OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Garrard (MP)

George Garrett or Garrard (1579 – after 1650) was an English Member of Parliament.
He was a younger son of Sir William Garrard of Dorney Court, Buckinghamshire and Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Rowe, Lord Mayor of London 1568–69. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, from 1594, graduating BA in 1597 and MA in 1603.
He was a friend of the queen's lady in waiting Cecily Bulstrode and when she died in August 1609 he asked Ben Jonson to write an epitaph.
He was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber extraordinary to Prince Henry in 1610–12. He was in the employ of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury from 1614 to 1672.
In January 1618 he acted with other courtiers at Theobalds led by Sir John Finet in an interlude featuring "Tom of Bedlam the Tinker" intended to amuse King James who was suffering from gout. John Bingley was knighted on this occasion. The cast included: Thomas Dutton, Thomas Badger, George Goring, Thomas Tyringham, Edward Zouch, Robert Yaxley, William Uvedale, and Arthur Lake. The King was displeased by the play, especially the lyrics sung by Finet, and John Chamberlain was surprised that "none had the judgement to see how unfit it was to bring such beastly gear in public before a prince."
In 1621 he was elected Member of Parliament for Wigan in a by-election after the death of his uncle, Sir Thomas Gerard, 1st Baronet. In 1624 he represented Newtown (IOW) and was then elected for Preston in 1626 and 1628. In April 1640, he was elected for Hindon in the Short Parliament.
He was ordained in 1635 and became Master of the London Charterhouse from 1638 to 1650.
He married Elizabeth, the daughter of Thomas Swallow of Saffron Walden, Essex, with whom he had one son, George.
# Cristian Crusat

Cristian Crusat Schretzmeijer (born 1983, Marbella) is a Spanish-Dutch writer. His father was Spanish and his mother Dutch. He studied literature at the Complutense University of Madrid and applied linguistics at the International University Menéndez Pelayo of Santander and the Cervantes Institute. He completed his doctorate in comparative literature at the University of Amsterdam.
His books include:
* Estatuas (Pre-Textos, 2006)
* Tranquilos en tiempo de guerra (Pre-Textos, 2010)
* Breve teoría del viaje y el desierto (Pre-Textos, 2011).
He has translated the writings of Marcel Schwob. He won the EU Prize for Literature for Breve teoría del viaje y el desierto.
# Ravine

A ravine is a landform that is narrower than a canyon and is often the product of streambank erosion. Ravines are typically classified as larger in scale than gullies, although smaller than valleys. Ravines may also be called a cleuch, dell, ghout (Nevis), gill or ghyll, glen, gorge, kloof (South Africa), and chine (Isle of Wight)
A ravine is generally a fluvial slope landform of relatively steep (cross-sectional) sides, on the order of twenty to seventy percent in gradient. Ravines may or may not have active streams flowing along the downslope channel which originally formed them; moreover, often they are characterized by intermittent streams, since their geographic scale may not be sufficiently large to support a perennial stream.

## Definition

According to Merriam-Webster, a ravine is "a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water". Some societies and languages do not differentiate between a gully and ravine; in others, there is a distinction, particularly when concerning environmental management.

## Formation

Gullies are often found in hilly or mountainous regions, where water runoff is guided downhill by steep slopes and over time erodes the landscape. A ravine is the final step in gully erosion, formed when a stream has eroded so severely it forms a deep cut in the earth. A gully can be classified as a ravine after it reaches a large depth, typically in excess of 5 metres (16 ft).

## Environmental impact

Ravine erosion contributes heavily to land loss globally and particularly threatens agricultural lands. Additionally, soil loss contributes to pollution, flooding, and sedimentation of waterways. The formation of ravine lands can be sped up by deforestation and overgrazing. In Indian badlands, soil erosion is estimated to exceed a rate of 40 tonnes per hectare (16 long ton/acre; 18 short ton/acre) annually.

## Examples
### Hawaii

The shield volcanoes of Hawaii have significant impact on the distribution of ravines across the islands, specifically Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, the former of which is one the most active shield volcanoes on Earth. Both of these volcanoes show V-shaped ravines on their flanks, solely where they have been mantled by Pahala ash. Being the older of the two, Mauna Kea displays more pronounced dissection of these ravines. Rainfall and infiltration capacity are critical to valley initiation on the Hawaiian volcanoes. Once these valleys are initiated, their streams incise to form V-shaped ravines. Eventually, they become sufficiently deep ravine systems and expose groundwater activity. The deepest of these incisions are U-shaped, theatre-headed valleys.

