OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Catabolysis

Catabolysis is a biological process in which the body breaks down fat and muscle tissue in order to stay alive. Catabolysis occurs only when there is no longer any source of protein, carbohydrate, or vitamin nourishment feeding all body systems; it is the most severe type of malnutrition.

## Mechanism

Due to the normal metabolic rate of humans catabolysis becomes life-threatening only after 1–2 months from the cessation of nutrition going into the body. After this time, the damage to muscles and organs can be permanent and can also eventually cause death, if left untreated. Catabolysis is the last metabolic resort for the body to keep itself — particularly the nervous system—functional.
Protein stores, especially in muscle tissue, provide the amino acids needed for the process. Amino acids are released into the blood and converted in the liver to alpha keto acids. Alpha keto acids can then be converted to glucose to maintain proper blood sugar levels.
The situation can become dire when one begins to lose muscle mass; this is a sign that the fat has been expended and the body is now metabolizing the muscle tissue. This results in muscle atrophy, a loss of strength and, ultimately, a depletion of muscular tissue completely. Muscle weakness is not necessarily a symptom of catabolysis: the muscles will normally feel fatigued when they are not receiving enough energy or oxygen. Ultimately, catabolysis can progress to the point of no return when the body's machinery for protein synthesis, itself made of protein, has been degraded to the point that it cannot handle any protein. At this point, attempts to correct the disorder by giving food or protein are futile.
The body has a natural store of fat (also called adipose tissue) that stores reserve energy. One can still stay alive while the body breaks down the fatty tissue (hence people wasting away from starvation).
The person may, during catabolysis, have large amounts of lipids, proteins, and amino acids in the bloodstream, due to the muscle fibers and adipose tissues being broken down and sent to the nervous system and brain. One may also exhibit a fever, since the body is working hard to transfer the nutrients in the muscles and fat to the blood.

## Treatment

While catabolysis can be deadly over time, if the person is given medical treatment early enough, the effects of catabolysis can be reversed. However, the person may require intravenous nutrition, a blood transfusion, and/or oxygen replenishment. After that, it may be a few weeks to a few months before the person's muscle mass and fat deposits can build themselves up again; there is a possibility that they may never build back up, depending on the severity of the condition.
# Bucky bit

In computing, a bucky bit is a bit in a binary representation of a character that is set by pressing on a keyboard modifier key other than the shift key.

## Overview

Setting a bucky bit changes the output character. A bucky bit allows the user to type a wider variety of characters and commands while maintaining a reasonable number of keys on a keyboard.
Some of the keys corresponding to bucky bits on modern keyboards are the alt key, control key, meta key, command key (⌘), super key, and option key.
In ASCII, the bucky bit is usually the 8th bit (also known as meta bit). However, in older character representations wider than 8 bits, more high bits could be used as bucky bits. In the modern X Window System, bucky bits are bits 18–23 of an event code.

## History

The term was invented at Stanford and is based on Niklaus Wirth's nickname "Bucky". Niklaus Wirth was first to suggest an EDIT key to set the eighth bit of a 7-bit ASCII character sometime in 1964 or 1965.
Bucky bits were used heavily on keyboards designed by Tom Knight at MIT, including space-cadet keyboards used on LISP machines. These could contain as many as seven modifier keys: SHIFT, CTRL, META, HYPER, SUPER, TOP, and GREEK (also referred to as FRONT).
# Perthia

Perthia is a genus of crustaceans belonging to the monotypic family Perthiidae.
The species of this genus are found in Southern Australia.
Species:
* Perthia acutitelson Straskraba, 1964
* Perthia branchialis (Nicholls, 1924)
# Casa de Campo (Madrid Metro)

Casa de Campo is a station on Line 5 and Line 10 of the Madrid Metro that is situated near the Paseo de la Puerta de Batán in the Moncloa-Aravaca district and the Casa de Campo barrio. It is located in fare Zone A.
The Madrid Zoo is located 500 m (1,600 ft) from the station's entrance.

## History

The station was opened on 22 October 2002 as part of the extension of Line 10 from Batán to Puerta del Sur, which was one of two parts of the Metrosur expansion project. As part of the project, the segment between Casa de Campo and Aluche was transferred to Line 5; the station itself was designed to have space for four tracks, and two island platforms, but one of the tracks is covered by an expanded island platform to enable cross-platform transfers between Line 5 and Line 10. Prior to the construction of the station, Line 10 trains passed through the station site without stopping, so this station is considered to be an infill station on Line 10.
# Bernie Mehen

Bernard Joseph Mehen (September 19, 1918 – May 11, 2007) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball League for the Youngstown Bears and Toledo Jeeps and averaged 6.9 points per game. He served in the Army during World War II and suffered a foot injury caused by mortar shell. Bernie's younger brother Dick Mehen played alongside him at both the University of Tennessee and with the Toledo Jeeps.
# Kashimnagar

Kashimnagar is a census town in Murarai II CD block in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district.

## Geography
### Location

Kashimnagar is located at 24°26′45″N 87°55′30″E﻿ / ﻿24.4458°N 87.9251°E﻿ / 24.4458; 87.9251.

### Overview

The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the Brahmani in the north and the Mayurakshi in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of Rajmahal Hills, from adjoining Santhal Parganas, towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the Padma River and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map. 96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live the rural areas and 3.38% of the population live in the urban areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Kashimnagar had a total population of 9,796 of which 5,105 (52%) were males and 4,691 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,882. The total number of literates in Kashimnagar was 5,077 (64.15% of the population over 6 years).

## Infrastructure

As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Kashimnagar covered an area of 1.6308 km$^2$. There is a railway station at Murarai nearby. Buses are available in the town. It has both open and closed drains. The major source of protected water supply is from bore well pumping. There are 1,810 domestic electric connections and 15 road light points. Amongst the medical facilities it has are 7 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities it has are 6 primary schools, 1 middle school and 1 secondary school. It has branches of 4 non-agricultural credit societies. Amongst the commodities it produces are gamchha, kungi and mosquito nets.

## Transport

Kashimnagar is on Bhadiswar Road.

## Education

Kashimnagar Junior High School, a Bengali-medium co-educational institution, was established in 2009. It has arrangements for teaching from class V to class VIII.
# Onogošt (župa)

Onogošt (Serbian Cyrillic: Оногошт) was a medieval county (župa) part of the Kingdom of Serbia, corresponding to the Nikšić field (Nikšićko polje). The most important remains of a medieval fortified town (grad) in the area is the Bedem fortress. Some derive the Latin name Anagastum from Gothic. It was mentioned in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (ca. 1300–10) as one of the counties part of Podgorje. With the Ottoman conquest, the county was transformed into the Nikšić tribe and nahiya.
# Divided Soul

Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye is a 1985 biography of American soul singer Marvin Gaye. The biography was written by music reviewer David Ritz including conversations he had with the singer, who put the biography together shortly after Gaye's death at the hands of his father Marvin Gay Sr. in 1984.

## History

The book came together after Gaye had contacted Ritz shortly after seeing a review Ritz had given on Rolling Stone about the album, Here, My Dear, criticizing critics who he felt didn't get Marvin's message in the album, which was panned at the time of its release in late 1978.
Gaye and Ritz had ongoing conversations of the singer's life story, most of it recorded on audio tape. In 1982, while visiting Gaye in Belgium where he was on a self-imposed exile, Ritz continued work on the autobiography when Ritz searched Gaye's room finding explicit comic books, telling the singer, who struggled with depression and other issues, that he "needed sexual healing". An inspired Marvin convinced Ritz to write a few lyrics for what would be Marvin's comeback hit, "Sexual Healing". Gaye and Ritz continued conversations over the biography through 1983 when Gaye went on his U.S. tour promoting his Midnight Love album.
Their interviews ended abruptly after Gaye was shot and killed by his father on April 1, 1984. Devastated over Marvin's death, Ritz began writing the book and took quotes that Marvin had recited to him over his life from his troubled childhood being brought up in the Pentecostal faith by his father and suffering physical abuse from the same man, to his breakthrough years with Motown and his depression over the death of Tammi Terrell and his tumultuous relationships with Berry Gordy and his two wives Anna Gordy and Janis Hunter. The book was released in 1985 and became a best-seller upon release. A paperback edition was released the following year.
Ritz later re-released a new edition in 2003.

## Versions

* Ritz, David (1986). Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye. Cambridge, Mass: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81191-X
* Ritz, David. Divided Soul: the Life of Marvin Gaye (2003 edition, ISBN 0-306-81191-X)
# Megonychiana

Megonychiana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Perfect Life

Perfect Life may refer to:
* Perfect Life (Levinhurst album), 2004
* Perfect Life (Yoga Lin album), 2011
* "Perfect Life" (Levina song), 2017
* "Perfect Life", a song by Red from Release the Panic
* Perfect Life (film), a 2008 Chinese-Hong Kong film by Emily Tang
* The Perfect Life, a 2011 Italian comedy film
* Perfect Life (TV series), Spanish TV series (2019–).
# Arctoseius minutus

Arctoseius minutus is a species of mite in the family Ascidae. It is found in Europe.
# Citizens' Municipal Organisation

The Citizens' Municipal Organisation (CMO), known before its expansion as the Citizens' Municipal Party (CMP), was an Australian political organisation that ran in local elections in the City of Brisbane.

