# List of moths of Great Britain (Geometridae)

The family Geometridae is represented by over 300 species in Great Britain.

## Subfamily Archiearinae

* Archiearis parthenias, orange underwing — throughout (localized)
* Archiearis notha, light orange underwing —south (Nationally Scarce B)

## Subfamily Alsophilinae

* Alsophila aescularia, March moth — throughout

## Subfamily Geometrinae

* Aplasta ononaria, rest harrow — south-east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Pseudoterpna coronillaria, Jersey emerald — Jersey
* Pseudoterpna pruinata atropunctaria, grass emerald — throughout
* Geometra papilionaria, large emerald — throughout
* Comibaena bajularia, blotched emerald — south & centre (localized)
* Antonechloris smaragdaria maritima, Essex emerald — south-east, presumed extinct
* Hemithea aestivaria, common emerald — south & central
* Chlorissa viridata, small grass emerald — south & west-central (Nationally Scarce A)
* [Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria, blackberry looper — probable import]
* Thalera fimbrialis, Sussex emerald — south-east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Hemistola chrysoprasaria, small emerald — south & central (localized) (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Jodis lactearia, little emerald — south, central & north-west (localized)

## Subfamily Sterrhinae

* Cyclophora pendularia, dingy mocha — south (Red Data Book) ‡
* Cyclophora annularia, mocha — south (Nationally Scarce B)
* Cyclophora albipunctata, birch mocha — throughout
* Cyclophora puppillaria, Blair's mocha — immigrant
* Cyclophora porata, false mocha — south & central (Nationally Scarce B) ‡
* Cyclophora punctaria, maiden's blush — south & central (localized)
* Cyclophora linearia, clay triple-lines —south & central (localized)
* Timandra comai, blood-vein — south & central; localized in north (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Scopula immorata, Lewes wave — probably extinct
* Scopula nigropunctata, sub-angled wave — south-east (Red Data Book)
* [Scopula virgulata, streaked wave — old, unconfirmed record]
* [Scopula decorata, middle lace border — unverified records]
* Scopula ornata, lace border — south (Nationally Scarce B)
* Scopula rubiginata, tawny wave — south-east (Red Data Book)
* Scopula marginepunctata, mullein wave — south, central & north (localized) (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Scopula imitaria, small blood-vein — south & central
* Scopula emutaria, rosy wave — south, east & west (Nationally Scarce B)
* Scopula immutata, lesser cream wave — south & central (localized)
* Scopula floslactata, cream wave
   * Scopula floslactata floslactata — south & central (localized)
   * Scopula floslactata f. scotica — north-west (localized)
* Scopula ternata, smoky wave — north & west (localized)
* [Scopula limboundata, large lace border — single, old, unconfirmed record]
* Idaea ochrata cantiata, bright wave — south-east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Idaea serpentata, ochraceous wave — rare immigrant [resident on Jersey]
* Idaea muricata, purple-bordered gold — south & central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Idaea rusticata atrosignaria, least carpet — south (localized)
* [Idaea laevigata, strange wave — probable import]
* Idaea sylvestraria, dotted-border wave — south & central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Idaea biselata, small fan-footed wave — throughout
* [Idaea inquinata, rusty wave — probable import]
* Idaea dilutaria, silky wave — west (Red Data Book) ‡
* Idaea fuscovenosa, dwarf cream wave — south & central (localized)
* Idaea humiliata, Isle of Wight wave — presumed extinct
* Idaea seriata, small dusty wave — south, central & north-east
* Idaea dimidiata, single-dotted wave — south, central & north-west
* Idaea subsericeata, satin wave — south & central
* Idaea contiguaria britanniae, Weaver's wave — west-central (Nationally Scarce A)
* Idaea trigeminata, treble brown spot — south (localized)
* Idaea emarginata, small scallop — south & central (localized)
* Idaea aversata, riband wave — throughout
* Idaea degeneraria, Portland ribbon wave — south coast & Isles of Scilly (Red Data Book)
* Idaea straminata, plain wave — throughout
* Rhodometra sacraria, Vestal — immigrant

