OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Boyle temperature

The Boyle temperature, named after Robert Boyle, is formally defined as the temperature for which the second virial coefficient, $B_{2}(T)$, becomes zero. It is at this temperature that the attractive forces and the repulsive forces acting on the gas particles balance out
$P=RT\left({\frac {1}{V_{m}}}+{\frac {B_{2}(T)}{V_{m}^{2}}}+\cdots \right)$
This is the virial equation of state and describes a real gas.
Since higher order virial coefficients are generally much smaller than the second coefficient, the gas tends to behave as an ideal gas over a wider range of pressures when the temperature reaches the Boyle temperature (or when c=1/V$_m$ {\textstyle c={\frac {1}{V_{m}}}} or P{\textstyle P} are minimized).
In any case, when the pressures are low, the second virial coefficient will be the only relevant one because the remaining concern terms of higher order on the pressure. Also at Boyle temperature the dip in a PV diagram tends to a straight line over a period of pressure. We then have
    ${\frac {\mathrm {d} Z}{\mathrm {d} P}}=0\qquad {\mbox{if}}~P\to 0$
where $Z$ is the compressibility factor.
Expanding the van der Waals equation in 1/V$_m$ {\textstyle {\frac {1}{V_{m}}}} one finds that $T_{b}={\frac {a}{Rb}}$.
# 4th Panzergrenadier Division (Bundeswehr)

The 4th Panzergrenadier Division (4. Panzergrenadierdivision) was a West German mechanized infantry formation. It was part of the II Corps of the Bundeswehr, which also incorporated in 1979 the 1st Mountain Division and 1st Airborne Division, and the 10th Panzer Division. II Corps was part of NATO's Central Army Group (CENTAG), along with the Bundeswehr's III Corps and the American V and VII Corps. In the wake of military restructuring brought about by the end of the Cold War, the 4th Panzergrenadier Division was disbanded in 1994 with some of its forces being used to form the Airmobile Forces Command /4th Division.
The division was constituted from federal border police troops in July 1956 as the 4th Grenadier Division as part of the II Corps (then called "Army Staff II") of the Bundeswehr. At that time, it commanded the "A4" and "B4" battle-groups. In 1958 it received a third battle-group, "C4". The battle-groups later became the 12th Panzer, 11th Panzergrenadier, and 10th Panzergrenadier Brigades. From 1958 to 1959, the 30th Panzer Brigade was part of the division before it was subordinated to the 10th Panzergrenadier (later Panzer) Division. As part of an army reorganization in 1959, the division was renamed the 4th Panzergrenadier Division. Division headquarters was quartered at Regensburg.
In 1970, the division was renamed the 4th Jäger (light infantry) Division. The division once again became the 4th Panzergrenadier Division in 1980. Following the end of the Cold War, elements of the 4th Panzergrenadier and 1st Airborne Divisions were combined and designated Airmobile Forces Command /4th Division.

## Commanders

| Nr. | Name | Start of command | End of command |
| 14 | Generalmajor Jürgen Reichardt | 1989 | 1994 |
| 13 | Generalmajor Kurt Barthel | 1985 | 1989 |
| 12 | Generalmajor Wolfgang Odendahl | 1982 | 1985 |
| 11 | Generalmajor Gerhard Wachter | 1980 | 1982 |
| 10 | Generalmajor Gert Kohlmann | 1974 | 1980 |
| 9 | Generalmajor Rüdiger von Reichert | 1971 | 1974 |
| 8 | Brigadegeneral Joachim-Frithjof Lindner | 1970 | 1971 |
| 7 | Generalmajor Helmut Schönefeld | 1968 | 1970 |
| 6 | Generalmajor Helmut Grashey | 1966 | 1968 |
| 5 | Generalmajor Johannes Härtel | 1964 | 1966 |
| 4 | Generalmajor Friedrich Alfred Übelhack | 1959 | 1964 |
| 3 | Generalmajor Hellmuth Laegeler | 1957 | 1959 |
| 2 | Generalmajor Kurt Spitzer | 1956 | 1957 |
| 1 | Brigadegeneral Hans Höffner | 1956 | 1956 |
# Chauffour-lès-Bailly

