OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jones Cut

Jones Cut is one of the cuts on the Lackawanna Cut-Off railroad line in northwest New Jersey.
Located near milepost 64.8 in Blairstown Township, the cut was constructed between 1908 and 1911 by contractor Hyde, McFarlan & Burke. Some 578,000 cubic yards (442,000 m$^3$) of fill material was removed by blasting with dynamite or other methods. Jones Cut is located on a tangent (straight) section of track, permitting speeds of 80 mph (129 km/h). Blairstown Station sits within the cut.
Jones Cut is named for William Jones, who was the principal owner of the land that was acquired for this cut.
# Jordančo Stojmenovski

Jordančo Stojmenovski (born 11 March 1978) is a retired Macedonian football defender.
# Johnson House (Lindsborg, Kansas)

The Johnson House is a historic house located at 226 West Lincoln Street in Lindsborg, Kansas.

## Description and history

The brick, two-story, Second Empire style house was built from the spring to the summer of 1887, and was originally built as the residence of Dan Johnson. It sits on a plot of 0.39 acres of land. The D. Johnson house was a source of community pride and its construction seemed at times to be viewed almost as an obligation of the merchant to his community. It was added to the National Historic Register on March 19, 1998.
# John of Tynemouth (geometer)

John of Tynemouth was a 13th-century mathematician and geometer. Little is known of John's background, but he authored De curvis superficiebus or Liber de curvis superficiebus Archimenidis, a tract about Archimedes' measurements of spheres. This is an important work in the history of medieval geometry, as it helped transmit Archimedes' ideas to other medieval scholars. The work itself follows closely Archimedes' own reasoning, but with enough differences to lead modern historians to believe that John's work was dependent on a Greek text from late antiquity.
De curvis survives in over 12 manuscripts, and was used by a number of other medieval scholars, including Robert Grosseteste, Jordanus de Nemore, Gerard of Brussels, and Roger Bacon.
Certain stylistic choices in De curvis suggest that John was also responsible for a number of other works:
* De circulo quadrando, a revision of another of Archimedes' works, the De quadratura circuli, which is now in Florence at the Biblioteca Nazionale;
* De quadratura circuli;
* De figuris isoperimetris, now in Oxford University's Bodleian Library as manuscript Digby 174;
* a paraphrase of Euclid's Elementa from the translation of Adelard of Bath, later cited by Roger Bacon;
* Quaelibet media proportionalia.
Knorr, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, considers that John of Tynemouth (geometer) may be the same person as John of Tynemouth (canon lawyer). Knorr regards this as possible, but unlikely.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Knorr "Tynemouth, John of (fl. early 13th cent.) also including John of Tynemouth (d. 1221)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
* ↑ Edited in Clagett, Marshall (1984). Archimedes in the middle ages, quasi-archimedean geometry in the thirteenth century. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0871691574.
* ↑ Busard, H. L. L. (1980). "Der Traktat De isoperimetris, der unmittelbar aus dem Griechischen ins Lateinische versetzt worden ist". Mediaeval Studies. 42: 61–88. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306255.
* ↑ Knorr, Wilbur R. (1990). "Paraphrase Editions of Latin Mathematical Texts: De figuris ysoperimetris". Mediaeval Studies. 52: 132–189. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306377.
# Joint Private Medical Universities Admissions System

Joint Private Medical Universities Admissions System (JPMAS; Chinese: 私醫聯招; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Su-i Liân-chiau) is a private medical university alliance test for enrolling transfer students in Taiwan. Student candidates for this test should take four subjects:
* Chinese (medical Chinese)
* English (medical English)
* Biology (university basic Biology)
* Chemistry (university basic Chemistry)

## Private medical universities

* Tzu Chi University
* Kaohsiung Medical University
* Chang Gung University
* Chung Shan Medical University
* China Medical University
* Taipei Medical University
# Jonathan Moss

Jonathan Moss may refer to:
* Jonathan Moss (cricketer) (born 1975), Australian first-class cricketer
* Jonathan Moss, a character in the Southern Victory series by Harry Turtledove
* Jonathan Moss (referee) (born 1970), English football referee
* Jonathan Moss (rower), American lightweight rower
* Jon Moss (born 1957), drummer
# Joseph Funk

