OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Roger Thornton

Roger Thornton (died 1430), the Dick Whittington of Newcastle, seems to have been a country boy who sought his fortune in town. He lived to become 'the richest merchant that ever was dwelling in Newcastell', and three times mayor of that town.

## History

The old saying was:
    At the Westgate came Thornton in
    With a hap, a halfpenny, and a lambskin.
He was elected Mayor of Newcastle for 1400–01, 1402–1406, 1416–17 and 1423–1426, a total of 9 times.
He took the side of Henry IV against the rebel Earl of Northumberland (in whose cause Hotspur had fallen) and received on 28 July 1405 "in consideration of his services and of the losses he had sustained, and the charges he had borne in the late rebellion of the Earl of Northumberland, and others, the Foucher (Fugar) House in Whickham, as well as other estates in Cleveland."
He represented Newcastle upon Tyne in parliament in 1399, 1411, 1417 and 1419, the last being the fifth year of the reign of Henry V.
Thornton was a speculator in lead mines, and he was certainly working some in Weardale under lease from the Bishop of Durham in 1401. He was remembered for his liberality to Newcastle, building a town court and also a Maison Dieu or hospital for poor people in the Sandhill.
Thornton died in the Broad Chare in Newcastle on 3 January 1430. His monumental brass, of the incised, Flemish type, is now in Newcastle Cathedral, and is said to be the largest brass in the country. It was originally installed in the medieval All Saints' Church, Newcastle upon Tyne nearby, which was later demolished and rebuilt. The brass is certainly one of the finest; Thornton's seven sons and seven daughters appear below the principal figures. Thornton's is one of the four effigies of Northumberland worthies above 43–45 Northumberland Street in Newcastle.
# Roger J. Marzulla

Roger J. Marzulla (born August 12, 1947) is an American attorney who served as the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Environment and Natural Resources from 1988 to 1989. He is a founding partner at Marzulla Law, LLC in Washington, D.C. He began his legal career as a trial lawyer in San Jose, California, after graduating magna cum laude from the University of Santa Clara School of Law.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton may refer to:
* The Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
* The Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda
* The Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, New Zealand
# Rolando Morán

Comandante Rolando Morán (29 December 1929 – 11 September 1998) was the nom de guerre of Ricardo Arnoldo Ramírez de León, leader of Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG), an armed Guatemalan communist resistance organization. At the time of his death he held the post of Secretary General of the URNG.

## Life

Born at Quetzaltenango in 1929, Ramírez studied law at the National University of San Carlos. At the end of the 1940s he became active as a counselor in the road construction trade union. He joined the Communist Party of Guatemala during the democratic period of the country (1944–54). It was in this time that he became acquainted with Che Guevara, who was touring the country. This was the beginning of a friendship of many years.
Ramírez began to fight Guatemala's rightist regime after leftist president Jacobo Árbenz was overthrown by the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état. He was one of the organizers of the Guerrilla Army of the Poor in 1972, one of the four organizations which later formed the URNG. An anti-insurgency campaign by the army under the 1982-83 presidency of General Efraín Ríos Montt, however, set an end for Ramírez's hopes for armed resistance against the government, and it became clear to him that the end of the armed conflict could be attained probably only by a negotiated solution.
Ramírez was involved in the peace process between the guerrillas and the government that on 29 December 1996 ended a 36-year-long civil war. After living many years in exile, President Álvaro Arzú allowed him to return to the country, and the URNG become a legal political party. Jointly with Arzú, he received the 1996 UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize.
Ramírez died in Guatemala City in 1998 and was survived by his wife, three sons and four grandchildren.

## Quote

"This new democratic nation, multi-ethnic, multicultural and multilingual, luxuriant and varied as it is the nature of the population of our country, was born out of the historical synthesis of cultures, wills, opinions and feelings of all Guatemalans united in a single national élan which transcends the system of values inherited from the past." (From the acceptance speech of the UNESCO Peace Prize, 1997).
# Rombauer

Rombauer may refer to:
* Rombauer (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 2021 Preakness Stakes
* Rombauer, Missouri, an unincorporated community in the United States
* Irma S. Rombauer (1877–1962), an American cookbook author who wrote The Joy of Cooking
* Johann Rombauer (1782–1849), a Hungarian portrait painter
# Roohangiz Saminejad