Chauffour-lès-Bailly (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
# Mauricio Márquez

Mauricio Márquez (born 20 March 2001), is a Venezuelan professional soccer player who plays as a forward for Zamora.
# Castanopsis sclerophylla

Castanopsis sclerophylla (syn. Lithocarpus chinensis), the Chinese tanbark-oak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fagaceae, native to southern China. In the wild it is typically found growing in broad-leaved evergreen forests at 200 to 1,000 m (700 to 3,300 ft) above sea level. It is an evergreen tree with glossy, thick leaves and attractive flaky bark, and reaches 20 m (66 ft) in height.
The small nuts are edible, and the Chinese process them into a foodstuff similar to tofu. It is used as a street tree in a number of Chinese cities. Hardy to USDA zone 7b, it does well in the southeastern United States, and is offered by several nurseries there under its synonym Lithocarpus chinensis.
# La fuerza del destino

La Fuerza del Destino ("The Force of Destiny") may refer to:
* La Fuerza del Destino (album), a 2004 album by Mexican singer Fey
* La fuerza del destino (TV series), a 2011 Mexican telenovela
* "La Fuerza del Destino", a 1988 song by Mecano from their album Descanso Dominical
# Market participant

The term market participant is another term for economic agent, an actor and more specifically a decision maker in a model of some aspect of the economy. For example, buyers and sellers are two common types of agents in partial equilibrium models of a single market. The term market participant is also used in United States constitutional law to describe a U.S. State which is acting as a producer or supplier of a marketable good or service.

## US constitutional law

When a state is acting in such a role, it may permissibly discriminate against non-residents. This principle was established by the United States Supreme Court in Reeves, Inc. v. Stake, 447 U.S. 429 (1980), in which the Court upheld South Dakota's right to give South Dakota residents preferential treatment in the purchase of cement produced at a cement plant owned and operated by the state.
"Nothing in the purposes animating the Commerce Clause prohibits a State, in the absence of congressional action, from participating in the market and exercising the right to favor its own citizens over others." Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp., 426 U.S. 794 (1976).
In Reeves, 447 U.S. 429 (1980), the Court relied upon "the long recognized right of trader or manufacturer, engaged in an entirely private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to parties with whom he will deal."
"There are some limits on a state or local government's ability to impose restrictions that reach beyond the immediate parties with which the government transacts business." White v. Massachusetts Council of Construction Employers, Inc., 460 U.S. 204 (1983).
"The limit on the Market Participant Exception is that it allows a State to impose burdens on commerce within the market in which it is a participant but allows it to go no further. The State may not impose conditions, whether by statute, regulation, or contract, that have a substantial regulatory effect outside of that particular market." South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke, 467 U.S. 82 (1984). "Downstream restrictions have a greater regulatory effect than do limitations on the immediate transaction. The State may not avail itself of the market-participant doctrine to immunize its downstream regulation of a market it is not actually a participant." Id.
The most ubiquitous example of a service offered by the individual states is the operation of public universities. Because the provision of higher education is deemed not to be a fundamental right, the individual states that have universities may charge higher tuition to out-of-state students.
By contrast, discriminatory practices in the provision of essential public services, such as welfare, police protection, and primary education, would violate the Privileges and Immunities Clause, and discriminatory practices when the state is acting as regulator rather than market participant would violate the dormant commerce clause.

## Investing

In finance, market participants are traders or investors who buy and sell securities or commodities in a structured market.
# Bushman's Nek Pass

Bushman's Nek Pass is situated in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa on a path to the Sehlabathebe National Park.

## Route

The pass starts at the South Africa/Lesotho Border Post which lies at an elevation of 1764m and climbs to 2435m at its summit. The route is suitable only for hiking and horse riding. Motor vehicles and motor cycles are not allowed onto the pass.
# Judy Jacobs

Judith Jacobs Tuttle, known professionally as Judy Jacobs (born September 27, 1957), is an American gospel musician. She started her music career when she attended Lee College in 1984, singing with the New Harvest singers and releasing her album in 1987 "Judy Jacobs: with New Harvest." published by Pathway Press. She has released eight more albums, since her first release, with two more labels New Day Records and Daywind Records. Two albums have charted on the Billboard magazine charts, which have exclusively come on the Gospel Albums chart.

