OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Garhwal and Doti invasion of Kumaon

The Garhwal and Doti invasion of Kumaon was a joint military offence of Garhwal Kingdom and Doti Kingdom on Kumaon Kingdom in 1680.

## Battle

The increasing dominance and territorial expansion of Kumaon concerned King Fateh Shah of Garhwal Kingdom, and in 1680 Fateh Shah and Doti King Deopal made a military pact and joined forces to conquer the Kumaon Kingdom. The battle started as the forces of Doti attacked from the east and the Garhwal army invaded from the west, forcing Kumaon to fight a two-front war. The war lasted for months, and the defending Kumaoni army under King Udyot Chand emerged victorious; the invaders retreated. After the victory, Udyot Chand went to on a thanksgiving pilgrimage. Seeing the absence of King Udyot Chand, Deopal of Doti attacked the Kumaon again through Kali Kumaon but was repulsed by Kumaon garrison, and Kumaonis chased the Doti army back to their capital and captured it. A peace agreement was made, and Doti agreed to give annual taxes to the Kumaon Kingdom.
# Luiz Barreto Dam

The Luiz Carlos Barreto de Carvalho Dam is an embankment dam on the Grande River near Fronteira in São Paulo, Brazil. The dam serves an associated hydroelectric power plant with a 1,050 megawatts (1,410,000 hp) installed capacity.

## Background

Owned and maintained by Eletrobrás Furnas, they completed studies for the dam in 1962. Construction began in 1963 and was complete in March 1969 when the first generator went online. The dam and power plant were also inaugurated that year. Because of the Furnas Dam upstream, the water level in the reservoir is operated at similar levels year round. Furnas is currently planning to renovate and modernize the dam and power plant.

## Specifications

The Luiz Barreto Dam is a 535 metres (1,755 ft) long and 92 metres (302 ft) high earth-fill embankment dam. The total structural volume of materials for the dam is 4,290,000 cubic metres (151,000,000 cu ft). The dam's spillway contains six floodgates that are 11.5 metres (38 ft) wide and 16.5 metres (54 ft) high each. In total, the spillway has a 13,000 cubic metres per second (460,000 cu ft/s) discharge capacity.

## Reservoir

The reservoir created by the dam has a surface area of 46.7 square kilometres (18.0 sq mi) and capacity of 1,418,000,000 cubic metres (1,150,000 acre⋅ft) with on 10% of the capacity (178,000,000 cubic metres (144,000 acre⋅ft)) serving as live (active or "useful") storage. The normal reservoir level is 622.5 metres (2,042 ft) above sea level and the maximum is 626.64 metres (2,055.9 ft).

## Luiz Barreto Hydroelectric Power Plant

Luiz Barreto Hydroelectric Power Plant power house is 24.2 metres (79 ft) wide and 177 metres (581 ft) long and contains six 175 megawatts (235,000 hp) generators that are powered by Francis turbines.
# Maldives–Nepal relations

Maldives–Nepal relations refer to foreign relations between the Maldives and Nepal.
Maldives–Nepal relations were officially established on 1 August 1980.
# Menthonnex-en-Bornes

Menthonnex-en-Bornes is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

## Geography

Menthonnex-en-Bornes is located 17.4 km (10.8 mi) as the crow flies to the north of the departmental seat, the commune of Annecy.
By road, the commune is about halfway between Geneva (33 km (21 mi)) and Annecy (25.0 km (15.5 mi)) on the plateau of Bornes. It is separated from the mountain Salève by the Les Usses river valley, which forms its western border. The southern border is defined by the stream Grand Verray.

## Pronunciation

The final ex in Menthonnex is not pronounced; it should be read as Menthonné.
# Cauthen

Cauthen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Paul Cauthen (born 1986), American singer-songwriter
* Steve Cauthen (born 1960), American jockey
* Terrance Cauthen (born 1976), American boxer
* Wayne A. Cauthen (born 1955), American politician
# China Women's University

39°59′37″N 116°25′45″E﻿ / ﻿39.99355°N 116.42905°E﻿ / 39.99355; 116.42905
China Women's University (simplified Chinese: 中华女子学院; traditional Chinese: 中華女子學院; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Nǚzǐ Xuéyuàn) is a women's university located in Chaoyang District of Beijing, China. It also has a campus in Changping District of Beijing.
It was founded in 1949 as a school for the cadres of All-China Women's Federation. The current name was adopted in 1995 and in 1996 it became a university. Currently it has about 160 teachers and 3,300 undergraduate students.
It used to have a branch campus in Shandong Province, which became Shandong Women's University in 2010.
# Kargil Airport

Kargil Airport (ICAO: VI65) is a military airfield in Kargil district 6 km (3.7 mi) away from Kargil and 217 km (135 mi) from Leh. It is one of two airports in the union territory of Ladakh. The airport will be expanded for operation of commercial jets by the end of 2024.

