OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fredonyer Pass

Fredonyer Pass, elevation 5,752 feet (1,753 m), is a high mountain pass in Lassen County, California, southwest of Susanville and southeast of Mount Lassen. It lies on the Great Basin Divide between the Feather River to the west and the Susan River and Honey Lake to the east.
The pass is traversed by State Route 36 and has virtually the same elevation as Morgan Summit to the west (sources vary). It is subject to snowfall during the winter.

## Atlas Fredonyer

Fredonyer Pass received its name from Dr. Atlas Fredonyer, who discovered the pass in 1850.
Fredonyer was born in Switzerland in about 1832. In 1850, he traveled through the Humboldt River, Black Rock Desert and High Rock Canyon. He and his companions decided not to take the Lassen Trail and instead headed southwest from High Rock and discovered what is now known as Fredonyer Pass.
In 1862, Fredonyer was convicted of incest and eventually pardoned by California Governor Leland Stanford.
In 1880, Dr. Fredonyer died in San Francisco after colon surgery to remove a 16-ounce bottle that he had inadvertently lost inside his rectum after an attempt to alleviate a severe case of diarrhea.

## Geography

In the early 1900s, Fredonyer pass was known as Fredonia Pass.
In 1995, there was an unsuccessful move to rename Fredonyer Pass to honor of Deputy Sheriff Larry David Griffith, who was slain in the line of duty.
Fredonyer Pass is part of the approximate boundary between the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range. This irregular boundary is sometimes defined as the southern extent of Cenozoic igneous surface rock from the Cascade Range. This boundary roughly follows the drainage of the North Fork Feather River southeast to Fredonyer Pass. Note that there are other Cenozoic igneous rocks in the Sierra (e.g., near Lake Tahoe), but there is a clear geological division near Fredonyer Pass, and points westward as far as the Sacramento Valley.
# Approbation

Approbation may refer to:
* Approbation (Catholic canon law), an act in the Catholic Church by which a bishop or other legitimate superior grants to an ecclesiastic the actual exercise of his ministry
* Approbation (Germany), the process of granting a medical license in Germany
* Royal approbation, the process by which the election of the Speaker of the House of Commons is confirmed by the sovereign in the United Kingdom
# 1901 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team

The 1901 Nevada State Sagebrushers football team was an American football team that represented Nevada State University (now known as the University of Nevada, Reno) as an independent during the 1901 college football season. In its first season under head coach Allen Steckle, the team compiled a 3–3 record.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 13 | Chico State | Evans FieldReno, NV | W 47–0 | |
| October 19 | Reliance Athletic Club | Evans FieldReno, NV | W 11–0 | |
| October 30 | at California | Berkeley, CA | L 0–12 | |
| November 2 | at Stanford | Stanford, CA | L 0–12 | |
| November 26 | Olympic Club | Evans FieldReno, NV | L 0–5 | |
| November 28 | at Utah | Walker's FieldSalt Lake City, UT | W 6–2 | 4,000–5,000 |
# Arbanasi Nunatak

Arbanasi Nunatak (Nunatak Arbanasi \'nu-na-tak ar-ba-'na-si\) is a 320 m high rocky peak in Vidin Heights on Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island in Antarctica. The peak was named after the settlement and monastery of Arbanasi near the old Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo.

## Location

The peak is located at 62°31′40″S 60°03′19.6″W﻿ / ﻿62.52778°S 60.055444°W﻿ / -62.52778; -60.055444 which is 860 m east by southeast of Sharp Peak, 2 km west of Kubrat Knoll and 2.56 km northwest of Edinburgh Hill.
# Arnaud

Arnaud may refer to:

## People

* Arnaud (given name), the French form of the German given name Arnold
* Arnaud (surname), the French form of the name Arnold
* Arnauld family, a noble French family prominent in the 17th century, associated with Jansenism

## Places

* Arnaud, Nippes, a commune in Haiti
* Arnaud River, Quebec, Canada

## Other uses

* Arnaud's, a well known restaurant in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
# 2003 Yuen Long District Council election

The 2003 Yuen Long District Council election was held on 23 November 2003 to elect all 29 elected members to the 42-member District Council.

## Overall election results

Before election:
| 3 | 20 |
| PD | Pro-Beijing |
Change in composition:
| 7 | 22 |
| Pro-dem | Pro-Beijing |
Yuen Long District Council election result 2003 :
| Party | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| Independent | 20 | 5 | 1 | +4 | 69.0 | 73.9 | 42,401 | |
| DAB | 4 | 1 | 3 | −2 | 13.8 | 15.2 | 9,865 | +2.9 |
| Democratic Alliance | 4 | 2 | 0 | +2 | 13.8 | 10.7 | 6,928 | |
| Democratic | 2 | 1 | 0 | +1 | 6.9 | 4.3 | 2,800 | −6.1 |
| Liberal | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 2,309 | |
| HKPA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 415 | |
# Mutatochrome

Mutatochrome (5,8-epoxy-β-carotene) is a carotenoid. It is the predominant carotenoid in the cap of the bolete mushroom Boletus luridus.
# 2002 Tour Down Under

The 2002 Tour Down Under was the fourth edition of the Tour Down Under stage race. It took place from 15 to 20 January in and around Adelaide, South Australia. This edition was won by Michael Rogers, who rode for Team AIS.

## Route

The route of the 2002 Tour Down Under is centred around the city of Adelaide in South Australia. There were six mass-start road stages and no time trials.
Stage schedule :
| Stage | Date | Route | Distance | Type | Winner |
| 1 | 15 January | Glenelg | 47 km (29 mi) | Flat stage | Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
| 2 | 16 January | Hahndorf to Strathalbyn | 150 km (93 mi) | | Michael Rogers (AUS) |
| 3 | 17 January | Willunga | 149 km (93 mi) | | Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
| 4 | 18 January | Unley to Victor Harbor | 141 km (88 mi) | | Robbie McEwen (AUS) |
| 5 | 19 January | Gawler to Tanunda | 156 km (97 mi) | | Cadel Evans (AUS) |
| 6 | 20 January | Adelaide | 90 km (56 mi) | Flat stage | Robbie McEwen (AUS) |

## Stages
### Stage 1

15 January 2002 – Glenelg – Glenelg, 47 km
Stage and General Classification after Stage 1
| | Cyclist | Team | Time |
| 1 | Robbie McEwen (AUS) | Lotto–Adecco | |
| 2 | Corey Sweet (AUS) | Team UniSA | s.t. |
| 3 | Jans Koerts (NED) | Domo-Farm Frites | s.t. |
| 4 | Max van Heeswijk (NED) | Domo-Farm Frites | s.t. |
| 5 | Glenn D'Hollander (NED) | Lotto–Adecco | s.t. |
| 6 | Julian Dean (NZL) | CSC–Tiscali | s.t. |
| 7 | Henk Vogels (AUS) | Team AIS | s.t. |
| 8 | Alexander Bocharov (RUS) | AG2R Prévoyance | s.t. |
| 9 | Fabio Sacchi (ITA) | Saeco–Longoni Sport | s.t. |
| 10 | Frédéric Guesdon (FRA) | Française des Jeux | s.t. |
# Music Kit

The Music Kit was a software package for the NeXT Computer system. First developed by David A. Jaffe and Julius O. Smith, it supported the Motorola 56001 DSP that was included on the NeXT Computer's motherboard. It was also the first architecture to unify the Music-N and MIDI paradigms. Thus it combined the generality of the former with the interactivity and performance capabilities of the latter. The Music Kit was integrated with the Sound Kit.
First demonstrated in 1988 at Davies Symphony Hall, the 1.0 release shipped in 1989 with the NeXT computer and included an Objective-C library for creating music and sound applications, a score language that included expression evaluation, MIDI, sound and DSP drivers, several command-line utilities and a simple score-playing application called ScorePlayer. The Music Kit was integrated into a variety of music applications, including Finale and Creation Station. It was also used in video games and even document processors.
The 2.0 release of the NeXT computer included additional bundled applications, including Ensemble, a fractal-based improvisation tool developed by Michael Mcnabb. Others involved in the NeXT Music Kit project included Douglas Fulton (documentation and demos), Doug Keislar (third-party support), Greg Kellogg (drivers), Lee Boynton (drivers, Sound Kit) and Dana Massie (development.) In addition, consultants brought in early on included Andy Moorer (DSP software architecture), Roger Dannenberg (data structures) and John Strawn (DSP software).
In 1992 (NeXT 3.0 release), the Music Kit was un-bundled from the NeXT software and was released as a copyrighted open source package to the Stanford Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), where Julius O. Smith was a professor. Stanford University hired David A. Jaffe as a consultant to continue to develop the Music Kit. Among the additions at that time were support for the Airel QuintProcessor, a five-DSP board for the NeXTcube, support for audio directly via the DSP56001 serial port (which was brought out to the back of the NeXT cube), and support for NextSTEP and the use of DSP processing using the Turtle Beach DSP56001 card. A set of eight Motorola evaluation boards were combined into a chassis for the prototype "Frankenstein" platform, used by the Sondius program of the Stanford Office of Technology Licensing to develop physical models of musical instruments. In addition, Jaffe was hired by a third party to add MIDI time code support to the Music Kit. (The Sondius group was later spun off into an independent company, Staccato Systems, Inc., with funding from Yamaha and Stanford University. Staccato Systems, Inc. was acquired by Analog Devices in 2000.)
The Music Kit was described in numerous articles in NeXTWorld and other periodicals, and in books such as The Complete Guide to the Nextstep user environment.
More recent ports of the Music Kit were done by Leigh Smith and Stephen Brandon.
# Granata cumingii

Granata cumingii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chilodontaidae.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 32 mm. The imperforate shell has an auriform shape. The spire is depressed. The glistening shell has a cream ground color dotted with reddish or reddish-brown spots. The axial sculpture is somewhat coarse. The axial plications are crisp and regular. It is transversely spirally ribbed. The ribs are elevated, subequal, crenelated, articulated with reddish brown. The interstices are ornamented with delicate longitudinal lamellae. The aperture is very broad and has an elongate, ovoidal shape. It is sulcate within. The inner lip is subreflexed.
It has been described as a large and elegant species, with a peculiar yellowish glistening tinge in the intervals between the spiral rugose ribs. The aperture is very transverse, and the inner lip is reflexed on the columella.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the tropical Indian Ocean off Southern Kenya to Southern Madagascar and northern Mozambique at low shore, living under rocks.
# Granata lyrata

Granata lyrata, common name the elegant stomatella, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusC in the family Chilodontaidae.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 15 mm. The thin but solid shell has a depressed-globose shape. It is pinkish, with dots of deep brown or black and white on the spiral riblets. The spire is short. The sutures are deeply impressed. The surface of whorls are encircled by narrow spiral lirae, separated by spaces about 1 mm wide (in a specimen of 15 mm diam.). These interstices are closely latticed by oblique raised striae, and bear on the last part of the whorl from one to three minute spiral interstitial threads. There are about 16 principal threads on the body whorl of the largest specimen, but this character is extremely variable. The three whorls are convex with the last whorl descending. The large aperture is very oblique, rounded-oval, nacreous, iridescent and slightly sulcate within, corresponding to the sculpture of the outside. The arcuate columella is narrow and flattened.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan and the Philippines.
# Granata sulcifera

Granata sulcifera is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chilodontaidae.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 17 mm and 23 mm. The rather thin shell has an orbicular shape. The short spire is conoidal. Its color is grayish or pinkish, with narrow reddish-brown irregular longitudinal stripes, often broken into dots on the spirals. The sculpture consists of narrow spiral riblets with interstitial smaller threads. The interstices are finely latticed by raised close longitudinal striae. The spire contains about four whorls with the last 1½ very rapidly widening, descending anteriorly. The large aperture is oblique, oval, lightly sulcate within and brilliantly iridescent, with red, skyblue and green reflections, neither predominating. The thin columella is arcuate, with a new-moon shaped flat white or slightly iridescent tract bounding it.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Persian Gulf, in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar, Mozambique and Transkei, South Africa; off Lord Hood's Island, Australia.
# Gp-39 (disambiguation)

* Cartilage glycoprotein 39 also called gp-39 or YKL-40
* CD40-ligand (TNF ligand superfamily member 5), also called CD40L and gp-39
* EMD GP39 locomotive unit also called GP39
# Aldose 1-epimerase

In enzymology, an aldose 1-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    alpha-D-glucose $\rightleftharpoons$ beta-D-glucose
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, alpha-D-glucose, and one product, beta-D-glucose.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on carbohydrates and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aldose 1-epimerase. Other names in common use include mutarotase, and aldose mutarotase. This enzyme participates in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 23 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1L7J, 1L7K, 1LUR, 1MMU, 1MMX, 1MMY, 1MMZ, 1MN0, 1NS0, 1NS2, 1NS4, 1NS7, 1NS8, 1NSM, 1NSR, 1NSS, 1NSU, 1NSV, 1NSX, 1NSZ, 1SNZ, 1SO0, and 1YGA.
# 2003–04 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season

The 2003–04 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season comprises three different basins. Their respective seasons are:
* 2003–04 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season west of 90°E,
* 2003–04 Australian region cyclone season between 90°E and 160°E, and
* 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season east of 160°E.
In addition to the three basins, there were two cyclones that developed in the south Atlantic Ocean. One weak cyclone developed in January and another in March which reached hurricane intensity and hit Brazil, known as Hurricane Catarina.
# My Mate

My Mate, or a Bush Love Story is an Australian play by Edmund Duggan which was first produced in 1911.

## Synopsis

Nellie Moreland returns to her family's farm after being away at school in Sydney for half a dozen years. Two best friends are in love with her, Jack Melton and Jim Fernleigh, as well as the villainous Ralph Seymour. Jim declares his love for Nellie but she tells him he will only ever be like a brother to her – her heart belongs to Jack. This causes trouble between Jack and Jim. Ralph kidnaps Nellie and Jack comes to her rescue; Ralph is about to stab Jack dead with a knife but Jim shoots Ralph dead. Jim is arrested for murder, but eventually escapes from gaol. The Moreland family are in financial crisis because of the evil Cashman, who holds a bill of sale over the property, but Jim rides a horse to victory in Melbourne and the family's fortunes are restored. Comic relief is provided by Dolf Darling.

## Production

The play was first produced at Kings Theatre in Melbourne under the management of Duggan's brother-in-law, William Anderson with a cast that included Duggan, Bailey and Roy Redgrave. It featured readings from Adam Lindsay Gordon, of whom Duggan was a great admirer

### Original cast

* Roy Redgrave as Jack Melton
* Larry Sweeney as Jim Fernleigh
* Bert Bailey as Dolf Darling
* Rutland Beckett as Ralph Seymour
* Edmund Duggan as Joe Moreland
* J. H. Nunn as Sergeant Haynes
* Temple Harrison as Trooper Wilkins
* Max Clifton as Gunyah
* Edwin Campbell as Alex Cashman
* Fred Kehoe as Larry Lindsay
* Frank Nosemore as Charlie Summers
* William Muskett as Shoak Bill
* Lillie Bryer as Mrs. Moreland
* Olive Wilton as Jessie Moreland,
* Marie Wllbert as Janet McTavish
* Nellie Brancy as Maud Wilson
* Maud Goldspink as Annie Wilson
* Eugenie Duggan as Nellie Morland

## Reception

The play did not enjoy the same popularity earned by Duggan's collaborations with Bert Bailey, such as On Our Selection (1912). However it still toured around Australia and was revived several times, including productions in 1915, 1919 and 1925
# 2002 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Anthony Kennedy

* The 2002 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 7, 2002, and concluded October 5, 2003. This was the sixteenth term of Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy's tenure on the Court.
* Anthony Kennedy 2002 term statistics
* 7
* Majority or Plurality
* 6
* Concurrence
* 1
* Other
* 6
* Dissent
* 2
* Concurrence/dissent
* Total =
* 22
* Bench opinions = 20
* Opinions relating to orders = 1
* In-chambers opinions = 1
* Unanimous opinions: 1
* Most joined by: Rehnquist, Stevens, Breyer (8)
* Least joined by: Thomas, Ginsburg (5)
| Type | Case | Citation | Issues | Joined by |
| 101 | Miller-El v. Cockrell | 537 U.S. 322 (2003) | | Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, Scalia, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| 202 | Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. | 537 U.S. 418 (2003) | | |
| 403 | Price v. United States | 537 U.S. 1152 (2003) | | |
| Kennedy dissented from the Court's order granting certiorari, vacating judgment, and remanding. ||||||
| 104 | Smith v. Doe | 538 U.S. 84 (2003) | | Rehnquist, O'Connor, Scalia, Thomas |
| 305 | Norfolk & Western R. Co. v. Ayers | 538 U.S. 135 (2003) | | Rehnquist, O'Connor, Breyer |
| 406 | Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington | 538 U.S. 216 (2003) | | |
| 207 | Branch v. Smith | 538 U.S. 254 (2003) | | Stevens, Souter, Breyer (in part) |
| 108 | State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. v. Campbell | 538 U.S. 408 (2003) | | Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, Souter, Breyer |
| 109 | Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson | 538 U.S. 468 (2003) | | Rehnquist, Stevens, Scalia, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg; O'Connor, Breyer (in part) |
| 110 | Massaro v. United States | 538 U.S. 500 (2003) | | Unanimous |
| 211 | Demore v. Kim | 538 U.S. 510 (2003) | | |
| 412 | Nevada Dept. of Human Resources v. Hibbs | 538 U.S. 721 (2003) | State sovereignty • Family and Medical Leave Act | Scalia, Thomas |
| 313 | Chavez v. Martinez | 538 U.S. 760 (2003) | | Stevens; Ginsburg (in part) |
| 514 | Kenyeres v. Ashcroft | 538 U.S. 1301 (2003) | | |
| Kennedy denied an application for a stay. ||||||
| 115 | Overton v. Bazzetta | 539 U.S. 126 (2003) | | Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| 216 | Federal Election Commission v. Beaumont | 539 U.S. 146 (2003) | | |
| 217 | United States v. American Library Association, Inc. | 539 U.S. 194 (2003) | | |
| 418 | Grutter v. Bollinger | 539 U.S. 306 (2003) | | |
| 219 | Georgia v. Ashcroft | 539 U.S. 461 (2003) | | |
| 120 | Lawrence v. Texas | 539 U.S. 558 (2003) | | Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| 421 | Stogner v. California | 539 U.S. 607 (2003) | | Rehnquist, Scalia, Thomas |
| 422 | Nike, Inc. v. Klasky | 539 U.S. 654 (2003) | | |
| Kennedy filed an unelaborated dissent from the Court's per curiam dismissal of certiorari as improvidently granted. ||||||
# Albert Lee (bishop)

Albert William Lee was an Anglican bishop in the mid 20th century.
Lee was ordained in 1901. Following a curacy with the Eton Mission at Hackney Wick, he emigrated to Zululand where he became the Archdeacon of Vryheid in 1928 and then the Bishop of Zululand in 1935, holding the post until 1947.
# Graham patch

A Graham patch is a surgical technique that is used to close duodenal perforations. A piece of omentum is used to cover the perforation. This patch is typically used for holes with a size of 5mm or less.

## Procedure

An appropriately-sized tongue of tension-free, well-vascularized omentum is used to plug the perforation. The omental patch is held in place by interrupted sutures placed through healthy duodenum on either side of the perforation. Once the patch is secure, the seal can be tested by submerging the site under irrigation fluid and injecting air into the patient's nasogastric tube. The absence of air bubbles indicates that the seal is intact.
# Graham cracker crust

Graham cracker crust is a style of pie crust made from crushed graham crackers. Graham crackers are a sweet American cracker made from unbleached, whole wheat graham flour. The crust is usually flavored and stiffened with butter or vegetable oil and sometimes sugar. Graham cracker crust is a very common type of crust for cheesecakes and cream pies in America.
Graham cracker pie crusts are available as a mass-produced product in the United States, and typically consist of the prepared crust pressed into a disposable aluminum pie pan.
Variations use crushed cookies or Nilla wafers as substitutes for the graham crackers.
Graham cracker crusts may be baked or unbaked before filling.

## Origin

The invention of the graham cracker crust is credited to Monroe Boston Strause, who was known as the Pie King and also invented the chiffon pie.
# Graham reaction

In organic chemistry, the Graham reaction is an oxidation reaction that converts an amidine into a diazirine using a hypohalite reagent. The halide of the hypohalite oxidant, or another similar anionic additive to the reaction, is retained as a substituent on the diazirine product. The reaction was first reported in 1965. Various reaction mechanisms have been proposed.
Amidine substrates for the reaction can easily be formed from the corresponding nitriles via the Pinner reaction. The halide substituent in the diazirine product can be displaced by a various nucleophiles.
# Aleksandar Stijović

Aleksandar Stijović (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Стијовић; born 27 January 1981) is a Montenegrin forestry engineer and politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management in the Government of Montenegro and the cabinet of Zdravko Krivokapić from 2020 to 2022.

## Biography

Stijović was born in SR Serbia in 1981. Aleksandar Stijović graduated from a forestry high school in Berane, then enrolled at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree and later earned a master's degree with a thesis “Use of forest biomass in mountainous conditions of Montenegro".

### Professional career

As a chief engineer, he was employed at the Institute of Forestry of Montenegro from 2014 to 2018. For over eight years he was engaged in the Institute of Forestry of Montenegro on the project as an expert on forest health. He was engaged in many other projects lasting from several months to a year or more in important departments from the Delegation of the European Union in Podgorica through the National Parks of Montenegro, the International Center for Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment, the European Bank for Rural Development, World Bank etc.

### Political career

On 5 November 2020, the prime minister-designate of Montenegro, Zdravko Krivokapić, appointed him a candidate for the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management in the new Government of Montenegro. He serves as minister in Krivokapić Cabinet as of 4 December 2020, when he was officially appointed by the parliament.
# Grain beetle

Grain beetle may refer to:
* Flat grain beetle
* Foreign grain beetle
* Merchant grain beetle
* Saw-toothed grain beetle