OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edward James Morris

Edward James Morris CB CBE DSO DFC (6 April 1915 - 18 Jan 1999) was a World War II flying ace.
Born in the Transvaal, he want to school at Michaelhouse. After school he joined the Royal Air Force on short term commission in June 1937. After completing training in May 1938 he was posted to the Parachute Test Flight, where he stayed until January 1939. He then joined 79 Squadron at Biggin Hill. He was wounded in action in August 1940 and after recuperating was sent to the Middle East in May 1941 to join 238 Squadron. In September 1941 he took command of 250 Squadron flying the Curtiss Tomahawk.
His next posting was to Desert Air Force Headquarters in March 1942. Later that year he was appointed Chief Instructor at No. 71 Operational Training Unit RAF before becoming Wing Leader of No. 251 Wing RAF of the Desert Air Force in late 1943.
At the end of 1944 he was posted to Mediterranean Allied Air Forces Headquarters.
He obtained a permanent commission in May 1945 and was sent to the RAF Staff College. He was promoted to Wing Commander in 1947.
In 1950 he took command of RAF Old Sarum before attending the College of Air Warfare in 1953. After the course he went on an exchange with the United States Air Force at Eglin Air Force Base. He returned to the UK in 1956 and was promoted Group Captain and posted to 12 Group. In 1958 he took command of RAF Wattisham before being posted as Air Commodore Operations at Fighter Command HQ. He was promoted to Air Commodore in 1962 and posted as Director of Air Defence and Overseas Operations at the Air Ministry. He was Chief of Staff at Middle East Command from 1964 to 1966. His final posting was AOC Air Cadets until he retired in August 1968.

## Retirement

He returned to South Africa and moved to Natal as the Personnel Manager of sugar estates. He then went to Swaziland to construct a sugar estate before returning to start his own farm in Natal.
# Maryland state budget

The Maryland state budget for each fiscal year, covering a period ending on June 30, is approved by the Maryland General Assembly. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 2018, Maryland had a budget of $43.6 billion.
Income for the Maryland budget is received from corporate tax, sales tax, individual income tax, and property tax.

## Budget by counties

Maryland's budget is invested in the following departments:
* Maryland Department of Health
* Maryland State Police
* Maryland Department of Transportation ($5 billion annual budget)
* Maryland Department of Natural Resources and its Maryland Department of Natural Resources Police (NRP)
* Maryland Department of General Services
* Maryland Department of Aging
* Maryland Department of Agriculture
* Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services
* Maryland Office of the Comptroller
* Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission
* Maryland Transit Administration Police

### Budget for the University System of Maryland

The portion of Maryland's budget invested in University System of Maryland is $5.48 billion. USM is a public corporation and charter school system comprising 12 Maryland institutions of higher education, this budget is distributed among its universities:
* University of Maryland, College Park ($2.1 billion)
* University of Maryland, Baltimore County ($404.9 million)
* University of Maryland, Baltimore ($1.1 billion )
* University of Maryland Eastern Shore ($100 million).
* Frostburg State University ($100 million).
* Coppin State University ($100 million).
* Bowie State University
* Universities at Shady Grove
* University System of Maryland at Hagerstown
* Salisbury University
* Towson University
* University of Maryland Global Campus
* University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science).
* University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute (Located in Inner Harbor).

### Budget for Maryland counties

Another portion of the budget is invested in the State of Maryland's 23 counties:
For example, FY 2018 Maryland state budget included $2.3 billion for Montgomery County, of which $1.48 billion was invested in Montgomery County Public Schools and $128 million in Montgomery College. Montgomery County Public Libraries received $40.6 million of the budget. Other departments receiving a share of the FY 2018 budget included Montgomery County Police Department, Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Service, and Department of Recreation.

## Government budget balance

Government budget balance in 2018 presents a gap between budget proposed and Maryland income of $250 million. In 2018, there is no surplus in Maryland finances.
# Evolving the Alien

Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life (published in the US, and UK second edition as What Does a Martian Look Like?: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life) is a 2002 popular science book about xenobiology by biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart.
The concept for the book originated with a lecture that Cohen had revised over many years, which he called POLOOP, for "Possibility of Life on Other Planets".

## Synopsis

Cohen and Stewart argue against a conception of extraterrestrial life that assumes life can only evolve in environments similar to Earth (the so-called Rare Earth hypothesis), and that extraterrestrial lifeforms will converge toward characteristics similar to those of life on Earth, a common trope of certain science fiction styles. They suggest that any investigation of extraterrestrial life relying on these assumptions is overly restrictive, and it is possible to make a scientific and rational study of the possibility of life forms that are so different from life on Earth that we may not even recognise them as life in the first instance.
Cohen and Stewart return to two contrasts throughout the book. The first is between exobiology (which considers the possibilities for conventional, Earth-like biology on Earth-like planets) and xenoscience (which embraces a much broader and more speculative range for the forms that life may take). The second contrast drawn is between parochials (features of life that are likely to be unique to Earth) and universals (features that are likely to appear wherever life arises).
Cohen and Stewart supplement the limited hard science available on their subject with numerous references to science fiction of both their own and others' creation, including 28 plot summaries of classic SF stories.

## Reception

In its review of Evolving the Alien, the London Review of Books commented that Cohen and Stewart's speculative approach is useful in exposing errors in conventional thinking, and is "painlessly educative" on the current state of the applicable sciences, but criticized their "naive optimism" with respect to future technological breakthroughs in human space travel.
In his review for Nature, Lawrence M. Krauss admitted to not being completely sure of the book's intended goal and audience, but noted that it may serve as a counterpoint to arguments put forth in Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee's book, Rare Earth.
# Coed Cymerau National Nature Reserve

Coed Cymerau National Nature Reserve is a wooded area of approximately 26 hectares on the north side of the Vale of Ffestiniog through which the River Goedol runs. There is one path that runs through the forest but the rest of the area is primarily native broadleaved woodland and thick undergrowth, adjacent to the nature reserve is Coed Cymerau Isaf which is owned by the Woodland Trust.
# Koguryo Wooden Bridge

Listed as item #160 of the National Treasures of North Korea is a wooden bridge, dating from the Koguryo era(고구려나무다리).
The bridge was built in the early 5th Century in front of the Anhak Royal Palace. Only the foundations have survived to the present day. The structure is estimated to have been 375 metres long and 9 metres wide. The bridge crossed the Taedong River, linking Chongho-dong, in the Taesong District with Hyuam-dong, in the Sadong District of Pyongyang.
According to a reconstruction, both ends of the bridge were fan-shaped, covered with boards."Beams were laid lengthways and breadthways on the framework of the bridge and paved with trim planks upon which parapets were fixed for safety." The joints of the framework were rebated without using any form of hardware, such as clamps. A fire pit at the entrance of the bridge provided light during the night.
# Elizabeth Burton

Elizabeth Burton is the name of:
* Liz Burton, character in Hollyoaks
* Elizabeth Taylor, actress (1932–2011), married name Burton
* Lizzie Burton, character in EastEnders
* Alice Elizabeth Burton (1908–1952), novelist and popular historian
* Elizabeth Eaton Burton (1869–1937), American artist and designer
# Borchashvili

Borchashvili is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Shamil Borchashvili (born 1995), Austrian Judoka
* Wachid Borchashvili (born 1998), Austrian Judoka
# Der Havelkaiser

Der Havelkaiser is a German television series.
# Choristostigma erubescens

Choristostigma erubescens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Xalapa, Mexico.
The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are yellow, irrorated (sprinkled) with rufous scales. There is an indistinct dark sinuous antemedial line and a leaden annulus in the cell, as well as a postmedial leaden band with black edges. There is a dark point on the costa towards the apex and a waved subterminal leaden band. The hindwings are whitish with a dark discoidal point and traces of a medial line on the inner area.
# Elke Talma

Elke Sabina Talma (born 29 April 1977) is a Seychellois former swimmer.
At the 1992 Summer Olympics, Elke competed in the women's 100 metre breaststroke, 200 metre breaststroke and 200 metre individual medley where she recorded the slowest time in each event. Since retiring from competitive swimming, Talma now works as a research officer for the Marine Conservation Society Seychelles.
# FC L'Escala

Futbol Club L'Escala is a Spanish football club based in L'Escala in the comarca of the Alt Empordà in Catalonia, Spain. Founded in 1912, they play in the Tercera Federación – Group 5, holding home matches at the Estadi Municipal de L'Escala.

