OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hydraulic containment

The word "hydraulic" originates from the Greek word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn stems from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for water) and αὐλός (aulos, meaning tube), and "containment" refers to the action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits. Thus, hydraulic containment is the attempt of confining the movement of any harmful fluid within a limit. In the pollution management sense, hydraulic containment is a technique used to control the movement of contaminated groundwater, preventing the continued expansion of the contaminated zone. It is the first step of pump and treat technology for environmental remediation.

## Description

The hydraulic containment process is accomplished by three major configurations:
* a pumping well alone;
* a subsurface drain combined with a pump well;
* a well within a barrier wall system: The configuration may involve continuous reactive barriers, funnel-and-gate systems, arrays of wells filled with reactive materials, injected systems.
The set-up of the underground water pumping wells and the pumping system are subjected on the characteristics of the site and type of containment and requires an effective design and operational effort to meet the goal of cleaning. After the 'containment' is done, according to the contamination type and extent, contaminated water can be treated by different conventional or modified physical, chemical or biological methods usually applied in waste water treatment facilities.

## Application

As part of pollution management work, this technique can be used to groundwater contaminated with different types dissolved materials, oils, explosives and dissolved metals.

## Benefits

* Conventional waste treatment methods can be implemented.
* Handling and management of the system is comparatively easy.
* After treatment, the water can be used (reused) again

## Limitations

The technique has some limitations. The pumping may put threat to lowering of groundwater level. Again, the operating costs can be expensive because of the labor-intensive requirements of the method.

## Biological

Trees possess the features to act like living pumps as it pulls water out of the ground for its physiological process. This feature attracted environmentalists and led them to think about the possibility of biological hydraulic containment.
Plants such as willow, sunflower, okra, most of the poplars (such as aspen and cottonwood), pull a large amount of capillary water out of the ground, which can be a useful property of some pollution management efforts and environmental engineering. Plants that draw water upwards through the soil into the roots and out through the plant decreases the movement of soluble contaminants downwards, deeper into the site and into the groundwater. Poplars, for example, take up large quantities of water, transpiring between 200 and 1100 liters daily. With the functional water table depression created, pollutants are drawn and then taken up for an additional treatment process.
# Forest ring

Forest rings are large, circular patterns of low tree density in the boreal forests of northern Canada. These rings can range from 50 metres (160 ft) to nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in diameter, with rims about 20 metres (66 ft) in thickness. The origin of forest rings is not known, despite several mechanisms for their creation having been proposed. Such hypotheses include radially growing fungus, buried kimberlite pipes, trapped gas pockets, and meteorite impact craters.

## History

Because of their large scale, forest rings are not apparent from the ground, and it was not until aerial photography became a common surveying tool in the 1950s that geologists began to notice them. The term "forest ring" was coined by The Ontario Geological Survey to differentiate the phenomenon from fairy rings.
Geobacter spp. and methanotrophs, such as Candidatus Methylomirabilis and Methylobacter, were highly abundant in samples from the 'Bean' and the 'Thorn North' ring, in Ontario, Canada.

## Hypothesis

Forest rings were originally thought to be caused by the radial growth of fungi within the root system of black spruce (Picea mariana), possibly the fungus Armillaria ostoyae. A ring would begin as a single point of infection and grow outward in all directions. Affected trees would die in the interior of the circle, and eventually new trees would grow in their place. The fungal mat would become ring-shaped and visible from above as a circular ring of stunted trees. The fungal hypothesis is no longer favoured as there is little compelling evidence to support it. Observations of forest rings in the Abitibi region of Quebec have found no evidence of mass tree mortality by a pathogen.
It was further hypothesized that bacteria, such as Geobacter, might be contributing to the ring formation. Their capability to form conducting nanowires or pili and to perform directional electron transport might contribute to a circular charge transfer from the electron-rich center of the ring towards the ring edges. The so-catalyzed oxidation processes increase acidity and dissolve carbonates, thus creating a depression, and, accordingly, the ring edge. Recent microbiological investigations indeed show a high abundance of Geobacter at the ring edge.

