OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diexi

Diexi may refer to:
* Diexi, Mao County, town in Mao County, Sichuan, China
* Diexi Lake, lake in Mao County, Sichuan, China
# Edward Cross

Edward Cross may refer to:
* Edward Cross (politician) (1798–1887), judge, attorney general, and politician in Arkansas who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Arkansas
* Edward E. Cross (1832–1863), newspaperman and Union Army general during the American Civil War
* Edward Cross (zoo proprietor) (1774–1854), English zoo proprietor and dealer in animals
* Edward Cross (footballer), English footballer who played for Sheffield United
* Edward Makin Cross (1880–1965), bishop of Spokane in the Episcopal Church
# Educational measurement

Educational measurement refers to the use of educational assessments and the analysis of data such as scores obtained from educational assessments to infer the abilities and proficiencies of students. The approaches overlap with those in psychometrics. Educational measurement is the assigning of numerals to traits such as achievement, interest, attitudes, aptitudes, intelligence and performance.

## Overview

The aim of theory and practice in educational measurement is typically to measure abilities and levels of attainment by students in areas such as reading, writing, mathematics, science and so forth. Traditionally, attention focuses on whether assessments are reliable and valid. In practice, educational measurement is largely concerned with the analysis of data from educational assessments or tests. Typically, this means using total scores on assessments, whether they are multiple choice or open-ended and marked using marking rubrics or guides.
In technical terms, the pattern of scores by individual students to individual items is used to infer so-called scale locations of students, the "measurements". This process is one form of scaling. Essentially, higher total scores give higher scale locations, consistent with the traditional and everyday use of total scores. If certain theory is used, though, there is not a strict correspondence between the ordering of total scores and the ordering of scale locations. The Rasch model provides a strict correspondence provided all students attempt the same test items, or their performances are marked using the same marking rubrics.
In terms of the broad body of purely mathematical theory drawn on, there is substantial overlap between educational measurement and psychometrics. However, certain approaches considered to be a part of psychometrics, including Classical test theory, Item Response Theory and the Rasch model, were originally developed more specifically for the analysis of data from educational assessments.
One of the aims of applying theory and techniques in educational measurement is to try to place the results of different tests administered to different groups of students on a single or common scale through processes known as test equating. The rationale is that because different assessments usually have different difficulties, the total scores cannot be directly compared. The aim of trying to place results on a common scale is to allow comparison of the scale locations inferred from the totals via scaling processes.
# Die rote Kapelle

Die rote Kapelle is a 1972 West German television mini series on the anti-Nazi resistance and espionage organization called "Red Orchestra" by the Gestapo. The series was released one year after the East German film KLK an PTX - Die rote Kapelle on the very same subject.
# Metehara Sugar

Metehara Sugar (aka Metehara Seqwar) is an Ethiopian football club, in the town of Addis Ketema, Oromia Region. Despite their name, they are not based in Metehara, nor do they have any current affiliation with the sugar mill. They play in the Ethiopian Premier League, the top level of professional football in Ethiopia.
# 361st

361st may refer to:
* 361st Bombardment Squadron or 1st Antisubmarine Squadron, inactive United States Air Force unit
* 361st Fighter Group, World War II United States Army Air Forces combat organization
* 361st Fighter Squadron or 461st Flight Test Squadron, United States Air Force squadron, stationed at Edwards Air Force Base, California
* 361st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, intelligence unit located at Hurlburt Field, Florida
* 361st Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron, inactive United States Air Force unit
# Methylquercetin

Methylquercetin may refer to:
* Azaleatin (5-methylquercetin)
* Isorhamnetin (3'-methylquercetin)
* Rhamnetin (7-methylquercetin)
* Tamarixetin (4'-methylquercetin)
# Methylpropylbenzene

Methylpropylbenzene may refer to:
* 1-Methylpropylbenzene
* (2-Methylpropyl)benzene
# 35 Aquilae

