OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eternal Buddha

In East Asian Buddhism, Shakyamuni Buddha of the Essential Teachings (Chapters 15-28) of the Lotus Sutra is considered the eternal Buddha. In the sixteenth chapter of the Lotus Sutra, Shakyamuni Buddha reveals that he actually attained Buddhahood in the inconceivably remote past. The Eternal Buddha is contrasted to Shakyamuni Buddha who attained enlightenment for the first time in India, which was taught in the pre-Lotus Sutra teachings.
The belief in the Eternal Buddha transcends through time and is commonly associated with Shakyamuni Buddha, but can also refer to both his past and future incarnations. However, no exact definition of the Eternal Buddha is defined in the Lotus Sutra, which was also revealed by Siddhartha Gautama; thereby making open interpretations to various religious groups.

## Lotus Sutra and tathagatagarbha doctrine

In east-Asian Buddhism, the Buddha of the Lotus Sutra is regarded as the eternal Buddha. The Tathagata's "Lifespan" chapter (ch 16) of the Lotus Sutra portrays the Buddha as indicating that he became awakened countless aeons ("kalpas") ago. The sutra itself, however, does not directly employ the phrase "eternal Buddha".
In China the Lotus Sutra was associated with the Mahaparinirvana Sutra, which propagates the tathagatagarbha-doctrine, and with the "Awakening of Faith". The Mahaparinirvana Sutra presents the Buddha as eternal and equates him with the Dharmakaya.
The Lotus Sutra itself does hardly seem to accept the tathagatagarbha-teachings. According to Paul Williams, this association may be explained by the systematization of the Lotus Sutra teachings by the Tiantai school, using teachings from other schools "to equate the Buddha of the Lotus Sutra with the ultimate truth and to teach a cosmic Buddha."

## Understanding in east-Asian Buddhism
### China

The Chinese Tiantai scholar Zhiyi (538–597) divided the sutra into the "trace teaching" about the historical Shakyamuni Buddha (ch 1-14) and the "origin teaching" (ch 15-28) revealing the original Buddha of inconceivable life span.
Zhiyi viewed Shakyamuni Buddha of Chapter 16 of the Lotus Sutra as a unification of the three Buddha bodies, possessing all three bodies, whereas other sutras are taught from the standpoint of a single Buddha body.

### Japan

The Nichiren Shu, Rissho Kosei Kai and Kempon Hokke schools of Nichiren Buddhism revere Shakyamuni of Chapter 16 of the Lotus Sutra as the eternal Buddha. They also regard Shakyamuni of Chapter 16 as a "Unification of the Three Bodies", as taught by Tiantai. Other Buddhas, such as Amida of the Jōdo and Jōdo Shinshū Schools, and Mahāvairocana of the Shingon School are seen as provisional manifestations of the Original Buddha Shakyamuni.
In Jōdo Shinshū or Pure Land Buddhism, Amida Buddha is viewed as the eternal Buddha who manifested as Shakyamuni in India and who is the personification of Nirvana itself.
Shingon Buddhism sees Vairochana Buddha as the personification of the dharmakaya, and hence as the eternal Buddha, and some within Shingon, following Kakuban, equate Vairochana and Amida.
# Ceratonova

Ceratonova is a genus of myxozoan in the family Ceratomyxidae.

## Species

The following species are recognized in the genus Ceratonova:
* Ceratonova gasterostea Atkinson, Foott & Bartholomew, 2014
* Ceratonova shasta (Noble, 1950)
# Garou

Garou may refer to:
* Garou (singer), Québécois singer
** Garou (album), a 2006 album by Garou
* Garou (World of Darkness), a fictional race of werewolves in White Wolf's World of Darkness role-playing game
* Garou, Benin, a town and arrondissement of Benin
* Garou: Mark of the Wolves, a game in the Fatal Fury series for the Neo-Geo hardware
* Garou, a character from the manga and anime series One-Punch Man
# Don Syme (politician)