Joseph Funk (1778–1862) was a pioneer American music teacher, publisher, and an early American composer. He invented a shape note system in 1851 for the Harmonia Sacra.
Funk was born April 6, 1778 (though his gravestone states March 9, 1777), in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, the son of Henry and Barbara (Showalter) Funk, and a grandson of Bishop Heinrich Funck, a German Palatine settler of Bernese Swiss descent. Bishop Funck came to America in 1719, and was the first Mennonite bishop in America. As a boy, Joseph moved with his parents to Rockingham County, Virginia, and spent the rest of his life there.
In 1804, Funk married Elizabeth Rhodes, and they had five children. After her death, he married Rachel Britton, and they raised nine children.
He was a member of the Mennonite Church. In 1847, he established the first Mennonite printing house in the United States, at Mountain Valley, Virginia (renamed Singers Glen in 1860). Funk and his sons were active in organizing and teaching many singing schools in Virginia.
Funk died December 24, 1862, and is buried in the cemetery at Singers Glen. Funk compiled and published seven books and periodicals:
   * Ein allgemein nützliche Choral-Music (1816)
   * A Compilation of Genuine Church Music (1832)
   * The Confession of Faith (1837)
   * A Collection of Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs (1847)
   * The Reviewer Reviewed (1857)
   * The Southern Musical Advocate and Singer's Friend
   * J. and D. Brenneman, Hymns
The 1847 fourth edition of Funk's A Compilation of Genuine Church Music was the first publication by Joseph Funk and Sons at Singers Glen. The name was changed to Harmonia Sacra in 1851. The book is still is in use by Mennonites today. The Southern Musical Advocate and Singer's Friend was a 16-page monthly periodical published by Funk from 1859 to 1861. It was a forerunner of The Musical Million and Fireside Friend, a periodical published by Funk's grandson, Aldine S. Kieffer. Joseph Funk's sons continued the printing business after his death. The Ruebush-Kieffer Company purchased the press in 1878.
The Joseph Funk House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
# Joseph Margulies (lawyer)

Joseph Margulies is an American attorney with the MacArthur Justice Center and a professor of law and government at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

## Education

Margulies earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell University and a Juris Doctor from the Northwestern University School of Law.

## Career

Margulies was lead counsel in Rasul v. Bush, the case in which the Supreme Court of the United States established prisoners at Guantanamo Bay detention camp are entitled to judicial review and the U.S. court system has the authority to decide whether non-U.S. citizens held in Guantanamo Bay were wrongfully imprisoned.
Margulies is the author of the book Guantánamo and the Abuse of Presidential Power and of What Changed When Everything Changed: 9/11 and the Making of National Identity.
# Coal truck

A coal truck may refer to:
* Bathtub gondola, a type of railway gondola
* Chaldron wagon
* Dumper
* Dump truck
* Haul truck
* Hopper car
* Mine car
* Minecart
* Mineral wagon
* Open wagon
# Nghĩa Trung

Nghĩa Trung may refer to several places in Vietnam, including:
* Nghĩa Trung, Đắk Nông, a ward of Gia Nghĩa
* Nghĩa Trung, Bình Phước [vi], a rural commune of Bù Đăng District
* Nghĩa Trung, Nghệ An [vi], a rural commune of Nghĩa Đàn District
* Nghĩa Trung, Nam Định [vi], a rural commune of Nghĩa Hưng District
* Nghĩa Trung, Quảng Ngãi [vi], a rural commune of Tư Nghĩa District
* Nghĩa Trung, Bắc Giang, a rural commune of Việt Yên District
# Dialyceras discolor

Dialyceras discolor is a tree in the family Sphaerosepalaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.

## Distribution and habitat

Dialyceras discolor is known only from a few locations in the northeastern region of Sava. Its habitat is humid evergreen forests from sea-level to 500 m (1,600 ft) altitude. None of the locations are within protected areas.

## Threats

Dialyceras discolor is threatened because lemurs, and other animals, disperse the tree's seeds. Threats to these animals would in turn affect the tree's reproduction.
# Level shifter

In digital electronics, a level shifter, also called level converter or logic level shifter, or voltage level translator, is a circuit used to translate signals from one logic level or voltage domain to another, allowing compatibility between integrated circuits with different voltage requirements, such as TTL and CMOS. Modern systems use level shifters to bridge domains between processors, logic, sensors, and other circuits. In recent years, the three most common logic levels have been 1.8V, 3.3V, and 5V, though levels above and below these voltages are also used.

