OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cerberus (snake)

Cerberus (common name dog-faced water snakes) is a small genus of snakes in the family Homalopsidae.

## Geographic range and habitat

Member species of the genus Cerberus are common inhabitants of Southeast Asia's mangrove habitat and mudflats.

## Etymology

The generic name, Cerberus, refers to the dog-like Greek mythological creature Cerberus.

## Species

The following five species are recognized as being valid.
* Cerberus australis (Gray, 1842)
* Cerberus dunsoni Murphy, Voris & Karns, 2012
* Cerberus microlepis Boulenger, 1896
* Cerberus rynchops (Schneider, 1799)
* Cerberus schneiderii (Schlegel, 1837)
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Cerberus.
# Central Plains Mandarin

Central Plains Mandarin, or Zhongyuan Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 中原官话; traditional Chinese: 中原官話; pinyin: Zhōngyuán Guānhuà), is a variety of Mandarin Chinese spoken in the central and southern parts of Shaanxi, Henan, southwestern part of Shanxi, southern part of Gansu, far southern part of Hebei, northern Anhui, northern parts of Jiangsu, southern Xinjiang and southern Shandong.
The archaic dialect in Peking opera is a form of Zhongyuan Mandarin.
Among Hui people, Zhongyuan Mandarin is sometimes written with the Arabic alphabet, called Xiao'erjing ("Children's script").

## Subdialects

* Zheng-Kai (郑开) region: e.g. Kaifeng (开封) dialect, Zhengzhou (郑州) dialect
* Luo-Song (洛嵩) region: e.g. Luoyang dialect (洛阳话)
* Nan-Lu (南阳) region: e.g. Nanyang (南阳) dialect
* Luo-Xiang (漯项) region: e.g. Zhumadian (驻马店) dialect
* Shang-Fu (商阜) region: e.g. Shangqiu (商丘) dialect, Fuyang (阜阳) dialect
* Xin-Beng (信蚌) region: e.g. Xinyang (信阳) dialect, Bengbu (蚌埠) dialect
* Yan-He (兖菏) region: e.g. Jining (济宁) dialect
* Xu-Huai (徐淮) region: e.g. Xuzhou dialect (徐州话)
* Fenhe (汾河) region: e.g. Linfen (临汾) dialect, Wanrong (万荣) dialect
* Guanzhong region (关中), e.g. Xi'an (西安) dialect
* Qin-Long (秦陇) region: e.g. Xining (西宁) dialect, Dunhuang (敦煌) dialect
* Longzhong (陇中) region: e.g. Tianshui (天水) dialect, Dingxi (定西) dialect
* Hezhou (河州) Region: e.g. Gangou dialect (甘沟话) (influenced by Monguor)
* Nanjiang (南疆) Region: e.g. Yanqi dialect, Tulufan dialect
** Dungan language, written in Cyrillic, introduced many Russian loanwords, spoken mainly in Chu Valley and Fergana Valley in Central Asia

## Phonology

In Central Plains Mandarin, some phonological changes have affected certain syllables but not Standard Chinese.
[p] and [pʰ] have shifted to [p͜f] before the vowel [u].
| | 布 | 跛 | 坡 | 朴 |
| Middle Chinese Initial | [p] | [p] | [pʰ] | [pʰ] |
| Pinyin | bù | bǒ | pō | pǔ |
| Standard Mandarin | | | | |
| Central Plains Mandarin | [p͜fu] | [p͜fo] | [p͜fʰo] | [p͜fʰu] |
Standard Mandarin's [t͡ʂ], [t͡ʂʰ] and have shifted to [p͜f] before [u]. [ʂ] has shifted to [f] before [u].
| | 猪 | 初 | 书 | 熟 |
| Middle Chinese Initial | [ʈ] | [t͡ʃʰ] | [ɕ] | [ʑ] |
| Pinyin | zhū | chū | shū | shú |
| Standard Mandarin | | | | |
| Central Plains Mandarin | [p͜fu] | [p͜fu] | [fu] | [fu] |
# Central Plain (Wisconsin)

In the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the Central Plain is a geographical region consisting of about 13,000 square miles (34,000 km$^2$) of land in a v-shaped belt across the center of the state. Beginning in the west, the Central Plain originates in Burnett and Polk Counties and runs southeast to Columbia County, where it turns northeast and reaches its end in Marinette County.
The Central Plain region generally takes the form of a flat sandy plain with elevations between 700 and 800 feet (240 m) above sea level. There are variations on the flatland, however. Hills in Barron County possess the region’s highest altitudes, reaching more than 1,200 feet (370 m) above sea level. This section of the region is primarily a hardwood forest of maple, birch, and aspen, but there are several areas of agriculture scattered across the area. The plain is occasionally broken by rolling hills throughout its western half. Plains which were once the bed of Glacial Lake Wisconsin dominate the south central part of the region. Farms, fields, and cranberry bogs cover the landscape, and sandstone buttes and mesas are not uncommon. The Wisconsin River dissects the plain here, creating the Wisconsin Dells. East of the river, moraines and small kettle lakes are interspersed throughout the plain. Forests and wetlands mark the northeastern section of the region.
For the most part, the Central Plain is a rural area of farmland and forests. Population is sparse. The city of Eau Claire, Wisconsin is located on the southern border of the plain’s northwest end, and is the region’s largest city with a population of 61,704. Other principal cities in the Central Plain region include Chippewa Falls and Menomonie in the northwest, as well as Stevens Point and Wisconsin Rapids along the Wisconsin River.

## Counties in the Central Plain

Part or all of the land in the following counties is included in the Central Plains of Wisconsin:
| Adams County Barron County Burnett County Chippewa County Clark County Columbia County Dunn County Eau Claire County | Green Lake County Jackson County Juneau County Marinette County Marquette County Menominee County Oconto County Outagamie County Polk County | Portage County Sauk County Sawyer County Shawano County Washburn County Waupaca County Waushara County Wood County |
# Central Hockey League (1925–1926)

The Central Hockey League (sometimes called the 'Central Amateur Hockey Association') was an amateur ice hockey league that was played by teams in Minnesota and Canada for one season.

## History

The United States Amateur Hockey Association, which had operated since the end of World War I, struggled through several years and finally dissolved in 1925. Three surviving teams from Minnesota: the Duluth Hornets, Eveleth-Hibbing Rangers and St. Paul Saints, were joined by a fourth team, the Minneapolis Millers as well as two teams from Canada: the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and the Winnipeg Maroons to form a new league. The schedule was slated for 40 games with each team playing the others eight times during the season. Sault Ste. Marie soon found itself trailing in the standings but the club had an even bigger problem. As it was the team that was furthest away from all the other clubs, Sault Ste. Marie had a higher operating cost just with the travel times and the team got into financial difficulties before season's end. Sault Ste. Marie suspended operations with 6 games left on their schedule, leaving the league as a 5-team circuit. Minneapolis, who had played its full schedule, had the best record at the end of the season. Their lead was such that, even if the other teams had won all of their cancelled matches against the Greyhounds, Minneapolis would have still won the title.
After the season, four of the remaining teams decided to switch from amateur to professional hockey and dissolved the league. In its place, they became founding members of the Central Hockey Association. Eveleth-Hibbing decided against turning professional and became an independent team.

## Standings

| Team | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA |
| Minneapolis Millers | 40 | 22 | 10 | 8 | 50 | 82 | 62 |
| Duluth Hornets | 40 | 18 | 14 | 8 | 44 | 70 | 58 |
| Eveleth-Hibbing Rangers | 38 | 15 | 16 | 7 | 37 | 63 | 66 |
| Winnipeg Maroons | 38 | 14 | 15 | 9 | 37 | 76 | 82 |
| St. Paul Saints | 38 | 15 | 17 | 6 | 36 | 78 | 70 |
| Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds | 32 | 8 | 20 | 4 | 20 | 69 | 100 |
# Chaenactis nevadensis

Chaenactis nevadensis, with the common name Nevada dustymaiden, is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to the high mountains of eastern California, including the Sierra Nevada from Shasta County to western Inyo County, with a few populations in Washoe County, Nevada; and into the southernmost Cascade Range.
The species grows in sandy or gravelly soils in subalpine habitats.

## Description

Chaenactis nevadensis is a perennial herb growing several short stems just a few centimeters high surrounded by a basal rosette of small, woolly, multilobed leaves. The inflorescence arises on a short peduncle. Each flower head is lined with rigid, blunt-tipped, glandular phyllaries. The flower head contains several white or pink flowers with long, protruding anthers. The fruit is an achene with a pappus of scales.
# Chad Smith (soccer)

Chad Smith (born February 24, 1980) is an American soccer player.

## Career
### College

Smith played college soccer at Midwestern State University from 2003 to 2006. During his college years he also played in the Pacific Coast Soccer League with Okanagan Challenge, and in the USL Premier Development League with the Texas Spurs and the Virginia Beach Submariners.

