# Coxeter notation

Fundamental domains of reflective 3D point groups :
| , [ ] = [1] C$_{1v}$ | , [2] C$_{2v}$ | , [3] C$_{3v}$ | , [4] C$_{4v}$ | , [5] C$_{5v}$ | , [6] C$_{6v}$ |
| Order 2 | Order 4 | Order 6 | Order 8 | Order 10 | Order 12 |
| [2] = [2,1] D$_{1h}$ | [2,2] D$_{2h}$ | [2,3] D$_{3h}$ | [2,4] D$_{4h}$ | [2,5] D$_{5h}$ | [2,6] D$_{6h}$ |
| Order 4 | Order 8 | Order 12 | Order 16 | Order 20 | Order 24 |
| , [3,3], T$_d$ | , [3,3], T$_d$ | , [4,3], O$_h$ | , [4,3], O$_h$ | , [5,3], I$_h$ | , [5,3], I$_h$ |
| Order 24 | Order 24 | Order 48 | Order 48 | Order 120 | Order 120 |
| Coxeter notation expresses Coxeter groups as a list of branch orders of a Coxeter diagram, like the polyhedral groups, = [p,q]. Dihedral groups, , can be expressed as a product [ ]×[n] or in a single symbol with an explicit order 2 branch, [2,n]. ||||||
In geometry, Coxeter notation (also Coxeter symbol) is a system of classifying symmetry groups, describing the angles between fundamental reflections of a Coxeter group in a bracketed notation expressing the structure of a Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with modifiers to indicate certain subgroups. The notation is named after H. S. M. Coxeter, and has been more comprehensively defined by Norman Johnson.

## Reflectional groups

For Coxeter groups, defined by pure reflections, there is a direct correspondence between the bracket notation and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram. The numbers in the bracket notation represent the mirror reflection orders in the branches of the Coxeter diagram. It uses the same simplification, suppressing 2s between orthogonal mirrors.
The Coxeter notation is simplified with exponents to represent the number of branches in a row for linear diagram. So the A$_n$ group is represented by [3$^{n−1}$], to imply n nodes connected by n−1 order-3 branches. Example A$_2$ = [3,3] = [3$^2$] or [3$^{1,1}$] represents diagrams or .
Coxeter initially represented bifurcating diagrams with vertical positioning of numbers, but later abbreviated with an exponent notation, like [...,3$^{p,q}$] or [3$^{p,q,r}$], starting with [3$^{1,1,1}$] or [3,3$^{1,1}$] = or as D$_4$. Coxeter allowed for zeros as special cases to fit the A$_n$ family, like A$_3$ = [3,3,3,3] = [3$^{4,0,0}$] = [3$^{4,0}$] = [3$^{3,1}$] = [3$^{2,2}$], like = = .
Coxeter groups formed by cyclic diagrams are represented by parentheseses inside of brackets, like [(p,q,r)] = for the triangle group (p q r). If the branch orders are equal, they can be grouped as an exponent as the length the cycle in brackets, like [(3,3,3,3)] = [3$^{[4]}$], representing Coxeter diagram or . can be represented as [3,(3,3,3)] or [3,3$^{[3]}$].
More complicated looping diagrams can also be expressed with care. The paracompact Coxeter group can be represented by Coxeter notation [(3,3,(3),3,3)], with nested/overlapping parentheses showing two adjacent [(3,3,3)] loops, and is also represented more compactly as [3$^{×}$], representing the rhombic symmetry of the Coxeter diagram. The paracompact complete graph diagram or , is represented as [3$^{[3,3]}$] with the superscript [3,3] as the symmetry of its regular tetrahedron coxeter diagram.
Finite groups :
| Rank | Group symbol | Bracket notation | Coxeter diagram |
| 2 | A$_2$ | [3] | |
| 2 | B$_2$ | [4] | |
| 2 | H$_2$ | [5] | |
| 2 | G$_2$ | [6] | |
| 2 | I$_2$(p) | [p] | |
| 3 | I$_h$, H$_3$ | [5,3] | |
| 3 | T$_d$, A$_3$ | [3,3] | |
| 3 | O$_h$, B$_3$ | [4,3] | |
| 4 | A$_4$ | [3,3,3] | |
| 4 | B$_4$ | [4,3,3] | |
| 4 | D$_4$ | [3$^{1,1,1}$] | |
| 4 | F$_4$ | [3,4,3] | |
| 4 | H$_4$ | [5,3,3] | |
| n | A$_n$ | [3$^{n−1}$] | .. |
| n | B$_n$ | [4,3$^{n−2}$] | ... |
| n | D$_n$ | [3$^{n−3,1,1}$] | ... |
| 6 | E$_6$ | [3$^{2,2,1}$] | |
| 7 | E$_7$ | [3$^{3,2,1}$] | |
| 8 | E$_8$ | [3$^{4,2,1}$] | |
Affine groups :
| Group symbol | Bracket notation | Coxeter diagram |
| ${\tilde {I}}_{1},{\tilde {A}}_{1}$ | [∞] | |
| ${\tilde {A}}_{2}$ | [3$^{[3]}$] | |
| ${\tilde {C}}_{2}$ | [4,4] | |
| ${\tilde {G}}_{2}$ | [6,3] | |
| ${\tilde {A}}_{3}$ | [3$^{[4]}$] | |
| ${\tilde {B}}_{3}$ | [4,3$^{1,1}$] | |
| ${\tilde {C}}_{3}$ | [4,3,4] | |
| ${\tilde {A}}_{4}$ | [3$^{[5]}$] | |
| ${\tilde {B}}_{4}$ | [4,3,3$^{1,1}$] | |
| ${\tilde {C}}_{4}$ | [4,3,3,4] | |
| ${\tilde {D}}_{4}$ | [ 3$^{1,1,1,1}$] | |
| ${\tilde {F}}_{4}$ | [3,4,3,3] | |
| ${\tilde {A}}_{n}$ | [3$^{[n+1]}$] | ... or ... |
| ${\tilde {B}}_{n}$ | [4,3$^{n−3}$,3$^{1,1}$] | ... |
| ${\tilde {C}}_{n}$ | [4,3$^{n−2}$,4] | ... |
| ${\tilde {D}}_{n}$ | [ 3$^{1,1}$,3$^{n−4}$,3$^{1,1}$] | ... |
| ${\tilde {E}}_{6}$ | [3$^{2,2,2}$] | |
| ${\tilde {E}}_{7}$ | [3$^{3,3,1}$] | |
| ${\tilde {E}}_{8}=E_{9}$ | [3$^{5,2,1}$] | |
Hyperbolic groups :
| Group symbol | Bracket notation |
| | [p,q] with 2(p + q) < pq |
| | [(p,q,r)] with ${\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{q}}+{\frac {1}{r}}<1$ |
| ${\overline {BH}}_{3}$ | [4,3,5] |
| ${\overline {K}}_{3}$ | [5,3,5] |
| ${\overline {J}}_{3},{\tilde {H}}_{3}$ | [3,5,3] |
| ${\overline {DH}}_{3}$ | [5,3$^{1,1}$] |
| ${\widehat {AB}}_{3}$ | [(3,3,3,4)] |
| ${\widehat {AH}}_{3}$ | [(3,3,3,5)] |
| ${\widehat {BB}}_{3}$ | [(3,4,3,4)] |
| ${\widehat {BH}}_{3}$ | [(3,4,3,5)] |
| ${\widehat {HH}}_{3}$ | [(3,5,3,5)] |
| ${\overline {H}}_{4},{\tilde {H}}_{4},H_{5}$ | [3,3,3,5] |
| ${\overline {BH}}_{4}$ | [4,3,3,5] |
| ${\overline {K}}_{4}$ | [5,3,3,5] |
| ${\overline {DH}}_{4}$ | [5,3,3$^{1,1}$] |
| ${\widehat {AF}}_{4}$ | [(3,3,3,3,4)] |
For the affine and hyperbolic groups, the subscript is one less than the number of nodes in each case, since each of these groups was obtained by adding a node to a finite group's diagram.

## Unconnected groups

The Coxeter diagram usually leaves order-2 branches undrawn, but the bracket notation includes an explicit 2 to connect the subgraphs. So the Coxeter diagram = A$_2$×A$_2$ = 2A$_2$ can be represented by [3]×[3] = [3]$^2$ = [3,2,3]. Sometimes explicit 2-branches may be included either with a 2 label, or with a line with a gap: or , as an identical presentation as [3,2,3].

## Rank and dimension

Coxeter point group rank is equal to the number of nodes which is also equal to the dimension. A single mirror exists in 1-dimension, [ ], , while in 2-dimensions [1], or [ ]×[ ]$^+$. The 1 is a place-holder, not an actual branch order, but a marker for an orthogonal inactive mirror. The notation [n,1], represents a rank 3 group, as [n]×[ ]$^+$ or . Similarly, [1,1] as [ ]×[ ]$^+$×[ ]$^+$ or order 2 and [1,1]$^+$ as [ ]$^+$×[ ]$^+$×[ ]$^+$ or , order 1!

## Subgroups

Coxeter's notation represents rotational/translational symmetry by adding a $^+$ superscript operator outside the brackets, [X]$^+$ which cuts the order of the group [X] in half, thus an index 2 subgroup. This operator implies an even number of operators must be applied, replacing reflections with rotations (or translations). When applied to a Coxeter group, this is called a direct subgroup because what remains are only direct isometries without reflective symmetry.
The $^+$ operators can also be applied inside of the brackets, like [X,Y$^+$] or [X,(Y,Z)$^+$], and creates "semidirect" subgroups that may include both reflective and nonreflective generators. Semidirect subgroups can only apply to Coxeter group subgroups that have even order branches adjacent to it. Elements by parentheses inside of a Coxeter group can be give a $^+$ superscript operator, having the effect of dividing adjacent ordered branches into half order, thus is usually only applied with even numbers. For example, [4,3$^+$] and [4,(3,3)$^+$].
If applied with adjacent odd branch, it doesn't create a subgroup of index 2, but instead creates overlapping fundamental domains, like [5,1$^+$] = [5/2], which can define doubly wrapped polygons like a pentagram, {5/2}, and [5,3$^+$] relates to Schwarz triangle [5/2,3], density 2.
Examples on Rank 2 groups :
| Group | Order | Generators | Subgroup | Subgroup | Order | Generators | Notes |
| [p] | 2p | {0,1} | [p]$^+$ | | p | {01} | Direct subgroup |
| [2p$^+$] = [2p]$^+$ | 2p | {01} | [2p$^+$]$^+$ = [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ | | p | {0101} | Direct subgroup |
| [2p] | 4p | {0,1} | [1$^+$,2p] = [p] | = = | 2p | {101,1} | Half subgroups |
| [2p] | 4p | {0,1} | [2p,1$^+$] = [p] | = = | 2p | {0,010} | Half subgroups |
| [2p] | 4p | {0,1} | [1$^+$,2p,1$^+$] = [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ | = = | p | {0101} | Quarter group |
Groups without neighboring $^+$ elements can be seen in ringed nodes Coxeter-Dynkin diagram for uniform polytopes and honeycomb are related to hole nodes around the $^+$ elements, empty circles with the alternated nodes removed. So the snub cube, has symmetry [4,3]$^+$, and the snub tetrahedron, has symmetry [4,3$^+$], and a demicube, h{4,3} = {3,3} ( or = ) has symmetry [1$^+$,4,3] = [3,3] ( or = = ).
Note: Pyritohedral symmetry can be written as , separating the graph with gaps for clarity, with the generators {0,1,2} from the Coxeter group , producing pyritohedral generators {0,12}, a reflection and 3-fold rotation. And chiral tetrahedral symmetry can be written as or , [1$^+$,4,3$^+$] = [3,3]$^+$, with generators {12,0120}.

### Halving subgroups and extended groups

Example halving operations :
| [1,4,1] = [4] | = = [1$^+$,4,1]=[2]=[ ]×[ ] |
| = = [1,4,1$^+$]=[2]=[ ]×[ ] | = = = [1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = [2]$^+$ |
Johnson extends the $^+$ operator to work with a placeholder 1$^+$ nodes, which removes mirrors, doubling the size of the fundamental domain and cuts the group order in half. In general this operation only applies to individual mirrors bounded by even-order branches. The 1 represents a mirror so [2p] can be seen as [2p,1], [1,2p], or [1,2p,1], like diagram or , with 2 mirrors related by an order-2p dihedral angle. The effect of a mirror removal is to duplicate connecting nodes, which can be seen in the Coxeter diagrams: = , or in bracket notation:[1$^+$,2p, 1] = [1,p,1] = [p].
Each of these mirrors can be removed so h[2p] = [1$^+$,2p,1] = [1,2p,1$^+$] = [p], a reflective subgroup index 2. This can be shown in a Coxeter diagram by adding a $^+$ symbol above the node: = = .
If both mirrors are removed, a quarter subgroup is generated, with the branch order becoming a gyration point of half the order:
    q[2p] = [1$^+$,2p,1$^+$] = [p]$^+$, a rotational subgroup of index 4. = = = = .
For example, (with p=2): [4,1$^+$] = [1$^+$,4] = [2] = [ ]×[ ], order 4. [1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = [2]$^+$, order 2.
The opposite to halving is doubling which adds a mirror, bisecting a fundamental domain, and doubling the group order.
    [[p]] = [2p]
Halving operations apply for higher rank groups, like tetrahedral symmetry is a half group of octahedral group: h[4,3] = [1$^+$,4,3] = [3,3], removing half the mirrors at the 4-branch. The effect of a mirror removal is to duplicate all connecting nodes, which can be seen in the Coxeter diagrams: = , h[2p,3] = [1$^+$,2p,3] = [(p,3,3)].
If nodes are indexed, half subgroups can be labeled with new mirrors as composites. Like , generators {0,1} has subgroup = , generators {1,010}, where mirror 0 is removed, and replaced by a copy of mirror 1 reflected across mirror 0. Also given , generators {0,1,2}, it has half group = , generators {1,2,010}.
Doubling by adding a mirror also applies in reversing the halving operation: [[3,3]] = [4,3], or more generally [[(q,q,p)]] = [2p,q].
| Tetrahedral symmetry | Octahedral symmetry |
| T$_d$, [3,3] = [1$^+$,4,3] = = (Order 24) | O$_h$, [4,3] = [[3,3]] (Order 48) |

### Radical subgroups

Johnson also added an asterisk or star * operator for "radical" subgroups, that acts similar to the $^+$ operator, but removes rotational symmetry. The index of the radical subgroup is the order of the removed element. For example, [4,3*] ≅ [2,2]. The removed subgroup is order 6 so [2,2] is an index 6 subgroup of [4,3].
The radical subgroups represent the inverse operation to an extended symmetry operation. For example, [4,3*] ≅ [2,2], and in reverse [2,2] can be extended as [3[2,2]] ≅ [4,3]. The subgroups can be expressed as a Coxeter diagram: or ≅ . The removed node (mirror) causes adjacent mirror virtual mirrors to become real mirrors.
If [4,3] has generators {0,1,2}, [4,3$^+$], index 2, has generators {0,12}; [1$^+$,4,3] ≅ [3,3], index 2 has generators {010,1,2}; while radical subgroup [4,3*] ≅ [2,2], index 6, has generators {01210, 2, (012)$^3$}; and finally [1$^+$,4,3*], index 12 has generators {0(12)$^2$0, (012)$^2$01}.

### Trionic subgroups

A trionic subgroup is an index 3 subgroup. Johnson defines a trionic subgroup with operator ⅄, index 3. For rank 2 Coxeter groups, [3], the trionic subgroup, [3$^⅄$] is [ ], a single mirror. And for [3p], the trionic subgroup is [3p]$^⅄$ ≅ [p]. Given , with generators {0,1}, has 3 trionic subgroups. They can be differentiated by putting the ⅄ symbol next to the mirror generator to be removed, or on a branch for both: [3p,1$^⅄$] = = , = , and [3p$^⅄$] = = with generators {0,10101}, {01010,1}, or {101,010}.
Trionic subgroups of tetrahedral symmetry: [3,3]$^⅄$ ≅ [2$^+$,4], relating the symmetry of the regular tetrahedron and tetragonal disphenoid.
For rank 3 Coxeter groups, [p,3], there is a trionic subgroup [p,3$^⅄$] ≅ [p/2,p], or = . For example, the finite group [4,3$^⅄$] ≅ [2,4], and Euclidean group [6,3$^⅄$] ≅ [3,6], and hyperbolic group [8,3$^⅄$] ≅ [4,8].
An odd-order adjacent branch, p, will not lower the group order, but create overlapping fundamental domains. The group order stays the same, while the density increases. For example, the icosahedral symmetry, [5,3], of the regular polyhedra icosahedron becomes [5/2,5], the symmetry of 2 regular star polyhedra. It also relates the hyperbolic tilings {p,3}, and star hyperbolic tilings {p/2,p}
For rank 4, [q,2p,3$^⅄$] = [2p,((p,q,q))], = .
For example, [3,4,3$^⅄$] = [4,3,3], or = , generators {0,1,2,3} in [3,4,3] with the trionic subgroup [4,3,3] generators {0,1,2,32123}. For hyperbolic groups, [3,6,3$^⅄$] = [6,3$^{[3]}$], and [4,4,3$^⅄$] = [4,4,4].

#### Trionic subgroups of tetrahedral symmetry

Johnson identified two specific trionic subgroups of [3,3], first an index 3 subgroup [3,3]$^⅄$ ≅ [2$^+$,4], with [3,3] ( = = ) generators {0,1,2}. It can also be written as [(3,3,2$^⅄$)] as a reminder of its generators {02,1}. This symmetry reduction is the relationship between the regular tetrahedron and the tetragonal disphenoid, represent a stretching of a tetrahedron perpendicular to two opposite edges.
Secondly he identifies a related index 6 subgroup [3,3]$^Δ$ or [(3,3,2$^⅄$)]$^+$, index 3 from [3,3]$^+$ ≅ [2,2]$^+$, with generators {02,1021}, from [3,3] and its generators {0,1,2}.
These subgroups also apply within larger Coxeter groups with [3,3] subgroup with neighboring branches all even order.
For example, [(3,3)$^+$,4], [(3,3)$^⅄$,4], and [(3,3)$^Δ$,4] are subgroups of [3,3,4], index 2, 3 and 6 respectively. The generators of [(3,3)$^⅄$,4] ≅ [[4,2,4]] ≅ [8,2$^+$,8], order 128, are {02,1,3} from [3,3,4] generators {0,1,2,3}. And [(3,3)$^Δ$,4] ≅ [[4,2$^+$,4]], order 64, has generators {02,1021,3}. As well, [3$^⅄$,4,3$^⅄$] ≅ [(3,3)$^⅄$,4].
Also related [3$^{1,1,1}$] = [3,3,4,1$^+$] has trionic subgroups: [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^⅄$ = [(3,3)$^⅄$,4,1$^+$], order 64, and 1=[3$^{1,1,1}$]$^Δ$ = [(3,3)$^Δ$,4,1$^+$] ≅ [[4,2$^+$,4]]$^+$, order 32.

### Central inversion

A central inversion, order 2, is operationally differently by dimension. The group [ ]$^n$ = [2$^{n−1}$] represents n orthogonal mirrors in n-dimensional space, or an n-flat subspace of a higher dimensional space. The mirrors of the group [2$^{n−1}$] are numbered ⁠$0\dots n-1$⁠. The order of the mirrors doesn't matter in the case of an inversion. The matrix of a central inversion is ⁠$-I$⁠, the Identity matrix with negative one on the diagonal.
From that basis, the central inversion has a generator as the product of all the orthogonal mirrors. In Coxeter notation this inversion group is expressed by adding an alternation $^+$ to each 2 branch. The alternation symmetry is marked on Coxeter diagram nodes as open nodes.
A Coxeter-Dynkin diagram can be marked up with explicit 2 branches defining a linear sequence of mirrors, open-nodes, and shared double-open nodes to show the chaining of the reflection generators.
For example, [2$^+$,2] and [2,2$^+$] are subgroups index 2 of [2,2], , and are represented as (or ) and (or ) with generators {01,2} and {0,12} respectively. Their common subgroup index 4 is [2$^+$,2$^+$], and is represented by (or ), with the double-open marking a shared node in the two alternations, and a single rotoreflection generator {012}.
| Dimension | Coxeter notation | Order | Operation | Generator |
| 2 | [2]$^+$ | 2 | 180° rotation, C$_2$ | {01} |
| 3 | [2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2 | rotoreflection, C$_i$ or S$_2$ | {012} |
| 4 | [2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2 | double rotation | {0123} |
| 5 | [2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2 | double rotary reflection | {01234} |
| 6 | [2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2 | triple rotation | {012345} |
| 7 | [2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2 | triple rotary reflection | {0123456} |

### Rotations and rotary reflections

Rotations and rotary reflections are constructed by a single single-generator product of all the reflections of a prismatic group, [2p]×[2q]×... where gcd(p,q,...)=1, they are isomorphic to the abstract cyclic group Z$_n$, of order n=2pq.
The 4-dimensional double rotations, [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$] (with gcd(p,q)=1), which include a central group, and are expressed by Conway as ±[C$_p$×C$_q$], order 2pq. From Coxeter diagram , generators {0,1,2,3}, requires two generator for [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$], as {0123,0132}. Half groups, [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$]$^+$, or cyclic graph, [(2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$)], expressed by Conway is [C$_p$×C$_q$], order pq, with one generator, like {0123}.
If there is a common factor f, the double rotation can be written as 1⁄f[2pf$^+$,2$^+$,2qf$^+$] (with gcd(p,q)=1), generators {0123,0132}, order 2pqf. For example, p=q=1, f=2, 1⁄2[4$^+$,2$^+$,4$^+$] is order 4. And 1⁄f[2pf$^+$,2$^+$,2qf$^+$]$^+$, generator {0123}, is order pqf. For example, 1⁄2[4$^+$,2$^+$,4$^+$]$^+$ is order 2, a central inversion.
In general a n-rotation group, [2p$_1$$^+$,2,2p$_2$$^+$,2,...,p$_n$$^+$] may require up to n generators if gcd(p$_1$,..,p$_n$)>1, as a product of all mirrors, and then swapping sequential pairs. The half group, [2p$_1$$^+$,2,2p$_2$$^+$,2,...,p$_n$$^+$]$^+$ has generators squared. n-rotary reflections are similar.
Examples :
| Dimension | Coxeter notation | Order | Operation | Generators | Direct subgroup | Direct subgroup |
| 2 | [2p]$^+$ | 2p | Rotation | {01} | [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ | Simple rotation: [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ order p |
| 3 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p | rotary reflection | {012} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | Simple rotation: [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ order p |
| 4 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p | double rotation | {0123} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | Simple rotation: [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ order p |
| 5 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p | double rotary reflection | {01234} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | Simple rotation: [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ order p |
| 6 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p | triple rotation | {012345} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | Simple rotation: [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ order p |
| 7 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p | triple rotary reflection | {0123456} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | Simple rotation: [2p]$^{+2}$ = [p]$^+$ order p |
| 4 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$] | 2pq | double rotation | {0123, 0132} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$]$^+$ | Double rotation: [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$]$^+$ order pq |
| 5 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$] | 2pq | double rotary reflection | {01234, 01243} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ | Double rotation: [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$]$^+$ order pq |
| 6 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2pq | triple rotation | {012345, 012354, 013245} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ | Double rotation: [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$]$^+$ order pq |
| 7 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2pq | triple rotary reflection | {0123456, 0123465, 0124356, 0124356} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ | Double rotation: [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$]$^+$ order pq |
| 6 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2r$^+$] | 2pqr | triple rotation | {012345, 012354, 013245} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2r$^+$]$^+$ | Triple rotation: [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2r$^+$]$^+$ order pqr |
| 7 | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2r$^+$,2$^+$] | 2pqr | triple rotary reflection | {0123456, 0123465, 0124356, 0213456} | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2r$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ | Triple rotation: [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$,2r$^+$]$^+$ order pqr |

### Commutator subgroups

Simple groups with only odd-order branch elements have only a single rotational/translational subgroup of order 2, which is also the commutator subgroup, examples [3,3]$^+$, [3,5]$^+$, [3,3,3]$^+$, [3,3,5]$^+$. For other Coxeter groups with even-order branches, the commutator subgroup has index 2$^c$, where c is the number of disconnected subgraphs when all the even-order branches are removed.
For example, [4,4] has three independent nodes in the Coxeter diagram when the 4s are removed, so its commutator subgroup is index 2$^3$, and can have different representations, all with three $^+$ operators: [4$^+$,4$^+$]$^+$, [1$^+$,4,1$^+$,4,1$^+$], [1$^+$,4,4,1$^+$]$^+$, or [(4$^+$,4$^+$,2$^+$)]. A general notation can be used with +c as a group exponent, like [4,4]$^{+3}$.

### Example subgroups
#### Rank 2 example subgroups

Dihedral symmetry groups with even-orders have a number of subgroups. This example shows two generator mirrors of [4] in red and green, and looks at all subgroups by halfing, rank-reduction, and their direct subgroups. The group [4], has two mirror generators 0, and 1. Each generate two virtual mirrors 101 and 010 by reflection across the other.
Subgroups of [4] :
| Index | 1 | 2 (half) | 2 (half) | 4 (Rank-reduction) | 4 (Rank-reduction) |
| Diagram | | | | | |
| Coxeter | [1,4,1] = [4] | = = [1$^+$,4,1] = [1$^+$,4] = [2] | = = [1,4,1$^+$] = [4,1$^+$] = [2] | [2,1$^+$] = [1] = [ ] | [1$^+$,2] = [1] = [ ] |
| Generators | {0,1} | {101,1} | {0,010} | {0} | {1} |
| Direct subgroups ||||||
| Index | 2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 |
| Diagram | | | | | |
| Coxeter | [4]$^+$ | = = = [4]$^{+2}$ = [1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = [2]$^+$ | = = = [4]$^{+2}$ = [1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = [2]$^+$ | [ ]$^+$ | [ ]$^+$ |
| Generators | {01} | {(01)$^2$} | {(01)$^2$} | {0$^2$} = {1$^2$} = {(01)$^4$} = { } | {0$^2$} = {1$^2$} = {(01)$^4$} = { } |

#### Rank 3 Euclidean example subgroups

The [4,4] group has 15 small index subgroups. This table shows them all, with a yellow fundamental domain for pure reflective groups, and alternating white and blue domains which are paired up to make rotational domains. Cyan, red, and green mirror lines correspond to the same colored nodes in the Coxeter diagram. Subgroup generators can be expressed as products of the original 3 mirrors of the fundamental domain, {0,1,2}, corresponding to the 3 nodes of the Coxeter diagram, . A product of two intersecting reflection lines makes a rotation, like {012}, {12}, or {02}. Removing a mirror causes two copies of neighboring mirrors, across the removed mirror, like {010}, and {212}. Two rotations in series cut the rotation order in half, like {0101} or {(01)$^2$}, {1212} or {(02)$^2$}. A product of all three mirrors creates a transreflection, like {012} or {120}.
Small index subgroups of [4,4] :
| Index | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| Diagram | | | | | | |
| Coxeter | [1,4,1,4,1] = [4,4] | [1$^+$,4,4] = | [4,4,1$^+$] = | [4,1$^+$,4] = | [1$^+$,4,4,1$^+$] = | [4$^+$,4$^+$] |
| Generators | {0,1,2} | {010,1,2} | {0,1,212} | {0,101,121,2} | {010,1,212,20102} | {(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$,012,120} |
| Orbifold | *442 | *442 | *442 | *2222 | *2222 | 22× |
| Semidirect subgroups |||||||
| Index | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| Diagram | | | | | | |
| Coxeter | | [4,4$^+$] | [4$^+$,4] | [(4,4,2$^+$)] = | [4,1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = = | [1$^+$,4,1$^+$,4] = = |
| Generators | | {0,12} | {01,2} | {02,1,212} | {0,101,(12)$^2$} | {(01)$^2$,121,2} |
| Orbifold | | 4*2 | 4*2 | 2*22 | 2*22 | 2*22 |
| Direct subgroups |||||||
| Index | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 |
| Diagram | | | | | | |
| Coxeter | [4,4]$^+$ = | [4,4$^+$]$^+$ = | [4$^+$,4]$^+$ = | [(4,4,2$^+$)]$^+$ = | [4,4]$^{+3}$ = [(4$^+$,4$^+$,2$^+$)] = [1$^+$,4,1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = [4$^+$,4$^+$]$^+$ = = = = | [4,4]$^{+3}$ = [(4$^+$,4$^+$,2$^+$)] = [1$^+$,4,1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = [4$^+$,4$^+$]$^+$ = = = = |
| Generators | {01,12} | {(01)$^2$,12} | {01,(12)$^2$} | {02,(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$} | {(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$,2(01)$^2$2} | {(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$,2(01)$^2$2} |
| Orbifold | 442 | 442 | 442 | 2222 | 2222 | 2222 |
| Radical subgroups |||||||
| Index | | 8 | 8 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Diagram | | | | | | |
| Coxeter | | [4,4*] = | [4*,4] = | [4,4*]$^+$ = | [4*,4]$^+$ = | [4*,4]$^+$ = |
| Orbifold | | *2222 | *2222 | 2222 | 2222 | 2222 |

#### Hyperbolic example subgroups

The same set of 15 small subgroups exists on all triangle groups with even order elements, like [6,4] in the hyperbolic plane:
Small index subgroups of [6,4] :
| Index | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Diagram | | | | | | |
| Coxeter | [1,6,1,4,1] = [6,4] | [1$^+$,6,4] = | [6,4,1$^+$] = | [6,1$^+$,4] = | [1$^+$,6,4,1$^+$] = | [6$^+$,4$^+$] |
| Generators | {0,1,2} | {010,1,2} | {0,1,212} | {0,101,121,2} | {010,1,212,20102} | {(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$,012} |
| Orbifold | *642 | *443 | *662 | *3222 | *3232 | 32× |
| Semidirect subgroups |||||||
| Diagram | | | | | | |
| Coxeter | | [6,4$^+$] | [6$^+$,4] | [(6,4,2$^+$)] | [6,1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = = = = | [1$^+$,6,1$^+$,4] = = = = |
| Generators | | {0,12} | {01,2} | {02,1,212} | {0,101,(12)$^2$} | {(01)$^2$,121,2} |
| Orbifold | | 4*3 | 6*2 | 2*32 | 2*33 | 3*22 |
| Direct subgroups |||||||
| Index | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Diagram | | | | | | |
| Coxeter | [6,4]$^+$ = | [6,4$^+$]$^+$ = | [6$^+$,4]$^+$ = | [(6,4,2$^+$)]$^+$ = | [6$^+$,4$^+$]$^+$ = [1$^+$,6,1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = = = | [6$^+$,4$^+$]$^+$ = [1$^+$,6,1$^+$,4,1$^+$] = = = |
| Generators | {01,12} | {(01)$^2$,12} | {01,(12)$^2$} | {02,(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$} | {(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$,201012} | {(01)$^2$,(12)$^2$,201012} |
| Orbifold | 642 | 443 | 662 | 3222 | 3232 | 3232 |
| Radical subgroups |||||||
| Index | | 8 | 12 | 16 | 24 |
| Diagram | | | | | |
| Generators | | {0,101,21012,1210121} | {2,121,101020101,0102010, 010101020101010, 10101010201010101} | | |
| Coxeter (orbifold) | | [6,4*] = (*3333) | [6*,4] (*222222) | [6,4*]$^+$ = (3333) | [6*,4]$^+$ (222222) |

### Parabolic subgroups

A parabolic subgroup of a Coxeter group can be identified by removing one or more generator mirrors represented with a Coxeter diagram. For example the octahedral group has parabolic subgroups , , , , , . In bracket notation [4,3] has parabolic subgroups [4],[2],[3], and a single mirror. The order of the subgroup is known, and always an integer divisor group order, or index. Parabolic subgroups can also be written with x nodes, like =[4,3] subgroup by removing second mirror: or = = [4,1$^×$,3] = [2].

### Petrie subgroup

A petrie subgroup of an irreducible coxeter group can be created by the product of all of the generators. It can be seen in the skew regular petrie polygon of a regular polytope. The order of the new group is called the Coxeter number of the original Coxeter group. The Coxeter number of a Coxeter group is 2m/n, where n is the rank, and m is the number of reflections. A petrie subgroup can be written with a π superscript. For example, [3,3]$^π$ is the petrie subgroup of a tetrahedral group, cyclic group order 4, generated by a rotoreflection. A rank 4 Coxeter group will have a double rotation generator, like [4,3,3]$^π$ is order 8.

## Extended symmetry

| Wallpaper group | Triangle symmetry | Extended symmetry | Extended diagram | Extended group | Honeycombs |
| p3m1 (*333) | a1 | [3$^{[3]}$] | | ${\tilde {A}}_{2}$ | (none) |
| p6m (*632) | i2 | [[3$^{[3]}$]] ↔ [6,3] | ↔ | ${\tilde {A}}_{2}\times 2\leftrightarrow {\tilde {G}}_{2}$ | $_1$, $_2$ |
| p31m (3*3) | g3 | [3$^+$[3$^{[3]}$]] ↔ [6,3$^+$] | ↔ | ${\tilde {A}}_{2}\times 3\leftrightarrow {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\tilde {G}}_{2}$ | (none) |
| p6 (632) | r6 | [3[3$^{[3]}$]]$^+$ ↔ [6,3]$^+$ | ↔ | ${\tfrac {1}{2}}{\tilde {A}}_{2}\times 6\leftrightarrow {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\tilde {G}}_{2}$ | $_{(1)}$ |
| p6m (*632) | r6 | [3[3$^{[3]}$]] ↔ [6,3] | ↔ | ${\tilde {A}}_{2}\times 6\leftrightarrow {\tilde {G}}_{2}$ | $_3$ |
In the Euclidean plane, the ${\tilde {A}}_{2}$, [3$^{[3]}$] Coxeter group can be extended in two ways into the ${\tilde {G}}_{2}$, [6,3] Coxeter group and relates uniform tilings as ringed diagrams. :
Coxeter's notation includes double square bracket notation, [[X]] to express automorphic symmetry within a Coxeter diagram. Johnson added alternative doubling by angled-bracket <[X]>. Johnson also added a prefix symmetry modifier [Y[X]], where Y can either represent symmetry of the Coxeter diagram of [X], or symmetry of the fundamental domain of [X].
For example, in 3D these equivalent rectangle and rhombic geometry diagrams of ${\tilde {A}}_{3}$: and , the first doubled with square brackets, [[3$^{[4]}$]] or twice doubled as [2[3$^{[4]}$]], with [2], order 4 higher symmetry. To differentiate the second, angled brackets are used for doubling, <[3$^{[4]}$]> and twice doubled as <2[3$^{[4]}$]>, also with a different [2], order 4 symmetry. Finally a full symmetry where all 4 nodes are equivalent can be represented by [4[3$^{[4]}$]], with the order 8, [4] symmetry of the square. But by considering the tetragonal disphenoid fundamental domain the [4] extended symmetry of the square graph can be marked more explicitly as [(2$^+$,4)[3$^{[4]}$]] or [2$^+$,4[3$^{[4]}$]].
Further symmetry exists in the cyclic ${\tilde {A}}_{n}$ and branching $D_{3}$, ${\tilde {E}}_{6}$, and ${\tilde {D}}_{4}$ diagrams. ${\tilde {A}}_{n}$ has order 2n symmetry of a regular n-gon, {n}, and is represented by [n[3$^{[n]}$]]. $D_{3}$ and ${\tilde {E}}_{6}$ are represented by [3[3$^{1,1,1}$]] = [3,4,3] and [3[3$^{2,2,2}$]] respectively while ${\tilde {D}}_{4}$ by [(3,3)[3$^{1,1,1,1}$]] = [3,3,4,3], with the diagram containing the order 24 symmetry of the regular tetrahedron, {3,3}. The paracompact hyperbolic group ${\bar {L}}_{5}$ = [3$^{1,1,1,1,1}$], , contains the symmetry of a 5-cell, {3,3,3}, and thus is represented by [(3,3,3)[3$^{1,1,1,1,1}$]] = [3,4,3,3,3].
An asterisk * superscript is effectively an inverse operation, creating radical subgroups removing connected of odd-ordered mirrors.
Examples:
Example Extended groups and radical subgroups :
| Extended groups | Radical subgroups | Coxeter diagrams | Index |
| [3[2,2]] = [4,3] | [4,3*] = [2,2] | = | 6 |
| [(3,3)[2,2,2]] = [4,3,3] | [4,(3,3)*] = [2,2,2] | = | 24 |
| [1[3$^{1,1}$]] = [[3,3]] = [3,4] | [3,4,1$^+$] = [3,3] | = | 2 |
| [3[3$^{1,1,1}$]] = [3,4,3] | [3*,4,3] = [3$^{1,1,1}$] | = | 6 |
| [2[3$^{1,1,1,1}$]] = [4,3,3,4] | [1$^+$,4,3,3,4,1$^+$] = [3$^{1,1,1,1}$] | = | 4 |
| [3[3,3$^{1,1,1}$]] = [3,3,4,3] | [3*,4,3,3] = [3$^{1,1,1,1}$] | = | 6 |
| [(3,3)[3$^{1,1,1,1}$]] = [3,4,3,3] | [3,4,(3,3)*] = [3$^{1,1,1,1}$] | = | 24 |
| [2[3,3$^{1,1,1,1}$]] = [3,(3,4)$^{1,1}$] | [3,(3,4,1$^+$)$^{1,1}$] = [3,3$^{1,1,1,1}$] | = | 4 |
| [(2,3)[$^{1,1}$3$^{1,1,1}$]] = [4,3,3,4,3] | [3*,4,3,3,4,1$^+$] = [3$^{1,1,1,1,1}$] | = | 12 |
| [(3,3)[3,3$^{1,1,1,1}$]] = [3,3,4,3,3] | [3,3,4,(3,3)*] = [3$^{1,1,1,1,1}$] | = | 24 |
| [(3,3,3)[3$^{1,1,1,1,1}$]] = [3,4,3,3,3] | [3,4,(3,3,3)*] = [3$^{1,1,1,1,1}$] | = | 120 |
| Extended groups | Radical subgroups | Coxeter diagrams | Index |
| [1[3$^{[3]}$]] = [3,6] | [3,6,1$^+$] = [3$^{[3]}$] | = | 2 |
| [3[3$^{[3]}$]] = [6,3] | [6,3*] = [3$^{[3]}$] | = | 6 |
| [1[3,3$^{[3]}$]] = [3,3,6] | [3,3,6,1$^+$] = [3,3$^{[3]}$] | = | 2 |
| [(3,3)[3$^{[3,3]}$]] = [6,3,3] | [6,(3,3)*] = [3$^{[3,3]}$] | = | 24 |
| [1[∞]$^2$] = [4,4] | [4,1$^+$,4] = [∞]$^2$ = [∞,2,∞] | = | 2 |
| [2[∞]$^2$] = [4,4] | [1$^+$,4,4,1$^+$] = [(4,4,2*)] = [∞]$^2$ | = | 4 |
| [4[∞]$^2$] = [4,4] | [4,4*] = [∞]$^2$ | = | 8 |
| [2[3$^{[4]}$]] = [4,3,4] | [1$^+$,4,3,4,1$^+$] = [(4,3,4,2*)] = [3$^{[4]}$] | = = | 4 |
| [3[∞]$^3$] = [4,3,4] | [4,3*,4] = [∞]$^3$ = [∞,2,∞,2,∞] | = | 6 |
| [(3,3)[∞]$^3$] = [4,3$^{1,1}$] | [4,(3$^{1,1}$)*] = [∞]$^3$ | = | 24 |
| [(4,3)[∞]$^3$] = [4,3,4] | [4,(3,4)*] = [∞]$^3$ | = | 48 |
| [(3,3)[∞]$^4$] = [4,3,3,4] | [4,(3,3)*,4] = [∞]$^4$ | = | 24 |
| [(4,3,3)[∞]$^4$] = [4,3,3,4] | [4,(3,3,4)*] = [∞]$^4$ | = | 384 |
Looking at generators, the double symmetry is seen as adding a new operator that maps symmetric positions in the Coxeter diagram, making some original generators redundant. For 3D space groups, and 4D point groups, Coxeter defines an index two subgroup of [[X]], [[X]$^+$], which he defines as the product of the original generators of [X] by the doubling generator. This looks similar to [[X]]$^+$, which is the chiral subgroup of [[X]]. So for example the 3D space groups [[4,3,4]]$^+$ (I432, 211) and [[4,3,4]$^+$] (Pm3n, 223) are distinct subgroups of [[4,3,4]] (Im3m, 229).