Roohangiz Saminejad (24 June 1916 – 3 April 1997) was an Iranian actress. She is famous in Iran for playing the heroine Golnar in Lor Girl (1934), which was the first film made in the Persian language, making her the first Iranian film star in a talkie film.
Roohangiz Saminejad was not a professional actress. She was the wife of an employee of the film company. She was discovered by Abdolhossein Sepenta, who had almost despaired of finding an actress with the right look for the film. Her strong Kermani accent required some changes to the script to account for it.
She only made one more film, Shirin and Farhad, also produced by Sepenta. According to Hamid Reza Sadr, she suffered social ostracism in the conservative culture of the time for becoming an actress. She also experienced sexual harassment from men when she went out in public. She had to change her name and lived in anonymity and seclusion.
# Romice Haralambie

Romice Haralambie is a Romanian sprint canoer who competed in the early 1990s. He won a gold medal in the C-2 10000 m event at the 1991 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Paris.
# Roncador, Paraná

Roncador, is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.
# Ronnie Schneider (tennis)

Ronnie Schneider (born September 27, 1994) is an American tennis player.
Schneider has a career high ATP singles ranking of 406 achieved on 9 September 2018. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 313 achieved on 12 October 2018.
Schneider made his Grand Slam main draw debut at the 2013 US Open in the doubles draw partnering Paul Oosterbaan.
Schneider played college tennis at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
# Rosemary Oduor

Rosemary Oduor (born c. 1967), is a Kenyan electrical engineer and corporate executive, who works as the managing director and chief executive officer of Kenya Power and Lighting Company, in acting capacity, since August 2021. Before her current assignment, she worked as the general manager of commercial services and sales at the power company.

## Background and education

Rosemary Oduor is Kenyan by birth. After attending local primary and secondary schools, she was admitted to Moi University, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Technology degree, majoring in Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering. Later, she obtained a Master of Business Administration from the University of Nairobi. She is a Professional Engineer and is registered with the Engineers Board of Kenya.

## Career

Oduor has spent most of her working career at Kenya Power and Lighting Company, having joined company in 1991. For a period of time, she worked as the acting regional manager of the power company's Western Region. She also worked as a line engineer at the power company before she became the general manager of commercial services and sales at KPLC. She is reported to be widely experienced in "power engineering and management".

## Other considerations

Rosemary Oduor's appointment as Acting CEO became effective on 4 August 2021. She replaced Bernard Ngugi who resigned after more than 32 years at KPLC, with the last two at the helm as CEO. In her current position as managing director and chief executive officer, she sits on the eleven-person board of directors of Kenya Power and Lighting Company.
# S v Jackson

In S v Jackson, an important case in South African criminal law, the Appellate Division held that a person is justified in killing in self-defence not only when he fears that his life is in danger but also when he fears grievous bodily harm. PE Linde appeared for the appellant and BG van der Walt, SC, Attorney-General OFS, for the State. The case was heard on March 8, 1963. The appellant's attorney was DA Carroll, Johannesburg.

## Facts

In an appeal from a conviction of culpable homicide on a charge of murder, it appeared that the trial judge had repeatedly directed the jury that they could not acquit the appellant, on his plea of self-defence, unless they came to the conclusion that a reasonable man in his situation would have feared that his life was in danger.

## Judgment

The court held that the trial judge should have directed the jury that the appellant would have been justified in shooting the deceased if he justifiably feared that he was about to suffer grievous bodily harm at his hands. The failure so to direct the jury was an irregularity which had prejudiced the appellant, because it appeared that the jury might have found that, even though he did not fear for his life, he most certainly feared very serious bodily harm when he was assaulted by the deceased. The appeal was accordingly allowed and the conviction and sentence set aside.
# Frédéric Vercheval

Frédéric Vercheval is a Belgian musician and composer. He studied at the Jazz Studio, a music school of Antwerp, Belgium. Vercheval was nominated for the Magritte Award for Best Original Score five times for his work in Diamant 13 (2009), Krach (2010), Not My Type (2014), Melody (2014) and Mothers' Instinct (2019).
# Dolichylphosphate-mannose phosphodiesterase

The enzyme dolichylphosphate-mannose phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.49) catalyzes the reaction
    dolichyl β-D-mannosyl phosphate + H$_2$O $\rightleftharpoons$ dolichyl phosphate + D-mannose
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name is dolichyl-β-D-mannosyl-phosphate dolichylphosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called mannosylphosphodolichol phosphodiesterase.
# Kimang'a

Kimang'a is an administrative ward in Pangani District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 30 km$^2$ (12 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 33 m (108 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 3,876.
# Ragg

Ragg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Amie Ragg (1878–1957), Fijian engineer, civil servant and politician
* David Ragg (1919–2002), Canadian Anglican bishop
* Edward Ragg (born 1976), British poet, critic and writer on wine
* Harry Ragg (1889–1967), Canadian Anglican bishop
* Hugh Ragg (1882–1963), Fijian businessman and politician
* Kathlyn Ragg (born 1962), Fijian cyclist
* Lonsdale Ragg (1866–1945), British Anglican priest and author
# Karlsvik

Karlsvik is a locality situated in Luleå Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden with 256 inhabitants in 2010.
# Cycling at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual pursuit C5

The Men's Individual Pursuit C5 track cycling event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics took place on 1 September at London Velopark. The race distance was 4 km.