### Notable ravines

* Babi Yar, Ukraine
* Bam Bam Amphitheaters, Gabon
* Barranco de Badajoz, Spain
* Barranco del Infierno, Spain
* Gravina Ravine, Italy
* Moola Chotok, Pakistan
* Ravenna Park, United States
* Rauðfeldsgjá, Iceland
* Stuðlagil, Iceland
* Taishaku Valley, Japan
* Toronto ravine system, Canada
# Carbene C−H insertion

Carbene C−H insertion in organic chemistry concerns the insertion reaction of a carbene into a carbon–hydrogen bond. This organic reaction is of some importance in the synthesis of new organic compounds.
Simple carbenes such as the methylene and dichlorocarbene are not regioselective towards insertion. When the carbene is stabilized by a metal the selectivity increases. The compound dirhodium tetraacetate is found to be especially effective. In a typical reaction ethyl diazoacetate (a well-known carbene precursor) and dirhodium tetraacetate react with hexane; the insertion into a C−H bond occurs 1% on one of the methyl groups, 63% on the alpha-methylene unit and 33% on the beta-methylene unit.
The first such reaction was reported in 1981, and the general reaction mechanism proposed by Doyle in 1993. the metal that stabilizes the carbene, dissociates at the same time but not to the same degree as carbon–carbon bond formation and hydrogen atom migration. The reaction is distinct from a metal catalyzed C−H activation reaction (sensu stricto) in which the metal actually inserts itself between carbon and hydrogen to form a species with a metal–carbon bond. It does, however, serve as a premier example of a metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization reaction, which some authors also refer to as C–H activation (sensu lato).
The metal employed as a catalyst in this reaction historically was copper until superseded by rhodium. Other metals stabilize the carbene too much (e.g. molybdenum as in Fischer carbenes) or result in carbenes too reactive (e.g. gold, silver). Many dirhodium carboxylates and carboxamidates exist, including chiral ones. An effective chiral dirhodium catalyst is Rh$_2$(MPPIM)$_4$ with MPPIM (Methyl PhenylPropyl IMidazolidinecarboxylato) asymmetric ligand.
Most successful reactions are intramolecular within geometrically rigid systems, as pioneered by Wenkert (1982) and Taber (1982).
# Atractocarpus decorus

Atractocarpus decorus is a plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae which is endemic to New Guinea. Like many others in the genus, it has glossy dark green leaves and attractive white flowers.

## Description

Atractocarpus decorus is a large shrub or small tree growing up to 4 m (13 ft) high. It has large leaves arranged in opposite pairs on the twigs, measuring up to 32 cm (13 in) long by up to 13 cm (5.1 in) wide. They are glossy dark green above and lighter below with 9 to 13 prominent lateral veins each side of the midrib. The female inflorescence consists of a single flower whereas the male inflorescence has between 15 and 30 flowers. Flowers are white with 5 petals, about 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 8 cm (3.1 in) across; the orange fruit is a solitary drupe about 4 cm (1.6 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) diameter.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1925 as Randia decora by Theodoric Valeton, based on material collected across New Guinea by the German botanist Rudolf Schlechter and Swiss botanist Carl Ludwig Ledermann [fr] between 1901 and 1912. In a major review of the genus Atractocarpus in 1999 by Christopher Puttock, this species was transferred to Atractocarpus.

### Etymology

The genus name Atractocarpus is derived from the Ancient Greek terms átraktos, meaning "spindle", and karpós meaning "fruit", and refers to the spindle-shaped fruit of the type species. The species epithet decorus is a Latin word meaning "elegant" or "beautiful".

## Distribution and habitat

This species is endemic to New Guinea, and grows in numerous locations on the island at altitudes from near sea level to at least 800 m (2,600 ft).

## Conservation

This species was assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2018 and given the status of least concern. In its justification statement, the IUCN states "It is a widespread common species with an extent of occurrence exceeding the boundaries for a threatened category under criterion B. No major threats to the species have been identified and population is currently stable".

## Gallery

* Foliage
* Flower buds
* Fruit
* Flowers with calyx visible
# 1986 Seiko Super Tennis Hong Kong – Doubles

Brad Drewett and Kim Warwick were the defending champions, but competed this year with different partners. Drewett teamed up with Mark Edmondson and lost in the first round to Chip Hooper and Mike Leach, while Warwick teamed up with Steve Denton and also lost in the first round to Scott Davis and David Pate.
Mike De Palmer and Gary Donnelly won the title by defeating Pat Cash and Mark Kratzmann 7–6, 6–7, 7–5 in the final.

