OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Leipzig standard

The Leipzig standard, sometimes called the Leipzig Mint standard, (German: Leipziger Fuß) was a standard of coinage or Münzfuß originally established by the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1687 for silver coins and known as the 12-Taler standard to replace the Zinna standard.

## History

The minting of silver coins to a new standard in Electoral Brandenburg went back to the initiative of Dodo II of Innhausen and Knyphausen, who was in charge of coinage in Brandenburg from 24 September 1684. Due to the widespread increase in low-value coins, a change to the previous Zinna standard was essential. In 1686, however, their previous treaty partner, Electoral Saxony, refused to change the standard. After this, Dodo II had 2⁄3 and 1⁄3 thalers minted in Brandenburg to a 12-thaler standard starting in 1687. Elector John George III of Saxony and the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg wanted to persuade the Brandenburg Elector, Frederick III, to return to the terms of the Treaty of Zinna. In 1689, the Brandenburg 2⁄3 thaler was devalued and even banned in Saxony.
Merchants at trade fairs in Leipzig and Brunswick accepted the new Brandenburg 2⁄3 thaler as the best money at the time. The protests of Leipzig merchants forced the Saxon elector to withdraw the ban that same year. From October 1689, the 2⁄3 thalerwas also minted to a 12-thaler standard in Electoral Saxony.
After writing to the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, they too were persuaded to accept the new standard. In this letter, Brandenburg threatened to close its mints because the price of silver had risen to at least 11 thalers, 8 groschen for a fine mark and a flood of inferior money had then set in along with the further spread of illegal mints (Heckenmünzstätten).
This forced agreement was reflected in the Leipzig Minting Treaty (Leipziger Münzvertrag) concluded on 16 January 1690 between Electoral Brandenburg, Electoral Saxony and Brunswick-Lüneburg.
# Ornativalva aspera

Ornativalva aspera is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1976. It is found in Mongolia.
# San Leandro Oyster Beds

The San Leandro Oyster Beds in San Leandro, California, were the origin of the oyster industry in the U.S. state of California. During the 1890s, the oyster industry thrived until it became the single most important fishery in the state. According to the description provided by the California Office of Historic Preservation, Moses Wicks is supposed to have been the first to bring seed oysters around Cape Horn and implant them in the San Leandro beds. The oyster industry in San Francisco Bay was at its height around the turn of the 20th century. It reached a secondary peak by 1911 and then faded away because of polluted conditions of the bay.
The former site of the oyster beds was named a California Historical Landmark (#824) and is located in the San Leandro Marina. The historical marker has been stolen but the mounting holes remain in a large mosaic depicting oyster harvesting early in the 1900s. A photograph of the site is available online. It shows the curved mosaic mural and the space where the historical marker was formerly located.
# Ermita Church

The Archdiocesan Shrine of Nuestra Señora de Guia, commonly known as Ermita Shrine or Ermita Church, is a Roman Catholic church and shrine located in the district of Ermita in the city of Manila, Philippines. The church is home to the Marian image of the Immaculate Concepcion known as Nuestra Señora de Guía, which is considered to be oldest in the Philippines, and in whose honor the church is officially named after and dedicated to.

## History

The church began as a rustic shrine made of bamboo, nipa, and molave wood that was built to house the image of Our Lady of Guidance in the area where it was found in 1571 by Spanish soldiers under Miguel López de Legazpi. The shrine eventually became a chapel built in 1606 as house for the image and was called La Hermita ("The Chapel" or "Hermitage" in English). The word also gave the name to the present district in Manila where the chapel is located. A Mexican Hermit-Priest came to the area and built a hermitage there, thus, transforming its name to Ermita. Juan Fernandez de Leon who was a hermit from Mexico before relocating to Manila, was responsible for building Hermita up.
The church was damaged many times due to earthquakes. In addition, the image had to be transferred to the Manila Cathedral for safekeeping during the British occupation of Manila in 1762–1764. A more permanent stone church was built in 1810; the image was returned to the church in 1918.
In 1945 near the end of World War II, the church was reduced to rubble during the Battle of Manila. However, the image was saved from destruction and was temporarily kept in a private residence. Work began for the reconstruction of the church in 1947 with a new design by architect Carlos A. Santos-Viola. On March 28, 1949, attorney and future senator Jose W. Diokno married Carmen Icasiano at Ermita Church. Diokno was also baptized here on September 3, 1922, his godmother and second mother was Paz Wilson. By 1953, the reconstruction was completed and the image was returned to the new church.
On December 3, 2005, Manila Archbishop Cardinal Gaudencio B. Rosales elevated the status of this church to an archdiocesan shrine.

## Vicariate of Nuestra Señora de Guia

The church is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Manila under the vicariate forane of Nuestra Señora de Guia. Aside from the parish church, the vicariate covers the following churches:
* Manila Cathedral
* San Agustin Church, Intramuros
* San Vicente de Paul Parish, Ermita
* Malate Church
* Our Lady of the Assumption Parish, Malate
* Sto. Niño de Baseco Parish, Baseco, Port Area

## Gallery

* Old facade (2014)
* Church interior in 2014
* Nuestra Señora de Guia enshrined in the church altar
* Archdiocesan Shrine markers
# Actinia striata

Actinia striata is a species of sea anemone endemic to the Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

Actinia striata is a solitary sea anemone. The cylindrical column can grow to a height and diameter of 3 cm (1.2 in) and the foot flares out to a diameter of 6 cm (2.4 in). The crown consists of six whorls of tentacles making 196 tentacles in all. The column is variable in colour, smooth and finely striated, reddish, dull green or brown, with darker streaks. The tentacles are reddish or greenish and the oral disc is plain red and somewhat transparent. The tentacles can be fully retracted, and then the sea anemone resembles a striped gelatinous mound.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is endemic to the western Mediterranean Sea. Its range includes the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and France, Italy, Greece, Croatia and Morocco. It occurs down to about 30 m (100 ft) and is found attached to rock in both well lit areas and among seaweed and under rocks. It can occur at greater depths than Actinia mediterranea or Actinia equina.

## Biology

Like other sea anemones, it is carnivorous, feeding on zooplankton which it catches with its tentacles, which thrust the prey into the mouth. It is a generally uncommon species. The sexes are separate and it is viviparous, with breeding probably taking place in summer.

## Status

Actinia striata is found in very shallow water in the Mediterranean Sea and nowhere else. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "data deficient" because too little is known about its distribution or population size, and its status. Because of the shallowness of the water in which it lives, it is likely to be affected by the discharge of untreated sewage and deteriorating water quality. However, it is present in several marine protected areas. More research needs to be undertaken to identify the threats that it faces.
# Landon Parvin

Landon Parvin (born 1948) is a Republican speech writer who has written for several U.S. politicians, including Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
In 1982, while working for Ronald Reagan, Parvin also wrote for Reagan's wife Nancy. Nancy was being criticized in the press for her opulence. Parvin wrote a comedic song for her to the tune of "Second Hand Rose".
Parvin left the White House temporarily in 1985 to become executive assistant to the U.S. Ambassador to the U.K.
Parvin is responsible for writing a notorious joke for President George W. Bush's appearance at a press dinner that had Bush looking for the missing Iraqi weapons of mass destruction in various places, including underneath a desk table, while saying "Those weapons of mass destruction gotta be somewhere." Despite being reasonably well received at the time, it was judged by some to be insensitive to the families of the American soldiers whose family members in the service were in great danger overseas, and resulted in Bush receiving yet more criticism from a hostile press.
Interviewed in September 2004 about the Bush presidential campaign, he described his role in the campaign, "The purpose is for him to be better liked when he sits down than when he first stood up. That is what humor can do.".
# George Schlegel

George Schlegel Lithographing Co. (1849-1957) was a New York printing company best known for its label designs for cigars and cigar boxes, and was owned and operated during its lifetime by four generations of German businessmen.
After 1870, New York business abounded with German lithographic companies such as Schumacher and Ettlinger, the Knapp Company, F. Heppenheimer and Company, George Schlegel, Witsch and Schmitt, turning out advertisement art for the cigar industry. It was the visual appeal of a label which sold the product, causing cigar manufacturers to seek top quality artists and printing firms, and leading in turn to a boom in the lithographic art business.
# Intelligence source and information reliability

Intelligence source and information reliability rating systems are used in intelligence analysis. This rating is used for information collected by a human intelligence collector. This type of information collection and job duty exists within many government agencies around the world.
According to Ewen Montagu, John Godfrey devised this system when he was director of the Naval Intelligence Division (N.I.D.) around the time of World War II.
The system employed by the United States Armed Forces rates the reliability of the source as well as the information. The source reliability is rated between A (history of complete reliability) to E (history of invalid information), with F for source without sufficient history to establish reliability level. The information content is rated between 1 (confirmed) to 5 (improbable), with 6 for information whose reliability can not be evaluated.
For example, a confirmed information from a reliable source has rating A1, an unknown-validity information from a new source without reputation is rated F6, an inconsistent illogical information from a known liar is E5, a confirmed information from a moderately doubtful source is C1.
The evaluation matrix as described in the Field Manual FM 2-22.3 (see also Admiralty code):

## Source reliability

| | Rating | Description |
| A | Reliable | No doubt about the source's authenticity, trustworthiness, or competency. History of complete reliability. |
| B | Usually reliable | Minor doubts. History of mostly valid information. |
| C | Fairly reliable | Doubts. Provided valid information in the past. |
| D | Not usually reliable | Significant doubts. Provided valid information in the past. |
| E | Unreliable | Lacks authenticity, trustworthiness, and competency. History of invalid information. |
| F | Reliability unknown | Insufficient information to evaluate reliability. May or may not be reliable. |

## Information credibility

| | Rating | Description |
| 1 | Confirmed by independent Sources | Logical, consistent with other relevant information, confirmed by independent sources. |
| 2 | Probably true | Logical, consistent with other relevant information, not confirmed. |
| 3 | Possibly true | Reasonably logical, agrees with some relevant information, not confirmed. |
| 4 | Doubtfully True | Not logical but possible, no other information on the subject, not confirmed. |
| 5 | Improbable | Not logical, contradicted by other relevant information. |
| 6 | Difficult to say | The validity of the information can not be determined. |
# Leipzig, Saskatchewan

Leipzig is a hamlet in Reford Rural Municipality No. 379, Saskatchewan, Canada. It previously held the status of a village until February 1, 1984. The hamlet is located 27km south of the town of Wilkie on highway 657. It is named after the German city of Leipzig. The streets are also named after other German cities.
The village site houses the Leipzig Convent building; originally built as a convent and boarding schooling; the building now houses Prairie Sky Recovery Centre.

## History

Initially, Leipzig was incorporated as a village. It was restructured as a hamlet under the jurisdiction of the Rural municipality of Reford on February 1, 1984.
# Ornativalva antipyramis

Ornativalva antipyramis is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1925. It is found on the Cape Verde islands, the Canary Islands, as well as in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Yemen (Socotra), Jordan, Saudi Arabia, southern Iran (Luristan) and Pakistan.
The wingspan is about 15 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from February to July and in October.
The larvae feed on Tamarix species.
# 2022 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships – Women's C-2 500 metres

The women's C-2 500 metres competition at the 2022 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Dartmouth took place on Lake Banook.

## Schedule

The schedule is as follows:
| Date | Time | Round |
| Wednesday 3 August 2022 | 12:00 | Heats |
| Friday 5 August 2022 | 10:33 | Semifinal |
| Saturday 6 August 2022 | 11:34 | Final |

## Results
### Heats

The fastest three boats in each heat advanced directly to the final. The next four fastest boats in each heat, plus the fastest remaining boat advanced to the semifinal.

