OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Poppo I of Blankenburg

Poppo I of Blankenburg (c. 1095–1161 or 1164) probably came from the House of Reginbodonen and was Count of Regenstein-Blankenburg in the Harz in central Germany.
His father was Conrad, Count of Blankenburg. His uncle, Reinhard of Blankenburg, was the Bishop of Halberstadt, and who probably paved the first steps for him.
As the vassal of Emperor Lothair of Supplinburg he exercised count's rights in the Harzgau and was later recorded as a vassal of Henry the Lion. From 1128 he was given the title of comes. His county, which had probably been created by his in-law, Lothair of Supplinburg, was in the eastern Harzgau between the rivers Ilse and Bode. (Lothair was also an in-law of Burchard I of Loccum).
He married Richenza of Boyneburg, the daughter of Count Siegfried III of Boyneburg. They had a son, Conrad, who was the first documented member of the House of Regenstein. Record show that Poppo I also had another son called Siegfred, who was noted for witnessing some of the charters of Duke Henry of Saxony and Bavaria, Urkundel HL, nos 48, 52, and 60. The count also had another son called Reinhard, who settled in Paris as an academic.
In 1163 as the brother-in-law of the late count, Siegfried IV of Boyneburg, who had died in 1144, he brought certain claims against Northeim Abbey, mediated by his wife, Richenza, before Henry the Lion, who had to uphold them. Henry the Lion later purchased the rights to this abbey from his sons.
# Esteban Sarmiento

Esteban Sarmiento is a primatologist and biologist. He is noted for his work in primate anthropology and for appearing on the Monster Quest television series.

## Biography

Sarmiento earned a biological anthropology Ph.D. in 1985 and from then until at least 2008 he worked as a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History. His main field of study is the skeletons of hominoids, including both extinct and living species. From 2002 to 2003, he was a Fulbright scholar teaching physiology at Eduardo Mondlane University in Mozambique.
Presently, he heads The Human Evolution Foundation whose main goal is to understand humanity's place in nature, and fight to end to racial discrimination at Public Universities.
Sarmiento is one of the few mainstream experts to give serious attention to cryptozoology, particularly reports of Bigfoot. Sarmiento does not suggest that the existence of Bigfoot has been established, but that its existence is possible and that claims and evidence deserve careful scrutiny. He has stated, "If the animal in the P&G film [Bigfoot] is real, this animal is exceedingly human-like...[i]t would be our closest relative on earth.” He has appeared on several episodes of the History Channel series Monster Quest discussing Bigfoot and other cryptids.

## Legal actions against discrimination

Sarmiento filed a lawsuit against Queens College claiming that the college's refusal to grant him interviews in 1999 and 2000 for associate professor employment was motivated by racial discrimination and thus a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 2005, a U.S. District Court ruled against Sarmiento. The court noted that while Sarmiento was qualified for the job, Queens College demonstrated that other candidates were more qualified and race was not a factor in their decisions. For example, among the job requirements was an emphasis on human anatomy and anthropology, while Sarmiento's emphasis had been on non-human primates. At the time Sarmiento had 10 years of teaching experience in anatomy in Universities throughout the world. The court also ruled that Sarmiento submitted inadequate syllabi and other candidates had superior teaching experience. Later in 2005, an appeals court upheld the district court decision.
Sarmiento subsequently filed a similar lawsuit against Montclair State University. Again, he alleged racial discrimination as a factor in a 2001 hiring procedure. The court ruled that Montclair established that another applicant was better qualified for the position due to her specialty in medical anthropology and that race was not a factor in Montclair's hiring decision. Montclair interviewed two black women, one with a Ph.D, but hired the white woman. While the candidate Montclair ultimately hired did not have her Ph.D. at the time of interview, she was scheduled to earn her doctorate by the time employment would have begun, in line with Montclair's hiring procedure. Montclair, however in circular advertisement specifically required a Ph.D. degree.
# Hemiboreal

Hemiboreal means halfway between the temperate and subarctic (or boreal) zones. The term is most frequently used in the context of climates and ecosystems.

## Botany

A hemiboreal forest has some characteristics of a boreal forest to the north, and also shares features with temperate-zone forests to the south. A significant number of nut species, such as aspens, oaks, maples, ash trees, birches, beeches, hazels, and hornbeams, can be found here.