## Preliminaries

Q = Qualifier WR = World Record
| Rank | Name | Country | Time |
| 1 | Michael Gallagher | Australia | 4:30.012 Q WR |
| 2 | Jon-Allan Butterworth | Great Britain | 4:35.026 Q |
| 3 | Liu Xinyang | China | 4:35.386 Q |
| 4 | Yegor Dementyev | Ukraine | 4:43.881 Q |
| 5 | Andrea Tarlao | Italy | 4:44.120 |
| 6 | Joao Alberto Schwindt Filho | Brazil | 4:46.553 |
| 7 | Wolfgang Eibeck | Austria | 4:46.999 |
| 8 | Cathal Miller | Ireland | 4:49.237 |
| 9 | Wolfgang Sacher | Germany | 4:51.305 |
| 10 | Rodny Minier | Dominican Republic | 4:55.352 |
| 11 | Soelito Gohr | Brazil | 4:58.061 |
| 12 | Chris Ross | New Zealand | 5:04.669 |

## Finals
### Gold medal match

| Name | Time | Rank |
| Michael Gallagher (AUS) | 4:35.297 | |
| Jon-Allan Butterworth (GBR) | 4:39.586 | |

### Bronze medal match

| Name | Time | Rank |
| Liu Xinyang (CHN) | 4:38.443 | |
| Yegor Dementyev (UKR) | 4:43.683 | 4 |
# Rose-Croix

Rose-Croix may refer to:
* Rosy Cross, a symbol associated with Christian Rosenkreuz, founder of the Rosicrucian Order
* Rosicrucianism, a spiritual and cultural movement which arose in Europe in the 17th century
* Rose+Croix Journal, a publication of the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
* Salon de la Rose + Croix, a series of Symbolist art salons hosted in Paris during the 1890s
* Scottish Rite, one of several Rites of Freemasonry
# Raf Raf

Raf Raf is a north eastern town and commune in the Bizerte Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 9,839.
# 2019 Speedway Under-21 World Championship

The 2019 Individual Speedway Under 21 World Championship was the 43rd edition of the FIM Individual Under-21 World Championship. It was staged over three rounds, at Lublin, Güstrow and Pardubice.
Poland's Bartosz Smektała was the defending champion having won the title in 2018 but it was fellow Pole Maksym Drabik that won the title, to become the third rider in history to win the event twice.

## Final series

| No. | Date | Venue | Winner | Runner-up | 3rd place |
| 1 | 22 June | Stadion MOSiR Bystrzyca, Lublin | Gleb Chugunov | Bartosz Smektała | Robert Lambert |
| 2 | 13 September | Güstrow Speedway Stadium, Güstrow | Dominik Kubera | Maksym Drabik | Jan Kvěch |
| 3 | 4 October | Svítkov Stadium, Pardubice | Gleb Chugunov | Bartosz Smektała | Maksym Drabik |

## Classification

The meeting classification is according to the points scored during the meeting, with the total points scored by each rider during each meeting credited as World Championship points. The FIM Speedway Under 21 World Champion will be the rider who collects the most World Championship points at the end of the series.
| Pos. | Rider | Points | | | |
| | Maksym Drabik | 49 | 16 | 19 | 14 |
| | Bartosz Smektała | 45 | 13 | 15 | 17 |
| | Dominik Kubera | 45 | 17 | 19 | 9 |
| 4 | Gleb Chugunov | 39 | 17 | 9 | 13 |
| 5 | Robert Lambert | 32 | 14 | 7 | 11 |
| 6 | Jan Kvěch | 30 | 8 | 12 | 10 |
| 7 | Jaimon Lidsey | 29 | 8 | 6 | 15 |
| 8 | Jonas Jeppesen | 26 | 8 | 7 | 11 |
| 9 | Wiktor Lampart | 24 | 11 | 9 | 4 |
| 10 | Frederik Jakobsen | 20 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
| 11 | Patrick Hansen | 15 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 12 | Rafał Karczmarz | 13 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 13 | Tim Sørensen | 12 | 1 | 8 | 3 |
| 14 | Nick Škorja | 10 | 7 | 1 | 2 |
| 15 | Michael Hartel | 8 | – | 8 | – |
| 16 | Petr Chlupáč | 6 | – | – | 6 |
| 17 | Viktor Trofimov Jr. | 5 | 5 | – | – |
| 18 | Dominik Möser | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 19 | Lukas Baumann | 2 | – | 2 | – |
| 20 | Kamil Nowacki | 0 | 0 | – | – |
| 21 | Mateusz Cierniak | 0 | 0 | – | – |
| 22 | Leon Arnheim | 0 | – | 0 | – |
# LABoral Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial

43°31′30″N 5°36′45″W﻿ / ﻿43.52500°N 5.61250°W﻿ / 43.52500; -5.61250
LABoral Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial (Art and Industrial Creation Centre) is an exhibition centre in Gijón, Spain, for art, science, technology and advanced visual industries. It is also a venue for artistic and technological production, research investigation and training; and for the dissemination of new forms of art and industrial creation.
The museum's programme of activities mirrors the changes society is undergoing and its immersion in contemporary visual culture.

## Fields of activity

* Exhibition: The museums's exhibition programme aspires to become a local, national and international reference for investigation into innovative formats and languages.
* Education/Training: The museum hopes to make up for currently existing deficiencies in the use of new technological media in schools, universities and vocation training, stimulating the participation of the wider community and amateur enthusiasts.
* Research: The museum includes The CREATIC Laboratory, through scholarships for young researchers in the ICT field and making available advanced research infrastructure.
* Creation-production: The museum has a multimedia workshop that produces works of an artistic character and high quality productions in the field of visual industries.
* Public Programme/Mediation: The museum is dedicated to the cultural dissemination of new artistic practices and creative industries, produced principally with or by means of technological media.
Artists whose works have been exhibited at the center include: Aram Bartholl, Aaron Koblin, Ai Weiwei, Martin Parr, Roy Arden, Yael Bartana, Julian Opie among others.

## Publications

* Feedback, March 2007
* Gameworld, March 2007
* LAB_Ciberespacios, March 2007
* It's simply beautiful, July 2007
* Playware, September 2007
* Emergentes, November 2007
* banquete_nodos y redes, March 2008
* Homo Ludens Ludens, April 2008
* Nowhere/ Now/ Here, October 2008
* There Is No Road, March 2009
* Auto. Sueño y Materia, May 2009
* Mediateca Expandida. Arcadia, October 2009
* Feedforward. El Ángel de la Historia, October 2009
* Playlist. Mediateca Expandida, December 2009
* El proceso como paradigma, April 2010
* PASAJES. Viajes por el híper-espacio, October 2010
# Paleointensity

In geomagnetism, paleointensity (or palaeointensity) is the study of changes in the strength of the geomagnetic field over Earth's history. Émile and Odette Thellier were the first to make laboratory measurements to determine the strength of the ancient field responsible for producing remanent magnetization in a rock or archeological artifacts.

## Absolute paleointensity methods

Absolute paleointensity determinations involve measurements that attempt to quantify the past field strength that produced a magnetization in a rock or other material that has cooled from a high temperature. Most of these methods involve progressively removing the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) by thermal demagnetization and replacing it with a laboratory thermoremanent magnetization given in a magnetic field of known strength and direction. Various methods for measuring absolute paleointensity include:
* Thellier-Thellier method
* Shaw method
* Coe method
* Athermal paleointensity methods

## Relative paleointensity

Relative paleointensity determinations are often used in materials that may be destroyed or strongly altered during heating, such as lake and marine sediments. A measure of relative changes in paleointensity may be obtained by normalizing the NRM by a factor that represents the concentration of magnetic grains in a sample, such as the anhysteretic remanent magnetization.
# Nuillé-le-Jalais

Nuillé-le-Jalais (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.
# Rosedale, Chilliwack

Rosedale is a farming-based community located east of Chilliwack, British Columbia. This small community is based alongside the Fraser River. It serves as a base for many tourists, both in summer and winter. The hills and valleys of British Columbia are popular for tourists who enjoy outdoor activities such as skiing, snowboarding and dogsledding locations. In summer, rockclimbing and whitewater rafting are the primary activities in the Fraser Valley.
During the 2006-2007 BC school year, a middle school located in Rosedale, Rosedale Middle School, was transformed into the Chilliwack School District's first traditional school. Rosedale now boasts a combined elementary and middle school, which first opened its doors in 2012.

