OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Derivatization

Derivatization is a technique used in chemistry which converts a chemical compound into a product (the reaction's derivate) of similar chemical structure, called a derivative.
Generally, a specific functional group of the compound participates in the derivatization reaction and transforms the educt to a derivate of deviating reactivity, solubility, boiling point, melting point, aggregate state, or chemical composition. Resulting new chemical properties can be used for quantification or separation of the educt.
Derivatization techniques are frequently employed in chemical analysis of mixtures and in surface analysis, e.g. in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy where newly incorporated atoms label characteristic groups.

## Derivatization reactions

Several characteristics are desirable for a derivatization reaction:
* The reaction is reliable and proceeds to completion. Less unreacted starting material will simplify analysis. Also, this allows a small amount of analyte to be used.
* The reaction is general, allowing a wide range of substrates, yet specific to a single functional group, reducing complicating interference.
* The products are relatively stable, and form no degradation products within a reasonable period, facilitating analysis.
Some examples of good derivatization reactions are the formation of esters and amides via acyl chlorides.

## Classical qualitative organic analysis

Classical qualitative organic analysis usually involves reacting an unknown sample with various reagents; a positive test usually involves a change in appearance — color, precipitation, etc.
These tests may be extended to give sub-gram scale products. These products may be purified by recrystallization, and their melting points taken. An example is the formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones from ketones and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
By consulting an appropriate reference table such as in Vogel's, the identity of the starting material may be deduced. The use of derivatives has traditionally been used to determine or confirm the identity of an unknown substance. However, due to the wide range of chemical compounds now known, it is unrealistic for these tables to be exhaustive. Modern spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques have made this technique obsolete for all but pedagogical purposes.

## For gas chromatography

Polar N-H and O-H groups on which give hydrogen bonding may be converted to relatively nonpolar groups on a relatively nonvolatile compound. The resultant product may be less polar, thus more volatile, allowing analysis by gas chromatography. Bulky, nonpolar silyl groups are often used for this purpose.

## Chiral derivatizing agent

Chiral derivatizing agents react with enantiomers to give diastereomers. Since diastereomers have different physical properties, they may be further analyzed by HPLC and NMR spectroscopy.
# FK Bačka

FK Bačka may refer to:
* FK Bačka Bačka Palanka, a Serbian football club based in Bačka Palanka
* FK Bačka 1901, a Serbian football club based in Subotica
# 2020 World Para Swimming European Open Championships – Women's 100 metre backstroke

The women's 100m backstroke events at the 2020 World Para Swimming European Open Championships were held at the Penteada Olympic Pools Complex.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| S6 | Nora Meister Switzerland | Verena Schott Germany | Yelyzaveta Mereshko Ukraine |
| S7 | Anna Hontar Ukraine | Agnes Kramer Sweden | Milana Shchelokova Russia |
| S8 | Viktoriia Ishchiulova Russia | Kateryna Denysenko Ukraine | Xenia Francesca Palazzo Italy |
| S9 | Nuria Marques Soto Spain | Lina Watz Sweden | Stephanie Millward Great Britain |
| S10 | Bianka Pap Hungary | Anaelle Roulet France | Emeline Pierre France |
| S11 | Sofiia Polikarpova Russia | Maryna Piddubna Ukraine | Kateryna Tkachuk Ukraine |
| S12 | Daria Pikalova Russia | Maria Delgado Nadal Spain | Alessia Berra Italy |
| S13 | Carlotta Gilli Italy | Anna Krivshina Russia | Roisin Ni Riain Ireland |
| S14 | Jessica-Jane Applegate Great Britain | Janina Breuer Germany | Olga Poteshkina Russia |

## Results
### S6
#### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Nora Meister | Switzerland | 1:21.78 | ER |
| | Verena Schott | Germany | 1:22.75 | |
| | Yelyzaveta Mereshko | Ukraine | 1:24.04 | |
| 4 | Anastasia Diodorova | Russia | 1:26.43 | |
| 5 | Anastasiia Zavalii | Ukraine | 1:30.34 | |
| 6 | Gabriele Cepaviciute | Lithuania | 1:32.35 | |
| 7 | Arianna Talamona | Italy | 1:33.78 | |
| 8 | Maria Tsakona | Greece | 1:43.58 | |