## Outside of Canada

Forest rings have also been reported in Russia and Australia.
# Georges Bellenger (engraver)

Georges Bellenger (1847–1915/18) was a French painter, lithographer, graphic artist and engraver. His brothers Clément and Albert were also engravers.
# Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan

Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan is a 1978 Hindi Language film, directed by Saeed Akhtar Mirza and starring Dilip Dhawan, Anjali Paigankar, Sriram Lagoo, Rohini Hattangadi, Satish Shah and Om Puri. The Film explores the life of a guy born with a silver spoon, but no talent as his businessman father.

## Plot

Arvind Desai (Dilip Dhawan) is the only son of a rich businessman (Shriram Lagoo), who deals in luxury handicrafts and products. His feelings for his father are mixed. While he hates the latter's dominating nature, he admires his power and lack of scruples. He has long discussions on art and politics with a Marxist friend Rajan (Om Puri), is seeing his father's secretary Alice (Anjali Paigankar) and sometimes he visits a prostitute, Fatima. Much against his wishes, his marriage is arranged to a girl from a high-class family that has just returned from Paris, much to the dismay of Alice's mother, who realizes that Alice was a pastime for Arvind and nothing more. Suresh Oberoi has done a cameo in this movie.
Arvind has no goal, throughout he's searching for something and is severely dissatisfied.
The film ends with the craftsman making carpets.

## Awards

1979 Filmfare Award Best Film - Critics Saeed Akhtar Mirza
# Gymnoscelis coquina

Gymnoscelis coquina is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by William Warren in 1897. It is found in Queensland, Australia.

## Description

The species is 18–20 millimetres (0.71–0.79 in) and has white coloured wing undersides. Its hindwings are greyish with black spots. The abdomen is pinkish.
# EMRS

EMRS may refer to:
* Emergency Medical Retrieval Service, Scotland
* Eklavya Model Residential School, an educational body of India
# Droisy

Droisy is the name of several communes in France:
* Droisy, Eure
* Droisy, Haute-Savoie
# Mansur al-Buhuti

Shaykh Manṣūr Ibn Yūnus Al-Buhūtī (c. 1592 – July 1641), better known as al-Buhūtī, was an Egyptian Islamic theologian and jurist. He espoused the Hanbali school of Islam and is widely considered to be the final editor and commentator (Khātimat-al-Muḥaqiqīn). His legal writings are considered well-researched and concise, and are still studied and highly revered in Hanbali circles in Saudi Arabia, Syria, Qatar, Kuwait, and Egypt. From his most notable works is al-Rawd Al Murbi’ Sharh Zād Al Mustaqni which is studied by intermediate students of Hanbali jurisprudence.
He also wrote commentaries on advanced works of jurisprudence, such as Sharh Al Muntahā, and Kashhaf al-Qina, as well as an abridged text for beginners entitled Umdat at-Talib.
He was born in Buhut, Egypt in 1591 and died in Cairo in July 1641, at the age of 51.
# Etha

Etha may refer to:
* Saint Etha, an alternate name of the 5th-century Cornish Saint Tetha
* Etna, Nebraska, formerly known as "Etha"
* Etha (wasp), a genus of wasps
ETHA may refer to:
Etha may refer to: Ethan
# Bay Shore Beach

37°3′17″N 76°17′8.9″W﻿ / ﻿37.05472°N 76.285806°W﻿ / 37.05472; -76.285806
Bay Shore Beach was a beach that existed adjacent to Buckroe Beach in Hampton, Virginia in the 20th century. It was founded in 1898 by several African-American businessmen. The beach was one of the most popular resort and vacation destinations in the Mid-Atlantic region for African-Americans. In addition to standard beach activities, hotels, and restaurants, Bay Shore also had an amusement park. The beach was in its prime of popularity from 1898 until 1933 when a Hurricane devastated the coast. Both "sides" of the beach, (Bay Shore & Buckroe) were respectively rebuilt, however, Bay Shore may not have been built back to its former heights, although it continued to remain popular.
Frank D. Banks, an administrator at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, led the effort to develop beachfront property on the Chesapeake Bay. Head bookkeeper at Hampton Institute, Banks helped organize People's Savings and Loan in 1888. He also helped establish the Hampton Supply Company. Banks formed the Bay Shore Hotel Company with a group of local leaders that included John Mallory Phillips and Robert Moton. Phillips operated a seafood business on the Hampton River. Moton also was an administrator at Hampton Institute.
After the hurricane, Charles H. Williams led the effort to redevelop the property. Another key figure in the rebuilding effort was Lawrence Barbour, a Hampton graduate who was an executive at People's Building and Loan Association. Williams served as president of the New Bay Shore Hotel Corporation and managed the property for many years.
Bay Shore beach ceased to exist by the early 1970s. Buckroe Beach, its white counterpart, continues to exist although its golden era ended with the upstart of Virginia Beach located in the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Currently, the property that was once Bay Shore Beach has been privately developed to various degrees by developers.
# Highfield, New Zealand

Highfield is a suburb of Timaru, in the South Canterbury district and Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island.

