OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Excidobates captivus

Excidobates captivus, the Santiago poison frog or Rio Santiago poison frog, is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to northwestern Peru and southern Ecuador. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. This frog is black with rows of orange-red spots on its back and yellow spots underneath.

## Description

With an adult snout–vent length of 15 to 17 mm (0.6 to 0.7 in), Excidobates captivus is a very small species of poison frog. It is black with orange-red splotches arranged in a row down either side of the back. It also has small yellow spots above the armpit and groin and further pale yellow spots beneath the chin and scattered on the chest and belly and under the thighs. The first finger of the forelimb is considerably shorter than the second finger.

## Distribution

Excidobates captivus was first collected in 1929 from the south side of the Marañón River near its confluence with the Santiago River in northwestern Peru, a wet lowland site at an elevation of about 213 m (699 ft). It was rediscovered in the same locality some seventy-seven years later and a single specimen has also been observed on the north side of the Marañón River. It has also been found, at a higher altitude, in the Cordillera del Condor about 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Santa Rosa and also near Panguintza in Zamora-Chinchipe Province in southern Ecuador, at an altitude of about 800 m (2,625 ft). The habitat is wet parts of primary forest and areas close to streams.

## Biology

Excidobates captivus is a diurnal, terrestrial frog. In the breeding season, the male advertises his presence by calling from hidden positions among low foliage, emitting short "shrieks" at irregular intervals. The eggs may be laid on the forest floor among leaf litter. The tadpoles are transported on the parent's back to phytotelmata, temporary pools of water, and may be deposited in the axils of Heliconia plants.

## Status

Excidobates captivus has been little studied but the remote terrain in which it is found means that its habitat is little disturbed. There is some small-scale gold-mining in the area but it is not known whether this affects the frog, the population of which seems stable. The species is common in certain parts of its range and it is thought that its total extent of occurrence may extend to an area of about 7,350 square kilometres (2,840 sq mi).
# Ab Salm

Abram, or Ab Salm (29 October 1801, Amsterdam - 4 December 1876, Amsterdam) was a Dutch painter.

## Biography

He was born in Amsterdam and became a member of the Koninklijke Academie in 1833. He is known for landscapes. He spent 29 years in Indonesia and his views of Java were engraved by Johan Conrad Greive and published in Amsterdam in 1872.
He died in Amsterdam.
# Arctic wolf spider

The Arctic wolf spider (Pardosa glacialis) is a type of wolf spider in the genus Pardosa, with a holarctic distribution and endemic to the Arctic, particularly Greenland.

## Description

The Arctic wolf spider can live for at least two years, grows as long as 1.6 inches (4 centimeters), and is a carnivore.
A 10-year study of the Arctic wolf spider revealed that the exoskeleton thickness averaged 0.104 inch (2.65 millimeters), a 2 percent increase over the 0.102 inch (2.6 millimeters) commonly found in the early years of the study, possibly the result of longer summers. Larger adult females may increase spider populations as larger females produce larger and greater numbers of offspring. This species is cannibalistic, and as adults grow they will devour spiderlings as prey, keeping the population in check.
Research suggests that when earlier snowmelt occurs in higher arctic site, Pardosa glacialis produces its first clutch earlier and its second clutch generally occurs later in the summer. The offspring in the first clutch will depend on the size of the female wolf spider, but the second clutch size does not depend on the body size of its parent.
# Aegires corrugatus

Aegires corrugatus is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine, opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Aegiridae.

## Distribution

This species was described from Cuba. It has been reported from Guadeloupe and Martinique.
# Energy & Environment

Energy & Environment is an academic journal "covering the direct and indirect environmental impacts of energy acquisition, transport, production and use". Under its editor-in-chief from 1998 to 2017, Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, it was known for easygoing peer-review and publishing climate change denial papers. Yiu Fai Tsang became its editor-in-chief in May 2017.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index, Scopus, EBSCO databases, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, and Compendex. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2021 impact factor of 2.945, ranking it 65th out of 125 journals in the category "Environmental Studies".