## Rank one groups

In one dimension, the bilateral group [ ] represents a single mirror symmetry, abstract Dih$_1$ or Z$_2$, symmetry order 2. It is represented as a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram with a single node, . The identity group is the direct subgroup [ ]$^+$, Z$_1$, symmetry order 1. The + superscript simply implies that alternate mirror reflections are ignored, leaving the identity group in this simplest case. Coxeter used a single open node to represent an alternation, .
| Group | Coxeter notation | Coxeter diagram | Order | Description |
| C$_1$ | [ ]$^+$ | | 1 | Identity |
| D$_2$ | [ ] | | 2 | Reflection group |

## Rank two groups

In two dimensions, the rectangular group [2], abstract D$_2$$^2$ or D$_4$, also can be represented as a direct product [ ]×[ ], being the product of two bilateral groups, represents two orthogonal mirrors, with Coxeter diagram, , with order 4. The 2 in [2] comes from linearization of the orthogonal subgraphs in the Coxeter diagram, as with explicit branch order 2. The rhombic group, [2]$^+$ ( or ), half of the rectangular group, the point reflection symmetry, Z$_2$, order 2.
Coxeter notation to allow a 1 place-holder for lower rank groups, so [1] is the same as [ ], and [1$^+$] or [1]$^+$ is the same as [ ]$^+$ and Coxeter diagram .
The full p-gonal group [p], abstract dihedral group D$_{2p}$, (nonabelian for p>2), of order 2p, is generated by two mirrors at angle π/p, represented by Coxeter diagram . The p-gonal subgroup [p]$^+$, cyclic group Z$_p$, of order p, generated by a rotation angle of π/p.
Coxeter notation uses double-bracking to represent an automorphic doubling of symmetry by adding a bisecting mirror to the fundamental domain. For example, [[p]] adds a bisecting mirror to [p], and is isomorphic to [2p].
In the limit, going down to one dimensions, the full apeirogonal group is obtained when the angle goes to zero, so [∞], abstractly the infinite dihedral group D$_∞$, represents two parallel mirrors and has a Coxeter diagram . The apeirogonal group [∞]$^+$, , abstractly the infinite cyclic group Z$_∞$, isomorphic to the additive group of the integers, is generated by a single nonzero translation.
In the hyperbolic plane, there is a full pseudogonal group [iπ/λ], and pseudogonal subgroup [iπ/λ]$^+$, . These groups exist in regular infinite-sided polygons, with edge length λ. The mirrors are all orthogonal to a single line.
Example rank 2 finite and hyperbolic symmetries :
| Type | Finite | Finite | Finite | Finite | Finite | Affine | Hyperbolic | Hyperbolic |
| Geometry | | | | | ... | | | |
| Coxeter | [ ] | = [2]=[ ]×[ ] | [3] | [4] | [p] | [∞] | [∞] | [iπ/λ] |
| Order | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 2p | ∞ | ∞ | ∞ |
| Mirror lines are colored to correspond to Coxeter diagram nodes. Fundamental domains are alternately colored. |||||||||
| Even images (direct) | | | | | ... | | | |
| Odd images (inverted) | | | | | ... | | | |
| Coxeter | [ ]$^+$ | [2]$^+$ | [3]$^+$ | [4]$^+$ | [p]$^+$ | [∞]$^+$ | [∞]$^+$ | [iπ/λ]$^+$ |
| Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | p | ∞ | ∞ | ∞ |
| Cyclic subgroups represent alternate reflections, all even (direct) images. |||||||||
| Group | Intl | Orbifold | Coxeter | Order | Description |
| Finite |||||||
| Z$_n$ | n | n• | [n]$^+$ | n | Cyclic: n-fold rotations. Abstract group Z$_n$, the group of integers under addition modulo n. |
| D$_{2n}$ | nm | *n• | [n] | 2n | Dihedral: cyclic with reflections. Abstract group Dih$_n$, the dihedral group. |
| Affine |||||||
| Z$_∞$ | ∞ | ∞• | [∞]$^+$ | ∞ | Cyclic: apeirogonal group. Abstract group Z$_∞$, the group of integers under addition. |
| Dih$_∞$ | ∞m | *∞• | [∞] | ∞ | Dihedral: parallel reflections. Abstract infinite dihedral group Dih$_∞$. |
| Hyperbolic |||||||
| Z$_∞$ | | | [πi/λ]$^+$ | ∞ | pseudogonal group |
| Dih$_∞$ | | | [πi/λ] | ∞ | full pseudogonal group |

## Rank three groups

Point groups in 3 dimensions can be expressed in bracket notation related to the rank 3 Coxeter groups:
Finite groups of isometries in 3-space :
| Rotation groups | Rotation groups | Rotation groups | Rotation groups | Rotation groups | Rotation groups | Extended groups | Extended groups | Extended groups | Extended groups | Extended groups | Extended groups |
| Name | Bracket | Orb | Sch | Abstract | Order | Name | Bracket | Orb | Sch | Abstract | Order |
| Identity | [ ]$^+$ | 11 | C$_1$ | Z$_1$ | 1 | Bilateral | [1,1] = [ ] | * | D$_2$ | Z$_2$ | 2 |
| Identity | [ ]$^+$ | 11 | C$_1$ | Z$_1$ | 1 | Central | [2$^+$,2$^+$] | × | C$_i$ | 2×Z$_1$ | 2 |
| Acrorhombic | [1,2]$^+$ = [2]$^+$ | 22 | C$_2$ | Z$_2$ | 2 | Acrorectangular | [1,2] = [2] | *22 | C$_{2v}$ | D$_4$ | 4 |
| Acrorhombic | [1,2]$^+$ = [2]$^+$ | 22 | C$_2$ | Z$_2$ | 2 | Gyrorhombic | [2$^+$,4$^+$] | 2× | S$_4$ | Z$_4$ | 4 |
| Acrorhombic | [1,2]$^+$ = [2]$^+$ | 22 | C$_2$ | Z$_2$ | 2 | Orthorhombic | [2,2$^+$] | 2* | D$_{1d}$ | Z$_2$×Z$_2$ | 4 |
| Pararhombic | [2,2]$^+$ | 222 | D$_2$ | D$_4$ | 4 | Gyrorectangular | [2$^+$,4] | 2*2 | D$_{2d}$ | D$_8$ | 8 |
| Pararhombic | [2,2]$^+$ | 222 | D$_2$ | D$_4$ | 4 | Orthorectangular | [2,2] | *222 | D$_{2h}$ | Z$_2$×D$_4$ | 8 |
| Acro-p-gonal | [1,p]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | pp | C$_p$ | Z$_p$ | p | Full acro-p-gonal | [1,p] = [p] | *pp | C$_{pv}$ | D$_{2p}$ | 2p |
| Acro-p-gonal | [1,p]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | pp | C$_p$ | Z$_p$ | p | Gyro-p-gonal | [2$^+$,2p$^+$] | p× | S$_{2p}$ | Z$_{2p}$ | 2p |
| Acro-p-gonal | [1,p]$^+$ = [p]$^+$ | pp | C$_p$ | Z$_p$ | p | Ortho-p-gonal | [2,p$^+$] | p* | C$_{ph}$ | Z$_2$×Z$_p$ | 2p |
| Para-p-gonal | [2,p]$^+$ | p22 | D$_{2p}$ | D$_{2p}$ | 2p | Full gyro-p-gonal | [2$^+$,2p] | 2*p | D$_{pd}$ | D$_{4p}$ | 4p |
| Para-p-gonal | [2,p]$^+$ | p22 | D$_{2p}$ | D$_{2p}$ | 2p | Full ortho-p-gonal | [2,p] | *p22 | D$_{ph}$ | Z$_2$×D$_{2p}$ | 4p |
| Tetrahedral | [3,3]+ | 332 | T | A$_4$ | 12 | Full tetrahedral | [3,3] | *332 | T$_d$ | S$_4$ | 24 |
| Tetrahedral | [3,3]+ | 332 | T | A$_4$ | 12 | Pyritohedral | [3$^+$,4] | 3*2 | T$_h$ | 2×A$_4$ | 24 |
| Octahedral | [3,4]$^+$ | 432 | O | S$_4$ | 24 | Full octahedral | [3,4] | *432 | O$_h$ | 2×S$_4$ | 48 |
| Icosahedral | [3,5]$^+$ | 532 | I | A$_5$ | 60 | Full icosahedral | [3,5] | *532 | I$_h$ | 2×A$_5$ | 120 |
In three dimensions, the full orthorhombic group or orthorectangular [2,2], abstractly Z$_2$$^3$, order 8, represents three orthogonal mirrors, (also represented by Coxeter diagram as three separate dots ). It can also can be represented as a direct product [ ]×[ ]×[ ], but the [2,2] expression allows subgroups to be defined:
First there is a "semidirect" subgroup, the orthorhombic group, [2,2$^+$] ( or ), abstractly Z$_2$×Z$_2$, of order 4. When the + superscript is given inside of the brackets, it means reflections generated only from the adjacent mirrors (as defined by the Coxeter diagram, ) are alternated. In general, the branch orders neighboring the + node must be even. In this case [2,2$^+$] and [2$^+$,2] represent two isomorphic subgroups that are geometrically distinct. The other subgroups are the pararhombic group [2,2]$^+$ ( or ), also order 4, and finally the central group [2$^+$,2$^+$] ( or ) of order 2.
Next there is the full ortho-p-gonal group, [2,p], abstractly Z$_2$×D$_{2p}$, of order 4p, representing two mirrors at a dihedral angle π/p, and both are orthogonal to a third mirror. It is also represented by Coxeter diagram as .
The direct subgroup is called the para-p-gonal group, [2,p]$^+$ ( or ), abstractly D$_{2p}$, of order 2p, and another subgroup is [2,p$^+$] abstractly Z$_2$×Z$_p$, also of order 2p.
The full gyro-p-gonal group, [2$^+$,2p] ( or ), abstractly D$_{4p}$, of order 4p. The gyro-p-gonal group, [2$^+$,2p$^+$] ( or ), abstractly Z$_{2p}$, of order 2p is a subgroup of both [2$^+$,2p] and [2,2p$^+$].
The polyhedral groups are based on the symmetry of platonic solids: the tetrahedron, octahedron, cube, icosahedron, and dodecahedron, with Schläfli symbols {3,3}, {3,4}, {4,3}, {3,5}, and {5,3} respectively. The Coxeter groups for these are: [3,3], [3,4], [3,5] called full tetrahedral symmetry, octahedral symmetry, and icosahedral symmetry, with orders of 24, 48, and 120.
In all these symmetries, alternate reflections can be removed producing the rotational tetrahedral [3,3]$^+$, octahedral [3,4]$^+$, and icosahedral [3,5]$^+$ groups of order 12, 24, and 60. The octahedral group also has a unique index 2 subgroup called the pyritohedral symmetry group, [3$^+$,4] ( or ), of order 12, with a mixture of rotational and reflectional symmetry. Pyritohedral symmetry is also an index 5 subgroup of icosahedral symmetry: --> , with virtual mirror 1 across 0, {010}, and 3-fold rotation {12}.
The tetrahedral group, [3,3], has a doubling [[3,3]] (which can be represented by colored nodes ), mapping the first and last mirrors onto each other, and this produces the [3,4] ( or ) group. The subgroup [3,4,1$^+$] ( or ) is the same as [3,3], and [3$^+$,4,1$^+$] ( or ) is the same as [3,3]$^+$.
Example rank 3 finite Coxeter groups subgroup trees :
| Tetrahedral symmetry | Octahedral symmetry |
| Icosahedral symmetry | |
Finite (point groups in three dimensions) :
| Intl* | Geo | Orb. | Schön. | Struct. | Coxeter | Coxeter | Ord. |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | C$_1$ | Z$_1$ | = [ ]$^+$ | = | 1 |
| 2 = m | 1 | * | C$_s$ | Z$_2$ | [ ] | | 2 |
| 2 3 4 5 6 n | 2 3 4 5 6 n | 22 33 44 55 66 nn | C$_2$ C$_3$ C$_4$ C$_5$ C$_6$ C$_n$ | Z$_2$ Z$_3$ Z$_4$ Z$_5$ Z$_6$ Z$_n$ | [1,2]$^+$ [1,3]$^+$ [1,4]$^+$ [1,5]$^+$ [1,6]$^+$ [1,n]$^+$ | | 2 3 4 5 6 n |
| 2mm 3m 4mm 5m 6mm nmm nm | 2 3 4 5 6 n | *22 *33 *44 *55 *66 *nn | C$_{2v}$ C$_{3v}$ C$_{4v}$ C$_{5v}$ C$_{6v}$ C$_{nv}$ | D$_2$ D$_3$ D$_4$ D$_5$ D$_6$ D$_n$ | [1,2] [1,3] [1,4] [1,5] [1,6] [1,n] | | 4 6 8 10 12 2n |
| 2/m 3/m 4/m 5/m 6/m n/m | 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 n 2 | 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* n* | C$_{2h}$ C$_{3h}$ C$_{4h}$ C$_{5h}$ C$_{6h}$ C$_{nh}$ | Z$_2$×Z$_2$ Z$_2$×Z$_3$ Z$_2$×Z$_4$ Z$_2$×Z$_5$ Z$_2$×Z$_6$ Z$_2$×Z$_n$ | [2,2$^+$] [2,3$^+$] [2,4$^+$] [2,5$^+$] [2,6$^+$] [2,n$^+$] | | 4 6 8 10 12 2n |
| 1 4 3 8 5 12 2n n | 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 10 2 12 2 2n 2 | 1× 2× 3× 4× 5× 6× n× | C$_i$ = S$_2$ S$_4$ S$_6$ S$_8$ S$_{10}$ S$_{12}$ S$_{2n}$ | Z$_2$ Z$_4$ Z$_6$=Z$_2$×Z$_3$ Z$_8$ Z$_{10}$=Z$_2$×Z$_5$ Z$_{12}$ Z$_{2n}$ | [2$^+$,2$^+$] [2$^+$,4$^+$] [2$^+$,6$^+$] [2$^+$,8$^+$] [2$^+$,10$^+$] [2$^+$,12$^+$] [2$^+$,2n$^+$] | | 2 4 6 8 10 12 2n |
| Intl | Geo | Orb. | Schön. | Struct. | Coxeter | Ord. |
| 222 32 422 52 622 n22 n2 | 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 n 2 | 222 223 224 225 226 22n | D$_2$ D$_3$ D$_4$ D$_5$ D$_6$ D$_n$ | D$_4$ D$_6$ D$_8$ D$_{10}$ D$_{12}$ D$_{2n}$ | [2,2]$^+$ [2,3]$^+$ [2,4]$^+$ [2,5]$^+$ [2,6]$^+$ [2,n]$^+$ | 4 6 8 10 12 2n |
| mmm 6m2 4/mmm 10m2 6/mmm n/mmm 2nm2 | 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 n 2 | *222 *223 *224 *225 *226 *22n | D$_{2h}$ D$_{3h}$ D$_{4h}$ D$_{5h}$ D$_{6h}$ D$_{nh}$ | Z$_2$×D$_4$ Z$_2$×D$_6$ Z$_2$×D$_8$ Z$_2$×D$_{10}$ Z$_2$×D$_{12}$ Z$_2$×D$_{2n}$ | [2,2] [2,3] [2,4] [2,5] [2,6] [2,n] | 8 12 16 20 24 4n |
| 42m 3m 82m 5m 122m 2n2m nm | 4 2 6 2 8 2 10 2 12 2 n 2 | 2*2 2*3 2*4 2*5 2*6 2*n | D$_{2d}$ D$_{3d}$ D$_{4d}$ D$_{5d}$ D$_{6d}$ D$_{nd}$ | D$_4$ D$_6$ D$_8$ D$_{10}$ D$_{12}$ D$_{2n}$ | [2$^+$,4] [2$^+$,6] [2$^+$,8] [2$^+$,10] [2$^+$,12] [2$^+$,2n] | 8 12 16 20 24 4n |
| 23 | 3 3 | 332 | T | A$_4$ | [3,3]$^+$ | 12 |
| m3 | 4 3 | 3*2 | T$_h$ | A$_4$×S$_2$ | [3$^+$,4] | 24 |
| 43m | 3 3 | *332 | T$_d$ | S$_4$ | [3,3] | 24 |
| 432 | 4 3 | 432 | O | S$_4$ | [3,4]$^+$ | 24 |
| m3m | 4 3 | *432 | O$_h$ | S$_4$×S$_2$ | [3,4] | 48 |
| 532 | 5 3 | 532 | I | A$_5$ | [3,5]$^+$ | 60 |
| 53m | 5 3 | *532 | I$_h$ | A$_4$×S$_2$ | [3,5] | 120 |