## Subfamily Larentiinae

* [Lythria purpuraria, purple-barred yellow — old, unconfirmed records]
* Phibalapteryx virgata, oblique striped south & west-central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Orthonama vittata, oblique carpet — throughout ‡*
* Orthonama obstipata, gem — immigrant
* Xanthorhoe biriviata, balsam carpet — south & south-east (uncommon)
* Xanthorhoe designata, flame carpet — throughout
* Xanthorhoe decoloraria, red carpet ‡*
   * Xanthorhoe decoloraria hethlandica — Shetland
   * Xanthorhoe decoloraria decoloraria — north & west
* Xanthorhoe spadicearia, red twin-spot carpet — throughout
* Xanthorhoe ferrugata, dark-barred twin-spot carpet — throughout (Endangered) ‡*
* Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata, large twin-spot carpet — south & central (localized)
* Xanthorhoe montanata, silver-ground carpet
   * Xanthorhoe montanata shetlandica — Shetland
   * Xanthorhoe montanata montanata — throughout
* Xanthorhoe fluctuata fluctuata, garden carpet — throughout
* Scotopteryx moeniata, fortified carpet — probable rare immigrant (old records)
* Scotopteryx peribolata, Spanish sarpet — immigrant to south
* Scotopteryx bipunctaria cretata, chalk carpet — south & central (Nationally Scarce B) ‡
* Scotopteryx chenopodiata, shaded broad-bar — throughout (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Scotopteryx mucronata, lead belle
   * Scotopteryx mucronata scotica — west-central & north (localized)
   * Scotopteryx mucronata umbrifera — south-west (localized)
* Scotopteryx luridata plumbaria, July belle — throughout
* Catarhoe rubidata, ruddy carpet — south (Nationally Scarce B)
* Catarhoe cuculata, royal mantle — south & north (localized)
* Epirrhoe tristata, small argent and sable — north & west
* Epirrhoe alternata, common carpet
   * Epirrhoe alternata obscurata — Outer Hebrides
   * Epirrhoe alternata alternata — throughout
* Epirrhoe rivata, wood carpet — south & central (localized)
* Epirrhoe galiata, galium carpet — south, central & north (localized) (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Costaconvexa polygrammata, many-lined — extinct; rare immigrant
* [Costaconvexa centrostrigaria, traveller — probable import]
* Camptogramma bilineata, yellow shell
   * Camptogramma bilineata bilineata — throughout
   * Camptogramma bilineata atlantica — Shetland & Outer Hebrides
* Entephria flavicinctata, yellow-ringed carpet
   * Entephria flavicinctata flavicinctata — west coast of Scotland & Inner Hebrides, Yorkshire Dales & Black Mountains (Nationally Scarce B)
   * Entephria flavicinctata ruficinctata — central & north-west Scotland (localized)
* Entephria caesiata, grey mountain moth — west-central & north (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Larentia clavaria, mallow — south, central & north
* Anticlea badiata, shoulder stripe — south, central & north
* Anticlea derivata, streamer — throughout
* Mesoleuca albicillata, beautiful carpet — south, central & north
* Pelurga comitata, dark spinach — south, central & north (Endangered) ‡*
* Lampropteryx suffumata, water carpet — throughout
* Lampropteryx otregiata, Devon carpet — south & south-west (Nationally Scarce B)
* Cosmorhoe ocellata, purple bar — throughout
* Nebula salicata latentaria, striped twin-spot carpet — north, west & south-west
* Eulithis prunata, phoenix — throughout
* Eulithis testata, chevron — throughout
* Eulithis populata, northern spinach — south-west, west, central & north
* Eulithis mellinata, spinach — south, central & north
* Eulithis pyraliata, barred straw — throughout
* Ecliptopera silaceata, small phoenix — throughout (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Chloroclysta siterata, red–green carpet — throughout
* Chloroclysta miata, autumn green carpet — throughout (localized)
* Chloroclysta citrata, dark marbled carpet
   * Chloroclysta citrata citrata — throughout
   * Chloroclysta citrata pythonissata — Shetland & Orkney
* Chloroclysta concinnata, Arran carpet — north-west (Nationally Scarce A)
