OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1293 Sonja

1293 Sonja, provisional designation 1933 SO, is a stony asteroid and bright Mars-crosser from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 September 1933, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. Two nights later, Sonja was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz on the Crimean peninsula. The origin of the asteroid's name is unknown.

## Orbit and classification

In the SMASS taxonomy, Sonja is classified as a Sq-type, an intermediary between the abundant S and rather rare Q-type asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.6–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,214 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. Sonja's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Uccle, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.

## Physical characteristics
### Rotation period

Several well-defined rotational lightcurves of Sonja were obtained from photometric observations during 2003–2016. Light-curve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 2.876–2.879 hours with a brightness variation between 0.14 and 0.21 magnitude.
In 2006, the first lightcurve was obtained by David Higgins (U=3), followed by Federico Manzini and Vladimir Benishek (U=3/3-). Photometric observations continued in August 2008, by Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory (U=3), and in 2016, four more lightcurves were obtained by Peter Kušnirák and Petr Pravec, as well as by Robert Stephens, Daniel Klinglesmith and Isaac Aznar (U=3/3/3/3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Sonja measures 3.65 and 7.80 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an exceptionally high albedo of 0.53 and 0.46, respectively. This would make Sonja one of the brightest known Mars-crossing asteroids. However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1226 and a diameter of 7.23 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.

## Naming

It is unknown as to whether the name "Sonja" refers to any known place, person or occurrence. It was speculated that "Sonja" could have been chosen based on the two letter of its provisional designation, 1933 SO. It is also speculated, that the name "Sonja" might have been on a list of generic German female names sent by the German ARI to several discoverers of minor planets in 1913, requesting the immediate naming of their discoveries in order to avoid confusion and possible errors (RI 1039; AN 196 and 137).

### Unknown meaning

Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Sonja is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.
# Alexander Cumming-Gordon

Sir Alexander Penrose Cumming-Gordon, 1st Baronet (19 May 1749 – 10 February 1806) was a Scottish politician.

## Early life

Alexander was born on 19 May 1749 into Clan Cumming. He was the eldest son of Alexander Cumming of Rosehill and Penrose, Cornwall. Among his siblings was brother George Cumming, also MP for Inverness Burghs.

## Career

In 1761, he succeeded to his father's estates; in 1775, he succeeded to Altyre, Forres, his great-uncle George Cumming's estate; and in 1795, he succeeded to Gordonstoun, the estate of his cousin Sir William Gordon, 6th Baronet, after which he took additional surname of Gordon.
Cumming-Gordon sat as member of parliament for Inverness Burghs from 1802 to 1803 after which he was succeeded by his younger brother George Cumming. In 1804 he was created a baronet, of Altyre near Forres.

## Personal life

On 9 September 1773, he was married to Helen Grant, a daughter of Sir Ludovick Grant, 7th Baronet, of Castle Grant, and the former Lady Margaret Ogilvy (a daughter of James Ogilvy, 2nd Earl of Seafield). Together, they were the parents of seven sons and nine daughters, including:
* Sir William Gordon Gordon-Cumming, 2nd Baronet (1787–1854), MP for Elgin Burghs, who married Eliza Maria Campbell, eldest daughter of Col. John Campbell. After her death in 1842, he married Jane Eliza Mackintosh, a daughter of William Mackintosh, in 1846.
* Charles Cumming-Bruce (1790–1875), MP for Inverness Burghs and Elginshire and Nairnshire, who married Mary Elizabeth Bruce, the only daughter of James Bruce, in 1820.
Sir Alexander died on 10 February 1806 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, William.

### Descendants

Through his second son Charles, he was a grandfather of Elizabeth Mary Cumming-Bruce, who married James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin.
# Glenmore Trenear-Harvey

Glenmore Stratton Trenear-Harvey (born 29 December 1940) is a British intelligence analyst who writes, broadcasts and lectures on the subjects of security, intelligence, espionage and terrorism. He is the editor-in-chief of the World Intelligence Review, an associate editor of Eye Spy intelligence magazine, and publisher of Intelligence Digest.
He is an intelligence analyst for Sky News, and also broadcasts on NBC, CNN, Al Jazeera, France 24, Russia Today, and the BBC. He hosted the weekly show Energy World several times, on the satellite channel Press TV. He claims to receive regular briefings from Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and Security Service (MI5) and maintains contact with former (and he claims serving) intelligence officers of the American, British, and former Soviet security and intelligence services.