35 Aquilae (abbreviated 35 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 35 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation c Aquilae. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 5.8, which means it is a faint star but visible to the naked eye from dark suburban or rural skies. It has an annual parallax shift of 16.34 mas that is caused by the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This yields a distance estimate of 200 light-years (61 parsecs), give or take a 4 light-year margin of error. At this distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by 0.26 from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust.
The spectrum of 35 Aquilae fits a stellar classification of A0 V, indicating it is an A-type main sequence star. Compared to the Sun, it has 210% of the mass and 180% of the radius. As such, it is much brighter than the Sun, emitting 14 times the luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 8,939 K. This heat causes it to glow with the white-hot hue of an A-type star. 35 Aquilae is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 110 km/s.
In 1994 it was discovered that 35 Aquilae is a variable star with a pulsation period of just 30 minutes. It was determined to be a Delta Scuti variable, which is a type of star found on the instability strip that undergoes short period pulsations. Observation with the Spitzer Space Telescope shows that 35 Aquilae is radiating an excess level of infrared radiation for a star of its type. This excess may be explained by the heating of nearby interstellar dust belonging to a diffuse cloud of material that the star is passing through. This interaction may also explain the Lambda Boötis categorization for this star.
# Dickshooter

42°23′30″N 116°30′06″W﻿ / ﻿42.39167°N 116.50167°W﻿ / 42.39167; -116.50167 Dickshooter is the name of a trailmarker and also of at least three features in Owyhee County, Idaho: a ridge, a reservoir, and a creek. These are in close proximity to each other in the southwestern corner of the state, in a wilderness area approximately 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Riddle.
The trailmarker is between Battle Creek and Deep Creek. The area is popular for its year-round recreational activities, which include hiking, camping, hunting, fishing, swimming, bird watching, all-terrain vehicle riding, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling. Surrounding areas are inhabited by bighorn sheep, elk, antelope, deer, bear, bobcat, mountain lion, grouse, and birds of prey. The place is isolated, being a few hours drive from passable roads.
Dickshooter Creek is listed in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. It flows south into Deep Creek and dries out in the summer months. The gorge cut by the creek is a popular site for hiking and backpacking.
Dickshooter Ridge is a wilderness area that provides a habitat for sage grouse and bighorn sheep. It was once proposed to be used as an "enemy village" target for Air Force bombing exercises. Dickshooter Ridge Road was once used to travel from Silver City, Idaho to Salt Lake City in Utah, and to Humboldt County, Nevada, and offered "spectacular views of vertical walled gorges and vistas of the surrounding desert plateaus."
The United States Congress adopted the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which is designated to protect wilderness states and includes the area around the Creek and the Ridge.

## Origin of the name

Dickshooter was named for Dick Shooter, a pioneer settler. Dickshooter has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.
# Diethard Zils

Diethard Zils O.P. (born 1935) is a German Dominican, priest and hymnwriter.
Born in Bottrop, Zils is known as a hymnwriter for the genre Neues Geistliches Lied and a translator of such songs. They have been included in the Catholic hymnal Gotteslob (GL), and also in Protestant hymnals such as Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG) and the Mennonitisches Gesangbuch [de] (MG). They were set to music by notable composers:

## Selected works

* "Abraham, Abraham, verlass dein Land" (music: Wim ter Burg [de]) (EG 311)
* "Ein befreiendes Lied" (music: Ludger Stühlmeyer) (youth music festival at Clemenswerth 1992)
* "Frieden und Shalom" (melody from Israel)
* "Im Dunkel unsrer Ängste" (music: Jo Akepsimas [de]) (MG 296)
* "Kommt herbei, singt dem Herrn" (melody from Israel, GL 140)
* "Lass uns den Weg der Gerechtigkeit gehen" (music: Cristóbal Halffter Jiménez) (MG 490)
* "Lobt und preist die herrlichen Taten" (music: Lucien Deiss) (EG 429)
* "Mädchen du in Israel" (music by Albe Vidakovic)
* "Pilger sind wir Menschen" (after the melody of "Land of Hope and Glory" by Edward Elgar)
* "Sag ja zu mir, wenn alles nein sagt" (music by Ignace de Sutter, 1959, GL Austria 815 and other regional sections)
* "Seht ihr unsern Stern dort stehen" for Epiphany
* "Wir haben Gottes Spuren festgestellt" (music: Jo Akepsimas, MG 406)
* "Wir preisen deinen Tod" (music: Michael Ambroise Wackenheim, 1986, GL different regional sections)
# Edward Calabrese

Edward J. Calabrese is an American toxicologist and professor in the department of environmental health sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is the editor emeritus of the scientific journal Dose-Response.