## Types of level shifter

Uni-directional – All input pins are dedicated to one voltage domain, all output pins are dedicated to the other.
Bi-directional with Dedicated ports – Each voltage domain has both input and output pins, but the data direction of a pin does not change.
Bi-directional with external direction indicator – When an external signal is changed, inputs become outputs and vice versa.
Bi-directional, auto-sensing – A pair of I/O spanning voltage domains can act as either inputs or outputs depending on external stimulus without the need for a dedicated direction control pin.

## Hardware implementation

Fixed function level shifter ICs - These ICs provide several different types of level shift in fixed function devices. Often lumped into 2-bit, 4-bit, or 8-bit level shift configurations offered with various VDD1 and VDD2 ranges, these devices translate logic levels without any additional integrated logic or timing adjustment.
Configurable mixed-signal ICs (CMICs) – Level shifter circuitry can also be implemented in a CMIC. The no-code programmable nature of CMICs allows designers to implement fully customizable level shifters with the added option to integrate configurable logic or timing adjustments in the same device.
Power Management ICs realize level shifters using differential signaling. The differential pair steers the current in one of its two legs which then drives a latch in a different voltage domain and level shifts the voltage.

## Applications of level shifters

Since level shifters are used to resolve the voltage incompatibility between various parts of a system, they have a wide range of applications as well. Level shifters are widely used in interfacing legacy devices and also in SD cards, SIM cards, CF cards, audio codecs and UARTs.
Level shifters are also widely used in gate driver circuits used in power management ICs. In these applications, level shifter translates the control logic signal to high voltages used in driving power MOSFETs.
# Phudagi language

The Phudagi language, also known as Vadvali, is a language or dialect of the Marathi–Konkani group. This language is spoken by Panchkalshi and Chaukalshi communities residing in Palghar, Vasai localities.
# Evelyn Patuawa-Nathan

Evelyn Patuawa-Nathan (14 April 1933 – 28 August 2019) was a New Zealand poet. Her only published poetry collection, Opening Doors (1979), made her the third Māori woman writer to publish a book.

## Life and career

Patuawa-Nathan was born in Northland, New Zealand, on 14 April 1933. She lived in Europe and Asia before permanently settling in Sydney, Australia, where she worked as a teacher and as a tutor in a number of women's prisons. She was of Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Hau and Ngāti Maniapoto descent.
Her first and only published work Opening Doors, a collection of poetry, was published in 1979 by Mana Publications (Suva, Fiji). Many of the poems in the collection are set in Australia or New Zealand and dealt with themes of colonisation and homecoming.$^{:37}$
According to the blurb of Opening Doors, Patuawa-Nathan had completed a historical novel years before which Collins of London had considered publishing, however the sole manuscript of the text was lost in the mail. Patuawa-Nathan "didn't have another copy nor the staying power to stick with it."$^{:200}$ During the same period she unsuccessfully attempted to establish a Māori Writers Society with other prominent Māori writers Hone Tuwhare and Harry Dansey.$^{:47}$
Her work has been included in several notable anthologies. In 2019 she featured in Wild Honey: Reading New Zealand Women's Poetry, edited by Paula Green. Green said of Patuawa-Nathan: "I find scant mention of her in New Zealand archives, have a single book of her poetry, and her poetic melodies cling to me. Like so many other women writers she is a puzzling gap." Her poems are also included in Puna Wai Korero: An Anthology of Maori Poetry in English (2014, edited by Robert Sullivan and Reina Whaitiri), Te Ao Marama (1992, edited by Witi Ihimaera), and Countless Signs: The New Zealand Landscape in Literature (1986, edited by Trudie McNaughton).

## Death and legacy

Patuawa-Nathan died on 28 August 2019. Contrary to other Māori writers of her generation such as Patricia Grace and Witi Ihimaera, her work has often been overlooked in New Zealand; Te Punga Somerville speculates that this may be because she wrote her collection while living and teaching in Sydney.$^{:37}$
She was the third female writer of Māori origin to have a book published, following Patricia Grace, whose collection of short stories Waiariki was published in 1975 by Penguin Books, and Vernice Wineera, whose first book of poetry was published in 1978.$^{:37}$ Te Punga Somerville also notes that Patuawa-Nathan's work places her "in the rather small group of nonwhite women poets anywhere who enjoyed single-author publication before the 1980s".$^{:200}$
She was one of the subjects of a 2021 University of Auckland doctoral thesis by Robin Peters, titled Papatuanuku's Progeny: Foremothers of Maori Women's Poetry Written in English, about the lives and works of Māori women poets. Peters was able to find 23 unpublished poems by Patuawa-Nathan, which are included in the appendix to her thesis.

