OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gouna, South Africa

Gouna is a village in the Western Cape in South Africa. The village lies about 6 km north of Knysna, 11 km east of Rheenendal and about 12 km northwest of Bracken Hill. Located in the Knysna forests, the village lies on a hill that forms part of the Outeniqua Mountains.
Near the village, lies the Gouna Pass, which is formed by Kom se Pad through the Outeniqua Mountains.
In the 2011 South African census the village and sïurrounding area had a population of 629 people living in 229 households.

## History

The village lies about 11 km south of the historic gold rush town of Millwood.

### The Silk Spinners of Gouna

The Cape Colonial government funded thirty two silk spinners to move to the Colony during the late 19th Century with the purpose of creating a silk industry in the Knysna Forests.
The immigrants wanted to leave behind violence and instability in their city of origin, Treviso, northern Italy, in search of a new start in a country that offered them new homes, mulberry trees for their silkworms, and sheds to spin their silk.
On the 3rd of May, 1881, a group consisting of three families and a few single men reached Knysna by boat. Following a three-week journey by ox-cart from the port to the Gouna Forest, they arrived to discover just a handful of tents - and no mulberry trees - set up for them.
Local residents who had urged the government to support the initiative did not understand that the native mulberry (Trimeria grandiflora) is different from the white mulberry (Morus Alba) from China, which is vital for the survival of the silkworm.
The group was given government rations briefly, then they were assigned pieces of land to farm, which they failed at. A few men went to seek employment on the highways, while others started cutting wood for income.

### San Ambroso Church

San Ambroso, a Catholic Church in Gouna, is among the oldest buildings in the area. The construction of the church took place a decade following the group's establishment. The purpose of its design was to bring back memories of the settlers' lives in the Italian foothills and to help them feel more connected to their home and religion.
The church was dedicated in 1891 by Reverend Rooney based in George.
The title 'San Ambroso Chapel Museum' was chosen following the renovation of the structure in 2005. Rayno Sciocatti, a direct ancestor of Gouna's original silk spinners, conducted the restoration.
# Myzus cerasi

The Black Cherry Aphid, or cherry blackfly (Myzus cerasi), is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants.

## Host plants

It is known to live on both wild and domesticated cherry varieties.

## Synonyms

* Aphis aparines Kaltenbach, 1843
* Aphis asperulae Walker, 1848
* Aphis cerasi Müller, 1776
* Aphis cerasi Fabricius, 1775
* Aphis euphrasiae Walker, 1849
* Aphis molluginis Koch, 1854
* Aphis veronicae Walker, 1848
* Myzoides cerasi van der Goot, 1913
* Myzoides cerasi Fabricius
* Myzus alectorolophi Heinze, 1961
* Myzus asperulae Walker, 1848
* Myzus callange Essig, 1954
* Myzus galiifolium Theobald, 1929
* Myzus langei Essig, 1936
* Myzus pruniavium Börner, 1926
* Myzus quasipyrinus Theobald, 1929
# Black Theater of Ardmore

The Black Theater of Ardmore is a historic theater building in Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States. It was built in 1922 during a time of racial segregation, when Ardmore's community of more than 2,000 African American residents had its own business district and its own residential area. The theater provided entertainment for black residents who were excluded from patronizing white theaters. It is also a symbol to the once-thriving black business district of Ardmore. It functioned as a theater until 1944, when it was sold to the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
# Ariulf of Spoleto

Ariulf (died 602) was the second Duke of Spoleto from 592 (the death of Faroald) until his own death.
In 592, Ariulf, whose position in Spoleto and control of key points along the Via Flaminia, the main communication between Ravenna and Rome, to cut its alternative, the fortified Via Amerina, and capture several Byzantine cities. He took several strongholds in Latium and threatened Rome, where Gregory the Great, cut off from the exarchate, was forced to make a separate peace with him, to the great dissatisfaction of Romanus (exarch), the exarch of Ravenna, who was the imperial representative in Italy. Ariulf's successes were brief: the exarch's forces retook the Roman fortifications and the city of Perugia, and cleared the roads for the time being.
He then assisted Arechis I of Benevento in besieging Naples, another important city of Imperial Italy. He won a great victory at Camerino, where, according to Paul the Deacon, he claimed to have seen Saint Sabinus, the martyred hero of Spoleto, helping him, and was thus led to convert to Catholic Christianity.
# Central Lancashire (disambiguation)