## Education

Calabrese grew up in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. He received his B.S. from Bridgewater State College in 1968 and his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1972 and 1973, respectively.

## Academic career

Calabrese began working at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1976.

## Research

Early in his career, Calabrese conducted research on carcinogens. However, he is best known for his research into, and championing of, hormesis, which he has called "the fundamental dose-response model". In 2003, Calabrese told the Wall Street Journal that the view that there is no threshold of dose below which substances have no adverse effects, as has been stated in scientific textbooks, was "an error of historic proportions."
He credits his interest in hormesis to an experiment he performed as an undergraduate in 1966. In the experiment, his instructor told Calabrese and his classmates to treat a peppermint plant with a growth-inhibiting substance, Phosfon, but when they did so, the plant responded by growing approximately 40% taller and leafier than plants not treated with the substance, the opposite of what had been expected. The class later discovered that they had accidentally used a highly diluted form of Phosfon.
# Edward Calcott Pryce

Captain Edward Calcott Pryce CBE (1885 – 20 October 1972), was a British Solicitor and Liberal Party politician.

## Background

Pryce was the son of David Pryce, of Guilsfield. He was educated at Welshpool and Aberystwyth. In 1911 he married Sylvia Middleton of Arbroath, Scotland. He was awarded the OBE in 1940 and the CBE in 1957.

## Professional career

Pryce qualified as a solicitor in 1909. He served in the European War of 1914–18, and the War of 1939–45. In 1954 he was appointed the Sheriff, of the City of London. In 1956 he was appointed the High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire.

## Political career

Pryce unsuccessfully contested the 1910 London County Council election as a Progressive Party candidate in Hackney North. He was National Liberal candidate for the Ludlow division of Shropshire at the 1922 General Election. After that election, when the 1923 Ludlow by-election occurred, following the mood around the country, the National Liberals and Liberals in Ludlow united behind his candidature and he ran as a united Liberal candidate. Although he finished a strong second, he did not run for election again.

### Electoral record

1910 London County Council: Hackney North :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Municipal Reform | George Jones | 5,133 | 28.4 |
| | Municipal Reform | Oscar Emanuel Warburg | 5,042 | 27.9 |
| | Progressive | Edward Calcott Pryce | 3,970 | 21.9 |
| | Progressive | John Bussey | 3,953 | 21.8 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,072 | 5.9 |
| | Municipal Reform hold | Municipal Reform hold | Swing | |
1922 General Election: Ludlow :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Unionist | Ivor Miles Windsor-Clive | 11,785 | 66.4 |
| | National Liberal | Edward Calcott Pryce | 5,979 | 33.7 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,808 | 32.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 71.6 |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | |
1923 Ludlow by-election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Unionist | George Windsor-Clive | 9,956 | 55.0 | −11.4 |
| | Liberal | Edward Calcott Pryce | 6,740 | 37.2 | +3.5 |
| | Labour | Percy Frederick Pollard | 1,420 | 7.8 | n/a |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | | 17.8 | −14.8 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 73.0 | +1.4 |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | -7.5 | |
# Digital differential analyzer (graphics algorithm)

In computer graphics, a digital differential analyzer (DDA) is hardware or software used for interpolation of variables over an interval between start and end point. DDAs are used for rasterization of lines, triangles and polygons. They can be extended to non linear functions, such as perspective correct texture mapping, quadratic curves, and traversing voxels.
In its simplest implementation for linear cases such as lines, the DDA algorithm interpolates values in interval by computing for each x$_i$ the equations x$_i$ = x$_{i−1}$ + 1, y$_i$ = y$_{i−1}$ + m, where m is the slope of the line. This slope can be expressed in DDA as follows:
    $m={\frac {y_{\rm {end}}-y_{\rm {start}}}{x_{\rm {end}}-x_{\rm {start}}}}$
In fact any two consecutive points lying on this line segment should satisfy the equation.

