OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Browning-Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc.

Browning-Ferris Industries v. Kelco Disposal, 492 U.S. 257 (1989), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable fines does not apply to punitive-damage awards in civil cases when the United States is not a party.

## Prior history

Browning-Ferris Industries (BFI) had been the dominant provider of roll-off trash collection services in the Burlington, Vermont market since it entered the roll-off market in 1976. Joseph Kelley was a district manager for BFI until 1980, when he left to found his own company, Kelco Disposal. By 1982, Kelco had garnered over 40% of the roll-off market; in that year, BFI began a campaign of predatory pricing, which continued for several months, with the intent of driving Kelco out of the business. In 1985, BFI sold their Burlington operations to another company.
In 1984, Kelco filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Vermont alleging that BFI had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. Kelco also claimed, as an alternative state-law cause of action, that BFI interfered with its contracts with its customers. In the subsequent jury trial, BFI was found liable on both claims. In a separate one-day trial on the damages, the jury settled on compensatory damages of $51,146, and punitive damages of $6 million. The trial court then awarded Kelco treble damages and attorney's fees on the anti-trust claim, but awarded $6,066,082.74 on the alternative state tort claim, so further action proceeded on the basis of the higher award.
BFI appealed the judgment to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, and raised the issue of the excessive fines clause. The Second Circuit affirmed the trial court's decision on both liability and damages, finding for the sake of argument that the jury's punitive-damage award was not excessive whether or not the Eighth Amendment applied to this case. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to consider the specific question of whether the excessive fines clause applies to civil cases involving purely private parties.
# Bruce A. Chadwick

Bruce A. Chadwick is an emeritus professor of sociology at Brigham Young University (BYU).
Chadwick has a Ph.D. from Washington University in St. Louis.
Chadwick was for a time director of BYU's Center for Studies of the Family. From 1992 to 1996 he did an exhaustive study along with Brent L. Top involving 4000 participants of religious affiliation and other actions of Latter-day Saint teens.
Chadwick edited the Statistical Handbook on the American Family with Tim B. Heaton and the Statistical Handbook of Racial Groups in the United States with Heaton and Cardell K. Jacobsen both published by Oryx Press. He also co-authored many works on Muncie, Indiana as part of the Middletown Studies with Howard M. Bahr and Theodore Caplow such as All Faithful People: Continuity and Change in the Middletown Region and Recent Social Trends in the United States: 1960-1990. In the 1970s Chadwick coauthored multiple articles on the Native American experience in the city of Seattle.
Chadwick's "Hanging Out, Hooking Up and Celestial Marriage", a devotional address given at Brigham Young University, was one of the sources cited in Dallin H. Oaks's similarly themed CES fireside address, "Dating versus Hanging Out".
# Bronikowski

Bronikowski is a Polish surname:
* Friedrich von Oppeln-Bronikowski (1873–1936), a German writer, translator, publisher and cultural historian
* Hermann (Leopold August) von Oppeln-Bronikowski (1899–1966), a German military commander
* Franciszek (Jan) Bronikowski (1907–1964), a Polish rower
# Bronikowo

Bronikowo may refer to the following places:
* Bronikowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Bronikowo, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
* Bronikowo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
* Bronikowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
# Chelipodozus araucariana

Chelipodozus araucariana is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
# Chelipoda

Chelipoda is a genus of flies in the family Empididae.