## Biography

A former Royal Air Force pilot, Trenear-Harvey was also a station’s intelligence officer. He then joined the Air Ministry Book Production & Distribution Centre (AMPDC) at Signals Command HQ, RAF Medmenham, distributing codes & ciphers as an Air Ministry courier. During the years 1969 – 1997 he was a contract agent for the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, while pursuing an international career in business and the media in Africa, Asia, Europe and the United States. He acted as campaign manager for Sir James Goldsmith, chairman of the Referendum Party, in his Putney constituency during the UK general election of 1997. He now runs the consultancy Intel Research, specialising in open source security & intelligence matters. He is a member of the Security & Intelligence Studies Group of the UK Political Association; the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies and International Security, the Association of Former Intelligence Officers, and a visiting member of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C.

## Honours and appointments

In June 2005, Trenear-Harvey was conferred with a knighthood in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus from the Duke of Savoy. Trenear-Harvey was dubbed by the Earl of Erroll on behalf of the Duke. In 2003, Glenmore Trenear-Harvey was appointed Club Secretary of the reconstituted "IP dining club", inaugurated in 1919 by Sir Vernon Kell for "Intelligence People". In October 2007, he was appointed a Vice-President of the UK National Defence Association.
# Homeorhesis

Homeorhesis, derived from the Greek for "similar flow", is a concept encompassing dynamical systems which return to a trajectory, as opposed to systems which return to a particular state, which is termed homeostasis.

## Biology

Homeorhesis is steady flow. Often biological systems are inaccurately described as homeostatic, being in a steady state. Steady state implies equilibrium which is never reached, nor are organisms and ecosystems in a closed environment. During his tenure at the State University of New York at Oneonta, Dr William Butts correctly applied the term homeorhesis to biological organisms. The term was created by C.H. Waddington and first used in biology in his book Strategy of the Genes (1957), where he described the tendency of developing or changing organisms to continue development or adapting to their environment and changing towards a given state.

## Gaia hypothesis

In ecology the concept is important as an element of the Gaia hypothesis, where the system under consideration is the ecological balance of different forms of life on the planet. James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis, coauthors of Gaia hypothesis, wrote in particular that only homeorhetic, and not homeostatic, balances are involved in the theory. That is, the composition of Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere are regulated around "set points" as in homeostasis, but those set points change with time.
# David L. Paulsen

David Lamont Paulsen (1936–2020) was a professor emeritus of philosophy at Brigham Young University (BYU). From 1994 to 1998 he held the Richard L. Evans Chair of Religious Understanding at BYU. He was an active faculty member at BYU from 1972–2011.

## Biography

Paulsen was born November 13, 1936, in Ephraim, Utah. His parents were educators, and he followed them in their careers.
He received an associate degree from Snow College in English in 1957, a bachelor's degree from BYU in Political Science in 1961 (in which he was BYU's valedictorian), a JD from the University of Chicago Law School in 1964, and a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Michigan in 1975, with emphasis in the philosophy of religion. His doctoral dissertation, entitled The Comparative Coherency of Mormon (Finitistic) and Classical Theism, was said by two philosophers critical of LDS theology to be "by far the most detailed and comprehensive defense of Mormon theism."
He married Audrey Lucille Leer and had six children.
Paulsen died November 30, 2020.

### Career

Paulsen joined the philosophy department at BYU around 1972 and specialized in Kierkegaard, William James and the philosophy of religion. In addition to holding the Richard L. Evans Chair, he has also been an Eliza R. Snow Fellow at BYU. Many of his students have gone on to be important figures in the academic study of Mormonism, including prominently Blake Ostler.
Paulsen was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in which he served as a Bishop and counselor in a stake presidency.
Paulsen gave several lectures related to Mormon Studies, including the 2006 Eugene England Memorial Lecture at Utah Valley University and presentations at conferences of the Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research (FAIR). He presented on "The Divine Feminine" at the 2009 BYU Women's Research Institute Colloquia. Paulsen was also the coordinator for the Society of Christian Philosophers inaugural inter-mountain meeting at BYU in 1992.
In 2012 just after his retirement a collection of essays entitled Mormonism at the Crossroads of Philosophy and Theology: Essays in Honor of David L. Paulsen was published, edited by Jacob T. Baker.