## Climate

The term sometimes denotes the form of climate characteristic of the zone of hemiboreal forests—specifically, the climates designated Dfb, Dwb and Dsb in the Köppen climate classification scheme. On occasion, it is applied to all areas that have long, cold winters and warm (but not hot) summers—which also including areas that are semiarid (BS) and arid (BW) based on average annual precipitation. It can also be applied to some areas with a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc), particularly those with continental climate characteristics.

## Examples

Examples of locations with hemiboreal climates or ecosystems include:
* Much of southern Canada (all of southeastern Canada except for parts of southern Ontario as well as the central Prairie Provinces outside the grasslands)
* Within the United States: most parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, along with eastern North Dakota and the Adirondacks of New York State and Northern New England; also, many mountain areas in the western United States
* The Southern Siberian rainforest in Russia includes hemiboreal forests
* Parts of northeast China bordering Russia
* Northern areas of Japan including Hokkaido
* Parts of southern Norway and southern Sweden except the most southern municipalities
* Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Estonia
* Coastal zone and archipelago of Turku in Finland and region of Åland
* The Australian Alps in eastern Victoria and southeastern New South Wales, which makes up a small portion in the southeastern region of the continent, and the Central Highlands in Tasmania
* The Southern Alps in New Zealand's South Island
* on the Wet Andes region located in the Southern Cone of South America, it has characteristics of a Mediterranean-influenced continental climate
# Mildred Trouillot

Mildred Trouillot-Aristide (born 1963) is an American lawyer who married Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the former President of Haïti, in 1996.
Mildred Trouillot grew up in the Bronx. Both her father, Emile, and mother, Carmelle, were natives of Haïti. He left Haïti in 1958, she in 1960. They found work in New York City, where Emile worked in a steel factory. Carmelle worked as a laboratory technician.
Mildred graduated from St. Barnabas High School, City College of New York, and the University of Pennsylvania Law School. She practiced commercial litigation for the Manhattan law firm of Robinson, Silverman, Pearce, Aronsohn, and Berman. She met Aristide at a lecture he gave in 1992. In 1994, she went to work for Aristide's government in exile in Washington, D.C. as a speechwriter, as well as doing legal work.
They married on January 20, 1996, in a simple ceremony in Port-au-Prince. It was a controversial marriage in Haïti. Aristide was elected president while he was a Catholic priest, and had given up the priesthood by the time he married Mildred.
The couple has two daughters, Christine Aristide, born in November 1996, and Michaelle Aristide, born in 1998.
# Morris L. Cohen

Morris Leo Cohen (November 2, 1927 – December 18, 2010) was an American attorney who left the practice of law to become a law librarian and professor of law at the University at Buffalo, University of Pennsylvania, Harvard Law School and Yale Law School. Described by The New York Times as "one of the nation's most influential legal librarians", he wrote extensively about the history of law and helped organize and computerize the law libraries at Harvard and Yale.
Cohen was born on November 2, 1927, in The Bronx and attended the New York City Public Schools. He received his undergraduate degree at the University of Chicago in 1947 and was awarded a J.D. from Columbia Law School in 1951.
His efforts to specialize in labor law were thwarted when firms refused to hire him because of his involvement with left-wing organizations and Cohen instead went into a law practice with his uncle. As his wife described, Cohen "wasn't cut out for practicing law" and chose to attend the School of Library and Information Science at the Pratt Institute, where he earned a Master of Library Science degree while he was working at the library at Rutgers University. He focused the remainder of his career as a law librarian and professor, and would later describe how he "celebrated my departure from practice as a great emancipation". At Yale Law School he served as the school's law librarian starting in 1981 and was a lecturer at the law school starting in 1991. He donated his "Juvenile Jurisprudence Collection" to the Yale Law Library in 2009, a collection he had started decades earlier that included early publications related to juvenile law.
While working as director of the law libraries of SUNY Buffalo, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard and Yale, Cohen authored A Bibliography of Early American Law in 1998, a six-volume tome that he had worked on for over three decades that provided a comprehensive catalog of all legal works published in the United States before 1860. His 1968 book Legal Research in a Nutshell was released in nine editions, the most recent in 2007. Other works he wrote or co-authored include Law and Science, A Selective Bibliography (1980), How to Find the Law (1983), Finding the Law (1989), Law: The Art of Justice (1992), A Guide to the Early Reports of the Supreme Court (1995), Bench and Bar: Great Legal Caricatures from Vanity Fair (1997) and Joseph Story and the Encyclopædia Britannica (2006).
A resident of New Haven, Connecticut, Cohen died at the age of 83 of leukemia on December 18, 2010, at his home there.
# Espeja

Espeja is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain.
# Gaspé (Province of Canada electoral district)

Gaspé was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada East. Located on the Gaspé Peninsula, it was created in 1841, based on the previous electoral district of the same name for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. It was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly.
The electoral district was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Quebec.