## History

The CMO was formed in 1936 after the recently-formed Citizens' Municipal Party decided to expand to a greater organisation, citing a desire to avoid party politics. Despite this claim, it was closely affiliated with the Queensland branch of the United Australia Party in the early part of the organisation's existence, before moving to the Queensland People's Party when the Queensland UAP separated in 1944. The People's Party became the Queensland division of the Liberal Party, and CMO aligned itself with the Queensland Liberal division until its own dissolution.
It ran candidates in City of Brisbane elections throughout its existence. Two Lord Mayors were elected representing the CMO — John Beals Chandler from 1940 to 1952 and Reg Groom from 1955 to 1961.
The official dissolution date of the organisation is unclear. Before the 1967 election, a number of CMO members defected and formed the Liberal Civic Party, which ran candidates against both the CMO and Labor at that election but failed to win a seat. At the 1973 election, the CMO was described as "moribund" and the Brisbane Civic Party was formed to challenge Labor, albeit unsuccessfully. Finally, from the 1976 election onwards, the Liberals decided to run under their own banner rather than that of the CMO or any other secondary organisation, certainly dissolving the ostensibly nonpartisan group in an official sense if it had not been already.
# Egidijus Kūris

Egidijus Kūris (born 1961 in Vilnius, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian judge, professor and PhD in law. He is the former President of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and current representative justice for Lithuania to the European Court of Human Rights.
Egidijus Kūris graduated from the Faculty of Law in Vilnius University in 1984, where he continued to work as a lecturer until 1994. Egidijus Kūris defended his doctoral thesis in 1988.
After Lithuania regained independence, Kūris worked on the preparation of the Constitution of Lithuania, which was adopted in 1992 after the referendum. During the same year, Egidijus Kūris became the Director of the Institute of International Relations and Political Science at Vilnius University. He held this position until 1999.
From 1993 till 1997 he also worked as an Assistant to the President of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. Egidijus Kūris became a Justice of the Constitutional Court in 1999 and the President of the Constitutional Court in 2002. He was in this position until March 21, 2008 when he was replaced by Kęstutis Lapinskas.
Egidijus Kūris' father, Pranas Kūris, served as the first Lithuanian representative to both the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights.
Egidijus Kūris is currently serving as the Lithuanian justice to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, succeeding Danutė Jočienė on November 1, 2013.

## Recent publications

* Judges as Guardians of the Constitution: "Strict" or "Liberal" Interpretation, in E. Smith (ed.). Old and New Constitutions: The Constitution as Instrument of Change. Stockholm: SNS Förlag, 2003.
* The Constitutional Court of Lithuania and the Death Penalty, in Revue de justice constitutionelle est-européene, 2003, numéro spécial.
* Constitutional Justice in Lithuania. Vilnius: The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, 2003.
* Konstitucijos aiškinimas, konstitucinės teisės šaltiniai ir besikeičianti konstitucinės teisės paradigma, in Teisės problemos, 2003, Nr. 3.
* Limits of the Realization of the Human Rights in the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the *Republic of Lithuania, in G. Harutyunyan (ed.). Constitutional Justice in the New Millennium. Yerevan, 2003.

## Public activities

Source:
He was a co-founder and member of the President Algirdas Brazauskas Foundation from 1998 to 2008. He also co-founded the Lithuanian Human Rights Centre in 1994.
From 1993 to 1995 he was a member of the Board of the Higher Education Support Program of the Open Society Fund–Lithuania. He was also a member of its co-ordination council from 1994 to 1998. Finally from 1999 to 2003, he was an expert in the book publishing program of the Open Society Fund-Lithuania. According to an NGO report, this could be an element that put in question its impartiality in some cases.
As a member of the Lithuanian Political Science Association, he was elected President from 1995 to 1998 and a member of the board from 1995 to 2001.
# Kashimo, Gifu

Kashimo (加子母村, Kashimo-mura) was a village located in Ena District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,383 and a density of 29.63 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 114.16 km$^2$.
On February 13, 2005, Kashimo, along with the towns of Fukuoka, Sakashita and Tsukechi, the villages of Hirukawa and Kawaue (all from Ena District), and the village of Yamaguchi (from Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture), was merged into the expanded city of Nakatsugawa and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
# EGR4

Early growth response protein 4 (EGR-4), also known as AT133, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR4 gene.
EGR-4 is a member of the early growth response (EGF) family of zinc finger transcription factors.
# Pall Jenkins

Pall Jenkins is an American vocalist, guitarist and music producer. He is the front man for the bands Three Mile Pilot and The Black Heart Procession, as well as his collaborations with Vampire Rodents and Ugly Casanova.