Central Lancashire can refer to:-
* Central Lancashire - a former designated new town in England
* Central Lancashire - a rugby league team which was based in Preston, England, and is now known as Blackpool Panthers
* Lancashire Central (European Parliament constituency)
* The University of Central Lancashire - based in Preston, England
# American Sighthound Field Association

The American Sighthound Field Association or ASFA is a non-profit organization committed to sanctioning and providing a framework for the sport of lure coursing in the United States. The organization of ASFA is made up of member clubs which host field trials throughout the United States. The organization has a President, First and Second Vice Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer. The membership of ASFA is further represented by 10 Regional Directors who are elected to two year terms.

## History

The American Sighthound Field Association was started in 1972 by Lyle Gillette and other California sighthound fanciers.
# Bandhuwan

Baghawan ward no 14, sub-metropolitan Kalaiya Bara, Nepal.
Baghawan is a town and Sub metropolitan Ward no 14 Kalaiya Bara. Baghawan is lies between Kalaiya and Gadhimai temple. It's a village 3 km far from the city, kalaiya Bara District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. The famous and biggest Fair of Nepal is 'Gadhi Mai' fair which is just 2 km far from Baghawn. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4,678 people living in 761 individual households. There were 2,315 males and 2,363 at the time of census.
# Neoclanis

Neoclanis is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae, containing one species, Neoclanis basalis, which is known from dry bush and woodland from Zimbabwe and Angola to Zambia, Tanzania and eastern Kenya.
# Bulu, Petarukan, Pemalang

Bulu is a village in the town of Petarukan, Pemalang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. This villages has an area of 1,42 km² and a population of 5,651 inhabitants in 2022.
# Bulu, Zimbabwe

Bulu is a village found in the Mangwe District of Zimbabwe. The village is separated from Ngwizi by the main road coming from Plumtree. The closest hospital to Bulu is Brunaburg and the closest police station is Mphoengs.

## Education

Bulu has one secondary school, Bulu High and one primary school Bulu Primary. Based on 2020 academic results, Bulu Primary was ranked second best, coming behind Alan Redfern Primary which is located in Plumtree.
# Menzion

Menzion, sometimes Minzion is a small settlement in southern Scotland near Tweedsmuir in the Scottish Borders, in the valley of the River Tweed.

## Topography

Menzion lies along the Menzion burn, being separated into Nether Menzion and Over Menzion. Nether Menzion lies at the foot of the burn near the Fruid road. The burn is surrounded on both sides by commercial forestry which is set back to reduce the immediate impact of the acidic run-off. Over Menzion, which was formerly a shepherd's abode, is now abandoned.

## Ancient stones

Menzion displays evidence of very early habitation with three ancient stones standing on a minor road leading to Fruid Reservoir, just north of the village of Tweedsmuir. Of these, the main stone is known as "The Giant's Stone" which is about 1.60 m high. The two other stones nearby were not mentioned in the Ordnance Survey map of 1859, where the Giant's Stone is described as "Remains of Druidical Temple". The parish records of 1833 state that there were other stones but that these were carried away and put to other uses.
Menzion was part of the barony of Oliver Castle and originally belonged to Clan Fraser. After Sir Simon Fraser died it was divided between his two daughters Joanna and Mary. Joanna married Sir Patrick Fleming and Over Menzion became the property of the Flemings and Mary married Sir Gilbert Hay and Nether Menzion became the property of the Hays. The Fleming family held the lands until 1636, when John (Fleming), second Earl of Wigtown, conveyed Over Menzion to Sir David Murray of Stanhope who obtained a Crown charter on 17 March 1645 incorporating the lands into the barony of Stanhope-Murray.
It was in around 1645 that a vagrant called Marion Chisholm came from Edinburgh while the Plague was raging there carrying a bundle of clothing with the disease in it. The occupants of Nether Menzion and two other farms at Fruid, and Glencotho became infected. Those who escaped the pestilence pulled down the roofs and walls of their houses onto the bodies of those who had died. Marion Chisholm was buried near Nether Menzion in a grave that can no longer be found.
Around this time, Sir David Murray also acquired Nether Menzion which his son William inherited in 1654. The lands eventually became the property of Sir David Murray, nephew of John Murray of Broughton, who was active in the Jacobite rising of 1745. As a result of his participation, the Murray estates were confiscated (as were those other Jacobite sympathisers). Many properties on the Stanhope estate were tenanted by members of the Tweedie family with whom the Murrays had at various times fought or intermarried.
# Menzingen