## Species

* C. abjecta Collin, 1928
* C. albiseta Zetterstedt, 1838
* C. arcta Yang & Yang, 1990
* C. aritarita Plant, 2007
* C. atrocitas Plant, 2007
* C. australpina Plant, 2007
* C. basalis Yang & Yang, 1990
* C. brevipennis Plant, 2007
* C. consignata Collin, 1928
* C. contracta Melander, 1947
* C. coreana Wagner, 2003
* C. cornigera Plant, 2007
* C. cycloseta Plant, 2007
* C. delecta Collin, 1928
* C. delicata Meunier, 1908
* C. didhami Plant, 2007
* C. digressa Collin, 1931
* C. dolosa Meunier, 1908
* C. dominatrix Plant, 2007
* C. elongata Melander, 1902
* C. ferocitrix Plant, 2007
* C. fimbriata Collin, 1933
* C. flavida Brunetti, 1913
* C. fuscicornis Bezzi, 1912
* C. fusciseta Bezzi, 1912
* C. fuscoptera Plant, 2007
* C. gansuensis Yang & Yang, 1990
* C. gracilis Plant, 2007
* C. hamatilis Collin, 1933
* C. hubeiensis Yang & Yang, 1990
* C. inconspicua Collin, 1928
* C. indica Brunetti, 1913
* C. inexspectata Tuomikoski, 1966
* C. intermedia Smith, 1962
* C. interposita Collin, 1928
* C. keta Smith, 1965
* C. lateralis Plant, 2007
* C. limitaria MacDonald, 1993
* C. longicornis Collin, 1928
* C. lyneborgi Yang & Yang, 1990
* C. macrostigma Plant, 2007
* C. mediolinea Plant, 2007
* C. menglunana Grootaert, Yang & Saigusa, 2000
* C. mengyangana Grootaert, Yang & Saigusa, 2000
* C. mexicana Wheeler & Melander, 1901
* C. mirabilis Collin, 1928
* C. moderata Collin, 1928
* C. modica Collin, 1928
* C. mollis Wagner, 2003
* C. monorhabdos Plant, 2007
* C. nigrans Melander, 1928
* C. nigraristata Yang, Grootaert & Horvat, 2004
* C. oblata Collin, 1928
* C. oblinata Smith, 1989
* C. oblinita Collin, 1928
* C. obtusipennis Collin, 1933
* C. otiraensis Miller, 1923
* C. parva Melander, 1928
* C. petiolata Yang & Yang, 1987
* C. pictipennis Bezzi, 1912
* C. praestans Melander, 1947
* C. puhihiroa Plant, 2007
* C. rakiuraensis Plant, 2007
* C. rangopango Plant, 2007
* C. recurva Collin, 1928
* C. remissa Collin, 1933
* C. rhabdoptera Melander, 1928
* C. secreta Collin, 1928
* C. shennongana Yang & Yang, 1990
* C. sicaria Melander, 1947
* C. sichuanensis Yang & Yang, 1993
* C. sinensis Yang & Yang, 1987
* C. subflava Collin, 1933
* C. tainuia Plant, 2007
* C. tangerina Plant, 2007
* C. trepida Collin, 1928
* C. tribulosus Yang, Yang & Hu, 2002
* C. truncata MacDonald, 1993
* C. ulrichi Yang, Yang & Hu, 2002
* C. ultraferox Plant, 2007
* C. vaga Meunier, 1908
* C. venatrix Plant, 2007
* C. vittata Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878
* C. vocatoria Fallén, 1815
* C. wudangensis Yang & Yang, 1990
* C. xanthocephala Yang & Yang, 1990
# Measure problem

Measure problem may refer to:
* Measure problem (cosmology), problem concerning how to compute fractions of universes of different types within a multiverse
* A problem in measure theory–see Solovay model
* Klee's measure problem, problem of determining how efficiently the measure of a union of rectangular ranges can be computed
* McNamara fallacy, a bias disregarding what cannot be easily measured
# Bronte GO Station

Bronte GO Station is a train station in the GO Transit network located in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. It is a stop on the Lakeshore West line and there is an adjacent bus loop for connecting local Oakville Transit bus routes.
In September 2008 the station parking lot was expanded with a new entrance on Wyecroft Road. In January 2011, approximately 175 spaces were made available in the south lot which can be entered from Speers Road. When the project is completed the south lot will provide 300 parking spaces, with stairs and ramps to the platforms.
A Bronte Station Master Plan was completed in 2013, with key recommendations to be coordinated with ongoing improvements. This included considering extending the east tunnel to the south side of the tracks to a relocated bus loop or improve existing west tunnel connections to the existing loop and add more bus bays. Improvements already started, and was completed by Spring 2016, which included repaving the south parking lot and the addition of 200 new spaces as well as upgrades to platform canopies and shelters.

## History

The first Bronte railway station was built around 1900 by the Grand Trunk Railway, on the south side of the tracks just east of Bronte Road, about 1.5 kilometres west of the current site.
GO Transit began operating the Lakeshore line on May 23, 1967, providing only rush hour service beyond Oakville. When the GO Station was relocated, in November 1967, it had been given the name Oakville West to distinguish it from the original station. Subsequently, the historic name was restored for the community of Bronte where the station is located, in the west end of Oakville.