### S8
#### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Viktoriia Ishchiulova | Russia | 1:13.59 |
| | Kateryna Denysenko | Ukraine | 1:19.33 |
| | Xenia Francesca Palazzo | Italy | 1:20.73 |
| 4 | Mira Jeanne Maack | Germany | 1:22.77 |
| 5 | Mariia Pavlova | Russia | 1:24.99 |
| 6 | Jade Le Bris | France | 1:26.04 |

### S12
#### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Daria Pikalova | Russia | 1:07.85 |
| | Maria Delgado Nadal | Spain | 1:10.32 |
| | Alessia Berra | Italy | 1:15.53 |
| 4 | Yaryna Matlo | Ukraine | 1:18.85 |
| 5 | Neele Labudda | Germany | 1:22.16 |
| 6 | Katarina Chuda | Slovakia | 1:23.98 |
| 7 | Aliya Rakhimbekova | Kazakhstan | 1:29.60 |

### S14
#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Jessica-Jane Applegate | Great Britain | 1:10.88 | Q |
| 2 | Elizaveta Barbatina | Russia | 1:11.69 | Q |
| 3 | Janina Breuer | Germany | 1:13.18 | Q |
| 4 | Olga Poteshkina | Russia | 1:16.14 | Q |
| 5 | Eva Coronado Tejeda | Spain | 1:16.43 | Q |
| 6 | Pernilla Lindberg | Sweden | 1:17.14 | Q |
| 7 | Janina Falk | Austria | 1:20.72 | Q |
| 8 | Maely Chevallier | France | 1:23.86 | Q |
| — | Giorgia Marchi | Italy | DQ | |

#### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Jessica-Jane Applegate | Great Britain | 1:09.37 |
| | Janina Breuer | Germany | 1:12.00 |
| | Olga Poteshkina | Russia | 1:15.12 |
| 4 | Eva Coronado Tejeda | Spain | 1:15.45 |
| 5 | Pernilla Lindberg | Sweden | 1:15.46 |
| 6 | Janina Falk | Austria | 1:17.13 |
| 7 | Maely Chevallier | France | 1:22.21 |
| — | Elizaveta Barbatina | Russia | DNS |
# Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti

Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti is a federal government of Nigeria medical centre located in Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The current chief medical director is Adekunle Ajayi.

## History

Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti was established in 1998. The hospital was formerly known as General Hospital, Ido Ekiti.

## CMD

The current chief medical director is Adekunle Ajayi.
# B Boys (band)

The B Boys were a British male vocal/instrumental pop group. Their album, Cuttin' Herbie, was released on the Streetwave label. It entered the UK Albums Chart on 28 January 1984, and reached #90; it was in the chart for one week.
# Gonocephalus interruptus

Gonocephalus interruptus, Boulenger's forest dragon or Mindoro anglehead, is a species of agamid lizard. It is found in the Philippines.
# Hungary at the 2021 Summer World University Games

Hungary competed at the 2021 Summer World University Games in Chengdu, China held from 28 July to 8 August 2023.

