & Agribusiness Advisory Board, Asia, Rabobank International (2006–09)
5. Member, Managing Committee, PHD Chamber of Commerce (to 2006)
6. President, Doon School Old Boys Society (2000–02) 7. Member, Board of Governors, The Doon School, Dehradun (2002–08).
8. Treasurer, Board of Governors, The Doon School, Dehradun (2004–08).
9. Member, Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (2002–07)
10. Member, Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (2003–06).
11. Chairman, Delhi Chapter, Young Presidents’ Organisation (1995–96).
12. President, Alkali Manufacturers’ Association (1995–97)
13. President, Northern Indian Textile Mill Association (1992–93)
Shriram is also the chairman of the board for Indian Institute of Management, Sirmaur & Shri Ram College of Commerce (SRCC) and a trustee of SOS Children Villages of India.
Shriram has two sons.
# 20th Century Fox World (Dubai)

20th Century Fox World (Dubai) is a cancelled theme park in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, initially scheduled to open in 2018. The park was slated to feature attractions based on various Fox-owned film and television franchises, such as Blue Sky Studios films, Family Guy, The Simpsons, Futurama, Planet of the Apes, and Anastasia.
The park was owned by Al Ahli Holding Group, under license from The Walt Disney Company.

## Development

20th Century Fox World (Dubai) was announced on 3 November 2015, when 20th Century Fox and Al Ahli Holding Group made their licensing deal to build the theme park for $850 million, while 20th Century Fox World in Malaysia was also in development.
On 29 April 2018, the park was put on indefinite hold by the Al Ahli Group amid concerns from its CEO Mohammed Khammas that there was a "serious supply" of theme parks in Dubai.
# Casa Real

Casa Real (Spanish: royal house) may refer to:
* Casa Real (Lingayen), a public building in Pangasinan, Philippines
* Casa Real de Iloilo, a government building in Iloilo City, Philippines
* Marquisate of Casa Real, a title of Spanish nobility
* Monarchy of Spain
# Bazemore v. Friday

Bazemore v. Friday, 478 U.S. 385 (1986), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a regression analysis does not have to account for every possible factor that could influence salary in order to be considered as evidence of discrimination.

## Background

The case of Bazemore v. Friday originated from a lawsuit filed by black employees of the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, a public agency providing agricultural education and services. The plaintiffs alleged that the agency was practicing racial discrimination in its salary decisions, violating Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The agency had previously operated separate programs for black and white employees, and although it had integrated the programs, it continued to pay the black employees less than their white counterparts.

## Lower Courts' Decisions

The District Court and the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals initially ruled in favor of the defendant, stating that the plaintiffs had failed to prove that the salary disparities were due to racial discrimination. The courts argued that the plaintiffs' regression analysis, which was used to demonstrate the wage gap, was insufficient because it did not account for all possible factors influencing salary.

## Supreme Court Ruling

The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court. In a unanimous decision, the Court reversed the lower courts' rulings. The Court held that a regression analysis does not need to include every conceivable variable to be admissible as evidence of discrimination. The Court stated that the plaintiffs had met their burden of proof by showing a significant disparity in pay between black and white employees, and that the defendant had failed to provide a non-discriminatory explanation for this disparity.
Justice Brennan delivered the opinion of the Court.

## Impact and legacy

The decision in Bazemore v. Friday has had a significant impact on employment discrimination lawsuits. It has clarified the standards for statistical evidence in such cases, making it easier for plaintiffs to prove discrimination. The case has been cited in numerous subsequent court decisions and has influenced the development of employment law in the United States.
# Environmental Quality Incentives Program

The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) is a United States government program designed to assist farmers in improving environmental quality, particularly water quality and soil conservation. Congress established the program in the 1996 farm bill to provide primarily cost-sharing assistance, but also technical and educational assistance, aimed at promoting production and environmental quality, and optimizing environmental benefits.
The program replaced the Agricultural Conservation Program, the Water Quality Incentives Program, the Great Plains Conservation Program, and the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program. EQIP was reauthorized in the 2002 farm bill at $0.4 billion in mandatory spending in FY2002 and rising to $1.3 billion in FY2007. The funding each year is to be divided, with 60% targeted to environmental concerns associated with livestock production and the remainder to crop production. Producers enter into contracts of 1 to 10 years. Participants can receive no more than $450,000 between FY2002 and FY2007. Two new sub-programs were created. One provides matching grants for innovative conservation efforts, such as using market systems to reduce pollution and promoting carbon sequestration in soil. The second is the Ground and Surface Water Conservation Program (GSWP).
The program's financial aid to farmers in purchasing more efficient irrigation equipment was intended to conserve water. The assistance has had the unintended consequence of increasing water use and lowering water tables in the Great Plains as additional land was brought into cultivation to use the water that was "saved".
Congress added features to the program in the 2018 Farm Bill.
EQIP is administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service in the Department of Agriculture.