## Early life

Jacobs was born Judy Jacobs on September 27, 1957, in Lumberton, North Carolina, as the youngest of twelve siblings, and she commenced singing at the age of eight with The Jacobs Sisters. She attended Lee University, for her collegiate studies.

## Music career

Her recording music career started in 1987 with the release of Judy Jacobs: With New Harvest. She later released another album titled "No God Like Jehovah" in 2001 with her own label "His Song Ministries" She has released two albums that charted on the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart at No. 16 for Almighty Reigns that was released by His Song on November 22, 2005. With New Day Records, Jacobs released, I Feel a Change, in 2011 that charted at No. 33 on the aforementioned chart.

## Personal life

She is married to Jamie Tuttle. The couple are co-pastors of Dwelling Place Church International in Cleveland, Tennessee. They are the co-owners of the His Song Music Group label. Together they have two daughters, Erica and Kaylee.

## Discography
### Studio albums

List of selected studio albums, with selected chart positions :
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| Title | Album details | US Gos |
| Almighty Reigns | Released: 2005 Label: His Song CD, digital download | 16 |
| I Feel a Change | Released: 2011 Label: New Day CD, digital download | 33 |
# Bulgarian toponyms in Antarctica (J)
## Bulgarian toponyms in Antarctica

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Jacobsen Valley, Vinson Massif
* Jerez Peak, Clarence Island
* Jireček Point, Smith Island
* Jordanoff Bay, Davis Coast
* Juturna Lake, Livingston Island
# Burt Plain

Burt Plain, an interim Australian bioregion, is located in the Northern Territory, and comprises 7,379,719 hectares (18,235,680 acres).
The bioregion has the code BRT. There are four subregions.
IBRA regions and subregions: IBRA7 :
| IBRA region / subregion | IBRA code | Area | States |
| Burt Plain | BRT | 7,379,719 hectares (18,235,680 acres) | NT |
| Yuendumu | BRT01 | 2,931,061 ha (7,242,810 acres) | NT |
| Atartinga | BRT02 | 3,531,111 ha (8,725,570 acres) | NT |
| Mount Chapple | BRT03 | 390,981 ha (966,140 acres) | NT |
| Dulcie | BRT04 | 526,567 ha (1,301,180 acres) | NT |
# Burt Procter

Burt Procter (1901 – July 2, 1980) was an American painter who specialized in depictions of horses and portraits of Native Americans.

## Life

Procter was born in 1901 in Boston, Massachusetts. He attended Stanford University.
Procter was a commercial artist in Los Angeles and later in New York. He was the art director of the Pageant of the Masters for 17 years. He painted horses and portraits of Native Americans, but he "refused to be classified as a Western artist."
Procter resided in Corona del Mar with his wife Katherine. They had a daughter, Virginia. Procter died on July 2, 1980, in Palm Springs, California, at age 79. His artwork can be seen at the Nelson Museum of the West in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
# Burro (film)

Burro is a 1989 Italian comedy-drama film written by Tonino Guerra and directed by José María Sánchez.

## Plot

The film tells the story of Burro, a boy from Romagna who works in the small cinema of his country. He falls in love with a big screen actress he sees in every woman he meets. With her he will have three "meetings". In the last, the woman will be a gypsy who points out to him the dead father in a dog.

## Cast

* Renato Pozzetto as Burro
* Elena Sofia Ricci as Katarina
* Margarita Lozano as Burro's mother
* Pierre Malet as the film actor
* Victor Cavallo as the priest
* Teodoro Corrà as Mustafà
# Burunköy, Mut

Burunköy is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mut, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 263 (2022). It is a mountain village on the state highway D.715 which connects Mut and Silifke to Central Anatolia. The distance to Mut is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and to Mersin is 175 kilometres (109 mi).
# Bullbridge

Bullbridge is a small village in Derbyshire. The Bull bridge accident, in which a railway bridge failed as a goods train was just passing over it, happened here in 1860.