## Economy
### Retail

The Highfield Village Mall includes a New World supermarket.

## Demographics

Highfield covers 2.36 km$^2$ (0.91 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 3,640 as of June 2023, with a population density of 1,542 people per km$^2$.
Highfield had a population of 3,609 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 189 people (5.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 81 people (2.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,473 households, comprising 1,650 males and 1,959 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.84 males per female, with 600 people (16.6%) aged under 15 years, 546 (15.1%) aged 15 to 29, 1,545 (42.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 924 (25.6%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 91.2% European/Pākehā, 6.5% Māori, 1.4% Pasifika, 4.3% Asian, and 2.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 14.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 45.7% had no religion, 45.0% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 555 (18.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 636 (21.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 504 people (16.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,308 (43.5%) people were employed full-time, 486 (16.2%) were part-time, and 78 (2.6%) were unemployed.
Individual statistical areas :
| Name | Area (km$^2$) | Population | Density (per km$^2$) | Households | Median age | Median income |
| Highfield North | 1.41 | 2,358 | 1,672 | 963 | 51.1 years | $28,400 |
| Highfield South | 0.95 | 1,251 | 1,317 | 510 | 40.8 years | $30,400 |
| New Zealand | | | | | 37.4 years | $31,800 |

## Education

Highfield School is a coeducational primary serving years 1 to 8 with a roll of 315. The school was established in 1962.
Craighead Diocesan School is a statae-integrated girls' secondary school serving years 7 to 13 with a roll of 420. The school was established in 1911, and became an Anglican Church school in 1926.
Rolls are as of August 2024.
# Gerhard Schmidt (biochemist)

Gerhard Schmidt (26 December 1901 – 30 April 1981) was a German-born physician and biochemist who was regarded as "a world authority on nucleic acids and phospholipids."

## Career
### Life in Germany

He was born in Stuttgart, where his father Julius Schmidt was a professor of chemistry at the University of Stuttgart. He studied medicine at the University of Tübingen and the Goethe University Frankfurt, and earned a doctorate at the Goethe University under the supervision of the university's then-rector Gustav Embden in 1926. He then worked as a research assistant and as a Privatdozent at the Goethe University's department of biochemistry and at the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, where he was a collaborator and protégé of the institute's director and rector of the Goethe University Bernhard Fischer-Wasels. Following the Nazi takeover of Germany, he immediately faced persecution due to his Jewish background. Herman Kalckar notes:
   The Nazis confronted the chairman of the pathology department, Dr. Fischer-Wasels, and accused the young "Jewish doctor" Gerhard Schmidt of falsifying the findings of the autopsy. Since Gerhard was engaged exclusively in medical research and had no responsibility whatsoever for autopsies, Fischer-Wasels immediately suspected a plot and with deep sorrow urged Schmidt to leave Nazi Germany. At first, Gerhard found the accusations too absurd to be alarmed. But finally, when Fischer-Wasels insisted on accompanying him to the next train for Switzerland, Gerhard became convinced of the imminent danger of the conspiracy. With only a few belongings (perhaps including his beloved cello), he left Germany for neutral Switzerland.

### Refugee and life in the United States

Schmidt spent the next two years as a refugee in Italy and Sweden, where he worked at the University of Naples, the University of Stockholm and the University of Florence.
In 1935 he received a Carnegie Foundation Research Fellowship for Displaced German Scholars at Queen's University at Kingston in Canada. In 1937 he joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City and the following year the Washington University School of Medicine. In 1940 he became a research associate at the Tufts University School of Medicine where he spent the rest of his career, from 1948 as a research professor and from 1955 as a professor of biochemistry.
He "made a ground-breaking discovery regarding the development of nucleic acid metabolism, introducing a quantitative method for determining DNA and RNA in tissues. The simplicity and reliability of the method continues to play an important role in molecular biology research."
He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1976.
# Arvind Gokhale

Aravind Gokhale (1919 - 1992) was a Marathi writer of short stories. He hailed from Maharashtra, India.
Aravind Gokhale received his M.Sc. in Botany from Bombay University. He received his M.S. in Agricultural Journalism from Wisconsin University. He taught and conducted research in Economic Botany for 20 years at the College of Agriculture in Poona. He later worked as a Fertilizer Executive with a firm in Bombay, The Dharamsi Morarji Chemical Co. Ltd. He lived in both Bombay (where he worked) and Poona (where his family lived).
He was one of the pioneers of the modern Marathi short story. He had written over 300 short stories in Marathi, collected in 20 books, by 1965. His stories have been translated in most of the Indian and European languages. He was the Editor of "Pick of the Year" a Marathi annual of short stories.
He received State Awards for three successive years for best short story collections.
He was awarded a prize (shared) for the best short story in an Afro-Asian Short Story competition organized by the London-based Encounter magazine.}
He has written numerous film scripts, radio skits and a travelogue on the U.S.

## Authorship

Gokhale wrote 25 collections of his short stories. The following are some of them:
* Najarana (1944)
* Maher (1949)
* Mithila (1959)
* Anamika (1961)
* Nakoshi (1977)
* Mukta
* Manjula
* Rikta
# Gymnoscelis derogata

Gymnoscelis derogata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, the north-eastern Himalayas, Sulawesi, New Guinea and in Queensland.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Macadamia species.

## Subspecies

* Gymnoscelis derogata derogata (Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Himalaya)
* Gymnoscelis derogata abrogata Prout, 1958 (New Guinea)
* Gymnoscelis derogata griseifusa Prout, 1958 (Sulawesi)
# Droit

A droit (French for right or Law) is a legal title, claim or due.

## Droits of admiralty (English law)

The term is used in English law in the phrase "droits of admiralty". This refers to certain customary rights or perquisites, formerly belonging to the Lord High Admiral, but now to the crown, for public purposes and paid into the Exchequer. These droits (see also wreck) consisted of flotsam, jetsam, ligan - (goods or wreckage on the sea bed that is attached to a buoy so that it can be recovered), treasure, deodand, derelict (maritime), within the admiral's jurisdiction; all fines, forfeitures, ransoms, recognizances and pecuniary punishments; all sturgeons, whales, porpoises, dolphins, grampuses and such large fishes; all ships and goods of the enemy coming into any creek, road or port, by durance or mistake; all ships seized at sea, salvage, etc., with the share of prizes such shares being afterwards called "tenths", in imitation of the French, who gave their admiral a droit de dixième. The droits of admiralty were definitely surrendered for the benefit of the public by Prince George of Denmark, when Lord High Admiral of England in 1702. American law does not recognize any such droits, and the disposition of captured property is regulated by various acts of Congress.

## Other legal connexions (French law, etc.)

The term droit is also used in various legal connexions (i.e., French law), such as the droit of angary, the droit d'achat (right of pre-emption) in the case of contraband, the feudal droit de bris (see wreck), the droit de regale or ancient royal privilege of claiming the revenues and patronage of a vacant bishopric, and the feudal droites of seignory generally.
In French, droit can mean the whole body of the Law, as in the motto "dieu et mon droit", which is to say "God and my whole body of Law." Droit d'auteur is a term for French copyright law.
# 2005–06 Czech 1. Liga season

The 2005–06 Czech 1.liga season was the 13th season of the Czech 1.liga, the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic. 14 teams participated in the league, and HC Slovan Usti nad Labem won the championship.

## Regular season

| | Club | GP | W | OTW | T | OTL | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem | 52 | 31 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 167:94 | 106 |
| 2. | HC Dukla Jihlava | 52 | 27 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 16 | 149:117 | 93 |
| 3. | BK Mladá Boleslav | 52 | 28 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 18 | 148:109 | 92 |
| 4. | HC Kometa Brno | 52 | 27 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 18 | 135:120 | 90 |
| 5. | HC Havířov | 52 | 28 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 21 | 145:137 | 88 |
| 6. | KLH Chomutov | 52 | 25 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 18 | 154:120 | 86 |
| 7. | HC Hradec Králové | 52 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 20 | 144:121 | 85 |
| 8. | HC Olomouc | 52 | 23 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 21 | 123:130 | 78 |
| 9. | HC Sareza Ostrava | 52 | 17 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 24 | 117:140 | 66 |
| 10. | HC Berounští Medvědi | 52 | 17 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 22 | 104:134 | 65 |
| 11. | SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč | 52 | 17 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 24 | 118:125 | 64 |
| 12. | SK Kadaň | 52 | 15 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 24 | 89:121 | 61 |
| 13. | HC Prostějov | 52 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 34 | 120:185 | 45 |
| 14. | TJ Slovan Jindřichův Hradec | 52 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 32 | 92:152 | 40 |

## Playoffs
### Quarterfinals

* HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem – HC Olomouc 4:0 (4:1, 8:2, 3:1, 3:1)
* HC Dukla Jihlava – HC Hradec Králové 2:4 (5:4 SN, 2:4, 3:2, 2:3, 4:5 P, 0:4)
* BK Mladá Boleslav – KLH Chomutov 4:0 (3:0, 1:0, 3:2 SN, 2:1)
* HC Kometa Brno – HC Havířov 1:4 (4:3, 1:3, 2:3, 0:3, 0:1)

### Semifinals

* HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem – HC Hradec Králové 3:0 (4:1, 1:0, 4:1)
* BK Mladá Boleslav – HC Havířov 3:0 (3:1, 7:3, 2:1)

### Final

* HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem – BK Mladá Boleslav 3:1 (0:6, 3:1, 2:0, 4:2)

## Relegation

| | Club | GP | W | OTW | T | OTL | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 1. | HC Prostějov | 8 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 28 | 20 | 16 |
| 2. | HC Havlíčkův Brod | 8 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 25 | 19 | 15 |
| 3. | VSK Technika Brno | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 20 | 22 | 11 |
| 4. | TJ Slovan Jindřichův Hradec | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 20 | 19 | 10 |
| 5. | IHC Písek | 8 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 29 | 8 |
# Caretta, West Virginia

Caretta is an unincorporated community located in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. Caretta was named for the transposed syllables in the name of Mrs. Etta Carter, the wife of George Lafayette Carter. It is the only place in the United States with this name.
This coal town was originally owned first by The Virginia Pocahontas Coal Company, then by the Carter Coal Company, and the final operators in Caretta were the Consolidation Coal Company.
Caretta is home to the Big Creek People in Action, an organization founded in 1990 by citizens of McDowell County in order to improve the local quality of life. The organization also boasts partnerships with numerous colleges, churches, and other groups who volunteer in the area.
Caretta's coal mine was connected to the mine in nearby Coalwood, made famous in the book Rocket Boys.
The Carter Coal Company Store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
# Esther Alzaibar

Esther Alzaibar (28 August 1930 – 26 January 2022) was a Puerto Rican and Venezuelan ceramic artist. She was a ceramics professor in Caracas-Venezuela at the Institute Neumann from 1972 to 1976 and also taught at the School of Cristobal Rojas from 1974 to 1976. She is seen as a pioneer for the art of ceramics, by being one of the founders of the Venezuelan Association of the Arts of Fire (Fuego) and for the significant pieces that are a part of the heritage of the Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas.
Alzaibar founded an institution for teaching ceramics: the Ceramic School Workshop in 1973 and worked for 37 years. Alzaibar first began doing ceramics when she divorced her husband with four children. One of Alzaibar's friends recommended ceramics as a therapeutic method to alleviate her devastation from the divorce.
She died on 26 January 2022, at the age of 91.

## Notable exhibitions

In 1974, she participated in the exhibition "Ceramistas de Venezuela."
In 1975, "Handcrafted and industrial women" (Palacio de las Industrias, Caracas) featured a selection of her work. In 1977, she participated in the collective "Ceramic Workshop" at the MACC. In 1985, she exhibited with Renate Pozo and participated in the VI and VII National Hall of Fire Arts (Valencia, Edo. Carabobo, 1978 and 1979) and in the XII and XIII Fire Arts Exhibition in the Sala Mendoza (1979 and 1980).

## Works

Alzaibar initially worked on closed forms of oval and cylindrical shape ceramics, which often turned into bowls and vessels. However, as she got deeper into her career, she began to create murals with carved clay.