* Chloroclysta truncata, common marbled carpet — throughout
* Cidaria fulvata, barred yellow — throughout
* Plemyria rubiginata, blue-bordered carpet
   * Plemyria rubiginata rubiginata — south & central
   * Plemyria rubiginata plumbata — north (localized)
* Thera firmata, pine carpet — throughout
* Thera obeliscata, grey pine carpet — throughout
* Thera britannica, spruce carpet — throughout
* Thera cognata, chestnut-coloured carpet — central & north (Nationally Scarce B)
* Thera juniperata, juniper carpet
   * Thera juniperata juniperata — throughout
   * Thera juniperata scotica —north (localized)
   * Thera juniperata orcadensis — Orkney (possibly extinct)
* Thera cupressata, cypress carpet — south-east (uncommon)
* Eustroma reticulata, netted carpet — west-central (Red Data Book) ‡
* Electrophaes corylata, broken-barred carpet — throughout
* Colostygia olivata, beech-green carpet — north, west-central & south (localized)
* Colostygia multistrigaria, mottled grey — throughout
* Colostygia pectinataria, green carpet — throughout
* Hydriomena furcata, July highflyer — throughout
* Hydriomena impluviata, May highflyer — throughout
* Hydriomena ruberata, ruddy highflyer —north, west, south & east (localized)
* Coenocalpe lapidata, slender-striped rufous — north (Nationally Scarce A)
* Horisme vitalbata, small waved umber — south & central
* Horisme tersata, fern — south & central
* [Horisme aquata, Cumbrian umber — dubious record]
* Melanthia procellata, pretty chalk carpet — south & central (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Pareulype berberata, barberry carpet — south (Red Data Book) ‡
* Spargania luctuata, white-banded carpet — south-east (Nationally Scarce A)
* Rheumaptera hastata, argent and sable ‡
   * Rheumaptera hastata hastata — south & central (Nationally Scarce B)
   * Rheumaptera hastata f. nigrescens — north (Nationally Scarce B)
* Rheumaptera cervinalis, scarce tissue — south & central (localized)
* Rheumaptera undulata, scallop shell — south, central & north (localized)
* Triphosa dubitata, tissue — south & central (localized)
* Philereme vetulata, brown scallop — south (not south-west) & central (localized)
* Philereme transversata britannica, dark umber — south (not south-west) & central (localized)
* Euphyia biangulata, cloaked carpet — west, south & south-east (Nationally Scarce B)
* Euphyia unangulata, sharp-angled carpet — south (localized)
* Epirrita dilutata, November moth — throughout
* Epirrita christyi, pale November moth — south, central & north
* Epirrita autumnata, autumnal moth — throughout
* Epirrita filigrammaria, small autumnal moth — north, central & west
* Operophtera brumata, winter moth — throughout
* Operophtera fagata, northern winter moth — throughout
* Perizoma taeniata, barred carpet — central & north (Nationally Scarce A)
* Perizoma affinitata, rivulet — throughout
* Perizoma alchemillata, small rivulet — throughout
* Perizoma bifaciata, barred rivulet — south, central & north (localized)
* Perizoma minorata ericetata, heath rivulet — north & central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Perizoma blandiata, pretty pinion
   * Perizoma blandiata blandiata — north & west (local)
   * Perizoma blandiata perfasciata — Hebrides & Rùm
* Perizoma albulata, grass rivulet (Endangered) ‡*
   * Perizoma albulata albulata — throughout (localized)
   * Perizoma albulata subfasciaria — Shetland
* Perizoma flavofasciata, sandy carpet — throughout
* Perizoma didymata, twin-spot carpet
   * Perizoma didymata didymata — throughout
   * Perizoma didymata hethlandica — Shetland
* Perizoma sagittata, marsh carpet — east-central (Nationally Scarce A)
* Eupithecia tenuiata, slender pug — throughout
* Eupithecia inturbata, maple pug — south & central (localized)
* Eupithecia haworthiata, Haworth's pug — south & central (localized)
* Eupithecia plumbeolata, lead-coloured pug — south, central & north-west (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia abietaria, cloaked pug — throughout
* Eupithecia linariata, toadflax pug — throughout
