OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mount Gretna Heights, Pennsylvania

Mount Gretna Heights is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to the borough of Mount Gretna. The population was 323 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Mount Gretna Heights is located in southern Lebanon County at 40°14′55″N 76°28′2″W﻿ / ﻿40.24861°N 76.46722°W﻿ / 40.24861; -76.46722 (40.248671, -76.467090), in the southwestern part of West Cornwall Township. It is bordered to the southwest by Mount Gretna borough. Pennsylvania Route 117 runs along the northwest edge of the CDP, leading northeast 4 miles (6 km) to Cornwall and southwest 3 miles (5 km) to Colebrook.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.12 square miles (0.32 km$^2$), all land. The community is at the headwaters of Conewago Creek, a southwest-flowing tributary of the Susquehanna River.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 360 people, 168 households, and 111 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,815.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,087.1/km$^2$). There were 292 housing units at an average density of 2,283.7 per square mile (881.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.28% White, 0.56% African American, 0.83% Asian, 0.83% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 2.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.39% of the population.
There were 168 households, out of which 19.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.63.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 15.8% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 33.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males.
As of 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $46,354, and the median income for a family was $54,750. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,996. None of the families and 4.6% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 6.3% of those over 64.
# Burgruine Sternberg

Burgruine Sternberg is a castle in Carinthia, Austria.
# Christian Bjelland

Christian Bjelland may refer to:
* Christian Bjelland I (1858–1927), Norwegian businessman
* Christian Bjelland IV (born 1954), Norwegian industrialist and art collector
# Flag of Shan State

The flag of Shan State was adopted as one of the provisions of the Panglong Agreement signed on 12 February 1947, which was one of the most important stepping stones towards the independence of Myanmar.
The flag is a horizontal triband of yellow, green and red, with a white circle in the centre. Yellow represents Buddhism, which is practiced by a majority of the Shan people, green represents the rich agricultural land in Shan State, red represents the bravery of the Shan people and the white circle represents the moon, which symbolizes the Shan people's hopes for peace and stability. Other interpretations suggest that the yellow represents the colour of a monk's robe or a rice field during harvest.
# Coin base weight

A coin base weight (Münzgrundgewicht) is a mathematical reference for the minting of coins that was used in the monetary systems of the Holy Roman Empire. In conjunction with the coin standard (Münzfuß), the coin base weight indicates how many coins are to be minted from a specified standard weight.

## Development
### Carolingian Pound

The first coin base weight to be specified was the Carolingian Pound, a pound of pure silver weighing 407.92 g.

### Cologne Mark

The Carolingian Pound was superseded by what became the most common coin base weight in Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. This was the Cologne Mark of 233.779 grams of silver. Silver coins of different weights were minted from this standard weight. If Thalers were minted from the Cologne Mark to, say, a 10 Thaler standard (called Fuß i.e. "foot"), the Thaler contained approx. 23.4 grams of silver (10 Thalers from 234 grams). In the German states, at the beginning of 1834, Thalers were issued to several standards:
* 12 Thaler standard (19.5 grams of silver per Thaler)
* 131⁄2 Thaler standard (17.5 grams)
* 14 Thaler standard (16.7 grams)
* 181⁄2 Thaler standard (12.6 grams)
* 24, later 241⁄2 Gulden standard (9.5 grams of silver per Gulden)
* 34 Mark standard (6.9 grams of silver per Mark).
The weight shown was the fine silver content in each case. This meant that the total weight of these coins could be higher due to the addition, especially of copper. However, their currency value, which corresponded to their real value, only depended on the fine silver content, which resulted from the interplay between the coin base weight and the coin standard. The exact weight of the Cologne Mark could vary slightly from region to region. The Prussian specification of 233.855 grams became the binding coin base weight for the states participating in the Dresden Coinage Treaty. From this basic coin weight, Thalers and Gulden could only be minted to the 14 Thaler or 241⁄2 Gulden standards. The Prussian definition of the Cologne Mark corresponded exactly to half a Prussian pound in general weight terms.
Thaler subdivisions that were minted as currency coins, whose nominal value thus also corresponded to their silver value, could also state their relationship to the Cologne Mark in the inscription. The Saxon 1⁄12 Thaler of 1763 in the photograph is inscribed with CLX EINE FEINE MARCK; confirming that 160 of these coins corresponded to the total weight of the Cologne Mark.