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Canoeist | Country | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Yarisleidis Duboys Katherin Segura | Cuba | 2:02.12 | QF |
| 2 | Axelle Renard Eugénie Dorange | France | 2:04.87 | QF |
| 3 | Giada Bragato Bianka Nagy | Hungary | 2:05.31 | QF |
| 4 | Katie Vincent Sloan Mackenzie | Canada | 2:05.34 | QS |
| 5 | Paula Gómez Karen Roco | Chile | 2:07.45 | QS |
| 6 | Azusa Murphy Andreea Ghizila | United States | 2:09.38 | QS |
| 7 | María Moreno María Prats | Spain | 2:09.42 | QS |
| 8 | Nicol Guzmán Lucero Mendoza | Mexico | 2:15.61 | qS |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Canoeist | Country | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Xu Shixiao Sun Mengya | China | 1:58.66 | QF |
| 2 | Liudmyla Luzan Anastasiia Chetverikova | Ukraine | 2:00.82 | QF |
| 3 | Lisa Jahn Sophie Koch | Germany | 2:02.82 | QF |
| 4 | Daniela Cociu Maria Olărașu | Moldova | 2:04.45 | QS |
| 5 | Sylwia Szczerbińska Julia Walczak | Poland | 2:05.00 | QS |
| 6 | Bethany Gill Afton Fitzhenry | Great Britain | 2:10.32 | QS |

### Semifinal

The fastest three boats advanced to the final.
| Rank | Canoeist | Country | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Katie Vincent Sloan Mackenzie | Canada | 2:06.37 | QF |
| 2 | Daniela Cociu Maria Olărașu | Moldova | 2:08.31 | QF |
| 3 | Sylwia Szczerbińska Julia Walczak | Poland | 2:08.93 | QF |
| 4 | Bethany Gill Afton Fitzhenry | Great Britain | 2:11.01 | |
| 5 | Paula Gómez Karen Roco | Chile | 2:11.89 | |
| 6 | María Moreno María Prats | Spain | 2:12.24 | |
| 7 | Nicol Guzmán Lucero Mendoza | Mexico | 2:15.72 | |
| 8 | Azusa Murphy Andreea Ghizila | United States | 2:16.67 | |

### Final

Competitors raced for positions 1 to 9, with medals going to the top three.
| Rank | Canoeist | Country | Time |
| | Xu Shixiao Sun Mengya | China | 2:01.26 |
| | Liudmyla Luzan Anastasiia Chetverikova | Ukraine | 2:03.32 |
| | Giada Bragato Bianka Nagy | Hungary | 2:04.70 |
| 4 | Sylwia Szczerbińska Julia Walczak | Poland | 2:06.45 |
| 5 | Lisa Jahn Sophie Koch | Germany | 2:06.67 |
| 6 | Katie Vincent Sloan Mackenzie | Canada | 2:06.45 |
| 7 | Daniela Cociu Maria Olărașu | Moldova | 2:08.57 |
| 8 | Axelle Renard Eugénie Dorange | France | 2:08.76 |
| 9 | Yarisleidis Duboys Katherin Segura | Cuba | 2:09.71 |
# Robert Paton (chemist)

Robert Paton won the 2015 Harrison-Meldola Memorial Prize awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Up to three Harrison-Meldola Memorial Prizes are awarded each year. Paton received the OpenEye Outstanding Junior Faculty Award from the American Chemical Society COMP division in fall 2015.
Paton was formerly an associate professor in organic chemistry at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St Hilda's College. Since 2018, He has been a professor at the Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado.
# Erlang station

Erlang Station is a station on Loop line of Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing municipality, China. It is located in Jiulongpo District and opened in 2019.
# Autopharmacology