## The village

Bullbridge has a population of approximately 220 and one public house: the Canal Inn (named after the Cromford Canal). A second pub, The Lord Nelson is now closed. From the 2011 Census the population was included in the town of Ripley, Derbyshire.
Until the end of the eighteenth century it was little more than the bridge over the River Amber for the road from Crich.
In 1794, William Jessop and Benjamin Outram built the Cromford Canal between Cromford and Langley Mill, with the Bullbridge Aqueduct crossing the road. In 1840, George Stephenson brought the North Midland Railway past on its way to Leeds. The rail line crossed the road, but passed under the canal.
In 1860 the railway bridge failed as a goods train passed over it, but without casualties.
The steep wagonway to the Cromford Canal from the quarry at Crich to Bullbridge, where limestone was sent on to the Butterley Ironworks, was known as the Butterley Gangroad. Initially worked by gravity and horse power, in 1812, William Brunton, an engineer for the company, produced his remarkable Steam Horse locomotive. They built a wharf for loading the limestone from their quarry at Crich, and a group of lime kilns.
In 1825 James Stephenson founded a dye works at Wirksworth, opening branches in Duffield and Little Eaton, then Belper, and finally building his main works at Bullbridge in 1908. The works became part of Coats plc and closed at the end of 2006.
Hilt's Quarry and the gangway closed in 1933 and are now derelict, the canal having already been virtually closed by the subsidence of Butterley Tunnel.
# Julie Schafler Dale

Julie Schafler Dale is a gallerist, curator and craft historian known for supporting the American Art to Wear or art-as-fashion movement.

## Biography

Schafler founded Julie: Artisans' Gallery on Madison Avenue in New York City in 1973, in response to the growing interest in the use of fiber techniques, and more generally for crafts, in the American art world and art education. She encouraged and supported fiber artists based in New York, such as Susanna Lewis, Jo-Ellen Trilling or Diana Prekup. She encouraged fiber artists, who often focused on hangings, to explore the potential of worn textile shapes and their movements.
Schafler wrote and published Art to Wear, a book foundational to the movement and to its influence abroad, for instance on artist Mascha Mioni. She closed her gallery in 2013.
Schafler married actor Jim Dale in 1981.
# Burma Office

The Burma Office was a British government department created in 1937 to oversee the administration of Burma. The department was headed until 1947 by the Secretary of State for India and Burma, a member of the British cabinet, and then for a few months until January 1948 by the Secretary of State for Burma.

## Creation and end of the Burma Office

With the administrative reforms of the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, a tentative devolution of authority to legislative bodies and local governments in South Asia was begun. In 1937, as provided for in the 1935 act, these reforms led to the separation of Burma from India and the creation in London of the Burma Office, constitutionally separate from the India Office, although the two shared the same Secretary of State and were housed in the same building. The new Burma Office came into existence on 1 April 1937.
In August 1947, two newly independent dominions of India and Pakistan resulted from the partition of British India. In September 1947, a constitution to create the Union of Burma, an independent republic outside the Commonwealth, was approved, and in October the Nu-Attlee agreement was signed, granting Burma independence. Thus the Burma Office was dissolved and the last Secretary of State for Burma, William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel, left the British Cabinet. In the words of the Commonwealth Office Year Book,
   On 4th January 1948 Burma ceased to be part of His Majesty's dominions and became a foreign country. The Burma Office ceased to exist on 3rd January 1948 and the staff were transferred to the Commonwealth Relations Office.

## Timeline

* 1937: Separation of Burma from British India, establishment of the Burma Office
* 1947: Announcements of imminent independence of India, Pakistan and Burma
* 15 August 1947: Partition of India into independent India and Pakistan, end of India Office
* 4 January 1948: Independence of Burma and abolition of Burma Office

## Burma Office records

Unlike other British Government records, the Burma Office records, like those of the India Office, are not in The National Archives at Kew but are deposited with the India Office Records in the British Library, London, where they form part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the catalogues.
# Juma Pondamali

Juma Pondamali is a Tanzanian footballer who played for Tanzania in the 1980 African Cup of Nations.
# Burrell Memorial Observatory

Burrell Memorial Observatory referred to as Burrell Observatory is an astronomical observatory located on the campus of Baldwin Wallace University. The observatory was established in 1940, in Berea, Ohio.

