OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michael Stroukoff

Michael Stroukoff (29 January 1883 - 22 December 1973) was a Russian White Guard soldier and an American architect and aircraft designer. He served in the White Army during the Russian Revolution before emigrating to the United States in 1922. After spending some time as an architect, he joined the Chase Aircraft Company and designed a number of transport aircraft for the United States Army Air Forces and the United States Air Force, later starting his own company to perform further aeronautical work.

## Early life

Born 29 January 1883 in Yekaterinoslav (Dnipro), a city in the Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine), Stroukoff attended the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1908 with a degree in civic engineering. Joining the Russian Army, he saw service during World War I, then after the war he served in the White Army during the Russian Revolution, attaining the rank of Major and being awarded the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree. With the defeat of the Whites by the Bolsheviks, he fled Russia and emigrated to the United States in 1922.

## American career

Following his emigration, Stroukoff started a career in architecture and interior design, before being appointed chief engineer and president of Chase Aircraft upon its foundation. His first design was the XCG-14, a wooden troop-carrying assault glider, which was developed into the larger CG-18 and CG-20 gliders, the latter being the largest glider ever constructed in the United States.
Following World War II, the assault glider fell out of favour, replaced by powered transports, and Stroukoff modified a YG-18 into the prototype YC-122, and a small number of the aircraft were built. More important was the conversion of the G-20 into the C-123, described as a "Winged Truck" by Stroukoff. While one version of the aircraft was the first jet-powered transport built in America, it was the piston-engined 'assault transport' version of the C-123 that won a contract from the United States Air Force for production; due to limited capacity at Chase, this was subcontracted to the Kaiser Manufacturing Company, which purchased a 49% interest in Chase Aircraft. However, following a procurement scandal and political issues, the C-123 contract was awarded to Fairchild Aircraft, and Kaiser bought out Chase Aircraft.
Setting up a new company, the Stroukoff Aircraft Corporation, Stroukoff continued work on improved versions of the C-123, most notably the YC-134, however none of them would go into production, and in 1959 the company closed down.

## Death and legacy

Stroukoff died at the age of 90 in St. Francis Hospital in Trenton, New Jersey on December 22, 1973.
The Larissa Stroukoff Memorial Trophy, awarded by the Soaring Society of America for the highest speed recorded on a closed course in a glider during the U.S. National Open Class Soaring Championships, was designed by Stroukoff.
# 64th Pioneers

The 64th Pioneers was a regiment of the British Indian Army. Originally serving as regular infantry it evolved into a specialist military pioneer unit performing engineering and construction tasks.

## History

The 64th Pioneers could trace their origins to 1758, when they were the 5th Battalion Coast Sepoys. Over the years the regiment was known by a number of different titles the 5th Carnatic Battalion 1769–1770, the 4th Carnatic Battalion 1770–1784, the 4th Madras Battalion 1784–1796, 1st Battalion, 4th Madras Native Infantry 1796–1824, the 4th Madras Native Infantry 1824–1883, the 4th Madras Native Infantry (Pioneers) 1883–1901, the 4th Madras Infantry (Pioneers) 1901–1903 and finally after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army when the names of the presidencies were dropped the 64th Pioneers.
During World War I the regiment was part of the Mandalay Brigade in the Burma Division. After World War I the Indian Government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. Following these reforms the 64th Pioneers became the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Madras Pioneers in 1922, and then in 1929 they joined the Corps of Madras Pioneers. The regiment was finally disbanded for economic reasons in 1933.

## Campaigns

* Carnatic Wars
* Second Anglo-Mysore War
** Battle of Sholinghur
* Second Anglo-Maratha War
** Battle of Assaye
* Second Afghan War
* World War I
# Michael Smith (canoeist)

Michael Smith is a former British slalom canoeist who competed in the 1980s. He won a bronze medal in the C-2 team event at the 1983 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Meran.
# 7 Dney

7 Dney is a Russian language newspaper published in Belarus. The paper is published by the ministry of information.
# 7 Draconis

7 Draconis, also named Tianyi /tiænˈjiː/, is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint orange-hued star with a stellar classification of 5.43. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.16 mas as seen from the Earth, the star is located approximately 780 light-years from the Sun.
This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K5 III. The measured angular diameter of this star, after correction for limb darkening, is 2.61±0.03 mas. At its estimated distance, this yields a physical size of about 67 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating about 1,024 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,945 K.