### Professional

Undrafted out of college, Smith spent time playing for the reserve teams of FC Dallas and Houston Dynamo in 2007, featuring in several MLS Reserve Division games but never being called up to either team's senior squad. He signed with the Charlotte Eagles in the USL Second Division in 2008 and made his professional debut on April 19, 2008, in Charlotte's 2008 season opener against Bermuda Hogges.
# Chad Soper

Chad Soper (born 19 November 1991) is a Papua New Guinean cricketer. Born in Port Moresby to a Papua New Guinean mother and a New Zealand father, Soper grew up on the New South Wales Central Coast.

## International career

Best known for his bowling ability, Soper represented Papua New Guinea under-19s in the 2012 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Australia. He took 5/32 against India to help bowl them out for 204.
He made his List A debut in the 2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship on 22 June 2015 against the Netherlands. He made his first-class debut in the 2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup on 21 November 2015 against Afghanistan. On 28 May 2016, Soper took his first five-wicket haul in a List A game in the match between Papua New Guinea and Kenya in the 2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship.
He made his Twenty20 International (T20) debut against Afghanistan in the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament on 23 July 2015. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut on 4 November 2016 against Hong Kong. In the second ODI of the tour, he took his first international five wicket haul taking figures of 6/41. Soper was adjudged man of the match for his performances.
In August 2018, he was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for Group A of the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier tournament. He was the leading wicket-taker for Papua New Guinea in the tournament, with ten dismissals in six matches. In March 2019, he was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 East Asia-Pacific Qualifier tournament. The following month, he was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament in Namibia.
In June 2019, he was selected to represent the Papua New Guinea cricket team in the men's tournament at the 2019 Pacific Games. In September 2019, he was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates. In August 2021, Soper was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.
In May 2024, he was named in Papua New Guinea’s squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament.
# Chaetostachydium

Chaetostachydium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to New Guinea.

## Species

* Chaetostachydium barbatum Ridsdale
* Chaetostachydium filiforme Ridsdale
* Chaetostachydium versteegii (Valeton) Airy Shaw
# Chaetostephana

Chaetostephana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

* Chaetostephana inclusa (Karsch, 1895)
* Chaetostephana rendalli (Rothschild, 1896)
# Cephalastor

Cephalastor is a small neotropical genus of potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) currently containing 14 species.
The known species are:
* Cephalastor sinusiticus Garcete-Barrett, 2002 (Mexico)
* Cephalastor lambayeque Garcete-Barrett, 2002 (Coastal Peru)
* Cephalastor bossanova Garcete-Barrett, 2002 (Southern Brazil)
* Cephalastor estela Garcete-Barrett, 2002 (Paraguay and Brazil)
* Cephalastor humeralis Garcete-Barrett & Hermes, 2009 (Brazil)
* Cephalastor mariachi Garcete-Barrett, 2001 (Mexico)
* Cephalastor minarum Garcete-Barrett & Hermes, 2009 (Brazil)
* Cephalastor abraham Garcete-Barrett, 2001 (Ecuador)
* Cephalastor tupasy Garcete-Barrett, 2001 (Peruvian Amazon)
* Cephalastor relativus (Fox, 1902) (Suriname, Eastern Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Central Brazil)
* Cephalastor rufosuffusus (Fox, 1902) (Guyana, Central Brazil and Paraguay)
* Cephalastor paezi Garcete-Barrett, 2001 (Colombian Llanos)
* Cephalastor rominae Garcete-Barrett, 2001 (Paraguayan Chaco)
* Cephalastor chasqui Garcete-Barrett, 2001 (Eastern Bolivia and Andean Peru)
# Cephalcia

Cephalcia is a genus of insects belonging to the family Pamphiliidae.
The genus was first described by Panzer in 1803.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and North America.
Species:
* Cephalcia abietis
* Cephalcia alashanica
* Cephalcia alpina
* Cephalcia arvensis
* Cephalcia marginata
* Cephalcia pallidula
# Chalkeia

Chalkeia (Greek: Χάλκεια) is a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nafpaktia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 114.189 km$^2$. Population 2,219 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Trikorfo.

## Subdivisions

The municipal unit Chalkeia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
* Trikorfo
* Ano Vasiliki
* Vasiliki (Kato Vasiliki, Perama)
* Gavrolimni
* Galatas (Galatas, Kryoneri)
* Kalavrouza (Kato Kalavrouza, Kalavrouza)
* Perithori
# Chad Netherland

Chad Netherland is an American strongman, martial artist and businessman. His feats of strength include escaping from a set of handcuffs in 1.59 seconds, holding two planes from takeoff for a little over a minute and breaking 50 blocks of ice in 19.26 seconds.

