OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brent R. Appel

Brent Robert Appel (born July 13, 1950) is an American attorney, politician and former judge who served as a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from 2006 to 2022. Appel was previously an attorney in the office of the Attorney General of Iowa and was a candidate for a seat in the Iowa General Assembly.

## Early life and education

Appel is a native of Dubuque, Iowa. He graduated from Stanford University with concurrent Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in history in 1973. He earned his Juris Doctor at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law in 1977. At Berkeley, he was an editor of the California Law Review and won the McBaine Moot Court.

## Career

After graduating from law school, Appel clerked on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Appel was then First Assistant Attorney General of Iowa from 1979 to 1983 and deputy Attorney General from 1983 until 1987. While working at the Iowa Attorney General's Office, he argued four cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, including Nix v. Williams and Nix v. Whiteside.
From 1987 to 2006, Appel worked in private practice in Des Moines, including at the law firms Dickinson, Mackaman, Tyler & Hagan P.C. and Wandro, Baer, Appel & Casper P.C. He specialized in commercial litigation, employment law, and personal injury.
Appel unsuccessfully ran once for the Iowa General Assembly as a Democratic candidate.

## Iowa Supreme Court

Appel was nominated by Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack for a term starting in 2006 to succeed James H. Carter on the Iowa Supreme Court.
In 2010, Chief Justice John Roberts appointed Appel to a six-year term as a member of the Federal Advisory Committee on the Rules of Evidence.
On June 17, 2022, Appel wrote a 94 page dissent when the Iowa Supreme Court ruled 5-2 that abortion is not protected by the state constitution.
Appel also dissented in the June 30, 2022 case that made it harder to sue hog confinements for pollution. Appel wrote “are we telling the existing property owners that they are required to ‘take one for the team’ as the private owners next door emit nuisance odors under a scheme of statutory immunity?”
Appel retired on July 13, 2022, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 72. In June 2022, it was announced Appel would be joining the faculty of Drake University Law School.

## Personal life

Appel's wife, Staci Appel, is a former member of the Iowa Senate from the 37th district. She was the Democratic nominee for Iowa's 3rd congressional district in 2014. Appel has six children.
# Eucalyptus retusa

Eucalyptus retusa, commonly known as the Point Hood yate, is a species of mallee that is endemic to a restricted area in Western Australia. It has smooth, greyish bark, glossy green, egg-shaped to spatula-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in clusters of between thirteen and nineteen, yellowish green flowers and fruit with their bases fused together.

## Description

Eucalyptus retusa is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 0.5–4 m (1 ft 8 in – 13 ft 1 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, pale grey bark that is cream-coloured when new. Young plants have egg-shaped to more or less round leaves that are dull green, paler on the lower surface, up to 50 mm (2.0 in) long and 40 mm (1.6 in) wide. Adult leaves are glossy green, egg-shaped to spatula-shaped, 30–55 mm (1.2–2.2 in) long and 14–20 mm (0.55–0.79 in) wide, tapering to the petiole. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in clusters of between thirteen and nineteen, the buds joined at the base. The operculum is 40–42 mm (1.6–1.7 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide at the base. The flowers are yellowish green and the fruit are conical, 7–10.5 mm (0.28–0.41 in) wide and fused at the base, the fused fruit 30 mm (1.2 in) in diameter.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus retusa was first formally described in 2008 by Dean Nicolle, Malcolm French and Nathan McQuoid from a specimen collected near Bremer Bay in 2004. The description was published in the journal Nuytsia. The specific epithet (retusa) is from the Latin retusus meaning blunted, rounded, notched at the tip.

## Distribution and habitat

The Point Hood yate is only known from a single population at the type location near Bremer Bay where it grows in low scrubland on a rocky headland.

## Conservation status

This eucalypt is classified as "Priority One" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk.
# Microoptoelectromechanical systems

Microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), also known as optical MEMS, are integrations of mechanical, optical, and electrical systems that involve sensing or manipulating optical signals at a very small size. MOEMS includes a wide variety of devices, for example optical switch, optical cross-connect, tunable VCSEL, microbolometers. These devices are usually fabricated using micro-optics and standard micromachining technologies using materials like silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and gallium arsenide.

## Merging technologies

MOEMS includes two major technologies, microelectromechanical systems and micro-optics. Both these two technologies independently involve in batch processing similar to integrated circuits, and micromachining similar to fabrication of microsensor.

