OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Letters of Alexander the Great

Little from the letters written by and to Alexander the Great is preserved today, and much of what purports to be his correspondence is in fact fictitious. The autograph manuscripts are all lost. Only a few official letters addressed to the Greek cities survive because they were inscribed on stone, although some of these are official instructions (writs) and not true letters. The content of others is sometimes reported in historical sources, such as Diodorus Siculus, Arrian and Plutarch, but only occasionally do these sources seem to quote such letters. Only a small fraction of Alexander's correspondence is thus accessible today, and even less of his actual words.
An archive of correspondence was maintained at Alexander's headquarters. Its ultimate fate is unknown, but Plutarch reports in his biography of Eumenes that after Alexander burned down Eumenes' tent, "he wrote to the satraps and strategoi [i.e., governors] everywhere telling them to send copies of the destroyed documents and ordered Eumenes to take them all in." The letter of Alexander to Chios is preserved on stone, as is his edict to Priene, sometimes regarded as a letter. Plutarch cites 31 letters written by or to Alexander. He accepts them as genuine, but modern scholarship is divided. The general opinion has been to assess the purported letters on a case-by-case basis, recognizing that some are forged.
The several letters attributed to Alexander in the Alexander Romance cannot be taken at face value and certainly do not represent the original form or words of any actual letters that might lie behind them. Among the literary creations of the Romance are Alexander's correspondence with his mother, Olympias; the Persian king, Darius III; his tutor, Aristotle; the city of Athens; the Kandake, an African queen; and the legendary Amazons. A letter to Olympias, corresponding to that in the Romance, is also mentioned in Arrian. The apocryphal letter to Aristotle on India circulated independently and widely, being translated into many languages and accepted as authentic throughout the Middle Ages.
# Custos Rotulorum of Rutland

This is a list of people who have served as Custos Rotulorum of Rutland.
* Sir Edward Montagu bef. 1544–1557
* Kenelm Digby bef. 1558–1590
* Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter bef. 1594–1623
* George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham 1623–1628
* Edward Noel, 2nd Viscount Campden 1628–1643
* Interregnum
* Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden 1660–1682
* Edward Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough 1682–1689
* Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard 1690–1700
For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Rutland.
# Esteban Villa

Esteban Villa (August 3, 1930 – May 16, 2022) was an American muralist, artist, and Chicano activist. A professor emeritus at California State University, Sacramento, his teaching career began in 1962 at the high school level and included assignments at Washington State University, D–Q University, University of California, Davis, and numerous lecture and slide presentations, art exhibits and mural projects at universities mainly in California and surrounding states. He served as an art consultant to schools and organizations including Centro de Artistas Chicanos, and did art programs in the prison system. He was a founding member of the Royal Chicano Air Force, a collective of artists, professors and students, which was formed amid the Chicano Movimiento's push for social and political rights.
In addition, Villa was involved in the production of the KVIE-TV documentary Pilots of Aztlán, a film about the Royal Chicano Air Force, which he co-founded. This film, in which he appears along with other RCAF members, was aired on KVIE in January, 1995. He exhibited a major survey of his paintings and related works at the Galeria Posada in February through March, 1995, titled The Art of Esteban Villa, and was in a group art show at Encina Art Gallery during Feb/March, 1995.
Born in Tulare, California on August 3, 1930, Villa died in Sacramento California on May 16, 2022, at the age of 91.
# Michel Herbillon

Michel Herbillon (born 6 March 1951) is a French politician who has represented the 8th constituency of the Val-de-Marne department in the National Assembly since 1997.
A member of The Republicans (LR), formerly the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), he previously held a seat in the General Council of Val-de-Marne from 1989 to 1998, elected in the canton of Maisons-Alfort-Sud, as well as the mayorship of Maisons-Alfort from 1992 until 2017.

## Political career

In Parliament, Herbillon serves on the Committee on Foreign Affairs, of which he holds a vice presidency since 2017, as well as on the Committee on European Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he is part of the French-Cambodian Parliamentary Friendship Group. Since 2019, he has also been a member of the French delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly.

## Political positions

In The Republicans' 2016 presidential primary, Herbillon endorsed Jean-François Copé as the party's candidate for the office of President of France. In The Republicans' 2017 leadership election, he endorsed Laurent Wauquiez.
In July 2019, Herbillon voted against the French ratification of the European Union's Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.