* Eupithecia pulchellata, foxglove pug
   * Eupithecia pulchellata pulchellata — throughout
   * Eupithecia pulchellata hebudium — Wales & Hebrides
* Eupithecia irriguata, marbled pug — south (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia exiguata, mottled pug
   * Eupithecia exiguata exiguata — throughout
   * Eupithecia exiguata muricolor — Aberdeenshire
* Eupithecia insigniata, pinion-spotted pug — south (not south-west) & central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia valerianata, valerian pug — throughout (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia pygmaeata, marsh pug — south, central & north (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia venosata, netted pug
   * Eupithecia venosata venosata — south, central & north-east (localized)
   * Eupithecia venosata hebridensis — Hebrides
   * Eupithecia venosata fumosae — Shetland & Orkney
   * Eupithecia venosata ochracae — Orkney
* Eupithecia egenaria, Fletcher's (pauper) pug — south-west & east (Red Data Book)
* Eupithecia centaureata, lime-speck pug — throughout
* Eupithecia trisignaria, triple-spotted pug — throughout (localized)
* Eupithecia intricata
   * Eupithecia intricata millieraria, Edinburgh pug — north
   * Eupithecia intricata arceuthata, Freyer's pug — south & central
* Eupithecia satyrata, satyr pug
   * Eupithecia satyrata callunaria — south (localized)
   * Eupithecia satyrata satyrata — north (moorlands)
   * Eupithecia satyrata curzoni — Shetland
* [Eupithecia cauchiata, Doubleday's pug — single old record, Essex]
* Eupithecia absinthiata, wormwood pug — throughout
   * Eupithecia absinthiata f. goossensiata, ling pug — throughout (localized, especially heathland and moorland)
* Eupithecia assimilata, currant pug — throughout
* Eupithecia expallidata, bleached pug — south-east, west & north (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia vulgata, common pug
   * Eupithecia vulgata vulgata — south & central
   * Eupithecia vulgata scotica — north
* Eupithecia tripunctaria, white-spotted pug — south, central & north (localized)
* Eupithecia denotata
   * Eupithecia denotata denotata, campanula pug — south & east (Nationally Scarce A)
   * Eupithecia denotata jasioneata, jasione pug — south-west & west-central (Nationally Scarce A)
* Eupithecia subfuscata, grey pug — throughout
* Eupithecia icterata subfulvata, tawny speckled pug — throughout
* Eupithecia succenturiata, bordered pug — south, central & north
* Eupithecia subumbrata, shaded pug — throughout (localized)
* Eupithecia millefoliata, yarrow pug — south-east (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia simpliciata, plain pug — south & central (localized)
* Eupithecia sinuosaria, goosefoot pug — probable rare immigrant
* Eupithecia distinctaria constrictata, thyme pug — throughout (except south-east) (Nationally Scarce B)
* Eupithecia indigata, ochreous pug — throughout
* Eupithecia pimpinellata, pimpinel pug — south & central (localized)
* Eupithecia nanata, narrow-winged pug — throughout
* Eupithecia extensaria occidua, scarce pug — east-central (Red Data Book) ‡
* Eupithecia innotata, angle-barred pug — throughout
* Eupithecia fraxinata, ash pug — throughout
* Eupithecia tamarisciata, tamarisk pug — south (uncommon on alien Tamarisk)
* Eupithecia virgaureata, golden-rod pug — west & east (localized)
* Eupithecia abbreviata, brindled pug — throughout
* Eupithecia dodoneata, oak-tree pug —south & central
* Eupithecia pusillata, juniper pug
   * Eupithecia pusillata pusillata — throughout
   * Eupithecia pusillata anglicata — extinct
* Eupithecia phoeniceata, cypress pug — south (uncommon)
* Eupithecia ultimaria, Channel Islands pug — south (uncommon)
* Eupithecia lariciata, larch pug — throughout
* Eupithecia tantillaria, dwarf pug — throughout
* Chloroclystis v-ata, v-pug — throughout
* Pasiphila chloerata, sloe pug — south & central
* Pasiphila rectangulata, green pug — throughout
* Pasiphila debiliata, bilberry pug — south & west (Nationally Scarce B)
* Gymnoscelis rufifasciata, double-striped pug — throughout
