OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Choristostigma perpulchralis

Choristostigma perpulchralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Mexico (Tehuacan, Veracruz) and the United States, where it has been recorded from New Mexico and Texas.
The wingspan is 18–22 mm. The forewings are bright yellow with a bright pink costa and terminal area, as well as a pink antemedial line. The hindwings are white and the terminal area is yellowish suffused with pink scales. Adults are on wing in March, May and September.
# Choritaenia

Choritaenia capensis is a species of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, of the monotypic genus Choritaenia. It is endemic to central parts of southern Africa. Individuals are usually reported from disturbed areas, such as roadsides, flood plains, and dry dams. It flowers in the spring and early summer. It is distinct for containing several morphological features that are not seen in any of the other genera of the family Apiaceae. Its fruits have a dense vestiture and hygroscopic carpophore that may be an adaptation that allows the plant to respond rapidly to the earliest spring rains.
# Burg Perchtoldsdorf

Burg Perchtoldsdorf is a castle in Lower Austria, Austria. Burg Perchtoldsdorf is 261 metres (856 ft) above sea level.

## Locaction

The mighty complex with a church and a castle is located on the north side of Perchtoldsdorf's market square on the slopes of the Vienna Woods. Under Joseph II in 1795/96, the market fortifications from the middle of the 13th century, which ran around the entire market, were almost completely demolished.

## History
### The lords of Perchtoldsdorf

The origins of the castle probably date back to before the year 1000. It was built together with numerous other castles on the eastern edge of the Vienna Woods in order to protect the Babenbergs' dominion from the ever-invading Hungarians. The castle originally only consisted of a brick tower and a few wooden buildings, which were protected by a palisade and a moat. However, as it soon became too small, it was only inhabited for defensive purposes. Heinricus de Pertoldesdorf is named as the first lord of the castle in 1138. Under his successor, the wooden buildings were replaced by brick ones and an outer bailey with a wall was built. In this state, it was once again a residence. The south tower [de], which still stands today, was also erected as a Bergfried. The castle chapel on the second floor of the castle was elevated to a parish church in 1217 under Bishop Ulrich II of Passau. In 1232, Otto I of Perchtoldsdorf gave the castle as a freehold to Melk Abbey, from which he received it back as a fief. Otto I was involved in the aristocratic uprising against Duke Frederick II, which is why the castle was destroyed by him in the course of a punitive expedition, leaving only the base and part of the south wall. It seems that Otto then lived in his newly built Burg Kammerstein. The ruins were converted into a church. Not far from the castle, on the south-eastern corner of today's market square, a new Stadtburg was built, which mainly served administrative purposes. It was Otto II, who later fought alongside Rudolf of Habsburg at the Battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen, who had the ancestral castle rebuilt. The rebuilding of this castle was probably completed around 1270.
Otto III of Perchtoldsdorf took part in another noble uprising. As a result, all three of his castles - the ancestral castle, the town castle and Kammerstein Castle - were destroyed by Duke Albrecht I of Austria, who later became King Albrecht I, around 1290. Otto presumably died in custody.
# Chris Adami

Christoph Carl Herbert "Chris" Adami (born August 30, 1962) is a professor of microbiology and molecular genetics, as well as professor of physics and astronomy, at Michigan State University. He is a core faculty member of the Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB) Program there.

## Education

Adami was born in Brussels, Belgium, and graduated from the European School of Brussels I. He obtained a Diplom in physics from the University of Bonn and an MA and a Ph.D. in theoretical nuclear physics from Stony Brook University in 1991. Adami was a Division Prize Fellow in the lab of Steven E. Koonin at the California Institute of Technology from 1992-1995, and was subsequently on the Caltech faculty as a senior research associate.

## Career

Before joining Michigan State University, he was a professor of Applied Life Sciences at the Keck Graduate Institute in Claremont, California. Adami is best known for his work on Avida, an artificial life simulator used to study evolutionary biology, and for applying the theory of information to physical and biological systems. Together with Nicolas J. Cerf, Adami made significant advances in the quantum theory of information in the late 1990s.

## Honors

He received the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal while serving at JPL, and was elected a Fellow of the AAAS in 2012. He was also elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2017. On July 31, 2019, He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by The International Society for Artificial Life.

## Works

* Adami, C.; Belew, R.; Kitano, H.; Taylor, C. (1998). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press. ASIN 0262510995.
* Adami, C. (1998). Introduction to Artificial Life. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0387946462.
* Lenski, R. E.; Ofria, C.; Pennock, R. T.; Adami, C. (2003). "The evolutionary origin of complex features" (PDF). Nature. 423 (6936): 139–144. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..139L. doi:10.1038/nature01568. PMID 12736677. S2CID 4401833. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
* Adami, Christoph (2024-01-16). The Evolution of Biological Information: How Evolution Creates Complexity, from Viruses to Brains (1st ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-24116-6.
# Chirantan Das

Chirantan Das is an Indian cinematographer associated with Tanu Weds Manu, Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya, Sanam Teri Kasam and Dhanak. Das, who did cinematography for 31 films, won the reputed Producers Guild Film Award for Best Cinematography, for Tanu Weds Manu (2011).

## Career

Chirantan is cinematographer of 31 movies including some critically acclaimed films like Sankat City (2009), Tanu Weds Manu (2011), Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya (2012), Dhanak (2015) and Sanam Teri Kasam (2012). Chirantan also worked as camera operator in the Bollywood.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Language | Notes |
| 2002 | Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai? | Hindi | |
| 2004 | Stop! | Hindi | |
| 2005 | Dansh | Hindi | |
| 2005 | Anjaan | Hindi | |
| 2007 | 1971 | Hindi | |
| 2007 | Cape Karma | Hindi | |
| 2007 | Diva | Malay | |
| 2007 | Dus Kahaniyaan | Hindi | |
| 2008 | Mumbai Cutting | Hindi | |
| 2009 | Sankat City | Hindi | |
| 2011 | Tanu Weds Manu | Hindi | |
| 2011 | Mod | Hindi | |
| 2012 | Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya | Hindi | |
| 2012 | Matira Bandhana | Oriya | |
| 2012 | Ajab Gazabb Love | Hindi | |
| 2014 | Lakshmi | Hindi | |
| 2015 | Dhanak | Hindi | |
| 2015 | Tanu Weds Manu Returns | Hindi | |
| 2016 | Sanam Teri Kasam | Hindi | |
| 2016 | Santa Banta Pvt Ltd | Hindi | |
| 2017 | Commando 2 | Hindi | |
| 2018 | Soorma | Hindi | |
| 2019 | Bard of Blood | Hindi | Netflix Series |
| 2019 | Pati Patni Aur Woh | Hindi | |
| 2020 | Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan | Hindi | |
| 2021 | Bhavai | Hindi | |
| 2022 | Good Luck Sakhi | Telugu | |
| 2022 | Janhit Mein Jaari | Hindi | |
| 2023 | 72 Hoorain | Hindi | |
| 2023 | Dono | Hindi | |
# Metropolitan Corporation

Metropolitan Corporation may refer to:
* Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg
* Metropolitan Corporation (Pakistan)
# Burgruine Twimberg

Burgruine Twimberg is a castle in Carinthia, Austria.
# Burgruine Steuerberg

Burgruine Steuerberg is the ruins of a castle near Feldkirchen in Carinthia, Austria; 779 metres (2,556 ft) above sea level.

## History

The Burgruine Steuerberg was possibly built by the Eppenstein dukes of Carinthia in the 11th century, AD. After the male members of the Eppenstein family died out in 1122, the castle was owned by the Lords of Touernich in the 12th century as vassals of the new Carinthian dukes from the Spanheim family. the castle was abandoned in 1827.

