# Cronquist system

The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) (see Bibliography).
Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida.

## The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants 1968 (monocots)

Class Liliatae (Monocotyledoneae)
* Subclass Alismatidae (4 orders)
** Order Alismatales
** Order Hydrocharitales
** Order Najadales
** Order Triuridales
* Subclass Commelinidae (8 orders)
** Order Commelinales
** Order Eriocaulales
** Order Restionales
** Order Juncales
** Order Cyperales
** Order Typhales
** Order Bromeliales
** Order Zingiberales
* Subclass Arecidae (4 orders)
** Order Arecales
** Order Cyclanthales
** Order Pandanales
** Order Arales
* Subclass Liliidae (2 orders)
** Order Liliales
*** Family Philydraceae
*** Family Pontederiaceae
*** Family Liliaceae (Alluaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Colchicaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Melanthiaceae, Petermanniaceae, Philesiaceae, Ruscaceae, Trilliaceae)
*** Family Iridaceae
*** Family Agavaceae
*** Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
*** Family Velloziaceae
*** Family Haemodoraceae (Tecophilaeceae)
*** Family Taccaceae
*** Family Cyanastraceae
*** Family Stemonaceae (Roxburghiaceae)
*** Family Smilacaceae
*** Family Dioscoreaceae (Stenomeridaceae, Trichopodaceae)
** Order Orchidales
*** Family Geosiridaceae
*** Family Burmanniaceae (Thismiaceae)
*** Family Corsiaceae
*** Family Orchidaceae (Apostasiaceae)

## An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants 1981
### Class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)

* Subclass Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots)
** Order Magnoliales
*** Winteraceae
*** Degeneriaceae
*** Himantandraceae
*** Eupomatiaceae
*** Austrobaileyaceae
*** Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)
*** Lactoridaceae
*** Annonaceae
*** Myristicaceae
*** Canellaceae
** Order Laurales
*** Amborellaceae
*** Trimeniaceae
*** Monimiaceae
*** Gomortegaceae
*** Calycanthaceae
*** Idiospermaceae (now part of Calycanthaceae)
*** Lauraceae (laurel family)
*** Hernandiaceae
** Order Piperales
*** Chloranthaceae
*** Saururaceae
*** Piperaceae (pepper family)
** Order Aristolochiales
*** Aristolochiaceae
** Order Illiciales
*** Illiciaceae
*** Schisandraceae
** Order Nymphaeales
*** Nelumbonaceae (lotus family)
*** Nymphaeaceae (waterlily family)
*** Barclayaceae
*** Cabombaceae
*** Ceratophyllaceae
** Order Ranunculales
*** Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
*** Circaeasteraceae
*** Berberidaceae
*** Sargentodoxaceae
*** Lardizabalaceae
*** Menispermaceae
*** Coriariaceae
*** Sabiaceae
** Order Papaverales
*** Papaveraceae (poppy family)
*** Fumariaceae
* Subclass Hamamelidae [sic: correctly Hamamelididae]
** Order Trochodendrales
*** Tetracentraceae
*** Trochodendraceae
** Order Hamamelidales
*** Cercidiphyllaceae
*** Eupteleaceae
*** Platanaceae
*** Hamamelidaceae
*** Myrothamnaceae
** Order Daphniphyllales
*** Daphniphyllaceae
** Order Didymelales
*** Didymelaceae
** Order Eucommiales
*** Eucommiaceae
** Order Urticales
*** Barbeyaceae
*** Ulmaceae
*** Cannabaceae (cannabis family)
*** Moraceae (mulberry family)
*** Cecropiaceae
*** Urticaceae
** Order Leitneriales
*** Leitneriaceae
** Order Juglandales
*** Rhoipteleaceae
*** Juglandaceae
** Order Myricales
*** Myricaceae
** Order Fagales
*** Balanopaceae
*** Ticodendraceae
*** Fagaceae
*** Nothofagaceae
*** Betulaceae
** Order Casuarinales
*** Casuarinaceae
* Subclass Caryophyllidae
** Order Caryophyllales
*** Phytolaccaceae
*** Achatocarpaceae
*** Nyctaginaceae
*** Aizoaceae
*** Didiereaceae
*** Cactaceae (cactus family)
*** Chenopodiaceae
*** Amaranthaceae
*** Portulacaceae
*** Basellaceae
*** Molluginaceae
*** Caryophyllaceae
** Order Polygonales
*** Polygonaceae
** Order Plumbaginales
*** Plumbaginaceae
* Subclass Dilleniidae
** Order Dilleniales
*** Dilleniaceae
*** Paeoniaceae
** Order Theales
*** Ochnaceae
*** Sphaerosepalaceae
*** Sarcolaenaceae
*** Dipterocarpaceae
*** Caryocaraceae
*** Theaceae (tea family)
*** Actinidiaceae (kiwi family)
*** Scytopetalaceae
*** Pentaphylacaceae
*** Tetrameristaceae
*** Pellicieraceae
*** Oncothecaceae
*** Marcgraviaceae
*** Quiinaceae
*** Elatinaceae
*** Paracryphiaceae
*** Medusagynaceae
*** Clusiaceae
** Order Malvales
*** Elaeocarpaceae
*** Tiliaceae
*** Sterculiaceae
*** Bombacaceae
*** Malvaceae (mallow family)
** Order Lecythidales
*** Lecythidaceae
** Order Nepenthales
*** Sarraceniaceae
*** Nepenthaceae
*** Droseraceae
** Order Violales
*** Flacourtiaceae
*** Peridiscaceae
*** Bixaceae
*** Cistaceae (rock rose family)
*** Huaceae
*** Lacistemataceae
*** Scyphostegiaceae
*** Stachyuraceae
*** Violaceae (violet family)
*** Tamaricaceae (tamarix family)
*** Frankeniaceae
*** Dioncophyllaceae
*** Ancistrocladaceae
*** Turneraceae
*** Malesherbiaceae
*** Passifloraceae (passionflower family)
*** Achariaceae
*** Caricaceae (papaya family)
*** Fouquieriaceae
*** Hoplestigmataceae
*** Cucurbitaceae (squash family)
*** Datiscaceae
*** Begoniaceae
*** Loasaceae
** Order Salicales
*** Salicaceae
** Order Capparales
*** Tovariaceae
*** Capparaceae
*** Brassicaceae (mustard family)
*** Moringaceae
*** Resedaceae
** Order Batales
*** Gyrostemonaceae
*** Bataceae
** Order Ericales
*** Cyrillaceae
*** Clethraceae
*** Grubbiaceae
*** Empetraceae
*** Epacridaceae
*** Ericaceae
*** Pyrolaceae
*** Monotropaceae
** Order Diapensiales
*** Diapensiaceae
** Order Ebenales
*** Sapotaceae
*** Ebenaceae
*** Styracaceae
*** Lissocarpaceae
*** Symplocaceae
** Order Primulales
*** Theophrastaceae
*** Myrsinaceae
*** Primulaceae (primula family)
* Subclass Rosidae
** Order Rosales
*** Brunelliaceae
*** Connaraceae
*** Eucryphiaceae
*** Cunoniaceae
*** Davidsoniaceae
*** Dialypetalanthaceae
*** Pittosporaceae
*** Byblidaceae
*** Hydrangeaceae
*** Columelliaceae
*** Grossulariaceae
*** Greyiaceae
*** Bruniaceae
*** Anisophylleaceae
*** Alseuosmiaceae
*** Crassulaceae
*** Cephalotaceae
*** Saxifragaceae
*** Rosaceae (rose family)
*** Neuradaceae
*** Crossosomataceae
*** Chrysobalanaceae
*** Surianaceae
*** Rhabdodendraceae
** Order Fabales
*** Mimosaceae (mimosa family)
*** Caesalpiniaceae
*** Fabaceae (legume/pea family)
** Order Proteales
*** Elaeagnaceae
*** Proteaceae
** Order Podostemales
*** Podostemaceae
** Order Haloragales
*** Haloragaceae
*** Gunneraceae
** Order Myrtales
*** Sonneratiaceae
*** Lythraceae
*** Penaeaceae
*** Crypteroniaceae
*** Thymelaeaceae
*** Trapaceae
*** Myrtaceae (myrtle family)
*** Punicaceae
*** Onagraceae
*** Oliniaceae
*** Melastomataceae
*** Combretaceae
*** Alzateaceae
*** Memecylaceae
*** Rhyncocalycaceae
** Order Rhizophorales
*** Rhizophoraceae
** Order Cornales
*** Alangiaceae
*** Nyssaceae
*** Cornaceae
*** Garryaceae
** Order Santalales
*** Medusandraceae
*** Dipentodontaceae
*** Olacaceae
*** Opiliaceae
*** Santalaceae
*** Misodendraceae
*** Loranthaceae
*** Viscaceae
*** Eremolepidaceae
*** Balanophoraceae
** Order Rafflesiales
*** Hydnoraceae
*** Mitrastemonaceae
*** Rafflesiaceae (rafflesia family)
** Order Celastrales
*** Geissolomataceae
*** Celastraceae
*** Hippocrateaceae
*** Stackhousiaceae
*** Salvadoraceae
*** Aquifoliaceae
*** Icacinaceae
*** Aextoxicaceae
*** Cardiopteridaceae
*** Corynocarpaceae
*** Dichapetalaceae
*** Tepuianthaceae
** Order Euphorbiales
*** Buxaceae (box family)
*** Simmondsiaceae
*** Pandaceae
*** Euphorbiaceae
** Order Rhamnales
*** Rhamnaceae
*** Leeaceae
*** Vitaceae (grape family)
** Order Linales
*** Erythroxylaceae
*** Humiriaceae
*** Ixonanthaceae
*** Hugoniaceae
*** Linaceae
** Order Polygalales
*** Malpighiaceae
*** Vochysiaceae
*** Trigoniaceae
*** Tremandraceae
*** Polygalaceae
*** Xanthophyllaceae
*** Krameriaceae
** Order Sapindales
*** Staphyleaceae
*** Melianthaceae
*** Bretschneideraceae
*** Akaniaceae
*** Sapindaceae
*** Hippocastanaceae
*** Aceraceae
*** Burseraceae
*** Anacardiaceae (cashew family)
*** Julianiaceae
*** Simaroubaceae
*** Cneoraceae
*** Meliaceae
*** Rutaceae (citrus family)
*** Zygophyllaceae
** Order Geraniales
*** Oxalidaceae
*** Geraniaceae
*** Limnanthaceae
*** Tropaeolaceae
*** Balsaminaceae
** Order Apiales
*** Araliaceae
*** Apiaceae (carrot family)
* Subclass Asteridae
** Order Gentianales
*** Loganiaceae
*** Retziaceae
*** Gentianaceae
*** Saccifoliaceae
*** Apocynaceae
*** Asclepiadaceae
** Order Solanales
*** Duckeodendraceae
*** Nolanaceae
*** Solanaceae (nightshade/tomato family)
*** Convolvulaceae
*** Cuscutaceae
*** Menyanthaceae
*** Polemoniaceae
*** Hydrophyllaceae
*** Retziaceae
** Order Lamiales
*** Lennoaceae
*** Boraginaceae
*** Verbenaceae
*** Lamiaceae (mint family)
** Order Callitrichales
*** Hippuridaceae
*** Callitrichaceae
*** Hydrostachyaceae
** Order Plantaginales
*** Plantaginaceae
** Order Scrophulariales
*** Buddlejaceae
*** Oleaceae (olive family)
*** Scrophulariaceae
*** Globulariaceae
*** Myoporaceae
*** Orobanchaceae
*** Gesneriaceae
*** Acanthaceae
*** Pedaliaceae
*** Bignoniaceae
*** Mendonciaceae
*** Lentibulariaceae
** Order Campanulales
*** Pentaphragmataceae
*** Sphenocleaceae
*** Campanulaceae (bell flower family)
*** Stylidiaceae
*** Donatiaceae
*** Brunoniaceae
*** Goodeniaceae
** Order Rubiales
*** Rubiaceae (coffee family)
*** Theligonaceae
** Order Dipsacales
*** Caprifoliaceae
*** Adoxaceae
*** Valerianaceae
*** Dipsacaceae
** Order Calycerales
*** Calyceraceae
** Order Asterales
*** Asteraceae (sunflower family)