## Selected world records

Below is a list of selected Guinness World Records achieved by Chad Netherland, all of which relate to martial arts and strength.
* Longest time restraining two aircraft – 1 minute 0.6 seconds (Superior, Wisconsin, July 7, 2007)
* Fastest time to escape from a pair of handcuffs (double locked) – 1.59 seconds (Las Vegas, Nevada, January 8, 2011)
* Fastest time to bend 10 nails – 21.13 seconds (St. Louis, Missouri, July 14, 2006)
* Fastest time breaking 50 blocks of ice – 19.26 seconds
* Fastest time to rip ten packs of cards – 46 seconds

## Early life

Netherland grew up in Biloxi, Mississippi. His father Dan ran a martial arts studio, and his mother taught at the studio as well.

## Strength

Netherland claims to have a "limitless" grip strength. On the set for the episode Unbreakable of the documentary Stan Lee's Superhumans, in which Netherland was featured, biomechanics professor John Mercer of the University of Nevada measured how strong Netherlands grip was using a handgrip dynamometer. Test results showed that Netherland's grip strength was around 20 to 30 pounds stronger than the average human.
He holds ten Guinness World Records.

## Career
### Martial arts

Netherland has trained in martial arts since he was a child, and holds an 8th Dan in Aiki-jujutsu, 5th Dan in Kempo, and 5th Dan in Judo.

### Reality television

He has appeared on many reality television programs, such as the documentary Stan Lee's Superhumans, The Rachael Ray Show, and Ripley's Believe It or Not!.

### Television commercials

Guinness Book of World Records the videogame (Nintendo Wii and DS)

### Movies

2012 – Vandroid the Movie
# Chances Peak

Chances Peak is a summit of the active complex stratovolcano named Soufrière Hills, the youngest volcanic complex on the island of Montserrat, a British overseas territory located in the Caribbean Sea. It was the highest point on the island until the mid-1990s, when fluctuating volcanic domes during the 1995–1999 Soufrière Hills eruptions eclipsed the peak in height. The Soufriere Hills volcano is on a destructive plate margin, and is part of the Eastern Caribbean Volcanic Arc. This volcanic arc lies on the Caribbean plate, and has formed by subduction of the North American Plate beneath it.
On 17 September 1965 a Boeing 707 aircraft operating as Pan Am Flight 292 flew into Chances Peak near the summit and was destroyed, killing the 30 people on board.

## English's Crater

In 1936, the British geologist Archie MacGregor carried out geological fieldwork across Montserrat, as a part of a Royal Society expedition in response to an ongoing seismic crisis. MacGregor noted that the peak of what he called Chance's Mountain formed the highest point on the island (3002 feet, at that time). Following discussions with a local resident, Thomas Savage English, MacGregor's mapping confirmed that the region to the East of Chance's Peak summit was a breached volcanic crater. MacGregor called this 'English's Crater', and identified this structure on the geological map which accompanied his report. MacGregor also confirmed English's interpretation, that English's Crater contained the volcanic plug or remnants of an old volcanic dome, called Castle Peak or Castles Peak. The first recorded eruption of Montserrat of the modern era began within English's Crater, in July 1995.
# Chang Kuo-tung

Chang Kuo-tung (Chinese: 張國棟; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiuⁿ Kok-tòng; 1929 – 31 October 2021) was a Taiwanese actor who received the Golden Bell Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film in 2009.

## Life

Chang Kuo-tung was accepted into the Chinese Youth Army [zh] alongside Sun Yueh. Chang's acting career began in the 1950s, as a member of a stage acting troupe. He later joined China Television as an actor and costume designer. Chang became known for appearing in comedies, with a breakout role in a 1979 series. He was the narrator for the 1990 series Wonders of the Mainland [zh]. Chang received a nomination at the Golden Bell Awards in 1993, and eventually won the award in 2009. He was known for sense of humor, crediting Public Television Service with recycling him during his Golden Bell Award acceptance speech in 2009.
Chang's son followed him into the television industry, working for VL Sports [zh].
Chang died on 31 October 2021, aged 92.
# Chandrashekhar (TV series)

Chandrashekhar is an Indian historical drama and biopic television series based on the life on a freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad. It premiered on 12 March 2018 on Star Bharat and is produced by Anirudh Pathak.