## Published works

* Opening Doors (Mana Publications, Fiji, 1979)
# Powder (2022 film)

Powder is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language thriller film directed by Vijay Sri G and starring Vidya Pradeep, Nikil Murukan and Shantini Deva. It was released on 25 November 2022.

## Cast

* Vidya Pradeep as Vidya
* Nikil Murukan as Raghavan
* Shantini Deva
* Vijay Sri G as Pattarai
* Motta Rajendran
* Singampuli
* Vaiyapuri as Samy
* Aadhavan
* Anithra Nair
* Silimisam Siva
* Viki

## Production

The film was launched in October 2020 with Vidya Pradeep announced to play the lead role. The director of the film, Vijay Sri G, who had earlier made Dha Dha 87 (2019), started Powder after his other film Pollatha Ulagil Bayangara Game entered the post-production phase. Nikil Murukan, a noted press relations officer in Tamil cinema, accepted terms to work as an actor in the film. It became his first full-fledged acting role following a number of cameo appearances. He requested Vijay Sri to name his character as Raghavan to reference the popular police officer portrayed by Kamal Haasan in Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (2006).

## Soundtrack

Soundtrack was composed by Leander Lee Marty.
* Ratha Ther - Leander Lee Marty
* Saayam Pona - Velmurugan, Sruthi Sasidharan
* No Soodu No Soranai - Gaana Bala

## Reception

The film was released on 25 November 2022 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from Cinema Express wrote it was "a mirthless film with hardly any redemptive qualities" and that the film "reeks of amateur writing and abysmal craft". The reviewer added "the end result of Powder only manages to leave us with a poor aftertaste, especially with the film's ridiculous attempt at shocking the viewer coming in lieu of engaging and palatable cinema". In contrast, a reviewer from Maalai Malar gave Powder a positive review, noting that "it was worth a watch".
# Epiphragmophora clausomphalos

Epiphragmophora clausomphalos is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Epiphragmophoridae. It occurs in Peru.
# Preaek Norint

Preaek Norint is a khum (commune) of Aek Phnum District in Battambang Province in north-western Cambodia.

## Villages

* Preaek Ta Chraeng
* Preaek Krouch
* Svay Chrum
* Preaek Norint
* Sdei
* Rohal Suong
* Duong Mea
* Reach Doun Kaev
* Ansang Sak
* Preaek Trab
# Fishers Brook (Connecticut)

41°49′26.3″N 72°13′36.7″W﻿ / ﻿41.823972°N 72.226861°W﻿ / 41.823972; -72.226861
Fishers Brook is a stream that runs for about 4,000 meters (13,123 feet) at its maximum length in spring. Most of the year, it reaches only 3,000 meters (9842.52 feet). Located in Storrs, Connecticut, It feeds several small wetlands, including one small pond, before dropping off into Codfish Falls. It then leads into the Fenton River. Just before the falls, as well as in several other places, it is intersected by small bridges.

## Flora and fauna

Like much of the surrounding bodies of water, Fishers Brook is home to many species of frog, toad, and salamander, as well as newts and mudpuppies. Water snakes and smooth greensnakes are among the most common snakes here, and small turtles can be found sunning themselves on rocks. Many birds and mammals also live along the brook.
Plants that grow in the water here are mostly common water plants, such as pondweed, marshweed, sphagnum moss, waterlily, and cress. Cattails, ferns, reeds, skunk cabbage, and invasive phragmites are found on the shores. Fungi of all sorts are native as well.
# Praxis Business School, Kolkata

The Praxis Business School is a school of management, on Bakrahat Road, Rasapunja, on the southern outskirts of Kolkata, in the state of West Bengal, India. It was established in 2007 and offers a two-year fully- residential AICTE Approved Post Graduate Diploma in Management and a one-year full-time course in Data Science.
# Preclearance

Preclearance may refer to:
* United States border preclearance, allowing U.S.-bound passengers to clear border inspection at established locations outside the country
* The preclearance requirement, Section 5 of the U.S. Voting Rights Act of 1965
# Epipsestis albidisca

