OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chico Community Observatory

The Chico Community Observatory, also known as the Anita Ingrao Observatory, is a non-profit astronomical observatory owned and operated by Kiwanis Club of Greater Chico. It is located in Chico, California's upper Bidwell Park. Entrance to the observatory is free as the facility operates on donations and volunteers.

## Anita Ingrao

Anita Johanna Ingrao was previously co-director of the observatory and was involved as a volunteer since the opening in 2001. She had a passion for teaching children about astronomy. In 2009 she was even invited to the White House to teach kids about science in an event organized by NASA. She also worked on PBS program 400 Years of the Telescope with her fiancé, Kris Koenig as well as Assaulted: Civil Rights Under Fire, Sight: The Story of Vision, and her Los Angeles Area Emmy-winning telecourse Astronomy: Observations and Theories.
In 2014, she died at 51 years old from stage 4 breast cancer and the observatory was named after her. Today, the observatory is directed by Bill Koperwhats.

## Renovations and Theft Issues

Because of the facility's reliance on private donations, the observatory has had issues with repairs and replacements of their expensive equipment that has forced the observatory to shut down for months at a time.

### Solar Panel Theft

In 2009, unknown suspects stole three of their six solar panels and damaged the remaining. It was initially believed that the observatory would need to close down until they were able to afford the solar panels which costed about $2,500 each. This issue was quickly resolved within a month of the incident when an anonymous donation made it possible to replace and fix the solar panels and the observatory was up and running again.

### Closing of Summer 2017

In summer 2017, the observatory closed due to mechanical troubles for an entire year. The observatory needed $8,000 for repairs. Finally, the batteries, air conditioning, and retractable roof were repaired in July 2018, which was made possible by community donations.
# Chengdu Museum

Chengdu Museum (Chinese: 成都博物馆, aka Chengdu Museum New Hall from 2016) is a large city museum in Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
The museum is located on the west side of Tianfu Square, close to the Jincheng Art Palace, Sichuan Art Museum, Sichuan Provincial Library, and Sichuan Science and Technology Museum.

## History

On 15 September 1958, the Chengdu Municipal Government, under the direction of the Ministry of Culture to prepare for the formation of a museum, established the Chengdu Topographical Museum Preparatory Committee, located at Daci Temple. The deputy mayor, the writer Li Jieren, was the director of the committee. The committee eventually led to the opening of Chengdu Museum in 1984, housed at Daci Temple.
In 2007, the architects Sutherland Hussey Harris, together with Pansolution, based in Beijing, won the first prize in an international competition to design a new city museum for Chengdu. The museum building was completed in 2016 with a floor area of 65,000 m$^2$ and named Chengdu Museum New Hall.

## Collections

The museum has six floors displaying historic artifacts. It has exhibitions of puppetry, shadow puppets, and wood carvings. The museum is the largest comprehensive museum in Chengdu with nearly 200,000 objects in its collections, covering a time period from the Neolithic period to that of the Republic of China.
# Chicoreus nobilis

Chicoreus nobilis, common name the noble murex, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 40 mm and 57 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species is found along Vietnam, the Philippines and Japan.
# Child Labor Deterrence Act

The Child Labor Deterrence Act was created by Senator Tom Harkin (Democrat - Iowa), and was first proposed in the United States Congress in 1992, with subsequent propositions in 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999. According to Harkin's website, "This bill would prohibit the importation of products that have been produced by child labor, and included civil and criminal penalties for violators."

## About

The final proposal for the bill, called "Child Labor Deterrence Act of 1999", was bill number S. 1551 in the U.S. Senate. Harkin was the lead sponsor calling for a bill that would prohibit the importation of manufactured and mined goods into the U.S. which are produced by children under the age of 15. The original wording of Senate Bill 706 in 1995 included the purpose of, "prohng] the importation of goods produced abroad with child labor and for other purposes." It included civil and criminal punishments for anyone or business that defies the act.
Harkin's original proposal in 1992 is attributed for inciting concrete responses to the global issue of child labor by the U.S. Congress. Harkin is involved in several other anti-child labor and anti-sweatshop movements. According to Harkin, "I was able to amend the Trade Act of 2000 to ensure that the statute also applied to goods made with forced or indentured child labor." While the original bill was not passed in Congress in 1999, in 2006 Harkin reported that he would reintroduce the bill.