## Season to season

| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1939–40 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 4th |
| 1940–41 | DNP | DNP | DNP |
| 1941–42 | DNP | DNP | DNP |
| 1942–43 | DNP | DNP | DNP |
| 1943–44 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 6th |
| 1944–45 | 8 | 3ª Reg. | 6th |
| 1945–46 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 3rd |
| 1946–1964 | DNP | DNP | DNP |
| 1964–65 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1965–66 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1966–67 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 13th |
| 1967–68 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 3rd |
| 1968–69 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 13th |
| 1969–70 | 5 | 1ª Reg. | 14th |
| 1970–71 | 5 | 1ª Reg. | 20th |
| 1971–72 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1972–73 | 5 | 1ª Reg. | 20th |
| 1973–74 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 15th |
| 1974–75 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 6th |
| 1975–76 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 2nd |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1976–77 | 6 | 2ª Reg. | 4th |
| 1977–78 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 16th |
| 1978–79 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 5th |
| 1979–80 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 7th |
| 1980–81 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 20th |
| 1981–82 | 8 | 3ª Reg. | 1st |
| 1982–83 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 13th |
| 1983–84 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1984–85 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 12th |
| 1985–86 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 4th |
| 1986–87 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 8th |
| 1987–88 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1988–89 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1989–90 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 7th |
| 1990–91 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 5th |
| 1991–92 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 8th |
| 1992–93 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 4th |
| 1993–94 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 5th |
| 1994–95 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 12th |
| 1995–96 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 14th |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1996–97 | 8 | 2ª Terr. | 2nd |
| 1997–98 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 4th |
| 1998–99 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 10th |
| 1999–2000 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 7th |
| 2000–01 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 4th |
| 2001–02 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 1st |
| 2002–03 | 6 | Pref. Terr. | 2nd |
| 2003–04 | 6 | Pref. Terr. | 2nd |
| 2004–05 | 6 | Pref. Terr. | 5th |
| 2005–06 | 6 | Pref. Terr. | 3rd |
| 2006–07 | 6 | Pref. Terr. | 11th |
| 2007–08 | 6 | Pref. Terr. | 15th |
| 2008–09 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 7th |
| 2009–10 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 4th |
| 2010–11 | 7 | 1ª Terr. | 8th |
| 2011–12 | 6 | 2ª Cat. | 15th |
| 2012–13 | 7 | 3ª Cat. | 1st |
| 2013–14 | 6 | 2ª Cat. | 1st |
| 2014–15 | 5 | 1ª Cat. | 5th |
| 2015–16 | 5 | 1ª Cat. | 16th |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2016–17 | 6 | 2ª Cat. | 4th |
| 2017–18 | 6 | 2ª Cat. | 5th |
| 2018–19 | 6 | 2ª Cat. | 1st |
| 2019–20 | 5 | 1ª Cat. | 11th |
| 2020–21 | 5 | 1ª Cat. | 4th |
| 2021–22 | 6 | 1ª Cat. | 3rd |
| 2022–23 | 6 | 1ª Cat. | 1st |
| 2023–24 | 5 | 3ª Fed. | 7th |
| 2024–25 | 5 | 3ª Fed. | |
* 2 seasons in Tercera Federación
# Bone destruction patterns in periodontal disease

In periodontal disease, not only does the bone that supports the teeth, known as alveolar bone, reduce in height in relation to the teeth, but the morphology of the remaining alveolar bone is altered. The bone destruction patterns that occur as a result of periodontal disease generally take on characteristic forms.

## Types of destruction

There are four chief types of bone defects that present in the alveolar bone:
* horizontal defects
* vertical, or angular, defects
* fenestrations
* dehiscences

### Horizontal defects

Generalized bone loss occurs most frequently as horizontal bone loss. Horizontal bone loss manifests as a somewhat even degree of bone resorption so that the height of the bone in relation to the teeth has been uniformly decreased, as indicated in the radiograph to the rig defects occur adjacent to a tooth and usually in the form of a triangular area of missing bone, known as triangulation.
# Article 23 (disambiguation)

Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 requires Hong Kong to pass national security legislation against splitting the country, subverting the central government of China, and colluding with external forces to interfere in internal affairs.
Article 23 may also refer to:

## Law

* Article 23 in Chapter V of the United Nations Charter, which establishes the composition of the Security Council
* Article 23 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, the provision used for German reunification
* Article 23 of the Constitution of India, prohibiting human trafficking and forced labour
* Article 23 of the Constitution of the Netherlands, regarding freedom of education
# Coin of account

A coin of account is a unit of money that does not exist as an actual coin (that is, a metal disk) but is used in figuring prices or other amounts of money.