## Nomenclature

7 Draconis is the star's Flamsteed designation.
The star bore the traditional Chinese name of Tianyi, from 天乙 (Tiān Yǐ) or 天一 (Tiān Yī, the Celestial Great One), a deity in Taoism. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Tianyi for this star on 30 June 2017 and it is now so entered on the List of IAU-approved Star Names.
# Michal Petrouš

Michal Petrouš (born 6 December 1969) is a Czech football manager and former player. He worked as a manager of Slavia Prague on two occasions and was in charge of Czech youth national teams. His younger brother Adam is also a former football player.
He participated in the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship.
He was announced as the new manager of Slavia Prague in September 2010, following the resignation of Karel Jarolím. He continued in his role at Slavia until the ninth round of the 2011–12 Czech First League when he lost his job, leaving the team in 13th position.
Petrouš returned as caretaker manager of Slavia in 2013 after manager Petr Rada left his position with five games of the 2012–13 season remaining.
He was appointed to the position of the Czech Under-18 national team in 2014 and later moved on to manage the Under-19 team.
# 5 Unearthly Visions

5 Unearthly Visions is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin. It was first published in paperback by Fawcett Gold Medal in 1965 and reprinted in December 1967. The book has also been issued in German.
The book collects five novellas and novelettes by various science fiction authors. The stories were previously published from 1952 to 1957 in various science fiction and other magazines.

## Contents

* "Legwork" (Eric Frank Russell)
* "Conditionally Human" (Walter M. Miller, Jr.)
* "Stamped Caution" (Raymond Z. Gallun)
* "Dio" (Damon Knight)
* "Shadow World" (Clifford D. Simak)
# 5 Trianguli

5 Trianguli is a solitary star located in the northern constellation Triangulum. With an apparent magnitude of 6.23, it’s barely visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is located 399 light years away from the Solar System, but is drifting away with a radial velocity of 7.7 km/s.
5 Trianguli has a classification of A0 Vm, which states it’s an A-type main-sequence star with unusually strong metallic lines. It has 2.22 times the mass of the Sun and 2.96 times the radius of the Sun. 5 Trianguli radiates at 48 solar luminosities from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,836 kelvin, which gives it a white-hue of an A-type star. It has a low projected rotational velocity of 15 km/s, common for Am stars.
# Michael Tarazi

Michael Tarazi is a Palestinian-American lawyer and former adviser to the Palestine Liberation Organization. Since 2008, Tarazi has worked for the government and policy team of the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), an organization that promotes microfinance.

## Biography

Tarazi was born in Kuwait City, Kuwait to Palestinian Christian parents. He grew up in Boulder, Colo., and attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He earned his bachelor's degree from Harvard University and his law degree from Harvard Law School. He spent most of his professional career as a corporate lawyer living in New York City, Helsinki, Paris, Istanbul and Budapest before his time at the PLO.

## Career

Tarazi moved to Ramallah in 2000 to work as a spokesman and legal adviser for the PLO's negotiating team. As a fluent English-speaker, he was quoted extensively in the media, including CNN, NBC, ABC and the BBC. He also toured the United States speaking about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. On June 7, 2002, Tarazi was described in a front-page feature article of the Wall Street Journal as "the most articulate and sophisticated Palestinian advocate to come along in years."

## Personal

Tarazi has performed as a stand-up comic in the New York Arab American Comedy Festival, where his biography describes him as "a single, Arab American." He speaks English, Arabic and French.
# A. L. Macfie

Alexander Lyon Macfie is a British historian who has written widely on historiography and Orientalism. Macfie completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Manchester in the 1950s, later completing a PhD. More recently, he has been closely associated with the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London and their philosophy of history seminar, attendance at which has influenced his thinking on historiography.