Menzingen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## History

Menzingen is first mentioned around 1217-22 as Meincingin.
The traditionalist Society of Saint Pius X, which is juridically irregular with the Vatican over "doctrinal difficulties" with the teachings of the Second Vatican Council, is headquartered in Menzingen.

## Geography

Menzingen has an area, as of 2006, of 27.5 km$^2$ (10.6 sq mi). Of this area, 62.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 28.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 7.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The municipality is located on a moraine plateau between the Lorze and Sihl rivers at an elevation of about 800 m (2,600 ft). In 1848 the municipality of Neuheim separated from Menzingen. It consists of the village of Menzingen and a number of hamlets and individual farm houses.
It includes Edlibach and Finstersee and, until the late 1950s, was the highest destination of the then famous Zug tramways.

## Demographics

Menzingen has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 4,540. As of 2007, 16.1% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years, the population has decreased at a rate of -1.6%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (88.8%), with Albanian being second most common (3.3%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (1.5%).
In the 2007 federal election, the most popular party was the SVP which received 31.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (30.6%), the FDP (19.8%) and the Green Party (11.6%).
In Menzingen, about 69.3% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Menzingen has an unemployment rate of 1.25%. As of 2005, there were 288 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 107 businesses involved in this sector. 211 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 37 businesses in this sector. 1,066 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 133 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
| year | population |
| 1743 | 1,676 |
| 1799 | 2,290 |
| 1850 | 2,113 |
| 1900 | 2,495 |
| 1950 | 3,398 |
| 2000 | 4,495 |
# Memphis Chicks

Memphis Chicks may refer to:
* Memphis Chicks (Southern Association), a Minor League Baseball team that played from 1901 to 1960
* Memphis Chicks (Southern League), a Minor League Baseball team that played from 1978 to 1997
# Chojata District

Chojata District is one of eleven districts of the General Sánchez Cerro Province in Peru.

## Geography

One of the highest peaks of the district is Hatun P'ukru at approximately 5,153 m (16,906 ft). Other mountains are listed below:
* Chachakumani
* Chinchillani
* Ch'alla Pata
* Hatun Pampa
* Hatun Punta
* Iru Urqu
* Kimsa Chata
* Kunturini
* Laq'a Laq'ani
* Llallawi
* Millu Punta
* Misiwa
* Paqu Paquni
* Pata Wasi
* Patilla Suru
* Pirwa Tira
* Puka Apachita
* Pukara
* Putusi
* Phaq'u Q'awa
* P'aqu Urqu
* P'isaqani
* Qarwayuni
* Qullqi Wiqu
* Quncha Pata
* Q'asa Q'asa
* Q'uwata
* Sikuwani
* Surani
* Uqi Salla
* Wari Pukara
* Wila Wila
* Wila Wilani
* Yana Qaqa
* Yawri Salla
* Yuraq Qaqa
* Yuraq Urqu

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (85.33%) learnt to speak in childhood, 10.40% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
# Chit Naing

Chit Naing is a Burmese politician, writer and Minister of Union Government Office. He previously served as a former Minister of Information.

## Early life and education

He was born in December 1948 in Kyi Ni Village, Chauk Township, Magway Division. He studied basic education at Government Middle School in Kyi Ni village, No (11) High School in Chauk.He attended Mandalay University of Arts and Sciences (MASU) and he holds a bachelor's degree in psychology.

## Service life
### Military services

He joined the military in 1971 after graduated in 1970. He served in Lashio, Mingalardon, Nawnghkio, Bahtoo and Kalaw. He has served in Shan State for over 17 years.