## History of MOEMS

During 1991-1993, Dr. M. Edward Motamedi, a former Rockwell International innovator in the areas of both microelectromechanical systems and micro-optics, used internally the acronym of MOEMS for microoptoelectromechanical systems. This was to distinguish between optical MEMS and MOEMS, where optical MEMS could include bulk optics but MOEMS is truly based on microtechnology where MOEMS devices are batch-processed exactly like integrated circuits, but this is not true in most cases for optical MEMS.
In 1993, Dr. Motamedi officially introduced MOEMS for the first time, as the powerful combination of MEMS and micro-optics, in an invited talk at the SPIE Critical Reviews of Optical Science and Technology conference in San Diego. In this talk Dr. Motamedi introduced the figure below, for showing that MOEMS is the interaction of three major microtechnologies; namely micro-optics, micromechanics, and microelectronics.
# Circus Maximus (Momus album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Circus Maximus is the debut album by Scottish musician Momus, released on 15 January 1986 on Creation Records. It deals primarily with Biblical and Ancient Roman themes, making reference to figures such as Saul, St. Sebastian, Lucretia, and Solomon. The title, Circus Maximus, refers to the ancient Roman chariot racing and entertainment venue of the same name.

## Background and influences

The Guardian has characterised the lyrical content of Circus Maximus as a "skewed reading of certain classical and biblical themes," adding that "the urgent, whispering [Momus] professes himself a masochistic St. Sebastian ('preferring the ache to the aspirin') and sings of 'The Rape of Lucretia' like a Morrissey who had not stopped at an enthusiasm for Oscar Wilde but mined the whole decadent tradition: Pater, Swinburne, Huysmans."

## Track listing

All songs written by Nicholas Currie (Momus).
* "Lucky Like St. Sebastian" - 3:19
* "The Lesson Of Sodom (According To Lot)" - 3:43
* "John The Baptist Jones" - 3:12
* "King Solomon's Song And Mine" - 3:17
* "Little Lord Obedience" - 5:13
* "The Day The Circus Came To Town" - 3:25
* "The Rape Of Lucretia" - 4:57
* "Paper Wraps Rock" - 3:58
* "Rules Of The Game Of Quoits" - 4:03
* "Nicky" - 4:16
* "Don't Leave" - 3:35
* "See A Friend In Tears" - 4:12

## Personnel

* Backing Vocals – Jane Davies
* Engineer – Noël Thomson
* Producer – Momus
* Synthesizer [Emulator 2] – Neill Martin
# Paul Henley

Paul Henley is a British radio and television journalist. He has worked for the BBC since 1992 and contributes to programmes such as Crossing Continents for BBC Radio 4. He was a runner up in the Foreign Press Association Awards in 2005. He studied languages at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He began presenting Europe Today on the BBC's World Service in early 2009. Currently he frequently presents Weekend on the BBC World Service.
On 4 July 2022 Henley presented The World Tonight on BBC Radio 4.
# Exclusive economic zone of Greece

Greece has claimed an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with a total size of 505,572 km$^2$ (195,202 sq mi), which is the 53rd largest in the world.

## Geography

Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It includes many small islands which vary between 1,200 and 6,000 in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea. The largest islands are Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios.
Greece's EEZ is bordered to the west by Albania and Italy, to the south by Libya and Egypt, and to the east by Cyprus and Turkey.
EEZ Area of Greece :
| Territory | km$^2$ | sq mi | Notes |
| Total | 505,572 | 195,202 | |

## Agreements and disputes

According to published maps, the Government of Israel has recognized the EEZ of Greece and Cyprus. They describe the course of the gas pipeline which will transfer gas produced by American Νoble Εnergy Ltd. from the Leviathan reservoir to Europe, through an undersea pipeline crossing Greece. By this proposal, Israel recognizes the Greek EEZ in the area and offers an advantage that Greece can use during negotiation procedures to support its claims on the area. In practice, this cooperation will set up a powerful energy coalition between Greece, Cyprus and Israel. The mining and operating part will be undertaken by an American company. "The substance of the issue is that in an effort to protect and secure vital Israeli interests in the Mediterranean Sea, Israel has been left with no choice other than to officially delimit its maritime borders".
On 8 June 2020, Greece signed an agreement with Italy, establishing an EEZ between the two countries and resolving longstanding issues over fishing rights in the Ionian Sea.
On 6 August 2020, Greece signed an agreement with Egypt designating an EEZ in the Eastern Mediterranean between the two countries. Both agreements are in line with Greece's claimed EEZ as per UNCLOS 1982 as well as customary international law.
In October 2020, Greece and Albania agreed to refer their EEZ boundary delimitation to the International Court.
Of the remaining neighbouring countries, Greece is yet to sign EEZ boundary agreements with Cyprus, Turkey and Libya. Turkey doesn't recognize a legal continental shelf and EEZ around the Greek islands.
# Confusion Range

The Confusion Range is a north-south trending mountain range in west-central Utah, United States. It is bounded by Snake Valley to the west, Tule Valley to the east, the Great Salt Lake Desert to the north, and the Ferguson Desert to the south. The range trends into the Burbank Hills, Mountain Home Range, and the Wah Wah Mountains to the south. In the central part of the range, an offshoot of the mountains to the west is known as the Conger Range. The Confusion Range is named for its "rugged isolation and confusing topography."
The highest peaks in the range are Conger Mountain 39°14′00″N 113°42′03″W﻿ / ﻿39.23328°N 113.700817°W﻿ / 39.23328; -113.700817, which is 7,713 feet tall, and King Top 38°54′36″N 113°31′47″W﻿ / ﻿38.910000°N 113.529666°W﻿ / 38.910000; -113.529666, which is 8,350 feet tall.