## Seeds

* John Fitzgerald / Andrés Gómez (quarterfinals)
* Paul Annacone / Christo van Rensburg (semifinals)
* Scott Davis / David Pate (semifinals)
* Mike De Palmer / Gary Donnelly (champions)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | J Fitzgerald A Gómez | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Edwards B Schultz | 7 | 2 | 3 | 1 | J Fitzgerald A Gómez | 2 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Cash M Kratzamann | 6 | 6 | | | P Cash M Kratzamann | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Freeman B Pearce | 0 | 4 | | | | | | | P Cash M Kratzamann | 6 | 5 | 6 | | | | | |
| 3 | S Davis D Pate | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 3 | S Davis D Pate | 3 | 7 | 4 | | | | | |
| | S Denton K Warwick | 3 | 2 | | 3 | S Davis D Pate | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Drewett M Edmondson | 3 | 3 | | | C Hooper M Leach | 6 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Hooper M Leach | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | P Cash M Kratzamann | 6 | 7 | 5 |
| | M Davis K Flach | 6 | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | 4 | M De Palmer G Donnelly | 7 | 6 | 7 |
| | G Layendecker G Michibata | 3 | 6 | 7 | | G Layendecker G Michibata | 0 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Jones T Witsken | 3 | 3 | | 4 | M De Palmer G Donnelly | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | M De Palmer G Donnelly | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 4 | M De Palmer G Donnelly | 7 | 6 | | | | | | |
| | J Arias G Holmes | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 2 | P Annacone C van Rensburg | 6 | 4 | | | | | | |
| WC | J Bailey Pang Lui | 3 | 2 | | | J Arias G Holmes | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Dyke W Masur | 6 | 5 | | 2 | P Annacone C van Rensburg | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | P Annacone C van Rensburg | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Bontnewydd, Ceredigion

Bontnewydd is a small village in Ceredigion between Tregaron and Aberystwyth near the village of Bronant. It is situated on the edge of the beautiful wild area of upland common called Mynydd Bach. The rivers Ddu and Aeron meet to the south-east of the village. The Llyn Eiddwen SSSI is close by.
# Crime Intelligence Division

The Crime Intelligence Division of the South African Police Service is an intelligence agency that tracks criminal elements within the Republic of South Africa. It is run by a Divisional Commissioner, who is also a member of the National Intelligence Co-Ordinating Committee (NICOC), to which they report.
The main functions of the CI division are:
* Operational Support.
* Crime Information Analysis Centre.
* Crime Information Management Centre.
* Counter Intelligence.
* Covert Intelligence.
* Crime Intelligence Collection.
# Rebeca Wild

Rebeca Wild (1939, Berlin - 2015, Tumbaco, Quito) was a German educator and author in Ecuador.

## Life and work

Rebeca Wild lived in Ecuador with her husband Mauricio Wild from 1961. Both worked first as managers of a plantation, then as employees of an import-export company in the harbour city of Guayaquil. From 1965 to 1970, she studied social sciences in New York and Puerto Rico and then returned to Ecuador to manage an agricultural development project in the Andes.
In 1980, Rebeca Wild and her husband opened a primary school and in 1986 a secondary school in Quito, Ecuador. They founded non-directive education. In 1989, the so-called learning environment Pesta was recognised as an experimental school for Ecuador. Since 1989, the institution has been authorised to award a secondary school leaving certificate equivalent to the German Realschulabschluss. The young people were able to continue studying at Pesta for the school-leaving examination as external students; after appropriate preparation, many went on to pass the school-leaving examination in state or private courses. Their work and the books describing it were the motivation for a number of alternative schools, most of which called themselves "active schools".
The concept was based on the pedagogy of Maria Montessori and the developmental model of Jean Piaget. In their school, they have expanded the prepared environment, as proposed and developed by Montessori pedagogy, to include spaces in which children and young people can fulfil their needs for free movement, concrete experiences with unstructured materials or conversations with each other. After the Pesta closed in 2010, Rebeca Wild was involved in setting up the León Dormido (=sleeping lion), a community project near Quito for living, learning and doing business in the service of life. The theoretical reflection of her work is based on the findings of the Chilean biologist Humberto Maturana.