### Bangladesh

Of the millions of wage earning children in Bangladesh in 1990, almost all of them worked in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry. The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Labor Force Survey estimated that there were about 5.7 million 10- to 14-year-old Bangladeshi children engaged in child labour. This number may have been as high as 15 million children. In 1993 employers in Bangladesh' ready-made garment (RMG) industry dismissed 50,000 children (c. 75 percent of child workers in the textile industry) out of fear of economic reprisals of the imminent passage of the Child Labor Deterrence Act (the Harkin Bill after Senator Tom Harkin, one of the US Senators who proposed the bill). The act which banned "importation to the United States of products which are manufactured or mined in whole or in part by children" would have resulted in the loss of lucrative American contracts. Its impact on Bangladesh's economy would have been significant as the export-oriented ready-made garment industry represents most of the country's exports. UNICEF sent a team of investigators into Bangladesh to learn what came of the children who were dismissed from their factory jobs. UNICEF's 1997 State of the World's Children report confirmed that most of the children found themselves in much more deplorable situations, such as crushing stones, scavenging through trash dumps, and begging on the streets. Many of the girls eventually ended up in prostitution
# Chern–Simons form

In mathematics, the Chern–Simons forms are certain secondary characteristic classes. The theory is named for Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, co-authors of a 1974 paper entitled "Characteristic Forms and Geometric Invariants," from which the theory arose.

## Definition

Given a manifold and a Lie algebra valued 1-form $\mathbf {A}$ over it, we can define a family of p-forms:
In one dimension, the Chern–Simons 1-form is given by
    $\operatorname {Tr} [\mathbf {A} ].$
In three dimensions, the Chern–Simons 3-form is given by
    $\operatorname {Tr} \left[\mathbf {F} \wedge \mathbf {A} -{\frac {1}{3}}\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \right]=\operatorname {Tr} \left[d\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} +{\frac {2}{3}}\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \right].$
In five dimensions, the Chern–Simons 5-form is given by
    ${\begin{aligned}&\operatorname {Tr} \left[\mathbf {F} \wedge \mathbf {F} \wedge \mathbf {A} -{\frac {1}{2}}\mathbf {F} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} +{\frac {1}{10}}\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \right]\\[6pt]=&\operatorname {Tr} \left[d\mathbf {A} \wedge d\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} +{\frac {3}{2}}d\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} +{\frac {3}{5}}\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} \right]\end{aligned}}$
where the curvature F is defined as
    $\mathbf {F} =d\mathbf {A} +\mathbf {A} \wedge \mathbf {A} .$
The general Chern–Simons form $\omega _{2k-1}$ is defined in such a way that
    $d\omega _{2k-1}=\operatorname {Tr} (F^{k}),$
where the wedge product is used to define F$^k$. The right-hand side of this equation is proportional to the k-th Chern character of the connection $\mathbf {A}$.
In general, the Chern–Simons p-form is defined for any odd p.

## Application to physics

In 1978, Albert Schwarz formulated Chern–Simons theory, early topological quantum field theory, using Chern-Simons forms.
In the gauge theory, the integral of Chern-Simons form is a global geometric invariant, and is typically gauge invariant modulo addition of an integer.
# Child care indicator

Child care indicators are sets of standards that act as indicators of quality child care. These standards are developed by governments, child care experts, pediatricians, and parent advocacy groups. This information is useful for parents who are seeking quality child care and for directors and staff working in child care settings for ensuring quality settings and programs.

## Description

Indicators of quality child care include ratios of staff to children, Childhood experiences in quality child care settings have been linked to positive development and experiences later in life. Barriers for access to quality child care have also been identified. Cross-national comparisons regarding costs and participation in child care programs have been reported on. In recent years, Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) has been included by the United Nations as a target in their Millennium Development Goals project and has been identified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as an important area for future policy development.