## Geology

The geology of the Confusion range is deformed Silurian to Permian limestones, dolomites, and shales.

## Roads

There are three main ways to travel through the Confusion Range:
* Around the north end, from Callao, Utah to Sand Pass
* On old Highway 6/50, on a dirt road through Cowboy Pass
* On US Highway 6/US Highway 50, through Kings Canyon (Utah)
# R398 road (Ireland)

The R398 road is a regional road in Ireland, located in County Longford.
# Gilaki

Gilaki may possibly refer to:
* Gilaks, an adjective for an ethnic group in Iran province of Gilan
* Gilaki language, a language spoken by a group of Gilani people in Iran's Gīlān Province
# Custos Rotulorum of Sligo

The Custos Rotulorum of Sligo was the highest civil officer in County Sligo during the British administration of the country..

## Incumbents

* 1789-1841 Owen Wynne
For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Sligo
# Foreman of signals (information systems)

Within the British Army, Royal Corps of Signals, a soldier selected for Foreman of Signals training must be a SNCO Class 1 Communications Systems Engineer. They will normally hold a foundation degree Military Information Systems. On completion of the course, the soldier is promoted to Staff Sergeant if the rank is not already held, and assumes the appointment of Foreman of Signals (Information Systems) and be awarded a BSc(Hons) in Management Information Systems. The holder of the appointment can be promoted through the ranks in line with current military policy from Staff Sergeant, to Warrant Officer Class 2, then Warrant Officer Class 1. To distinguish the appointment, a suffix of (FofS IS) is used (i.e. SSgt(FofS IS) WO2(FofS IS), WO1(FofS IS).

## History

The trade was originally ADP Specialist and only open to serving soldiers at the rank of Sgt. This trade dates back into the 80's
The Supervisor started around 2002.
The title Foreman of Signals (Information Systems) (FofS (IS)) was granted to the supervisory trade formally known as Supervisor (IS) in 2007. The first Supervisor (IS) title holders completed a nine-week information systems course. After 3 courses this was extended to an 8-month course with the latest variation now approximately 12 months in length. Academically the course has evolved from a Foundation Degree accredited by Bournemouth University. As of August 2011

## Selection process

Candidates are filtered from the personnel centre in Glasgow. Upon meeting the basic requirements candidates are sent a joint distance learning pack that will allow a selection panel to decide if a candidate should become a FofS (IS) or a FofS. Upon completion of a one-year DLP and final examination successful candidates are invited to attend a one-week selection board, as per all other supervisory trades, where successful candidates are filtered to attend a Foreman of Signals (Information Systems) Course.
# Eucalyptus rigens

Eucalyptus rigens, commonly known as saltlake mallee, is a species of sprawling mallee that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three on a flattened peduncle and sessile, ribbed fruit.

## Description

Eucalyptus rigens is a sprawling, sometimes almost prostrate mallee that typically grows to a height of 4 m (13 ft). It has smooth grey over white bark that peels in strips. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves that are up to 130 mm (5.1 in) long and 50 mm (2.0 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of greyish to light green on both sides, lance-shaped, up to 110 mm (4.3 in) long and 25 mm (0.98 in) wide, firm, stiff and often erect. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on a strongly flattened peduncle up to 5 mm (0.20 in) long. Mature buds are oval, ribbed, up to 14 mm (0.55 in) long and 9 mm (0.35 in) wide with a ribbed, conical operculum. Flowering occurs from July to September and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, sessile, cup-shaped or conical capsule 13 mm (0.51 in) long and wide with the valves near rim level.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus rigens was first formally described by the botanists Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper in 1989 in the journal Nuytsia from material they collected in the Truslove Nature Reserve near Grass Patch. The specific epithet (rigens) is a Latin word meaning "stiff" or "rigid", referring to the leaves.

## Distribution and habitat

Saltlake mallee grows in sandy soils around the edges of salt lakes, usually in mallee shrubland, to the north and north-east of Esperance.

## Conservation status

This mallee is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# Claire Sutton (QVC presenter)

Claire Joanna Sutton (born 25 March 1967 in Leicester, Leicestershire) is a British television presenter. She is a former dancer, actress and model, best known for her role as home shopping host on the shopping channel QVC UK, which she left in 2020.