## Medal summary
### Medal by sports

| Rank | Sports | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Rhythmic gymnastics | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Judo | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Swimming | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | Shooting | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Fencing | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Water polo | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Athletics | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 8 | Rowing | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (8 entries) | Totals (8 entries) | 3 | 8 | 6 | 17 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Day |
| Gold | Fanni Pigniczki | Rhythmic gymnastics | Women' individual all-around | 30 July |
| Gold | Fanni Pigniczki | Rhythmic gymnastics | Women's individual ball | 31 July |
| Gold | Roland Gőz | Judo | Men's -90 kg | 31 July |
| Silver | Sára Fábián | Shooting | 10 m air pistol women | 29 July |
| Silver | Gitta Bajos Eszter Dénes Dorina Lovász | Shooting | 10 m air rifle team women | 29 July |
| Silver | Sára Fábián | Shooting | 25 m pistol women | 1 August |
| Silver | Gergő Horváth | Fencing | Men's individual sabre | 2 August |
| Silver | Dalma Sebestyén | Swimming | Women's 200 m medley | 4 August |
| Silver | Dalma Sebestyén | Swimming | Women's 200 m butterfly | 7 August |
| Silver | Ajna Késely | Swimming | Women's 400 m freestyle | 7 August |
| Silver | Márton Mizsei Bendegúz Kevi Zsombor Szeghalmi Benedek Baksa Botond Bóbis György Ágh Döme Dala Máté Aranyi Balázs Nyíri Bendegúz Ekler Péter Sugár Benedek Batizi Benedek Danka | Water polo | Men's tournament | 8 August |
| Bronze | Róza Gyertyás | Judo | Women's -52 kg | 29 July |
| Bronze | Eszter Szabó-Feltóthy | Swimming | Women's 200 m backstroke | 2 August |
| Bronze | Sára Mátó | Athletics | Women's 400 metres hurdles | 3 August |
| Bronze | Gergely Török | Athletics | Men's high jump | 3 August |
| Bronze | Jázmin Tóth Eszter Muhari Edina Kardos Tamara Gnám | Fencing | Women's team épée | 5 August |
| Bronze | Bence Szabó Kálmán Furkó | Rowing | Lightweight men's double sculls | 6 August |
# Atan Ota

Atan Ota (Also Atan Otta) is a frontline town located in the Ado-Odo/Ota Local Government Area which is one of the 19 Local Government Areas of Ogun State in southwest Nigeria. It is situated at 6°46'0"N 2°47'60"E and is 575 kilometres (357 mi) west of Abuja and 62 km (39 mi) northeast of Cotonou. The town is brimming with some 300,000 residents. It lies right on the international route linking Nigeria with the Republic of Benin and directly west of Sango Otta township. A hub of business activities. Most of the residents are traders who sell foodstuff, provision, poultry food. The population of the settlement keeps increasing constantly as more and more people move out from Lagos to build residential blocks in the booming suburb.
The king of Atan Ota Oba Solomon Oyedele(Isiyemi 1) joined his ancestors on March 18th, 2018 at the age of 96. The town has a public primary school named Nawair-ud-deen primary school(N.U.D) whose field serves as a stadium for the people of Atan Ota and also a Public secondary school known as Local Government Secondary commercial school. The town also has many private schools. It also prides itself of a primary health centre as well as a booming market which is currently being upgraded to an ultramodern market which is opened every four days.

## History

The Ado-Odo/Ota local government area as a whole is predominantly Awori by native population, however there are also pockets of Egba populations in Sango Otta, Ijoko and Atan, while the Yewas or Egbados and the Eguns can be found in the Ado Odo area. Apart from the native population, there are people from all over Nigeria living peacefully in the vicinity.

## Geography

Atan Otta is bounded by the Lagos State local governments of Ojo and Badagry in the south, and Alimosho in the east. Yewa South and Ifo Local Governments in the north and Ipokia Local Government in the west.
# Maroubra yasudai

Maroubra yasudai, also known as the orange pipefish, is a species of marine fish belonging to the family Syngnathidae. This species can be found in the Izu Oceanic Park along the coast of Honshu Island, Japan. They often inhabit rocky crevices and caves at depths ranging from 28 to 30 meters. Their diet likely consists of small crustaceans such as copepods. Reproduction occurs through ovoviviparity in which the males brood eggs before giving live birth.
# Federalist Italian League

The Federalist Italian League (Lega Italiana Federalista, LIF) was a short-lived federalist and liberal political party in Italy.