## Connecting bus routes
### Oakville Transit

* 3/3A Third Line
* 4 Speers-Cornwall
* 6 Upper Middle
* 10 West Industrial (Peak Service only)
* 13 Westoak Trails
* 18 Glen Abbey South
* 28 Glen Abbey North
* 33 Palermo (Peak Service only)
* 34 Pine Glen (Peak Service only)
# Mbabaram

Mbabaram (Babaram) may refer to:
* Mbabaram people, an Australian ethnic group
* Mbabaram language, an extinct language of Australia
# Chavo

Chavo can have two or more meanings, for example. In Puerto Rico it means “Money”. In Mexico and some other Latin American countries the word would translates to "kid", and may refer to:
* Chavo Guerrero Sr., a professional wrestler
* Chavo Guerrero Jr., a professional wrestler who is best known for his work in World Wrestling Entertainment
* Chavo Pederast, one of the lead singers from hardcore punk band Black Flag
# Chavornay

Chavornay is the name of several places:
* Chavornay, Ain, a commune of the Ain département, in France
* Chavornay, Vaud, a municipality of the Vaud canton, in Switzerland
# Mecistocephalus subgigas

Mecistocephalus subgigas is a species of centipede in the Mecistocephalidae family. It was described in 1919 by Italian myriapodologist Filippo Silvestri. This species has 49 pairs of legs and can reach 60 mm in length.

## Distribution

The species occurs in New Guinea. The type locality is Simbang, Sattelberg, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
# Medetera truncorum

Medetera truncorum is a species of fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is widely distributed in the Western Palaearctic. It also occurs in the Pacific Northwest in North America, where it may be an introduced species.
In Bickel (1985)'s revision of the genus Medetera in the Nearctic realm, M. truncorum is included as a member of the diadema-veles species group.
# Bryn Eglwys (disambiguation)

Bryn Eglwys or Bryneglwys (Welsh for Church on the Hill) may refer to:
* Bryn Eglwys quarry, a slate quarry in Gwynedd, Wales
* Bryneglwys, a village in Denbighshire, Wales
* Bryneglwys Fault, a geological fault in Wales
* Bryn Eglwys (locomotive), a former locomotive on the Talyllyn Railway
# Chase Paymentech

Chase Paymentech is an American payment service provider and merchant acquiring business that is part of JPMorgan Chase. Paymentech payment platforms supports businesses to process payments. In addition to its payment services the company provides associated business services such as analytics, payment fraud detection, and data security.
As of 2012, Chase Paymentech processed 29.5 billion transactions with a value of $655.2 billion.

## History

In 1985, MNet was set up a merchant acquirer by Mbank. In 1987 Mbank was acquired by Lomas Bank Corp. The company expanded by first acquiring JL McKay, a credit card software provider. The expansions continued with further acquisition of Litle and DMGT in 1995. The brand Paymentech was created in the year 1996 and the Initial public offering (IPO) was executed in the same year. Paymentech acquired Gensar, which later became Paymentech Network Services, Tampa, and Merchant Link in 1996.
In 1997, Chase Paymentech was created as a joint venture between Chase Merchant Services and First Data Corporation (FDC). That year, First USA was acquired by Bank One. In 2001, Paymentech completed the largest retail merchant conversion and launched its Orbital Gateway. In 2002, Chase Paymentech acquired the merchant acquiring portfolios of Scotiabank and Citibank CA.
Chase Paymentech opened its first European office in Dublin, Ireland in 2004. That year also saw the merger of Bank One and JPMorgan Chase. In 2008, FDC and JPMorgan announced that their Chase Paymentech joint venture was coming to an end, and Chase Paymentech became the merchant services subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank. After the merger with Bank One in 2004, JPMorgan Chase and Paymentech were integrated into Chase Merchant Services.
Chase Mobile Checkout product was launched in May 2013 and allowed businesses to accept credit and debit cards via smartphone with their mobile app and card reader.

## Products and services

Chase Paymentech provides electronic payment processing products for businesses that accept credit, debit or gift cards from their customers. Their products include services for merchants to reduce payment fraud and manage chargebacks. The company offers products aimed at multiple industries, including e-commerce, retail, professional services, travel and lodging, restaurant, digital content, and government.
The company also provides payment terminals, which allows small businesses to accept most card payment types, as well as the flexibility to accept other forms of customer payments, such as mobile wallets and contactless payment technologies.

## Cyber Holiday Pulse Index

Every year, Chase Paymentech releases the Cyber Holiday Pulse Index, an annual measurement of online shopping activity during the holiday season, which tracks e-commerce spending across a sample of 50 leading e-retailers. The Index shows both sales volume and transaction count for online purchases across Chase Paymentech's global processing platforms.
# Bryan Langley

Bryan Langley (29 December 1909 – 21 January 2008) was a British cinematographer. Langley worked for a number of years with the British International Pictures organisation, but later worked at other studios including Gainsborough Pictures and Ealing. He was the son of opera singer and actor Herbert Langley.