## History

The observatory is located on the northernmost point of the Baldwin Wallace University campus. Built in 1940, the observatory is named after Katherine Ward Burrell as a memorial to her late husband Edward P. Burrell. The observatory houses a Warner & Swasey refracting telescope with a 133⁄8-inch objective, a 4-inch finder, and a 1-inch finder.
# Julie (EP)

Julie is an extended play by Swedish indie pop musician Jens Lekman. It was released on 28 July 2004 on Service. The cover art was designed by Lekman and Rasmus Hägg.
The title song "Julie" is a melancholic love song which starts with an invitation to a vending machine to buy Julie a wedding ring and includes a fatalistic reference to failing to "pray for the angels" and them causing the couple to jump from the Eiffel Tower. Julie also involves a pun between Swedish and English which is a common feature in Lekman's music – Jul is the Swedish name for the Christmas celebration and sleigh bells can be heard in the background.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jens Lekman

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak position |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 14 |
# Byrrhus geminatus

Byrrhus geminatus is a species of pill beetle in the family Byrrhidae. It is found in North America.
# Bust of José de San Martín (Houston)

An outdoor sculpture of José de San Martín by Pedro Buigues is installed at Hermann Park's McGovern Centennial Gardens in Houston, Texas, in the United States. The memorial, acquired in 1983, has bronze bust and a granite pedestal.
# June 1946 Bavarian state election

The June 1946 Bavarian state election was held on 30 June 1946 to elect the members of the Bavarian Constituent Assembly. It was the first election held in Bavaria since 1932. The constituent assembly was tasked with drafting and passing a new constitution for the Bavarian state. After the passage of the constitution, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved and new elections called for December.

## Background

Bavaria was completely occupied by American troops at the end of April 1945. General George S. Patton appointed Christian democrat Fritz Schäffer as interim Minister-President on 28 May 1945, before being dismissed by General Dwight D. Eisenhower on 28 September 1945 due to Schäffer's past anti-Semitic positions, and hiring of ex-Nazis within his administration.
The Ministry was then handed over to social democrat Wilhelm Hoegner, who oversaw the creation of a new Bavarian constitution in the spring and summer of 1946. To aid him, the Advisory State Committee was formed, with its members being appointed by the political parties or the state. The body was eventually dissolved, with direct elections being called for a Constituent State Assembly to oversee the passage of the Constitution. Thus, the first democratic elections were held in Bavaria since 1932.

## Election result

Summary of the election results for the Landtag of Bavaria :
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | Seats % |
| | Christian Social Union (CSU) | 1,587,595 | 58.3 | 109 | 60.6 |
| | Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 786,045 | 28.8 | 51 | 28.3 |
| | Communist Party (KPD) | 145,749 | 5.3 | 9 | 5 |
| | Economic Reconstruction Union (WAV) | 137,765 | 5.1 | 8 | 4.4 |
| | Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 68,417 | 2.5 | 3 | 1.7 |
| Total | Total | 3,048,337 | 100.0 | 180 | |
| Voter turnout | Voter turnout | | 72.1 | | |
Popular Vote
CSU
58.3%
SPD
28.8%
KPD
5.3%
WUV
5.1%
FDP
2.5% :
Landtag seats
CSU
60.6%
SPD
28.3%
KPD
5%
WUV
4.4%
FDP
1.7% :
# Bąków

Bąków may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Bąków, Oleśnica County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Bąków, Wrocław County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Bąków, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Bąków, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
* Bąków, Przysucha County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Bąków, Szydłowiec County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Bąków, Brzeg County in Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Bąków, Kluczbork County in Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
# C&I Eurotrans XXI

C&I Eurotrans XXI is a coachbuilder based in Bucharest, Romania. The company was established in 2002, and it is specialized in manufacturing coachwork for minibuses based on chassis from a series of other manufacturers.

## Cibro

The company's main product has been the Cibro minibus, introduced in 2005, and developed on a Mercedes-Benz Vario chassis. It featured a capacity range from 23 to 30 seats and was manufactured in four different levels of comfort.
In 2010, a new version of the minibus, called Cibro 2, was launched. It is manufactured at the new production facility, located in the village of Manolache [ro], Ilfov County. The factory is ISO 9001 certificated and has been implementing ISO 14001 certification.