## History

The party was founded by dissident members of Northern League on 13 February 1995, including Luigi Negri (who had been secretary of Lombard League until 9 January), Enrico Hüllwech and Giorgio Vido. Sergio Cappelli was elected federal coordinator of the party during a founding convention in Genoa. They had left the party of Umberto Bossi in disagreement with his decision to bring down Berlusconi I Cabinet in December 1994. It was initially composed of 14 Deputies and 10 Senators.
At that time Lega Nord was split between those who supported the new course of the party and those who wanted to continue the alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia. Among the latter figured also Roberto Maroni, minister of the Interior under Berlusconi and number two of the party. The decision of Bossi led him to leave resign from Parliament on 11 February. LIF members hoped that Maroni would have joined their party (to become its leader) and tried to convince him to run as their candidate for the post of President of Lombardy. Contrarily to what most people expected, Maroni did not leave Northern League and returned to active politics in July.
This was a hard blow for Negri and his followers. Many of them thus switched to the Federalist Union (UF) led by Gianfranco Miglio or the Federalists and Liberal Democrats (FLD), led by Furio Gubetti and Raffaele Costa. On 14 July the party's group in the Chamber of Deputies was reduced to a sub-group within the Mixed Group. On 20 December most members of LIF, including Luigi Negri, joined FLD. The year later, again in December, a substantial group of LIF members, including Enrico Hüllwech, Flavio Devetag and Luca Azzano Cantarutti, joined the parliamentary group of the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD).
In the 1996 general election, when the Northern League, despite the several splits had its best result ever (10.1% nationally), the only member of LIF who stood as candidate under the party's banner was Luca Azzano Cantarutti, future president of Venetian Independence, who got just 2.8% of the vote in the single-seat constituency of Adria. LIF leader Luigi Negri was however re-elected to the Chamber for the Pole for Freedoms and soon joined Forza Italia along with what remained of UF and FLD. He later left also that party to join the Italian Republican Party and thus the centre-left coalition supporting Romano Prodi's government. Among the other leading members of LIF, Enrico Hüllwech was elected Mayor of Vicenza in 1998 for Forza Italia, while Giorgio Vido was one of the leaders of Fronte Marco Polo and Liga Fronte Veneto.

## Leadership

* Federal Coordinator: Sergio Cappelli (1995–1996)
# Brickellia grandiflora

Brickellia grandiflora, known by the common name tasselflower brickellbush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.

## Description

Brickellia grandiflora is an upright perennial herb growing a few-branched stem up to 70 centimeters (28 inches) tall. The hairy, glandular leaves are up to 12 cm (4+3⁄4 in) long and lance-shaped, triangular, or heart-shaped.
The inflorescences at the tip of the slender stem holds clusters of nodding flower heads, each just over 1 cm long and lined with greenish phyllaries with curling tips. The bell-shaped flower head holds a spreading array of 20 to 40 disc florets. The fruit is a hairy cylindrical achene about 4 millimeters (1⁄8 in) long with a pappus of bristles. The bloom period is July to October.
The rust fungus Puccinia subdecora grows on Brickellia grandiflora.

## Distribution and habitat

The plant is widespread across much of western North America, found in western Canada (Alberta, British Columbia); northern Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas); and the western and midwestern United States (primarily the Rocky Mountains and regions west through California, Oregon and Washington, with additional populations in New Mexico and Texas, and the central Great Plains (Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma) and the Ozarks (Missouri, Arkansas).
It can be found on forest banks and cliffs at relatively high elevations.
# 1997 Northern Mariana Islands constitutional referendum

A three-part constitutional referendum was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 1 November 1997. All three proposals were approved by voters.

## Background

All three proposals had been approved by a three-quarter majority in both houses of the Commonwealth Legislature.

## Proposed changes
### Chapter II, Articles 16 and 17

Chapter II, article 16 would be amended to read:
   There shall be a ceiling on the budget of the legislature.
   a) Appropriations, or obligations and expenditures, for the operations and activities of the legislature and legislative bureau, other than the salaries of members of the legislature, any payments required by law to be made as an employer contribution to any Commonwealth government retirement fund, and major capital improvement projects, may not exceed in any fiscal year the budget ceiling provided in this section.
   g) Obligations and expenditures for the operations and activities of the legislature for the period October 1 through the second Monday in January of a fiscal year in which there is a regular general election may not exceed seven hundred thousand dollars or twenty provided by law consistent with this section. This ceiling shall apply to the various offices and activities in the same proportions as the annual spending authority provided by law consistent with this section.
It also involved deleting Chapter II, article 17, section f.