## Biography

Pall Jenkins formed Three Mile Pilot with bassist Zach Smith and drummer Thomas Zinser in 1991. The band released three albums before parting ways so they could focus on individual projects. Jenkins then formed The Black Heart Procession in 1997 with Tobias Nathaniel, who had previously collaborated with him on Three Mile Pilot. The duo released six albums over the span of eleven years and achieved a degree of critical acclaim and recognition for their work. In 2006, Jenkins formed Mr. Tube and the Flying Objects with bass player and trumpeter Brad Lee. In 2010, a reunited Three Mile Pilot released The Inevitable Past Is the Future Forgotten, an album that was five years in the making.
# Cataby Important Bird Area

Cataby Important Bird Area is a 314 ha tract of land lying about 2 km south of the town of Cataby, adjacent to the Brand Highway, in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It has been classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports up to 24 breeding pairs of short-billed black cockatoo, an endangered species that nests in remnant patches of eucalypt woodland and isolated paddock trees, and feeds in native shrublands. The area also supports the restricted-range western corella and a globally significant population of the regent parrot.
# Buchanania lanceolata

Buchanania lanceolata is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to India.
# Perfect Life (film)

Perfect Life (Chinese: 完美生活) is a 2008 Chinese-Hong Kong film by Emily Tang and produced by director Jia Zhangke (who received a co-producer credit) and his company, Xstream Pictures. The film mixes elements of dramatic fiction and documentary film.

## Release and screenings

With the backing of the established director, Jia Zhangke, Perfect Life had relatively high-profile screenings at a variety of major international film festivals. Its international premiere was during the 65th Venice Film Festival, as part of the Horizons sidebar." Perfect Life also competed in the Asia-focused Dragons and Tigers program in the 2009 Vancouver International Film Festival, a program which it won due to "the way it captures the harshness of Chinese reality through its fictional protagonist, and for the subtlety of its wonderfully free storytelling," according to the award jury. The film also captured the "Golden Digital Prize" at the Hong Kong International Film Festival.

### Melbourne controversy

Perfect Life was subject of some controversy in 2009 when it was pulled by Jia from the Melbourne International Film Festival, along with Jia's own Cry Me a River. The decision by Jia was due to the Melbourne Film Festival's decision to air a documentary film, The 10 Conditions of Love, about the Uighur advocate, Rebiya Kadeer, who is a highly controversial figure in China. In a letter to the festival's organizers, Jia stated that pulled both to protest against Kadeer's attendance of the event. A third film, the Chinese documentary Petition, was also withdrawn due to the controversy.

## Reception

Despite its win at Vancouver, the film received mixed reviews from western critics. Derek Elley of the industry magazine, Variety, called it "rote, anomie-heavy" and ultimately a "step back after Tang's promising 2001 debut, Conjugation. While an Asian-cinema focused academic magazine found the film's mix of drama and documentary elements to be an unsuccessful stylistic choice. A similar review came from The Hollywood Reporter, which also questioned the mix of the documentary film story starring the real Jenny Tse, and the fictional story starring Yao Qianyu, noting that the film fails is that the audience "never quite understand the connection between the two."
The film did have its champions, however. Some found the film's style far more palatable and one reviewer listed it as one of the top independent and foreign films from 2008.
# Egis

Egis or EGIS may refer to:
* An alternative spelling for aegis
* Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the intelligence agency of Egypt
* Egis Group, a French engineering and consulting group
* Erieye Ground Interface Segment, a military software package which is part of the Erieye radar system
# Karunamaya Goswami

Karunamaya Goswami (11 March 1943 – 30 June 2017) was a Bangladeshi musicologist and litterateur. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2012 by the Government of Bangladesh for his contribution to music research. He is known as a Nazrul Geeti exponent.

## Education

Goswami completed his Ph.D. on the topic "Bangla Kavyageetir Dharay Kazi Nazrul Islam-er Sthan, Contribution of Kazi Nazrul Islam to the development of Bengali music" from the University of Dhaka in 1987.

## Works

* Aspects of Nazrul Songs (1990)
* Kazi Nazrul Islam: A Profile (1990)
* Introducing Kazi Nazrul Islam (1999)
* Rabindranath-er Palestine Bhabna O Onnanyo (2006)
* Stories of Africa (1975)

## Awards

* Nazrul Memorial Gold Medal and Award (1987)
* Bangla Academy Literary Award (2009)
* Ekushey Padak (2012)
* Tagore Award by Bangla Academy (2013)
# EGR

EGR may refer to:

## Transportation

* Eagle Air (Guinea) (ICAO code), a Guinean airline
* Eagle Air (Sierra Leone) (ICAO code), a defunct Sierra Leonean airline
* East Grinstead railway station (station code), England

## Other uses

* Early growth response proteins
* Earnhardt Ganassi Racing, a NASCAR team
* East Grand Rapids, Michigan
* EGaming Review, a British online gambling publishing brand
* Exhaust gas recirculation, in internal combustion engines