Dominic Bernard Syme (28 October 1921 – 15 April 2013) was an Australian local politician, activist and prominent communist in New South Wales.
He was born in Redfern to James Syme and Annie Sheriff. He grew up in Kogarah and attended the Marist Brothers school, before leaving at age 14 to work as an apprentice bricklayer in order to help his family during the Depression years.
In 1940 he bought a small poultry farm at Moorebank, 27 kilometers southwest of Sydney, and became secretary of the Australian Poultry Farmers' Association. He served in Papua New Guinea during World War II, but he contracted malaria and was discharged on medical grounds in 1943.
He was briefly a member of the Labor Party but in 1938 joined the Communist Party of Australia (CPA). In 1952, he married fellow communist Kathleen Elsie Stringer, and adopted her three children by a previous marriage, Robyn, Wendy and Lynette "Lyn" Syme.
Don and Kathleen were both prominent communists in the 1950s. In the 1960s and 1970s, Syme became an active opponent of the Vietnam War as an unjust invasion. He was also a feminist and conservationist who supported aboriginal land rights, and in common with the CPA he opposed the Soviet Union's invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
In the 1970s he focused on conservation, and campaigned against sand mining on the Georges River. He was brutally assaulted in his home in 1976, which he attributed to his local activism.
In 1980 he was elected to Liverpool City Council, where he served for fifteen years. On council he played a key role in establishing the Chipping Norton Lake recreation area, turning the lifeless former sand mine on the Georges River into a lush wildlife reserve and recreational area.
His wife, Kathleen, died at age 77 in 2003. Don Syme died at the age of 91 in April 2013. He was survived by Kathleen's daughters Wendy, Robyn and Lyn, as well as their daughters Nell and Nolene, and by nine grandchildren.
# Merle Ginsberg

Merle Ginsberg is a fashion editor, blogger and television personality. She served as a judge on the first and second seasons of RuPaul's Drag Race (2009/2010) and also appeared on Bravo's Launch My Line (2009) as a contestant, finishing as the runner-up.
Furthermore, Ginsberg is known for co-writing Paris Hilton's New York Times bestseller Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose, which was published in May 2004.
# Bukit Marak

Bukit Marak (literally Shining Hill) is a village in Bachok District, Kelantan, Malaysia, located about 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of the state capital Kota Bharu. It is famous as the childhood home of Puteri Saadong, and thus has great significance in the history of the Sultanate of Kelantan.
The village derives its name from a local hill, one of the last hillocks in the district. The hill has some attractions for tourists, and draws thousands of visitors every weekend both for hiking and for sightseeing. Among these are a famous pool in which Puteri Saadong was believed to have bathed, and three granite rocks at the peak of the hill resembling Puteri Saadong's favourite musical instrument. However, the hill is being negatively affected by excavation of soil for use in land reclamation; local villagers are said to be selling soil from the hill at RM40 for one lorry-load. Aside from the damage to the historical site, this also may introduce the danger of mudslides and landslides during the monsoon season. The state government has offered to purchase the hill from its owners in accordance with the National Heritage Act 2005, in order to prevent further damage.
# Bulbophyllum merrittii

Bulbophyllum merrittii is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Chichas District

Chichas District is one of eight districts of the province Condesuyos in Peru.

## Places of interest

* Solimana
# Chicken meal

Chicken meal is the dry rendered product from a combination of clean chicken flesh and skin with or without accompanying bone, derived from whole carcasses of chicken, exclusive of feathers, heads, feet and entrails. Meal here is used in the sense of "an ingredient which has been ground or otherwise reduced in particle size." It is mainly used in pet foods.
Chicken meal is ground up chicken meat that has been carefully dried to a moisture level of 10%. The protein content is 65% and the fat level is 12%. Regular chicken contains about 70% water with 18% protein and 5% fat. To create chicken meal, ingredients are placed into large vats and cooked. This rendering process not only separates fat and removes water to create a concentrated protein product, it also kills bacteria, viruses, parasites and other organisms. Because meat can be rid of infectious agents through the rendering process, “4D” animals (dead, dying, diseased or disabled) are allowable chicken meal ingredients. While not always present, the possible inclusion of these ingredients makes chicken meal always considered unfit for human consumption.