### Literature

From August 1995 to November 1997, he served as the Executive Editor-in-Chief of the Myawaddy Literature House, which deals with the military. Since 1984, he has been writing articles on social psychology and youth counseling.He was awarded the 1996 National Literature Prize for youth affairs with his book, "Chit Lo Pyaw Tar Hmat Par" .
In 1999, he led a delegation of Myanmar writers on a friendly visit to the People's Republic of China.He served as the Central Executive Committee of the Myanmar Literature and Press Association.He also served as the director general of Information and Public Relations Department from 1997 to 2009.

### Union Minister

After the military seized power on February 1, 2021, he was appointed as Union Minister of Information in the newly formed military government. When the caretaker government was formed on 1 August 2021, he was changed from the Minister of Information to the Minister of the Union Government Office (2).
# Bulbophyllum santoense

Bulbophyllum santoense is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Bulbophyllum sapphirinum

Bulbophyllum sapphirinum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Bulbophyllum sarcodanthum

Bulbophyllum sarcodanthum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Bulbophyllum saronae

Bulbophyllum saronae is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae.
# Chiloglanis ruziziensis

Chiloglanis ruziziensis is a species of upside-down catfish native to Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda where it occurs in the Ruzizi River. This species grows to a length of 6.3 centimetres (2.5 in) SL.
# Burge House

The Burge House is a historic house located in Houston, Texas, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1983. It is in the Houston Heights neighborhood, one of the first planned suburbs in Texas.

## Description and history

The home was bought in 1910 for US$2,000 (equivalent to $65,400 in 2023) by Robert Burge, president of Burge Manufacturing Co. The two story wood-frame house sits on a large corner lot. It has a hip roof with small central dormers and projecting gables on the sides. The attached porch wraps around one side and is supported by half columns set on brick piers. The porch has rails and balusters between the piers and leads to brick steps to ground level. The gable end over the entry is ornamented. The front door has side lights and a transom, and is flanked symmetrically by two windows. The second floor has shingle walls and two pair of symmetrically set double hung sash windows. The house is considered a good example the transition in architectural style from Victorian influenced Colonial Revival architecture to a more 21st century style with bungaloid elements.
On May 21, 1998, the Houston Archeological and Historical Commission found the house met the criteria for designation as a Landmark of the City of Houston. In 2010 it appeared on a list of designated City of Houston Landmarks. Greenwood Properties announced they purchased the property in 2000 for a residential realty office. In 2006 the house was featured in the Houston Heights Association's "Dickens in the Heights Home Tour and Holiday Market".
# Menteşe, Honaz

Menteşe is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Honaz, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 353 (2022).
# Menteş, Çivril

Menteş is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çivril, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 577 (2022).
# Melville Land

Melville Land is an area in Peary Land, North Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.

## History

Robert Peary named the territory, together with Heilprin Land, in 1892 during his North Greenland Expedition sponsored by the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. He named it after Chief Engineer George W. Melville (1841–1912), chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering of the United States Navy. Peary sighted the coast of Melville Land shore from afar to the northeast. He drew a rough map based on the panorama that he saw from Navy Cliff, at the head of Independence Fjord, but did not explore the area.
In 1912 Knud Rasmussen, during his First Thule Expedition, compared favorably Melville Land with the barren and desolate land that he had crossed south of Independence Fjord. He marveled at the abundance of game, including muskoxen, hares and ptarmigan. Birdlife was plentiful, and many seals lay out on the ice of the fjord, basking in the sun. He mentioned that
   It was a real delight to see not clay, nor rocks, nor gravel, but earth; mould, dotted everywhere with red-blossoming saxifrage.
The territory was finally mapped with accuracy by Lauge Koch from a height of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) during his cartographic air expedition of 1938. Koch noted in his exploration that the land was ice-free.
* Section of Robert Peary's map "Polar Regions" published in 1903.

## Geography

Melville Land is located in southern Peary Land, on the northern side of the middle section of the Independence Fjord. To the west it is limited by the Bronlund Fjord, and to the east by Kjovesletten, a small coastal area beyond which lies Herlufsholm Strand. Cape Harald Moltke marks the southwestern end and Cape Caroline Marie the southeastern. The Børglum River flows from the Nordkrone southwards at the western end.
Remarkably for the high latitude the terrain is unglaciated. The part along the shore of Independence Fjord has high sandstone cliffs with elevations averaging 460 metres (1,509 ft), including the Pyramide Plateau in the western sector. The banks near the shore are dissected by small river valleys and ravines. The inner part to the north is mountainous and not clearly delimited, with the highest point reaching 1,157 metres (3,796 ft).
# Chloromethane (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloromethane.