## Facilities

A building description of the castle from 1603 has been preserved; it was still intact then. In 1688, however, it was obviously no longer important and had already fallen into disrepair: in his Topography of the Archduchy of Carinthia, Johann Weichard von Valvasor only mentioned the old castle in passing as being not far from Albeck Castle on a high mountain and the Jesuits of Millstatt due.
The remaining remains of the wall and the description from 1603 give an idea of what the castle once looked like. The walled structure was 70 meters long in a north-south orientation and up to 20 meters wide. Although it was at a fairly high altitude, it was accessible by a path suitable for carriages. As a functional building, the castle had only a few living quarters. Stables and storerooms took up most of the space.
The actual palace – the residential wing – was in the southern part, the courtyard with stable and battlements in the north. The entrance to the castle was on the west in the middle of the ring wall and was closed with a heavy wooden door. A moat with a drawbridge separated the southern part with the main buildings from the rest of the castle. A brick cistern was located in the moat .
Under the main wing, along its entire width, there was a large cellar carved into the rock and two smaller vaulted cellars. The basement ceiling was made of wood and supported on columns. The grain crate , the vaulted kitchen and the servants ' room were located above the large cellar . Adjacent to this were two more rooms, which served as storage , among other things . Little light fell into these lower rooms from a small courtyard between two side walls. A wooden staircase led to the upper floor. There was the "Mueshaus", the dining room, which, like most of the other rooms on this floor, had two windows. On the front was the main room with four beautiful windows, from which the view of the Meierhof in Wabl below the castle and into the valley. A staircase led from the dining room to the roof. The front corners were finished with wooden bay windows .
The chapel was located in the spacious courtyard . The original building was probably erected a little further east in the 12th century, with the apse being integrated into the ring wall. Probably towards the end of the 13th century the chapel was moved a little further to the west; Parts of the old chapel wall served as the foundation for the new outer walls.
The stable for 20 horses was located in the northern part of the complex. Above was a grain box, and hay and straw were stored under the roof.
# Chongqing–Guiyang railway

Chongqing–Guiyang railway is a major trunk higher-speed rail selected for construction under the 11th Five Year Plan set by the Chinese Government. Construction started on December 22, 2010, and opened on January 25, 2018.

## Profile

The railway extends from Chongqing to Guizhou for a total length of 345 km (214 mi). Of this, 112 km (70 mi) are within Chongqing and 233 km (145 mi) within Guizhou Province. The total investment amounted to around 44.92 billion RMB. The design corresponds to national level I railway standards; the line is electrified and double-track. The design speed is 250 km/h (155 mph) and the foreseen operational speed is 200 km/h (124 mph). The main function of this railway is passenger, express freight, and container transport.
The line forms part of a larger network of railways such as the Chongqing–Lanzhou railway and the Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway, fast becoming another important access route to the sea. Trains run from Chongqing to Guiyang in two hours and from Chongqing to Guangzhou in six hours. It improves the north–south movement of passengers and fast freight along the railway transport corridor while also relieving pressures and increasing capacities on existing conventional railway lines in the region. It is seen as a potential catalyst for economic development in several impoverished areas, especially in Guizhou, one of the poorest provinces of China.
The line forms part of the Baotou (Yinchuan)–Hainan corridor. A parallel Chongqing–Guiyang high-speed railway is planned in the medium or long term.

## Route

Starting in Chongqing's Shapingba District at Chongqing West railway station, the line passes through Qijiang, Tongzi, Zunyi, and Xifeng and terminates at Guiyang North railway station.
The Chongqing–Guizhou railway follows a route generally similar to that of the older Sichuan–Guizhou railway, constructed in 1956–65; however due to the more extensive use of tunnels (145 of them), the new line is significantly shorter (345 km (214 mi) instead of 423 km (263 mi)).

### Stations

* Chongqing West (重庆西)
* Luohuang South (珞璜南),
* Qijiang East (綦江东),
* Ganshui East (赶水东),
* Tongzi North (桐梓北),
* Tongzi East (桐梓东),
* Loushanguan South (娄山关南),
* Zunyi (遵义),
* Longkeng (龙坑),
* Zunyi South (遵义南),
* Xifeng (息烽),
* Xiuwenxian (修文县),
* Guiyang North (贵阳北)
# Meyer's law

Meyer's law is an empirical relation between the size of a hardness test indentation and the load required to leave the indentation. The formula was devised by Eugene Meyer of the Materials Testing Laboratory at the Imperial School of Technology, Charlottenburg, Germany, circa 1908.

## Equation

It takes the form:
    $P\,=\,kd^{n}$
where
* P is the pressure in megapascals
* k is the resistance of the material to initial penetration
* n is Meyer's index, a measure of the effect of the deformation on the hardness of the material
* d is the chordal diameter (diameter of the indentation)
The index n usually lies between the values of 2, for fully strain hardened materials, and 2.5, for fully annealed materials. It is roughly related to the strain hardening coefficient in the equation for the true stress-true strain curve by adding 2. Note, however, that below approximately d = 0.5 mm (0.020 in) the value of n can surpass 3. Because of this, Meyer's law is often restricted to values of d greater than 0.5 mm up to the diameter of the indenter.
The variables k and n are also dependent on the size of the indenter. Despite this, it has been found that the values can be related using the equation:
    $P=k_{1}d_{1}^{n_{1}}=k_{2}d_{2}^{n_{2}}=k_{3}d_{3}^{n_{3}}=...$
Meyer's law is often used to relate hardness values based on the fact that if the weight is quartered, the diameter of the indenter is halved. For instance, the hardness values are the same for a test load of 3000 kgf with a 10 mm indenter and for a test load of 750 kgf with a 5 mm diameter indenter. This relationship isn't perfect, but its percent error is relatively small.
A modified form of this equation was put forth by Onitsch:
    $P\,=\,1.854kd^{n-2}$
# Meyenia (disambiguation)