## Pet Food

Chicken meal is mainly used in pet foods. Its protein content is much higher than regular chicken because most of the water has been removed.
Typically when it comes to pet food, all of the ingredients (meats, grains, vitamins, minerals) are mixed together and put through a machine called an extruder. The extruder cooks the mixture by adding steam and water. The result is the familiar kibble coming out of the extruder and it is subsequently dried. Fat is added after drying. (This is the same process for making many breakfast cereals.) The final pet product has a moisture level of around 10%.
The processing of chicken meat along with the other ingredients essentially is converting it to chicken meal. However, there are some characteristics of regular chicken meat that make it less flexible for use as an ingredient compared to chicken meal. The high moisture content of chicken limits the amount that can be formulated into a complete finished food. Chicken is generally stored frozen to minimize microbial growth. The frozen chicken is thawed and made into slurry before adding to the mix.
Chicken meal, however, can be used in a finished food at levels much greater than chicken meat. Chicken meal in a finished food provides roughly 4 to 5 times the nutrients as the same weight of chicken meat because of the differences in moisture.
A pet food made of chicken meat may therefore have only 20% of the chicken in the final product, providing only 3.6% protein. An equivalent proportion of chicken meal would provide 13% protein.
(For example, 100 lbs of chicken meal provides 65 lbs of protein while 100 lbs of chicken provides only 18 lbs of protein.)
# Chicken noodle soup (disambiguation)

Chicken noodle soup may refer to:
* a variant of chicken soup
* "Chicken Noodle Soup" (Webstar and Young B song), 2006
* "Chicken Noodle Soup" (J-Hope song), 2019
# Bulbophyllum sect. Eublepharon

Bulbophyllum sect. Eublepharon is a section of the genus Bulbophyllum.

## Description

Species in this section are epiphytes with creeping rhizomes and pseudobulbs that wrinkle with age along longitudinal lines.

## Distribution

Plants from this section are found in China, India, Vietnam, and Japan.

## Species

Bulbophyllum section Eublepharon comprises the following species:
| Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
| Bulbophyllum eublepharum Rchb.f. 1861 | India(Assam), Nepal, China (Xizang, Yunnan), Bhutan, and Myanmar | 2,000–2,500 metres (6,600–8,200 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum scabratum Rchb. f. 1861 | China (Hong Kong and Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang), Taiwan, Assam India, Bangladesh, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Vietnam, Laos and Thailand | 900–2,000 metres (3,000–6,600 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum vietnamense Seidenf. 1975 | Vietnam | |
# Bulbophyllum sect. Genyorchis

Bulbophyllum sect. Genyorchis is a section of the genus Bulbophyllum.

## Description

Species in this section have lip attached to column foot by a strip of tissue.

## Distribution

Plants from this section are found in Cameroon, Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and Zaire.

## Species

Bulbophyllum section Genyorchis comprises the following species:
| Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
| Bulbophyllum apertiflorum (Summerh.) Govaerts & J.M.H.Shaw 2018 | Nigeria | 900 metres (3,000 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum apetalum Lindl. 1862 | Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Congo, Zaire | 0–1,400 metres (0–4,593 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum deshmukhii U.B.Deshmukh & J.M.H.Shaw 2022 | Cameroon | |
| Bulbophyllum excavatum Govaerts & J.M.H.Shaw 2018 | Equatorial Guinea | |
| Bulbophyllum micropetalum Lindl. 1862 | Cameroon to Congo | 1,330–1,650 metres (4,360–5,410 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum paulae Govaerts & J.M.H.Shaw 2018 | Congo | |
| Bulbophyllum platybulbum (Schltr.) Govaerts & J.M.H.Shaw 2018 | Cameroon to Gabon | 0–800 metres (0–2,625 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum pumilum (Sw.) Lindl. 1830 | Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Gabon, Zaire and Uganda | 0–500 metres (0–1,640 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum sanfordii (Szlach. & Olszewski) Govaerts & J.M.H.Shaw 2018 | Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon | 100–770 metres (330–2,530 ft) |
| Bulbophyllum summerhayesianum (Szlach. & Olszewski) Govaerts & J.M.H.Shaw 2018 | Nigeria | |
# Melrose (apple)

Melrose is a modern cultivar of domesticated apple which was developed by Freeman S. Howlett, William J. Eyssen and their team at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in Ohio, United States, and is regarded as the unofficial apple of that state.
This apple was released by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in Wooster, Ohio during World War II and was obtained from a cross between the Jonathan and the Red Delicious apples. The result is flattened large fruit, which is streaked and flushed with dark red over a background of yellowish-green skin, with spots of russet. The flesh is creamy white, of firm and coarse texture, and juicy. The flavor is mildly acidic, similar to Jonathan, but not as tart.
It comes into season at the beginning of October. Cold storage 1-2$^o$C 100 days(180 days CA with scrubber).
# Melrose (ferry)