## History

The journal was first published in 1989; David Everest (Department of the Environment, United Kingdom) was its founding editor. Following his death in 1998, Boehmer-Christiansen became the journal's editor. She and several members of the journal's editorial advisory board had previously been associated with "the Energy and Environment Groups" at the Science and Technology Policy Unit (University of Sussex), with John Surrey. Its publisher, Multi-science ceased trading on 31 December 2015 and the journal was transferred to SAGE. In May 2017, Yiu Fai Tsang became the journal's editor.

## Climate change denial and criticism

The journal was regarded as "a small journal that caters to climate change denialists". It has played an important role in attacking climate science and scientists, for example Michael E. Mann.
In 2011, a number of scientists such Gavin Schmidt, Roger A. Pielke Jr., Stephan Lewandowsky and Michael Ashley have criticised that E&E has low standards of peer review and little impact. In addition, Ralph Keeling criticized a paper in the journal which claimed that CO$_2$ levels were above 400 ppm in 1825, 1857 and 1942, writing in a letter to the editor, "Is it really the intent of E&E to provide a forum for laundering pseudo-science?"
A 2005 article in Environmental Science & Technology stated that the journal is "obscure" and that "scientific claims made in Energy & Environment have little credibility among scientists." Boehmer-Christiansen acknowledged that the journal's "impact rating has remained too low for many ambitious young researchers to use it", but blamed this on "the negative attitudes of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)/Climatic Research Unit people." According to Hans von Storch, the journal "tries to give people who do not have a platform a platform," which "is then attractive for skeptic papers. They know they can come through and that interested people make sure the paper enters the political realm."
When asked about the publication in the Spring of 2003 of a revised version of the paper at the center of the Soon and Baliunas controversy, Boehmer-Christiansen said, "I'm following my political agenda -- a bit, anyway. But isn't that the right of the editor?"
The journal has also been accused of publishing papers that could not have passed any reasonable peer review process, such as one in 2011 that claimed that the Sun was made of iron.
# Brandon-Cremer

Brandon-Cremer could refer to either of two notable persons:
* Albert Wilhelm Anton Brandon-Cremer (1871–1959), often A. Brandon-Cremer, Irish-born theatre director and silent film maker; his daughter, Gertrude Brandon-Cremer, was well-known as a child actor.
* His son, Ernest Gustav Brandon-Cremer (1895–1957), often E. Brandon-Cremer, New Zealand-born adventurer and documentary film maker
# 1964 in Pakistan

Events from the year 1964 in Pakistan.

## Incumbents

* President: Ayub Khan
* Chief Justice: A.R. Cornelius

## Events
### January

* 2 January – Anti-Hindu riots begin in Khulna, East Pakistan. They and reciprocal riots in Calcutta would fuel waves of communal violence on either side of the border over the next few months.
* 6 January – The governor of West Pakistan bans opposition party Jamaat-e-Islami, and its leader, Abul A'la Maududi, is arrested.

### April

* 11 April – A tornado in the Narail and Magura regions of Jessore District in East Pakistan destroys villages and kills as many as 500 people.
* 29 April – Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) inaugurates regular scheduled flights from Karachi to Shanghai via Dacca and Canton using a Boeing 720B, becoming the first airline of a non-communist country to fly to the People's Republic of China.

### June

* 1 June – Pakistan acquires from the United States its first submarine, the PNS Ghazi.

### July

* 22 July – The heads of state of Iran, Pakistan and Turkey issue a joint communique from Istanbul, establishing the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD).

### August

* 29 August – President Ayub Khan inaugurates the Chittagong Press Club.

### September

* 25 September – The Supreme Court overturns the banning of Jamaat-e-Islami on the ground that the ban, enacted without due process, violated the fundamental right of freedom of association.

### October

* 23 October
** Pakistan loses 0–1 to India in field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, taking home the silver medal.
** Eastern Tubes Limited in Dacca is incorporated to manufacture fluorescent tubes.