## Standards of quality

Sets of child care indicators have developed globally and in some cases, nationally. While no universally accepted list of indicators or standards exists, some of the indicators that are largely accepted for quality child care are:
* Adequate supervision
* Hand washing and diapering policies
* Director qualifications
* Lead teacher qualifications
* Ratio and group size
* Immunization policies
* Toxic substances policies
* Emergency plans
* Fire drills
* Child abuse reporting policies
* Medications policies
* Staff training/first aid
* Playground safety

## Positive development

ECEC provides children with the necessary cognitive, social, and emotional skills for learning in the future. Quality child care that is guided by indicators provides play opportunities and activities that are designed for practicing these skills. Providing families with opportunities to access quality child care provides a basis for sustainable development and improved individual performance over time, for both children and parents.

## Barriers

Quality child care is not consistently available currently. Some of the barriers to quality child care include:
* Funding - Public funding for child care is not distributed equally for all child care centers. Centers with less funding have less access to the tools required to meet the standards for quality child care.
* Licensing and regulation - Some areas lack governance that requires child care facilities to operate according to recognized standards
* Child care providers - Educators do not consistently receive adequate compensation for their work. Some do not have access to educational tools to provide them with ongoing training and skills development.
* Lack of guidelines for curriculum development - ECEC is not consistently delivered and does not benefit children and families equally
In North America, no federal regulations for indicators or standards have been developed that would address these barriers consistently.
# Chicoreus loebbeckei

Chicoreus loebbeckei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. The holotype for this species is preserved in the Aquazoo Löbbecke Museum in Düsseldorf, Germany.

## Description

Peter Dance (1969) said that the shell of Chicoreus loebbeckei was "the loveliest, most exquisite natural object he has ever seen." The shell is fairly uniform in color and is typically a pastel to bright orange, although white, pastel pink and yellow forms exist. There are 7 to 9 body whorls after the nuclear whorls, each whorl bearing three prominently protruding varices that are often referred to as wings, and six knobs evenly spaced so that there are two knobs between each varix. The shell has a scaley microsculpture and prominent spiral cords which give the shell a lacey appearance, and the prominent "wings" are wavy and smoother than the whorls. The siphonal canal also has a prominent "wing" similar to the varices after which the siphonal canal has a sharp recurved bend.
The aperture is subovate and the operculum is reddish brown. Adult size is from 35 mm to 80 mm in length. Larger shells have more prominent "wings" and have been loosely compared to tropical flowers.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Indo-Pacific region, however it is most often found subtidally throughout the Philippines, in depths to 100 to 250 m.
# Chicoreus insularum

Chicoreus insularum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Chilanga

Chilanga may refer to:
* Chilanga, El Salvador, a municipality in the Morazán Department of El Salvador
* Chilanga (Lusaka), Zambia, a town 20 km south of Zambia's Capital Lusaka
* Chilanga (constituency), a parliamentary constituency in Lusaka Province, Zambia
* Chilanga District, a district in Lusaka Province, Zambia
* Chilanga, Zambia, a town in Muchinga Province, Zambia
* Chilanga Cement, a cement company based in Chilanga near Lusaka
* Female version of the Mexican demonym Chilango
# Chinese school of international relations

The Chinese school of international relations is a theoretical framework which draws from Realism and Chinese historical concepts including tianxia, Confucian ethics, and moral international leadership.