Melrose was the first San Francisco Bay ferry designed to carry automobiles. Southern Pacific Transportation Company and predecessor railroads had been operating ferries between San Francisco and Oakland, California since 1862. Some ferries were equipped to carry team-drawn wagons, but the increasing number of automobiles requiring transport encouraged building of a ferry with an unobstructed lower deck for automobiles and 400 seats on an upper deck for passengers. Melrose was launched without engines on 11 April 1906. Installation of engines being built at San Francisco's Union Iron Works was delayed by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake a week after launching. The ferry was not completed until 1909. The side wheels were powered by two inclined tandem engines to avoid main deck obstruction by a traditional walking beam engine.
The successful design of Melrose encouraged completion of sister ship Thoroughfare in 1912. Thoroughfare cost $170,000 with capacity for 97 automobiles and 45 team-drawn wagons. These two ferries offered departures at 30-minute intervals through the daylight and evening hours. Automobiles were carried on the "creek route" until new loading facilities were completed on the Oakland pier in 1921. Thoroughfare steamed into the ferry slip at full speed when her engine-order telegraph malfunctioned on 14 August 1913. The ferry was less damaged than the slipway and resumed service shortly after the engine-order telegraph was repaired.
Melrose collided with the Southern Pacific ferry Bay City in a patch of dense fog on 26 January 1913. Both ferries continued in service after repairs. Two Melrose deckhands were killed while attempting to rescue a man overboard on 9 July 1917 when the lifeboat they had launched to recover the passenger was drawn into the maneuvering ferry's paddle wheel. Melrose narrowly avoided collision with the freighter K.J.Luckenback in fog on 4 February 1922. Melrose ran aground while maneuvering to avoid collision, and required the assistance of tugs to be refloated. In July 1926, Melrose suffered a mid-bay mechanical breakdown requiring assistance of tugs. The rescue tug accidentally rammed Melrose while passing a tow line. Melrose started flooding and was grounded on a mud bar to prevent sinking until repairs could be made.
Melrose was retired in 1931 and Thoroughfare was sold in 1935 to become a fish reduction plant in Benicia, California. Completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in 1936 ended the need for automobile ferries between Oakland and San Francisco.
# Chinese South Korean

Chinese South Korean or South Korean Chinese may refer to:
* China–South Korea relations
* South Korea–Taiwan relations
* Ethnic Chinese in South Korea
* South Koreans in China
* South Koreans in the Republic of China
* Multiracial people of Chinese and South Korean descent
# Chinese Sociological Review

The Chinese Sociological Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of sociology, with a specific focus on Chinese societies (the mainland, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and abroad). The journal was established in 1968 as Chinese Sociology & Anthropology, obtaining its current name in 2011 (《中华社会学评论》in Chinese). It is published by Routledge and since 2011 the editor-in-chief is Xiaogang Wu (New York University Shanghai and New York University). The journal is sponsored by Shanghai University and New York University Shanghai. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.667, ranking it 29th out of 148 journals in the category "Sociology".
# Bulbophyllum prismaticum

Bulbophyllum prismaticum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum found in Madagascar.
# Bumetopia panayensis

Bumetopia panayensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1950. It is known from the Philippines.
# Chinese submarine Changcheng 274

32°14′44″N 119°53′29″E﻿ / ﻿32.2454335°N 119.8913231°E﻿ / 32.2454335; 119.8913231
Changcheng 274 is a Type 6633 submarine of the People's Liberation Army Navy.

## Development and design

Original Chinese built Romeo, China was to have assembled these Romeos from knock-down kits provided by the Soviet Union, 6 were planned, but only 2 were completed. The construction program came to a complete stop when the USSR stopped delivery of parts following the Sino-Soviet split. Construction of the 3rd unit at Wuhan was stopped, and available parts were diverted to complete the first pair, but many parts had to be developed indigenously. The primary improvement of Type 6633 over the original Soviet boats is the use of domestic Chinese batteries, which had slightly superior performance to that of the original Soviet batteries.

## Construction and career

Changzheng 274 was decommissioned and serve as a museum ship in Taizhou Naval Museum, Qingdao.
# Poplar Branch, North Carolina

Poplar Branch (formerly Currituck Narrows) is an unincorporated community in Currituck County, North Carolina, United States. It lies at an elevation of 13 feet (4.0 m).
The Baum Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Poplar Branch has a post office with the ZIP code 27965.
# Erythroderma

Erythroderma is an inflammatory skin disease with redness and scaling that affects nearly the entire cutaneous surface. This term applies when 90% or more of the skin is affected.
In ICD-10, a distinction is made between "exfoliative dermatitis" at L26, and "erythroderma" at L53.9.

## Causes

Erythroderma is generalized exfoliative dermatitis, which involves 90% or more of the patient's skin. The most common cause of erythroderma is exacerbation of an underlying skin disease, such as Harlequin-type ichthyosis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus, pityriasis rubra pilaris or a drug reaction, such as the use of topical steroids. Primary erythroderma is less frequent and is usually seen in cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, in particular in Sézary's disease. Pemphigus foliaceus may sometimes rapidly progress into a generalized form, resulting in exfoliative erythroderma. UV radiation may exacerbate the cutaneous manifestation. Patients often complain of burning and pain.
The most common causes of exfoliative dermatitis are best remembered by the mnemonic device ID-SCALP. The causes and their frequencies are as follows:
* Idiopathic - 30%
* Drug allergy - 28%
* Seborrheic dermatitis - 2%
* Contact dermatitis - 3%
* Atopic dermatitis - 10%
* Lymphoma and leukemia - 14%
* Psoriasis - 8%

## Treatment

The treatment for erythroderma depends on the primary cause. Topical steroids and use of a sauna suit are often used to treat exfoliative dermatitis regardless of the cause. Retinoids and immunosuppressive drugs can be used when it is caused by psoriasis or pityriasis rubra pilaris. A sedative antihistamine may be a useful adjunct for pruritic patients, since it helps patients to sleep at night, thus limiting nocturnal scratching and excoriations. Antimicrobial agents often are used if an infection is suspected to be precipitating or complicating exfoliative dermatitis. Other drugs specifically indicated for management of underlying cause of exfoliative dermatitis may be necessary.

## Epidemiology

The incidence of erythroderma is estimated to be 1–2 in 100,000. While erythroderma can occur at any age, it is most common in older, male adults.

## History

The classification of exfoliative dermatitis into Wilson-Brocq (chronic relapsing), Hebra or pityriasis rubra (progressive), and Savill (self-limited) types may have had historical value, but it currently lacks pathophysiologic or clinical utility.
# Avenida Jiménez

Avenida Jiménez is a thoroughfare that runs through the locality of La Candelaria in Bogotá, Colombia. Laid out on the San Francisco River, the Environmental Axis of the city is currently established there.
It extends over 2.8 km (1.7 mi) from Teleférico de Monserrate to Monserrate, taking the source of the environmental axis in Carrera 1.ª, going down through the Iglesia de Las Aguas to Carrera 3ª, where it crosses the Las Aguas TransMilenio station, crossing the city center to the west, to Avenida Caracas, where it becomes Avenida Centenario.

## History

During the first years of its foundation, the city of Bogotá established the Vicachá river as its northern limit, a Chibcha indigenous denomination that means "The glow of the night" , which was later called San Francisco due to the establishment of the Franciscan convent and the Church of San Francisco on its right bank on the "Camino de la Sal" in 1550.
Currently the Church of San Francisco is the oldest church in Bogotá. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the ronda del río was the boundary between the parishes of San Pedro, Nuestra Señora de Las Nieves and San Victorino.

### Bridges

In 1551, the first bridge over the San Francisco River was built, known as the San Miguel Bridge, which connected the Church of San Francisco with the rest of the city; This bridge was a wooden construction that was made during the government of the oidor Juan de Montaño. Unfortunately after a few years it would be destroyed by the river bed, for which reason in 1602, a new stone bridge was built.
As the city grew, new bridges were built over it.
# Peraküla, Võru County

Peraküla is a village in Võru Parish, Võru County in Estonia.
# Gamboma Airport

Gamboma Airport (IATA: GMM, ICAO: FCOG) is an airport serving the city of Gamboma in the Plateaux Department of Republic of the Congo. The runway is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of town.