OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ideal

Ideal may refer to:

## Philosophy

* Ideal (ethics), values that one actively pursues as goals
* Platonic ideal, a philosophical idea of trueness of form, associated with Plato

## Mathematics

* Ideal (ring theory), special subsets of a ring considered in abstract algebra
* Ideal, special subsets of a semigroup
* Ideal (order theory), special kind of lower sets of an order
* Ideal (set theory), a collection of sets regarded as "small" or "negligible"
* Ideal (Lie algebra), a particular subset in a Lie algebra
* Ideal point, a boundary point in hyperbolic geometry
* Ideal triangle, a triangle in hyperbolic geometry whose vertices are ideal points

## Science

* Ideal chain, in science, the simplest model describing a polymer
* Ideal gas law, in physics, governing the pressure of an ideal gas
* Ideal transformer, an electrical transformer having zero resistance and perfect magnetic threading
* Ideal final result, in TRIZ methodology, the best possible solution
* Thought experiment, sometimes called an ideal experiment
* Ideal type, a social science term
* Ideal solution, a solution with thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases

## Entertainment

* Ideal (group), a late-1990s/2000s American R&B group
* Ideal (German band), an early-1980s German rock group
* Ideal (album), a 1999 album by the R&B group Ideal
* An Ideal, a 2016 album by Li Ronghao
* Ideal (novel), a 1934 novel by Ayn Rand, published in 2015
** Ideal (play), a 1936 play by Ayn Rand, adapted from the novel, published in 1989
* Ideal (TV series), a British situation comedy
* Ideal Film Company, a British film studio of the Silent Era
* Ideal Ice Cream, an ice cream company
* Ideal Toy Company, a defunct toy company

## Places

* Ideal, Georgia
* Ideal, Illinois
* Ideal, South Dakota
* Ideal Mini School

## Miscellaneous

* Changhe Ideal, a city car produced by a joint-venture of Changhe and Suzuki
* Ideal 18, a Canadian sailboat design
* IDEAL Scholars Fund, an American scholarship program for underrepresented students
* Ideal (newspaper), a Spanish-language newspaper
* iDEAL, an online payment method in the Netherlands
* Ideal Industries, an American manufacturer of electrical connectors and tools
* IDEAL framework (Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term study), a framework for describing the stages of innovation in surgery
* IDEAL (Interactive Development Environment for an Application Lifecycle), a development language above COBOL for DATACOM/DB
# Música popular (Colombia)

Within Colombia, the term Música popular (Spanish pronunciation:, 'popular music') is often used to refer to a folk music genre originated between the 1930s and 1940s in the Paisa Region, in the northwestern part of the country, influenced primarily by Mexican folk music, as well as Argentinian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian to a lesser degree. Eventually it lost these combinations and currently is a mixture of different genres of Regional Mexican.

## History

The genre started to develop between the 1930s and 1940s in the Paisa Region (comprising the modern-day departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda), based on Mexican folk music genres such as corrido, huapango and ranchera, as well as on bolero, tango, pasillo and others, which were very popular among campesinos around that time.
The genre started to gain popularity between the late 1940s and the 1950s, when artists such as Óscar Agudelo or Luis Ángel Ramírez started to take off. During that time, the genre was regarded as proper to Colombia's lower class.
During the late 20th century, the most well known genre's artists such as Darío Gómez, El Charrito Negro, Luis Alberto Posada, etc. were being listened all throughout the country's bars. However, the genre started to stall in the early 2000s, given the low number of well-known artists and the aging of the existing ones.
The genre saw a comeback between the late 2000s and the early 2010s, when new artists such as Pipe Bueno, Jhon Álex Castaño or Yeison Jiménez started to appear. It is not exactly known why this increase in popularity occurred. When interviewed by El Colombiano, senior manager of record label Codiscos Álvaro Picón said that Pipe Bueno played a huge roll in the process of the genre's repopularization. He also said that the popularity momentum created by Bueno was then kept by the introduction other new artists who brought the genre to listeners outside of its traditional bar niche. The softening of the lyrics of the genre's songs was also cited as a factor by Picón. He lastly said that additionally, a decline in the popularity of romantic vallenato coinciding with the revival of música popular boosted even more the rise in popularity of the last one.
# Rafael Pérez Estrada

Rafael Pérez Estrada (February 16, 1934 – May 22, 2000) was a Spanish poet and artist. He was one of the leading figures of avant-garde poetry and narrative in Spain. A several-time finalist for Spain's Premio Nacional de Literatura, Estrada published over forty books in his lifetime. Translations of Pérez Estrada have appeared in Harper's Bazaar and Poetry Daily. A book of selected poems, Devoured by the Moon, was published in February 2004.
The statue Ave Quiromántica by José Seguiri, based on a drawing by Estrada, stands in Calle de la Bolsa, Málaga.

## Life

Pérez Estrada was born in Málaga, Spain, on February 16, 1934. He studied law at the University of Granada and was a lawyer in his hometown. In 1959, he moved to Madrid, where he began writing professionally, contributing to magazines and radio stations. After returning to Málaga in 1960, he began writing more seriously. His first book, Valle de los galanes, a collection of plays, poetry, and narrative art, was published in 1968. He died on May 22, 2000.

## Works

* Breviario (1988)
* Libro de los Reyes (1990)
* Oficios del sueño (1992)
* Pequeño teatro (1998)
* El levitador y su vértigo (1999)
* La extranjera (1999)
* Poemas (2000)
* Cosmología esencial (2000)

## Poetry anthologies

* Antología 1968–1988 (1989)
* Informe desde el Sur (1989)
* Elecciones personales, una antología de urgencia (1996)
* El ladrón de atardeceres (1998)
* Rafael Pérez Estrada en la India (2009)
* Antología de breve ficción (2010)
* Un plural infinito (2011)
* Rafael Pérez Estrada. El demiurgo (2016)

## Anthologies edited

* Friso poético (Aproximación a Salvador Rueda y antología de su obra) (1985)
* Del goce y de la dicha (poesía erótica) (1985)
# Nitza Margarita Cintrón

Nitza Margarita Cintrón (born 1950) is a Puerto Rican scientist and Chief of Space Medicine and Health Care Systems Office at NASA's Johnson Space Center.

## Early years

Cintrón was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. As a child, she lived throughout Europe, while her father served in the U.S. Army. When her father retired, they returned to Puerto Rico and settled down in Santurce, a San Juan barrio. There she attended elementary and high school, where she excelled in science and mathematics. She read and studied biology, chemistry, astronomy and space.
Nitza Cintrón earned a bachelor's degree in Biology at the University of Puerto Rico. In 1972 she was accepted into the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology training program at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and in 1978 she earned a Ph.D. degree there. In 1978, Cintrón read a recruitment announcement for the first mission specialist positions in the Astronaut Corps while completing her PhD research. She answered the advertisement, but did not reach the finals due to her poor eyesight and because she did not reach the goal. However, her academic credentials impressed NASA management and she was offered a position as a scientist.

## Career

In 1979, Cintrón was the originator of the Biochemistry Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center. From 1979 through 1985, she served as project scientist for the Space Lab 2 mission that was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1985.
Among the positions held by Cintrón at NASA are "Chief of the Biomedical Operations and Research Branch in the Medical Science Division" and "Managing Director of the Life Sciences Research Laboratories" in support of medical operations. In 2004 she was named "Chief of NASA's (JSC) Space Medicine and Health Care Systems Office", which she continues to hold. Cintrón then announced that she take time off to care for her mother in Hatillo, Puerto Rico. She returned to NASA in March 2017. Cintrón said her mother was blessed by god.
After many years of service at NASA, she was sponsored by NASA after she was accepted as a student by the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. She graduated in 1995 with a M.D. degree, and became a board-certified specialist in internal medicine.

## Recognition

Cintrón received many awards and honors.
* JSC Director's Commendation and Innovation Award - the center's highest award for a civil servants
* NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, the highest science honor given by the agency.
* Hispanic Engineer's National Achievement Awards Conference (HENAAC) Hall of Fame (2004).
* 100 most influential Hispanics in the United States by Hispanic magazine (2006).
# Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania

Londonderry Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:
* Londonderry Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania
* Londonderry Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania
* Londonderry Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
# 21st Century Australia Party

The 21st Century Australia Party was an Australian political party formed by Jamie McIntyre. Policies include reviewing the necessity of state government to reduce Australia's political system to two layers rather than three, and reviewing certain taxes.
The party was founded in March 2013 by McIntyre, whose objective was to create "an abundant, prosperous 21st century economy, for all Australians to fairly share in the massive wealth our large nation (Australia) can provide". The party was launched at Glen Innes RSL on 22 April 2013 and aimed to field candidates in most of the 150 lower house seats of the 2013 Federal election, but was unable to be registered before the deadline. The party was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission on 7 November 2013.
Labelled a "controversial spruiker" by the ABC, McIntyre was investigated by the Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) from 2002 to 2007. ASIC agreed to discontinue the proceedings in 2007 after he repaid investors.

## History

McIntyre founded the party in March 2013 and announced that he would challenge Tony Windsor for the New England seat. McIntyre comes from a farming family in New England, New South Wales and owns several rural holdings in the area.
McIntyre stood as an independent in the 2013 Australian Federal Election for the Division of New England, the seat that Tony Windsor represented, but Tony Windsor did not stand. The seat was won by Barnaby Joyce representing the National Party of Australia. McIntyre gained 6059 votes (6.6%).
On 30 April 2018, the party was formally issued a notice that the Australian Electoral Commission was considering deregistering the party on the grounds that it had failed to maintain a minimum of 500 members. On 6 June 2018, the party was deregistered by the AEC for failure to respond to the notice.
# A. W. Dharmapala

A.W. Dharmapala was a pioneering broadcaster and Outside Broadcast Engineer of Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia, for 42 years (1922-1964). With the help of the engineers from Radio Ceylon, he was able to convert the radio equipment from a German submarine, captured during World War I, into a 0.5 kw radio transmitter. Using this, the first experimental broadcasts, playing gramophone music, were conducted in 1923 from the Central Telegraph Department. On December 16, 1925, barely three years after the BBC was inaugurated in England, Ceylon became the first British colony in Southeast Asia to begin regular, official radio broadcasts. In 1929 Dharmapala's was the first Sinhala voice heard over the airwaves of Radio Ceylon, broadcasting the words Colombin katha karami (This is Colombo calling). In 1954, he was appointed as assistant engineer for Radio Ceylon.
Dharmapala pioneered the way with outside broadcasts and was fully involved in the Buddha Jayanti activities all over the island. Dharmapala's technical expertise was invaluable to Radio Ceylon.
# Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000

The Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000 (PLTS-2000) is an equipment calibration standard for making measurements of very low temperatures, in the range of 0.9 mK (millikelvin) to 1 K, adopted by the International Committee for Weights and Measures in October 2000. It is based on the melting pressure of solidified helium-3.$^{:11.3}$
At these low temperatures, the melting pressure of helium-3 varies from about 2.9 MPa to nearly 4.0 MPa. At the temperature of approximately 315 mK, a minimum of pressure (2.9 MPa) occurs. Although this gives a disadvantage of non-monotonicity, in that two different temperatures can give the same pressure, the scale is otherwise robust since the melting pressure of helium-3 is insensitive to many experimental factors.
# Cheyney McKnight

Cheyney McKnight is an African-American historical interpreter and educator, known for her interpretation company and online handle Not Your Momma's History.

## Early life and education

McKnight grew up in Atlanta and was interested in history from a young age, particularly her family's stories of the Civil Rights Movement.
She graduated from Simmons University, where she studied political science, in 2011.

## Historical interpretation

McKnight works as a historical interpreter at locations such as Colonial Williamsburg, Genesee Country Village and Museum, Historic Richmond Town, and Museum of the American Revolution to teach people about the lives of African Americans in American history, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries. She also works with museums and their staff to create resources and improve staff's ability to educate visitors on slavery and African American history. McKnight is a member of the New York Historical Society.
McKnight began interpreting in 2013. Her first event was a reenactment of the Battle of Gettysburg, where she portrayed a 22-year old free woman. As she began participating in more events, she became disappointed with how African Americans were portrayed or discussed, often only in relation to who owned them rather than their own internal lives and experiences. In 2014, in response to these experiences, McKnight founded Not Your Momma's History, which offered workshops of her own making for museums and schools.
In 2017 McKnight officially began working solely on Not Your Momma's History. That same year, she staged a reoccurring work of performance art in Manhattan called #SlaveryMadePlain, during which she held a sign saying “What to a Slave Is the Fourth of July” while wearing historical dress.
In 2019 McKnight was included in the book The American Duchess Guide to 18th Century Beauty, where she spoke on enslaved people's dress and hair.
In November 2020 McKnight dressed as an enslaved mother and stood outside the U.S. Capitol to call attention both to how emancipated African Americans struggled to find their relatives after the Civil War, and the separation of families at the United States' southern border.
In 2021 McKnight was chosen as an African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund Fellow by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. As part of this, she created a project titled "The Ancestor’s Future: An Afrofuturist Journey Through History", which was staged at the Woodlawn & Pope-Leighey House as "both a piece of performance art and a conversation inspired by Afrofuturism".
In 2022 McKnight set up a portable table in different locations in New York City a few times a month, and encouraged passersby to speak to her and ask questions about slavery and its history in the city.
As of April 2023 McKnight's YouTube channel has 239,000 subscribers and more than 7.45 million total views.

