OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canada (Director of Investigation and Research) v Southam Inc

Canada (Director of Investigation and Research) v Southam Inc, [1997] 1 S.C.R. 748 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on judicial review. In this case the Court first set out the standard of review of "reasonableness simpliciter", which directs the court to only review decisions that are "not supported by any reasons that can stand up to a somewhat probing examination".

## Background

Southam Inc. purchased a number of small newspapers in the Vancouver region. The Competition Bureau investigated the purchase as a violation of the Competition Act. The Competition Tribunal held that Southam violated section 92 of the Competition Act and ordered the company to sell off one of the papers. The Tribunal found that the newspapers were not in the same market with regards to print advertising markets. There was a decrease of competition in real estate advertising and not the retail advertising market.
Southam appealed under section 13 of the Act to the Federal Court of Appeal. The Federal Court of Appeal held that it owed no deference to the Tribunal's finding that the markets were not the same and so it substituted its own findings that the markets were the same. The Court refused to set aside the remedy that had been ordered.
The issue before the Supreme Court was whether the Tribunal warranted any deference by the reviewing court.

## Judgment

Justice Iacobucci, writing for a unanimous Court, held that the appeal should be allowed but the remedy should stay.
Iacobucci J. considered four factors to determine the standard of review from Pezim v. British Columbia (Superintendent of Brokers). There was a statutory right of appeal but no privative clause, so the first factor indicated less deference; however, the absence of a privative clause was not determinative. In his view, the issue was one of mixed fact and law that was based on the balancing of interests, so the courts should be reluctant to re-examine the evidence. Iacobucci considered the purpose of the Act, which he stated was to encourage and promote competition and equality among companies. In his view this purpose was more economic policy than law and so suggests greater deference. Finally, he considered the expertise of the Tribunal, which he considered to be the most important factor. He found the Tribunal had expertise in matters of economics and commerce which were critical in assessing the question before the Tribunal and this required the courts to defer to their skill and judgment.
With this analysis in mind, Iacobucci devised a standard of review in between "correctness" and "patent unreasonableness". A standard of "reasonableness simpliciter" was said to apply to decisions that are "not supported by any reasons that can stand up to a somewhat probing examination".
# Ampakine

Ampakines or AMPAkines are a subgroup of AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators with a benzamide or closely related chemical structure. They are also known as "CX compounds". Ampakines take their name from the AMPA receptor (AMPAR), a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor with which the ampakines interact and act as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of. Although all ampakines are AMPAR PAMs, not all AMPAR PAMs are ampakines.
They are currently being investigated as potential treatment for a range of conditions involving mental disability and disturbances such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, treatment-resistant depression (TRD) or neurological disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), among others.
More recently developed ampakine compounds are much more potent and selective for the AMPA receptor target, and while none of the newer selective ampakine compounds have yet come onto the market, various ampakines are in clinical trials.

## Development

A wide range of ampakines have been developed by RespireRx, which hold patents covering most medical uses of this class of drugs. The best known compounds that have come out of the RespireRx drug development program are CX-516 (Ampalex), CX-546, CX-614, CX-691 (farampator), and CX-717. ORG-26576 was developed by RespireRx but then licensed to Organon for development.
Several other compounds such as CX-701, CX-1739, CX-1763 and CX-1837 have also been announced as being under current investigation, and while little information has yet been released about them, CX-1739 is believed to be the most potent compound in this class to date, reportedly some 5x the potency of CX-717.
Presently, CX717 is in phase II clinical trials as a possible non-stimulant pharmacotherapy in the treatment of ADHD. As the AMPA receptors also mediate respiratory drive, CX717 is also being investigated as a therapy in opioid-induced respiratory depression and spinal-cord injury.

## Mechanism of action

Ampakines work by allosterically binding to a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor, called AMPA receptors.
The ampakines are mostly low-impact AMPAR PAMs, though with some exceptions, such as tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632).

## Side effects

Few side effects have been determined, but an ampakine called farampator (CX-691) has side effects including headache, drowsiness, nausea, and impaired episodic memory.

## Medical applications

An ampakine called CX456 has been proposed as a treatment for Rett syndrome, after favorable testing in an animal model.
Ampakines have been investigated by DARPA to treat sleep deprivation-induced cognitive decline.
# 2001 Open Gaz de France

The 2001 Open Gaz de France was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin in Paris, France, and was part of Tier II of the 2001 WTA Tour. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and ran from 6 February until 11 February 2001. Eighth-seeded Amélie Mauresmo won the singles title and earned $90,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

Amélie Mauresmo defeated Anke Huber 7–6$^{(7–2)}$, 6–1
* It was Mauresmo's only singles title of the year and the 3rd of her career.

### Doubles

Iva Majoli / Virginie Razzano defeated Kimberly Po / Nathalie Tauziat 6–3, 7–5
* It was Majoli's only title of the year and the 8th of her career. It was Razzano's only title of the year and the 1st title of her career.
# Barclay Tower

The Barclay Tower is a skyscraper located in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. The residential building rises 673 feet (205 m) above street level, containing 56 floors and 441 rental units. It is tied with One Grand Central Place as the 81st tallest building in New York. The building was erected from 2005 to 2007 and had a topping out ceremony in late 2006.
The land that the building is standing on was formerly occupied by numerous five-story business buildings, including the Pearl Desk Company structure at 10 Barclay Street.
# Bramshott Common

Bramshott Common is part of a large expanse of heathland, near Bramshott, Hampshire, England, bordering Ludshott Common.
It was the site of Bramshott Camps, set up at Bramshott Chase to accommodate Canadian troops during the two world wars. It is bisected by the A3 trunk road.
# Assassin (The Orb song)

"Assassin" is a song by English electronic music group the Orb. It was released as a stand-alone single in October 1992 by Big Life and reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.
# Eupithecia indecora

Eupithecia indecora is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in China (Shansi).
# Pollenia mayeri

Pollenia mayeri is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae.

## Distribution

Belarus, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine.
# Calvisia (insect)

Calvisia is a genus of stick insects in the subfamily Necrosciinae (tribe Necrosciini). Species are known to be distributed in temperate and tropical Asia.

## Species

The Phasmida Species File lists:

### Subgenus Calvisia Stål, 1875

* Calvisia acutegranulosa (Redtenbacher, 1908)
* Calvisia conicipennis (Bates, 1865)
* Calvisia costata (Thunberg, 1815)
* Calvisia fessa Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia khlongsokana Bresseel, Constant, Jiaranaisakul & Hübner, 2022
* Calvisia kneubuehleri Bresseel & Constant, 2017
* Calvisia lineata Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia medogensis Bi, 1993
* Calvisia sammannani Seow-Choen, 2016
* Calvisia sangarius (Westwood, 1859) - type species (as Necroscia sangarius Westwood)
* Calvisia torquata (Bates, 1865)

### Subgenus Conocalvisia Seow-Choen, 2016

* Calvisia aeruginosa Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia coerulescens Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia fuscoalata Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia hemus (Westwood, 1859)
* Calvisia hilaris (Westwood, 1848)
* Calvisia hippolyte (Westwood, 1859)
* Calvisia leopoldi Werner, 1934
* Calvisia octolineata Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia semihilaris Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia spurcata Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia virbius (Westwood, 1859)

### Subgenus Nigracalvisia Seow-Choen, 2016

* Calvisia abercrombiei Seow-Choen, 2016
* Calvisia albosignata Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia ferruginea Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia flavopennis Seow-Choen, 2016
* Calvisia fordae Seow-Choen, 2016
* Calvisia fuscoviridis Seow-Choen, 2016
* Calvisia grossegranosa Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia harmani Seow-Choen, 2019
* Calvisia nigroaxillaris Günther, 1943
* Calvisia omissa Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia rufescens Redtenbacher, 1908

### Subgenus Punctatocalvisia Seow-Choen, 2016

* Calvisia conspersa Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia hennemanni Seow-Choen, 2016
* Calvisia pseudoscutellum Seow-Choen, 2016

### Subgenus Spinocalvisia Seow-Choen, 2016

* Calvisia medora (Westwood, 1859)
* Calvisia medorina Redtenbacher, 1908

### Subgenus Viridocalvisia Seow-Choen, 2016

* Calvisia aspersa (Redtenbacher, 1908)
* Calvisia bakeri Seow-Choen, 2017
* Calvisia biguttata (Burmeister, 1838)
* Calvisia chani Seow-Choen, 2016
* Calvisia clarissima Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia flavoguttata Redtenbacher, 1908
* Calvisia marmorata (Redtenbacher, 1908)
* Calvisia punctulata Redtenbacher, 1908
# Ampaire

Ampaire is an American aircraft manufacturer startup based in Hawthorne, California.

## History

The company developed the Electric EEL, based on a Cessna 337 Skymaster (a push-pull aircraft) with a piston engine replaced by an electric motor powered by a battery, in a parallel hybrid configuration. The demonstrator first flew on 6 June 2019.
In 2020, Scottish regional carrier Loganair trialled the Electric EEL with 70% fuel savings for short hops and 50% for longer flights of 50-250 miles (80-400 km). In February 2021, online booking platform Surf Air Mobility attempted to acquire Ampaire, but this was abandoned by April 2022. By then, ground tests of its Eco Caravan, a hybrid-electric Grand Caravan, were under way, towards a first flight in the second half of 2022 and service entry in 2024, as a retrofit with a STC.
The parallel hybrid architecture does not require recharging after each flight, to avoid being dependent on charging infrastructure. Ampaire is considering for 2025 or 2026 a 19-passenger Eco Otter SX based on the De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter with four motors instead of two turboprops. Ampaire next step would be a Dash 8 or ATR type, and ultimately a clean-sheet Tailwind with a propulsive ducted fan for boundary-layer ingestion.
On 18 November 2022, Ampaire flew its Eco-Caravan maiden flight: the hybrid electric aircraft uses a RED A03 diesel engine to reduce fuel consumption by 70% on shorter trips to 50% on longer ones, retaining the Grand Caravan payload capabilities with range improved to 1,100 nmi (2,000 km); supplemental type certificate (STC) is targeted for 2024.
The smaller 270 kW (360 hp) AMP-H270 powertrain uses a DeltaHawk DH180 diesel engine, providing a 45% cruise efficiency gain over a conventional combustion engine and double the efficiency of comparable gas turbines.
# Bagong Jeep

Bagong Jeep, also known as the Bagong Jeepney, (abbreviated as BEEP) is a public transport service which maintains a fleet of minibuses and vans which are characterized as jeepneys.

## History

The Bagong Jeep (BEEP) program was launched in 2016 in Metro Manila coinciding with the implementation of the Philippine national government's public utility vehicle modernization program. The BEEP was meant as a replacement to old jeepneys in urban areas, hence the vehicles provided under the BEEP program are described as jeepneys. The vehicles under the BEEP program were tested as early as 2014 and were turned over to their operators in October 2016. The program was a private sector initiative by two groups namely the Kilusan sa Pagbabago ng Industriya ng Transportasyon (Kapit) and 1-Transport Equipment Aggregator and Management (1Team). The initial BEEP vehicles were provided through a loan by the Development Bank of the Philippines. It was intended that the BEEP vehicles not to operate as a single franchise.
In 2018, BDO Leasing and Finance (a Banco de Oro subsidiary) entered into a loan agreement with 1Team to finance at least five BEEP units. In December 2018, BEEP vehicles started servicing passengers in Cebu City.
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, BEEP made a full transition to a contactless payment for its Metro Manila fleet's fare collection system on October 1, 2020. This required all passengers to pay their fare through BeepRides, a contactless smart card. The similarity of the branding of BEEP's smart card and vehicles caused confusion with AF Payment's Beep card. This led to the Department of Transportation issuing a clarification that the BeepRides card and Beep (of AF Payment) are owned by two different companies.

## Payment system

The fare of BEEP's riders are process through an automated fare collection system. Riders have to use a contactless smart card known as BeepRides to pay their fare. Since October 1, 2020, all riders of BEEP had to pay their pay through their contactless smart card. The BeepRides card is distinct from AF Payment's Beep card also used in Metro Manila; with the former used for BEEP jeepneys while the latter is used for the MRT–LRT elevated rail systems and the buses operating in the EDSA Busway. The BeepRides card could also be used for select non-BEEP buses.
The automated fare collection system was tested as early as 2016, in six BEEP vehicles plying the Cubao-Lagro route and the Parang-Stop & Shop Marikina route.

## Fleet

The vehicles used for the Beep Rides system are referred to as the Bagong Jeepney (BEEP). The vehicles are provided by IKK Ichigan, Inc. Some vehicles have their own air-conditioning system and are equipped with GPS tracking devices, dashboard cameras and CCTV cameras. BEEP vehicles, depending on the model, have the capacity to seat 16, 24 or 26 passengers at a time.
# Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker

Mustafa Fehmi Gerçeker (1868, Bursa, Ottoman Empire – 16 September 1950, Bursa, Turkey) was a Turkish theologian and politician, who was one of the closest advisors of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He is most notable for his contributions in the separation of church and state.

## Biography

He was born in Karacabey, Bursa. His father was Hafız Mehmed Emin Efendi. He became a member of the Committee of Union and Progress (1906). In the same year, he was appointed as the mufti of Karacabey in 1910 after receiving the title of professor. After the Armistice of Mudros, he joined the Turkish National Movement by establishing the Karacabey branch of the Association of Civil Rights (1919). He entered the Grand National Assembly as a deputy from Bursa on April 23, 1920.
Mustafa Fehmi, known for his civil courage, scientific approach and patriotism, died in Bursa on 16 September 1950.
# Andrea Ercolani Volta

Andrea Ercolani Volta (born 20 April 1995) is a Sammarinese athlete specialising in the 400 metres hurdles. He has won several medals at the Games of the Small States of Europe.
His personal best in the event is 52.12 seconds, set in Marsa in 2023. This is the current national record.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing San Marino ||||||
| 2011 | World Youth Championships | Lille, France | 77th (h) | 200 m | 24.69 |
| 2013 | European Junior Championships | Rieti, Italy | 23rd (h) | 400 m hurdles | 57.48 |
| 2014 | World Junior Championships | Eugene, United States | 53rd (h) | 400 m hurdles | 56.11 |
| 2015 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Reykjavík, Iceland | 2nd | 400 m hurdles | 45.11 |
| 2015 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Reykjavík, Iceland | 4th | 4 × 100 m relay | 3:37.60 |
| 2015 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Reykjavík, Iceland | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:37.60 |
| 2015 | European U23 Championships | Tallinn, Estonia | 22nd (h) | 400 m hurdles | 54.72 |
| 2017 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Serravalle, San Marino | 3rd | 400 m hurdles | 53.07 |
| 2017 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Serravalle, San Marino | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:23.28 |
| 2017 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 24th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 53.45 |
| 2018 | Mediterranean Games | Tarragona, Spain | 14th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 53.14 |
| 2018 | European Championships | Berlin, Germany | 25th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 53.86 |
| 2019 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Bar, Montenegro | 2nd | 400 m hurdles | 53.48 |
| 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | 37th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 52.60 |
| 2021 | Championships of the Small States of Europe | Serravalle, San Marino | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 53.02 |
| 2021 | Championships of the Small States of Europe | Serravalle, San Marino | 5th | Medley relay | 1:58.29 |
| 2022 | Championships of the Small States of Europe | Marsa, Malta | 9th | 400 m | 49.76 |
| 2022 | Championships of the Small States of Europe | Marsa, Malta | – | Medley relay | DQ |
| 2022 | Mediterranean Games | Oran, Algeria | 11th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 52.35 |
| 2022 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 25th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 52.59 |
| 2023 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Marsa, Malta | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 52.12 |
| 2023 | Games of the Small States of Europe | Marsa, Malta | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:19.96 |
| 2023 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 41st (h) | 400 m hurdles | 52.69 |
| 2024 | Championships of the Small States of Europe | Gibraltar | 3rd | 400 m hurdles | 53.71 |
| 2024 | Championships of the Small States of Europe | Gibraltar | 5th | Medley relay | 1:57.02 |
# Braybrook

Braybrook or Braybrooke may refer to:
* Braybrooke (surname)
* Baron Braybrooke
* Braybrooke, a village in Northamptonshire, England
* Braybrooke, an electoral ward of Hastings, England
* Braybrook, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
# Aslauga orientalis

Aslauga orientalis is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found along the coasts of Kenya and Tanzania and in Zambia.
The larvae feed on Coccidae species.
# Morganfield (surname)

Morganfield is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Big Bill Morganfield (born 1956), American blues singer and guitarist
* McKinley Morganfield (1913-1983), birth name of blues singer Muddy Waters
* Mud Morganfield (born 1954), American blues singer
* Willie Morganfield (1927–2003), American gospel musician and minister
# Cineni language

Cineni is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Borno State, Nigeria in the single village of Cineni. In a 2006 paper, Roger Blench classified it as a dialect of Guduf-Gava.
# Finding Hope Now

Finding Hope Now is a 2010 Gang/Crime film starring Stelio Savante, Michael Badalucco, Avan Jogia, Rolando Monge and Nick Rey Angelus.

## Cast

* Michael Badalucco as Roger Minassian
** Mick Wingert as Young Roger Minassian
* Avan Jogia as Santos Delgado
* Nick Rey Angelus as Reynaldo Sanchez
* Raymond Castelan as Gabriel
* Deep Rai as Basketball Player
* Heidi Harian as Mrs. Hurtado
* Christopher Maleki as Mr. Delgado
* Danny Mora as Reverend Sergio Martinez
* Tia Texada as Mrs. Villanueva
* Stelio Savante as Ruben
* Sean Michael Thomas as Guy Pushed In Fountain
* Scott Seargeant as Pizza Pit Manager

## Production

The film was shot in Fresno, California, principal photography wrapping in June 2009. It is based on Roger Minassian's 2003 book Gangs to Jobs.
# Government College, Bomdila

Government College, Bomdila, established in 1988, is a general degree college in Bomdila, Arunachal Pradesh. It offers undergraduate courses in science, arts and commerce. It is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University.

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
# Elections in Alderney

Elections in Alderney are held for the positions both of President and Member of the States of Alderney. The President of the States of Alderney is directly elected every four years. Half of the ten States Members are elected every two years for a four-year mandate. In 2014 1,267 people were registered to vote. The whole island is a single constituency.

## States Members

To be elected between 14 November and 14 December for a four-year term, 5 candidates are elected every two years, which means that every four years the composition of the parliament changes completely. The election held on 6 December 2008, had a turnout of over 700 people produced a frequency of 65.6%.

## President

Election in November for a four-year term.

## Voters

Voters are eligible to be inscribed on the electoral roll of Alderney if they are:
* 15 or over (being able to vote from the age 16);
* have been ordinarily resident in Alderney for 12 months up to 15 October of the year in which inscription is requested;
* are ordinarily resident in Alderney;
* are not subject to a legal disability.
Absent voters may use a "Postal" or "Proxy" vote.
# Branka Batinić

Branka Batinić is a Croatian and former Yugoslav international table tennis player, who participated in six world championships and represented Yugoslavia over 250 times in tournaments in the 1970s and 1980s.

## Table tennis career

She won a bronze medal at the 1981 World Table Tennis Championships in the mixed doubles with Dragutin Šurbek.
She is active in the Veteran's Championships in Europe and coach.
# Association for the Study of Persianate Societies

The Association for the Study of Persianate Societies (Persian: انجمن مطالعات جوامع فارسی زبان), also known as ASPS, is an academic institution for researchers and scholars interested in the culture and civilization of the Persian-speaking societies and related areas. The association's head office is based in New York. ASPS is one of the partner organisations of Middle East Studies Association of North America.

## History

The Association for the Study of Persianate Societies was founded by Saïd Amir Arjomand in 2002. He was also the first president of the association. Amir Arjomand was followed by Parvaneh Pourshariati and Rudi Matthee. The current president of ASPS is Sunil Sharma, professor of Persian & Comparative Literature at Boston University.

## Journal and conference

ASPS' "Journal of Persianate Studies" is published by Brill in the Netherlands. The association also organises a biennale International conference. Up to now the conferences have been held in Tajikistan, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Pakistan, Georgia and Armenia. The 2020 conference was canceled due to the Corona crisis.