## Boundaries

The Union Act, 1840 merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.
The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Lower Canada and Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself. The Gaspé electoral district of Lower Canada was not altered by the Act, and therefore continued with the same boundaries which had been set by a statute of Lower Canada in 1829:
The electoral district was at the eastern end of the Gaspé Peninsula (now part of the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine administrative region). The elections took place in Point Saint Peters.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

Gaspé was a single-member consistutency.
The following were the members of the Legislative Assembly from Gaspé. "Party" was a fluid concept, especially during the early years of the Province of Canada. Party affiliations are based on the biographies of individual members given by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as votes in the Legislative Assembly.
| Parliament | Member | Years in Office | Party |
| 1st Parliament 1841–1844 | Robert Christie | 1841–1854 | Anti-unionist; Independent |
| 2nd Parliament 1844–1847 | Robert Christie | 1841–1854 | Independent |
| 3rd Parliament 1848–1851 | Robert Christie | 1841–1854 | Conservative Independent |
| 4th Parliament 1851–1854 | Robert Christie | 1841–1854 | Independent |

## Abolition

The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.
# Donald Quataert

Donald George Quataert (September 10, 1941 – February 10, 2011) was a historian at Binghamton University. He taught courses on Middle East/Ottoman history, with an interest in labor, social and economics, during the early and modern periods. He also provided training in the reading of Ottoman archival sources.
He received his undergraduate degree from Boston University in 1966 (Phi Beta Kappa), and then his Masters from Harvard in 1968. Subsequently, he received his doctorate from UCLA in 1973.
In 2006, he published an article reviewing Donald Bloxham's book The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. In his review, Quataert stated that he used the word genocide because "to do otherwise... runs the risk of suggesting denial of the massive and systematic atrocities" and that "accumulating evidence is indicating that the killings were centrally planned by Ottoman government officials and systematically carried out by their underlings". The review article challenged what Quataert termed "the Ottomanist wall of silence" on the issue.
Weeks later, Quataert resigned from the position of the chairman of the board of directors of the Institute of Turkish Studies, which he had held since 2001. Quataert stated that he was forced to resign due to the pressure of the Turkish ambassador Nabi Şensoy, and a number of other board members resigned shortly thereafter. Mervat Hatem, the director of Middle East Studies Association, sent a letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Erdogan, criticizing the threats of Turkish officials to stop funding the Institute if Quataert did not retract his statements. Hatem stated that such threats went against academic freedom and that "the resignations are in contradiction with those many requests to leave the discussion and the assessment of the Armenian Genocide to the academia that Turkey has been making."

## Books

* The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
* Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
* Miners and the State in the Ottoman Empire: The Zonguldak Coalfield, 1822-1920, Berghahn Books, 2006.
# Meneclus

In Greek mythology, Meneclus (Ancient Greek: Μένεκλος) was a member of the Ethiopian army who participated in the Trojan War.

## Mythology

Meneclus followed his leader, King Memnon, to fight on the side of the Trojans during the Trojan War. He was ultimately slain by the old Achaean hero, Nestor of Pylos.
* “. . .To right, to left
* His (i.e. Mennon) stalwart helpers wrought in battle-toil,
* Alcyoneus and Nychius, and the son
* Of Asius furious-souled; Meneclus' spear,
* Clydon and Alexippus, yea, a host
* Eager to chase the foe, men who in fight
* Quit them like men, exulting in their king.”
* Then, as Meneclus on the Danaans charged, king.
* The son of Neleus slew him. Wroth for his friend,”
# Bumped (song)

"Bumped" is a song by English pop group Right Said Fred, released in October 1993 by EMI as the first single off their album, Sex and Travel (1993). The song, both written and produced by the group, was notable for its commercial underperformance considering the group's previous success; in August 2001, ex-manager Guy Holmes noted on the BBC retrospective documentary I Love 1991 that over £100,000 was spent on the Wayne Isham-directed music video to make up for the fact that "the record wasn't really very good".