## Safety data sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the safety data sheet for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. SDS for chloromethane is available at Supelco Inc

## Structure and properties

Structure and properties :
| Index of refraction, n$_D$ | 1.3389 |
| Abbe number | ? |
| Dielectric constant, ε$_r$ | 12.9 ε$_0$ at 25 °C |
| Bond strength | ? |
| Bond length | ? |
| Bond angle | ? |
| Dipole moment | 1.9 D |
| Magnetic susceptibility | ? |
| Acentric factor | 0.153 |
| Critical compressibility | 0.268247 |
| Compressibility factor | 0.985 |
| Density | 1002.9 kg/m$^3$ at -24.2 °C (liquid) 2.55 kg/m$^3$ at -24.2 °C (gas) 2.22 kg/m$^3$ at 0 °C (gas) 2.134 kg/m$^3$ at 15 °C (gas) |
| Surface tension | 19.5 dyn/cm at 0 °C 17.8 dyn/cm at 10 °C 16.2 dyn/cm at 20 °C |
| Viscosity | 0.2280 mPa·s at 0 °C 0.1784 mPa·s at 20 °C 0.1440 mPa·s at 40 °C |
| Thermal conductivity | 10.5 mW/(m·K) at 0 °C |

## Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior :
| Triple point | 175.43 K (–97.72 °C), 870 Pa |
| Critical point | 416 K (143 °C), 6714.4 kPa |
| Std enthalpy change of fusion, Δ$_{fus}$H$^o$ | 6.43 kJ/mol |
| Std entropy change of fusion, Δ$_{fus}$S$^o$ | 36.66 J/(mol·K) |
| Std enthalpy change of vaporization, Δ$_{vap}$H$^o$ | 21.535 kJ/mol at –24.21 °C 20.09 kJ/mol at 20 °C |
| Std entropy change of vaporization, Δ$_{vap}$S$^o$ | 86.51 J/(mol·K) at –24.21 °C |
| Solid properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{solid}$ | ? kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{solid}$ | ? J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | ? J/(mol K) |
| Liquid properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{liquid}$ | –86.37 kJ/mol at 25 °C |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{liquid}$ | 140.08 J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | 81.2 J/(mol K) at 15 °C |
| Gas properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{gas}$ | –83.68 kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{gas}$ | 234.36 J/(mol K) at 100 kPa |
| Enthalpy of combustion, Δ$_c$H$^o$$_{gas}$ | –764.0 kJ/mol |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | 40.70 J/(mol K) at 25 °C |
| van der Waals' constants | a = 757.0 L$^2$ kPa/mol$^2$ b = 0.06483 liter per mole |

## Vapor pressure of liquid

| P in mm Hg | P in mm Hg | 1 | 10 | 40 | 100 | 400 | 760 | 1520 | 3800 | 7600 | 15200 | 30400 | 45600 |
| T in °C | T in °C | — | –92.4 | –76.0 | –63.0 | –38.0 | –24.0 | –6.4 | 22.0 | 47.3 | 77.3 | 113.8 | 137.5 |
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

## Spectral data

UV-Vis :
| λ$_{max}$ | ? nm |
| Extinction coefficient, ε | ? |
| IR ||
| Major absorption bands | ? cm$^{−1}$ |
| NMR ||
| Proton NMR | |
| Carbon-13 NMR | |
| Other NMR data | |
| MS ||
| Masses of main fragments | |
# Chloromethyl methyl sulfide

Chloromethyl methyl sulfide is the organosulfur compound with the formula ClCH$_2$SCH$_3$. In terms of functional groups, it is a thioether and an alkyl chloride. The compound is structurally related to sulfur mustards, i.e., it is a potentially hazardous alkylating agent. The compound finds some use in organic chemistry as a protecting group. In the presence of base, it converts carboxylic acids (RCO$_2$H) to esters RCO$_2$CH$_2$SCH$_3$. The compound is prepared by treatment of dimethylsulfide with sulfuryl chloride.