OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Near point

In visual perception, the near point is the closest point at which an object can be placed and still form a focused image on the retina, within the eye's accommodation range. The other limit to the eye's accommodation range is the far point.
A normal eye is considered to have a near point at about 11 cm (4.3 in) for a thirty year old. The near point is highly age dependent (see accommodation). A person with hyperopia or presbyopia would have a near point that is farther than normal.
Sometimes, near point is given in diopters (see Presbyopia § Mechanism), which refers to the inverse of the distance. For example a normal eye would have a near point of ${\frac {1}{11\ {\text{cm}}}}=9\ {\text{diopters}}$.

## Vision correction

A person with hyperopia has a near point that is further away than the typical near point for someone their age, and hence the person is unable to bring an object at the typical near point distance into sharp focus. A corrective lens can be used to correct hyperopia by imaging an object at the typical near point distance D onto a virtual image at the patient's actual near point, at distance NP. From the thin lens formula, the required lens will have optical power P given by
$P\approx {\frac {1}{D}}-{\frac {1}{\mathit {NP}}}.$
The calculation can be further improved by taking into account the distance between the spectacle lens and the human eye, which is usually about 1.5 cm:
$P={\frac {1}{D-0.015\;{\text{m}}}}-{\frac {1}{{\mathit {NP}}-0.015\;{\text{m}}}}.$
For example, if a person has NP = 1 m and the typical near point distance at their age is D = 25 cm, then the optical power needed is P = +3.24 diopters where one diopter is the reciprocal of one meter.
# Charlotte River (Florida)

The Charlotte River (also Macaco River) is a former name for what was thought to be a continuous river draining Lake Okeechobee (formerly Lake Macaco) into Charlotte Harbor. Although an 1842 map indicates that the Charlotte was the same as the Caloosahatchee River, other sources distinguish the two from each other. Most maps that include the river show it following what is now known as Shell Creek east from the Peace River and splitting into multiple branches, with the south branch receiving water from Lake Macaco, a north or northeast branch, and a central branch labeled as Lost Creek. The most prominent actual waterway near the east half of the supposed Charlotte River is Fisheating Creek
The border between St. Johns and Monroe Counties was defined to follow the Charlotte River in 1823, and remained there (with various counties replacing St. Johns to the north) until it was moved south to the township line (now the Charlotte-Lee border) in 1859. Most maps postdating the discovery that the Charlotte River did not exist placed the line along the Caloosahatchee River.
# Prohibition in Iceland

Prohibition in Iceland went into effect in 1915 and lasted, to some extent, until 1 March 1989 (since celebrated as "Beer Day"). The ban had originally prohibited all alcohol, but from 1922 legalized wine and in 1935 legalized all alcoholic beverages except beer with more than 2.25% alcohol content. As in many other states with prohibition, "illegal brewing and smuggling of alcoholic beverages were widespread during the ban."
According to one study, "Opposition to beer in Iceland was found to be strongest among Alþingi members from rural areas and traditional socialist parties. The most influential argument against beer alone was that adolescents are particularly susceptible to the temptation to drink beer. Opponents of the beer ban in Alþingi pointed out the peculiar nature of the law allowing hard liquor but prohibiting the weaker beverage. More liberal alcohol policies have increased the total amount of alcohol consumed in Iceland in recent years."

## History

In a 1908 referendum, Icelanders voted in favour of a ban on all alcoholic drinks, going into effect 1 January 1915. In 1921, the ban was partially lifted after Spain refused to buy Iceland's main export, fish, unless Iceland bought Spanish wines. The ban was then modified after a national referendum in 1933 came out in favour of legalising spirits. Strong beer (with an alcohol content of more than 2.25%), however, was not included in the 1935 vote in order to please the temperance lobby—which argued that beer would lead to more depravity, because it was cheaper than spirits.
As international travel brought Icelanders back in touch with beer, bills to legalise it were regularly moved in the Icelandic parliament, but were shot down on technical grounds. Prohibition lost more support in 1985, when the Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs (himself a teetotaler) prohibited pubs from adding legal spirits to legal non-alcoholic beer (called "pilsner" by Icelanders) to make a potent imitation of strong beer. Soon after, beer approached legalisation in parliament—a full turnout of the upper house of Iceland's parliament voted 13 to 8 to permit the sales, ending prohibition in the country.

## Beer Day

Following the end of prohibition, some Icelanders have celebrated Beer Day on 1 March. Some people may take part in a "rúntur" (bar crawl), with a few bars staying open until 4:00 a.m. the next day. The legalisation of beer remains a significant cultural event in Iceland as beer has become the most popular alcoholic beverage.
# Sapyeong station

Sapyeong Station is a railway station on Line 9 of the Seoul Subway.

## Station layout

| G | Street level | Exit |
| L1 Concourse | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| L2 Platform level | Side platform, doors will open on the right | Side platform, doors will open on the right |
| L2 Platform level | Westbound local | ← Line 9 Local toward Gaehwa (Express Bus Terminal) |
| L2 Platform level | Westbound express | ← Line 9 Express does not stop here |
| L2 Platform level | Eastbound express | → Line 9 Express does not stop here → |
| L2 Platform level | Eastbound local | → Line 9 Local toward VHS Medical Center (Sinnonhyeon)→ |
| Side platform, doors will open on the right ||
| Preceding station | Seoul Metropolitan Subway | Seoul Metropolitan Subway | Seoul Metropolitan Subway | Following station |
| Express Bus Terminaltowards Gaehwa | | Line 9 | | Sinnonhyeontowards VHS Medical Center |
vteSeoul Metropolitan Subway :
37°30′15″N 127°00′55″E﻿ / ﻿37.50416°N 127.01522°E﻿ / 37.50416; 127.01522
* This Seoul Metropolitan Subway station article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Maketang, Qinghai

Maketang (Mandarin: 马克堂镇) is a town in Jainca County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China. In 2010, Maketang had a total population of 19,226 people: 9,841 males and 9,385 females: 5,169 under 14 years old, 13,054 aged between 15 and 64 and 1,003 over 65 years old.
# Myristica malabarica

Myristica malabarica is a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats in southwest India. It is threatened by habitat loss according to the IUCN Red List. It can reach 25 m in height and its bark is smooth and greenish-black or sometimes reddish.
Names in local languages: Kattujathi (literally wild nutmeg), Kattujathikka, Kottappannu, Panampalka, Pathiripoovu, Ponnampannu, Ponnampayin, and Ponnampu in Malayalam; Kanage, and Doddajajikai in Kannada; Rampatri in Hindi.
It is used in Ayurvedic medicine. M. malabarica is used to adulterate true nutmeg, which comes from Myristica fragrans.
Both Myristica magnifica and M. malabarica are endangered trees that are native to Western Ghats. The swamp lands and lowlands where they normally grow have been significantly drained for agricultural use.
# FINCA Afghanistan

FINCA Afghanistan is a nonprofit microfinance organization and an affiliate of FINCA International. Its headquarters is in Kabul, Afghanistan.

## Background and history

FINCA Afghanistan was founded on August 1, 2003 through grants and loans supplied by several donors and funding agencies. Her Majesty Queen Rania of Jordan announced the launching of the program in 2002. FINCA Afghanistan began lending operations in the city of Herat on February 24, 2004. By the end of its first year in operation, the organization had reached over 4,500 clients, an outstanding loan portfolio of almost $700,000, and a repayment rate of 100%.
FINCA expanded its operations to Kabul and Nangarhar in 2005, followed by Balkh, Laghman, Kunar and Parwan in 2006, and Kunduz in 2007. In each of these provinces, FINCA established branch and market offices in the provincial capital, as well as outlying cities and districts.

## FINCA Afghanistan's Islamic banking products

Since its inception, FINCA Afghanistan has offered a line of sharia-compliant microfinance products, developed after careful vetting with local religious leaders, and confirmed through a fatwa acquired from Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. FINCA Afghanistan's Murabaha loan products are based on an agreement where the seller (FINCA) expressly mentions the cost incurred for the commodities to be sold and sells it to another person (the client) at a markup on the original cost. It is one of the most popular modes of exchange used by banks in Islamic countries to promote interest-free transactions (interest being forbidden by sharia law). Aside from being Afghanistan’s first sharia-compliant microfinance organization, FINCA can perhaps claim to have created one of the world’s first Murabaha group-lending products.

## Partnerships

FINCA Afghanistan is a board member of the Afghanistan Mircrofinance Association (AMA).
# Nikon Coolpix 5700

The Nikon Coolpix 5700 is a 2002 bridge digital camera manufactured and distributed by Nikon, succeeded by the Coolpix 8700, now both discontinued.
A large zoom lens, a magnesium body, and other features make the 5700 unusual for a bridge camera, and it is very different from the later Coolpix cameras. Despite the solid construction, these cameras suffer from unprovoked sensor failure, a common problem for which Nikon has issued a service advisory. This was the last of the Nikon Coolpix series to use the CYGM colour filter. The camera is capable of RAW output with 12-bits of precision.
# 30 Squadron

30 Squadron or 30th Squadron may refer to:
* No. 30 Squadron RAAF, a unit of the Australian Royal Air Force
* No. 30 Squadron (Finland), a unit of the Finnish Air Force
* No. 30 Squadron RNZAF, a unit of the New Zealand Royal Air Force
* No. 30 Squadron RAF, a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force
* 30th Reconnaissance Squadron, a unit of the United States Air Force
# Naughty Jake

Naughty Jake (foaled 1972) was a thoroughbred race horse owned by Jake Bachelor of Louisville, Kentucky. Bachelor's decision not to enter Naughty Jake in the 1975 Kentucky Derby is historic. Had he done so, it would have been the first horse owned by an African American to enter the event since 1943. In 1943 Burnt Cork, owned by Eddie 'Rochester' Anderson, valet of Jack Benny, achieved the distinction of becoming the initial horse owned by a black person to run in the Kentucky Derby.

## Missed opportunity

By May 1975 Naughty Jake had earned $42,475. He was the best horse Bachelor had owned after becoming an owner in 1966. Bachelor decided to hold Naughty Jake out of the 1975 Kentucky Derby after finding out that the weather forecast for Churchill Downs called for fair skies. Bachelor was skeptical of Naughty Jake's prospects for a good finish. He also would have had to pay $7,500 in entry and starting fees on top of a $100 nominating fee.
Bachelor chose to enter Naughty Jake in the ninth race following the Kentucky Derby, the $25,000 "Needles". The thoroughbred placed fourth. Bachelor faced criticism for his decision but a research company of the mid 1970s evaluated him as one of the most successful people involved in horse racing, according to percentages. Bachelor said of the horse, "I'll probably never get another horse of Naughty Jake's caliber."
Naughty Jake was the second choice of many, after Round Stake, to win the 1975 Derby Trial. The Trial, a one mile event which began in 1938, was run on April 29, 1975. Naughty Jake was ridden by German Vasquez.
# Myophiomyinae

Myophiomyinae is an extinct subfamily of rodent, of the family Myophiomyidae.
# Erysimum fitzii

Erysimum fitzii is a biennial or short-lived perennial plant native to southern Spain. It has been treated as one of a complex of six species making up the nevadense group, or as Erysimum nevadense subsp. fitzii.

## Taxonomy

Erysimum fitzii was one of a number of new Erysimum species first described by Adolf Polatschek in 1979. Six of these, including E. fitzii, were considered to be closely related and were reduced to subspecies of E. nevadense in Flora Europaea, a decision explained by Peter William Ball in 1990. The six were treated as separate species making up the E. nevadense group or complex in Flora Iberica in 1993. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 included four of the species, although not E. fitzii. The study did not support the view that the four were closely related, and authors concluded that the E. nevadense group did not have phylogenetic support.
# Sapyga quinquepunctata

Sapyga quinquepunctata is a species of sapygid wasp. It is a parasite of mason bees.
# Cyclargus

Cyclargus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It was split off from the genus Hemiargus in 1948 by Vladimir Nabokov, although many lepidopterists have not accepted the new genus as valid. Nabokov designated C. ammon (Lucas's blue, from Cuba) as the type species for the genus, and included C. dominica (Jamaican blue, from Jamaica), C. thomasi (Thomas's blue, from Florida, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola), C. woodruffi (from the Virgin Islands) and C. erembis (from the Cayman Islands, synonym of C. ammon erembis). In 1992 K. Johnston and Matusik described C. sorpresus and C. kathleena, both from Hispaniola.
The critically endangered Miami blue (C. thomasi bethunebakeri) is a member of the genus.
C. a. erembis was described originally as a full species, as opinion is at present divided as to whether or not this might be its status.
# Dice-K

Dice-K may refer to:
It may more specifically refer to:
* Daisuke Enomoto (榎本 大輔; born 1971), Japanese businessman
* Daisuke Matsuzaka (松坂 大輔; born 1980), Japanese pro-baseball player, who also pitched in North American MLB
* Daisuke Takahashi (髙橋 大輔; born 1986), Japanese figure skater, in men's singles and ice dance; who was men's world champion
# Nebria belloti

Nebria belloti is a species of ground beetle in the Nebriinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.
# Méligny-le-Grand

Méligny-le-Grand (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# Erysimum jugicola

Erysimum jugicola is a plant of the family Brassicaceae.

## Distribution

Erysimum jugicola is a subendemism of the Western Alps.

## Habitat

This species inhabits cliffs, dry meadows and stony pastures on limestones and serpentines at an elevation of 1,100–3,700 metres (3,600–12,100 ft) above sea level.

## Description

Erysimum jugicola can reach a height of about 5–25 centimetres (2.0–9.8 in). This perennial herb plant have an erect stem with alternate leaves, toothed, 2–5 millimetres (0.079–0.197 in) wide and 10–50 millimetres (0.39–1.97 in) long. Flowers are gathered in elongated inflorescences, with 5-17 weakly scented yellow flowers on peduncles 1.5–2.5 millimetres (0.059–0.098 in) long. They bloom from June to August.
# Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy

Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy is a town and capital of Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy District in the Daşoguz Province of Turkmenistan.
It has been assigned as an urban-type settlement since 1984. Before 1993, its name was Oktyabrsk. It is renamed to Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy in honor of Saparmurat Niyazov.
The city has a railway station, which is the terminal on the dead-end branch of a railway line connecting Dashoguz and Xo‘jayli.
The status of the city has been assigned since 2016.
Its 1989 population is 6,770.
# Ideal TV

Ideal TV (also called the TV Ideal or just Ideal) is a Brazilian broadcast television channel with 24 hours of programming dedicated to professional Brazilians. It made its first broadcast exclusively by subscription television on 1 October 2007, at 20:30. The channel closed on Monday, 20 July 2009.
On 1 October 2013 the channel returned to broadcast television, replacing MTV Brasil, which was operated by Grupo Abril. The channel went on the air 00:01, replacing MTV Brasil which is now just called MTV, now operated by ViacomCBS.

## The channel

Information and entertainment are the formula to attract an audience of professionals who live the daily challenge of showing good results for the company remain competitive in the labor market and still have time for personal life. The schedule consists of three core programs: business management, career management and good living. With this, the Ideal TV falls within the segment, as recent definition of the English newspaper Financial Times, "business television", niche TV that is becoming highly popular in Europe and United States. The initial grid has 18 self-produced programs, and other purchased of producing national and international (including the BBC).
At 23:59 on 20 July 2009, the Ideal TV ceased transmissions. But then at 00:01 on 1 October 2013, Ideal TV resumed transmissions, replacing the channel space used by MTV Brasil.

## Closure

On 7 December 2020, Ideal TV was replaced by Loading, which focuses on pop culture, geek culture and Asian productions such as Anime, Tokusatsu, Korean drama and K-Pop music as well as films, videogames and eSports. Original content would also be produced for the network. Ideal TV stayed on analogue satellite feeds where it remain unchanged.
# Cyclas

Cyclas may refer to:
* Cyclas (garment), a garment worn in Europe during the Middle Age
* Cyclas (beetle), a genus of true weevils
* Cyclas, a synonym for Crudia, a genus of plants
* Cyclas, a synonym for Sphaerium, a genus of freshwater clams
# Expansive homeomorphism

In mathematics, the notion of expansivity formalizes the notion of points moving away from one another under the action of an iterated function. The idea of expansivity is fairly rigid, as the definition of positive expansivity, below, as well as the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem demonstrate.

## Definition

If $(X,d)$ is a metric space, a homeomorphism $f\colon X\to X$ is said to be expansive if there is a constant
    $\varepsilon _{0}>0,$
called the expansivity constant, such that for every pair of points $x\neq y$ in $X$ there is an integer $n$ such that
    $d(f^{n}(x),f^{n}(y))\geq \varepsilon _{0}.$
Note that in this definition, $n$ can be positive or negative, and so $f$ may be expansive in the forward or backward directions.
The space $X$ is often assumed to be compact, since under that assumption expansivity is a topological property; i.e. if $d'$ is any other metric generating the same topology as $d$, and if $f$ is expansive in $(X,d)$, then $f$ is expansive in $(X,d')$ (possibly with a different expansivity constant).
If
    $f\colon X\to X$
is a continuous map, we say that $X$ is positively expansive (or forward expansive) if there is a
    $\varepsilon _{0}$
such that, for any $x\neq y$ in $X$, there is an $n\in \mathbb {N}$ such that $d(f^{n}(x),f^{n}(y))\geq \varepsilon _{0}$.

## Theorem of uniform expansivity

Given f an expansive homeomorphism of a compact metric space, the theorem of uniform expansivity states that for every $\epsilon >0$ and $\delta >0$ there is an $N>0$ such that for each pair $x,y$ of points of $X$ such that $d(x,y)>\epsilon$, there is an $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ with $\vert n\vert \leq N$ such that
    $d(f^{n}(x),f^{n}(y))>c-\delta ,$
where $c$ is the expansivity constant of $f$ (proof).

## Discussion

Positive expansivity is much stronger than expansivity. In fact, one can prove that if $X$ is compact and $f$ is a positively expansive homeomorphism, then $X$ is finite (proof).
# 3350

3350 may refer to:
* A.D. 3350, a year in the 4th millennium CE
* 3350 BC, a year in the 4th millennium BCE
* 3350, a number in the 3000 (number) range

## Other uses

* 3350 Scobee, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 3350th asteroid registered
* IBM 3350, a hard disk drive unit
* Nokia 3350, a cellphone
* Texas Farm to Market Road 3350, a state highway
* Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone, an American radial aircraft engine displacing nearly 3,350 cubic inches
# Debutante Stakes (Ireland)

The Debutante Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Ireland open to two-year-old thoroughbred fillies. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 7 furlongs (1,408 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in August.

## History

The event was formerly held at Phoenix Park, and it used to be contested over 6 furlongs. For a period it was classed at Group 3 level. It was transferred to the Curragh and relegated to Listed status in 1991. It was moved to Leopardstown and extended to 7 furlongs in 1994.
The Debutante Stakes returned to the Curragh in 2000, and it regained Group 3 status in 2001. It was promoted to Group 2 level in 2004, and it continued at the Curragh until 2005.
In recent years, the venue of the race has switched between Leopardstown (2006, 2008–09) and the Curragh (2007, 2010–19).

## Records

Leading jockey since 1986 (4 wins):
* Michael Kinane – Polar Bird (1989), Low Key Affair (1993), Dance Design (1995), Necklace (2003)
Leading trainer since 1986 (14 wins):
* Aidan O'Brien – Glounthaune Garden (1994), Family Tradition (1996), Photogenic (1997), Necklace (2003), Silk and Scarlet (2004), Rumplestiltskin (2005), Lillie Langtry (2009), Maybe (2011), Tapestry (2013), Ballydoyle (2015), Rhododendron (2016), Magical (2017), Mediatate (2022), Bedtime Story (2024)
# Chaubey

Chaubey is a Hindu Brahmin surname, similar to the surname Choubey,Chaturvedi . Notable people with the surname include:
* Abhishek Chaubey (born 1977), Indian film director and screenwriter
* Kalyan Chaubey (born 1976), Indian footballer
* Lalmuni Chaubey (1942–2016), Indian politician
* Vinod Chaubey (died 2009), Indian police officer,
* Suriya Chaubey (2002-present), Indian Mathematician
* Arayan Chaubey (2004-present), Indian Striker
* Rohit Chaubey (1993-present), Indian
Chandan chaubey (1999- present), Indian poet, lyricist, journalist
# Pristimantis simonbolivari

Pristimantis simonbolivari is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and known only from the region of its type locality, Cashca Totoras, Cordillera Occidental, in the Bolívar Province (central Ecuador). The specific name simonbolivari honors Simón Bolívar. Common name Simon's ground frog has been proposed for it.

## Description

Adult males measure 16–19.2 mm (0.6–0.8 in) and adult females 18.5–22 mm (0.7–0.9 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is short. The tympanum is visible but indistinct; no supratympanic fold is present. The finger tips are dilated into small pads that are less developed in the inner two fingers. The toe tips have small discs. No toe webbing or lateral fringes are present. Dorsal coloration is dark brown (females, sometimes with reddish tone) or reddish brown with darker spots (males). The venter is orange in males but dark brown to black with lighter spots in females. The iris is gray with a median horizontal brown streak.

## Habitat and conservation

Pristimantis simonbolivari inhabits humid montane forest and forest edge at 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800 ft) above sea level. Specimens have been found in leaf litter, under rotten logs, under moss growing on logs, and under rocks. It is locally abundant. It is threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by agriculture and logging.