## Development

Beginning in the mid-1990s, Chinese scholars and international relations practitioners began to reflect on the state of international relations in China and the development of a possible distinct school of thought.$^{:386–387}$ In the early 21st century, global interest in non-Western developments in international relations theory increased.$^{:386}$
The Chinese school is a theoretical framework which draws from Realism and Chinese historical concepts including tianxia, Confucian ethics, and moral international leadership.$^{:193}$ Elements of Realist thinking include the view that the international system is competitive, that there is no higher authority than the state to provide security from invasion, and that states must carefully observe changes to the international balance of power to remain aware of threats and opportunities.$^{:193–194}$
The Chinese school incorporates concepts such as Zhao Tingyang's interpretation of tianxia as a model for universal governance which he believes can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious world order.$^{:195}$ The highlights China's role in a hierarchical system centered around a single, central state.
Gong sheng, or symbiotic theory, is a view which has developed from the Chinese school.$^{:198}$ Symbiotic theory holds that the world is inherently pluralistic and diverse, with multiple cultures, value systems, and civilizations.$^{:198}$ It accepts difference between states as a starting point but contends that in the right conditions, differences lead to mutual learning, appreciation, co-development, and co-evolution.$^{:198}$ Adherents of this aspect of the Chinese school maintain that symbiotic theory offers a means for states to supersede the Westphalian dynamics of conflict.$^{:198–199}$
Another concept that has developed from the Chinese school is the view associated particularly with Yan Xuetong and others at Tsinghua University that moral concepts such as fairness, justice, civility, and wisdom become crucial values in establishing Great Power leadership.$^{:199}$ Yan's text Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power (2011) presents this line of thinking, which has come to be described as moral realism or 'Realism with Chinese characteristics.'
# Chimarra antigua

Chimarra antigua is a species of fingernet caddisfly in the family Philopotamidae. It is found in Middle Americas.
# Chimarra aminadab

Chimarra aminadab is a species of fingernet caddisfly in the family Philopotamidae. It is found in South Asia.
# Chione chipolana

Chione chipolana is an extinct species of bivalve in the family Veneridae.
# Chiusure

Chiusure is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Asciano, province of Siena. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 115.
Chiusure is about 39 km from Siena and 10 km from Asciano.
# Chiusi Painter

The Chiusi Painter was an Attic black-figure vase painter, active in the last quarter of the sixth century BC. His real name is not known.
The Chiusi Painter was part of the so-called Leagros Group, the last major important group of painters in the black-figure style. He is characterised by what John Boardman calls a "boring delicateness" compared to other artists of the group, failing to reach the standards of the Acheloos Painter for example.
# Chirping

Chirping may refer to:
* Bird vocalization
* Chirping, the act of signaling with chirps, signals in which the frequency increases / decreases with time
** Chirping, pulse compression by linear frequency modulation
* Trash-talk in ice hockey
# Chirpin'

Chirpin' is an album by the American musical group the Persuasions, released in 1977. It was rereleased in 1990, following the success of the PBS documentary Spike Lee & Company: Do It a Cappella.

## Production

The album was produced by David Dashev. After two albums that contained instrumental accompaniment, Chiripin' was a return to an a capella style, albeit without member Jayotis Washington.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Christgau's Record Guide | B+ |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| The Rolling Stone Record Guide | |
The Richmond Times-Dispatch praised the "rich, gutsy and romantic harmonies," and considered Chirpin' the group's best album.
Greil Marcus, in The Village Voice, wrote of "Willie and Laura Mae Jones": "'That was another place, and another time,' runs the last line of Tony Joe White’s chorus; as the Persuasions sing it, it is full of dignity, close to bitter, and empty of regret. I don’t know that I have heard new black music this strong since the days that followed Sly Stone’s There’s a Riot Goin’ On." He later listed the album as one of the ten best of the 1970s.

## Track listing
### Side 1

* "Papa Oom Mow Mow" (Al Frazier, Carl White, Turner Wilson, John Harris) – 2:18
* "Willie and Laura Mae Jones" (Tony Joe White) – 3:15
* "Moonlight and Music" (Leroy Fann) – 3:00
* "Johnny Porter" (Bobby Ray Appleberry, Bill Cuomo) – 4:34
* "Looking for an Echo" (Richard Reicheg) – 4:11

### Side 2

* "Women and Drinkin'" (Jerry Lawson, David Dashev) – 6:53
* "Sixty Minute Man" (Billy Ward) – 2:00
* "Win Your Love (For Me)" (Sam Cooke) – 3:32
* "It's Gonna Rain Again" (Charles Johnson) – 2:22
* "To Be Loved" (Tyran Carlo, Gwen Gordy Fuqua, Berry Gordy)– 2:32

## Details

* Produced by David Dashev.
* Recorded and mixed at The Hit Factory, New York.
* Engineered by Michael Getlin.
* Released in 1977 by Elektra.
# Chitra Mandal

Chitra Mandal is a chemical biologist in the field of biomolecules and their applications in health and diseases. Later she worked on cancer therapeutics. She served as the acting Director of CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical biology in Kolkata, India. during 2014–2015.