Epipsestis albidisca is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It is found in western India (Berham Gully, Kangra), Sikkim, Nepal, Pakistan, China (Yunnan, Tibet) and Vietnam.
The wingspan is about 34 mm. The forewings are greyish white with a greenish tinge. The extreme base is blackish with a tuft of raised white scales, followed by a pale grey sinuous band, indistinctly traversed by a darker central line, then a dark-edged darker sinuous fascia, also traversed by an indistinctly darker line. The external angle of this fascia below the costa is marked by a short vertical black dash of raised scales, representing the orbicular stigma, followed by a similar, but longer, black dash, slightly inclined to the former, representing the reniform stigma. Each of these black dashes is also edged with pale erect scales. Beyond the second dash are two or three angulated, and one sinuous dark line, following an indistinct central pale fascia, which is whitish on the inner margin. Midway between the sinuous dark line and the hind margin is a pale denticulated submarginal line, preceded by an irregular dark grey fascia. The extreme hind margin has a series of black lunules and there is a straight black dash from the apex to the submarginal line. The hindwings are dull grey.
# Epipsestis manmiaoyangi

Epipsestis manmiaoyangi is a moth of the family Drepanidae first described by Gyula M. László and Gábor Ronkay in 1999. It is found in Taiwan.
The wingspan is 33–37 mm. Adults are on wing in late autumn.
# Praticolella griseola

Praticolella griseola is a species of land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Polygyridae.

## Distribution

The distribution of Praticolella griseola includes Cuba and Costa Rica.
The non-indigenous distribution of Praticolella griseola includes Martinique.

## Ecology

Praticolella griseola is a tree dwelling species.
Predators of Praticolella griseola include larvae of the firefly Alecton discoidalis.
# Epedanoidea

Epedanoidea is a small superfamily of the Grassatores. It includes around 355 species distributed in Asia, primarily Southeast Asia.

## Families

* Beloniscidae Kury, Pérez-González & Proud, 2019
* Epedanidae Sørensen, 1886
* Petrobunidae Sharma & Giribet, 2011
* Podoctidae Roewer, 1912
* Tithaeidae Sharma & Giribet, 2011
# Epistles of Clement

The Epistles of Clement are two letters ascribed to Clement of Rome (fl. 96):
* First Epistle of Clement;
* Second Epistle of Clement, not by the same author;
"Epistle of Clement" may also refer to:
* This article about New Testament apocrypha is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Presbyterian Church of Cameroon

The Presbyterian Church of Cameroon (Eglise presbytérienne camerounaise, EPC) is a Reformed and Presbyterian denomination in Cameroon. It is the second-largest Reformed denomination in the country, after the English-speaking Presbyterian Church in Cameroon, a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches, as well as the World Council of Churches.
The EPC was established by the American Presbyterian Mission, now Presbyterian Mission Agency as part of the Presbyterian Church (USA) (PCUSA), and partly the Basel Mission, and became an autonomous church in 1957. The church is composed of six synods and 25 consistories (or presbyteries). The ECP is in close relationship with the PCUSA.
# Ergo

Ergo may refer to:
* A Latin word meaning "therefore" as in Cogito ergo sum
* Ergo (journal), an academic journal
* A Greek word έργο meaning "work", used as a prefix ergo-, for example, in ergonomics.
* Ergometer (rowing), an indoor rowing machine
* Campagnolo ErgoPower, in cycling
* Ergo (Indian newspaper)
* Ergo Proxy, an anime television series
* Ergo, a fictional planet in the Star Wars franchise
* ERGO Group, insurance companies owned by Munich Re
* ERGO Baby, a US babycarrier manufacturer
* Engelbert Ergo, a Flemish Baroque painter
# Prince Julius of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

Prince Julius of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (14 October 1824, Gottorp, Schleswig, Schleswig– 1 June 1903, Itzehoe, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, Germany) was the eighth of the ten children of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel.

## Biography

In 1863, Prince Julius was sent to Greece with his young nephew, Prince Vilhelm of Denmark, who had recently ascended to the throne of Greece as King of the Hellenes, as an advisor. Eighteen months later, the King returned from a walk to discover that, whilst he was out, Julius had invited seven ministers associated with the former, and deeply unpopular, King Otto to the Palace to discuss the removal of Count Sponneck, another of the King's advisors. Indignant at what he saw as an attempt at a palace putsch, the King ordered Julius to leave Greece within one week.
Julius contracted a morganatic marriage with Elisabeth von Ziegesar (1856–1887), daughter of Wolf von Ziegesar, at Ballenstedt Castle on 2 July 1883. After their marriage, she was styled Countess von Roest.

## Honours

* Denmark:
** Knight of the Elephant, 13 October 1864
** Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 13 October 1864
** Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, 1892
* Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 4 October 1853
* Brunswick: Grand Cross of Henry the Lion, 1847
* Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, May 1867
* Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class, 10 March 1881

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Prince Julius of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg :