# Bentham & Hooker system

A taxonomic system for seed plants was published in Bentham and Hooker's Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita in three volumes between 1862 and 1883.
George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) were British botanists who were closely affiliated to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in England. Their system of botanical taxonomy was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account. The Genera plantarum classified an estimated 97,205 species into 202 families and 7,569 genera.

## Summary

The system recognises the following main groups:
* Class DICOTYLEDONES
** DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALE vol I
    Series 1. Thalamiflorae
    Series 2. Disciflorae
    Series 3. Calyciflorae
** DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
    Series 1. Inferae
    Series 2. Heteromerae
    Series 3. Bicarpellatae
** DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
* Class GYMNOSPERMEÆ vol III (1)
* Class MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2)

## Families and orders in the Bentham & Hooker system

Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. It indicates a family by "ordo"; an order is indicated by "cohors" (in the first two volumes) or "series" (in the third volume); in the first two volumes “series” refers to a rank above that of order. Terminations for families are not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective: the ICBN provides for this

### Dicotyledonae

Dicotyledonae
* DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM Vol I
    SERIES I THALAMIFLORÆ
       COHORS I. RANALES
          I. RANUNCULACEÆ
          II. DILLENIACEAE
          III. CALYCANTHACEÆ
          IV. MAGNOLIACEAE
          V. ANONACEAE [sic]
          VI. MENISPERMACEÆ
          VII. BERBERIDACEÆ
          VIII. NYMPHÆACEAE
       COHORS II. PARIETALES
          IX. SARRACENIACEAE
          X. PAPAVERACEAE
          XI. CRUCIFERAE
          XII. CAPPARIDEAE
          XIII. RESEDACEAE
          XIV. CISTINEAE
          XV. VIOLARIEAE p. 114 4 tribes
          XVI. CANELLACEAE
          XVII. BIXINEAE
       COHORS III. POLYGALINÆ
          XVIII. PITTOSPOREÆ
          XIX. TREMANDREAE
          XX. POLYGALAE
          XXa. VOCHYSIACEAE
       COHORS IV. CARYOPHYLLINÆ
          XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ
          XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ
          XXIII. PORTULACEÆ
          XXIV. TAMARISCINEÆ
       COHORS V. GUTTIFERALES
          XXV. ELATINEÆ
          XXVI. HYPERICINEÆ
          XXVII. GUTTIFERÆ
          XXVIII. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ
          XXIX. DIPTEROCARPEÆ
          XXX. CHLENACEÆ
       COHORS VI. MALVALES
          XXXI. MALVACEÆ
          XXXII. STERCULIACEÆ
          XXXIII. TILIACEÆ
    SERIES II. DISCIFLORÆ
       COHORS VII. GERANIALES
          XXXIV LINEÆ
          XXXV. HUMIRIACEÆ
          XXXVI. MALPIGHIACEÆ
          XXXVII. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ
          XXXVIII. GERANIACEÆ
          XXXIX. RUTACEÆ
          XL. SIMARUBEÆ [sic]
          XLI. OCHNACEÆ
          XLII. BURSERACEÆ
          XLIII. MELIACEÆ
          XLIV. CHAILLETIACEÆ
       COHORS VIII. OLACALES
          XLV. OLACINEÆ
          XLVI. ILICINEÆ
       COHORS IX. CELASTRALES
          XLVII. CELASTRINEÆ
          XLVIII. STACKHOUSIEÆ
          XLIX. RHAMNEÆ
          L. AMPELIDEÆ
       COHORS X. SAPINDALES
          LI. SAPINDACEÆ
          LII. SABIACEÆ
          LIII. ANACARDIACEÆ
       ORDINES V. POTIUS GENERA ANOMALA
          LIV. CORIARIEÆ
          LV. MORINGEÆ
    SERIES III. CALYCIFLORÆ
       COHORS XI. ROSALES
          LVI. CONNARACEÆ
          LVII. LEGUMINOSÆ
          LVIII. ROSACEÆ
          LIX. SAXIFRAGEÆ
          LX. CRASSULACEÆ
          LXI. DROSERACEÆ
          LXII. HAMAMELIDEÆ
          LXIII. BRUNIACEÆ
          LXIV. HALORAGEÆ
       COHORS XII. MYRTALES
          LXV. RHIZOPHOREÆ
          LXVI. COMBRETACEÆ
          LXVII. MYRTACEÆ
          LXVIII. MELASTOMACEÆ
          LXIX. LYTHRARIEÆ
          LXX. ONAGRARIEÆ
       COHORS XIII. PASSIFLORALES
          LXXI. SAMYDACEÆ
          LXXII. LOASEÆ
          LXXIII. TURNERACEÆ
          LXXIV. PASSIFLOREÆ
          LXXV. CUCURBITACEÆ
          LXXVI. BEGONIACEÆ
          LXXVII. DATISCEÆ
       COHORS XIV. FICOIDALES
          LXXVIII. CACTEÆ
          LXXIX. FICIOIDEÆ
       COHORS XV. UMBELLALES
          LXXX. UMBELLIFERÆ
          LXXXI. ARALIACEÆ
          LXXXII. CORNACEÆ
* DICOTYLEDONES GAMOPETALÆ vol II
    SERIES I. INFERÆ
       COHORS I. RUBIALES
          LXXXIII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ
          LXXXIV. RUBIACEÆ
       COHORS II. ASTERALES
          LXXXV. VALERIANEÆ
          LXXXVI. DIPSACEÆ
          LXXXVII. CALCEREÆ
          LXXXVIII. COMPOSITÆ
       COHORS III. CAMPANALES
          LXXXIX. STYLIDIEÆ
          XC. GOODENOVIEÆ
          XCI. CAMPANULACEÆ
    SERIES II. HETEROMERÆ
       COHORS IV ERICALES
          XCII. VACCINIACEÆ
          XCIII. ERICACEÆ
          XCIV. MONOTROPEÆ
          XCV. EPACRIDEÆ
          XCVI. DIAPENSIACEÆ
          XCVII. LENNOACEÆ
       COHORS V. PRIMULALES
          XCVIII. PLUMBAGINEÆ
          XCIX. PRIMULACEÆ
          C. MYRSINEÆ
       COHORS VI. EBENALES
          CI. SAPOTACEÆ
          CII. EBENACEÆ
          CIII. STYRACEÆ
    SERIES III. BICARPELLATÆ
       COHORS VII. GENTIANALES
          CIV. OLEACEÆ
          CV. SALVADORACEÆ
          CVI. APOCYNACEÆ
          CVII. ASCLEPIADEÆ
          CVIII. LOGANIACEÆ
          CIX. GENTIANEÆ
       COHORS VIII. POLEMONIALES
          CX. POLEMONIACEÆ
          CXI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ
          CXII. BORAGINEÆ
          CXIII. CONVOLVULACEÆ
          CXIV. SOLANACEÆ
       COHORS IX. PERSONALES
          CXV. SCROPHULARINEÆ
          CXVI. OROBRANCHACEÆ
          CXVII. LENTIBULARIEÆ
          CXVIII. COLUMELLIACEÆ
          CXIX. GESNERACEÆ [sic]
          CXX. BIGNONIACEÆ
          CXXI. PEDALINEÆ
          CXXII. ACANTHACEÆ
       COHORS X. LAMIALES
          CXXIII. MYOPORINEÆ
          CXXIV. SELAGINEÆ
          CXXV. VERBENACEÆ
          CXXVI. LABIATÆ
       incertae sedis
          CXXVII. PLANTAGINEÆ
* DICOTYLEDONES MONOCHLAMIDEÆ vol III
       Series I. Curvembryeæ
          CXXVIII. NYCTAGINEÆ
          CXXIX. ILLECEBRACEÆ
          CXXX. AMARANTACEÆ [sic]
          CXXXI. CHENOPODIACEÆ
          CXXXII. PHYTOLACCACEÆ
          CXXXIII. BATIDEÆ
          CXXXIV. POLYGONACEÆ
       Series II. Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ
          CXXXV. PODOSTEMONACEÆ
       Series III. Multiovulatæ Terrestres
          CXXXVI. NEPENTHACEÆ
          CXXXVII. CYTINACEÆ
          CXXXVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ
       Series IV. Microembryeæ
          CXXXIX. PIPERACEÆ
          CXL. CHLORANTACEÆ
          CXLI. MYRISTICEÆ
          CXLII. MONIMIACEÆ
       Series V. Daphnales
          CXLIII. LAURINEÆ
          CXLIV. PROTEACEÆ
          CXLV. THYMELÆACEÆ
          CXLVI. PENÆACEÆ
          CXLVII. ELÆAGNACEÆ
       Series VI. Achlamydosporeæ
          CXLVIII. LORANTHACEÆ
          CXLIX. SANTALACEÆ
          CL. BALANOPHOREÆ
       Series VII. Unisexuales
          CLI. EUPHORBIACEÆ
          CLII. BALANOPEÆ
          CLIII. URTICACEÆ
          CLIV. PLATANACEÆ
          CLV. LEITNERIEÆ
          CLVI. JUGLANDEÆ
          CLVII. MYRICACEÆ
          CLVIII. CASUARINEÆ
          CLIX. CUPULIFERÆ
       Series VIII. Ordines anomali (incertae sedis)
          CLX. SALICINEÆ
          CLXI. LACISTEMACEÆ
          CLXII. EMPETRACEÆ
          CLXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ
* 'GYMNOSPERMEÆ [sic] vol III (1)
          CLXIV. GNETACEÆ
          CLXV. CONIFERÆ
          CLXVI. CYCADACEÆ

### Gymnosperms

* vol III
* Family:-
1> Gnetaceae 2> Coniferae 3> Cycadaceae

### Monocotyledons

Monocotyledons
* Summary pp viii–xi
* MONOCOTYLEDONES vol III (2) p. 448

#### Series I. Microspermæ p. 448

          CLXVII. HYDROCHARIDEÆp. 448
          CLXVIII. BURMANNIACEÆ
          CLXIX. ORCHIDEÆ p. 460

#### Series II Epigynæ p. 636

          CLXX. SCITAMINEÆ p. 636
          CLXXI. BROMELIACEÆ p. 657
          CLXXII. HAEMODORACEÆ p. 671
          CLXXIII. IIRIDEÆ p. 681 3 tribes
          CLXXIV. AMARYLLIDEÆ p. 711 5 tribes
             I Tribus Hypoxideae p. 716
             II Tribus Amarylleae p. 718 3 subtribes
             III Tribus Alstroemerieae p. 735
             IV Tribus Agaveae p. 737
             V Tribus Vellosieae p. 739
          CLXXV. TACCACEÆ p. 740
          CLXXVI. DIOSCOREACEÆ p. 741

#### Series III Coronarieæ p. 746

          CLXXVII. ROXBURGHIACEÆ p. 746
          CLXXVIII. LILIACEÆ p. 748 (20 tribes) Schema 748–763
             Tribus I Smilaceae p. 763
             Tribus II Asparageae p. 764
             Tribus III Luzuriageae
             Tribus IV Polygonateae p. 768
             Tribus V Convallariae
             Tribus VI Aspidistreae
             Tribus VII Hemerocalleae
             Tribus VIII Aloineae
             Tribus X Asphodeleae p. 781 5 subtribes
             Tribus XI Johnsonieae p. 795
             Tribus XII Allieae p. 798 Schema p. 750 4 subtribes
                Subtribus I Agapantheae p. 798
                Subtribus II Euallieae p. 798
                Subtribus III Gilliesieae p. 804
                Subtribus IV Massonieae p. 806
             Tribus XIII Scilleae p. 807
             Tribus XIV Tulipeae p. 816
             Tribus XV Colchiceae
             Tribus XX Veratreae p. 834
          CLXXIX. PONTEDERIACEÆ p. 836
          CLXXX. PHILYDRACEÆ p. 840
          CLXXXI. XYRIDEÆ p. 841
          CLXXXII. MAYACEÆ p. 843
          CLXXXIII. COMMELINACEÆ p. 844
          CLXXXIV. RAPATEACEÆ p. 857

#### Series VI Calycineæ p. 860

          CLXXXV. FLAGELLARIEÆ
          CLXXXVI. JUNCACEÆ
          CLXXXVII. PALMÆ

#### Series V. Nudifloreæ p. 949

          CLXXXVIII. PANDANEÆ
          CLXXXIX. CYCLANTHACEÆ
          CXC TYPHACEÆ
          CXCI. AROIDEÆ
          CXCII. LEMNACEÆ p. 1000

#### Series VI. Apocarpæ p.1001

          CXCIII. TRIURIDEÆ
          CXCIV. ALISMACEÆ p. 1003
          CXCV. NAIADACEÆ [sic]

#### Series VII. Glumaceæ p. 1019

          CXCVI. ERIOCAULEÆ
          CXCVII. CENTROLEPIDEÆ p. 1025
          CXCVIII. RESTIACEÆ
          CXCIX. CYPERACEÆ
          CC. GRAMINEÆ