## Cast
### Main

* Karan Sharma as Chandra Shekhar Azad
** Dev Joshi as Teenage Chandra Shekhar Azad
*** Ayaan Zubair Rahmani as Young Chandra Shekhar Azad
* Sneha Wagh as Jagrani Tiwari
* Satyajit Sharma as Sitaram Tiwari
* Rahul Singh as Ram Prasad Bismil
* Arjun Singh Shekhawat as Master Manohar
* Jason Shah as John Nott-Bower
* Karam Rajpal as Bhagat Singh

### Recurring

* Chetanya Adib as Ashfaqulla Khan
* Vikas Shrivastav as Sachindranath Bakshi
* Nikunj Nayana as Shivaram Rajguru
* Preetesh Manas as Batukeshwar Dutt
* Jaya Binju Tyagi as Durgawati Devi
* Ashish Kadian as Sukhdev Thapar
* Pankaj Singh as Manmath Nath Gupta
* Ghanshyam Garg as Tikaram
* Priya Shinde as Darsi
* Hridyansh Shekhawat as Chittu: Chandrashekar's friend

### Guest

* Swati Kapoor as Harleen Kaur
* Aanjjan Srivastav as Lala Lajpat Rai
* Chirag Vohra as Mahatma Gandhi
* Aishwarya Sakhuja as Kamala Nehru
* Ram Awana as Veermal
* Prakash Ramchandani as Ramprasad's brother
* Shaize Khazmi as Bharat
# Chantefleurs et Chantefables

Chantefleurs et Chantefables is a song cycle for soprano and orchestra set to the poems of Robert Desnos by the Polish composer Witold Lutosławski. The work was composed from 1989 to 1991 and was first performed at The Proms by the soprano Solveig Kringlebotn and the BBC Symphony Orchestra under the direction of the composer on August 8, 1991. The piece is Lutosławski's second composition set to the poetry of Robert Desnos, following 1975's Les Espaces du sommeil.

## Composition
### Structure

Chantefleurs et Chantefables has a duration of approximately 16 minutes and is composed in nine movements:
* La Belle-de-Nuit$^{:1351}$
* La Sauterelle$^{:1330}$
* La Véronique$^{:1345}$
* L'Églantine, l'aubépine et la glycine$^{:1349}$
* La Tortue$^{:1336}$
* La Rose$^{:1350}$
* L'Alligator$^{:1332}$
* L'Angélique$^{:1343}$
* Le Papillon$^{:1327}$

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for solo soprano and a small orchestra consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet (doubling bass clarinet and E-flat clarinet), bassoon (doubling contrabassoon), trumpet, horn, trombone, percussion, timpani, harp, piano (doubling celesta), and strings.

## Reception

Chantefleurs et Chantefables has been praised by music critics. Andrew Clements of The Guardian described the composition as "a series of tiny epigrammatic settings inhabiting a child-like surrealist world, which Lutosławski illuminates with wonderful precision." Keith Potter of BBC Music Magazine compared the piece to Lutosławski's Chain 1, observing that they are "so exquisite that they verge on the precious." The composer Russell Platt similarly described it as "one of the most gracious and affecting works of Lutosławski's last years."
# Chaman Lal

Chaman Lal may refer to:
* Chaman Lal (writer) (born 1947), Indian writer
* Chaman Lal (politician), English politician
# Chapman (magazine)

Chapman was a literary magazine based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It has published many Scottish and international authors, including Iain Crichton Smith, Alasdair Gray, Sorley MacLean and Kathleen Raine. It covered new poetry and short fiction, as well as critical essays and reviews.
It was started in 1970 as The Chapman, a pamphlet edited by George Hardie and Walter Perrie. Robert Calder, Joy Hendry and Walter Perrie edited the magazine during 1975. Hendry began editing the title in conjunction with Perrie, then solo from issue 16 in 1976. She was the magazine's editor until 2005.
It was variously known as Chapman magazine, Chapman: Scotland's Quality Literary Magazine, but Chapman was its proper title.

## Notable contributors

* Richard Burns
* Stewart Conn
* Alasdair Gray
* Duncan Glen
* Michael Horovitz
* Robert Lofton
* Sorley MacLean
* Aonghas MacNeacail
* Eric Mottram
* Kathleen Raine
* Iain Crichton Smith
# Charallave

Charallave is a city in the state of Miranda, Venezuela, and part of Miranda's Valles del Tuy region. It is the capital of Cristóbal Rojas Municipality. The name derives from the local Charavares indigenous people found at the time the city was founded.
The city is connected to Caracas' public transport system via two train stations, Charallave Norte (Generalísimo Francisco de Miranda) and Charallave Sur (Don Simon Rodríguez).
* This article related to a location in Miranda, Venezuela is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Charles André

Charles André (1841–1928) was a French architect, son of François André and among the first in a long line of French architects in the André family. He specialized in Haussmannian architecture, a style which became extremely prominent throughout France in the 19th century. Beginning in 1901, he was a member of the École de Nancy.
Along with his son, Émile André, and Eugène Vallin, he was the architect of the Vaxelaire & Compagnie department store in Nancy, built in 1899-1901.