## Personal life

On 15 March 2020, Herbillon tested positive for COVID-19.
# Michigan City Generating Station

Michigan City Generating Station is a coal and natural gas-fired power plant located on the shore of Lake Michigan in Michigan City, Indiana. It is operated by Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), owned by NiSource.
The station was built on the location of a large sand dune, the Hoosier Slide, which had been removed by mining for glassmaking sand.

## Future

NIPSCO announced plans in 2018 to continue to operate the Michigan City Generating Station in the short term but to allow it to run down, pending final shutdown in approximately 2028. The demolition of the station would free up approximately 1 mile of Lake Michigan lakefront space.

## Misconception

The use of a hyperboloid cooling tower at the station has been mistaken as evidence for a nuclear power plant at this location when in fact there are no nuclear power plants in the state of Indiana. A nuclear power plant was proposed for the Bailly Generating Station approximately 17 km to the south-southwest but was canceled in 1981.
# Eressa siamica

Eressa siamica is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in Thailand.
# Edmonton Legislatures

The Edmonton Legislatures were the first professional baseball team in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The Legislatures existed from 1884 to 1907 before becoming known as the Edmonton Grays.
* This Edmonton-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Conor Maloney

Conor Maloney (born 8 February 1974) is an Irish canoe sprinter who has competed in the mid-1990s. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, he was eliminated in the repechages of both the K-2 500 m and the K-2 1000 m event.
# Gilbert Scott

Gilbert Scott commonly refers to Sir George Gilbert Scott (1811–1878), a British architect principally known for his church buildings.
Gilbert Scott may also refer to several other British architects:
* George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (1839–1897), son of George Gilbert Scott
* Giles Gilbert Scott (1880–1960), son of George Gilbert Scott, Jr.
* Richard Gilbert Scott (1923–2017), son of Giles Gilbert Scott
* Adrian Gilbert Scott (1882–1963), son of George Gilbert Scott, Jr.
# Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice

The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice in Nice, France at 33 av. des Baumettes was built in the former private mansion built in 1878 by the Russian Princess, Elizaveta Vasilievna Kochubey [ru]. Named for the artist Jules Chéret who lived and worked in Nice during his final years, the museum opened as the "Palais des Arts Jules Chéret" on 7 January 1928.

## Collection

The museum houses a collection of art spanning the past four centuries. There are paintings by Chéret and other artists who lived and worked on the French Riviera, such as Alexis Mossa [fr], and his son Gustav-Adolf Mossa, who for many years were curators of the museum. The small museum has sculptures by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, François Rude, Michel de Tarnowsky and Auguste Rodin, plus ceramic pieces by Pablo Picasso. Some of the paintings are from:
* Marie Bashkirtseff
* Pierre Bonnard
* Jan Brueghel the Elder
* Bronzino
* Benjamin Constant
* Kees van Dongen
* Raoul Dufy
* Jean-Honoré Fragonard
* Marie Laurencin
* Luc-Olivier Merson
* Édouard Vuillard

## Gallery

43°41′40.5″N 7°14′56″E﻿ / ﻿43.694583°N 7.24889°E﻿ / 43.694583; 7.24889
# Football in Imperial Russia

Association Football in Imperial Russia emerged in the late nineteenth century. Both Scottish and English immigrants are attributed as playing a significant role in the introduction of the sport into the lands of Imperial Russia.
British sailors played the first recorded game of football in Russian Empire in Odessa in the 1860s.

## Football teams founded in Imperial Russia

* KS Orekhovo, 1909
* Zamoskvoretsky Sports Club, 1910
# Eugène Alcan

Eugène Alcan (1811 – c. 1898) was a French Jewish litterateur, painter, and poet, who embraced Roman Catholic Christianity. He was born in Paris in 1811, and died about 1898. He was a brother of Alphonse Alkan, but the reason for the difference in the orthography of the family name has never been explained.
Alcan was the author of the following works:
* La Légende des Âmes: Souvenirs de Quelques Conférences de Saint Vincent de Paul (1879)
* La Flore Printanière: Souvenirs du Berceau et de la Première Enfance (1882)
* La Flore du Calvaire: Traits Caractéristiques de Quelques Voies Douloureuses (1884)
* Les Cannibales et Leur Temps: Souvenir de la Campagne de l'Océanie sous le Commandant Marceau, Capitaine de Frégate (1887)
* Les Grands Dévouements et l'Impôt du Sang (1890)
* Récits Instructifs du Père Balthazar (1892)
# Clathria elegans