## Examples
### Mill

The mill (or sometimes, mil) is a coin of account in the United States. It is equal to one-tenth of a penny, and so to one-thousandth of a dollar (= $0.001), whence the name, which means "thousandth." There was never such a coin minted by the U.S. Federal government, though some states minted these coins well into the mid-1900s. Coins of account are used in accounting and for figuring taxes, usually either property taxes or sales taxes.

### Guinea

From 1816 to the 1980s the British Guinea was no longer used a coin but prices for luxury items and professional services were often quoted in guineas, on the understanding that a guinea was equal to 21 shillings.
# Kodjo

Kodjo is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Agbéyomé Kodjo (born 1954), Togolese politician and Prime Minister of Togo
* Edem Kodjo (born 1938), Togolese politician and diplomat
Given name:
* Kodjo (slave) (died 1833), Surinamese slave
* Kodjo Afanou (born 1977), French footballer
* Kodjo Akolor (born 1981), Swedish comedian
* Kodjo Menan (born 1959), Togolese diplomat
# Pitve

Pitve is a settlement on the island of Hvar, in the district of Jelsa. It lies 168 metres above sea-level on the northern side of the island, in the hills above Jelsa.
The road from Jelsa and Vrisnik goes through the 1,500 metre long Pitve tunnel to reach Zavala on the south side of the island.

## Name

Pitve is derived from Pityeia, which is the oldest-known name for the island. It was mentioned as being one of the Liburnian isles, along with Issa (Vis) and Dysceladus, and is associated with pine woods.

## History

Pitve is one of the oldest continuously occupied settlements on the island. It is a village in two parts: the upper, older section known as Gornje Pitve, and a newer, lower part known as Donje Pitve. Gornje Pitve was founded by the Liburnians, an ancient Illyrian tribe who inhabited the island before the arrival of the ancient Greeks in 384 B.C. At that time, the name for the entire island was Pityeia. Donje Pitve dates from the 15th and early 16th century, when there was an influx of people from the mainland escaping the invading Turks.
Between Upper and Lower Pitve lie the old school (today a wine cooperative), the parish church of St James (Sv Jakov), a cemetery, and the former library and economic home that are no longer in use.
The fishing port for Pitve was mentioned in the Hvar Statute of 1331 as Portus de Pitue, and is now known as Jelsa.

## Location/geography

Pitve lies at the top of a valley below the cliff called Samotorac at the entrance to the Vratnik pass.

## Culture

The patron saint of Pitve is St James (Sv Jakov). On Holy Thursday, Pitve is one of the places that participates in the traditional procession "Za križen", or "Following the Cross".

## Sport

Pitve's football club is known as NK Poskok – the Vipers.

## Population

Beginning with the census of 1991, the population figures for Pitve reduced as the inhabitants of Zavala were counted as an independent settlement, which contains data for 1857, 1869, 1921 and in 1931.
Population chart 1857-2001
| Year | Population |
| 1857 | 350 |
| 1869 | 446 |
| 1880 | 435 |
| 1890 | 501 |
| 1900 | 569 |
| 1910 | 573 |
| 1921 | 756 |
| 1931 | 579 |
| 1948 | 419 |
| 1953 | 315 |
| 1961 | 264 |
| 1971 | 191 |
| 1981 | 146 |
| 1991 | 112 |
| 2001 | 81 |

## Notable people from Pitve

* Juraj II. Duboković, Bishop of Hvar
* Niko Duboković Nadalini – Shipowner and politician
* Božidar Medvid, -priest, translator, editor, humanitarian, for five years was the parish priest in Pitve
* Tašenka Matulović - writer
# Masters M90 200 metres world record progression

This is the progression of world record improvements of the 200 metres M90 division of Masters athletics.