## Writings

Paulsen edited Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies along with Donald W. Musser. Paulsen contributed articles to The International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion, Analysis, Harvard Theological Review, Faith and Philosophy and Speculative Philosophy. Paulsen also wrote the foreword to The Mormon Doctrine of Deity: The Roberts-Van Der Donckt Discussion Paulsen has also written several articles for both the FARMS Review and BYU Studies. One of these articles, written with Martin Pulido, who studied under Paulsen, entitled "A Mother There: Historical Teachings and Sacred Silence" (BYU Studies Vol. 5, no. 1) has been described as a path-breaking article on femininity in LDS doctrine by Valerie M. Hudson.
Paulsen's work was used in Jeffrey R. Holland's General Conference sermon explaining that the Mormon belief that Jesus and God have physical bodies does not exclude Mormons from being Christians.
# PVRIG

Poliovirus receptor related immunoglobulin domain containing is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PVRIG gene.
# IHuman

iHuman may refer to:
* I, Human, an album by Deus Ex Machina
* iHuman (film), a 2019 documentary film by Tonje Hessen Schei
* iHuman Institute
# Electoral district of Albert Park

The electoral district of Albert Park is one of the electoral districts of Victoria, Australia, for the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers an area of 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi) in inner suburban Melbourne, and includes the suburbs of Albert Park, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, St Kilda West, Southbank, South Melbourne, South Wharf, and parts of St Kilda. It lies within the Southern Metropolitan Region of the upper house, the Legislative Council.
It was first proclaimed in 1889, and has been held by the Labor Party without interruption since the 1950 election.
John Thwaites was the member from 1992 to 2007, serving as deputy leader of Victorian Labor from 1996 to 2007 and as Deputy Premier of Victoria from 1999 to 2007. He and Premier Steve Bracks, the member for neighbouring Williamstown, both resigned on 30 July 2007. A by-election was held on 15 September 2007, which resulted in Martin Foley retaining the seat for Labor.

## Members for Albert Park

| Member | Party | Term |
| John Nimmo | Liberal | 1889–1892 |
| John White | Conservative | 1892–1902 |
| George Elmslie | Labour | 1902–1918 |
| Joseph Hannan | Labor | 1918–1919 |
| Arthur Wallace | Labor | 1919–1927 |
| Robert Cuthbertson | Nationalist | 1927–1929 |
| Arthur Wallace | Labor | 1929–1932 |
| Arthur Wallace | Independent | 1929–1932 |
| Harry Drew | United Australia | 1932–1937 |
| Harry Drew | Independent | 1932–1937 |
| William Haworth | United Australia | 1937–1944 |
| William Haworth | Liberal | 1944–1945 |
| Frank Crean | Labor | 1945–1947 |
| Roy Schilling | Liberal | 1947–1950 |
| Keith Sutton | Labor | 1950–1970 |
| Val Doube | Labor | 1970–1979 |
| Bunna Walsh | Labor | 1979–1992 |
| John Thwaites | Labor | 1992–2007 |
| Martin Foley | Labor | 2007–2022 |
| Nina Taylor | Labor | 2022–present |

## Election results

2022 Victorian state election: Albert Park :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labor | Nina Taylor | 14,254 | 36.4 | −7.0 |
| | Liberal | Lauren Sherson | 11,659 | 29.8 | −1.6 |
| | Greens | Kim Samiotis | 8,178 | 20.9 | +4.5 |
| | Independent | Georgie Dragwidge | 2,294 | 5.9 | +5.9 |
| | Animal Justice | Cassandra Westwood | 1,207 | 3.1 | −0.9 |
| | Liberal Democrats | Lance Smart | 534 | 1.4 | +1.4 |
| | Freedom | Elizabeth Antunovic | 518 | 1.3 | +1.3 |
| | Family First | Viorel Bradea | 466 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 39,110 | 96.6 | +1.4 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 1,396 | 3.4 | −1.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 40,506 | 83.0 | −0.7 |
| Two-party-preferred result ||||||
| | Labor | Nina Taylor | 23,916 | 61.2 | −1.9 |
| | Liberal | Lauren Sherson | 15,194 | 38.8 | +1.9 |
| | Labor hold | Labor hold | Swing | −1.9 | |
# Felipe Alaiz

Felipe Alaiz de Pablo (23 May 1887 – 8 April 1959) was a Spanish anarchist, writer, translator and journalist.

## Biography

Felipe Alaiz studied in Lleida, Huesca, and Zaragoza. For two years he was the editor of the magazine La Revista de Aragón (Zaragoza, 1914). At a very young age, Felipe Alaiz devoted himself to militant journalism, an activity he followed all his life. He was a professor of literature at Liceo Escolar de Lérida, an avant-garde educational center founded by Federico Godàs Legido. That was where he met other young teachers, such as Joaquín Maurín and Víctor Colomer.
# Ascandra ascandroides

Ascandra ascandroides is a species of calcareous sponge from Brazil.
# Edmond Burat de Gurgy

Edmond Burat de Gurgy, real name Edmond François Célestin Burat de Gurgy, (1810 – 7 March 1840) was a French writer and playwright.
His plays were presented on the most significant Parisian stages of his time as soon as 1830 (Folies-Dramatiques, Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique etc.) when sick with tuberculosis in December 1839, he died untimely three months later

## Works

* 1830: Un duel sous Charles IX. Scène historique du XVIe siècle
* 1831: La Prima Donna et le garçon boucher, with Clément Burat de Gurgy
* 1831: Les Deux modistes, with Clément Burat de Gurgy
* 1832: Le Lit de camp, scènes de la vie militaire, with Clément Burat de Gurgy
* 1834: Paris, un bal
* 1834: Byron à l'école d'Harrow, episode mixed with distincts, with Hippolyte Cogniard
* 1834: Paillasse, episode of carnaval
* 1835: Le Fils de Figaro, comédie en vaudevilles in 1 act, with Victor Masselin
* 1835: Le Fils de Triboulet, comédie en vaudevilles in 1 act, with H. Cogniard
* 1836: Le diable boiteux, ballet pantomime in 3 acts, with Casimir Gide and Jean Coralli
* 1836: La Jeunesse d'un grand roi, historical episode in 1 act, mixed with distincts
* 1836: Trois cœurs de femmes, vaudeville in 3 acts, with Adolphe d'Ennery and Achille d'Artois
* 1837: Biographie des acteurs de Paris
* 1837: Tabarin, ou un Bobêche d'autrefois, fantaisie in 1 act, mixed with song
* 1838: La Chambre et le fauteuil de Molière
* 1839: Le bonheur sous les toits, vaudeville in 3 acts
* 1840: Le Chasseur de la Montagne, tyrolienne, lyrics by Edmond Burat de Gurgy, music by Charles Haas
* 1840: Les deux filles de l'air, puff in 2 acts, with Achille Gastaldy
In addition, he participated to the collective book, Paris au XIXe siècle. Recueil de scènes de la vie parisienne dessinées d'après nature, Beauger, 1839.
# Brunner

Brunner may refer to:

## Places

* Brunner, New Zealand
* Lake Brunner, New Zealand
* Brunner Mine, New Zealand
* Brunner, Houston, United States
* Brunner (crater), lunar crater

## Other uses

* Brunner (surname)
* Brunner the Bounty Hunter, a character from the Warhammer setting
# PVP

PVP may refer to:

## Media and culture

* Player versus player (PVP), a type of combat in multiplayer video games
* PrankvsPrank, a YouTube channel
* PvP (webcomic), a webcomic
* PVP Live, an Esports news and statistics database website
* Pony VS Pony, a web-based Flash game developed by Artix Entertainment
* PVP [es], a Spanish punk band

## Medicine

* Post-vasectomy pain syndrome, a chronic pain condition
* Povidone-iodine prep, an iodine antiseptic
* alpha-PVP, also called flakka, the drug alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone
* Photoselective vaporization of the prostate, a surgical treatment for an enlarged prostate

## Military

* Petit Véhicule Protégé, a French light armoured vehicle

## Science and technology

* PVP-OPM (Protected Video Path – Output Protection Management), a form of digital rights management
* Poly-4-vinylphenol, a plastic similar to polystyrene
* Polyvinylpyrrolidone, a water-soluble polymer

## Companies

* PVP Karting, a Danish manufacturer of racing Superkarts

## Other

* Plant variety protection, a legal principle protecting plant varieties developed by selective breeding
* P v P, a New Zealand court case regarding promissory estoppel
* Palos Verdes Peninsula, a peninsula in Southern California
* Parti des Verts pour le Progrès, a Tunisian political party
# Barbour's rock mouse

Barbour's rock mouse (Petromyscus barbouri) is a species of rodent in the family Nesomyidae. It is found only in South Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Hemiscopis intermedialis

Hemiscopis intermedialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1977. It is found in Indonesia, where it has been recorded from Sumba.
# 1957 Modena Grand Prix

The 5th Modena Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 22 September 1957 at Autodromo di Modena, Modena, Italy. The race was run over two 40 lap heats of the circuit, taking the aggregate of the results, and was won by French driver Jean Behra in a Maserati 250F.
This race, and the 1961 race, were the only two Modena Grands Prix run under Formula One rules.

## Results

| Pos | No. | Driver | Entrant | Constructor | Time/Retired |
| 1 | 4 | Jean Behra | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 250F | 1h 24m 47.9s, 130.51 km/h |
| 2 | 26 | Luigi Musso | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari Dino 156 F2 | 1h 25m 28.2s (+40.3s) |
| 3 | 6 | Harry Schell | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 250F | 1h 25m 56.8s (+1m 8.9s) |
| 4 | 28 | Peter Collins | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari Dino 156 F2 | 1h 26m 5.8s (+1m 17.9s) |
| 5 | 8 | Giorgio Scarlatti | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 250F | 78 laps |
| 6 | 20 | Horace Gould | Horace Gould | Maserati 250F | 75 laps |
| 7 | 22 | Bruce Halford | Bruce Halford | Maserati 250F | 71 laps |
| Ret. | 12 | Jo Bonnier | Owen Racing Organisation | BRM P25 | 26 laps (heat 2) - universal joint |
| Ret. | 10 | Ron Flockhart | Owen Racing Organisation | BRM P25 | 22 laps (heat 2) - fuel pump drive |
| Ret. | 30 | Colin Davis | Horace Gould | Maserati 250F | 7 laps (heat 1) - engine |
| DNA | 2 | Juan Manuel Fangio | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 250F | |
| DNA | 14 | Roy Salvadori | Cooper Car Company | Cooper T43-Climax | |
| DNA | 16 | Jo Bonnier | Scuderia Centro Sud | Maserati 250F | Drove car number 12 |
| DNA | 18 | Masten Gregory | Scuderia Centro Sud | Maserati 250F | |
| DNA | 2 | Charles Houghton | Charles Houghton | Maserati 250F | |
# Franz Islacker

Franz Islacker (3 February 1926 – 1 July 1970) was a German footballer who played who played as a forward. He is most notable for scoring a hat-trick for Rot-Weiss Essen in the final of the 1955 German football championship against Kaiserslautern. He was the father of Frank Islacker and the grandfather of Mandy Islacker.

## Honours

Rot-Weiss Essen
* DFB-Pokal: 1953
* German football championship: 1955
# Bambao Mtrouni

Bambao is a village on the island of Anjouan in the Comoros.
# Dorsal nerve of the penis

The dorsal nerve of the penis is the deepest of three divisions of the pudendal nerve; it accompanies the internal pudendal artery along the ramus of the ischium; it then runs forward along the margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis, between the superior and inferior layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.
Piercing the inferior layer it gives a branch to the corpus cavernosum penis, and passes forward, in company with the dorsal artery of the penis, between the layers of the suspensory ligament, on to the dorsum of the penis, and ends on the glans penis.
It innervates the skin of the penis. In humans, it has 8290 ± 2553 axons, in 25–45 loosely packed nerve bundles, half of which are myelinated. The researches were conducted on volunteers that donated tissues after death, therefore some of the nerve endings could not have been counted due to the natural degeneration of tissues found in old people.

## Gallery

* Deep and superficial dissection of the lumbar plexus
* Sacral plexus of the right side (dorsal nerve of penis visible at bottom left)