### Affine

In the Euclidean plane there's 3 fundamental reflective groups generated by 3 mirrors, represented by Coxeter diagrams , , and , and are given Coxeter notation as [4,4], [6,3], and [(3,3,3)]. The parentheses of the last group imply the diagram cycle, and also has a shorthand notation [3$^{[3]}$].
[[4,4]] as a doubling of the [4,4] group produced the same symmetry rotated π/4 from the original set of mirrors.
Direct subgroups of rotational symmetry are: [4,4]$^+$, [6,3]$^+$, and [(3,3,3)]$^+$. [4$^+$,4] and [6,3$^+$] are semidirect subgroups.
Semiaffine (frieze groups) :
| IUC | Orb. | Geo | Sch. | Coxeter | Coxeter |
| p1 | ∞∞ | p1 | C$_∞$ | [∞] = [∞,1]$^+$ = [∞$^+$,2,1$^+$] | = |
| p1m1 | *∞∞ | p1 | C$_{∞v}$ | [∞] = [∞,1] = [∞,2,1$^+$] | = |
| p11g | ∞× | p.$_g$1 | S$_{2∞}$ | [∞$^+$,2$^+$] | |
| p11m | ∞* | p. 1 | C$_{∞h}$ | [∞$^+$,2] | |
| p2 | 22∞ | p2 | D$_∞$ | [∞,2]$^+$ | |
| p2mg | 2*∞ | p2$_g$ | D$_{∞d}$ | [∞,2$^+$] | |
| p2mm | *22∞ | p2 | D$_{∞h}$ | [∞,2] | |
Affine (Wallpaper groups) :
| IUC | Orb. | Geo. | Coxeter | Coxeter |
| p2 | 2222 | p2 | [4,1$^+$,4]$^+$ | |
| p2gg | 22× | p$_g$2$_g$ | [4$^+$,4$^+$] | |
| p2mm | *2222 | p2 | [4,1$^+$,4] | |
| c2mm | 2*22 | c2 | [[4$^+$,4$^+$]] | |
| p4 | 442 | p4 | [4,4]$^+$ | |
| p4gm | 4*2 | p$_g$4 | [4$^+$,4] | |
| p4mm | *442 | p4 | [4,4] | |
| p3 | 333 | p3 | [1$^+$,6,3$^+$] = [3$^{[3]}$]$^+$ | = |
| p3m1 | *333 | p3 | [1$^+$,6,3] = [3$^{[3]}$] | = |
| p31m | 3*3 | h3 | [6,3$^+$] = [3[3$^{[3]}$]$^+$] | |
| p6 | 632 | p6 | [6,3]$^+$ = [3[3$^{[3]}$]]$^+$ | |
| p6mm | *632 | p6 | [6,3] = [3[3$^{[3]}$]] | |
Given in Coxeter notation (orbifold notation), some low index affine subgroups are:
| Reflective group | Reflective subgroup | Mixed subgroup | Rotation subgroup | Improper rotation/ translation | Commutator subgroup |
| [4,4], (*442) | [1$^+$,4,4], (*442) [4,1$^+$,4], (*2222) [1$^+$,4,4,1$^+$], (*2222) | [4$^+$,4], (4*2) [(4,4,2$^+$)], (2*22) [1$^+$,4,1$^+$,4], (2*22) | [4,4]$^+$, (442) [1$^+$,4,4$^+$], (442) [1$^+$,4,1$^+$4,1$^+$], (2222) | [4$^+$,4$^+$], (22×) | [4$^+$,4$^+$]$^+$, (2222) |
| [6,3], (*632) | [1$^+$,6,3] = [3$^{[3]}$], (*333) | [3$^+$,6], (3*3) | [6,3]$^+$, (632) [1$^+$,6,3$^+$], (333) | | [1$^+$,6,3$^+$], (333) |

## Rank four groups

* Hasse diagram subgroup relations (partial!)

### Point groups

Rank four groups defined the 4-dimensional point groups:
Finite groups :
| Symbol | Order |
| [1]$^+$ | 1.1 |
| [1] = [ ] | 2.1 |
[2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [1$^+$,2]$^+$ | 1.1 |
| [2]$^+$ | 2.1 |
| [2] | 4.1 |
[2,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ = [(2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$)] | 1.1 |
| [2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2.1 |
| [2,2]$^+$ | 4.1 |
| [2$^+$,2] | 4.1 |
| [2,2] | 8.1 |
[2,2,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [(2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$)] = [2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ | 1.1 |
| [2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2.1 |
| [2$^+$,2,2$^+$] | 4.1 |
| [(2,2)$^+$,2$^+$] | 4 |
| [[2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]] | 4 |
| [2,2,2]$^+$ | 8 |
| [2$^+$,2,2] | 8.1 |
| [(2,2)$^+$,2] | 8 |
| [[2$^+$,2,2$^+$]] | 8.1 |
| [2,2,2] | 16.1 |
| [[2,2,2]]$^+$ | 16 |
| [[2,2$^+$,2]] | 16 |
| [[2,2,2]] | 32 |
[p]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [p]$^+$ | p |
| [p] | 2p |
[p,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [p,2]$^+$ | 2p |
| [p,2] | 4p |
[2p,2$^+$]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [2p,2$^+$] | 4p |
| [2p$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p |
[p,2,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [p$^+$,2,2$^+$] | 2p |
| [(p,2)$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p |
| [p,2,2]$^+$ | 4p |
| [p,2,2$^+$] | 4p |
| [p$^+$,2,2] | 4p |
| [(p,2)$^+$,2] | 4p |
| [p,2,2] | 8p |
[2p,2$^+$,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$]$^+$ | p |
| [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | 2p |
| [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2] | 4p |
| [2p$^+$,(2,2)$^+$] | 4p |
| [2p,(2,2)$^+$] | 8p |
| [2p,2$^+$,2] | 8p |
[p,2,q]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [p$^+$,2,q$^+$] | pq |
| [p,2,q]$^+$ | 2pq |
| [p$^+$,2,q] | 2pq |
| [p,2,q] | 4pq |
[2p,2,2q]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$]$^+$= [(2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$,2$^+$)] | pq |
| [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$] | 2pq |
| [2p,2$^+$,2q$^+$] | 4pq |
| [((2p,2)$^+$,(2q,2)$^+$)] | 4pq |
| [2p,2$^+$,2q] | 8pq |
[[p,2,p]]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [[p$^+$,2,p$^+$]] | 2p$^2$ |
| [[p,2,p]]$^+$ | 4p$^2$ |
| [[p,2,p]$^+$] | 4p$^2$ |
| [[p,2,p]] | 8p$^2$ |
[[2p,2,2p]]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [[(2p$^+$,2$^+$,2p$^+$,2$^+$)]] | 2p$^2$ |
| [[2p$^+$,2$^+$,2p$^+$]] | 4p$^2$ |
| [[((2p,2)$^+$,(2p,2)$^+$)]] | 8p$^2$ |
| [[2p,2$^+$,2p]] | 16p$^2$ |
[3,3,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [(3,3)$^Δ$,2,1$^+$] ≅ [2,2]$^+$ | 4 |
| [(3,3)$^Δ$,2] ≅ [2,(2,2)$^+$] | 8 |
| [(3,3)$^⅄$,2,1$^+$] ≅ [4,2$^+$] | 8 |
| [(3,3)$^+$,2,1$^+$] = [3,3]$^+$ | 12.5 |
| [(3,3)$^⅄$,2] ≅ [2,4,2$^+$] | 16 |
| [3,3,2,1$^+$] = [3,3] | 24 |
| [(3,3)$^+$,2] | 24.10 |
| [3,3,2]$^+$ | 24.10 |
| [3,3,2] | 48.36 |
[4,3,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [1$^+$,4,3$^+$,2,1$^+$] = [3,3]$^+$ | 12 |
| [3$^+$,4,2$^+$] | 24 |
| [(3,4)$^+$,2$^+$] | 24 |
| [1$^+$,4,3$^+$,2] = [(3,3)$^+$,2] | 24.10 |
| [3$^+$,4,2,1$^+$] = [3$^+$,4] | 24.10 |
| [(4,3)$^+$,2,1$^+$] = [4,3]$^+$ | 24.15 |
| [1$^+$,4,3,2,1$^+$] = [3,3] | 24 |
| [1$^+$,4,(3,2)$^+$] = [3,3,2]$^+$ | 24 |
| [3,4,2$^+$] | 48 |
| [4,3$^+$,2] | 48.22 |
| [4,(3,2)$^+$] | 48 |
| [(4,3)$^+$,2] | 48.36 |
| [1$^+$,4,3,2] = [3,3,2] | 48.36 |
| [4,3,2,1$^+$] = [4,3] | 48.36 |
| [4,3,2]$^+$ | 48.36 |
| [4,3,2] | 96.5 |
[5,3,2]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [(5,3)$^+$,2,1$^+$] = [5,3]$^+$ | 60.13 |
| [5,3,2,1$^+$] = [5,3] | 120.2 |
| [(5,3)$^+$,2] | 120.2 |
| [5,3,2]$^+$ | 120.2 |
| [5,3,2] | 240 (nc) |
[3$^{1,1,1}$]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^Δ$ ≅[[4,2$^+$,4]]$^+$ | 32 |
| [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^⅄$ | 64 |
| [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^+$ | 96.1 |
| [3$^{1,1,1}$] | 192.2 |
| <[3,3$^{1,1}$]> = [4,3,3] | 384.1 |
| [3[3$^{1,1,1}$]] = [3,4,3] | 1152.1 |
[3,3,3]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [3,3,3]$^+$ | 60.13 |
| [3,3,3] | 120.1 |
| [[3,3,3]]$^+$ | 120.2 |
| [[3,3,3]$^+$] | 120.1 |
| [[3,3,3]] | 240.1 |
[4,3,3]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [1$^+$,4,(3,3)$^Δ$] = [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^Δ$ ≅[[4,2$^+$,4]]$^+$ | 32 |
| [4,(3,3)$^Δ$] = [2$^+$,4[2,2,2]$^+$] ≅[[4,2$^+$,4]] | 64 |
| [1$^+$,4,(3,3)$^⅄$] = [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^⅄$ | 64 |
| [1$^+$,4,(3,3)$^+$] = [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^+$ | 96.1 |
| [4,(3,3)$^⅄$] ≅ [[4,2,4]] | 128 |
| [1$^+$,4,3,3] = [3$^{1,1,1}$] | 192.2 |
| [4,(3,3)$^+$] | 192.1 |
| [4,3,3]$^+$ | 192.3 |
| [4,3,3] | 384.1 |
[3,4,3]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [3$^+$,4,3$^+$] | 288.1 |
| [3,4,3$^⅄$] = [4,3,3] | 384.1 |
| [3,4,3]$^+$ | 576.2 |
| [3$^+$,4,3] | 576.1 |
| [[3$^+$,4,3$^+$]] | 576 (nc) |
| [3,4,3] | 1152.1 |
| [[3,4,3]]$^+$ | 1152 (nc) |
| [[3,4,3]$^+$] | 1152 (nc) |
| [[3,4,3]] | 2304 (nc) |
[5,3,3]: :
| Symbol | Order |
| [5,3,3]$^+$ | 7200 (nc) |
| [5,3,3] | 14400 (nc) |