## Selected publications

* The Straits question in the First World War, 1914-18. Cass, 1983.
* The Straits question 1908-36. Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki, 1993.
* The Eastern Question, 1774-1923. London: Longman. 1989. ISBN 978-0-582-35602-3. (Seminar Studies in History) (2nd edition, 1996) ISBN 0582356024
* Atatürk. Longman, London, 1994. ISBN 0582078636
* The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923. Routledge, 1998.
* Orientalism: A Reader. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2000. (Editor) ISBN 0748614419
* Orientalism. Routledge, 2002.
* Eastern Influences on Western Philosophy: A Reader. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. (Editor) ISBN 074861740X
* The Philosophy of History Talks Given at the Institute of Historical Research, London, 2000-2006. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ISBN 9780230004573
* The Fiction of History. Routledge, Abingdon, 2014. (Routledge Approaches to History) ISBN 978-0-415-72301-5
# Eddy Merckx Cycles

S.A. Cycles Eddy Merckx Rijwielen N.V., better known as Eddy Merckx, is a Belgian brand of high end road bikes, founded by former professional road cyclist Eddy Merckx in 1980.
# Dinhard railway station

Dinhard railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich and municipality of Dinhard. The station is located on the Winterthur to Etzwilen line.

## Services

As of the December 2023 timetable change, the station is served by Zurich S-Bahn line S29 running between Winterthur and Stein am Rhein.
* Zürich S-Bahn S29: half-hourly service to Winterthur and to Stein am Rhein via Etzwilen
# Edward Jarvis (author)

Edward Jarvis FRAS FRHistS (born 1975) is a British author of religious history, politics and theology, and an Anglican clergyman. His books address previously underresearched topics such as the Independent Sacramental Movement and aspects of the introduction of Christianity in Southeast Asia, specifically in Vietnam, Myanmar (Burma), Malaysia, and Singapore.

## Early life and education

Edward Jarvis was born in Kingston upon Hull, England, in 1975, to an English father and an Italian mother. His great-grandfather was the Italian film actor Umberto Sclanizza. Jarvis attended Malet Lambert School before studying theology and religious studies at Trinity & All Saints College, Logos Institute of Theology, and York St John University.

## Work

Jarvis wrote the first biographies of Brazilian bishop Carlos Duarte Costa and the Vietnamese archbishop Ngô Đình Thục, brother of President Ngô Đình Diệm. He has contributed to periodicals of church and society interest. In 2021, 2022, and 2024 he produced three volumes on the history, theology, and sociology of the Anglican Churches in Southeast Asia.

## Honours

Jarvis was elected a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society (FRAS) in 2019. He was previously a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute. In 2021 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS). He is a member of Sion College and the Society of the Faith.

## Selected bibliography

* Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781947826908. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
* Jarvis, Edward (2018). Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781949643022. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
* Jarvis, Edward (2019). Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop. Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press. ISBN 9781949643237. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
* Jarvis, Edward (2021). The Anglican Church in Burma: From Colonial Past to Global Future. University Park PA: Penn State University Press. ISBN 9780271091563. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
* Jarvis, Edward (2022). The Anglican Church in Malaysia: Evolving Concepts, Challenging Contexts, Emerging Subtexts. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9783031115967. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
* Jarvis, Edward (2023). Divided over Hitler: The Rise and Ruin of the Aristocratic Schulenburg Family. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 9781476691893. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
* Jarvis, Edward (2024). The Anglican Church in Singapore: Mission and Multiculture, Renewal and Realignment. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic. ISBN 9781978716988. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
# Discrete-time proportional hazards

