OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eikonal approximation

In theoretical physics, the eikonal approximation (Greek εἰκών for likeness, icon or image) is an approximative method useful in wave scattering equations, which occur in optics, seismology, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and partial wave expansion.

## Informal description

The main advantage that the eikonal approximation offers is that the equations reduce to a differential equation in a single variable. This reduction into a single variable is the result of the straight line approximation or the eikonal approximation, which allows us to choose the straight line as a special direction.

## Relation to the WKB approximation

The early steps involved in the eikonal approximation in quantum mechanics are very closely related to the WKB approximation for one-dimensional waves. The WKB method, like the eikonal approximation, reduces the equations into a differential equation in a single variable. But the difficulty with the WKB approximation is that this variable is described by the trajectory of the particle which, in general, is complicated.

## Formal description

Making use of WKB approximation we can write the wave function of the scattered system in terms of action S:
    $\Psi =e^{iS/{\hbar }}$
Inserting the wavefunction Ψ in the Schrödinger equation without the presence of a magnetic field we obtain
    $-{\frac {{\hbar }^{2}}{2m}}{\nabla }^{2}\Psi =(E-V)\Psi$
    $-{\frac {{\hbar }^{2}}{2m}}{\nabla }^{2}{e^{iS/{\hbar }}}=(E-V)e^{iS/{\hbar }}$
    ${\frac {1}{2m}}{(\nabla S)}^{2}-{\frac {i\hbar }{2m}}{\nabla }^{2}S=E-V$
We write S as a power series in ħ
    $S=S_{0}+{\frac {\hbar }{i}}S_{1}+...$
For the zero-th order:
    ${\frac {1}{2m}}{(\nabla S_{0})}^{2}=E-V$
If we consider the one-dimensional case then ${\nabla }^{2}\rightarrow {\partial _{z}}^{2}$.
We obtain a differential equation with the boundary condition:
    ${\frac {S(z=z_{0})}{\hbar }}=kz_{0}$
for $V\rightarrow 0$, $z\rightarrow -\infty$.
    ${\frac {d}{dz}}{\frac {S_{0}}{\hbar }}={\sqrt {k^{2}-2mV/{\hbar }^{2}}}$
    ${\frac {S_{0}(z)}{\hbar }}=kz-{\frac {m}{{\hbar }^{2}k}}\int _{-\infty }^{z}{Vdz'}$
# Babette von Bülow

Clara Bertha Friederike von Bülow (known as Babette von Bülow; pen name, Hans Arnold; 30 September 1850 – 8 March 1927) was a German writer of short stories, comedies and farces.

## Biography

Clara Bertha Friederike Eberty was born in Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój, 30 September 1850. She was the daughter of the lawyer, writer and amateur astronomer, Felix Eberty, professor at the University of Breslau and Mary Hasse. She grew up in Breslau where she studied in a French school and married Lieutenant Colonel Adolf von Bülow on 10 June 1876. The military career of her husband led them to live in different garrisons such as Hanover in 1893, Erfurt in 1896, Frankfurt Oder in 1900, Potsdam in 1902 and again from 1905 in Erfurt. She personally knew Theodor Fontane. She died in Arendsee, Kühlungsborn, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in 1927.

## Selected works

* Novellen (1881)
* Neue Novellen (1884)
* Geburtstagsfreuden (1884)
* Fünf neue Novellen (1885)
* Berlin-Ostende mit zehntägigem Retourbillet (1886)
* Ein neues Novellenbuch (1886)
* Der Umzug und andere Novellen (1889)
* Theorie und Praxis (Lustspiel, 1890)
* Lustige Geschichten (1890)
* Zwei Friedfertige (Schwank, 1891)
* Einst im Mai! und andere Novellen (1892)
* Dornen um die Rose (1893)
* Sonnenstäubchen. Neue Novellen (1894)
* Theorie und Praxis (Lustspiel, 1895)
* Aus alten und neuen Tagen (1896)
* Maskiert und andere Novellen (1898)
* Christel und andere Novellen (1899)
* Zwei Affen und andere Novellen (1902)
* Perücke? Neue Novellen (1904)
* Herbstsonne. Neue Novellen (1907)
* Vom „Drachenfels“ des Lebens. Beobachtungen und Betrachtungen (1907)
* Ausgewählte Novellen (1907)
* Aus der Kinderzeit. Erinnerungen (1909)