#### Subgroups

1D-4D reflective point groups and subgroups :
| Order | Reflection | Semidirect subgroups | Semidirect subgroups | Semidirect subgroups | Direct subgroups | Commutator subgroup | Commutator subgroup |
| 2 | [ ] | | | | [ ]$^+$ | [ ]$^{+1}$ | [ ]$^+$ |
| 4 | [2] | | | | [2]$^+$ | [2]$^{+2}$ | [ ]$^+$ |
| 8 | [2,2] | [2$^+$,2] | [2$^+$,2$^+$] | | [2,2]$^+$ | [2,2]$^{+3}$ | [ ]$^+$ |
| 16 | [2,2,2] | [2$^+$,2,2] [(2,2)$^+$,2] | [2$^+$,2$^+$,2] [(2,2)$^+$,2$^+$] [2$^+$,2$^+$,2$^+$] | | [2,2,2]$^+$ [2$^+$,2,2$^+$] | [2,2,2]$^{+4}$ | [ ]$^+$ |
| 16 | [2$^{1,1,1}$] | | [(2$^+$)$^{1,1,1}$] | | | [2,2,2]$^{+4}$ | [ ]$^+$ |
| 2n | [n] | | | | [n]$^+$ | [n]$^{+1}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 4n | [2n] | | | | [2n]$^+$ | [2n]$^{+2}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 4n | [2,n] | [2,n$^+$] | | | [2,n]$^+$ | [2,n]$^{+2}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 8n | [2,2n] | [2$^+$,2n] | [2$^+$,2n$^+$] | | [2,2n]$^+$ | [2,2n]$^{+3}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 8n | [2,2,n] | [2$^+$,2,n] [2,2,n$^+$] | [2$^+$,(2,n)$^+$] | | [2,2,n]$^+$ [2$^+$,2,n$^+$] | [2,2,n]$^{+3}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 16n | [2,2,2n] | [2,2$^+$,2n] | [2$^+$,2$^+$,2n] [2,2$^+$,2n$^+$] [(2,2)$^+$,2n$^+$] [2$^+$,2$^+$,2n$^+$] | | [2,2,2n]$^+$ [2$^+$,2n,2$^+$] | [2,2,2n]$^{+4}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 16n | [2,2n,2] | | [2$^+$,2n$^+$,2$^+$] | | [2,2,2n]$^+$ [2$^+$,2n,2$^+$] | [2,2,2n]$^{+4}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 16n | [2n,2$^{1,1}$] | | [2n$^+$,(2$^+$)$^{1,1}$] | | [2,2,2n]$^+$ [2$^+$,2n,2$^+$] | [2,2,2n]$^{+4}$ | [n]$^+$ |
| 24 | [3,3] | | | | [3,3]$^+$ | [3,3]$^{+1}$ | [3,3]$^+$ |
| 48 | [3,3,2] | [(3,3)$^+$,2] | | | [3,3,2]$^+$ | [3,3,2]$^{+2}$ | [3,3]$^+$ |
| 48 | [4,3] | [4,3$^+$] | | | [4,3]$^+$ | [4,3]$^{+2}$ | [3,3]$^+$ |
| 96 | [4,3,2] | [(4,3)$^+$,2] [4,(3,2)$^+$] | | | [4,3,2]$^+$ | [4,3,2]$^{+3}$ | [3,3]$^+$ |
| 96 | [3,4,2] | [3,4,2$^+$] [3$^+$,4,2] | [(3,4)$^+$,2$^+$] | | [3$^+$,4,2$^+$] | [4,3,2]$^{+3}$ | [3,3]$^+$ |
| 120 | [5,3] | | | | [5,3]$^+$ | [5,3]$^{+1}$ | [5,3]$^+$ |
| 240 | [5,3,2] | [(5,3)$^+$,2] | | | [5,3,2]$^+$ | [5,3,2]$^{+2}$ | [5,3]$^+$ |
| 4pq | [p,2,q] | [p$^+$,2,q] | | | [p,2,q]$^+$ [p$^+$,2,q$^+$] | [p,2,q]$^{+2}$ | [p$^+$,2,q$^+$] |
| 8pq | [2p,2,q] | [2p,(2,q)$^+$] | [2p$^+$,(2,q)$^+$] | | [2p,2,q]$^+$ | [2p,2,q]$^{+3}$ | [p$^+$,2,q$^+$] |
| 16pq | [2p,2,2q] | [2p,2$^+$,2q] | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q] [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q$^+$] [(2p,(2,2q)$^+$,2$^+$)] | - | [2p,2,2q]$^+$ | [2p,2,2q]$^{+4}$ | [p$^+$,2,q$^+$] |
| 120 | [3,3,3] | | | | [3,3,3]$^+$ | [3,3,3]$^{+1}$ | [3,3,3]$^+$ |
| 192 | [3$^{1,1,1}$] | | | | [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^+$ | [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^{+1}$ | [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^+$ |
| 384 | [4,3,3] | [4,(3,3)$^+$] | | | [4,3,3]$^+$ | [4,3,3]$^{+2}$ | [3$^{1,1,1}$]$^+$ |
| 1152 | [3,4,3] | [3$^+$,4,3] | | | [3,4,3]$^+$ [3$^+$,4,3$^+$] | [3,4,3]$^{+2}$ | [3$^+$,4,3$^+$] |
| 14400 | [5,3,3] | | | | [5,3,3]$^+$ | [5,3,3]$^{+1}$ | [5,3,3]$^+$ |

### Space groups

Space groups :
| Affine isomorphism and correspondences | 8 cubic space groups as extended symmetry from [3$^{[4]}$], with square Coxeter diagrams and reflective fundamental domains | 35 cubic space groups in International, Fibrifold notation, and Coxeter notation |
Rank four groups as 3-dimensional space groups :
Triclinic (1-2) :
| Coxeter | Space group |
| [∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | (1) P1 |
Monoclinic (3-15) :
| Coxeter | Space group |
| [(∞,2,∞)$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | (3) P2 |
| [∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$,2,∞] | (6) Pm |
| [(∞,2,∞)$^+$,2,∞] | (10) P2/m |
Orthorhombic (16-74) :
| Coxeter | Space group |
| [∞,2,∞,2,∞]$^+$ | (16) P222 |
| [[∞,2,∞,2,∞]]$^+$ | (23) I222 |
| [∞$^+$,2,∞,2,∞] | (25) Pmm2 |
| [∞,2,∞,2,∞] | (47) Pmmm |
| [[∞,2,∞,2,∞]] | (71) Immm |
| [∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | |
| [∞,2,∞,2$^+$,∞] | |
| [∞,2$^+$,∞,2$^+$,∞] | |
Tetragonal (75-142) :
| Coxeter | Space group |
| [(4,4)$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | (75) P4 |
| [2$^+$[(4,4)$^+$,2,∞$^+$]] | (79) I4 |
| [(4,4)$^+$,2,∞] | (83) P4/m |
| [2$^+$[(4,4)$^+$,2,∞]] | (87) I4/m |
| [4,4,2,∞]$^+$ | (89) P422 |
| [2$^+$[4,4,2,∞]]$^+$ | (97) I422 |
| [4,4,2,∞$^+$] | (99) P4mm |
| [4,4,2,∞] | (123) P4/mmm |
| [2$^+$[4,4,2,∞]] | (139) I4/mmm |
| [4,(4,2)$^+$,∞] | (140) I4/mcm |
| [4,4,2$^+$,∞] | |
| [(4,4)$^+$,2$^+$,∞] | |
| [4,4,2$^+$,∞$^+$] | |
| [(4,4)$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$] | |
| [4$^+$,4$^+$,2$^+$,∞] | |
| [4,4$^+$,2,∞] | |
| [4,4$^+$,2$^+$,∞] | |
| [((4,2$^+$,4)),2,∞] | |
| [4,4$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | |
| [4,4$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$] | |
| [((4,2$^+$,4)),2,∞$^+$] | |
Trigonal (143-167), rhombohedral :
| Coxeter | Space group |
Hexagonal (168-194) :
| [(6,3)$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | (168) P6 |
| [(6,3)$^+$,2,∞] | (175) P6/m |
| [6,3,2,∞]$^+$ | (177) P622 |
| [6,3,2,∞$^+$] | (183) P6mm |
| [6,3,2,∞] | (191) P6/mmm |
| [(3$^{[3]}$)$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | |
| [3$^{[3]}$,2,∞] | |
| [6,3$^+$,2,∞] | |
| [6,3$^+$,2,∞$^+$] | |
| [3$^{[3]}$,2,∞]$^+$ | |
| [3$^{[3]}$,2,∞$^+$] | |
| [(3$^{[3]}$)$^+$,2,∞] | |
Cubic (195-230) :
| Group | Coxeter | Space group | Index |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[4,3,4]] | (229) Im3m | 1 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[4,3,4]]$^+$ | (211) I432 | 2 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[4,3,4]$^+$] | (223) Pm3n | 2 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[4,3$^+$,4]] | (204) I3 | 2 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[(4,3,4,2$^+$)]] | (217) I43m | 2 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[4,3$^+$,4]]$^+$ | (197) I23 | 4 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[4,3,4]$^+$]$^+$ | (208) P4$_2$32 | 4 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[4,3$^+$,4)]$^+$] | (201) Pn43 | 4 |
| [[4,3,4]] | [[(4,3,4,2$^+$)]$^+$] | (218) P43n | 4 |
| [4,3,4] | [4,3,4] | (221) Pm3m | 2 |
| [4,3,4] | [4,3,4]$^+$ | (207) P432 | 4 |
| [4,3,4] | [4,3$^+$,4] | (200) Pm3 | 4 |
| [4,3,4] | [4,(3,4)$^+$] | (226) Fm3c | 4 |
| [4,3,4] | [(4,3,4,2$^+$)] | (215) P43m | 4 |
| [4,3,4] | [[{4,(3}$^+$,4)$^+$]] | (228) Fd3c | 4 |
| [4,3,4] | [4,3$^+$,4]$^+$ | (195) P23 | 8 |
| [4,3,4] | [{4,(3}$^+$,4)$^+$] | (219) F43c | 8 |
| [4,3$^{1,1}$] | [4,3$^{1,1}$] | (225) Fm3m | 4 |
| [4,3$^{1,1}$] | [4,(3$^{1,1}$)$^+$] | (202) Fm3 | 8 |
| [4,3$^{1,1}$] | [4,3$^{1,1}$]$^+$ | (209) F432 | 8 |
| [[3$^{[4]}$]] |
| [[3$^{[4]}$]] | [(4$^+$,2$^+$)[3$^{[4]}$]] | (222) Pn3n | 2 |
| [[3$^{[4]}$]] | [[3$^{[4]}$]] | (227) Fd3m | 4 |
| [[3$^{[4]}$]] | [[3$^{[4]}$]]$^+$ | (203) Fd3 | 8 |
| [[3$^{[4]}$]] | [[3$^{[4]}$]$^+$] | (210) F4$_1$32 | 8 |
| [3$^{[4]}$] | [3$^{[4]}$] | (216) F43m | 8 |
| [3$^{[4]}$] | [3$^{[4]}$]$^+$ | (196) F23 | 16 |

### Line groups

Rank four groups also defined the 3-dimensional line groups:
Semiaffine (3D) groups :
| Point group | Point group | Point group | Line group | Line group | Line group | Line group | Line group | Line group | Line group | Line group |
| Hermann-Mauguin | Hermann-Mauguin | Schönflies | Hermann-Mauguin | Hermann-Mauguin | Offset type | Wallpaper | Wallpaper | Wallpaper | Coxeter [∞$_h$,2,p$_v$] | Coxeter [∞$_h$,2,p$_v$] |
| Even n | Odd n | Schönflies | Even n | Odd n | Offset type | IUC | Orbifold | Diagram | Coxeter [∞$_h$,2,p$_v$] | Coxeter [∞$_h$,2,p$_v$] |
| n | n | C$_n$ | Pn$_q$ | Pn$_q$ | Helical: q | p1 | o | | [∞$^+$,2,n$^+$] | |
| 2n | n | S$_{2n}$ | P2n | Pn | None | p11g, pg(h) | ×× | | [(∞,2)$^+$,2n$^+$] | |
| n/m | 2n | C$_{nh}$ | Pn/m | P2n | None | p11m, pm(h) | ** | | [∞$^+$,2,n] | |
| 2n/m | 2n/m | C$_{2nh}$ | P2n$_n$/m | P2n$_n$/m | Zigzag | c11m, cm(h) | *× | | [∞$^+$,2$^+$,2n] | |
| nmm | nm | C$_{nv}$ | Pnmm | Pnm | None | p1m1, pm(v) | ** | | [∞,2,n$^+$] | |
| nmm | nm | C$_{nv}$ | Pncc | Pnc | Planar reflection | p1g1, pg(v) | ×× | | [∞$^+$,(2,n)$^+$] | |
| 2nmm | 2nmm | C$_{2nv}$ | P2n$_n$mc | P2n$_n$mc | Zigzag | c1m1, cm(v) | *× | | [∞,2$^+$,2n$^+$] | |
| n22 | n2 | D$_n$ | Pn$_q$22 | Pn$_q$2 | Helical: q | p2 | 2222 | | [∞,2,n]$^+$ | |
| 2n2m | nm | D$_{nd}$ | P2n2m | Pnm | None | p2mg, pmg(h) | 22* | | [(∞,2)$^+$,2n] | |
| 2n2m | nm | D$_{nd}$ | P2n2c | Pnc | Planar reflection | p2gg, pgg | 22× | | [$^+$(∞,(2),2n)$^+$] | |
| n/mmm | 2n2m | D$_{nh}$ | Pn/mmm | P2n2m | None | p2mm, pmm | *2222 | | [∞,2,n] | |
| n/mmm | 2n2m | D$_{nh}$ | Pn/mcc | P2n2c | Planar reflection | p2mg, pmg(v) | 22* | | [∞,(2,n)$^+$] | |
| 2n/mmm | 2n/mmm | D$_{2nh}$ | P2n$_n$/mcm | P2n$_n$/mcm | Zigzag | c2mm, cmm | 2*22 | | [∞,2$^+$,2n] | |

### Duoprismatic group

* Extended duoprismatic symmetry
* Extended duoprismatic groups, [p]×[p] or [p,2,p] or , expressed in relation to its tetragonal disphenoid fundamental domain symmetry.
Rank four groups defined the 4-dimensional duoprismatic groups. In the limit as p and q go to infinity, they degenerate into 2 dimensions and the wallpaper groups.
Duoprismatic groups (4D) :
| Wallpaper | Wallpaper | Wallpaper | Coxeter [p,2,q] | Coxeter [[p,2,p]] | Wallpaper | Wallpaper | Wallpaper |
| IUC | Orbifold | Diagram | Coxeter [p,2,q] | Coxeter [[p,2,p]] | IUC | Orbifold | Diagram |
| p1 | o | | [p$^+$,2,q$^+$] | [[p$^+$,2,p$^+$]] | p1 | o | |
| pg | ×× | | [(p,2)$^+$,2q$^+$] | - | - | - | - |
| pm | ** | | [p$^+$,2,q] | - | - | - | - |
| cm | *× | | [2p$^+$,2$^+$,2q] | - | - | - | - |
| p2 | 2222 | | [p,2,q]$^+$ | [[p,2,p]]$^+$ | p4 | 442 | |
| pmg | 22* | | [(p,2)$^+$,2q] | - | - | - | - |
| pgg | 22× | | [$^+$(2p,(2),2q)$^+$] | [[$^+$(2p,(2),2p)$^+$]] | cmm | 2*22 | |
| pmm | *2222 | | [p,2,q] | [[p,2,p]] | p4m | *442 | |
| cmm | 2*22 | | [2p,2$^+$,2q] | [[2p,2$^+$,2p]] | p4g | 4*2 | |

### Wallpaper groups

Rank four groups also defined some of the 2-dimensional wallpaper groups, as limiting cases of the four-dimensional duoprism groups:
Affine (2D plane) :
| IUC | Orb. | Geo | Coxeter |
| p1 | o | p1 | [∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$] |
| p1 | o | p1 | [∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$] |
| p1 | o | p1 | [(∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$,2$^+$)] |
| p2 | 2222 | p2 | [∞,2,∞]$^+$ |
| p2 | 2222 | p2 | [(∞,2$^+$,∞,2$^+$)] |
| p11g | ×× | p$_g$1 | h: [∞$^+$,(2,∞)$^+$] |
| p1g1 | ×× | p$_g$1 | v: [(∞,2)$^+$,∞$^+$] |
| p2gm | 22* | p$_g$2 | h: [(∞,2)$^+$,∞] |
| p2mg | 22* | p$_g$2 | v: [∞,(2,∞)$^+$] |
| IUC | Orb. | Geo | Coxeter |
| p11m | ** | p1 | h: [∞$^+$,2,∞] |
| p1m1 | ** | p1 | v: [∞,2,∞$^+$] |
| p2mm | *2222 | p2 | [∞,2,∞] |
| c11m | *× | c1 | h: [∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞] |
| c1m1 | *× | c1 | v: [∞,2$^+$,∞$^+$] |
| p2gg | 22× | p$_g$2$_g$ | [$^+$(∞,(2),∞)$^+$] [((∞,2)$^+$)$^{[2]}$] |
| c2mm | 2*22 | c2 | [∞,2$^+$,∞] |
Subgroups of [∞,2,∞], (*2222) can be expressed down to its index 16 commutator subgroup:
Subgroups of [∞,2,∞] :
| Reflective group | Reflective subgroup | Mixed subgroup | Rotation subgroup | Improper rotation/ translation | Commutator subgroup |
| [∞,2,∞], (*2222) | [1$^+$,∞,2,∞], (*2222) | [∞$^+$,2,∞], (**) | [∞,2,∞]$^+$, (2222) | [∞,2$^+$,∞]$^+$, (°) [∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$], (°) [∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$], (°) [∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞], (*×) [(∞,2)$^+$,∞$^+$], (××) [((∞,2)$^+$,(∞,2)$^+$)], (22×) | [(∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$,2$^+$)], (°) |
| [∞,2,∞], (*2222) | [1$^+$,∞,2,∞], (*2222) | [∞,2$^+$,∞], (2*22) [(∞,2)$^+$,∞], (22*) | [∞,2,∞]$^+$, (2222) | [∞,2$^+$,∞]$^+$, (°) [∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$], (°) [∞$^+$,2,∞$^+$], (°) [∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞], (*×) [(∞,2)$^+$,∞$^+$], (××) [((∞,2)$^+$,(∞,2)$^+$)], (22×) | [(∞$^+$,2$^+$,∞$^+$,2$^+$)], (°) |

## Complex reflections

Coxeter notation has been extended to Complex space, C$^n$ where nodes are unitary reflections of period 2 or greater. Nodes are labeled by an index, assumed to be 2 for ordinary real reflection if suppressed. Complex reflection groups are called Shephard groups rather than Coxeter groups, and can be used to construct complex polytopes.
In $\mathbb {C} ^{1}$, a rank 1 Shephard group , order p, is represented as $_p$[ ], [ ]$_p$ or ]$_p$[. It has a single generator, representing a 2π/p radian rotation in the Complex plane: $e^{2\pi i/p}$.
Coxeter writes the rank 2 complex group, $_p$[q]$_r$ represents Coxeter diagram . The p and r should only be suppressed if both are 2, which is the real case [q]. The order of a rank 2 group $_p$[q]$_r$ is $g=8/q(1/p+2/q+1/r-1)^{-2}$.
The rank 2 solutions that generate complex polygons are: $_p$[4]$_2$ (p is 2,3,4,...), $_3$[3]$_3$, $_3$[6]$_2$, $_3$[4]$_3$, $_4$[3]$_4$, $_3$[8]$_2$, $_4$[6]$_2$, $_4$[4]$_3$, $_3$[5]$_3$, $_5$[3]$_5$, $_3$[10]$_2$, $_5$[6]$_2$, and $_5$[4]$_3$ with Coxeter diagrams , , , , , , , , , , , , .
Infinite groups are $_3$[12]$_2$, $_4$[8]$_2$, $_6$[6]$_2$, $_3$[6]$_3$, $_6$[4]$_3$, $_4$[4]$_4$, and $_6$[3]$_6$ or , , , , , , .
Index 2 subgroups exists by removing a real reflection: $_p$[2q]$_2$ → $_p$[q]$_p$. Also index r subgroups exist for 4 branches: $_p$[4]$_r$ → $_p$[r]$_p$.
For the infinite family $_p$[4]$_2$, for any p = 2, 3, 4,..., there are two subgroups: $_p$[4]$_2$ → [p], index p, while and $_p$[4]$_2$ → $_p$[ ]×$_p$[ ], index 2.

## Computation with reflection matrices as symmetry generators

A Coxeter group, represented by Coxeter diagram , is given Coxeter notation [p,q] for the branch orders. Each node in the Coxeter diagram represents a mirror, by convention called ρ$_i$ (and matrix R$_i$). The generators of this group [p,q] are reflections: ρ$_0$, ρ$_1$, and ρ$_2$. Rotational subsymmetry is given as products of reflections: By convention, σ$_{0,1}$ (and matrix S$_{0,1}$) = ρ$_0$ρ$_1$ represents a rotation of angle π/p, and σ$_{1,2}$ = ρ$_1$ρ$_2$ is a rotation of angle π/q, and σ$_{0,2}$ = ρ$_0$ρ$_2$ represents a rotation of angle π/2.
[p,q]$^+$, , is an index 2 subgroup represented by two rotation generators, each a products of two reflections: σ$_{0,1}$, σ$_{1,2}$, and representing rotations of π/p, and π/q angles respectively.
With one even branch, [p$^+$,2q], or , is another subgroup of index 2, represented by rotation generator σ$_{0,1}$, and reflectional ρ$_2$.
With even branches, [2p$^+$,2q$^+$], , is a subgroup of index 4 with two generators, constructed as a product of all three reflection matrices: By convention as: ψ$_{0,1,2}$ and ψ$_{1,2,0}$, which are rotary reflections, representing a reflection and rotation or reflection.
In the case of affine Coxeter groups like , or , one mirror, usually the last, is translated off the origin. A translation generator τ$_{0,1}$ (and matrix T$_{0,1}$) is constructed as the product of two (or an even number of) reflections, including the affine reflection. A transreflection (reflection plus a translation) can be the product of an odd number of reflections φ$_{0,1,2}$ (and matrix V$_{0,1,2}$), like the index 4 subgroup : [4$^+$,4$^+$] = .
Another composite generator, by convention as ζ (and matrix Z), represents the inversion, mapping a point to its inverse. For [4,3] and [5,3], ζ = (ρ$_0$ρ$_1$ρ$_2$)$^{h/2}$, where h is 6 and 10 respectively, the Coxeter number for each family. For 3D Coxeter group [p,q], this subgroup is a rotary reflection [2$^+$,h$^+$].
Coxeter groups are categorized by their rank, being the number of nodes in its Coxeter-Dynkin diagram. The structure of the groups are also given with their abstract group types: In this article, the abstract dihedral groups are represented as Dih$_n$, and cyclic groups are represented by Z$_n$, with Dih$_1$=Z$_2$.

### Rank 2

| Dihedral groups | Cyclic groups |
| [2] | [2]$^+$ |
| [3] | [3]$^+$ |
| [4] | [4]$^+$ |
| [6] | [6]$^+$ |
Example, in 2D, the Coxeter group [p] is represented by two reflection matrices R$_0$ and R$_1$, The cyclic symmetry [p]$^+$ is represented by rotation generator of matrix S$_{0,1}$.
[p], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | S$_{0,1}$=R$_0$×R$_1$ |
| Order | 2 | 2 | p |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p\\\sin 2\pi /p&-\cos 2\pi /p\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p\\-\sin 2\pi /p&\cos 2\pi /p\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
[2], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | S$_{0,1}$=R$_0$×R$_1$ |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0\\0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0\\0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
[3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | S$_{0,1}$=R$_0$×R$_1$ |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2\\{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2\\-{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
[4], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | S$_{0,1}$=R$_0$×R$_1$ |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1\\1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1\\-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
[6], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | S$_{0,1}$=R$_0$×R$_1$ |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2\\1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2\\-1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
[8], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | S$_{0,1}$=R$_0$×R$_1$ |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {2}}/2&{\sqrt {2}}/2\\{\sqrt {2}}/2&-{\sqrt {2}}/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\sqrt {2}}/2&{\sqrt {2}}/2\\-{\sqrt {2}}/2&{\sqrt {2}}/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |

### Rank 3

The finite rank 3 Coxeter groups are [1,p], [2,p], [3,3], [3,4], and [3,5].
To reflect a point through a plane $ax+by+cz=0$ (which goes through the origin), one can use $\mathbf {A} =\mathbf {I} -2\mathbf {NN} ^{T}$, where $\mathbf {I}$ is the 3×3 identity matrix and $\mathbf {N}$ is the three-dimensional unit vector for the vector normal of the plane. If the L2 norm of $a,b,$ and $c$ is unity, the transformation matrix can be expressed as:
    $\mathbf {A} =\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1-2a^{2}&-2ab&-2ac\\-2ab&1-2b^{2}&-2bc\\-2ac&-2bc&1-2c^{2}\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$

#### [p,2]

The reducible 3-dimensional finite reflective group is dihedral symmetry, [p,2], order 4p, . The reflection generators are matrices R$_0$, R$_1$, R$_2$. R$_0$$^2$=R$_1$$^2$=R$_2$$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_1$)$^3$=(R$_1$×R$_2$)$^3$=(R$_0$×R$_2$)$^2$=Identity. [p,2]$^+$ is generated by 2 of 3 rotations: S$_{0,1}$, S$_{1,2}$, and S$_{0,2}$. An order p rotoreflection is generated by V$_{0,1,2}$, the product of all 3 reflections.
[p,2], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotation | Rotation | Rotation | Rotoreflection |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ |
| Group | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | p | 2 | 2 | 2p |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p&0\\\sin 2\pi /p&-\cos 2\pi /p&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p&0\\-\sin 2\pi /p&\cos 2\pi /p&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p&0\\-\sin 2\pi /p&\cos 2\pi /p&0\\0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&-\sin 2\pi /p&0\\-\sin 2\pi /p&-\cos 2\pi /p&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |

#### [3,3]

The simplest irreducible 3-dimensional finite reflective group is tetrahedral symmetry, [3,3], order 24, . The reflection generators, from a D$_3$=A$_3$ construction, are matrices R$_0$, R$_1$, R$_2$. R$_0$$^2$=R$_1$$^2$=R$_2$$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_1$)$^3$=(R$_1$×R$_2$)$^3$=(R$_0$×R$_2$)$^2$=Identity. [3,3]$^+$ is generated by 2 of 3 rotations: S$_{0,1}$, S$_{1,2}$, and S$_{0,2}$. A trionic subgroup, isomorphic to [2$^+$,4], order 8, is generated by S$_{0,2}$ and R$_1$. An order 4 rotoreflection is generated by V$_{0,1,2}$, the product of all 3 reflections.
[3,3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotoreflection |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ |
| Name | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&1\\0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\1&0&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&-1\\0&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\0&0&1\\1&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0&-1\\1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0&-1\\0&-1&0\\1&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (0,1,−1)$_n$ | (1,−1,0)$_n$ | (0,1,1)$_n$ | (1,1,1)$_{axis}$ | (1,1,−1)$_{axis}$ | (1,0,0)$_{axis}$ | |

#### [4,3]

Another irreducible 3-dimensional finite reflective group is octahedral symmetry, [4,3], order 48, . The reflection generators matrices are R$_0$, R$_1$, R$_2$. R$_0$$^2$=R$_1$$^2$=R$_2$$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_1$)$^4$=(R$_1$×R$_2$)$^3$=(R$_0$×R$_2$)$^2$=Identity. Chiral octahedral symmetry, [4,3]$^+$, is generated by 2 of 3 rotations: S$_{0,1}$, S$_{1,2}$, and S$_{0,2}$. Pyritohedral symmetry [4,3$^+$], is generated by reflection R$_0$ and rotation S$_{1,2}$. A 6-fold rotoreflection is generated by V$_{0,1,2}$, the product of all 3 reflections.
[4,3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotoreflection |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ |
| Group | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&1\\0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\1&0&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&1\\0&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\0&0&1\\1&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\1&0&0\\0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\0&0&1\\-1&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (0,0,1)$_n$ | (0,1,−1)$_n$ | (1,−1,0)$_n$ | (1,0,0)$_{axis}$ | (1,1,1)$_{axis}$ | (1,−1,0)$_{axis}$ | |

#### [5,3]

A final irreducible 3-dimensional finite reflective group is icosahedral symmetry, [5,3], order 120, . The reflection generators matrices are R$_0$, R$_1$, R$_2$. R$_0$$^2$=R$_1$$^2$=R$_2$$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_1$)$^5$=(R$_1$×R$_2$)$^3$=(R$_0$×R$_2$)$^2$=Identity. [5,3]$^+$ is generated by 2 of 3 rotations: S$_{0,1}$, S$_{1,2}$, and S$_{0,2}$. A 10-fold rotoreflection is generated by V$_{0,1,2}$, the product of all 3 reflections.
[5,3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotoreflection |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ |
| Group | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 10 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {-1}{2}}\\{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}\\{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\frac {\phi -1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\\{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}\\{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}&{\frac {-1}{2}}\\{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}\\{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi -1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\frac {\phi -1}{2}}&{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\\{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}\\{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi -1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (1,0,0)$_n$ | (φ,1,φ−1)$_n$ | (0,1,0)$_n$ | (φ,1,0)$_{axis}$ | (1,1,1)$_{axis}$ | (1,0,0)$_{axis}$ | |

### Rank 4

There are 4 irreducible Coxeter groups in 4 dimensions: [3,3,3], [4,3,3], [3$^{1,1,1}$], [3,4,4], [5,3,3], as well as an infinite family of duoprismatic groups [p,2,q].