## Performance

The DDA method can be implemented using floating-point or integer arithmetic. The native floating-point implementation requires one addition and one rounding operation per interpolated value (e.g. coordinate x, y, depth, color component etc.) and output result. This process is only efficient when an FPU with fast add and rounding operation will be available.
The fixed-point integer operation requires two additions per output cycle, and in case of fractional part overflow, one additional increment and subtraction. The probability of fractional part overflows is proportional to the ratio m of the interpolated start/end values.
DDAs are well suited for hardware implementation and can be pipelined for maximized throughput.

## Algorithm

A linear DDA starts by calculating the smaller of dy or dx for a unit increment of the other. A line is then sampled at unit intervals in one coordinate and corresponding integer values nearest the line path are determined for the other coordinate.
Considering a line with positive slope, if the slope is less than or equal to 1, we sample at unit x intervals (dx=1) and compute successive y values as
    $y_{k+1}=y_{k}+m$
    $x_{k+1}=x_{k}+1$
Subscript k takes integer values starting from 0, for the 1st point and increases by 1 until endpoint is reached. y value is rounded off to nearest integer to correspond to a screen pixel.
For lines with slope greater than 1, we reverse the role of x and y i.e. we sample at dy=1 and calculate consecutive x values as
    $x_{k+1}=x_{k}+{\frac {1}{m}}$
    $y_{k+1}=y_{k}+1$
Similar calculations are carried out to determine pixel positions along a line with negative slope. Thus, if the absolute value of the slope is less than 1, we set dx=1 if $x_{\rm {start}}<x_{\rm {end}}$ i.e. the starting extreme point is at the left.

## Program

DDA algorithm program in C++:
# Messa di Orfeo

Messa di Orfeo is the twentieth and last album by Popol Vuh. It was originally released in 1999 on Spalax and features music played during an audio-video-light installation as performed in the Labyrinth of Molfetta, Bari, during the Time Zones Festival in 1998.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Florian Fricke.
* "Deep in the Ocean of Love" – 2:50
* "Strofa 1" – 3:37
* "Nascita dell' ape" – 7:18
* "Strofa 2" – 3:45
* "Dall' origine al divenire" – 2:15
* "Strofa 3" – 4:05
* "Strofa 4" – 3:49
* "Primo movimento" – 13:41
* "Strofa 5" – 3:48

## Personnel

* Florian Fricke – keyboards
* Frank Fiedler – video
* Guillermina De Gennaro – recitation
* Maya Rose – vocals
* Johannes Fricke – artist assistance

## Credits

Live recording by Popol Vuh
Studio recording at Tom Tom-Studio, Bari, Italy
Produced by Popol Vuh and Time Zones

## Liner notes

The liner notes of the album are in Italian.
# Dihammaphora minuta

Dihammaphora minuta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chevrolat in 1859.
# 3AW Breakfast

3AW Breakfast is an Australian breakfast radio show hosted by Ross Stevenson and Russel Howcroft on 3AW in Melbourne. A daily podcast of the morning's show is also produced.

## History

In 1989, Ross Stevenson, Denis Connell and anchor Dean Banks joined 3AW from 3AK after building a cult following. The breakfast show was initially named Lawyers, Guns and Money. Connell was sacked in 1991 by program director Steve Price and the show was rebranded to Breakfast with Ross and Dean.
For the following 10 years, Stevenson and Banks established themselves and their style as a ratings success. In December 2000, Banks decided to retire, again leaving Stevenson to find a new partner.
In 2001, John Burns joined Ross Stevenson as co-host following the retirement of Dean Banks. Breakfast with Ross and John was the station's top rating program.
In June 2020, 3AW announced that Howcroft will join as co-host from Monday 3 August, following John Burns' retirement from radio.
Emily Power, Stephen Quartermain, Jimmy Bartel and Mark Allen are current fill-in hosts of the show.
Over the years, Kate Stevenson, Tony Leonard, Darren James, Jacqueline Felgate and Peter Maher have been previous fill-in hosts of the show.