## Practices Eligible for Funding

The EQIP covers up to 75 percent of costs incurred and 100 percent of income foregone for implementing eligible conservation practices for awardees. There are a variety of conservation practices that are eligible for funding under EQIP.

### Grazing

Managed rotational grazing, a method of livestock production in which animals are moved between pastures in order to let pastureland rest, is included as an eligible practice under EQIP. Specifically, the most common managed grazing practices that may receive funding include: design plans and identification of infrastructure and materials needs such as fencing, planting, and water systems; prescribed grazing systems that improve or maintain water quality, plant communities, watersheds, or wildlife cover; and mechanical treatment to improve soil and plant conditions. At the national level, 50 percent of EQIP funding is reserved for livestock operations.
# Francis Williams, Baron Francis-Williams

Edward Francis Williams, Baron Francis-Williams CBE (10 March 1903 – 5 June 1970), known as Frank Williams, was a British newspaper editor, political advisor and author.

## Early life

Born in St Martin's, Shropshire, Williams studied at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Middleton, before entering journalism. He worked on the Bootle Times and then the Liverpool Courier, and was convinced of socialism by the conditions he saw. He moved to London to take up a post as a financial journalist on the Evening Standard, but soon moved to the Daily Herald, a paper with views closer to his own.

## Breakout
### Editor of the Daily Herald

In 1936, he accepted the editorship of the Daily Herald, serving until 1940.

### Political involvement

In 1941, he became Controller of Press Censorship and News at the Ministry of Information, and for his work he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1945. He then became the public relations advisor to Labour Party Prime Minister Clement Attlee for two years, the first person to hold such a position. From 1951 to 1952, he was a governor of the BBC. On 13 April 1962 he was created a life peer as Baron Francis-Williams, of Abinger in the County of Surrey.

## Academia
### Professorship

Williams served as Regents' Professor at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1961, and Kemper Knapp Visiting Professor at the University of Wisconsin from 1967 until his death.

### Books

He wrote several books, including a biography of Ernest Bevin, and he co-authored Clement Attlee's autobiography. His The Triple Challenge: The Future of Socialist Britain (1948) explains the main Labour programs started under Attlee. or the UNESCO, he wrote Transmitting World News (1953). In 1957, Francis produced a history of the press, entitled Dangerous Estate, part of which was devoted to explaining the rise and fall in the circulation of newspapers.
# List of ambassadors of Turkey to Australia

The ambassador of Turkey to Australia is the official representative of the president and the government of the Republic of Turkey to the prime minister and government of the Commonwealth of Australia.

## List of ambassadors

| Ambassador | Term Start | Term End |
| Baha Vefa Karatay | 15 March 1967 | 7 November 1968 |
| Mehmet Baydur | 17 December 1968 | 6 November 1972 |
| Hikmet Bensan | 30 December 1972 | 29 July 1978 |
| Hasan Üner | 1 August 1978 | 29 July 1981 |
| Faruk Şahinbaş | 20 August 1981 | 3 March 1991 |
| Ergün Pelit | 31 March 1988 | 5 December 1991 |
| Orhan Aka | 16 December 1991 | 30 May 1995 |
| Bilal Niyazi Şimşir | 13 June 1995 | 18 March 1998 |
| Umut Arık | 23 April 1998 | 25 September 2001 |
| M. Tansu Okandan | 1 October 2001 | 5 January 2006 |
| N. Murat Ersavcı | 16 January 2006 | 12 October 2009 |
| Oğuz Özge | 22 October 2009 | 1 July 2012 |
| Reha Keskintepe | 1 July 2012 | 31 July 2015 |
| Vakur Gökdenizler | 30 September 2015 | 9 January 2019 |
| Korhan Karakoç | 15 January 2019 | 24 January 2023 |
| Ufuk Gezer | 26 January 2023 | Present |
# Al-Maʽayin

Al-Maʽayin is a village in Jizan Province, in south-western Saudi Arabia.
# Polom (Rychnov nad Kněžnou District)

Polom is a municipality and village in Rychnov nad Kněžnou District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
# 1890–91 Heart of Midlothian F.C. season

The 1890–91 season is the 1st season of competitive football by Heart of Midlothian. Hearts also competed in the Scottish Cup, the Rosebery Charity Cup and the East of Scotland Shield.

## Overview

Hearts finished 6th in the league in its inaugural year, also going on to win the Scottish Cup for the first time.

## League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 4 | Cambuslang | 18 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 47 | 42 | +5 | 20 | |
| 5 | 3rd LRV | 18 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 38 | 39 | −1 | 15 | |
| 6 | Heart of Midlothian | 18 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 31 | 37 | −6 | 14 | |
| 7 | Abercorn | 18 | 5 | 2 | 11 | 36 | 47 | −11 | 12 | |
| 8 | St Mirren | 18 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 39 | 62 | −23 | 11 | Re-elected |
* ↑ Celtic, 3rd LRV and Cowlairs were deducted four points each for fielding ineligible players.