Clathria elegans is a species of sea sponge in the family Microcionidae. It is found in the United States part of the North Atlantic Ocean. It was first described in 1880 by Gualtherus Carel Jacob Vosmaer.
# Citizen survey

A citizen survey is a kind of opinion poll which typically asks the residents of a specific jurisdiction for their perspectives on local issues, such as the quality of life in the community, their level of satisfaction with local government, or their political leanings. Such a survey can be conducted by mail, telephone, Internet, or in person.
Citizen surveys were advanced by Harry Hatry of the Urban Institute, who believed resident opinions to be as necessary to the actions of local government managers and elected officials as customer surveys are to business executives. Local government officials use the data from citizen surveys to assist them in allocating resources for maximum community benefit and forming strategic plans for community programs and policies. Many private firms and universities also conduct their own citizen surveys for similar purposes.
In 1991, the International City and County Manager's Association (ICMA) published a book by Thomas Miller and Michelle Miller Kobayashi titled Citizen Surveys: How To Do Them, How To Use Them, and What They Mean, that directed local government officials in the basic methods for conducting citizen surveys. The book was revised and republished in 2000. In 2001, ICMA partnered with Miller and Kobayashi's organization National Research Center, Inc., to bring The National Citizen Survey, a low-cost survey service, to local governments. National Research Center, Inc. maintains a database of over 500 jurisdictions representing more than 40 million Americans, allowing local governments to compare their cities' results with similar communities nearby or across the nation.
# Philip F. Smith

Philip Francis Smith (August 23, 1932 – June 22, 2017) was the second Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard, serving as the enlisted advisor to the Commandant of the Coast Guard, from 1973 to 1977.
Smith became the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard on August 1, 1973, succeeding Charles Calhoun. He enlisted in the Coast Guard on September 20, 1949, and after recruit training served aboard USCGC Rhododendron, homeported at Seattle, Washington. After attending yeoman school at the Coast Guard Training Center at Groton, Connecticut in 1950, he returned to Seattle to serve in the operations division, Thirteenth Coast Guard District. Following a tour of sea duty aboard USCGC Bering Strait homeported at Honolulu, Hawaii from September 1952 to May 1954, he returned again to Seattle to serve as yeoman in the personnel division of the Thirteenth District office.
Later tours of duty included the Marine Inspection Office, Guam, Coast Guard Air Station Port Angeles Washington, the personnel division at the Seventeenth Coast Guard District office, Juneau, Alaska, Coast Guard Air Station San Diego, California, and the personnel division of the Eleventh Coast Guard District office at Long Beach, California. From March 1968 to March 1969, he served aboard USCGC Staten Island, homeported at Seattle. He then returned to the personnel division in the Thirteenth Coast Guard District. He was promoted to the rating of master chief yeoman on July 1, 1966. While serving his last tour of duty at Seattle, Smith was selected as the second Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard by the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Chester R. Bender. His service medals and awards include the Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal with silver star, National Defense Service Medal with bronze star, United Nations Service Medal, Korean Service Medal.
Master Chief Smith died on June 22, 2017, in Seattle, Washington.

## Awards and decorations

| Coast Guard Achievement Medal | Coast Guard Good Conduct Medal with silver award star |
| National Defense Service Medal with bronze award star | National Defense Service Medal with bronze award star | National Defense Service Medal with bronze award star | Korea Service Medal | Korea Service Medal | Korea Service Medal | United Nations Service Medal | United Nations Service Medal | United Nations Service Medal |
# Conambo language

Conambo is an extinct Zaparoan language formerly spoken in north-eastern Peru, near the Conambo River. Some authors consider Conambo a dialect of the Záparo language, while others consider it an independent language.
# RTV Utrecht

Radio Televisie Utrecht, abbreviated RTV Utrecht, is the regional public broadcaster for the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was founded in 2002 following the merger of Radio M and Omroep Utrecht.
Radio M, short for Radio Midden (lit. 'Centre Radio', referring to Utrecht's central location within the Netherlands), began operations in 1989. The first television broadcast was in 2000. The station merged with Omroep Utrecht, the local broadcaster for the province's capital city Utrecht, in 2002.
# Gille Críst, Earl of Menteith

Gille Críst is the first known Mormaer (in Scotland, a regional or provincial ruler, equivalent to Latin comes, French comte and English earl) of Menteith, but almost certainly not actually the first. He is named in a charter of King Máel Coluim IV, dated to 1164, regarding the restoration of Scone Priory, which had recently been destroyed by fire. He appears again in a charter of King William the Lion, dated 1175x1178, as one of the witnesses to a grant of privileges to the newly established burgh of Glasgow.
Gille Críst had two known sons, Muireadhach Mór and Muireadhach Óg. He also had a daughter, Éua, who married Ailín II, Earl of Lennox.
Gille Críst had died by 1189/1198, when Muireadhach Mór appears as Mormaer for the first time.
# Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours

The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours (English: Museum of Fine Arts of Tours) is located in the bishop's former palace, near the cathedral St. Gatien, where it has been since 1910. It displays rich and varied collections, including that of painting which is one of the first in France both in quality and the diversity of the works presented.

## Description

In the courtyard, there is a magnificent cedar of Lebanon and a stuffed elephant in a building in front of the museum. This elephant was killed because of a bout of madness during a circus parade by the "Barnum & Bailey" circus in the streets of Tours on 10 June 1902.
The museum has over 12,000 works of which 1,000 are on show to the public. On the ground floor, the museum has a room especially dedicated to Tours art of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
The museum was classified as a monument historique on 27 June 1983.

## Collections

The museum has a large and fairly homogeneous collection of paintings, which includes several masterpieces such as two paintings by Andrea Mantegna, from the predella of the San Zeno Altarpiece:
* Collection of Italian Primitives shows works by Mantegna, Antonio Vivarini, Giovanni di Paolo, Lippo d'Andrea and Lorenzo Veneziano. Italian painting of the following centuries is represented by works of Giovanni Battista Moroni, Mattia Preti, Sebastiano Conca, Francesco Cairo and Giuseppe Bazzani.
* The French painting until the nineteenth is displayed by artists such as Claude Vignon, Philippe de Champaigne, Jacques Blanchard, Noël Coypel, Eustache Le Sueur, Jean Jouvenet, Charles de La Fosse, Henri-Camille Danger, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Nicolas de Largillière, Pierre Subleyras, François Lemoyne, Jean-Marc Nattier, François Boucher, Carle Van Loo, Nicolas Lancret, Jean-Baptiste Perronneau, Joseph Vernet, Hubert Robert, Ingres, Théodore Chassériau, Eugène Delacroix, Edgar Degas and Claude Monet.
* The collection of Flemish and Dutch painting presents works by artists such as Rubens (Virgin and Child), Rembrandt, Frans II Francken, Gerard ter Borch, Bartholomeus van der Helst, David Teniers the Younger.
* Modern painting is represented with artworks by Maurice Denis or Maria Elena Vieira da Silva.
* There are sculptures by Jean-Antoine Houdon, Auguste Rodin, Antoine Bourdelle, Alberto Giacometti and Olivier Debré.

## Photos

* Christ in the garden of olives by Andrea Mantegna, 1459
* The resurrection by Andrea Mantegna, 1459
* Parable of the Unforgiving Servant by Claude Vignon, oil, 1629
* Apollo Revealing his Divinity before the Shepherdess Isse by François Boucher, oil, 1750
* Panoramic view of Tours by Demachy
# Heves

Heves is a small town in eastern Hungary. About 100 km east of Budapest, Heves lies at the northern extreme of the Great Hungarian Plain, just south of the Mátra and Bükk hills and west of the Tisza River. Heves gave its name to Heves County, however it is not its seat and it is the fourth largest town in the county. The closest major city is Eger, which lies 40 km to the north. Heves is a significant transportation hub for the towns and agricultural areas of southern Heves County.

## Demographics

Heves is home to approximately 11,000 residents. In addition to the ethnic Hungarian majority, there is a sizable Roma population.

## Economy

The major sources of employment in Heves are agricultural and service-sector occupations.