## Critical reception

Alan Jones from Music Week gave "Bumped" four out of five and named it Pick of the Week, writing, "This is a vaguely oriental mid-tempo piece with a pleasing chorus and some chiming synth strings. The 12-inch features credible Joey Negro dance mixes, which look like giving the Freds their biggest Club Chart success. This combination of factors should ensure their winning streak continues."

## Track listing

* UK CD single
* "Bumped" (Radio version)
* "Bumped" (Aschun Mix)
* "Bumped" (City Mix)
* "Turn Me On" (Re-Wrap version)

## Charts

Chart performance for "Bumped" :
| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 88 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 25 |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 88 |
| Europe (European Hit Radio) | 17 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 54 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 37 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 29 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 32 |
| UK Airplay (Music Week) | 7 |
| UK Club Chart (Music Week) | 8 |
# Popular crusades

The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight. The term "popular crusade" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the "hierarchical" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by historian Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century.
These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320s that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King Louis IX of France. Victories in the Smyrniote crusade of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross.

## List of popular crusades

The movements typically regarded as popular crusades are listed below in chronological order:
* People's Crusade (1096)
* Children's Crusade (1212)
* Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
* Crusade of the Poor (1309)
* Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
* Hungarian Peasants' Crusade (1514)
# Ester Textorius

Ester Vilhelmina Textorius (22 August 1883 – 13 February 1972) was a Swedish actress and opera singer, known for her comedic theater roles.

## Early life and marriage

Ester Vilhelmina Pettersson was born in Västerås, Sweden, on 22 August 1883. In 1904 she married the actor Oskar Textorius (1864-1938).

## Career

Textorius started her acting career by answering an advertisement by theater leader Emil Hillberg, and made her stage debut in 1901 at Halmstad theater in Halmstad as Paula in the play Fri vilja. After studies with Hillberg and actress Josefina Gullberg, she worked for a few years at different theaters in the countryside. It was during these years that she had the opportunity to work with the famous the Royal Dramatic Theatre actor J. Gustaf Fredrikson (1832-1921). Her favorite part during these years was as Käthe in the play Gamla Heidelberg. At about this same time she also met her future husband.

### Stockholm debut

In 1907, Textorius made her Stockholm debut in a farce at Djurgårdsteatern and also recorded three records for Lycrophon with recorded operetten. In 1909 and 1910 she worked with Anton Salmson at the newly opened Operett-teatern at Östermalm in Stockholm. And from 1911–18 she worked at Vasateatern. During these years she did a lot of operetten; even though successful, she never considered herself a good enough singer for such roles and later preferred speaking roles. She also played in a revue.
In 1911, the couple made their joint film debut in Anna Hofman-Uddgren's short film Stockholmsfrestelser. Textorius, however, never become an established actress and participated only in a handful of films, mostly comedic roles in the 1940s. By 1912 she had done some recordings for the label Odeon.
Between 1919 and 1925, the Textorius duo worked in Gothenburg, Ester mostly at Folkteatern, but they returned to Stockholm where her husband obtained a job as a director at Oscarsteatern and Vasateatern. Ester worked with the administration at the same time.
In 1939, Textorius became a widow and had her final stage performance in Pauline Brunius's play Kvinnorna at the Royal Dramatic Theatre.

## Death and legacy

Textorius died on 13 February 1972 in Stockholm, at the age of 88.

## Filmography

* 1911 (1911): Stockholmsfrestelser
* 1925 (1925): Damen med kameliorna
* 1941 (1941): Lärarinna på vift
* 1942 (1942): Sexlingar
* 1943 (1943): Stora skrällen
# Fibrous papule of the nose

Fibrous papule of the nose is a harmless small bump on or near the nose. It is typically dome-shaped, skin-colored, white or reddish, smooth and firm. Less frequently it can occur elsewhere on the face. Sometimes there are a few. It may be shiny and remains unchanged for life. There may be a central hair.
The precise cause is unknown. It is a type of angiofibroma which originates in a dendrocyte in skin.
It is common, usually appearing in young adults and then remaining permanent.

## Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is by visualisation, skin biopsy or histopathology of one that has been surgically cut out. Histopathology shows fibroblasts, fibrotic stroma, and large blood vessels. It can appear similar to a benign melanocytic naevus or an early BCC. It may be mistaken for a nevocytic nevus, neurofibroma, and pyogenic granuloma. The presence of several should alert to seeking for other signs of tuberous sclerosis.
Usually no treatment is necessary. Treatments for cosmetic reasons include shave excision and electrosurgery. Following treatment, recurrence is rare.