Meyenia may mean:
* Meyenia, a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae
* Meyenia, a genus of sponges in the family Spongillidae; synonym of Ephydatia
# Methyl green-pyronin stain

Methyl green-pyronin (MGP) is a classical histological staining technique using two basic (cationic) dyes for the demonstration and differentiation of DNA and RNA. Methyl green is specific for phosphate radicals in the DNA double helix staining it green-blue. Pyronin does not possess this affinity and binds to the remaining negatively charged RNA staining it red. The method is useful in identifying the distribution of Nissl substance in neuronal cell bodies.
# Methyl fluorosulfonate

Methyl fluorosulfonate, also known as magic methyl, is the organic compound with the formula FSO$_2$OCH$_3$. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a strong methylating agent in organic synthesis. Because of its extreme toxicity, it has largely been replaced by the related reagent methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

## Synthesis and reactions

It is prepared by distillation of an equimolar mixture of fluorosulfonic acid and dimethyl sulfate. It was originally produced by the reaction of methanol with fluorosulfonic acid.
Methyl fluorosulfonate is a highly electrophilic reagent for methylation. It is ranked as less powerful than methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

## Toxicity

Similar to phosgene, it is acutely toxic by inhalation, with an LC$_{50}$ (rat, 1 hour) of about 5 ppm. Several cases of poisoning resulting in death from pulmonary edema have been reported.
# Metropolis, Nevada

Metropolis, Nevada is a ghost town in Elko County, Nevada, 12 mi (19 km) northwest of Wells.
During the early twentieth century, many homesteaders attempted to farm in the Great Basin, especially in western Utah but also in northeastern Nevada. Creating the town of Metropolis was the project of an eastern businessman, Harry L. Pierce of Leominster, Massachusetts, and of investors from both Massachusetts and Salt Lake City. During the second decade of the twentieth century, Pierce's Pacific Reclamation Company attempted to make the optimistically named Metropolis the center of a huge farming district.
The Company purchased 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of desert land in 1910 and hired a respected Salt Lake City contractor, P. J. “Pat” Moran, to build a dam on Bishop Creek, 15 mi (24 km) east of the planned city, hoping to use the reservoir for irrigation. Once the dam was complete, the Company stepped up its promotional campaign, and the LDS Church encouraged members to move there. The town became predominantly Mormon, and no church was ever built in Metropolis because the Mormons used the town amusement hall as a meetinghouse.
In an attempt to demonstrate permanence, the Company built the amusement hall, a post office, a school, a train depot, and a magnificent modern hotel, complete with an electric generator, central heating, and hot and cold running water in every room. A railroad spur was extended to the town site, and regular passenger service began in 1912. The population grew to nearly 700.
Superficially the town seemed a success, but it encountered serious problems. Pierce had failed to obtain water rights to Bishop Creek, and the downstream town of Lovelock sued to prevent the impoundment of water behind Bishop Creek Dam. Because residents could not irrigate, many tried dry-farming wheat, successfully at first.
After settlers killed marauding coyotes, the jackrabbit population rose dramatically. Rabbits systematically ate the wheat, and farmers retaliated with guns, poison, and organized drives. They killed thousands of jackrabbits and sold them in San Francisco.
Dry-farming was possible only for a few years because of unusually high precipitation. Lower rainfall and Mormon crickets ended the experiment. Pacific Reclamation declared bankruptcy in 1920. In 1922 the railroad discontinued service. By 1924, only 200 people remained. The amusement hall and hotel burned, and the last store closed in 1925, the post office in 1942. The few remaining residents turned to ranching. By 1950 Metropolis was a ghost town. Today ranches surround the town site. The ruins of the hotel and school and a cemetery are all that remain.
# Christer Ulfbåge

Christer Ulfbåge (born 7 May 1942, in Falköping, Sweden), is a Swedish sports journalist and commentator and earlier presenter of Sportspegeln and Sportnytt which are broadcast on SVT. Ulfbåge was for many years commentator for SVTs sports broadcasts of skiing, athletics. He started his career at Radiosporten at Sveriges Radio where between 1974 and 1980 amongst others he covered the achievements of Ingemar Stenmark. In 1991, he reported from the World Championships final for 100 meters in Tokyo.
# Christine Jones

Christine Jones may refer to:
* Christine Jones (artist) (born 1955), Welsh artist
* Christine Jones (actress) (born 1943), American soap opera actress
* Christine Jones (scenic designer), Broadway scenic designer
* Christine M. Jones (1929–2013), member of the Maryland House of Delegates
* Christine Jones (businesswoman) (born 1968), American businesswoman and Arizona political candidate
* Christine Jones (police officer) (born 1964/1965), British police officer
* Christine Jones (bowls) (born 1963), Norfolk Islander lawn bowls player
* Christine Jones (Home and Away), a fictional character on the Australian soap opera Home and Away
# Byerley Stud Stakes

The Byerley Stud Stakes is the sponsored title of two horse races in Britain:
* The St Hugh's Stakes, run at Newbury in August
* The Radley Stakes, run at Newbury in October
# Byers

Byers may refer to:

## Places

* Byers, Colorado
* Byers, Kansas
* Byers, Texas
* Byers Peak in Grand County, Colorado
* Byers Peninsula, Antarctica
* Byers Station Historic District

## Names of people

* Byers (surname)
# Buxières-d'Aillac

Buxières-d'Aillac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Indre department in central France.

## Geography

The commune is traversed by the river Bouzanne.
# Buzebazeba

Buzebazeba is an administrative ward in Kigoma-Ujiji District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. The ward covers an area of 7.8 km$^2$ (3.0 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 792 m (2,598 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 20,304 people in the ward, from 18,446 in 2012.$^{:123}$$^{:150}$

## Villages / neighborhoods

The ward has 15 villages and neighborhoods.
* Burega
* Jumbe
* Karuta
* Lake tanganyika
* Lumumba
* Mandela
* Mikoroshini
* Ngwandu
* Samora
* Shindika
* Sokoine
* Tanu
* Vamia
# Buzek

Buzek (Czech feminine: Buzková) is a surname. It may refer to:
* Agata Buzek (born 1976), Polish actress
* Hans Buzek (born 1938), Austrian footballer
* Ivana Buzková (born 1985), Czech figure skater
* Jan Buzek (1874–1940), Polish politician
* Jerzy Buzek (born 1940), Polish politician
* Józef Buzek (1873–1936), Polish economist
* Miloslav Buzek (1899–1940), Czech equestrian
* Petr Buzek (born 1977), Czech ice hockey player
* Petra Buzková (born 1965), Czech politician
# Messier 69

Messier 69 or M69, also known NGC 6637, and NGC 6634, is a globular cluster in the southern constellation of Sagittarius. It can be found 2.5° to the northeast of the star Epsilon Sagittarii and is dimly visible in 50 mm aperture binoculars. The cluster was discovered by Charles Messier on August 31, 1780, the same night he discovered M70. At the time, he was searching for an object described by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1751–2 and thought he had rediscovered it, but it is unclear if Lacaille actually described M69.
This cluster is about 28,700 light-years away from Earth and 5,200 ly from the Galactic Center, with a spatial radius of 45 light-years. It is a relatively metal-rich globular cluster that is a likely member of the galactic bulge population. It has a mass of 200000 M$_☉$ with a half-mass radius of 11.6 ly, a core radius of 29.2 ly, and a tidal radius of 91.9 ly. Its center has a bright luminosity density of 6,460 L$_☉$·pc$^{−3}$ (meaning per cubic parsec). It is a close neighbor of its analog M70 – possibly only 1,800 light-years separates the two.

## Gallery

* As globular clusters go, M69 is one of the most metal-rich on record.
* Map showing location of M69
# Mezőtárkány

Mezőtárkány is a village in Heves County, Hungary.
# Buxhall

Buxhall is a village and a civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district, in the county of Suffolk, England. The nearest town is Stowmarket. It is home to a public house, St Mary's Church, Buxhall Windmill, and a village recreation ground with children's play area.
The antiquarian Walter Arthur Copinger published his History of the parish of Buxhall in the county of Suffolk which featured twenty four illustrations by William Ayliffe.