## Climate

Climate data for Rosedale :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) | 20 (68) | 22 (72) | 31 (88) | 38 (100) | 35 (95) | 35.5 (95.9) | 36.7 (98.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | 28 (82) | 19.4 (66.9) | 16.7 (62.1) | 38 (100) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) | 7.6 (45.7) | 10.9 (51.6) | 14.4 (57.9) | 18.1 (64.6) | 20.8 (69.4) | 24.1 (75.4) | 24.5 (76.1) | 20.7 (69.3) | 15.1 (59.2) | 8.1 (46.6) | 4.7 (40.5) | 14.5 (58.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) | 0.7 (33.3) | 2.4 (36.3) | 4.3 (39.7) | 7.6 (45.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 11.9 (53.4) | 12 (54) | 9.8 (49.6) | 5.8 (42.4) | 2 (36) | −0.5 (31.1) | 5.4 (41.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.1 (3.0) | −15 (5) | −11.7 (10.9) | −5 (23) | −0.6 (30.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | 4 (39) | 4.4 (39.9) | 0.6 (33.1) | −9 (16) | −19 (−2) | −21.7 (−7.1) | −21.7 (−7.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 189.6 (7.46) | 150.9 (5.94) | 142.1 (5.59) | 108.5 (4.27) | 102.8 (4.05) | 92.7 (3.65) | 67.9 (2.67) | 50.2 (1.98) | 94.3 (3.71) | 143.7 (5.66) | 196.9 (7.75) | 221.7 (8.73) | 1,561.1 (61.46) |
| Source: Environment Canada ||||||||||||||
# Rooms-Katholiek Kerkgenootschap

Rooms-Katholiek Kerkgenootschap (abbr. RKK: English: Roman Catholic Church Association) was a special broadcaster on the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system, which was allowed to broadcast on radio and television because of their religious background. Article 2.42 of the Dutch media law (the Mediawet) makes room for faith-based radio and television broadcasters who do not have to have any members, unlike regular public broadcasters (several of which are also faith-based).
Together with the KRO they were responsible for managing broadcasts made by the Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The broadcaster was known for broadcasting Roman Catholic events such as the Urbi et Orbi papal address at Easter and at Christmas.
# Rooms by the Hour

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Rooms by the Hour is an album by the American band Rustic Overtones, released in 1998. The album drew the attention of several major labels, leading to the band's contract with Arista Records.

## Critical reception

The Providence Journal thought that the band "blends fast-paced lyrics in a G. Love style and the instrumentation of a ska band—percussion, sax, another upright bass—to 'Feast or Famine'."
AllMusic wrote that the "energetic, horn-powered rock incorporates elements of jazz and R&B."

## Track listing

* "Feast or Famine"
* "Girl Germs"
* "Check"
* "The Letter"
* "Hardest Way Possible"
* "Kicking and Screaming"
* "Pink Belly"
* "Sugarcoat"
* "The Heist"
* "Machine Maker"
* "History Crush"
* "Shaker"
* "Iron Boots"
* "Outtro"

### 2008 Deluxe Edition bonus tracks

* "Cherry"
* "Last Night's Band"
* "Room 6"
# Rosa 'Jude the Obscure'

Rosa 'Jude the Obscure (aka AUSjo) is a pale apricot shrub rose, bred by British rose breeder, David C. H. Austin in 1989. It was introduced into the UK by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 1995. The rose is named after the 19th century novel, Jude the Obscure, by the British writer, Thomas Hardy.

## Description

'Jude the Obscure' is a medium-sized, bushy shrub rose, up to 4 ft (1.2 m) in height, with a 4 ft (1.2 m) spread. It has large flowers with an average 4 to 5 in (100–130 mm) in diameter. Ovoid, apricot buds open to a fully double, cupped bloom form that appear ruffled when they are fully open. The flowers are pale apricot with a cream center and pale, almost white outer petals. The rose has a strong, fruity fragrance. 'Jude the Obscure' blooms in flushes throughout the season. The plant is prickly with lax stems and has medium, semi-glossy, dark green foliage. It is very disease resistant.

## History

David C. H. Austin (1926 – 2018) began breeding roses in the 1950s, with the goal of creating new shrub rose varieties that would possess the best qualities of old-fashioned roses while incorporating the long flowering characteristics of hybrid tea roses and floribundas. He created a new, informal class of roses in the 1960s, which he named "English Roses". )
'Jude the Obscure' was bred by Austin 1989 and introduced in the UK by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 1995. The cultivar was developed from a cross between the two shrub roses, 'Abraham Darby' x 'Windrush'. The rose variety is named after the 19th century novel, Jude the Obscure, by the British writer, Thomas Hardy.