## Writings (selection)

* Erziehung zum Sein. Erfahrungsbericht einer aktiven Schule. Arbor-Verlag, Freiamt 1986, ISBN 3-924195-03-X.
* Sein zum Erziehen. Mit Kindern leben lernen. Arbor-Verlag, Freiamt 1991, ISBN 3-924195-08-0.
* Kinder im Pesta. Erfahrungen auf dem Weg zu einer vorbereiteten Umgebung für Kinder. Arbor-Verlag, Freiamt 1993, ISBN 3-924195-10-2.
* Freiheit und Grenzen – Liebe und Respekt. Was Kinder von uns brauchen. Mit Kindern wachsen Verlag, Freiamt 1998, ISBN 3-933020-03-4.
* Kinder wissen, was sie brauchen; Herder, Freiburg (Breisgau) 1998, ISBN 3-451-04605-9.
* Lebensqualität für Kinder und andere Menschen. Erziehung und der Respekt für das innere Wachstum von Kindern und Jugendlichen; Beltz, Weinheim u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-407-22092-8.
* Genügend gute Eltern. Erwachsene und Jugendliche im Dialog über Lebensprozesse, Schule und Fremdbestimmung; Beltz, Weinheim 2006, ISBN 3-407-22878-3.
* Raising Curious, Creative, Confident Kids. The Pestalozzi Experiment in Child-Based Education; Shambhala, Boston MA 2000, ISBN 1-570-62455-0.
# Cape blue-eye

The cape blue-eye (Pseudomugil majusculus) is a species of fish in the subfamily Pseudomugilinae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea. This species reaches a length of 5.0 cm (2.0 in).
# Athletics at the 2012 Summer Paralympics F40

Athletics events at the 2012 Summer Paralympics were held in the Olympic Stadium and in The Mall in London, United Kingdom, from 31 August to 9 September 2012. Five throwing events were staged for class F40, athletes with dwarfism.

## Classification

Athletes were given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability. The classification system allowed athletes to compete against others with a similar level of function.
The athletics classifications are:
* 11–13: Blind (11) and visually impaired (12, 13) athletes
* 20: Athletes with an intellectual disability
* 31–38: Athletes with cerebral palsy
* 40: Les Autres (others) (including people with dwarfism)
* 42–46: Amputees
* 51–58: Athletes with a spinal cord disability
The class numbers were given prefixes of "T" and "F" for track and field events, respectively.

## Medal summary
### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Shot put details | Wang Zhiming China | Hocine Gherzouli Algeria | Paschalis Stathelakos Greece |
| Discus throw details | Wang Zhiming China | Paschalis Stathelakos Greece | Jonathan De Souza Santos Brazil |
| Javelin throw details | Wang Zhiming China | Ahmed Naas Iraq | Wildan Nukhailawi Iraq |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Shot put details | Raoua Tlili Tunisia | Meng Genjimisu China | Najat El Garaa Morocco |
| Discus throw details | Najat El Garaa Morocco | Raoua Tlili Tunisia | Meng Genjimisu China |
# Ravni, Gacko

Ravni (Serbian Cyrillic: Равни) is a village in the municipality of Gacko, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Llantrisant Common and Pastures

Llantrisant Common and Pastures is a 113-hectare (280-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest in Llantrisant, Rhondda Cynon Taf, south Wales. It was established in 2000.
The Countryside Council for Wales states that the site has been categorized as a Site of Special Interest for "...its extensive area of acidic marshy grassland in a lowland setting, as well as for smaller areas of species-rich neutral grassland, dry acidic grassland and flush. It is also of special interest for populations of two rare plants: Cornish moneywort (Sibthorpia europaea) and a liverwort known as bog earwort (Scapania paludicola).
# George T. French Jr.

George T. French Jr. is an American academic administrator and university president. He is the fifth president of Clark Atlanta University in downtown Atlanta, serving since September 2019. He previously served as the 14th president of Miles College from March 2006 until August 2019.

## Education

French earned BA degree in political science from the University of Louisville, and attended University of Richmond School of Law for two year, but was recruited by Miles College to serve as the director of development. He earned his JD at Miles Law School. He also has a PhD in higher education from Jackson State University.
# Crocus Plains Regional Secondary School

Crocus Plains Regional Secondary School is a secondary school teaching grades 9-12 in Brandon, Manitoba. The school opened in September 1974.

## Notable alumni

* Mike McEwen (curler), Curler
* Landon Rice, CFL Football Player
* Kevin Boyd, Coach
* Eric Boyd, Football Player
* Derek Sholdice, CFL football player
# Realschule Hirschaid

Realschule Hirschaid is a Realschule in the town of Hirschaid, Bamberg, Germany. It stands between the Autobahn and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal.

## Classes

Classes start at 7:50 a.m. and usually end at 12:55, with optional afternoon classes. The school has around eight hundred pupils, between the ages of ten and eighteen. There are about thirty different classes from Grade 5 to Grade 10. Most pupils come by bus because they live in small villages in the periphery of Hirschaid. Some pupils go by train or bike. The train station is in walking distance.

## Staff

There are around sixty teachers and fourteen trainee teachers. The Headmaster of the school is Herr Lamprecht.

## Facilities

Every classroom has its own computer and projector. The school also has three computer rooms, two classrooms for music (with instruments) and a new assembly hall. Realschule Hirschaid can also offer special rooms for subjects like Arts, Religious Studies, Geography, Chemistry, Biology and Physics.

## Sport

The school has a large gymnasium, four table tennis places, facilities for athletic sports, e.g. running, high jump and long jump, two basketball courts and a football pitch. Students may undertake optional afternoon sports classes.
# Canton of Le Vigan

The canton of Le Vigan is an administrative division of the Gard department, southern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Le Vigan.
It consists of the following communes:
* Alzon
* Arphy
* Arre
* Arrigas
* Aulas
* Aumessas
* Avèze
* Bez-et-Esparon
* Blandas
* Bréau-Mars
* La Cadière-et-Cambo
* Campestre-et-Luc
* Causse-Bégon
* Conqueyrac
* Dourbies
* L'Estréchure
* Lanuéjols
* Lasalle
* Mandagout
* Molières-Cavaillac
* Montdardier
* Peyrolles
* Les Plantiers
* Pommiers
* Pompignan
* Revens
* Rogues
* Roquedur
* Saint-André-de-Majencoules
* Saint-André-de-Valborgne
* Saint-Bresson
* Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort
* Saint-Julien-de-la-Nef
* Saint-Laurent-le-Minier
* Saint-Martial
* Saint-Roman-de-Codières
* Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu
* Saumane
* Soudorgues
* Sumène
* Trèves
* Val-d'Aigoual
* Le Vigan
* Vissec
# Hip pointer

A hip pointer is a contusion on the pelvis caused by a direct blow or a bad fall at an iliac crest and/or hip bone and a bruise of the abdominal muscles (transverse and oblique abdominal muscles). Surrounding structures such as the tensor fasciae latae and the greater trochanter may also be affected. The injury results from the crushing of soft tissue between a hard object and the iliac crest. Contact sports are a common cause of this type of injury, most often in football and hockey in general due to improper equipment and placement. The direct impact can cause an avulsion fracture where a portion of bone is removed by a muscle. The pain is due to the cluneal nerve that runs right along the iliac crest, which makes this a very debilitating injury. This pain can be felt when walking, laughing, coughing or even breathing deeply.
A hip pointer bruise usually causes bleeding into the hip abductor muscles, which move legs sideways, away from the midline of the body. This bleeding into muscle tissue creates swelling and makes leg movement painful. The hematoma that occurs can potentially build on the femoral nerve or lateral cutaneous of the femur. This injury usually lasts from one to six weeks, depending on the damage. In most cases, patients recover completely. A full assessment should be undertaken to rule out the possibility of damage to abdominal organs.

## Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms include immediate pain, bruising and swelling, obvious weakness, spasms and a rapid decline in the hip / leg function, resulting in a decreased range of motion.

## Management

Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation (RICE) are standard treatments in the first 48 hours of an injury to the hip pointer. After 48 hours, patients can begin gently stretching, strengthening exercises, flexibility and coordination. For the first 7–10 days, patients can take anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen and apply ice. Since this injury is very painful, recovery is usually very slow. When the person is without pain, sports massage and range-of-motion activities may reduce tension and swelling and prevent scar tissue buildup. Furthermore, an injection of corticosteroids into the affected area may reduce symptoms in the short term and accelerate rehabilitation. Operative treatment is rarely indicated and is reserved for patients with significant displacement or fractures of the bones.
To prevent hip pointer, the equipment must be adequate in the sport and be well positioned and good size. It should also maintain excellent flexibility, strength and endurance of the hip, pelvis and lower back muscles.