* Anticollix sparsata, dentated pug — south & central (Nationally Scarce A)
* Chesias legatella, streak — throughout (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Chesias rufata, broom-tip (Vulnerable) ‡*
   * Chesias rufata rufata — south-east & west (Nationally Scarce B)
   * Chesias rufata scotica — north (Nationally Scarce B)
* Carsia sororiata anglica, Manchester treble-bar — north & central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Aplocera plagiata, treble bar
   * Aplocera plagiata plagiata — throughout
   * Aplocera plagiata scotica — north
* Aplocera efformata, lesser treble-bar —south & central
* Aplocera praeformata, purple treble-bar — probable immigrant (2 records)
* Odezia atrata, chimney sweeper — north, central & south
* Lithostege griseata, grey carpet — east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Discoloxia blomeri, Blomer's rivulet — south, central & west (Nationally Scarce B)
* Venusia cambrica, Welsh wave — west & north (localized)
* Euchoeca nebulata, dingy shell — south & central (localized)
* Asthena albulata, small white wave — throughout
* Hydrelia flammeolaria, small yellow wave — throughout
* Hydrelia sylvata, waved carpet — west, south-east & south-west (Nationally Scarce B)
* Minoa murinata, drab looper — west, south & south-west (Nationally Scarce B) ‡
* Lobophora halterata, seraphim — throughout
* Trichopteryx polycommata, barred tooth-striped — throughout (Nationally Scarce A) ‡
* Trichopteryx carpinata, early tooth-striped — throughout
* Pterapherapteryx sexalata, small seraphim — throughout
* Acasis viretata, yellow-barred brindle — south, central & north-west (localized)
* Abraxas grossulariata, magpie moth — throughout
* Abraxas sylvata, clouded magpie — south & central (localized)
* [Abraxas pantaria, light magpie — unconfirmed old record]
* Lomaspilis marginata, clouded border — throughout
* Ligdia adustata, scorched carpet — south & central (localized)
* Stegania trimaculata, Dorset cream wave — rare immigrant
* Stegania cararia, ringed border — rare immigrant
* Macaria notata, peacock moth — south, west-central & north-west (localized)
* Macaria alternata, sharp-angled peacock — south & central (localized)
* Macaria signaria, dusky peacock — immigrant
* [Macaria bicolorata praeatomata, dingy angle — dubious very old record]
* Macaria liturata, tawny-barred angle — throughout
* Macaria carbonaria, netted mountain moth — north-east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Macaria wauaria, v-moth — throughout (localized) ‡*
* Chiasmia clathrata clathrata, latticed heath — south, central & north (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Itame brunneata, Rannoch looper — north-east (Nationally Scarce A)
* [Hypagyrtis unipunctata, white spot — dubious very old record]
* Isturgia limbaria, frosted yellow — presumed extinct
* [Nematocampa limbata, bordered chequer — dubious very old record]
* Cepphis advenaria, little thorn — west & south (not south-west) (Nationally Scarce B)
* Petrophora chlorosata, brown silver-line — throughout
* Plagodis pulveraria, barred umber — throughout (localized)
* Plagodis dolabraria, scorched wing — throughout (localized)
* Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, horse chestnut — south & east-central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Opisthograptis luteolata, brimstone moth — throughout
* Epione repandaria, bordered beauty — throughout
* Epione vespertaria, dark bordered beauty — north-east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Pseudopanthera macularia, speckled yellow — throughout
* Apeira syringaria, lilac beauty — south & central (localized)
* Ennomos autumnaria, large thorn — south-east (Nationally Scarce B)
* Ennomos quercinaria, August thorn — south & central (localized) (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Ennomos alniaria, canary-shouldered thorn — throughout
* Ennomos fuscantaria, dusky thorn — south & central (Endangered) ‡*
* Ennomos erosaria, September thorn — south, central & north (Endangered) ‡*