## Key

Incomplete information  Wind aided  Pending
| Hand | Auto | Wind | Athlete | Nationality | Birthdate | Location | Date |
| | 36.02 | 1.1 | Hiroo Tanaka | Japan | 8 December 1930 | Rokkasho | 23 May 2021 |
| | 36.97 | +0.8 | Yoshiyuki Shimizu | Brazil | 14 July 1928 | Porto Alegre | 1 November 2019 |
| | 37.00 | +0.8 | Yoshiyuki Shimizu | Brazil | 14 July 1928 | Sao Bernardo do Campo | 17 November 2018 |
| | 37.16 | -1.4 | Yoshiyuki Shimizu | Brazil | 14 July 1928 | Málaga | 9 September 2018 |
| | 38.04 | 0.0 | Lucas Nel | South Africa | 20 July 1923 | Porto Alegre | 22 October 2013 |
| | 38.57 | -1.5 | Frederico Fischer | Brazil | 06.01.1917 | Riccione | 4 September 2007 |
| | 39.82 | 1.0 | Herbert Liedtke | Sweden | 29 April 1916 | Söderhamn | 20 August 2006 |
| | 40.00 | 0.1 | Vittorio Colo | Italy | 9 November 1911 | Potsdam | 24 August 2002 |
| | 42.78 | -1.4 | Anthony Castro | United States | 3 August 1909 | San Diego | 18 September 1999 |
| | 44.77 | | Murthy Narayana | India | | Turku | July 1991 |
| 48.6 | | | Collister Wheeler | United States | 20 June 1893 | | |
# Choristostigma roseopennalis

Choristostigma roseopennalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is found in Mexico and the United States, where it has been recorded from Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee and Texas.
The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are canary yellow and the costa is bright rosy for two-thirds from the base. There is a bright rosy outer band, which merges with a broad marginal band of the same color at the inner angle. The hindwings are white. Adults are on wing from May to September.
# Doocey

Doocey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dee Doocey (born 1948), British politician and businesswoman
* Matt Doocey (born 1972), New Zealand politician
# Bone decalcification

Bone decalcification is the softening of bones due to the removal of calcium ions, and can be performed as a histological technique to study bones and extract DNA. This process also occurs naturally during bone development and growth, and when uninhibited, can cause diseases such as osteomalacia.

## Histology

Since calcium-rich bones are exceedingly difficult to study, scientists use bone decalcification to make specimens available for their research. For example, bone decalcification has been used to examine cartilage and magnesium levels in order to understand bone decay. There are two categories of decalcifying agents for removing calcium ions: chelating agents and acids. The acids are further divided into weak (picric, acetic and formic acid) and strong acids (nitric and hydrochloric acid). The acids help produce a solution of calcium ions while the chelating agents take up the calcium ions. The most frequently used chelating agent is Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Decalcification is a lengthy procedure, as bone pieces have to be left in the decalcifying agent for days to weeks, depending on the size of the bone. There are numerous methods to test when bone decalcification is complete, such as X-ray examination, chemical analysis, and measurement of specimen flexibility. Decalcification is necessary to obtain soft sections of the bone using a microtome. Every thin section of the bone that is cut can be processed (see tissue processing) like any other soft tissue of the body.
# Bigu

Bigu may refer to:
* Bigu (grain avoidance)
* Bigu Rural Municipality, Nepal
* Bigu, Iran
# Minuscule 617

Minuscule 617 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), O $^{13}$ (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Tischendorf labeled it by 140$^a$, 215$^p$, and 74$^r$.

## Description

The codex contains the text of the New Testament except Gospels on 164 parchment leaves (size 30 cm by 23 cm), with two large lacunae (Acts 1:8-19:12; Galatians 2:21-1 Timothy 4:10). The lacking texts were supplemented by two hands on paper in the 13th century. The text is written in two columns per page, 31 lines per page.
It contains Prolegomena, στιχοι, some notes to the Acts, and numerous notes to the Pauline and Catholic epistles. It has Euthalian Apparatus, but incomplete. The text of Epistles is surrounded by a catena, the Apocalypse has a commentary.
It contains treatise of Pseudo-Dorotheus on the Seventy disciples and twelve apostles (as codices 82, 93, 177, 459, 614, 699).
The order of books: Acts of the Apostles, Pauline epistles, Catholic epistles, and Book of Revelation. Hebrews is placed after Epistle to Philemon.

## Text

Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.

## History

The manuscript belonged to the metropolitan of Ephesus Neophytus in 1481. It was bought for the library in "Gallicio" in 1624.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Johann Martin Augustin Scholz. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886. The text of the Apocalypse was collated by Herman C. Hoskier.
Formerly it was labeled by 140$^a$, 215$^p$, and 74$^r$. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 617 to it.
The manuscript currently is housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. Z. 546 (786)), at Venice.