## Sources

* Fritz Abshoff: Bildende Geister. Band 1. Oestergaard, Berlin 1905, S. 20.
* Franz Brümmer: Lexikon der deutschen Dichter und Prosaisten vom Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zur Gegenwart. Reclam, Leipzig 1913, S. 377.
* Heinrich Otto Meisner (1955), "Bülow, von", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 2, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 727–728; (full text online) (Erwähnung im Familienartikel)
* Walther Killy, Hans Fromm: Literatur-Lexikon. Autoren und Werke deutscher Sprache. Bertelsmann Lexikon, München 1988, ISBN 3-570-04672-9, S. 293.
* Gisela Brinker-Gabler: Deutsche Literatur von Frauen. Verlag C.H. Beck, München 1988, ISBN 3-406-33118-1, S. 160.
* Susanne Kord: Ein Blick hinter die Kulissen. Deutschsprachige Dramatikerinnen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Metzler, Stuttgart 1992, S. 345.
# Ekpetiama tribe

The Ekpetiama clan of the Ijaw ethnic group lives in central Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The clan derives its name from its common ancestor: Ekpeti. Tombia is the clan preeminent town. Other settlements include: Bumodi, Agudama, Akabiri, and Gbarantoru. The Ekpetiama clan holds an annual festival honoring its clan god, Amadosu. Tombia and Bumodi both have shrines honoring Amadosu. The governor of Bayelsa State Governor, Douye Diri gave automatic scholarship to Ebizi Blessing Eradiri for her Master and Doctorate degrees in any university in Nigeria or abroad. These event was honour by the Ibenanaowei of Ekpetiama Kingdom, King Bubaraye Dakolo.

## Significant events

* 23 July 2007: Gunmen kidnapped the 70-year-old mother of Hansel Seibarugu, the Speaker of the Bayelsa State House of Assembly. She was kidnapped from her home in the Ekpetiama village of Akaibiri in Yenagoa Local Government Area.
# Ekpeye language

Ekpeye language is one of many languages spoken in Rivers State, Nigeria. According to Roger Blench, Ekpeye is classified as an Igboid language. Although an Igboid language, Ekpeye has evolved to a very distinct Igboid language that is phonologically different from other Igboid languages. The Ogba and Ikwerre languages are closely related to Ekpeye. Ekpeye has many mutually intelligible dialects.

## Writing system

Ekpeye alphabet :
| a | b | bh | ch | d | dh | e | ẹ | g | gb | gw | h | i | ị | j | k | kp | kw |
| l | m | n | nw | ny | o | ọ | p | s | sh | t | u | ụ | w | wh | y | z | zh |

## Phonology
### Vowels

Ekpeye has nine vowel phonemes:
Vowels of Ekpeye :
| | Front | Back |
| Close | i | u |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | a | a |
The language has no long nasal vowels, no contrast between oral and nasal vowels, and no allophonic variants. The vowels carry tones, as Ekpeye is a tonal language. Ekpeye exhibits active synchronic vowel harmony.

## Distribution

* Rivers State: Ahoada East, Ahoada West, and Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni LGAs.
* Imo State: Ohaji/Egbema LGA
# Andrea (disambiguation)

Andrea is a given name common in many parts of the world.
Andrea may also refer to:

## Weather

* Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007), the first named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
* Tropical Storm Andrea (2013), the first named storm of the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season

## Ships

* SS Andrea, an Italian cargo ship
* SS Andrea Doria, an Italian ocean liner which capsized and sank on 25 July 1956

## Media
### Albums

* Andrea (Andrea Bocelli album), 2004
* Andrea (The Sunrays album) or the title song (see below), 1966

### Songs

* "Andrea" (song), by the Sunrays, 1966
* "Andrea", by Fabrizio De André from Rimini, 1978
* "Andrea", by Toronto from Greatest Hits, 1984
* "Andrea", by Bad Bunny and Buscabulla from Un Verano Sin Ti, 2022

### Other media

* Andrea (film), a 1973 Argentine musical comedy film
* Andrea (The Spanish Tragedy), a character in Thomas Kyd's play The Spanich Tragedy
* Andrea (The Walking Dead), a character in the comic book and television series The Walking Dead
* Andrea Chénier, colloquially Andrea, an 1896 opera by Umberto Giordano
* Andrea, a character in the animated family comedy film Chibi Maruko-chan: A Boy From Italy
* Andrea (Bulgarian singer), or her eponymous 2010 album

## Other uses

* Andrea (Asawa), public artwork by Ruth Asawa in San Francisco
* Project Andrea, an effort by the Chilean military dictatorship to manufacture sarin gas
# Babagwa

Babagwa (English: The Spider's Lair) is a 2013 Filipino drama film written and directed by Jason Paul Laxamana. The film stars Alex Medina as Greg, an internet scammer who falls in love with a wealthy old maid while trying to swindle her using a fake Facebook profile. The film competed under the New Breed section of the 9th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. It went on to be screened in film festivals in Hawaii, Cleveland, Vancouver, and Warsaw.

## Synopsis

Greg (Alex Medina) uses a fake Facebook account to trick people into depositing money into his bank account. Assuming the persona of a fictional guy named Bam (Kiko Matos), he flirts with a filthy rich woman that he met online. But in time, he falls in love with Daisy (Alma Concepcion) and is confused whether he will push through with the scam or admit his feelings for Daisy.

## Cast

* Alex Medina as Greg
* Joey Paras as Marney
* Alma Concepcion as Daisy
* Kiko Matos as Bam
* Nico Antonio as Peewee
* Chanel Latorre

## Awards

* 9th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival (New Breed)
** Best Supporting Actor – Joey Paras
# Diamouténé

Diamouténé is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Amadou Diamouténé (born 1985), Malian footballer
* Souleymane Diamouténé (born 1983), Malian footballer
# Arthur Barclay (disambiguation)

Arthur Barclay (1854–1938) was the 15th president of Liberia.
Arthur Barclay also may refer to:
* Arthur Barclay (American politician) (born 1989), American basketball player and politician
* Arthur Kett Barclay (1806–1869), English astronomer
# Anthony Carson

Anthony Carson may refer to:
* Anthony J. Carson (1869–1943), United States Army corporal and Medal of Honor recipient
* Anthony Carson (writer) (1907–1973), British journalist and travel writer
# Eric Wendt

Eric P. Wendt is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who last served as the 5th commander of the NATO Special Operations Headquarters, departing command on January 29, 2021. As a general officer, Wendt previously served as the United States Security Coordinator for the Israel-Palestinian Authority from November 2017 to October 2019, with prior general officer terms as the chief of staff of the United States Pacific Command from May 2015 to September 2016, as the commanding general of the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School from 2014 to 2015, as the commander of Special Operations Command Korea from 2012 to 2014, and as the deputy commander of Regional Command North of the International Security Assistance Force from 2011 to 2012 in Afghanistan.
Wendt was commissioned in the Army as a second lieutenant via the ROTC program at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1986, graduating with a B.A. degree in law and society, and later graduated from the Naval Postgraduate School with a M.A. degree in national security affairs. He retired effective March 1, 2021 after over 34 years of distinguished service, including over 4 years in the infantry and 30 years as a Special Forces Green Beret. He speaks Arabic and Korean.
President Donald Trump nominated him to be United States ambassador to Qatar on September 22, 2020, but his confirmation hearing was not scheduled before the 116th Congress permanently adjourned on January 3, 2021, so his nomination was returned without action.
# Australian cricket team against Pakistan in England in 2010

The Pakistan cricket team played against Australia in England from 5–25 July 2010. The tour consisted of two T20Is and two Tests. Pakistan was the official home nation but the tour was transferred to England for security reasons.

## Twenty20 Series
### 1st T20I

* 5 July Scorecard
| Pakistan 167/8 (20 overs) | v | Australia 144 (18.4 overs) |
| Umar Akmal 64 (31) Shaun Tait 2/25 (4 overs) | | David Warner 41 (31) Saeed Ajmal 3/26 (3.4 overs) |
* Pakistan won by 23 runs Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Aleem Dar (Pak) and Asad Rauf (Pak) Player of the match: Umar Akmal (Pak)
* Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.

### 2nd T20I

* 6 July Scorecard
| Pakistan 162/9 (20 overs) | v | Australia 151 (19.4 overs) |
| Kamran Akmal 33 (25) Steve O'Keefe 3/29 (4 overs) | | David Hussey 33 (27) Mohammed Aamer 3/27 (4 overs) |
* Pakistan won by 11 runs Edgbaston, Birmingham Umpires: Asad Rauf (Pak) and Zameer Haider (Pak) Player of the match: Mohammed Aamer (Pak)
* Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.

## Test series
### 1st Test

* 13–17 July Scorecard
* Australia won by 150 runs Lord's, London Umpires: Ian Gould (Eng) and Rudi Koertzen (SA) Player of the match: Simon Katich (Aus) and Salman Butt (Pak)
* Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
* Steve Smith, Tim Paine (Aus) and Azhar Ali, Umar Amin (Pak) all made their Test debuts.
* Play on days 1 and 2 was reduced due to bad light.
* Play on days 3 and 4 was reduced due to rain.

### 2nd Test

* 21–25 July Scorecard
* Pakistan won by 3 wickets Headingley, Leeds Umpires: Ian Gould (Eng) and Rudi Koertzen (SA) Player of the match: Shane Watson (Aus) and Mohammad Aamer (Pak)
* Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
* Play on day 1 was reduced due to rain and bad light.
* Play on day 2 was reduced due to bad light.

## Tour matches
### First Class: Kent vs Pakistanis

* 28–30 June Scorecard
* Match drawn St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury Umpires: Mark Eggleston and John Steele
* Pakistanis won the toss and elected to bat.

### Tour match: Derbyshire vs Australians

* 8–9 July Scorecard
* Match drawn County Ground, Derby Umpires: Barry Dudleston and Andy Hicks
* Australians won the toss and elected to bat.

### Tour match: Leicestershire vs Pakistanis

* 8–9 July Scorecard
* Match drawn Grace Road, Leicester Umpires: Paul Baldwin (Ger) and Peter Willey
* Leicestershire won the toss and elected to bat.
# Discovery Mine

The Discovery Mine was a gold mine 84 kilometers northeast (approx bearing of 15 degrees) of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories that operated between 1950 and 1969. Gold was discovered here by Alfred Giauque in 1944. A complete townsite, on Giauque Lake, was established by the company to house workers and their families. The mine produced one million troy ounces (31,000 kg) of gold from one million tons of ore. The abandoned townsite, not accessible by road, was demolished in 2005.
Discovery Mine was serviced by air and had an unpaved airstrip to fly people and supplies in and out. After the mine was abandoned, the airstrip was often used by flying instructors from Yellowknife to teach their students emergency landing procedures on abandoned airstrips. As late as the early 1980s, the airstrip was in sufficiently good shape to use, with only a few potholes even after more than ten years. An aerial view of the lake at that time showed it to be crystal clear, with an unobstructed view to the rocky bottom and a beautiful blue colour. A tailings spill in the early 1960s deposited contaminated waste into the Lake. The short-life cyanide was undetectable within a few years, but the residual mercury remained in the sediment and entered the food chain. Declining concentrations of mercury in the fish since 1975 has occurred as the contaminated wastes are naturally buried. Clean-up of the townsite and tailings concluded in 2005 with no detectable contaminants in Giauque Lake water. Continuous monitoring since then continues to report no detectable contamination of the waters.
Additional mineralization discovered in 1994 led to renewed development of the area. Tyhee Development Corp of Vancouver, B.C. planned to exploit the over 1 million ounces of gold identified on site. In 2010 Tyhee (renamed Tyhee Gold Corp) completed a Preliminary Feasibility Study reporting 2.2 million ounces of gold in five zones, two of which are contiguous with the Discovery Mine. In 2011 Tyhee advanced their permitting of a new mine to the Developers Assessment Report stage of the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review process. A Feasibility Study completed in 2012 reported positive economics from a combined mining operation exploiting Reserves identified on the Discovery Mine Property, and two other satellite zones. A central milling site at the Discovery Mine was proposed. Tyhee became insolvent and in 2017 they voluntarily entered receivership and all of its assets were purchased by GoldMining Inc. of Vancouver.
# Dinhata College

Dinhata College (দিনহাটা কলেজ) is a government–aided general degree college established in 1956, is one of the oldest college in Dinhata, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. The campus is in the Cooch Behar district. It is affiliated to Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University (formerly affiliated to University of North Bengal).

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). And accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council in first cycle.

## Courses offered

Courses offered as per the approval of the University :
| Sl. No. | Subject Name | Stream | Intake Capacity |
| 1 | Bengali | Arts | 729 |
| 2 | English | Arts | 354 |
| 3 | History | Arts | 709 |
| 4 | Philosophy | Arts | 709 |
| 5 | Political Science | Arts | 709 |
| 6 | Economics | Arts | 265 |
| 7 | Geography | Arts | 80 |
| 8 | Sanskrit | Arts | 372 |
| 9 | Sociology | Arts | 372 |
| 10 | Physical Education | Arts | 79 |
| 11 | Physics | Science | 122 |
| 12 | Chemistry | Science | 88 |
| 13 | Mathematics | Science | 140 |
| 14 | Botany | Science | 61 |
| 15 | Zoology | Science | 61 |
| 16 | Accountancy | Commerce | 260 |
# Disney Regional Entertainment

Disney Regional Entertainment was the subsidiary of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts which developed and operated unique local entertainment concepts. It previously operated the Club Disney, DisneyQuest, and ESPN Zone chain entertainment concepts.

## History

Disney Regional Entertainment was formed in 1996 to develop local based entertainment concepts. Soon after the purchase of Capital Cities/ABC Inc., which owns 80% of ESPN, Disney CEO Michael D. Eisner moved forward with his idea to having local entertainment based on Disney brands in metropolitan and suburban area. Eisner selected Art Levitt, who was previously Disney Parks and Resorts vice president of resorts and special projects then CEO of Hard Rock Cafe International. As Disney Parks and Resorts vice president of resorts and special projects, Levitt was responsible for Pleasure Island, the Disney Village Marketplace and the Disney Village Resort and spearhead the initial plans for ESPN Club, which was initial conceptually similar to ESPN Zone.
Several concepts were placed in the planning stage. Club Disney was the first to be launched on February 21, 1997 at the Westlake Promenade in Thousand Oaks, California with another in Southern California opened later that year.
On June 19, 1998, Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest, a location-based entertainment venue, at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World. The company opened its first ESPN Zone on July 11, 1998 at Power Plant in the Inner Harbor, Baltimore.
| Projects | concept | first opened | Maximum opened |
| Club Disney | children's entertainment centers | February 21, 1997 | 5 |
| DisneyQuest | indoor arcade with traditional and virtual reality experiences | June 19, 1998 | 2 |
| ESPN Zone | sports-themed restaurants | July 11, 1998 | 9 |
On August 28, 1998, Disney Regional announced an expansion for Club Disney for late 1998 and 1999. In December 1998, Disney Regional Entertainment was transferred with a couple of other units into Walt Disney Attractions.
The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16, 1999 with plans for more locations worldwide. In October 1999, Disney announced that the Club chain would be shut down with their last day of operation being November 1, 1999. On September 4, 2001, the Chicago DisneyQuest closed leaving only the Disney World location left.
ESPN Zone lasted longer than the other chains. As a chain it was closed down as of June 16, 2010 with five of its locations while two other continued operating by other companies, AEG and Zone Enterprises. With transfer of the remaining ESPN Zones to other companies, Disney Regional Entertainment shut down. On July 3, 2017, the final DisneyQuest closed down at Disney Springs and was demolished for the NBA Experience.
# Disney Princess: Magical Jewels

Disney Princess: Magical Jewels is a video game in the Disney Princess franchise that was developed by 1st Playable Productions and released by Disney Interactive Studios for Nintendo DS in 2007. It is designed as a 2D puzzle action-adventure and features the six original Disney Princesses: Aurora, Belle, Cinderella, and Snow White are in the main game, while Jasmine and Ariel are playable in minigames.

## Plot

An evil Queen has seized the Magical Jewels of the Kingdom of Kindness and destroyed the Golden Castle. To restore peace, Aurora, Belle, Cinderella, and Snow White team up to reclaim the Magical Jewels, defeat the Queen's minions and banish her from the kingdom for good.

## Reception

Lucas M. Thomas of IGN gave the game a score of 6.5/10, calling it a "title that does a good job of visually presenting its worlds and characters and offering a lot of ground to cover, but gaining its multiple hours of gameplay primarily through repetition of the same core concept, again and again, with little variation along the way".
# Miguel Bombarda

Miguel Augusto Bombarda GCSE (6 March 1851 – 3 October 1910) was a Portuguese physician, psychiatrist, and politician. He is perhaps most widely remembered as one of the major conspirators of the 5 October 1910 revolution, although he was shot and killed the day before the coup took place by one of his patients, Aparício Rebelo dos Santos.

## Selected publications

* Contribuição para o estudo dos microcephalus (1894)
* Lições sobre a epilepsia e as pseudo-epilepsies (1896)
* Estudos Biológicos. A Consciência e o Livre Arbítrio (1898)
* A sciencia e o Jesuitismo: replica a um padre sabio (1900)

## Distinctions
### National orders

* Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (2 May 1906)
# Diomício Freitas Airport

Diomício Freitas/Forquilhinha Airport (IATA: CCM, ICAO: SSIM) formerly SBCM, is the airport serving Criciúma, Brazil, located in the adjoining municipality of Forquilhinha. It is named after Diomício Manoel de Freitas (1911-1981), a local entrepreneur and politician.
It is operated by Infracea.

## History

The airport was opened on December 17, 1979.
Between 2006 and 2016 the airport was managed by contract by Infraero, and between 2017 and 2020 by RDL Aeroportos. In 2020 Infracea became the new contractor.

## Airlines and destinations

No scheduled flights operate at this airport.

## Access

The airport is located 6 km (4 mi) from downtown Criciúma and 8 km (5 mi) from downtown Forquilhinha.