* [Ennomos quercaria, clouded August thorn — unconfirmed records]
* [Ennomos subsignaria — probable import]
* Selenia dentaria, early thorn — throughout
* Selenia lunularia, lunar thorn — throughout (localized)
* Selenia tetralunaria, purple thorn — south, central & north
* Odontopera bidentata, scalloped hazel — throughout
* Crocallis elinguaria, scalloped oak — throughout
* Ourapteryx sambucaria, swallow-tailed moth — throughout
* Colotois pennaria, feathered thorn — throughout
* Angerona prunaria, orange moth — south (localized)
* Apocheima hispidaria, small brindled beauty — south & central (localized)
* Apocheima pilosaria, pale brindled beauty — throughout
* Lycia hirtaria, brindled beauty — south, central & north (Vulnerable) ‡*
* Lycia zonaria, belted beauty
   * Lycia zonaria britannica — west-central (Red Data Book)
   * Lycia zonaria atlantica — north-west (Nationally Scarce A)
* Lycia lapponaria scotica, Rannoch brindled beauty — north (Nationally Scarce A)
* Biston strataria, oak beauty — south, central & north
* Biston betularia, peppered moth — throughout
* Agriopis leucophaearia, spring usher — throughout
* Agriopis aurantiaria, scarce umber — throughout
* Agriopis marginaria, dotted border — throughout
* Erannis defoliaria, mottled umber — throughout
* Menophra abruptaria, waved umber — south & central
* Peribatodes rhomboidaria, willow beauty — south, central & north
* Peribatodes secundaria, feathered beauty — south-east (uncommon on alien Norway spruce)
* Peribatodes ilicaria, Lydd beauty — rare immigrant to south-east
* Selidosema brunnearia scandinaviaria, bordered grey — south, west-central, north-west & north-east (Nationally Scarce A)
* Cleora cinctaria, ringed carpet
   * Cleora cinctaria bowesi — north-west & west-central (Nationally Scarce A)
   * Cleora cinctaria cinctaria — south (Nationally Scarce A)
* Deileptenia ribeata, satin beauty — throughout
* Alcis repandata, mottled beauty
   * Alcis repandata repandata — throughout
   * Alcis repandata sodorensium — Hebrides
* Alcis jubata, dotted carpet — west & north (localized)
* Hypomecis roboraria, great oak beauty — south & central (Nationally Scarce B)
* Hypomecis punctinalis, pale oak beauty — south
* Cleorodes lichenaria, Brussels lace — west, west-central, south & north (localized)
* Fagivorina arenaria, speckled beauty — extinct
* Ectropis bistortata, engrailed — throughout
* Ectropis crepuscularia, small engrailed — south, central & north (localized)
* Paradarisa consonaria, square spot — south & west (localized)
* Parectropis similaria, brindled white-spot — south (localized)
* Aethalura punctulata, grey birch — south, central & north
* Ematurga atomaria, common heath — throughout
* Tephronia sepiaria, dusky carpet — probable immigrant
* Bupalus piniaria, bordered white — throughout
* Cabera pusaria, common white wave — throughout
* Cabera exanthemata, common wave — throughout
* Lomographa bimaculata, white-pinion spotted — south & west-central
* Lomographa temerata, clouded silver — south, central & north
* Aleucis distinctata, sloe carpet — south-east & south (Nationally Scarce B) ‡
* Theria primaria, early moth — south, central & north
* Campaea margaritata, light emerald — throughout
* Hylaea fasciaria, barred red — throughout
* Gnophos obfuscata, Scotch (Scottish) annulet — north (Nationally Scarce B)
* Charissa obscurata, annulet — throughout
* Glacies coracina, black mountain moth — north (Nationally Scarce A)
* Siona lineata, black-veined moth — south-east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Aspitates gilvaria gilvaria, straw belle — south-east (Red Data Book) ‡
* Semiaspilates ochrearia, yellow belle — south (localized)
* Dyscia fagaria, grey scalloped bar — throughout (localized)
* Perconia strigillaria, grass wave — throughout (localized)
Species listed in the 2007 UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) are indicated by a double-dagger symbol (‡)—species so listed for research purposes only are also indicated with an asterisk (‡*).