## Career

Sutton studied dance and drama, and has since starred in various commercials and plays. In 1990, she was the hostess for the BBC One game show Takeover Bid alongside Bruce Forsyth. She was also a member of the cheer leading band G-Force, with whom she performed on the Gladiators TV show on ITV in the mid-1990s cheering on the participants. In 1998, she became a full-time TV presenter on the QVC shopping channel, where she was reputed for her bubbly personality. In July 2020, she decided to leave QVC UK and became a full-time funeral celebrant.

## Personal life

Sutton is the youngest of three children. Her father died when she was 13. She married landscape gardener Daniel Sage in 1999, four years after they met at a taping of Gladiators in which he was attending as a spectator. They have three children.
# C18H26N2O2

The molecular formula C$_{18}$H$_{26}$N$_2$O$_2$ (molar mass: 302.418 g/mol) may refer to:
* 4-Acetoxy-DiPT
* 4-AcO-DPT
# Dundas (Province of Canada electoral district)

Dundas was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada West, on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River east of Lake Ontario. It was created in 1841, upon the establishment of the Province of Canada by the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada.
Dundas was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly. It was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Ontario.

## Boundaries

Dundas electoral district was located in Canada West (now the province of Ontario on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River, east of Lake Ontario. It was midway between Kingston and Montreal, and close to the boundary with Canada East (now the province of Quebec). It was based on the boundaries of Dundas County.
The Union Act, 1840 had merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished. The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself.
Dundas County had been an electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, and its boundaries were not altered by the Act. Those boundaries had initially been set by a proclamation of the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, in 1792:
The county was subsequently defined by a statute of Upper Canada in 1798:
Since the Union Act did not change the boundaries of Dundas, the new electoral district continued to use those boundaries.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

Dundas had one member in the Legislative Assembly. The following are the representatives from 1841 to 1866:
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| 1st | 1841-1844 | John Cook | Reformer |
| 2nd | 1844-1847 | George Greenfield Macdonell | Conservative |
| 3rd | 1848-1851 | John Pliny Crysler | Conservative |
| 4th | 1851-1854 | Jesse W. Rose | Liberal |
| 5th | 1854-1857 | John Pliny Crysler | Conservative |
| 6th | 1858-1861 | James William Cook | Reformer |
| 7th | 1861-1863 | John Sylvester Ross | Conservative |
| 8th | 1863-1866 | John Sylvester Ross | Conservative |

## Abolition

The district was abolished on July 1, 1867, when the British North America Act, 1867 came into force, creating Canada and splitting the Province of Canada into Quebec and Ontario. It was succeeded by electoral districts of the same name in the House of Commons of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.
# Confusion Girl

'Confusion Girl' is a song by British electropop singer Frankmusik from his debut album Complete Me, which was released on 3 August 2009.

## Song information

The song was released on 19 July 2009 and received significant airplay. It featured on Radio 1's 'A List' prior to its release.

## Music video

The music video consists of Frankmusik (real name Vincent Frank) walking around town trying to find the woman he had lost, played by Holly Valance, whom he tracks down by the end of the video.
The video shows him being completely oblivious to what is going on around him, as he is so caught up in his search for his love interest.
It was filmed on location in Mile End Park and Clinton Road, Mile End, London.

## Track listings and formats

UK CD single
* Confusion Girl
* Confusion Girl (vs Tinchy Stryder)
* It's a Sin (Pet Shop Boys Cover)
* Confusion Girl (Original Demo Version)
Digital Download 1 (iTunes) Confusion Girl (Shame Shame Shame) - Single
* Confusion Girl
* Such Great Heights (The Postal Service Cover)
Digital Download 2 (iTunes) Confusion Girl (Shame Shame Shame) EP
* Confusion Girl (Radio Edit)
* Confusion Girl (Tinchy Stryder version)
* Confusion Girl (Riffs and Rays remix feat. Tinchy Stryder)
* Confusion Girl (Confused Boy Dub) knob boy
* Confusion Girl (Crimes Against Disco Remix)
* Confusion Girl (Don Diablo Loves to Slowdance remix)

## Charts

The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 29 on 26 July 2009.
| Chart (2009) | Peak position |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 27 |
# R398 (South Africa)

The R398 is a Regional Route in South Africa that connects Middelburg with Britstown via Richmond.

## Route

The R398 begins in the town centre of Middelburg, Eastern Cape, at a junction with Meintjies Street. East of this junction, it is the R56 road. The R398 begins by heading westwards as Loop Street before making a right and left turn to become Richmond Road.
It heads westwards from Middelburg for 107 kilometres, crossing into the Northern Cape, to reach a junction with the N1 national route just east of Richmond. The R398 joins the N1 and they are one road westwards into the town before the R398 becomes its own road northwards just north of the town centre.
The R398 heads north-west for 105 kilometres, through Merriman, to reach its end at a junction with the N12 national route approximately 16 kilometres south of Britstown.