### November

* 26 November – The country's first television station goes on air in Lahore, operated on a pilot basis by Nippon Electric Company.

## Births
### February

* 7 February – Nadir Shah, Bangladeshi cricket umpire (d. 2021)
* 10 February – Mir Aimal Kansi, perpetrator of the CIA headquarters shooting (d. 1998)

### March

* 15 March – Kunwar Naveed Jamil, politician (d. 2023)
* 20 March – Sadiq Fakir, folk singer (d. 2015)

### April

* 14 April – Manna, Bangladeshi actor (d. 2008)

### May

* 11 May – Haseeb-ul-Hasan, cricketer (d. 1990)

### August

* 4 August – Ghulam Murtaza Baloch, politician (d. 2020)
* 14 August – Hussain Shah Syed, boxer

### October

* 18 October – Sheikh Russel, youngest child of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (d. 1975)

### November

* 6 November – Mizanur Rahman Khan Dipu, Bangladeshi politician (d. 2013)

### December

* 24 December – Shahid Ali Khan, field hockey goalkeeper

## Deaths
### April

* 10 April – Shamsunnahar Mahmud, politician (b. 1908)

### October

* 2 October – Nur Ahmed, politician (b. 1890)
* 3 October – Harendra Kumar Sur, politician (b. 1893)
* 5 October – Birat Chandra Mandal, politician (b. 1893/1894)
* 13 October – Golam Mostofa, Bengali poet and writer (b. 1897)
* 22 October – Khawaja Nazimuddin, Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1894)

### December

* 23 December – Khan Bahadur Abdur Rahman Khan, educator (b. 1889/1890)
# Don Pedro

Don Pedro may refer to:
* Don Pedro (play), a play by Richard Cumberland
* Don Pedro (Shakespeare character), a character in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing
* Don Pedro Cleto Colaco, fictional character in the Indian film Finding Fanny (2014), played by Pankaj Kapoor
* Don Pedro (card game), an Anglo-Irish card game
* Don Pedro de Pommidore, a fictional characters, and main antagonist, in the 1965 children's book The Abduction of Balthazar Sponge by Stanisław Pagaczewski, and the 1969 animated series of the same name

## Places

* Don Pedro Dam, California
* Don Pedro Reservoir, California
* Don Pedro Island, Florida
# 2015 El Fahs train accident

On 16 June 2015, a collision took place between a train and a lorry, in El Fahs, Tunisia, resulting in 19 deaths and 98 injuries. The main cause of the accident was the lack of a barrier at the level crossing.
# F. S. C. Driffield

Frederick Simeon Carus Driffield (1825 – 18 June 1889) was a businessman in the early days of the colony of South Australia.

## History

Frederick Driffield was born at Prescot, Lancashire, the sixth son of the Rev. Charles George Townshend Driffield, Vicar of Prescot. He was a cousin of General Sir Arnold Kemball.
He was educated for the Church, and afterwards qualified to go out to China as a teataster. Instead, he emigrated to South Australia with a younger brother and J. Hamilton Parr in the ship Posthumous, arriving in June 1849. Shortly after their arrival they built the Knowsley flourmill, near Woodside and supported John Baker in his successful 1851 bid for the South Australian Legislative Council seat of Mount Barker. They were brought to financial ruin with the exodus to the Victorian diggings and were compelled to join the rush. Driffield returned to Woodside in 1853 after enjoying some success prospecting at Ovens, Victoria.
* He was appointed Secretary of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society in 1866, which position he held for some nine or ten years.
* In 1866 he founded the highly successful West Adelaide Building Society.
* He was for many years Secretary to the Adelaide branch of Lloyd's of London, which he remodelled as the Adelaide Marine and Fire Assurance Company.
* He was appointed Secretary of the Adelaide Chamber of Commerce.
An employee, John Creswell, took over the business and also succeeded him (though not immediately) as Secretary of both the Chamber of Commerce and the Agricultural Society. Creswell was succeeded in both roles by J. A. Riley; all three capably and for considerable periods.

## Family

He married Jane McMinn ( – 28 June 1914) on 22 January 1856; they had one daughter and six sons.
# From Court to Capital

From Court to Capital: A Tentative Interpretation of the Origins of the Japanese Urban Tradition is a 1978 non-fiction book by Paul Wheatley and Thomas See, published by The University of Chicago Press.
The book describes Japan prior to urbanization, which means Japan before the first state government was formed. The book uses the same analysis used in The Pivot of Four Quarters, but it describes Japanese urban planning instead of Chinese urban planning.
Roy Andrew Miller stated that the book does not indicate which author had written which portions and/or had done which tasks, and he stated he felt confusion when the book talked in a first person voice.

## Contents

The initial portion of the book is about the question of where Japan's urbanization originated from and how urbanization occurs. The bulk of the book describes and analyzes archaeological information, Japanese literature, and Chinese articles.

## Reception

Miller criticized the book's scholarly interpretations and translations of ancient literature from China, arguing that existing translations "if consulted, would immediately show where they have gone wrong." Miller also stated that the authors should have "unsupported readings of such texts" with erroneous conclusions, as well as improper interpretations of Japanese texts, which "fare even worse", inconsistent romanization of Japanese, and improper usage of English terms. In sum Miller stated: "their control of over two-thirds of these sources is woefully inadequate". Miller overall argued that there were "the many different ways in which Wheatley & See's new book disappoints our reasonable expectations for a publication issued by the distinguished press of one of our major universities."
Charles Dunn, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, praised the book as being "a satisfactory contribution" due to content being "fully documented and analysed", despite the premise not being "original".
M. A. Morgan of the University of Bristol described the book as having an "impressive scholarly structure" in which "it is unlikely the integrity and overall shape of the structure will be seriously challenged for a generation."
Marwyn Samuels of the University of British Columbia praised the authors for having "courage (some might call it chutzpa [sic])" of covering a historical period with "wide gaps in our knowledge". The reviewer praised chapter 2, "The Rise of the Ceremonial Center," stating "this chapter alone justifies the volume[...]"
# Eucalyptus thamnoides

Eucalyptus thamnoides, also known as brown mallee,$^{:A3}$ is a species of mallee that is endemic to south western Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, cream-coloured to pale yellow flowers and cup-shaped, conical or bell-shaped fruit.

## Description

Eucalyptus thamnoides is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 1.5–6 m (4 ft 11 in – 19 ft 8 in) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, pale grey bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull green to greyish, lance-shaped leaves that are 40–105 mm (1.6–4.1 in) long and 12–30 mm (0.47–1.18 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, lance-shaped, 50–105 mm (2.0–4.1 in) long and 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on a flattened, unbranched peduncle 8–25 mm (0.31–0.98 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long. Mature buds are an elongated oval shape, 13–16 mm (0.51–0.63 in) long and 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) wide with a horn-shaped operculum up to twice as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs from March to July or November and the flowers are cream-coloured to pale yellow. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped, conical or bell-shaped capsule 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long and 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) wide with the valves near rim level or protruding.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus thamnoides was first formally described in 2002 by Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper in the journal Nuytsia from specimens collected by Brooker near Needilup in 1988. The specific epithet (thamnoides) is derived from the ancient Greek word thamnos meaning "a bush or shrub" with the ending -oides meaning "like", referring to the habit of this species, in contrast to that of E. astringens.
In the same edition of Nuytsia, Brooker and Hooper described two subspecies, and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
* Eucalyptus thamnoides subsp. megista Brooker & Hopper differs from the autonym in having larger flower buds and fruit that are up to 12 mm (0.47 in) long and 10 mm (0.39 in) wide;
* Eucalyptus thamnoides Brooker & Hopper subsp. thamnoides has fruit that are 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) in diameter.

## Distribution and habitat

Subspecies megista grows on plains and low rises but not on breakaways and occurs between Quairading, the Stirling Range, Cranbrook and Hopetoun. Subspecies thamnoides grows on plains, breakaways, low stony hills and near rivers from near Gnowangerup to the Stirling Range National Park and Jerramungup.

## Conservation status

Eucalyptus thamnoides and both subspecies are listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# Bede Vincent Heather

Bede Vincent Heather (7 December 1928 – 25 February 2021) was an Australian Roman Catholic bishop.
Heather was born in Australia and was ordained to the priesthood in 1951. He served as titular bishop of Obbi and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney, Australia, from 1979 to 1986 and as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parramatta from 1986 to 1997.
# Florian Seer

Florian Seer (born 1976) is a retired Austrian alpine skier.
He won the gold medal in slalom at the 1995 Junior World Championships. He made his World Cup debut in December 1996 in Madonna di Campiglio. Several years later he collected his first World Cup points, finishing 21st in a Todtnau slalom. He found consistent form in 2000–01 and improved to a 9th place in November 2000 in Park City, a 5th place in December 2000 in Sestriere and 4th place in January 2001 in Wengen. Seer remained a consistent top-25 finisher until January 2003. His last World Cup outing came in January 2004 in Kitzbühel.
He represented the sports club SC Elsbethen/Salzburg.
# 1970–71 Serie A (ice hockey) season

The 1970–71 Serie A season was the 37th season of the Serie A, the top level of ice hockey in Italy. Six teams participated in the league, and SG Cortina won the championship.

## Regular season

| | Club | Pts |
| 1. | SG Cortina | 20 |
| 2. | HC Gherdëina | 14 |
| 3. | HC Alleghe | 11 |
| 4. | HC Bolzano | 8 |
| 5. | Auronzo | 4 |
| 6. | Asiago Hockey | 3 |
# DAFI Fund

The DAFI Fund is a UNHCR scholarship program for refugees through the Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative Fund (DAFI).

## Funding

Funding for this program is provided by the Federal Government of Germany since 1992.

## Background

Since the 1990s, through the Windle Trust Uganda, the DAFI Fund has supported scholarships for refugees, internally displaced, marginalized and conflict-affected communities in Sudan and South Sudan.
The DAFI program caters for refugees throughout the country especially those from South Sudan, Sudan, Kenya, Congo among others.
Widle Trust International has been UNHCR's implementing partner for the DAFI (Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative) scholarship programme, supported by the German Government since 2005. The DAFI programme is also managed by the Windle Trusts in Kenya and Uganda.
# 2015 Electra Israel Open

The 2015 Electra Israel Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 4th edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. This marked the return of the tournament, which was last held in 2010. It took place in Ra'anana, Israel between 31 March and 5 April.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| SLO | Blaž Kavčič | 88 | 1 |
| SVK | Lukáš Lacko | 99 | 2 |
| SLO | Blaž Rola | 101 | 3 |
| TUR | Marsel İlhan | 102 | 4 |
| ISR | Dudi Sela | 112 | 5 |
| FRA | Lucas Pouille | 114 | 6 |
| KAZ | Aleksandr Nedovyesov | 118 | 7 |
| RUS | Alexander Kudryavtsev | 128 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of March 23, 2015

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Bar Tzuf Botzer
* Amir Weintraub
* Laslo Đere
* Tal Goldengoren
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Iñigo Cervantes
* Andrea Arnaboldi
* Matteo Viola
* Karen Khachanov

## Champions
### Singles

* Nikoloz Basilashvili def. Lukáš Lacko, 4–6, 6–4, 6–3

### Doubles

* Mate Pavić / Michael Venus def. Rameez Junaid / Adil Shamasdin, 6–1, 6–4
# Aspergillus egyptiacus

Aspergillus egyptiacus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Cavernicolus section. The species was first described in 1972. It was isolated from sandy soil in Egypt.

## Growth and morphology

A. egyptiacus has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
* Aspergillus egyptiacus growing on CYA plate
* Aspergillus egyptiacus growing on MEAOX plate