Autopharmacology relates to the scientific study of the regulation of body functions by the activity of its naturally existent (or endogenous) chemical factors of the tissues. A more restricted definition would consider substances that were first identified as external agents which had a documented action on physiological functions, but later were discovered as existing as endogenous factors. The best example is the class of endorphins, which, as its name implies, were discovered to exist in the brain and have specific receptors in it, by investigations on the mechanism of action of opioids, such as morphine.
Historically, the first approach to the concept of autopharmacology began with British physiologist and pharmacologist Henry Dale in the 1910s, discovered the role of acetylcholine in synaptic transmission, and later proved by Austrian physiologist Otto Loewi, to be the neurotransmitter involved in the proximal synapses of the autonomic nervous system (initially named Vagusstoff by Loewi, and later identified as acetylcholine). The same happened to another autonomic neurotransmitter, noradrenaline (Akzeleransstoff by Loewi), which later proved to be chemically similar to a long used pharmacological agent, adrenaline, a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. Both scientists were awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their pioneering and important contributions.
A research area where autopharmacology principles assumed great importance was that of pain and inflammation, due to the great number of endogenous messengers, transmitters and modulators involved in their complex response at molecular and cellular level. The control and regulation mechanisms of the circulatory system and renal functions and their interactions (such as the renin/angiotensin system) are also greatly influenced by autopharmacological agents; One of the autopharmacology pioneers was Professor Mauricio Rocha e Silva, leader of the team of Brazilian researchers who discovered bradykinin in 1948, an endogenous substance involved in hypotension in circulatory shock. Of course, all these systems are of extreme importance for clinical practice and for the discovery of new therapeutic drugs.
Endogenous substances that could fall under the concept of autopharmacology are:
* Endorphins
* Dynorphin
* Bradykinin
* Prostaglandins
* Angiotensin
* Secretin
* Gastrin
* Cholecystokinin
* Histamine
* Cannabinoids
* Substance P
The main scientific criterion for an autopharmacological agent is the discovery of specific membrane receptors for it and, hopefully, its transduction and cell signaling mechanisms.
The term was never much of a mainstream concept, and has fallen into disuse, as research on basic mechanisms has advanced. In a recent literature search on PubMed, only six titles refer to the term autopharmacology.
# Gabriel Simo

Gabriel Simo (March 15, 1937 in Bapa, Hauts-Plateaux – November 24, 2017 in Bafoussam) was the Cameroonian Roman Catholic prelate, who served as an auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Douala (1987–1994) and Roman Catholic Diocese of Bafoussam (1994–2013).

## Life

Gabriel Simo was ordained as a priest on March 27, 1966.
Pope John Paul II appointed him an auxiliary bishop of Douala and Titular Bishop of Sereddeli on January 26, 1987. He was consecrated as bishop by Apostolic Pro-Nuncio in Gabon, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, Archbishop Donato Squicciarini and other prelates of the Roman Catholic Church on April 26 of the same year.
Because of Simo's origin from the ethnic group of Bamileke it came in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Douala to protests of a majority of local priests against his appointment, who criticized a "Bamilekisation" the church hierarchy in Cameroon.
On November 11, 1994, he was appointed an auxiliary bishop in Bafoussam. Pope Francis accepted his age-related retirement on 14 September 2013.
# Lembata language

There are several undocumented languages of Lembata. Lembata language may refer to any of these, but especially:
* West Lembata language
* South Lembata language
# Intelligence studies

Intelligence studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that concerns intelligence assessment and intelligence analysis. Intelligence has been referred to as the "lost dimension" of the fields of international relations (IR) and diplomatic history, as the secretive nature of the subject means most intelligence successes are unknown.
Among the academic journals concentrating on the subject are the Intelligence and National Security and International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence while other periodicals in the fields of IR and security studies, such as International Security, publish articles concerned with intelligence studies regularly.
Many universities, such as Aberystwyth, teach intelligence studies as an independent degree or as part of courses in IR, security studies, military science or related subjects.

## Intelligence studies and international relations

Until recently, IR scholars had limited interest in intelligence assessment. Even historical strategists such as Clausewitz and Machiavelli paid scant attention to intelligence. In British universities, intelligence studies developed within international history departments, while in US institutions it became the preserve of political science, and even then the subject was approached in terms of public policy and decision-making rather than IR. Recently attempts to connect intelligence studies with international relations theory have emerged, such as Andrew Rathmell's work on a postmodern theory of intelligence.
According to a 2020 forum in International Studies Review, there are five factors that have generally been important in the development of intelligence studies subfields in different countries: "access to relevant government information, institutionalization of research on intelligence and security in a higher education setting, periodic scientific meetings and networks, teaching and learning opportunities, and engagement between researchers and practitioners."
# Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli

Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli is the bacterium that causes ratoon stunting disease, a major worldwide disease of sugarcane. It is Gram positive and grows slowly in the laboratory.

## Disease

Ratoon stunting disease is the most economically important disease of sugarcane, and is found in most sugarcane growing areas of the world. It can cause yield losses of up to 30% in susceptible varieties. The disease is difficult to identify and is transmitted mechanically or through infected seeds.

## Genetics

Leifsonia xyli has a genome that contains 2.58 Mbp with 2,044 protein coding genes.