OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anode ray

An anode ray (also positive ray or canal ray) is a beam of positive ions that is created by certain types of gas-discharge tubes. They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen Goldstein, in 1886. Later work on anode rays by Wilhelm Wien and J. J. Thomson led to the development of mass spectrometry.

## Anode ray tube

Goldstein used a gas-discharge tube which had a perforated cathode. When an electrical potential of several thousand volts is applied between the cathode and anode, faint luminous "rays" are seen extending from the holes in the back of the cathode. These rays are beams of particles moving in a direction opposite to the "cathode rays", which are streams of electrons which move toward the anode. Goldstein called these positive rays Kanalstrahlen, "channel rays", or "canal rays", because these rays passed through the holes or channels in the cathode.
The process by which anode rays are formed in a gas-discharge anode ray tube is as follows. When the high voltage is applied to the tube, its electric field accelerates the small number of ions (electrically charged atoms) always present in the gas, created by natural processes such as radioactivity. These collide with atoms of the gas, knocking electrons off them and creating more positive ions. These ions and electrons in turn strike more atoms, creating more positive ions in a chain reaction. The positive ions are all attracted to the negative cathode, and some pass through the holes in the cathode. These are the anode rays.
By the time they reach the cathode, the ions have been accelerated to a sufficient speed such that when they collide with other atoms or molecules in the gas they excite the species to a higher energy level. In returning to their former energy levels these atoms or molecules release the energy that they had gained. That energy gets emitted as light. This light-producing process, called fluorescence, causes a glow in the region behind the cathode.

## Anode ray ion source

An anode ray ion source typically is an anode coated with the halide salt of an alkali or alkaline earth metal. Application of a sufficiently high electrical potential creates alkali or alkaline earth ions and their emission is most brightly visible at the anode.
# Niphadoses

Niphadoses is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

* Niphadoses chionotus (Meyrick, 1889)
* Niphadoses dengcaolites Wang & Sung, 1978
* Niphadoses elachia Common, 1960
* Niphadoses hoplites Common, 1960
* Niphadoses palleucus Common, 1960
# Ashtown, Ghana

Ashanti New Town, commonly known as Ashtown, is a suburb of Kumasi in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The town featured prominently in Ghanaian news in 2012, when two people were fatally shot by unknown assailants.
# Acetic oxalic anhydride

Acetic oxalic anhydride is an organic compound with a chemical formula of C $_6$H $_6$O $_6$ and a structural formula of (H$_3$C-(C=O)-O-(C=O)-)$_2$. It can be viewed as a mixed anhydride, formally derived from acetic acid (H$_3$C-(C=O)OH) and oxalic acid ((-(C=O)OH)$_2$), in 2:1 molecular ratio, by the loss of two water molecules.

## Preparation

Unlike some other anhydrides, Acetic oxalic anhydride cannot be obtained directly from the acids. It was synthesized in 1953 by W. Edwards and W. M. Henley, by reacting silver oxalate (Ag $_2$C $_2$O $_4$) suspended in diethyl ether with acetyl chloride at temperatures below −5 °C and distilling off the solvent under low pressure. It can also be obtained by reacting anhydrous oxalic acid with ketene (H $_2$C=C=O).

## Properties

Acetic oxalic anhydride is an unstable colorless crystalline solid, soluble in diethyl ether, that decomposes at about −3 °C into acetic anhydride (H $_3$C-(C=O)-)$_2$O, carbon dioxide (CO $_2$) and carbon monoxide (CO). It is hydrolyzed by water into acetic and oxalic acids.
Acetic oxalic anhydride was conjectured to be an intermediate in the decomposition of anhydrous oxalic acid by acetic anhydride.
# Gullybukta

Gullybukta is a southern bay of Magdalenefjorden in Albert I Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The glacier Gullybreen debouches into the bay.
# Euriphene plagiata

Euriphene plagiata, the blue-spot nymph, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (from the central part of the country to Mai-Ndombe and Sankuru).
# Monnow Valley Studio

Monnow Valley Studio is a residential recording studio and rehearsal facility in Rockfield, Monmouthshire, Wales.

## History

In the 1970s, Monnow Valley was the rehearsal facility of the famous Rockfield Studios. It became an independent studio in the 1980s owned by Charles Ward after parting from Rockfield Studios and has been used by many bands including Stereophonics, the Charlatans, Manic Street Preachers, Queen, Black Sabbath, Iggy Pop and Oasis, who used a picture of the studio interior as a cover for the single "Supersonic".

## Clients

Over the last thirty years, the studio has been used by many successful artists:
* Amplifier
* Attack! Attack!
* Devil Sold His Soul
* Black Sabbath
* Blood Red Shoes
* Biffy Clyro
* Billy Bragg
* Bullet for My Valentine
* Busted
* Casino
* Catatonia
* The Charlatans
* The Coral
* Deadbeat Darling
* Delphic
* Devin Townsend
* The Enemy
* Feeder
* Fredrika Stahl
* Funeral for a Friend
* Future of the Left
* GLC
* Iggy Azalea
* Joss Stone
* Kaiser Chiefs
* Laura Marling
* Led Zeppelin
* Manic Street Preachers
* Marti Pellow
* Motorpsycho
* Neck Deep
* Oceansize
* Oasis
* Ozzy Osbourne
* The Pigeon Detectives
* Eugene Francis Jnr
* Robert Plant
* Iggy Pop
* Portishead
* Pulp
* Pretty Violet Stain
* Queen
* Rush
* Simple Minds
* Stereophonics
* Super Furry Animals
* Sylosis
* The Stone Roses
* The View
* Tom Jones
* Twin Peaks
* Yes Sir Boss

## Sources

* ↑ "Residential Dry Hire Recording Studio and Band Rehearsal Facility".
* 1 2 3 4 5 Tryst Williams, [Bands who have recorded at Monnow Valley Studios include], Western Mail, 2006. Retrieved April 2012
* 1 2 3 "Rock shrine goes on sale for #690k". walesonline. 4 April 2006.
* ↑ Oasis at The Pink Museum and Monnow Valley, Oasis Recording info. Retrieved April 2012
# Eichendorff-Literaturpreis

Eichendorff-Literaturpreis is a literary prize of Germany. It was first awarded in 1956 and was created in honour of Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff. The prize, endowed with 5,000 euros, has been awarded annually by the Wangener Kreis – Society for Literature and Art of the East. The award goes to writers who are closely related to Silesian culture.

## Recipients

* 1956 Ernst Günther Bleisch
* 1958 Reiner Zimnik
* 1960 Kurtmartin Magiera
* 1961 Jürgen von Teichmann
* 1962 Hans-Christian Kirsch
* 1963 Jochen Hoffbauer, Dagmar von Mutius
* 1964 Egon H. Rakette
* 1965 Hans Niekrawietz
* 1966 Dagmar Nick
* 1967 Ruth Hoffmann
* 1968 Gerhard Uhde
* 1969 Hugo Hartung
* 1970 Hans Lipinsky-Gottersdorf
* 1971 Heinz Piontek
* 1972 Kurt Heynicke
* 1973 Josef Mühlberger
* 1974 Werner Klose
* 1975 Lutz Besch
* 1976 Peter Hirche, Friedrich Bischoff
* 1977 Norbert Ernst Dolezich, Maria Blucha
* 1978 Monika Taubitz
* 1979 Peter Huchel
* 1980 Ilse Langner
* 1981 Eberhard Cyran
* 1982 Christine Busta
* 1983 Ruth Storm
* 1984 Reiner Kunze
* 1985 Dietmar Scholz
* 1986 Peter Lotar
* 1987 Dietmar Grieser
* 1988 Richard Wolf
* 1989 Walter Neumann
* 1990 Otfried Preußler
* 1991 Eva Zeller
* 1992 Christian Saalberg
* 1993 Bodo Heimann
* 1994 Bernd Jentzsch
* 1995 Werner Heiduczek
* 1996 Peter Horst Neumann
* 1997 Armin Müller
* 1998 Ilse Tielsch
* 1999 Barbara von Wulffen
* 2000 Peter Härtling
* 2001 Werner Dürrson
* 2002 Urszula Kozioł
* 2003 Günter de Bruyn
* 2004 Wulf Kirsten
* 2005 Uwe Grüning
* 2006 Hans-Ulrich Treichel
* 2007 Renata Schumann
* 2008 Günther Schiwy (postum for his biography Eichendorff. Der Dichter in seiner Zeit)
* 2009 Gerd-Peter Eigner
* 2010 Christoph Hein
* 2011 Jörg Bernig
* 2012 Catalin Dorian Florescu
* 2013 Ulrich Schacht
* 2014 Adam Zagajewski
* 2015 Nico Bleutge
* 2016 Christian Lehnert
* 2017 Michael Krüger
* 2018 Kerstin Preiwuß
* 2019 Christa Ludwig
* 2020 Saša Stanišić for Herkunft
* 2021 Iris Wolff
* 2022 Joanna Bator
# First Presbyterian Church (Brooklyn)

The First Presbyterian Church, located at 124 Henry Street between Pierrepont and Clark Streets in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City was built in 1846 and was designed by William B. Olmstead in the Gothic Revival style. The church's memorial doorway was added in 1921 and was designed by James Gamble Rogers. Architecturally, the church's dominant feature is its 90-foot (27 m) crenellated tower with pointed arch windows. Many of the stained glass windows in the church are by the Louis Comfort Tiffany Studios.
The church – which is part of the Brooklyn Heights Historic District, created by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on November 23, 1965 – has been described as "solid, stolid and dour," but also as "bold but somewhat naive".
The congregation was founded in 1822, at a time when affluent merchants were beginning to move to the neighborhood from Manhattan. Their original church was located on Cranberry Street between Henry and Hicks Streets, and was where the celebration of Brooklyn's official incorporation as a city was held. That site was bought by the Plymouth Church when the First Presbyterian Church, needing to expand, moved to its present location.
At the time of the Old School-New School schism in American Presbyterianism over slavery and other issues, some members of the church, in reaction to the "New School" abolitionist preaching of Dr. Samuel Hanson Cox – who was the church's pastor for 17 years – split to start an "Old School" church, located at Remsen and Clinton Streets, while others left to help start the Church of the Pilgrims or joined the Plymouth Church.
The congregation began the Heights Fellowship (1949-52) under the leadership of Philip Elliot (1931-1961), to encourage ecumenism, racial harmony and internationalism. This same program was also promoted by Paul Smith at the end of the 1980s.
# Franklin Wadja

Franklin Wadja (born 1 May 1995) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Career

Wadja made his professional debut for Lorient in a 1–1 Ligue 2 tie with Quevilly-Rouen on 29 July 2017.
On 9 July 2021, he signed a two-year contract with Caen.
# Cottage Springs, California

38°21′22″N 120°12′43″W﻿ / ﻿38.35611°N 120.21194°W﻿ / 38.35611; -120.21194
Cottage Springs is minor set of springs in Calaveras County, California. It lies at an elevation of 5827 feet (1776 m).
# Ashtray Boy

Ashtray Boy is an indie-rock band fronted by peripatetic singer-songwriter Randall S. Lee.

## History

The band has been active since c. 1984 and was founded in Adelaide as Ashtray Boy and his Country Cousin. During the band's history they have been based in Sydney, Chicago, Vancouver, and Melbourne. During the mid-1990s, there were two working versions of the band in Sydney and Chicago, with Lee splitting his time between the two cities.
The band is notable for Lee's droll lyrics and singing and odd time signatures. Ashtray Boy has released ten albums and numerous singles and EPs.
After leaving The Cannanes in 1991 and while continuing Ashtray Boy, Lee also co-fronted Nice (not to be confused with The Nice) with Suzannah Stewart-Lindsay, previously a member of the Adelaide band, Rewind on the Paranoid Side. Francesca Bussey, later to be a member of The Cannanes, was a member of Nice during the recording sessions for their first album but left during production and was credited only as a guest on that release. The group recorded two albums, Nice (1992) and Apple Pie (1993).

## Discography
### Albums

* The Honeymoon Suite (1993)
* Macho Champions (1994)
* Candypants Beach (1995)
* The Everyman's Fourth Dimension (1996)
* There's Your Heart (1999)
* The King's Buccaneer (2000)
* The Euro (2004)
* Last Year's Song (2005)
* Together (2013)
* Painted with the Mouth (2015)

### Singles

* Golden Fingers, split 7-inch with Clag ("Bike"/"Running Amok"), Spit and a Half Spit 30 (USA 1995)
* The French Girl b/w Dreams Never End 7-inch: Mind Of A Child M.O.A.C. 009 (USA 1996)

## Members

Past and present members of Ashtray Boy:
* Randall S. Lee
* J. Niimi
* David Trumfio
* Liz Phair
* Thomas Tallis (also known as Thomas Ashelford)
* Neil Johnson
* Carla Bruce
* Mark King
* Jo Packer
* James Dutton
* Ian Wadley
* Tim Maher
* Andy Creighton
* André Hartmann
* Stephen O'Neil
* Dave Winer
* Stevie Kicks
* Ali Madani
* Angie Smear
* Toby Dutton
* Alec Marshall
* Nicole Thibault
* David Nichols
* Paul Brannon
* Brook Swaine
* Stefan Schutt
* Brad Cosier
# Mono

Mono may refer to:

## Biology

* Infectious mononucleosis, "the kissing disease"
* Monocyte, a type of leukocyte (white blood cell)
* Monodactylidae, members of which are referred to as monos

## Technology and computing

* Mono (audio), single-channel sound reproduction
* Mono (software), a software framework

## Music
### Performers

* Mono (Japanese band), an instrumental band
* Mono (UK band), an electronic band
* MONO, Vietnamese male singer and Sơn Tùng M-TP's younger brother
* Miky Mono, former member of Mono Inc., a German gothic rock band
* Richard Targett and the Monos, a side-project to The Trudy

### Albums

* Mono (Alpha Wolf album) or the title song, 2017
* Mono (Fury in the Slaughterhouse album), 1993
* Mono (K.Flay album), 2023
* Mono (The Icarus Line album), 2001
* Mono (Lena Katina album) or the title song, 2019
* Mono (The Mavericks album), 2015
* Mono (mixtape), by RM, 2018
* Mono, by Paul Westerberg, packaged with Stereo, 2002

### Songs

* "Mono" (song), by Courtney Love, 2004
* "Mono", by Fightstar from They Liked You Better When You Were Dead, 2005
* "Mono", by Monrose from Ladylike, 2010
* "Mono", by Whitechapel from Our Endless War, 2014

## Places
### United States

* Mono or Mono Mills, California, a ghost town
* Mono County, California
** Mono Village, Mono County, California, a former settlement
* Mono Lake, California
* Mono Pass, Yosemite National park, California

### Elsewhere

* Mono Department, Benin
* Mono, Ontario, Canada, a town
* Monó, Romania, a village
* Mono Island, Solomon Islands
* Mono River, Togo

## Ethnicities and languages

* Mono people, an ethnic group of California
** Mono language (California)
* Mono people (Congo), an ethnic group the Democratic Republic of the Congo
** Mono language (Congo)
* Mono language (Cameroon)
* Mono language (Solomon Islands), a dialect of Mono-Alu

## Other uses

* Mono-, a numerical prefix representing anything single
* BAC Mono, a British sports car which began production in 2011
* Mono, a character in the video game Little Nightmares II
* Mono, a character in the video game Shadow of the Colossus
* Mono, a 2016 American film featuring Sam Lerner
* Mono (manga), a Japanese manga series
* Monofilament fishing line
* Monogamy, a relationship structure
* Monosexuality, sexual attraction to one gender
* Monomorphism, in abstract mathematics
* Order of Mono, a Togolese order of chivalry
* José María Gatica (1925–1963), Argentine boxer nicknamed "El Mono"
# Gustav Leopold Plitt

Gustav Leopold Plitt (27 March 1836, Genin, near Lübeck – 10 September 1880, Erlangen) was a German Protestant theologian.
From 1854 to 1858, he studied theology at the Universities of Erlangen and Berlin. At Erlangen he was influenced by the work of Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann. In January 1862, he became a privat-docent of theology at Erlangen, where he later became an associate professor (1867) and a full professor of theology (1876).
Beginning in 1877, he assisted Johann Jakob Herzog with a new edition of "Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche" (Edition 2: 18 volumes, 1877–1888). Upon Plitt's death in 1880, edition and publication of the encyclopedia was continued by Herzog and church historian Albert Hauck.

## Written works

Plitt's main work, an introduction to the Augsburg Confession ("Einleitung in die Augustana"), was published in two parts:
* First half: Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche bis zum Augsburger Reichstage, 1867 – History of the Protestant Church up until the Augsburg Reichstag.
* Second half: Enstehungsgeschichte des evangelischen Lehrbegriffs bis zum Augsburger Bekenntnisse, 1868 – Original history of the evangelical teaching concept of the Augsburg Confession.
Other noted works by Plitt include:
* Luther vor Kaiser und Reich, (A lecture held in December 1868.) Andreas Deichert, Erlangen 1869 – Martin Luther before the Emperor and Empire.
* Kurze Geschichte der lutherischen Mission in Vorträgen. Andreas Deichert, Erlangen 1871 – A brief history of the Lutheran mission in lectures.
* Die Apologie der Augustana geschichtlich erklärt, Andreas Deichert, Erlangen 1873 – The Apology of the Augsburg Confession.
* Jodokus Trutfetter von Eisenach der Lehrer Luthers in seinem Wirken geschildert. Andreas Deichert, Erlangen 1876 – Jodokus Trutfetter of Eisenach, etc.
# Euriphene pinkieana

Euriphene pinkieana is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests.
# Eichenwald (surname)

Eichenwald is a surname, which literally means "oak forest" in German and Yiddish languages. In Russian language, the surname is rendered as "Айхенва́льд", which may by transliterated into English as Aikhenvald or Aykhenvald.
Bearers of this surname include:
* Alexander Eichenwald (1864–1944), Russian physicist
* Harry Wald (born Hans Eichenwald; 1924–1996), German-born American holocaust survivor, veteran and casino executive
* Kurt Eichenwald (born 1961), American journalist
* Yuly Aykhenvald (1872–1928), Russian Jewish literary critic
* Alexandra Aikhenvald (born 1957), Russian-Australian linguist
* Natalia Shvedova (maiden name Айхенва́льд; 1916–2009), Soviet lexicographer
# Basketball at the 2014 Lusofonia Games – Women's tournament

The Women's Basketball Tournament at the 2014 Lusophony Games was the 3rd Lusophony Games basketball tournament, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball. The tournament was hosted by India from 23 to 27 January 2014.
Mozambique ended the round-robin tournament with a 3–0 unbeaten record to win their second title.

## Participating teams

* Angola
* India
* Macau
* Mozambique

## Schedule

    Times are local (UTC+05:30).
| P | Team | M | W | L | PF | PA | Diff | Pts. |
| 1 | Mozambique | 3 | 3 | 0 | 276 | 124 | +152 | 6 |
| 2 | Angola | 3 | 2 | 1 | 217 | 162 | +55 | 5 |
| 3 | India | 3 | 1 | 2 | 214 | 203 | +11 | 4 |
| 4 | Macau | 3 | 0 | 3 | 105 | 323 | -218 | 3 |

### Day 1

* 23 January 2014 16:00
| Macau | 29–111 | Mozambique |
| Scoring by quarter: 6-37, 8-24, 9-30, 6-20 |||
* MP Indoor Stadium, Goa
* 26 January 2014 14:00
| Angola | 66–58 | India |
| Scoring by quarter: 15-19, 13-11, 17-14, 21-14 |||
* MP Indoor Stadium, Goa

### Day 2

* 25 January 2014 12:00
| Angola | 102–31 | Macau |
| Scoring by quarter: 30-7, 23-7, 20-8, 29-9 |||
* MP Indoor Stadium, Goa
* January 2014 16:00
| India | 46–92 | Mozambique |
| Scoring by quarter: 14-24, 9-21, 12-26, 11-21 |||
* MP Indoor Stadium, Goa

### Day 3

* 24 January 2014 16:00
| India | 110–45 | Macau |
| Scoring by quarter: 39-10, 29-12, 18-9, 24-14 |||
* MP Indoor Stadium, Goa
* 27 January 2014 15:00
| Angola | 49–73 | Mozambique |
| Scoring by quarter: 7-16, 14-24, 20-18, 8-15 |||
* MP Indoor Stadium, Goa

## Final standings

| Rank | Team | Record |
| | Mozambique | 3–0 |
| | Angola | 2–1 |
| | India | 1–2 |
| 4 | Macau | 0–3 |

## Awards

* Basketball at the 2014 Lusophony Games (Women's) winners
* Mozambique Second title
* Most Valuable Player
# Franklin Webster (publisher)

Franklin Webster (c. 1862 − December 7, 1933) was an American publisher. He was the founder of The Insurance Press, and published and edited it from its creation in 1895 until 1927. He was born in La Salle, Illinois, and worked for a while at the La Salle County Press, which was owned by his father. In 1901 he founded Insurance Engineering, a monthly magazine about fire waste; the name was changed to Safety Engineering in 1912. He remained publisher and editor of it until 1921. He was at one point president of the American Trade Press Association. He died at a sanatorium in Vermont.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Franklin Webster is dead in Vermont". New York Times. 8 December 1933. p. 23.
* This biography of an American publisher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Henry George Hughes

Henry George Hughes (10 August 1810 – 22 July 1872) was an Irish judge, politician, and third Baron of the Court of Exchequer. In 1850 he was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland. He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Longford in 1856.

## Background and early career

He was born in Dublin, eldest son of James Hughes, solicitor, and Margaret Morton, daughter of Trevor Stannus Morton, also a solicitor. They lived on Capel Street. He went to a private school at Jervis Street, Dublin and matriculated at Trinity College Dublin in 1825, but did not proceed to a degree. He entered the King's Inns in 1830, and Gray's Inn in 1832. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1834, Queen's Counsel in 1844.
He practised at the Chancery Bar and rapidly built up a very large practice; he became renowned for his mastery of Chancery procedure, which was then very complex. His book Chancery Practice (1837) enjoyed considerable success. He was equally successful at the Inner Bar.

## Political and legal career

Before entering Parliament for Longford he had stood unsuccessfully for Cavan in 1855. He was a Roman Catholic and could generally rely politically on the support of the Catholic hierarchy, although his support for the Ecclesiastical Titles Act, forbidding Roman Catholic bishops from naming episcopal sees after British cities or towns, offended some of his co-religionists.
His appointment to the Bench was well-deserved on merit, but is said to have been partly the result of the Government's policy of increasing the number of Catholic judges. The appointment of such a noted Chancery lawyer to a common law court caused some surprise, but in time he came to be recognised as one of the few lawyers who had successfully made the transition from one system of law to another.

## Family

He married Sarah Isabella l'Estrange, daughter of Major Francis l'Estrange. They had two daughters, of whom Anna, the elder, married the future Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Michael Morris, 1st Baron Killanin. His younger daughter Margaret married Edward Fitzgerald of Dublin. His wife conformed to the Church of Ireland, and their daughters were raised in that faith, though both married Catholics. He lived in Monkstown, County Dublin, and also owned property in County Longford. He died at Bray, County Wicklow in 1872, attended in his last illness by his brother James, a well-known physician.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Henry George Hughes :
* CrestOut of a ducal coronet a demi-lion rampant Sable.
* EscutcheonArgent a lion rampant Sable armed and langued Gules.
* MottoNon Vis Sed Veritas
# Ashtrakhanids

(H)Ashtrakhanids may refer to the following dynasties in Central Asia :
* the Khans of the Astrakhan Khanate
* their Ashtarkhanid branch ruling the Khanate of Bukhara (1599-1785)
# Dinapathi

Dinapathi was a Tamil language daily newspaper in Ceylon published by Independent Newspapers Limited, part of M. D. Gunasena & Company. It was founded on 1964 and was published from Colombo. In 1966 it had an average net sales of 11,000. It had an average circulation of 12,100 in 1970 and 31,337 in 1973.
By 1973/74 the Independent Newspapers publications had become vocal critics of Sirimavo Bandaranaike's government. The government sealed Independent Newspapers' presses and closed it down on 19 April 1974 using the Emergency (Defence) Regulations. Independent Newspapers resumed publication on 30 March 1977 but the three-year closure had taken its toll. Due to financial problems, Independent Newspapers and its various publications closed down on 26 December 1990.