### Zollpfund

The Vienna Coinage Contract of 1857 was intended to further develop the coin base weight and standard of the coin in the direction of the decimal system. Instead of the Cologne Mark, the Zollpfund ("customs pound") of the German Customs Union (Zollverein) of 500 grams was now set as the coin base weight. Since the 14 Thaler standard was replaced by a 30 Thaler standard at the same time, the silver content of the Thaler did not change much. The fine silver weight of the Thaler fell from a theoretical 16.704 to 16.667 grams. This reduction in weight remained theoretical because the difference was within the manufacturing tolerances common at the time.
# Pukhavichy

Pukhavichy (Puchavičy, Pukhovichi) may refer to:
* Pukhavichy, Minsk Region, an agrotown in Belarus
* Pukhavichy, Gomel Region, a village in Belarus
# Leeuwenhoek Medal

The Leeuwenhoek Medal, established in 1875 by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), in honor of the 17th- and 18th-century microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, is granted every ten years to the scientist judged to have made the most significant contribution to microbiology during the preceding decade. Starting in 2015, the Royal Dutch Society for Microbiology (KNVM) began awarding the Leeuwenhoek Medal, selecting Jillian Banfield, the first woman to receive the award in 2023.

## Recipients

The following persons have received the Leeuwenhoek medal:
* 1877 Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Germany
* 1885 Ferdinand Cohn, Germany
* 1895 Louis Pasteur, France
* 1905 Martinus Beijerinck, Netherlands
* 1915 Sir David Bruce, United Kingdom
* 1925 Félix d'Herelle, (at the time) Egypt
* 1935 Sergei Nikolaevitch Winogradsky, France
* 1950 Selman Abraham Waksman, United States
* 1960 André Lwoff, France
* 1970 Cornelius Bernardus van Niel (Kees van Niel), United States
* 1981 Roger Yate Stanier, France
* 1992 Carl Woese, United States
* 2003 Karl Stetter, Germany
* 2015 Craig Venter, United States of America
* 2023 Jillian Banfield, Australia
# Equestrian events at the Friendship Games

Equestrian events at the Friendship Games included show jumping, dressage and eventing in both individual and team competitions. Events were held on three venues in Poland: Jumping events were held in Sopot between 6 and 10 August, dressage – at the Książ Landscape Park near Wałbrzych between 17 and 19 August, while eventing was held at the Modern Pentathlon and Equestrian Centre of the Lubusz Sports Club "Lumel" in Drzonków on 23–26 August 1984.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| Individual dressage | Yuri Kovshov on Ruch (URS) | 1,705 | Yuri Kovshov on Bukiet (URS) | 1,703 | Olga Sirosh on Irtysz (URS) | 1,649 |
| Team dressage | Soviet Union (URS) Yuri Kovshov on Ruch Olga Klimko on Barbaris Olga Sirosh on Irtysz | 4,187 | Poland (POL) Elżbieta Morciniec on Frez Bogusław Misztal on Damian Andrzej Sałacki on Mytrop | 3,867 | East Germany (GDR) Ina Saalbach on Franziska Magrit Böchme on Nox Bernd Langren on Radames | 3,840 |
| Individual eventing | Jan Lipczyński on Elektron (POL) | 42.05 | Mirosław Szłapka on Leń (POL) | 43.50 | Valeriy Davidovich on Banitet (URS) | 50.65 |
| Team eventing | Poland (POL) Jan Lipczyński on Elektron Mirosław Szłapka on Leń Adam Prokulewicz on Lagar Bogusław Jarecki on Niewiaża | 137.20 | Soviet Union (URS) Valeriy Davidovich on Banitet Yuri Salnikov on Poplin Vladimir Tishkin on Fleur Boris Gorchakov on Zairo | 199.30 | none* | – |
| Individual jumping | Michelle Della Casa on Scarfel (ITA) | 4 | Stefan Scheve on Otto (FRG) | 4 | Eberhard Saul on Gobi (FRG) | 4 |
| Team jumping | West Germany (FRG) Tjark Nagel on Fregula Stefan Scheve on Otto Eberhard Saul on Gobi Kurt Grevemeier on Sylvester | 24 | Italy (ITA) Federico Menghi on Benedict Alesandro Galeazzi on Moreado Stefano Scaccobarozzi on Jasil Michelle Della Casa on Scarfel | 47 | Poland (POL) Janusz Bobik on Szampan Rudolf Mrugała on Gaudeamus Wiesław Hartman on Hart Jan Kowalczyk on Festyn East Germany (GDR) Horst Lösche on Neptun II Egbert Arndt on Hanniball Falk Siegling on Grolle Disch Rolf Günter on Duant | 60 |
* – Five teams competed, but only two completed the event.

### Individual jumping jump-off

A jump-off was needed to determine the winner in the individual jumping event.
| Rider | Horse | Penalties | Time (s) |
| Michelle Della Casa (ITA) | Scarfel | 0 | 24.02 |
| Stefan Scheve (FRG) | Otto | 0 | 24.23 |
| Eberhard Saul (FRG) | Gobi | 4 | 24.41 |

## Medal table

* Host nation (Poland)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2 | Poland (POL)* | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 3 | West Germany (FRG) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | East Germany (GDR) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |
# Perfini

Perfini (Perusahaan Film Nasional Indonesia, Indonesia National Film Company) was an Indonesian film production company, based in Jakarta. It was most productive in Indonesian cinema in the 1950s. Its most notable directors were Usmar Ismail, who directed its first film Darah dan Doa (1950), and D. Djajakusuma. By 1966 it reportedly had its own studio, a "20-by-30-meter building large enough for construction of a couple of modest sets".

## Filmography

* Darah dan Doa (The Long March, 1950)
* Enam Djam di Jogja (Six Hours in Yogya, 1951)
* Embun ("Dewdrop", 1951)
* Dosa tak berampun (1951)
* Terimaiah laguku (1952)
* After the Curfew (1953)
* Krisis [id] (1953)
* Kafedo (1953)
* Harimau Tjampa (Tiger from Tjampa, 1953)
* Tamu Agung (Exalted Guest, 1955)
* Arni (1955)
* Tiga Dara (1956)
* Tjambuk Api ("Whips of Fire", 1958)
* Pak Prawiro (1958)
* Mak Tjomblang (1960)
* Lahirnja Gatotkatja (1960)
* Masa Topan dan Badai (1963)
* Rima Bergema (1964)
# Council of States

Council of States may refer to:
* Rajya Sabha (Council of States), the upper house of the Parliament of India
* Council of States (South Sudan), established in 2011 by interim constitution – one of two chambers that compose the National Legislature of South Sudan
* Council of States (Sudan)
* Council of States (Switzerland)
# Dosem

Marc Ramirez, better known as Dosem, is a Spanish record producer and DJ, from Girona, Catalonia. His sets consist of variants of techno and deep house.
After opening for Hong Kong–based DJ Technasia at an event in Barcelona, Dosem with his record label Sino in 2008, releasing the singles "Silent Drop" and "Bension01" in 2009 and 2010, followed by his critically acclaimed album Parallel in 2011. Dosem has regarded the following as some of his preferred equipment: Maschine from NI, Monark, Driver, Guitar Rig, Replika XT, Omnisphere, Spire, M1, Arturia Jupiter-8, Fabfilter Pro- L, UAD Massive Passive, Bax EQ, Moog Multimode Filter, Fairchild 660/670.
In September 2020, Dosem released the album Dream Decoder, much of which was composed during a visit to Tokyo. "Tower" was the first single release from the album.

## Discography
### Albums

* Parallel (Sino, 2011)
* City Cuts (Suara, 2014)
* Dream Decoder (Anjunadeep, 2020)
* Desire (Anjunadeep, 2024)

### Singles and EPs

* "Silent Drop" (Sino, 2009)
* "Bension 01" (Sino, 2010)
* "Beyond Standards" (Break New Soil, 2012)
* "Intruders" (Suara, 2012)
* "Replicants" (Suara, 2012)
* "Tales of Tomorrow" (Tronic, 2012)
* "That Look" (Suara, 2013)
* "Urban Code" (Suara, 2014)
* "Evidence" (Truesoul, 2019)
# Methyl gallate

Methyl gallate is a phenolic compound. It is the methyl ester of gallic acid.

## Natural occurrences

It is found in Terminalia myriocarpa, Bergenia ciliata (hairy Bergenia) and Geranium niveum.
It is found in the fruit extract of Paeonia anomala.
It is also found in wine.
# Mexico men's junior national softball team

Mexico men's junior national softball team is the junior national under-17 team for Mexico. The team competed at the 1985 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Fargo, North Dakota where they finished fifth. The team competed at the 1989 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Summerside, Prince Edward Island where they finished fifth. The team competed at the 1997 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in St. John's, Newfoundland where they finished seventh. The team competed at the 2005 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Summerside, Prince Edward Island where they finished sixth. The team competed at the 2008 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Whitehorse, Yukon where they finished sixth. The team competed at the 2012 ISF Junior Men's World Championship in Parana, Argentina where they finished seventh.
# Henryk Ostrowski

Henryk Ostrowski (13 December 1960 – 18 January 2021) was a Polish politician and farmer who served as a Member of the Sejm in the years 2001–2005.
# Miss Colombia 2003

Miss Colombia 2003, the 69th Miss Colombia pageant, was held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, on November 12, 2003, after three weeks of events. The winner of the pageant was Catherine Daza Manchola, Miss Valle.
The pageant was broadcast live on RCN TV from the Centro de Convenciones Julio Cesar Turbay in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, outgoing titleholder Diana Lucia Mantilla crowned Catherine Daza Manchola of Valle as the new Miss Colombia.

## Results
### Placements

| Placement | Contestant |
| Miss Colombia 2003 | Valle – Catherine Daza Manchola |
| 1st Runner-Up | Cartagena – Jeymmy Paola Vargas |
| 2nd Runner-Up | Antioquia – Mónica Jaramillo |
| 3rd Runner-Up | Bogotá – Angelica Sierra Barreto |
| 4th Runner-Up | Medellín – Deysi Valencia De La Ossa |
| Top 10 | Atlántico – Caroline Bradford Sprouse  Chocó – Carolina Trelles Torres  Huila – Leydi Polanco Lozano  Risaralda — Giovanna Gallo  San Andrés – Ethel Davis Corpus |

### Special awards

* Miss Photogenic (voted by press reporters) - Maria Virginia Balcázar Bolaños (Cauca)
* Best Body Figura Bodytech - Catherine Daza Manchola (Valle)
* Miss Congeniality - Liliana del Carmen Morales Barrios (Bolívar)
* Best Costume - Catherine Daza Manchola (Valle)
* Reina de la Policia - Alba Lucía Galindo Urzola (Córdoba)
* Señorita Puntualidad - María del Pilar Jaramillo Ruiz (Meta)
* Miss Elegance - Catherine Daza Manchola (Valle)

## Delegates

The Miss Colombia 2003 delegates are:
* Antioquia - Monica Patricia Jaramillo Giraldo
* Atlántico - Caroline Bradford Sprouse
* Bogotá D.C. - Angélica María Sierra Barreto
* Bolívar - Carolina Esther Garcia Grau
* Boyacá - Adriana Lizeth Alfonso Piñeros
* Caldas - Valentina Gonzáles Giraldo
* Cartagena DT y C - Jeymmy Paola Vargas Gomez
* Cauca - Maria Virginia Balcázar Bolaños
* Córdoba - Alba Lucia Galindo Urzola
* Chocó - Carolina Trelles Torres
* Cundinamarca - Diana Angelica Cendales Cuevas
* Guajira - Melitza Mercedes Bolaño Duarte
* Huila - Leydi Johana Polanco Lozano
* Magdalena - Maria Consuelo Zuñiga Aguilera
* Medellín A.M. - Deisy Catalina Valencia Deossa
* Meta - Maria del Pilar Jaramillo Ruiz
* Norte de Santander - Carla Lorena Pinto Jaimes
* Risaralda - Giovanna Gallo Patiño
* San Andrés and Providencia - Ethel Carolina Davis Corpus
* Santander - Adriana Orrego Lombana
* Tolima - Nathalia González Bernal
* Valle - Catherine Daza Manchola

## References and footnotes

* ↑ "¿Quién es la nueva Señorita Colombia 2003?". Colombia.com.
# Eugénie Vergin

Eugénie Élise Vergin sometimes also known under the name Élise Colonne or Alice Colonne (21 March 1864 – 16 November 1941) was a French singer and singing teacher.

## Life

Born in Lille, Vergin entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1873 where she won the first prizes in singing and opéra-comique in 1875. Later, she sang at concerts of the Association Artistique du Châtelet recently founded by Édouard Colonne where her performance of the role of Marguerite in Berlioz's La Damnation de Faust on 17 November 1878 was particularly acclaimed.
On 30 September 1886, she married Édouard Colonne.
Vergine Collone was known for her excellent musicality. She was in great demand as a singing teacher in Paris where she founded a successful singing school. Vera Nimidoff, Judith Lasalle were her pupils.

## Awards

* Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur (1929)
* Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1890); Officier de l’instruction publique (1898)
# Pre-health sciences

Pre-Health Sciences are the undergraduate courses that prepare American college students for admission in medical, dentistry, pharmacy, optometry, veterinary, and physical therapy schools, and for training as a physician assistant. In the United States, colleges have moved away from the impractical designation of students as "Pre-med" majors, as only a small percentage of applicants actually achieve admission into medical schools. As such, students are given the choice to focus on the coursework required for admission.

## Standard Pre-Health courses

Students focusing on Pre-Health can often major in any subject; however, they will also take a broad range of science courses including general chemistry and organic chemistry, often earning a minor in chemistry, mathematics, often up to basic calculus, general biology with overviews of genetics and taxonomy, and calculus or trigonometry-based physics.
The requirements beyond the sciences are often light, many schools require a human sciences or psychology course. No schools actually require anatomy or diagnostic courses as these are universally regarded as first year medical courses.
# Perfil

Perfil is an Argentine weekly tabloid based in Buenos Aires, Argentina and refounded in 2005.

## History

In 1997, the Argentine publishing house Editorial Perfil announced plans to launch a "super tabloid" named Perfil. It was first launched by Jorge Fontevecchia on 9 May 1998 as a daily publication, but poor sales forced its closure on 31 July of the same year.
Perfil was relaunched on 11 September 2005 as a weekly tabloid, published on the day of highest sales; Sundays. The expectation was that after building a reader base they would be able to add a new edition on Saturdays and finally become a daily newspaper again.
It is currently published on weekends and has an online edition which is updated every day. In addition, the Sunday edition includes the women's magazine Luz.

## Features

Like many European newspapers it includes a section called the "Reader's Ombudsman", with the responsibility of maintaining the newspaper's reputation. Abel González was the first ombudsman in 1998. From 2005 until 15 December 2007, the journalist and neurologist Nelson Castro held that position. Andrew Graham-Yooll, formerly the chief editor of the Buenos Aires Herald, later became the ombudsman.

## Editorial line

Perfil's slogan is Periodismo puro (Spanish: "pure journalism"). Jorge Fontevecchia said that "Pure or technical journalism is always critical, like American 'watchdog' journalism". Despite the implication of total objectivity, the newspaper was strongly critical of the national government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Many of the articles, both in the printed edition and on the website, focused on critics of the Fernández de Kirchner government.
Editorial Perfil is one of a number of publishing companies which do not receive any official governmental advertisements. It has claimed that the official distribution of advertising monies is "discriminatory" and a "method of persecution and exclusion" of critical media.
Perfil criticizes newspapers Clarín and La Nación for their design changes that fail to disguise unchangeable positions.

## Buenos Aires Times

Perfil produces the English-language Buenos Aires Times, online and distributed with Perfil on Saturdays. The editor-in-chief as of April 2021 was James Grainger.
The Canadian American journalist and cultural critic Sam Forster wrote for the paper throughout 2022.
Until 2017, a long-established English-language newspaper, the Buenos Aires Herald, had been published.

## Marie Claire

An international edition of Marie Claire has operated in Argentina under the Argentine publishing house Perfil since March 2019.
# Dose rate

A dose rate is quantity of radiation absorbed or delivered per unit time. It is often indicated in micrograys per hour (μGy/h) or as an equivalent dose rate Ḣ$_T$ in rems per hour (rem/hr) or sieverts per hour (Sv/h).
Dose and dose rate are used to measure different quantities in the same way that distance and speed are used to measure different quantities. When considering stochastic radiation effects, only the total dose is relevant; each incremental unit of dose increases the probability that the stochastic effect happens. When considering deterministic effects, the dose rate also matters. The total dose can be above the threshold for a deterministic effect, but if the dose is spread out over a long period of time, the effect is not observed. Consider the sunburn, a deterministic effect: when exposed to bright sunlight for only ten minutes at a high UV Index, that is to say a high average dose rate, the skin can turn red and painful. The same total amount of energy from indirect sunlight spread out over several years - a low average dose rate - would not cause a sunburn at all, although it may still cause skin cancer.
# Metrosideros humboldtiana

Metrosideros humboldtiana is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.
# Flato

Flato is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles Flato (1908–1984), American writer, American Communist Party member, and Soviet agent
* Paul Flato (1900–1999), American jeweler
* Stanisław Flato (1910–1972), Polish army intelligence officer and diplomat