# 2018 Bulgaria Open (table tennis)

The 2018 Bulgaria Open was the ninth event of the 2018 ITTF World Tour. The event was organised by the Bulgarian Table Tennis Federation, under the authority of the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). It took place from 16–19 August in Panagyurishte, Bulgaria.

## Men's singles
### Seeds

* Dimitrij Ovtcharov (second round)
* Xu Xin (champion)
* Ma Long (first round)
* Tomokazu Harimoto (semifinals)
* Koki Niwa (quarterfinals)
* Chuang Chih-yuan (second round)
* Kenta Matsudaira (final)
* Jonathan Groth (first round)
* Mattias Karlsson (second round)
* Vladimir Samsonov (quarterfinals)
* Jin Ueda (first round)
* Maharu Yoshimura (first round)
* Emmanuel Lebesson (second round)
* Kirill Gerassimenko (second round)
* Liao Cheng-ting (first round)
* Stanislav Golovanov (first round)

### Draw
#### Top half

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| 1 | Dimitrij Ovtcharov | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Paul Drinkhall | 9 | 11 | 6 | 7 | 8 | | | 1 | Dimitrij Ovtcharov | 9 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 11 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Zheng Peifeng | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | Zheng Peifeng | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 15 | Liao Cheng-ting | 9 | 7 | 8 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Zheng Peifeng | 6 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| 14 | Kirill Gerassimenko | 11 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 13 | 6 | 11 | | | | | | | | | 7 | Kenta Matsudaira | 11 | 7 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 11 | | | | | | | | |
| | Kirill Skachkov | 5 | 9 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 14 | Kirill Gerassimenko | 15 | 11 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Bojan Tokič | 4 | 7 | 4 | 8 | | | | 7 | Kenta Matsudaira | 13 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | Kenta Matsudaira | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | Kenta Matsudaira | 11 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 11 |
| 6 | Chuang Chih-yuan | 5 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | Tomokazu Harimoto | 5 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 6 |
| | Darko Jorgić | 11 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 6 | Chuang Chih-yuan | 9 | 11 | 9 | 13 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Lin Yun-ju | 4 | 11 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 10 | Vladimir Samsonov | 11 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 10 | Vladimir Samsonov | 11 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 11 | | | | | | | | | 10 | Vladimir Samsonov | 4 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 5 | | | | | | | | | |
| 13 | Emmanuel Lebesson | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | Tomokazu Harimoto | 11 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Aliaksandr Khanin | 7 | 12 | 5 | 10 | 2 | | | 13 | Emmanuel Lebesson | 4 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Baek Ho-gyun | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | | | | 4 | Tomokazu Harimoto | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | Tomokazu Harimoto | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Bottom half

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| 3 | Ma Long | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Liam Pitchford | 7 | 9 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 13 | 11 | | Liam Pitchford | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Ma Te | 11 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 11 | | | Ma Te | 11 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 12 | Maharu Yoshimura | 9 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | Ma Te | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | |
| 11 | Jin Ueda | 11 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | Daniel Habesohn | 9 | 3 | 8 | 4 | | | | | | |
| | Masataka Morizono | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 11 | | | Masataka Morizono | 14 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Daniel Habesohn | 9 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 5 | 11 | | Daniel Habesohn | 12 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | Jonathan Groth | 11 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 8 | 11 | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ma Te | 9 | 8 | 2 | 8 |
| 5 | Koki Niwa | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | Xu Xin | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| | Qiu Dang | 11 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 7 | | | 5 | Koki Niwa | 6 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Ovidiu Ionescu | 4 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 3 | | | 9 | Mattias Karlsson | 11 | 3 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 9 | Mattias Karlsson | 11 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 | Koki Niwa | 1 | 6 | 9 | 7 | | | | | | |
| 16 | Stanislav Golovanov | 6 | 4 | 10 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | Xu Xin | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | |
| | Yuya Oshima | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | | | | | Yuya Oshima | 4 | 11 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Wang Yang | 3 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 4 | | | 2 | Xu Xin | 11 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Xu Xin | 11 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Finals

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 7 | Kenta Matsudaira | 11 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | |
| 4 | Tomokazu Harimoto | 5 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 7 | Kenta Matsudaira | 10 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 4 |
| | Ma Te | 9 | 8 | 2 | 8 | | | 2 | Xu Xin | 12 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| 2 | Xu Xin | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | |

## Women's singles
### Seeds

* Kasumi Ishikawa (quarterfinals)
* Mima Ito (first round)
* Miu Hirano (quarterfinals)
* Hitomi Sato (semifinals)
* Hina Hayata (first round)
* Ding Ning (champion)
* Miyu Kato (first round)
* Saki Shibata (second round)
* Elizabeta Samara (first round)
* Honoka Hashimoto (second round)
* Matilda Ekholm (first round)
* Bernadette Szőcs (second round)
* Georgina Póta (quarterfinals)
* Han Ying (second round)
* Adriana Díaz (second round)
* Maria Yovkova (first round)

### Draw
#### Top half

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| 1 | Kasumi Ishikawa | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Britt Eerland | 8 | 4 | 4 | 6 | | | | 1 | Kasumi Ishikawa | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Maki Shiomi | 11 | 7 | 13 | 11 | 6 | 8 | | 12 | Bernadette Szőcs | 11 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 12 | Bernadette Szőcs | 9 | 11 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Kasumi Ishikawa | 11 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 8 | 7 | | | | | | | |
| 9 | Elizabeta Samara | 11 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | Ding Ning | 8 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | |
| | Wen Jia | 8 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | | | | Wen Jia | 6 | 8 | 8 | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Zhang Rui | 6 | 4 | 13 | 6 | | | | 6 | Ding Ning | 11 | 11 | 11 | 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 6 | Ding Ning | 11 | 11 | 15 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | Ding Ning | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 11 |
| 7 | Miyu Kato | 11 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 11 | 7 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Liu Gaoyang | 3 | 4 | 12 | 10 | 4 |
| | Liu Gaoyang | 4 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 11 | 11 | | Liu Gaoyang | 11 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 5 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Li Xiang | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | Li Xiang | 4 | 2 | 3 | 16 | 11 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 16 | Maria Yovkova | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Liu Gaoyang | 11 | 11 | 2 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | |
| 11 | Matilda Ekholm | 8 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 10 | | | | | | | | | | 3 | Miu Hirano | 8 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| | Nina Mittelham | 11 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 12 | | | Nina Mittelham | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Polina Mikhailova | 7 | 4 | 9 | 7 | | | | 3 | Miu Hirano | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | Miu Hirano | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Bottom half

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Second round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| 4 | Hitomi Sato | 6 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Park Joo-hyun | 11 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 5 | 8 | | 4 | Hitomi Sato | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Natalia Partyka | 9 | 7 | 7 | 5 | | | | 10 | Honoka Hashimoto | 4 | 7 | 4 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 10 | Honoka Hashimoto | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | Hitomi Sato | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 13 | Georgina Póta | 11 | 11 | 11 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 11 | | | | | | | | | 13 | Georgina Póta | 9 | 5 | 5 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Kim Ha-yeong | 7 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 13 | Georgina Póta | 11 | 2 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Sarah De Nutte | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | | | | 8 | Saki Shibata | 9 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | Saki Shibata | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | Hitomi Sato | 11 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 6 |
| 5 | Hina Hayata | 6 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wang Yidi | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 |
| | Liu Xi | 11 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 11 | | | | Liu Xi | 11 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Lin Chia-hsuan | 7 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 9 | | | 14 | Han Ying | 9 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 14 | Han Ying | 11 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | Liu Xi | 9 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| 15 | Adriana Díaz | 8 | 16 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | Wang Yidi | 11 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 11 | | | | | | | | |
| | Irina Ciobanu | 11 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 7 | | | 15 | Adriana Díaz | 7 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Wang Yidi | 11 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 11 | | | Wang Yidi | 11 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Mima Ito | 2 | 11 | 3 | 15 | 6 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Finals

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 6 | Ding Ning | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Liu Gaoyang | 3 | 4 | 12 | 10 | 4 | | 6 | Ding Ning | 11 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 11 |
| 4 | Hitomi Sato | 11 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 6 | | Wang Yidi | 7 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 11 | 2 |
| | Wang Yidi | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | | | | | | | | | |

## Men's doubles
### Seeds

* Masataka Morizono / Yuya Oshima (final)
* Ma Long / Xu Xin (champions)
* Koki Niwa / Jin Ueda (quarterfinals)
* Nándor Ecseki / Ádám Szudi (quarterfinals)
* Liao Cheng-ting / Lin Yun-ju (semifinals)
* Mattias Karlsson / Pär Gerell (first round)
* Marek Badowski / Patryk Zatowka (first round)
* Teodor Alexandrov / Denislav Kodjabashev (first round)

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Morizono / Oshima | 10 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Devos / Oláh | 12 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 1 | Morizono / Oshima | 11 | 13 | 9 | 5 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Zheng / Zhu | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | | | Zheng / Zhu | 6 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | Badowski / Zatowka | 7 | 11 | 2 | 7 | | | | | | | | | 1 | Morizono / Oshima | 11 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 13 | | | | | | |
| 6 | Karlsson / Gerell | 7 | 7 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | Drinkhall / Pitchford | 5 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | | | | | | |
| | Drinkhall / Pitchford | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | Drinkhall / Pitchford | 11 | 5 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Nuytinck / Robinot | 11 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 7 | 3 | Niwa / Ueda | 3 | 11 | 8 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | Niwa / Ueda | 8 | 11 | 6 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Morizono / Oshima | 11 | 4 | 8 | 6 |
| 4 | Ecseki / Szudi | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | Ma / Xu | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| | Gündüz / Yiğenler | 2 | 5 | 8 | | | 4 | Ecseki / Szudi | 11 | 9 | 9 | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Cnudde / Darcis | 6 | 8 | 4 | | | 5 | Liao / Lin | 7 | 11 | 11 | 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | Liao / Lin | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | 5 | Liao / Lin | 11 | 5 | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | |
| 8 | Alexandrov / Kodjabashev | 8 | 11 | 8 | 7 | | | | | | | | | 2 | Ma / Xu | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | |
| | Jančařík / Reitspies | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | | | Jančařík / Reitspies | 8 | 2 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Baek / Kim | 11 | 5 | 5 | | | 2 | Ma / Xu | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Ma / Xu | 13 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Women's doubles
### Seeds

* Honoka Hashimoto / Hitomi Sato (semifinals)
* Hina Hayata / Miu Hirano (semifinals)
* Kasumi Ishikawa / Mima Ito (champions)
* Matilda Ekholm / Georgina Póta (first round)
* Barbora Balážová / Hana Matelová (first round)
* Katarzyna Grzybowska / Natalia Partyka (quarterfinals)
* Chen Ke / Wang Yidi (quarterfinals)
* Kalina Hristova / Ivet Ilieva (quarterfinals)

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Hashimoto / Sato | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Lee / Park | 7 | 8 | 4 | | | 1 | Hashimoto / Sato | 9 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Shcherbatykh / Tailakova | | | | | | 6 | Grzybowska / Partyka | 11 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 6 | Grzybowska / Partyka | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Hashimoto / Sato | 9 | 7 | 7 | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | Balážová / Matelová | 11 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | Liu / Zhang | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | |
| | Liu / Zhang | 6 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | | Liu / Zhang | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Mittelham / Winter | 13 | 11 | 7 | 11 | | | Mittelham / Winter | 6 | 13 | 6 | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | Ekholm / Póta | 11 | 7 | 11 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Liu / Zhang | 12 | 7 | 7 | 6 |
| 3 | Ishikawa / Ito | 11 | 9 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | Ishikawa / Ito | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| | Samara / Szőcs | 7 | 11 | 5 | 8 | | 3 | Ishikawa / Ito | 11 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Čechová / Eerland | 3 | 4 | 5 | | | 7 | Chen / Wang | 9 | 11 | 2 | 11 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | Chen / Wang | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | 3 | Ishikawa / Ito | 7 | 11 | 7 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Hristova / Ilieva | 3 | 11 | 11 | 11 | | | | | | | | | 2 | Hayata / Hirano | 11 | 6 | 11 | 5 | 3 | | | | | | |
| | Lin / Lung | 11 | 7 | 6 | 6 | | 8 | Hristova / Ilieva | 6 | 1 | 10 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Bajor / Sikorska | | | | | | 2 | Hayata / Hirano | 11 | 11 | 12 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | Hayata / Hirano | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |