OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gelatin microparticle

Gelatin Microparticles are polymer microparticles constructed of gelatin. Gelatin, a bipolymer, is produced through the hydrolysis of collagen. Gelatin, along with its more familiar uses, is widely used for the production of microparticles due to its efficiency in forming gels as well as its biodegradability as a particle. Gelatin can be manipulated to form a stable matrix for biologically reactive compounds, allowing for the incorporation and protection against enzymatic degradation. Gelatin Microparticles are versatile particles and are easily loadable for the use within drug systems and alongside growth factors post-synthesis. Gelatin microparticles also allow for the biochemically controlled release of drug particles, growth factors, and other biological molecules.

## Production

There are multiple production protocols used to synthesize gelatin microparticles. These production protocols include spray drying, precipitation, solvent evaporation, and emulsification. Water in water (w/w) emulsification is the most popular method of production. W/w was developed in order to address the loss of parrtical-product bioactivity which is associated with chemically induced preparation.

## Applications

Gelatin microparticles have an array of applications in research science due to their biocompatibility and controlled release systems. Both factors have attracted much interest and attention. Gelatin microparticles have been used to encapsulate growth factors, such as TGF-β1-3, into delivery systems as well as served as microcarriers for chondrocyte expansion. Gelatin microparticles have also been incorporated to form 3D scaffolding systems through aggregation in vitro while also performing known use as a molecule delivery system. With the use of radioactively labeled growth factors, gelatin microparticles release kinetics can be altered, as was done through varied release groups of BMP-2 over four week intervals. Gelatin microparticles also serve as enhancers of calcium deposition, which serves as an indicator of tissue regeneration.
# 1st Dismounted Brigade

The 1st Dismounted Brigade was a formation of the British Army in World War I. It was formed in Egypt in February 1916 by absorbing the Lowland and Scottish Horse Mounted Brigades. The brigade was on Suez Canal defences attached to the 52nd (Lowland) Division and was broken up in October 1916.

## Formation

The 1st Dismounted Brigade was formed in Egypt in February 1916 by absorbing the Lowland Mounted Brigade and the Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade.
The Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade had served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign from September to December 1915 with the 2nd Mounted Division before being withdrawn to Egypt. Similarly, the Lowland Mounted Brigade served in Gallipoli from October until 30 December 1915 with 52nd (Lowland) Division when it was evacuated to Mudros. It was transferred to Egypt, arriving on 7 February 1916 and was immediately absorbed into the 1st Dismounted Brigade. On formation, the 1st Dismounted Brigade was commanded by Br-Gen Marquis of Tullibardine (former commander of the Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade) and consisted of:
   * 1/1st Ayrshire Yeomanry
   * 1/1st Lanarkshire Yeomanry
   * 1/1st Scottish Horse
   * 1/2nd Scottish Horse
   * 1/3rd Scottish Horse
   * 1st Dismounted Brigade Signal Company
   * 1st Dismounted Brigade MG Company
   * 1st Lowland Mounted Brigade Field Ambulance, RAMC
   * 1st Scottish Horse Mounted Brigade Field Ambulance, RAMC
From 8 February 1916, the brigade was attached to the 52nd (Lowland) Division in No. 3 (Northern) Section, Suez Canal Defences. The brigade remained with 52nd (Lowland) Division until 16 October 1916 when the brigade was dissolved.

## Dissolved

On 27 September 1916, 3rd Scottish Horse was converted to form 26th (Scottish Horse) Squadron, Machine Gun Corps. It also provided a company to the Lovat's Scouts which formed the 10th (Lovat's Scouts) Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. The battalion was transferred to Salonika, arriving 20 October, where it joined 82nd Brigade, 27th Division.
On 1 October 1916, 1st Scottish Horse and 2nd Scottish Horse were amalgamated to form 13th (Scottish Horse Yeomanry) Battalion, Black Watch. The battalion was transferred to Salonika, arriving 21 October, where it joined 81st Brigade, 27th Division.
In October 1916, the remnants of the 1st Dismounted Brigade (Ayrshire Yeomanry and Lanarkshire Yeomanry) were absorbed into 2nd Dismounted Brigade which was later renamed as 229th Brigade in the 74th (Yeomanry) Division.
# Gemelli

Gemelli is Italian for twins. It may also refer to:
* Agostino Gemelli (1878–1959), Italian psychologist
* Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri (1651–1725), Italian traveler, adventurer and jurist
* Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic, a teaching hospital in Rome
* Gemelli (pasta), a kind of pasta in the shape of twisted-paired spiral tubes
* Gemelli, a collective reference to the superior gemellus muscle and inferior gemellus muscle (muscles of the pelvis)
# 1st Destroyer Squadron (United Kingdom)

The 1st Destroyer Squadron was an administrative unit of the Royal Navy from 1951 to 1970.

## Operational history

Originally established as the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in 1947 it was renamed in 1st Destroyer Squadron in October 1951. During its existence, the squadron included C-class and Battle-class destroyers and Leander-class frigates. Ships from the squadron saw service in the Mediterranean Fleet, the Far East Fleet, in the Beira Patrol and as part of the Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT).
Of note: Command structure organizational changes took place within Royal Navy post war period the term Flotilla was previously applied to a tactical unit until 1951 which led to the creation of three specific Flag Officers, Flotillas responsible for the Eastern, Home and Mediterranean fleets the existing destroyer flotillas were re-organized now as administrative squadrons.

## Squadron commander

| Commander | Ship | Dates |
| Captain Charles E. Keys | HMS Chequers | October 1951-April 1953 |
| Captain Ralph C.M. Duckworth | HMS Chequers | April 1953-June 1954 |
| Captain Hugh S. Mackenzie | HMS Chevron | June 1954 -November 1955 |
| Captain Arthur E.T. Christie | HMS Chieftain | November 1955-May 1957 |
| Captain Robert L. Alexander | HMS Solebay | May 1957-November 1958 |
| Captain Herbert J. Lee | HMS Solebay | November 1958-June 1960 |
| Captain John Smallwood | HMS Solebay | June 1960-1962 |
| Captain Thomas W. Stocker | HMS Dido | March 1965-October 1966 |
| Captain Roger E. Wykes-Sneyd | HMS Dido | October 1966-May 1968 |
| Captain James W.M. Pertwee | HMS Euryalus | May 1968-January 1970 |
# Genchovtsi, Gabrovo

Genchovtsi is a village in Gabrovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

## Geographical location

The location of Genchovtsi is almost in the middle of Bulgaria. Located into a beautiful part of Stara planina, this village is 10 kilometers away from the main city of Gabrovo. You can go to Genchovtsi, driving by the fourth class road, which has many sharp turns and beech trees. There is no regular public transport to the village.

## History

Nobody knows exactly when the village of Genchovtsi was founded. But by the words said of old people, the village was named after three brothers who originally settled in the region. They were: Gencho (village of Genchovtsi), Bogdan (village of Bogdanchovtsi), and Fargo (village of Fargovtsi). In the past, Genchovtsi was called Genchomaali – meaning something like a neighbourhood or very small village. Another interesting fact is that many years before Genchovtsi was founded, in the middle of the village, there were graveyards.

## Population

The population of Genchovtsi is variable depending on the time of year. In the autumn, winter and spring the population of the village is about 10–15 people, principally men and women over 70 years old. In the summer months, many people who have villas come from all Bulgaria's regions. Then the population of the village grows up to over 50 people.

## Wild life and nature

* ↑ Guide Bulgaria, Accessed May 24, 2010
* This Gabrovo Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Genchi

Genchi may refer to:
* Genchi Genbutsu, the key principle of the Toyota Production System
* Jean Genchi (born 1956), British rower
# Gencellidere, Kuyucak

Gencellidere is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kuyucak, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 650 (2022).
# General Aircraft Owlet

The General Aircraft GAL.45 Owlet was a 1940s British single-engined trainer aircraft built by General Aircraft Limited at London Air Park, Hanworth.

## History

The Owlet was a training version of the Cygnet II built with the aim of producing a cheap primary trainer for the Royal Air Force. The main change was a modified fuselage with tandem open cockpits (the Cygnet had an enclosed cockpit with side-by-side seating). The same outboard wing panels were used, but due to the narrower fuselage the wingspan was reduced by 24 inches (61 cm) and wing area was reduced.
The Owlet prototype (registered G-AGBK) first flew on 5 September 1940. It did not attract any orders, but was impressed into service (with serial number DP240) with the Royal Air Force as a tricycle undercarriage trainer for the Douglas Boston, which was the primary use to which unmodified Cygnets were also being put.
The only example crashed near Arundel, Sussex on 30 August 1942.

## Military operators
### United Kingdom

* Royal Air Force
** No. 23 Squadron RAF
** No. 605 Squadron RAF

## Specifications

Data from British Civil Aircraft since 1919
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m)
* Wingspan: 32 ft 5 in (9.88 m)
* Empty weight: 1,563 lb (709 kg)
* Max takeoff weight: 2,300 lb (1,043 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Blackburn Cirrus Major I 4-cyl. inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine, 150 hp (112 kW)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn)
* Cruise speed: 110 mph (180 km/h, 96 kn)
* Stall speed: 53 mph (85 km/h, 46 kn)
# Muilla lordsburgana

Muilla lordsburgana is a species of flowering plant known by the common name Lordsburg noino. It is native to the eastern fringe of the Chihuahuan Desert of southwestern New Mexico, where it is found in scrub habitats atop Lordsburg Mesa. It is a perennial growing from a corm and reaching no more than 9 centimeters in height. The flowering stem bears an umbel-shaped array of up to 6, but usually fewer, flowers on pedicels up to 2 centimeters long. Each flower has six tepals which are white to pale lavender in color with a prominent green midvein. At the center of the flower are six stamens with wide white to pale lavender petal-like filaments. The filaments are partially fused into an erect, cylindrical "crown".
# General Albert

General Albert may refer to:
* Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (1857–1920), Prussian Army general of cavalry
* John F. Albert (1915–1989), U.S. Air Force brigadier general
* Joseph Jean-Baptiste Albert (1771–1822), French Army general de division (major general)
* Charles Frederick Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1705–1762), Prussian Army lieutenant general
# Kumamoto oyster

Magallana sikamea, also known as the Kumamoto oyster or colloquially the Kumie or Kumo, is a species of edible true oyster native to the northwestern Pacific Ocean. It has been introduced to many other locations to be farmed commercially for food.

## Taxonomy

The Kumamoto oyster was described in 1928 by I. Amemiya. It was originally classified as a variation of the Pacific oyster, M. gigas. It has also been placed in the genus Crassostrea before species residing in the Pacific were moved to Magallana.

## Description

Kumamoto oysters resemble most other oysters and are closely related to the Pacific oyster. It can be distinguished by its deeper left valve which has at least three radial ridges. Its right valve is flat but has grooves. From a lateral view, the shell appears triangular. It is fairly small in comparison to other species, reaching a maximum length of 6 cm (2.4 in). The oyster is also a slow grower, taking three years to reach market size. The adductor muscle scar is a dark purple color.
M. sikamea is known to hybridize with M. gigas in captivity. Only combinations of M. gigas sperm and M. sikamea eggs will result in a successful reproduction, however. It can be misidentified as the Pacific oyster, Eastern oyster, or Suminoe oyster.

## Distribution and habitat

While Kumamoto oysters are native to Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and southern China, it was introduced to the West Coast of North America for commercial use in 1947. It has not been established outside of its native range, and natural reproduction has not occurred due to its water temperature requirements, which are from 24–28 °C (75–82 °F). The oyster has been cultured in Puget Sound, Yaquina Bay, Humboldt Bay, Tomales Bay, Morro Bay, and San Quintín Bay.
It was discovered to inhabit Seto Inland Sea in 2011, possibly due to human or natural causes. In China, it is found on "rocky shores and hard structures in the low-to-mid intertidal zone". Its Japanese population is declining due to pollution.

## Human use

M. sikamea is mainly cultured in hatcheries on the West Coast of North America. Subsequent attempts to start farming in Atlantic France, Brazil, and Tasmania (in the Bay of Biscay, Bay of All Saints, and Pittwater, respectively), have not been successful. Although it is less farmed than the Pacific oyster, it has been considered to have a fruity, melon-like flavor and moderate amount of meat in spite of its size. They also have a light brininess.
The species is mostly overlooked in Japan, where it stems from, due to its size. Kumamoto oysters were first introduced to the U.S. after World War II, when there was an increase in demand for oysters. Japan was asked to export 80,000 cases of oyster seeds, but did not have enough of the Pacific oyster to complete the order. Because of this, Kumamoto oysters were also shipped, resulting in an "accidental" introduction to North America in 1946.
# Cookie Duster

Cookie Duster is a Canadian indie rock band, who were briefly active in Toronto in the late 1990s before reforming with some new members in 2012.

## History

Originally formed in the late 1990s by Brendan Canning and Bernard Maiezza after the dissolution of their previous bands hHead and Change of Heart, the band released a self-titled album in 2001 with a lineup that included Evan Cranley, Danko Jones, Spookey Ruben and Ian Blurton, but subsequently went on hiatus as Canning's other project, Broken Social Scene, broke through to mass popularity.
Following Broken Social Scene's announcement in 2011 that they were going on hiatus, Canning and Maiezza revived Cookie Duster, working with a new band lineup including vocalist Jeen O'Brien, guitarist Matt Murphy and drummer Damon Richardson (Danko Jones). Canning, Bernard, Maiezza, O'Brien, Murphy and Richardson released the album When Flying Was Easy in June 2012. The new lineup began performing live in early 2013, making their debut appearance at the Wavelength Music Festival in Toronto.

## Discography

* Cookie Duster (2001)
* When Flying Was Easy (2012)
# La Sotonera

La Sotonera is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is situated between Huesca and Ayerbe in the Hoya de Huesca. According to 2018 (INE) data, the municipality has a population of 894 inhabitants.
The municipality was created in 1973 by merging the communities of Bolea, Esquedas, Lierta, Plasencia del Monte and Quinzano. Bolea had united in 1965 with the adjacent community of Puibolea, but previously Puibolea had been part of Lierta. Esquedas was owned by the Count of Sobradiel [es] from 1670 until being bought by the residents in 1921.
La Sotonera is 165.5 km$^2$ in size, including a small exclave to the south-west of Banastás and Alerre. The Sierra de Gratal mountains make up the northern boundary of La Sotonera and include the emblematic Gratal peak with an elevation of 1567 metres. The Hermitage of the Virgin of the Rock is situated in this range overlooking Aniés.
The village of Bolea is the main settlement in La Sotonera and is well known for its Collegiate Church which was declared a National Monument of Historic and Artistic Value in February 1983.
La Sotonera has one railway station at Plasencia del Monte which is on the RENFE-operated line from Huesca to Jaca and Canfranc. Despite its name, the large reservoir known as Embalse de La Sotonera lies outside of the municipality to the south-west.
# Indrė Girdauskaitė

Indrė Marija Girdauskaitė (born 28 April 1998) is a Lithuanian female diver that specialises in springboard events.

## Career

Indrė Girdauskaitė competed in 2015 World Aquatics Championships, where she finished 34th and 42nd in individual events. In 2017 World Aquatics Championships Girduskaitė together with Genevieve Angerame was a first Lithuanian female duo to compete in synchronised diving event and finished in 18th place.
In 2019, she finished in 40th place in the preliminary round in the women's 1 metre springboard event at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea. In the women's 3 metre springboard event she finished in 48th place in the preliminary round.
# Cveto Pretnar

Cveto Pretnar (27 January 1957 – 25 April 2018) was a Slovenian ice hockey goaltender. He played for the Yugoslavia men's national ice hockey team at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. Pretnar stopped twenty-one shots in the second period of Yugoslavia's 0-11 loss to Sweden.
Pretnar died on 25 April 2018 at the age of 61.
# Ben R. Pollner

Benjamin R. Pollner (born in 1941 in New York) is an American businessman. He is the founder of Taurus Petroleum, based in Geneva, created in 1993, and remains its chairman and chief executive officer.

## Early life and education

In 1963, he graduated from Wagner College with a B.Sc. in Chemistry. Between 1965 and 1968 he attended the New York University Graduate School of Business Administration.

## Career

Ben Pollner held various positions in industrial companies until joining the Steuber Corporation in 1970 when he commenced his international marketing, transport and trading activities in the bulk petrochemical industry. In the 1990s, he worked for David B. Chalmers Jr at Bayoil Petroleum. Pollner is a member of a small group of top oil and mineral traders who were under the tutelage of one-time fugitive financier Marc Rich.

### Oil for Food program

Pollner's company, Taurus Petroleum was responsible for over $4 billion in Oil-for-Food deals with Iraq. Under the program, oil was purchased from Iraq and resold to large refiners in exchange for food. Taurus and Gennady Timchenko and Torbjorn Tornqvist's Gunvor are the main two shareholders of the United States' Castor Group which includes both Castor Americas Incorporated and Castor Petroleum Limited with offices located at rue des Marches in Geneva.
Pollner, through his company Taurus Petroleum, purchased the majority of the oil from two companies in Geneva, Switzerland, Fenar Petroleum and Alcon Petroleum (both registered in Liechtenstein in 1999). Fenar and Alcon were among the largest oil purchasers under the Oil-for-Food program exporting a combined $2.47 billion in crude oil. It was alleged that Pollner in fact, either controlled or owned both companies. Fenar and Alcon were alleged to have funneled $18.9 million in kickbacks to the regime of Saddam Hussein, in the form of surcharges on oil purchases. Taurus has denied paying the surcharges. In response to the investigation, Pollner stated: "I did nothing in New York or the U.S. that would be considered illegal." Pollner was never indicted. Prior to answering questions from the Southern District of New York in 2004, Pollner moved to Switzerland.

### Broker for Ecuadorian oil

Taurus Petroleum also functions as a broker of oil from Ecuador, working in conjunction with PetroChina.

## Philanthropy

Ben Pollner is active in various charitable functions including the T. Anthony Pollner Distinguished Professorship and FACES (Finding a Cure for Epilepsy and Seizures).

## Personal life

He was married to Alice Thorpe. They had three children, Edward J. Pollner (married to Lisa) of Fairfield, Connecticut, Amy P. Moritz (married to Sasha) of New York, NY and T. Anthony Pollner (who died in a motorcycle accident in 2001).
# Jędrzejewicz

Jędrzejewicz is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Janusz Jędrzejewicz (1885–1951), Polish politician
* Ludwika Jędrzejewicz (1807–1855), sister of Polish composer Frédéric Chopin
* Wacław Jędrzejewicz, Polish diplomat
# List of lakes of Nicaragua

This article contains a sortable table listing all lakes and lagoons of Nicaragua. The table includes all still water bodies, natural or artificial, regardless of water volume or maximum depth.
# Gazameda iredalei

Gazameda iredalei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turritellidae.
# Kurt Gerstenberg

Kurt Gerstenberg (23 July 1886, Chemnitz − 2 November 1968, Würzburg) was a German art historian, a doctoral student of Heinrich Wölfflin. Gerstenberg's 1913 work Deutsche Sondergotik (German Special Gothic) gave the name to Sondergotik, a style of Late Gothic architecture.
# Akkaraipattu Divisional Secretariat

Akkaraipattu Divisional Secretariat is a Divisional Secretariat of Ampara District, of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka.
# Continental education system

The German education system or continental education system is a higher education model, often contrasted with the Anglo-Saxon education system and the Scandinavian education system. It was the standard tertiary education model for most of the countries of Continental Europe before the implementation of the Anglo-Saxon model there due to the Bologna Process.
A distinction exists between vocational education (Fachhochschule; i.e.: school of applied sciences) and academic higher education (at university).
In contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model with common lower and higher academic degree for all subjects (Bachelor degree and Master's degree, respectively), in the German model the degrees are Diplom for the more practical subjects such as i.e. engineering, but also economics and business and (in Germany and Austria) the Magister Artium for the more theoretical subjects, such as social sciences or humanities.
# Label Information Base

Label Information Base (LIB) is the software table maintained by IP/MPLS capable routers to store the details of port and the corresponding MPLS router label to be popped/pushed on incoming/outgoing MPLS packets.
Entries are populated from label-distribution protocols.
LDP is a protocol that automatically generates and exchanges labels between routers. Each router will locally generate labels for its prefixes and will then advertise the label values to its neighbors. It's a standard, based on Cisco's proprietary TDP (Tag Distribution Protocol). Nowadays almost everyone uses LDP instead of TDP.
LDP first establishes a neighbor adjacency before it exchanges label information. It works a bit differently than most protocols though. LIB functions in the control plane of router's MPLS layer. It is used by the label distribution protocol for mapping the next hop labels.