### Class Liliopsida (monocotyledons)

* Subclass Alismatidae
** Order Alismatales
*** Butomaceae
*** Limnocharitaceae
*** Alismataceae
** Order Hydrocharitales
*** Hydrocharitaceae
** Order Najadales
*** Aponogetonaceae
*** Scheuchzeriaceae
*** Juncaginaceae
*** Potamogetonaceae
*** Ruppiaceae
*** Najadaceae
*** Zannichelliaceae
*** Posidoniaceae
*** Cymodoceaceae
*** Zosteraceae
** Order Triuridales
*** Petrosaviaceae
*** Triuridaceae
* Subclass Arecidae
** Order Arecales
*** Arecaceae (palm family)
** Order Cyclanthales
*** Cyclanthaceae
** Order Pandanales
*** Pandanaceae (pandan family)
** Order Arales
*** Acoraceae
*** Araceae
*** Lemnaceae
* Subclass Commelinidae
** Order Commelinales
*** Rapateaceae
*** Xyridaceae
*** Mayacaceae
*** Commelinaceae
** Order Eriocaulales
*** Eriocaulaceae
** Order Restionales
*** Flagellariaceae
*** Joinvilleaceae
*** Restionaceae
*** Centrolepidaceae
** Order Juncales
*** Juncaceae
*** Thurniaceae
** Order Cyperales
*** Cyperaceae
*** Poaceae (grass family)
** Order Hydatellales
*** Hydatellaceae
** Order Typhales
*** Sparganiaceae
*** Typhaceae
* Subclass Zingiberidae
** Order Bromeliales
*** Bromeliaceae
** Order Zingiberales
*** Strelitziaceae
*** Heliconiaceae
*** Musaceae
*** Lowiaceae
*** Zingiberaceae (ginger family)
*** Costaceae
*** Cannaceae
*** Marantaceae
* Subclass Liliidae
** Order Liliales
*** Philydraceae
*** Pontederiaceae
*** Haemodoraceae
*** Cyanastraceae
*** Liliaceae (lily family)
*** Iridaceae (iris family)
*** Velloziaceae
*** Aloeaceae (aloe family)
*** Agavaceae
*** Xanthorrhoeaceae
*** Hanguanaceae
*** Taccaceae
*** Stemonaceae
*** Smilacaceae
*** Dioscoreaceae
** Order Orchidales
*** Geosiridaceae
*** Burmanniaceae
*** Corsiaceae
*** Orchidaceae (orchid family)