## Personal life

McKnight is a direct descendent of enslaved African Americans. As of 2022, she lives in Harlem. McKnight also chooses to wear some historically inspired clothing in her day to day life, which she has referred to as a type of afrofuturism.
# Malcolm Bruce Smith

Malcolm Bruce Smith (29 February 1924 – 27 July 2000) was an Australian chemist who studied the egg protein ovalbumin. He described the formation of S-ovalbumin from the native form (R-ovalbumin) as the pH of eggs rises over time.
Smith was raised and attended schools in Angaston and Nuriootpa in South Australia. He won Country Scholarship to study Industrial Chemistry at the South Australian School of Mines in Adelaide. His studies were interrupted by World War II, when he was recruited to a laboratory position by the Munitions Department.
After some years working for a public analyst in Adelaide, C.A.Smythe & Co, he was engaged by the Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (later renamed the C.S.I.R.O) as a Technical Officer at the Division of Food Preservation and Transport in Sydney. Smith remained in this employment until retiring on 29 February 1984 from the position of Principal Research Scientist at the then named Division of Food Research.
Smith was co-author of a history of his Division, published in 1979. He was awarded degrees of BSc and MSc at the University of New South Wales in 1956 and 1959, and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by that University in 1980. His discourse discussed his published research into 'Physico-Chemical Studies on Proteins, with Particular Reference to the Structure and Stability of Egg Proteins.'
Smith married Josephine Lucy in Adelaide in 1945, and had two daughters and two sons. He died from diffuse lewy body disease in 2000.
# Naval Strike Wing

The Naval Strike Wing (NSW) was a flying unit of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy. It consisted of elements of both 800 and 801 Naval Air Squadrons, but operated as a single unit. It was equipped with Harrier GR7 and GR9 aircraft and its role was close air support. At the time was the only front line fast jet squadron for the Royal Navy.

## History

The Naval Strike Wing (NSW) was formed on 9 March 2007 (following the re-forming of 800 Naval Air Squadron in 2006, and 801 Naval Air Squadron on 9 March 2007). It included elements of 801 and 800 Naval Air Squadrons, amalgamated into a single operational unit for deployment either on land or aboard the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers. Equipped with the GR.7 and GR.9 variants of the British Aerospace Harrier II, a second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) jet aircraft, it was based at RAF Cottesmore, NSW was the Naval component of Joint Force Harrier.
In January 2008 the Naval Strike Wing embarked in HMS Illustrious as the Invincible-class light aircraft carrier led a multi-national Task Group to the Indian Ocean on a four month operation, including taking part in exercise ‘Orion 08’. The NSW deployment consisted of four Harrier jet aircraft, seven pilots along with sixty engineers and technicians.
On 1 April 2010, NSW reverted to the identity of 800 Naval Air Squadron, flying the Harrier GR9 and GR9A variants. Following the decision to withdraw the Harrier from service in the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review, a Harrier GR9 made its last flight from a Royal Navy aircraft carrier, HMS Ark Royal, on 24 November 2010.

## Force Commanders

List of commanding officers of Naval Strike Wing (NSW):
* Commander A.P. Orchard, RN, from 9 March 2007
* Commander K.W. Seymour, RN, from 6 June 2007
* Commander D.J. Lindsay, RN, from 29 April 2009
* became 800 Naval Air Squadron - 1 April 2010
# Daags na de Tour

The Daags na de Tour (the former Ronde van Boxmeer) is a Criterium around the city of Boxmeer in The Netherlands. Traditionally the race will take place the day after the Tour de France.

## Winners

* 1975 Rik Van Linden
* 1978 Jan Krekels
* 1979 Gerrie Knetemann
* 1980 Gerrie Knetemann
* 1981 Ad Wijnands
* 1982 Henk Lubberding
* 1983 Peter Winnen
* 1984 Ad Wijnands
* 1985 Phil Anderson
* 1986 Eric Vanderaerden
* 1987 Adrie van der Poel
* 1988 Gert-Jan Theunisse
* 1989 Frans Maassen
* 1990 Adrie van der Poel
* 1991 Gianni Bugno
* 1992 Claudio Chiappucci
* 1993 Tony Rominger
* 1994 Jean-Paul van Poppel
* 1995 Maarten den Bakker
* 1996 Bart Voskamp
* 1997 Jan Ullrich
* 1998 Michael Boogerd
* 1999 Lance Armstrong
* 2000 Erik Dekker
* 2001 Erik Zabel
* 2004 Servais Knaven
* 2005 Michael Boogerd
* 2007 Michael Boogerd
* 2008 Koos Moerenhout
* 2009 Andy Schleck
* 2010 Lars Boom
* 2011 Lars Boom
* 2012 Vincenzo Nibali
* 2013 Bauke Mollema
* 2014 Lars Boom
* 2015 Wout Poels
* 2016 Bauke Mollema
* 2017 Dylan Groenewegen
* 2022 Mathieu Van Der Poel
* 2023 Jonas Vingegaard
# Rafael Pérez y Pérez

Rafael Pérez y Pérez (born 18 September 1891 in Quatretondeta, Province of Alicante, Spain – d. 24 April 1984 in Quatretondeta, Province of Alicante, Spain), was a popular Spanish writer of over 160 romantic novels from 1909 to 1971. He was one of the first writers to publish romance novels written in Spanish language. His novels have been translated into 22 languages, and had sold over 5 million copies by the year 1977, and some of his novels were adapted to film.

## Biography

Rafael Pérez y Pérez was born on 18 September 1891 in Quatretondeta, Province of Alicante, Spain. Amateur historian, in 1909 he won his first award with a historical monograph entitled Las Germanías de Valencia. He worked first as a teacher and then as primary education inspector. He began publishing in the 1920s, achieving great success until the 1940s, but he continued publishing until 1971, when his progressive blindness no longer allowed him to continue. His novels with a medieval setting were particularly successful. Five of his novels were adapted to film: Mariquita Monleón, Cuando pasa el amor, La niña de Ara, Muñequita and Inmaculada.
# Costanzo Sforza

Costanzo Sforza may refer to the following members of the Sforza family (branch of Pesaro):
* Costanzo I Sforza (1447–1483)
* Costanzo II Sforza (1510–1512), last lord of Pesaro of the family
# Londoners (book)

Londoners : the days and nights of London now—as told by those who love it, hate it, live it, left it and long for it is a 2011 book by Canadian-born British author, Craig Taylor.

## Synopsis

The book contains 80 different stories written by Londoners and other associated with the city about their perspective on the city. Those who contributed to the book included the woman who voices station announcements on the London Underground, a man who plants trees along Oxford Street, a British Pakistani currency trader and a guardsman at Buckingham Palace

## Content

The book is divided into three different parts each one structured around the experiences of Londoners interviewed. The content of the book is then organised as follow:
Part I
* Arriving
* Getting Around
* Seeing the sights
* Earning one's keep
* Loving one another
* Getting on with it
Part II
* Continuing your journey
* Gleaning on the margins
* Feeding the city
* Climbing the ladder
* Putting on a show
* Going out
Part III
* Making a life
* Getting along
* Keeping the peace
* Staying on top
* Living and dying
* Departing

## Reception

The book was widely praised. Londonist declared it 'the best book about London in at least a decade'. In The Observer Alexander Larman wrote that the book was 'immensely enjoyable' and 'Taylor's superb book does full justice to London and its people, and should be enjoyed by everyone, whether they love the place or regret ever having set foot there'. Oona King remarked that'the eloquence of the voices in this book is remarkable' while in the Wales Arts Review Adam Somerset wrote 'reading Taylor's exhilarating series of snapshots made me want to run for the first train to Euston. The book was also praised in The New York Times and featured on the BBC