## Education and career

Mandal completed her PhD early on in her career from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in the area of bio-organic chemistry. She went on to do post doctoral research at University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Returning to India, she joined and serve CSIR-IICB as a senior scientist. Later she went on to head the Innovation Complex in Kolkata, and then its Director from 2010 to 2015. Her research area is mainly the glycosylation of biomolecules and their potential application in disease management, cancer and tumor immunology. The lab is also investigating low cost healthcare solutions using medicinal plants indigenous to India, for example, the identification of a non-toxic herbal molecule in cancer cell treatments.
# Choanocotylidae

Choanocotylidae is a family of trematodes belonging to the order Plagiorchiida.
Genera:
# Chinlon, Shwegu

Chinlon, Shwegu is a village in Shwegu Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
# Chowdhury Abraruddin Ahmed Siddiky

Chowdhury Abraruddin Ahmed Siddiky was a member of the 3rd National Assembly of Pakistan and former member of the Baliadi Zamindar family.

## Career

Siddiky was elected to the 3rd National Assembly of Pakistan from Dacca-4 in 1962.
Siddiky was a leader of the East Pakistan Film Association and East Bengal Film Association. He founded Manasi cinema hall in Dhaka in 1926. Rabindranath Tagore named the theatre. He was a member of Baliadi Zamindar family in Gazipur.
# Chintadri Pillaiyar Kovil

Chintadri Pillaiyar Kovil is a Hindu temple in Devaraja Mudali Street in Georgetown, Chennai. The temple is dedicated to Ganesa and was constructed in 1717. The temples is situated close to the Mallikesvarar Temple and was the site of a dispute between the Komati Chetti and Beri Chetti communities in the 18th century.
# Choristoneura heliaspis

Choristoneura heliaspis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa and Mozambique.
# Chris Mills (musician)

Christopher Mills is an American singer-songwriter. In the 1990s and early 2000s he established himself as a mainstay on the independent Chicago folk and alternative country scene before moving to Brooklyn in 2003.
After playing in a high-school speed metal band with Rob Lloyd named Crystal Meth Death, Mills turned his attention to country and folk music. Mills released his first EPs in 1996 and 1997, and signed to Chicago indie label Sugar Free Records in 1998. A tour in England followed his 2000 release, Kiss It Goodbye. After the collapse of Sugar Free Records, Mills released The Silver Line on his own label, Powerless Pop Records.
In 2005 Mills signed with Brooklyn indie label Ernest Jenning Record Co. and released The Wall to Wall Sessions, an album recorded and mixed entirely live to 2-track tape. He toured England in 2005, following an American tour opening for Lucero.
In 2008 he released Living In The Aftermath on Ernest Jenning followed again by tours in the U.S. and Europe. In 2009, the track "Such a Beautiful Thing" from Living In the Aftermath was featured on the popular television show Criminal Minds in the episode "Cradle To The Grave". In 2011 he released The Heavy Years 2000-2010 a career retrospective collection.

## Discography
### Albums

* Chris Mills Plays and Sings EP (1996)
* Nobody's Favorite EP (1997)
* Every Night Fight for Your Life (Sugar Free Records, 1998)
* Kiss It Goodbye (Sugar Free/Loose Music, 2000)
* The Silver Line (Powerless Pop Records/Loose Music, 2002)
* Tell it Like it Isn't EP (all covers) (Powerless Pop, 2003)
* Plays and Sings/Nobody's Favorite re-release compilation (Powerless Pop, 2003)
* The Wall to Wall Sessions (Powerless Pop/Ernest Jenning, 2005)
* Living in the Aftermath (Ernest Jenning, 2008)
* The Heavy Years 2000-2010 (Ernest Jenning, 2011)
* Alexandria (Loud Romantic Records), 2014

### Compilations

* Not One Light Red: A Desert Extended (Sunset Alliance, 2003)
    Track: Waiting for Superman