#### [p,2,q]

The duprismatic group, [p,2,q], has order 4pq.
[p,2,q], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ |
| Group element | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p&0&0\\\sin 2\pi /p&-\cos 2\pi /p&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&\cos 2\pi /q&\sin 2\pi /q\\0&0&\sin 2\pi /q&-\cos 2\pi /q\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |

##### [[p,2,p]]

The duoprismatic group can double in order, to 8p$^2$, with a 2-fold rotation between the two planes.
[[p,2,p]], :
| | Rotation | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | T | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$=TR$_1$T | R$_3$=TR$_0$T |
| Element | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p&0&0\\\sin 2\pi /p&-\cos 2\pi /p&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0&0&-1\\0&0&-1&0\\0&-1&0&0\\-1&0&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&\cos 2\pi /p&\sin 2\pi /p\\0&0&\sin 2\pi /p&-\cos 2\pi /p\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |

#### [3,3,3]

Hypertetrahedral symmetry, [3,3,3], order 120, is easiest to represent with 4 mirrors in 5-dimensions, as a subgroup of [4,3,3,3].
[3,3,3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotoreflections | Rotoreflections | Double rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{2,3}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | S$_{1,3}$ | S$_{2,3}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ | V$_{0,1,3}$ | W$_{0,1,2,3}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\0&0&0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\0&0&0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\0&0&0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\0&1&0&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\1&0&0&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (0,0,0,1,-1)$_n$ | (0,0,1,−1,0)$_n$ | (0,1,−1,0,0)$_n$ | (1,−1,0,0,0)$_n$ |

##### [[3,3,3]]

The extended group [[3,3,3]], order 240, is doubled by a 2-fold rotation matrix T, here reversing coordinate order and sign: There are 3 generators {T, R$_0$, R$_1$}. Since T is self-reciprocal R$_3$=TR$_0$T, and R$_2$=TR$_1$T.
[[3,3,3]], :
| | Rotation | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | T | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | TR$_1$T=R$_2$ | TR$_0$T=R$_3$ |
| Element group | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0&0&0&-1\\0&0&0&-1&0\\0&0&-1&0&0\\0&-1&0&0&0\\-1&0&0&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\0&0&0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | | (0,0,0,1,-1)$_n$ | (0,0,1,−1,0)$_n$ | (0,1,−1,0,0)$_n$ | (1,−1,0,0,0)$_n$ |

#### [4,3,3]

A irreducible 4-dimensional finite reflective group is hyperoctahedral group (or hexadecachoric group (for 16-cell), B$_4$=[4,3,3], order 384, . The reflection generators matrices are R$_0$, R$_1$, R$_2$, R$_3$. R$_0$$^2$=R$_1$$^2$=R$_2$$^2$=R$_3$$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_1$)$^4$=(R$_1$×R$_2$)$^3$=(R$_2$×R$_3$)$^3$=(R$_0$×R$_2$)$^2$=(R$_1$×R$_3$)$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_3$)$^2$=Identity.
Chiral hyperoctahedral symmetry, [4,3,3]$^+$, is generated by 3 of 6 rotations: S$_{0,1}$, S$_{1,2}$, S$_{2,3}$, S$_{0,2}$, S$_{1,3}$, and S$_{0,3}$. Hyperpyritohedral symmetry [4,(3,3)$^+$], is generated by reflection R$_0$ and rotations S$_{1,2}$ and S$_{2,3}$. An 8-fold double rotation is generated by W$_{0,1,2,3}$, the product of all 4 reflections.
[4,3,3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotoreflection | Rotoreflection | Rotoreflection | Rotoreflection | Double rotation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{2,3}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | S$_{1,3}$ | S$_{0,3}$ | V$_{1,2,3}$ | V$_{0,1,3}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ | V$_{0,2,3}$ | W$_{0,1,2,3}$ |
| Group | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&1&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\1&0&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&-1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\-1&0&0&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (0,0,0,1)$_n$ | (0,0,1,−1)$_n$ | (0,1,−1,0)$_n$ | (1,−1,0,0)$_n$ | | | | |

##### [3,3$^{1,1}$]

A half group of [4,3,3] is [3,3$^{1,1}$], , order 192. It shares 3 generators with [4,3,3] group, but has two copies of an adjacent generator, one reflected across the removed mirror.
[3,3$^{1,1}$], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ |
| Group | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&-1\\0&0&-1&0\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (1,−1,0,0)$_n$ | (0,1,−1,0)$_n$ | (0,0,1,−1)$_n$ | (0,0,1,1)$_n$ |

#### [3,4,3]

A irreducible 4-dimensional finite reflective group is Icositetrachoric group (for 24-cell), F$_4$=[3,4,3], order 1152, . The reflection generators matrices are R$_0$, R$_1$, R$_2$, R$_3$. R$_0$$^2$=R$_1$$^2$=R$_2$$^2$=R$_3$$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_1$)$^3$=(R$_1$×R$_2$)$^4$=(R$_2$×R$_3$)$^3$=(R$_0$×R$_2$)$^2$=(R$_1$×R$_3$)$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_3$)$^2$=Identity.
Chiral icositetrachoric symmetry, [3,4,3]$^+$, is generated by 3 of 6 rotations: S$_{0,1}$, S$_{1,2}$, S$_{2,3}$, S$_{0,2}$, S$_{1,3}$, and S$_{0,3}$. Ionic diminished [3,4,3$^+$] group, is generated by reflection R$_0$ and rotations S$_{1,2}$ and S$_{2,3}$. A 12-fold double rotation is generated by W$_{0,1,2,3}$, the product of all 4 reflections.
[3,4,3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{2,3}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | S$_{1,3}$ | S$_{0,3}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2&-1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (1,−1,0,0)$_n$ | (0,1,−1,0)$_n$ | (0,0,1,0)$_n$ | (−1,−1,−1,−1)$_n$ | | | | |
[3,4,3], :
| | Rotoreflection | Rotoreflection | Rotoreflection | Rotoreflection | Double rotation |
| Name | V$_{1,2,3}$ | V$_{0,1,3}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ | V$_{0,2,3}$ | W$_{0,1,2,3}$ |
| Element group | | | | | |
| Order | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\-1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2&-1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&1/2&1/2&-1/2\\1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\1/2&-1/2&-1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |

##### [[3,4,3]]

The group [[3,4,3]] extends [3,4,3] by a 2-fold rotation, T, doubling order to 2304.
[[3,4,3]], :
| | Rotation | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | T | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ = TR$_1$T | R$_3$ = TR$_0$T |
| Element group | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&1/2&-1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&1/2&-1/2\\-1/2&-1/2&-1/2&1/2\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | | (1,−1,0,0)$_n$ | (0,1,−1,0)$_n$ | (0,0,1,0)$_n$ | (−1,−1,−1,−1)$_n$ |

#### [5,3,3]

Stereographic projections :
| [5,3,3]$^+$ 72 order-5 gyrations | [5,3,3]$^+$ 200 order-3 gyrations |
| [5,3,3]$^+$ 450 order-2 gyrations | [5,3,3]$^+$ all gyrations |
The hyper-icosahedral symmetry, [5,3,3], order 14400, . The reflection generators matrices are R$_0$, R$_1$, R$_2$, R$_3$. R$_0$$^2$=R$_1$$^2$=R$_2$$^2$=R$_3$$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_1$)$^5$=(R$_1$×R$_2$)$^3$=(R$_2$×R$_3$)$^3$=(R$_0$×R$_2$)$^2$=(R$_0$×R$_3$)$^2$=(R$_1$×R$_3$)$^2$=Identity. [5,3,3]$^+$ is generated by 3 rotations: S$_{0,1}$ = R$_0$×R$_1$, S$_{1,2}$ = R$_1$×R$_2$, S$_{2,3}$ = R$_2$×R$_3$, etc.
[5,3,3], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ |
| Element group | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {-1}{2}}&0\\{\frac {-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&0\\{\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}&0\\0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}\\0&{\frac {\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\\0&{\frac {1-\phi }{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {\phi }{2}}\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (1,0,0,0)$_n$ | (φ,1,φ−1,0)$_n$ | (0,1,0,0)$_n$ | (0,−1,φ,1−φ)$_n$ |

### Rank 8
#### [3$^{4,2,1}$]

The E8 Coxeter group, [3$^{4,2,1}$], , has 8 mirror nodes, order 696729600 (192x10!). E7 and E6, [3$^{3,2,1}$], , and [3$^{2,2,1}$], can be constructed by ignoring the first mirror or the first two mirrors respectively.
E8=[3$^{4,2,1}$], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | R$_4$ | R$_5$ | R$_6$ | R$_7$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&-1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}3/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4\\-1/4&3/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4\\-1/4&-1/4&3/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4\\-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&3/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4\\-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&3/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4\\-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&3/4&-1/4&-1/4\\-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&3/4&-1/4\\-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&-1/4&3/4\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| | (1,-1,0,0,0,0,0,0)$_n$ | (0,1,-1,0,0,0,0,0)$_n$ | (0,0,1,-1,0,0,0,0)$_n$ | (0,0,0,1,-1,0,0,0)$_n$ | (0,0,0,0,1,-1,0,0)$_n$ | (0,0,0,0,0,1,-1,0)$_n$ | (0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0)$_n$ | (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)$_n$ |

### Affine rank 2

Affine matrices are represented by adding an extra row and column, the last row being zero except last entry 1. The last column represents a translation vector.
The affine group [∞], , can be given by two reflection matrices, x=0 and x=1.
| | Reflections | Reflections | Translation |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | S$_{0,1}$ |
| Element group | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | ∞ |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0\\0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&1\\0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&-1\\0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | x=0 | x=1 |

### Affine rank 3
#### [4,4]

The affine group [4,4], , (p4m), can be given by three reflection matrices, reflections across the x axis (y=0), a diagonal (x=y), and the affine reflection across the line (x=1). [4,4]$^+$ (p4) is generated by S$_{0,1}$ S$_{1,2}$, and S$_{0,2}$. [4$^+$,4$^+$] (pgg) is generated by 2-fold rotation S$_{0,2}$ and glide reflection (transreflection) V$_{0,1,2}$. [4$^+$,4] (p4g) is generated by S$_{0,1}$ and R$_3$. The group [(4,4,2$^+$)] (cmm), is generated by 2-fold rotation S$_{1,3}$ and reflection R$_2$.
[4,4], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Glides | Glides |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ | V$_{0,2,1}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | ∞ (2) | ∞ (2) |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\1&0&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&2\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\-1&0&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\-1&0&2\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&2\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\1&0&-2\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&-1&2\\-1&0&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | y=0 | x=y | x=1 |

#### [3,6]

The affine group [3,6], , (p6m), can be given by three reflection matrices, reflections across the x axis (y=0), line y=(√3/2)x, and vertical line x=1.
[3,6], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Glides | Glides |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ | V$_{0,2,1}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 2 | ∞ (2) | ∞ (2) |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2&0\\{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&2\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2&0\\-{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1/2&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1\\-{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2&{\sqrt {3}}\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&2\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1\\{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}/2&2\\-{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1/2&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | y=0 | y=(√3/2)x | x=1 |

#### [3$^{[3]}$]

The affine group [3$^{[3]}$] can be constructed as a half group of . R$_2$ is replaced by R'$_2$ = R$_2$×R$_1$×R$_2$, presented by the hyperplane: y+(√3/2)x=2. The fundamental domain is an equilateral triangle with edge length 2.
[3$^{[3]}$], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Glides | Glides |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R'$_2$ = R$_2$×R$_1$×R$_2$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | V$_{0,1,2}$ | V$_{0,2,1}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ∞ (2) | ∞ (2) |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0\\0&-1&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2&0\\{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}/2&3\\-{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2&{\sqrt {3}}\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0\\-1&0&0\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2&0\\-{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1/2&2{\sqrt {3}}\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}/2&3\\{\sqrt {3}}/2&-1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&{\sqrt {3}}/2&0\\{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2&-2{\sqrt {3}}\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}/2&3\\-{\sqrt {3}}/2&1/2&-{\sqrt {3}}\\0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | y=0 | y=(√3/2)x | y+(√3/2)x=2 |

### Affine rank 4
#### [4,3,4]

The affine group is [4,3,4], can be given by four reflection matrices. Mirror R$_0$ can be put on z=0 plane. Mirror R$_1$ can be put on plane y=z. Mirror R$_2$ can be put on x=y plane. Mirror R$_3$ can be put on x=1 plane. [4,3,4]$^+$ is generated by S$_{0,1}$, S$_{1,2}$, and S$_{2,3}$.
[4,3,4], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Transflections | Transflections | Screw axis |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{2,3}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | S$_{0,3}$ | S$_{1,3}$ | T$_{0,1,2}$ | T$_{1,2,3}$ | U$_{0,1,2,3}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | ∞ (3) |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0&2\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\-1&0&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0&2\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\-1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\-1&0&0&2\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&-2\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | z=0 | y=z | x=y | x=1 |

##### [[4,3,4]]

The extended group [[4,3,4]] doubles the group order, adding with a 2-fold rotation matrix T, with a fixed axis through points (1,1/2,0) and (1/2,1/2,1/2). The generators are {R$_0$,R$_1$,T}. R$_2$ = T×R$_1$×T and R$_3$ = T×R$_0$×T.
[[4,3,4]], :
| | Rotation | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections |
| Name | T | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ = T×R$_1$×T | R$_3$ = T×R$_0$×T |
| Element group | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&0&-1&1\\0&-1&0&1\\-1&0&0&1\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0&2\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | Point (1/2,1/2,1/2) Axis (-1,0,1) | z=0 | y=z | x=y | x=1 |

#### [4,3$^{1,1}$]

The group [4,3$^{1,1}$] can be constructed from [4,3,4], by computing [4,3,4,1$^+$], , as R'$_3$=R$_3$×R$_2$×R$_3$, with new R'$_3$ as an image of R$_2$ across R$_3$.
[4,3$^{1,1}$], :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations |
| Name | R$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R'$_3$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{1,3}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | S$_{0,3}$ | S$_{2,3}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&-1&0&2\\-1&0&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&-1&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\-1&0&0&2\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&-1&0&2\\-1&0&0&2\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0&2\\0&-1&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | z=0 | y=z | x=y | x+y=2 |

#### [3$^{[4]}$]

The group [3$^{[4]}$] can be constructed from [4,3,4], by removing first and last mirrors, [1$^+$,4,3,4,1$^+$], , by R'$_1$=R$_0$×R$_1$×R$_0$ and R'$_3$=R$_3$×R$_2$×R$_3$.
[3$^{[4]}$] :
| | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Reflections | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations | Rotations |
| Name | R'$_0$ | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R'$_3$ | S$_{0,1}$ | S$_{1,2}$ | S$_{1,3}$ | S$_{0,2}$ | S$_{0,3}$ | S$_{2,3}$ |
| Element group | | | | | | | | | | |
| Order | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Matrix | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&-1&0&2\\-1&0&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&-1&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\-1&0&0&2\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\-1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}0&-1&0&2\\0&0&-1&0\\1&0&0&-2\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ | $\left[{\begin{smallmatrix}-1&0&0&2\\0&-1&0&2\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\\end{smallmatrix}}\right]$ |
| Hyperplane | y=-z | y=z | x=y | x+y=2 |