In survival analysis, hazard rate models are widely used to model duration data in a wide range of disciplines, from bio-statistics to economics.
Grouped duration data are widespread in many applications. Unemployment durations are typically measured over weeks or months and these time intervals may be considered too large for continuous approximations to hold. In this case, we will typically have grouping points $t_{a}$, where $a=1,...,A.$. Models allow for time-invariant and time-variant covariates, but the latter require stronger assumptions in terms of exogeneity. The discrete-time hazard function can be written as:
$\lambda _{d}(t_{a}|\chi )=Pr(t_{a-1}\leqslant T<t_{a}|T\geqslant t_{a-1},x[t_{a-1}])={\frac {S(t_{a-1}|\chi )-S(t_{a}|\chi )}{S(t_{a-1}|\chi )}}$
where $S(t_{a}|\chi )$ is the survivor function. It can be shown that this can be rewritten as:
$\lambda _{d}(t_{a}|\chi )=1-exp{\biggl-\int \lambda (s)ds{\biggr )}=1-exp{\Bigl-exp(ln\lambda _{0s}+x(t_{s-1})'\beta ){\biggl )}$
These probabilities provide the building blocks for setting up the Likelihood function, which ends up being:
$L(\beta ,\lambda )=\textstyle \prod [\prod exp(-exp(ln\lambda _{0s}+x_{i}(t_{s}-1)'\beta ){\bigr )}]\times {\bigl1-exp{\bigl-exp(ln\lambda 0_{ai}+x_{i}(t_{a-1})'\beta ){\bigr )}{\Bigr )}$
This maximum likelihood maximization depends on the specification of the baseline hazard functions. These specifications include fully parametric models, piece-wise-constant proportional hazard models, or partial likelihood approaches that estimate the baseline hazard as a nuisance function. Alternatively, one can be more flexible for the baseline hazard $\lambda _{0}^{d}(t)$ and impose more structure for $\lambda _{i}^{d}(t)=\lambda _{0}^{d}(t)exp(-x_{i}'\beta ).$ This approach performs well for certain measures and can approximate arbitrary hazard functions relatively well, while not imposing stringent computational requirements. When the covariates are omitted from the analysis, the maximum likelihood boils down to the Kaplan-Meier estimator of the survivor function.
Another way to model discrete duration data is to model transitions using binary choice models.
# Midland English

Midland English or the Midland dialect(s) of English may refer to:
* East Midlands English, a dialect spoken in the United Kingdom, spoken in the eastern area of the English Midlands.
* West Midlands English, a dialect spoken in the United Kingdom, spoken in the western area of the English Midlands.
* Midland American English, a dialect spoken in the United States, spoken in parts of the Midwest, Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey, and sometimes included, are the Appalachian dialects of West Virginia to Georgia.
# Edward R. Morrison

Edward R. Morrison is an American legal scholar who is currently the Charles Evans Gerber Professor of Law at Columbia Law School. He previously taught at the University of Chicago Law School. He is a leading scholar of bankruptcy and law and economics.

## Education and career

Morrison was the co-author of the acclaimed “Dear Prudence” column in the Bulldog Press and graduated as co-valedictorian from Judge Memorial Catholic High School in 1989. He then graduated from the University of Utah with a B.S. summa cum laude in 1994, majoring in economics and accounting. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. In 1997, he earned an M.A. from the University of Chicago. In 2000, he graduated with a J.D. with high honors from the University of Chicago Law School, where he served as articles editor of the University of Chicago Law Review and was a member of the Order of the Coif. In 2003, he completed a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. His thesis was titled “Bankruptcy Decision Making: An Empirical Study of Small-Business Bankruptcies. He also worked as a teaching assistant to Gary Becker, James Heckman, and Jose Scheinkman. After graduating from law school, Morrison worked as a law clerk for Judge Richard Posner on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and later for Justice Antonin Scalia on the U.S. Supreme Court.
In 2003, Morrison joined the Columbia Law School faculty, where he worked as an associate professor and then as a professor until 2012. In 2012, he returned to his alma mater, the University of Chicago Law School, and served as the Paul H. and Theo Leffmann Professor of Commercial Law between 2013 and 2014. He returned to Columbia Law School in 2014. Among other fields, he teaches in bankruptcy, finance, corporate law and contracts. He is regarded as a leading scholar in bankruptcy and law and economics. He is the editor of Economics of Bankruptcy (2012) and, together with Barry Adler and Anthony J. Casey, authors Baird and Jackson on Bankruptcy (5th ed., 2020). He is a co-editor of the Journal of Legal Studies and was previously an associate editor of the American Law and Economics Review.
# Micropterix herminiella

Micropterix herminiella is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Corley in 2007. It is only known from northern Portugal.
# Kposo language

Kposo language, or Ikposo (Ikpɔsɔ), is the language of the Akposso people, mainly in the Plateau Region of Togo, west of Atakpamé, but also into eastern Ghana. It is considered one of the Ghana–Togo Mountain languages, but does not have the system of noun classes that is characteristic of other languages in the group.
# List of highways numbered 28A

Route 28A, or Highway 28A, may refer to:

## Canada

* Alberta Highway 28A

## India

* National Highway 28A (India)

## United States

* Massachusetts Route 28A
* M-28A (Michigan highway) (former)
* New Hampshire Route 28A
* County Route 28A (Monmouth County, New Jersey)
* New York State Route 28A
** County Route 28A (Columbia County, New York)
** County Route 28A (St. Lawrence County, New York)
* Oklahoma State Highway 28A
| Preceded by28 | Lists of highways sharing the same number 28A | Succeeded by28B |
# Bay of Ceuta

The Bay of Ceuta is a bay on the African coast of the Straits of Gibraltar. It accounts for the majority of the north coast of the Spanish city of Ceuta. It stretches from Punta Blanca in the west to Isla de Santa Catalina, off the coast of the Península de Almina in the east, a distance of eight kilometres (five miles). Ceuta's harbour lies on the bay.
# Dinkelacker

Dinkelacker is a brand of German beer brewed in Stuttgart, Germany.
The Dinkelacker brewery was founded by Carl Dinkelacker in Stuttgart's Tübinger Straße in 1888. The company still brews at that location. By the end of the 19th century Dinkelacker was the largest brewery in Stuttgart.
Dinkelacker is German for "field of spelt".
# Budki Nadi

Budki Nadi (Punjabi: ਬੁਦਕੀ ਨਦੀ), sometimes called the Budki torrent, is a seasonal, monsoon-driven rivulet in the Indian state of Punjab. It begins in the Shivalik Hills of the lower Himalayas and flows in a southwest direction to eventually join the Sutlej River.

## Sugh Rao stream

The Sugh Rao stream, also called the Sugh torrent, is another monsoonal rivulet that is a tributary of the Budki Nadi.

## Budki superpassage

When the Sirhind Canal was constructed in 1882 to better spread the waters of the Sutlej, its path cut across that of the Budki Nadi. An elevated "superpassage" was built to ensure continued uninterrupted passage to the flood torrent of the Budki Nadi, which at this stage combines the waters of both the Budki Nadi and its Sugh Rao tributary torrent.
# Latigo

Latigo may refer to:
* Latigo leather, a heavy, durable, and supple cattle hide leather that is combination tanned
* Latigo, a strap used on a Western saddle to connect the cinches to the rigging
* Fisker Latigo CS, an automobile
* Latigo (comic strip) by Stan Lynde
* Látigo (wrestler) (1990–)
# Class 350

Class 350 may refer to:
* British Rail Class 350, a class of electric multiple-unit passenger trains built by Siemens
* Renfe Class 350, a series of single-cabin diesel locomotives in Spain built in the U.S. by the American Car and Foundry company
* Talgo 350, a Spanish high-speed train
* South Australian Railways 350 class, two diesel-electric locomotives built by the Islington Railway Workshops
# Kpist

Kpist (Swedish pronunciation:), short for kulsprutepistol, is a Swedish abbreviation for submachine gun. The name may refer to:
* the Carl Gustav M/45, also known as the Kpist m/45, a Swedish submachine gun used by American special operations forces during the Vietnam War.
* Kpist (band), a Swedish electronic rock band
# Dittrichia graveolens

Dittrichia graveolens, commonly known as stinkwort or stinking fleabane, is a plant species in the sunflower family, native to southern Europe, North Africa, and western Asia as far east as Pakistan. It has become naturalized in California, Asia, Africa, Australia, and other places and is regarded as a noxious weed in some regions. It is a classified as an invasive species in California, and a potential threat to wine production in the state.
The plant is a branching subshrub growing up to 130 centimetres (51 inches) tall, with an aromatic, camphor smell. Leaves are long and narrow, pointed at each end, with small teeth along the edges, glandular hairs on the surfaces, and a sticky resin. One plant can produce numerous yellow flower heads with as many as 16 ray florets and 40 disc florets.
Barbs on the fluffy-tipped seeds, which help it spread, can fatally damage the digestive systems of grazing animals. Oils in the plant also taint the flavor of meat and milk of animals that have consumed them. The sticky resin has been known to cause allergic reactions and severe dermatitis in humans. For this reasons, it is advisable to wear protective gloves when handling the plant.
* Plant in New Zealand
* Flowers in bloom
* Flower (side view)
* Flower (overhead)
* Flower gone to seed
* Dry form of plant