## Selected filmography

* The Streets of London (1929)
* Number Seventeen (1932)
* Lucky Girl (1932)
* Letting in the Sunshine (1933)
* Facing the Music (1933)
* Blossom Time (1934)
* Music Hath Charms (1935)
* It's a Bet (1935)
* The Student's Romance (1935)
* Living Dangerously (1936)
* Royal Cavalcade (1936)
* The Limping Man (1936)
* Saturday Night Revue (1937)
* The Price of Folly (1937)
* French Leave (1937)
* The Lilac Domino (1937)
* Lassie from Lancashire (1938)
* Dead Men Tell No Tales (1938)
* Meet Mr. Penny (1938)
* The Gables Mystery (1938)
* Night Alone (1938)
* I Killed the Count (1939)
* The Dark Eyes of London (1939)
* Spare a Copper (1940)
* Room for Two (1940)
* Tower of Terror (1941)
* When the Bough Breaks (1947)
* The Phantom Shot (1947)
# Megachilopus

Megachilopus is a genus of mites in the family Acaridae.

## Species

* Megachilopus uellensis Fain, 1974
# Augstbordhorn

The Augstbordhorn is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Törbel in the canton of Valais. Several trails lead to its summit.
# IEEE style

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style is a widely accepted format for writing research papers, commonly used in technical fields, particularly in computer science. IEEE style is based on the Chicago Style. In IEEE style, citations are numbered, but citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
# Bhawania goodei

Bhawania goodei is a species of polychaete worms in the family Chrysopetalidae. It is found in tropical waters around the world. It was described from Bermuda.
# Archangel Gabriel of Nedvědice

The late Gothic statue of the Archangel Gabriel is an example of quality Upper Austrian carving, following the work of Nicolaus Gerhaert van Leyden. It is on display in the permanent exhibition of the Aleš South Bohemian Gallery in Hluboká nad Vltavou.

## History

The statue of the angel dates from 1495-1500, allegedly from Nedvědice near Soběslav. The local church of St. Nicholas is an early Gothic building from the 13th century. In the fifteenth century the village was in the possession of the Rosenbergs, later it belonged to the town of Tábor. In 1946 the statue was purchased by the Municipal Museum in České Budějovice from the private collection of J. Starhoň and in 1953 it was transferred to the collections of the Aleš South Bohemian Gallery in Hluboká nad Vltavou.

## Description and classification

A full statue made of linden wood, 80 cm high, designed to be viewed from all sides, with remnants of the original blue polychromy and gilding. The front part of the base is damaged, both forearms and the wings of the angel are missing. Restored by František Kotrba (1947) and Bohuslav Slánský (1956).
The figure of the standing angel turns helically and tilts his head to the left, towards the presumed kneeling or sitting statue of Mary. The statue has a finely sculpted face with long curly hair held in a curled band above the forehead. The plume, which is draped over his left arm, is accompanied by a hood with a tassel on his back. The drapery is dominated by deeply carved negative shapes, creating contrasts of light and shadow. The lower garment is undercut below the chest, with a low standing collar and a stole crossed over the breast. The forward-facing left hand, which is now missing, had a well-modelled palm and fingers. The overall concept of the sculpture developed in width and its greater stenderness and picturesqueness is characteristic of the late Gothic period around 1500. The method of opening the mass and the type of face bear features of the influence of Gerhaert van Leyden, which was probably transmitted to Bohemia by Passau.
The Archangel Gabriel was part of the Annunciation scene. The statue of the Virgin Mary, which is in the collection of the National Gallery in Prague, may have come from the same workshop, but it is impossible to determine whether it formed the counterpart of the angel statue. One of the carvers who participated in the making of the Kefermarkt altarpiece is considered to be the author. He is referred to in the literature as the Meister des Schongauer Altärchens and has been hypothetically identified with Diebold Böser, active around 1500 in Passau.
# Rolf Gumlich

Rolf Gumlich is a German journalist and author of screenplays.
From 1954 to 1989 Gumlich worked at the Rundfunk der DDR (Radio of the GDR). He is well known for his serial medical dramas such as Frauenarzt Dr. Markus Merthin and Für alle Fälle Stefanie.

## Sources

* P. Conley: "Das Kaninchen und die Schlange. Der Blick auf 'den Westen' im DDR-Feature." Deutschland Archiv, vol. 34, no. 6 (2001): pp. 998–1007. "Es ist vor allem Rolf Gumlich, einer der vier fest angestellten Autoren der Feature-Abteilung, der in zahlreichen Kultursendungen des Hörfunks das Bild von der Bundesrepublik prägte." ["It is above all Rolf Gumlich, one of the four permanent authors in the feature department, who shaped the image of the Federal Republic in numerous radio cultural broadcasts."]
# Catherine Adams

Catherine Adams (or similar) may refer to:

## Actors

* Kathryn Adams (actress, born 1893) (1893–1959), American silent-film actress
* Kathryn Adams (actress, born 1920) (1920–2016), American actress; later name Kathryn Adams Doty
* Katie Adams, American voice actress for 1990s and 2000s (Weiß Kreuz#Civilians)

## Political figures

* Katherine Patricia Irene Adams (born 1947), Scottish peer and MP; a/k/a Irene Adams
* Cathie Adams (born 1950), American conservative political activist from Texas

## Sportspeople

* Kathryn Adams, American figure skater; gold medalist at 1984 St. Ivel International#Ladies
* Kate Adams, Scottish winner of Women's Singles at 1993 World Indoor Bowls Championship
* Katrina Adams (born 1968), American tennis player

## Others

* Katherine Langhorne Adams (1885–1977), American painter and printmaker
* Katherine L. Adams (born 1964), American attorney at Apple Inc; a/k/a Kate Adams
* Cathy Adams, British legal counselor (List of witnesses of the Iraq Inquiry#June 2010)
* Cat Adams, pen name, since 1997, of American fantasy authors C.T. Adams and Cathy Clamp
* Katharine Adams (1862–1952), English bookbinder

## Characters

* Katherine Adams a/k/a Kay Adams-Corleone, portrayed by Diane Keaton in 1972 film The Godfather
# Anil Sharma (Bihar politician)

Anil Sharma is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar and a member of Bihar Legislative Council since 2022.
He had been the President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, Bihar and had also been the Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar.
# HMS Loring

HMS Loring (K565) was a British Captain-class frigate of the Royal Navy in commission during World War II. Originally constructed as the United States Navy Evarts-class destroyer escort DE-520, she served in the Royal Navy from 1943 to 1945.

## Construction and transfer

The ship was laid down by the Boston Navy Yard in Boston, Massachusetts, on 18 July 1943 as the unnamed U.S. Navy destroyer escort DE-520 and launched on 30 August 1943. The United States transferred the ship to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease upon completion sometime in November 1943; sources vary on the exact date.

## Service history

The ship was commissioned into service in the Royal Navy as HMS Loring (K565) in November 1943 simultaneously with her transfer. She served on patrol and escort duty in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean for the remainder of World War II.
The Royal Navy decommissioned Loring in 1945 after the conclusion of the war and returned her to the U.S. Navy while the ship was still in the United Kingdom on 7 January 1947.

## Disposal

The United States sold Loring on 25 March 1947 to a Greek shipbreaking firm for scrapping.

## Citations

* 1 2 Per Navsource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive HMS Loring (DE-520 / K-565), the ship was launched on 30 August 1943. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Loring article claims a launch date of 30 July 1943, but this date, only 12 days after 18 July 1943 keel-laying, is not credible as a launch date and probably represents a typographical or clerical error.
* 1 2 3 4 5 Sources contradict one another on the date of transfer other than to agree it happened sometime in November 1943. The uboat.net HMS Loring (K 565) page says that the ship's first commanding officer took command on 1 November 1943, which suggests that 1 November 1943 was the transfer date, but also states that the ship's commissioning date in the Royal Navy, which also usually corresponds to the transfer date, was 15 November 1943. Navsource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive HMS Loring (DE-520 / K-565) places the transfer date on 20 November 1943. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Loring article claims a transfer date of 27 November 1943.
* 1 2 Navsource Online: Destroyer Escort Photo Archive HMS Loring (DE-520 / K-565)
* ↑ Captain Class Frigate Association HMS Loring K565 (DE 520)
* 1 2 Per uboat.net HMS Loring (K 565), the Royal Navy no longer carried Loring on its active list as of October 1945, indicating that she was decommissioned sometime before that.
# Mill Creek Correctional Facility

Mill Creek Correctional Facility (MCCF) was a minimum-security prison located five miles southeast of Salem on 2,089 acres. The facility was a minimum-security work camp providing AIC labor to the Oregon Department of Corrections, other state and local agencies, and private industries throughout the Willamette Valley.
MCCF officially closed on June 30, 2021 as part of Governor Brown's sentencing reform efforts.

## History

The Mill Creek facility was built on the site of the former Oregon State Training School, a reform school for boys. In August 2014, an inmate escaped from the minimum security facility.