## Regular Segments

* The Rumour File - Listeners are encouraged to call in and anonymously spill the beans and break the news. The segment airs weekdays at 7:07am.
* US & UK Report - Bob Tarlau provides an update on what's happening in the United States and Gavin Grey provides an update what's happening in the United Kingdom. The segment airs weekdays at 6:45am
* What The Papers Say - Ross and Russel cover the news headlines from the newspapers.
* Sport Report with Jon Anderson - Herald Sun's Jon Anderson provides sport updates throughout the show. The segment airs weekdays at 7:25am.
* Entertainment with Peter Ford - Showbiz reporter Peter Ford has the latest entertainment news. The segment airs on Monday and Thursday at 8:20am.
* Food with Emilia Fuller - Emilia Fuller reviews the latest restaurants around Melbourne. The segment airs Friday morning at 8:15am.
* By Friday - Listeners make predictions on a Monday on things that will or won’t happen by Friday.
# 37 Geminorum

37 Geminorum is a solitary Sun-like star located at the northwest part of the northern constellation of Gemini, about three degrees to the east of the bright star Epsilon Geminorum. The apparent visual magnitude of 37 Geminorum is 5.74, which is just bright enough to be visible to the naked eye on a dark night. It is located at a distance of 57 light years from the Sun based on parallax. This star is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −15 km/s, and is predicted to come as near as 13.8 light-years in approximately a million years. It is positioned close enough to the ecliptic to be subject to lunar occultations, such as happened on April 8, 1984.

## Properties

The stellar classification of 37 Geminorum is G0 V, which indicates it is an ordinary G-type main sequence star that is generating energy through core hydrogen fusion. In 2007, J. C. Hall and associates categorized it as a solar-type with a high mean activity level. The star is around 5.5 billion years old and is spinning with a rotation period of 25 days. It is slightly larger and more massive than the Sun, with a lower abundance of heavier elements based on its abundance of iron. 37 Geminorum is radiating 1.3 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,060 K.
As of 2012, no extrasolar planets or debris disks have yet been discovered around it. The center of the star's habitable zone lies at a distance of 1.32 AU.

## Teen Age Message

There was a METI message sent to 37 Geminorum. It was transmitted from Eurasia's largest radar, 70-meter Yevpatoria Planetary Radar. The message was named the Teen Age Message, it was sent on September 3, 2001, and it will arrive at 37 Geminorum in December 2057.

## Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems

The Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems (HabCat) is a list of approximately 17,000 relatively close stars similar to the sun and considered able to support a planet habitable by humans. 37 Geminorum is on the HabCat list.
# Methanometer

A methanometer is an instrument used to measure methane gas in the air of a mine. The Mine Safety Appliances Company Ltd. manufactured the first type - W8 Methanometer around 1950 and it was approved for use by the Ventilation Regulations of 1947. The Methanometer could be powered by an Edison battery cap lamp and it could be carried on a miner's belt with other tools. Methane is the main gas present in firedamp. It is highly explosive and had previously been detected by the blue halo effect it gave to the flame of a safety lamp.
By 1983, several instruments for measuring methane concentration in air had been developed. These relied on such methods as the differential heating of an incandescent platinum filament, or by measuring the higher absorption of infrared radiation by gas containing methane.

## Operation

A catalytic-type methanometer uses an array of four heated wire filament elements, two active filaments are coated with a catalyst, arranged in a Wheatstone bridge with two inactive elements that have no coating. When exposed to methane-contaminated air, the coated filaments heat up due to oxidation of the methane, and the resulting imbalance in the resistance of active and inactive elements can be displayed on a calibrated meter. Such instruments require oxygen to work and can be inaccurate if methane concentration is very high. The catalyst can be poisoned by exposure to some chemicals, especially those containing sulphur, again making the instrument insensitive to methane.