### Chapter III, article 20

Section b of Chapter III, article 20 would be amended to read:
   An employee who has acquired not less than twenty years of creditable service under the Commonwealth retirement system shall be credited an additional five years and shall be eligible to retire. An employee who elects to retire under this provision may not be reemployed by the Commonwealth Government or any of its instrumentalities or agencies, for more than 60 days in any fiscal year without losing his or her retirement benefits for the remainder of that fiscal year, except that the legislature may by law exempt reemployment of retirees as classroom teachers, doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals from this limitation, for reemployment not exceeding two (2) years. No retiree may have their retirement benefits recomputed based on any reemployment during which retirement benefits are drawn, but every such reemployed retiree shall nevertheless be required to contribute to the retirement fund during the period of reemployment, at the same rate as other government employees. The legislature may prohibit recomputation of retirement benefits based on reemployment after retirement in any event or under any circumstances.

### Chapter IV

The proposed amendments to Chapter IV were intended to ensure that federal courts had a constitutional basis, and to clarify their powers and procedures.
# MDG (disambiguation)

MDG is an abbreviation for Millennium Development Goals.
MDG, or mdg, may also refer to:
* Malaysian Dreamgirl, an online reality television program
* MDG, the IATA code for Mudanjiang Hailang Airport in Heilongjiang Province, China
* MDG, the ISO, ITU and NATO code for Madagascar, a sovereign state and island country
* MDG, the National Rail code for Midgham railway station in the county of Berkshire, UK
* Miljøpartiet De Grønne, the Green Party of Norway
* Monocable Detachable Gondola; cf. Aerial lift#Abbreviations
* Musikproduktion Dabringhaus und Grimm, German classical recording company
# Baker Township, Randolph County, Arkansas

Baker Township is a township in Randolph County, Arkansas, United States. Its total population was 55 as of the 2010 United States Census, an increase of 1.85 percent from 54 at the 2000 census.
According to the 2010 Census, Baker Township is located at 36°27′44″N 91°08′04″W﻿ / ﻿36.462305°N 91.134313°W﻿ / 36.462305; -91.134313 (36.462305, -91.134313). It has a total area of 16.172 square miles (41.89 square kilometers); of which 16.131 sq mi (41.78 km$^2$) is land and 0.041 sq mi (0.11 km$^2$) is water (0.25%). As per the USGS National Elevation Dataset, the elevation is 476 feet (145 m).
# Frøken Norge 2009

The Frøken Norge 2009 pageant was held in Lillestrøm, Norway on 28 March 2009. 12 finalists were competing for the two winner titles. Frøken Norge World was chosen by 75% audience votes and 25% judges' votes and represented Norway in Miss World 2009 in South Africa, and the Frøken Norge Universe was chosen by the judges and represented Norway in Miss Universe 2009 in the Bahamas.

## Final results

| Final results | Contestant |
| Frøken Norge 2009 | Stavanger - Eli Landa |
| Frøken Norge World 2009 | Skien - Sara Skjoldnes |
| Top 12 finalists | Bekkestua - Charlotte Rustad Frogner - Siri Kristin Johansen Hjelmeland - Anna Karina Bacca Langhus - Natasha Ally Hammer Sandane - Marita Frøyen Tranby - Jasmin Mehrnia Trondheim - Maiken Madeleine Gaup Øyer - Silje Mathea Nylund Ålesund - Martine Dønheim Ålesund - Trine Dønheim |

## Judges

* Pia Haraldsen (TV personality)
* Hanne-Karine Sørby Nilsen (Miss Norway Universe 2003)
* Natalia Davadi (winner of The Bachelor Norway 2008)
* Tom André Tveitan (winner of the reality series Robinsonekspedisjonen)
* Camilla Pihl (editor of Froken.no)
Among others.
# Ataxal

40°36′01″N 45°36′15″E﻿ / ﻿40.60028°N 45.60417°E﻿ / 40.60028; 45.60417
Ataxal (also, Atakhal) is a village in the Gadabay Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Böyük Qaramurad.
# Feeder (livestock equipment)

A feeder, is a feed holder, such as fixed holder or trailer-mounted hopper, delivering feed or fodder to cattle, sheep, horses and other livestock.
# Bagnall-Oakeley

Bagnall-Oakeley is a double-barrelled name. Notable people with the name include:
* Mary Ellen Bagnall-Oakeley (1833–1904), English antiquarian, author, and painter
* Richard Bagnall-Oakeley (1865–1947), Welsh archer who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics
# Arctiocossus poliopterus

Arctiocossus poliopterus is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Namibia and South Africa.