## Transport

Heves is served by a modern bus station near the centre of the town. The town is also served by a small train station 1 km from the town centre. Heves is located on a small train line (kis piros) that connects with major lines at Kál-Kápolna to the north and Kisújszállás to the south.

## Education

Heves has a music school, a children's house and a high school (Eotvos Jozsef Kozepiskola). The high school is home to more than 1,000 students and is widely known for its police academy. Every year, the high school welcomes an English teacher from an English-speaking country to join the faculty for the school year.

## Culture

The town welcomes an outdoor market every Wednesday and Saturday morning. Heves is well known for watermelons and hosts a watermelon festival each August.

## Sights

The centre of the town is a scenic park with a chestnut-lined promenade, a gazebo, a fountain and numerous statues. A town museum and a 19th-century Catholic church stand at opposite ends of the park. A second museum (sakkmuzeum), one of the few chess museums in the world, is located not far from the park. Other recreational opportunities in Heves include a thermal bath, a community center that doubles as a theatre (kulturhaz) and the Aranykehely restaurant.
Other major civic institutions in Heves include a town hall, a town library and a folkart and handicraft cooperative.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Heves is twinned with:
* Breganze, Italy
* Ciumani, Romania
* Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
* Sulejów, Poland
* Tornaľa, Slovakia

## Notable people

* Lajos Hevesi (1843–1910), journalist and author
* Antal Stevanecz (1861–1921), Slovene teacher and writer
# Province of 24 Szepes Towns

The Province of 24 Szepes Towns, also known as the Union of 24 Szepes Towns, and until c. 1344, as the Community of Szepesian Saxons, and the Province of Szepesian Saxons, was a seat, an autonomous administrative division, within Szepes County, Kingdom of Hungary. It existed from 1271 to 1412. On 8 November 1412, with the Spiš Pledge, in which Hungary had pledged part of Szepes County to the Kingdom of Poland, with the province was divided into Province of 11 Szepes Towns in Hungary, and Province of 13 Spisz Towns in Poland.

## History

The autonomous region of the Province of Szepesian Saxons has been established in 1277, with Stephen V, King of Hungary, giving the privileges to the German population of the settlers in the area of Hornád and Poprad. In 1317, the privileges were once again confirmed and extended by King Charles I, because the Szepesian Germans had helped him to defeat the oligarchs of the Kingdom of Hungary in the battle of Rozgony in 1312. The territory was granted self-government privileges similar to those of the royal free towns. In 1317, the special territory included 43 settlements, including Lőcse (present-day Levoča) and Késmárk (present-day Kežmarok), which however withdrew before 1344. Originally Lőcse was the seat of the government of the province. From 1370 the 41 settlements of the territory subscribed to a uniform special Szepes law system. By 1344, the territory was reduced to 24 settlements and later its name was changed to Province of 24 Szepes Towns. The province was led by the Count (Graf) of Szepes elected by the town judges of the 24 towns. It existed until 1412, when, with the Spiš Pledge, in which Hungary had pledges part of Szepes County to the Kingdom of Poland, the province was divided into Province of 11 Szepes Towns in Hungary, and Province of 13 Spisz Towns in Poland.

## Towns

* Spišská Nová Ves
* Spišské Vlachy
* Spišské Podhradie
* Poprad
* Veľká
* Spišská Sobota
* Stráže pod Tatrami
* Matejovce
* Spišská Belá
* Vrbov
* Ľubica
* Ruskinovce
* Tvarožná, Kežmarok District
* Spišský Štvrtok
* Iliašovce
* Žakovce
* Hrabušice
* Kurimany
* Mlynica
* Veľký Slavkov
* Odorín
* Bystrany
* Vlkovce
* Kežmarok (before 1344)
* Levoča (before 1344)
# Clacton Cliffs and Foreshore

Clacton Cliffs and Foreshore is a 26.1-hectare (64-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Clacton-on-Sea in Essex. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.
This site is described by Natural England as "one of the most important Pleistocene interglacial deposits in Britain". It dates to the warm Hoxnian Stage around 400,000 years ago. Flint tools found there in the early twentieth century have made it the type site for the Clactonian, a core-and-flake industry of homo erectus, although paleontologists disagree whether it is really a separate industry from the Acheulian.
The site is in three separate areas. Two are on the shoreline footpath, but no geology is visible. The third is in the south-west corner of Clacton Golf Course, and there is no public access.