## History

The airport was built by the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir in 1996 for civilian operations. and was leased to the Airports Authority of India (AAI). Kargil rose to prominence in the late 1990s as the site of an undeclared war between India and Pakistan. AAI transferred the operational control and maintenance to Indian Air Force (IAF) because the airport was vulnerable to shelling by Pakistani forces.
The civil enclave at the airfield is managed by the state government. The terminal building has the capacity to handle 100 peak hour passengers at a time. It was built by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) at a cost of 350 million Rupees, initially for civilian use but was transferred to the Indian Air Force (IAF) in 2003 after it was damaged in the Kargil War in 1999.
The Air Force operates its An-32 aircraft from for an air courier service that transports civilians from Kargil to Srinagar and Jammu during the harsh winter season.
The airport is a much debated issue for local politicians as well as the public who pursue the point that the airport should be opened to commercial civilian services. Air Mantra became the first commercial company to land a civilian aircraft at the airport when it landed a 17-seater aircraft with dignitaries, including then Chief Minister of the state Omar Abdullah, on board in January, 2012. However, the service could not be sustained.
The Jammu and Kashmir government sanctioned ₹ billion to upgrade the airport to handle commercial flights. A pre-feasibility study was conducted by the AAI in June 2019. The report recommended extending the existing 6,000-foot (1,800 m) runway by another 5,000 ft (1,500 m) in order to make it suitable for commercial jets.
# Association for Heritage Interpretation

The Association for Heritage Interpretation (AHI) is a membership based organisation for people actively involved or concerned with heritage interpretation.
AHI began as the Society for the Interpretation of Britain’s Heritage in 1975 and later became the Association for Heritage Interpretation. It has a membership of over 400 interpreters from around the world. It is managed by an Executive Committee which meets four times a year and holds an AGM at the Annual Conference in the Autumn. AHI’s president was Lord Sandford (1920-2009) and its patron is Loyd Grossman.
The Association states that it:
   ... works to:
   * Encourage excellence in interpretation
   * Promote professionalism in interpretation
   * Facilitate discussion and exchange of ideas
   * Support a wide range of organisations in their service to visitors
   * Develop and recognise best practice
AHI offers a focus for ideas, debate and networking. The association brings together people actively involved or concerned with interpretation of natural and cultural heritage. Some work as interpretation or heritage officers, park rangers or countryside managers, others as designers or illustrators, planners, teachers, curators, consultants, academics or people from many other professions with an interest in our environmental inheritance.
AHI publishes its journal Interpretation two times a year, produces bi-monthly newsletters and organises a series of training events each year. In 2007, AHI worked with Interpret Scotland to hold The Vital Spark Interpretation Conference in Aviemore, in 2017 AHI partnered with Interpret Europe to hold a joint conference in Inverness. The vibrant annual AHI conference is hosted in different venues across Britain and brings together interpreters to meet each other, present papers on interpretation practice and visit local visitor sites to see case studies of interpretation. Recent hosts have included Bournemouth, Cardiff, Newcastle and Shropshire.

## Awards

The current iteration of the Awards are the Engaging People Awards.
The AHI offered Discover Heritage Awards in 2015, 2017 and 2019.
From 1984 to 2007 the Interpret Britain and Ireland Awards were awarded annually, "recognising innovative and inspiring interpretation".
# Luiz Bolognesi

Luiz Roberto Bolognesi is a Brazilian screenwriter. He won several awards as a screenwriter, including "Best Screenplay" in Grande Prêmio Cinema Brasil, Recife Cinema Festival and Troféu APCA.

## Filmography

* Rio 2096: A Story of Love and Fury (2013) (writer, director)
* Bingo: The King of the Mornings (2017) (writer)
* Ex Shaman (2018)
* "The Last Forest" (2021) (Director)
# Creig Federico

Creig Ronald Federico (born May 7, 1963) is a former American football defensive back who played for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois State University. He also played for the Pittsburgh Gladiators.
He later became a coach.
# Dichosciadium

Dichosciadium ranunculaceum is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is a small, flat perennial1 herb that can grow up to 20 cm wide. The species is commonly referred to as Wreath Pennywort.

## Description

Dichosciadium ranunculaceum are herbs with a basal rosette up to 10–20 cm in diameter and is commonly found in big patches within herb fields, bogs, and damp areas. They are formed from branching taproots, with a parsnip smell when fresh. Dichosciadium ranunculaceum has many dark green, hairy, and glossy leaves, making it a distinguishing factor from other neighbouring herbs. Its leaves are a circular to ovate shape ~11-24mm long and ~12-24mm in diameter. Each leaf has a 3-7 lobe that is irregular along a crenate margined leaf. Dichosciadium ranunculaceum has a broad-cuneate or rounded base and its petiole is ~2–7 cm long.
Dichosciadium ranunculaceum has 3-7 flowers in each umbel, a hispid peduncle ~3–5 cm long, and narrow-oblong bracts ~11mm long. It has white flowers, that blooms in January to February, with 5 petals and 5 sepals ~5-10mm in diameter, as well as a green pistil and, 5 purple mericarps. Each fruit is elliptic ~2.5–7 mm long and mericarps with outer faces flattened.

## Habitat & Distribution

Dichosciadium ranunculaceum is native alpine herb only found throughout South-east Australia from Mt Kosciusko to the mountains in Western Tasmania. It has a life span of at least 3 years that returns to grow yearly when the ideal climate condition starts. Dichosciadium ranunculaceum is commonly found at an altitude of 1800-2200m above sea level.

## History and phylogenetic relationships

The Azorella clade is a sister group to Bowlesia. Dichosciadium ranunculaceum had to be placed in the Azorella clade due to the lack in hollow fruits commonly found in the subtribe Bowlesiinae. Plants in the Azorella clade has mat-forming habits similar to Dichosciadium ranunculaceum. They exhibit an intricate pattern of relationships in the plastid phylogeny. All species within the Azorelloideae subfamily is grouped based on the presence of a woody endocarp, the absence of vittae, and distinct oil ducts. They consist of plants across Australia and South America. The name Dichosciadium ranunculaceum comes from Rānunculus which is Latin for frog. It refers to plants preferring marsh habitats, similar to a frog’s habitat.
# Albert von Behaim

Albert von Behaim or Albertus Bohemus (ca. 1180 – 1260) was a papal legate and supporter of papal rights against the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

## Life

Likely born at Boheiming or Böhaming, in the Diocese of Passau, he died at Passau. He was partisan of the popes in their struggle with Frederick II. In 1205, he went to Rome, where he was employed at the papal court as an expert in law. In 1237, he returned to Germany, and through his efforts a league was formed against Frederick II between Otto of Bavaria, Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and Frederick of Austria. When excommunication was pronounced against the emperor in 1239, Behaim was made a permanent delegate and commissioned to make the sentence effective. For that purpose he appealed to the bishops of Germany (1240), and when they proved themselves negligent he excommunicated a number of ecclesiastics and laymen of prominence. At the same time, he worked for the election of a new king. However, his excessive severity had no effect, and he was forced to leave the country. In 1245, he was at the Council of Lyon, where Frederick was again excommunicated, and he worked as before against the emperor.
His office of papal delegate came to an end in 1253. From that time he lived in Passau, where he had been dean of the chapter since 1246. He laboured with zeal, but not without many conflicts, until his death.

## Works

He left two diaries, known as the first and second Missivbuch. Fragments of the first were edited by Andreas Felix von Oefele, in "Rerum Boicarum Scriptores", vol. 1; the second by Konstantin von Höfler in "Bibliothek des litterarischen Vereins" (Stuttgart, 1847).

### Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Albert von Behaim". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
# Downcast (app)

Downcast is a podcast client application for iOS, macOS, and watchOS. It was originally developed by Seth McFarland of Jamawkinaw Enterprises LLC and is currently being developed and maintained by George Cox of Tundaware LLC.
# Karen Klimczak

Karen Klimczak, S.S.J. (October 27, 1943 – April 14, 2006), a member of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Buffalo, New York, was murdered there on April 14, 2006. She had just returned from Good Friday services.

## Life

Klimczak ministered to women prisoners in a local prison, visiting them and helping their families. As a result of her experiences there, she, together with the Rev. Roy Herberger, a Catholic priest, had developed the goal of helping former prisoners in the Bissonette House, a home for parolees on the city's East Side. The home is named after a Catholic priest, Joseph Bissonette, who had lived on site. Joseph was murdered in 1987 by a vagrant whom he was trying to help, as was his practice. In a repetition of history, it was one of the residents of the house who murdered Sister Karen, after she caught him stealing her cell phone. During the incident, the resident had been under the influence of crack cocaine.
Sister Karen Klimczak was well known throughout Buffalo. She had launched a campaign of leaving large cut-out doves at the scenes of Buffalo homicides. These doves, stating "I leave Peace Prints" became increasingly popular right after her death. The doves are now posted throughout the Buffalo community as a result of Peaceprints(TM) Prison Ministries, an organization started as a result of Sister Karen's work.
During the 1970s, Klimczak was an elementary and junior high school teacher at St. Stanislaus School in Chicopee, Massachusetts.

## Legacy

The SSJ Sister Karen Klimczak Center for Nonviolence was opened in February 2007 to continue the work she had done. It offers opportunities for people to learn and practice nonviolence. Offerings include training in the Alternatives to Violence Project, educational outreach and support for groups working with at-risk inner-city youth. A book was published by the congregation in 2008, Peaceprints: Sister Karen’s Paths to Nonviolence.
# Atelier Kempe Thill

Atelier Kempe Thill is an architectural firm that includes Oliver Thill and André Kempe, originally from East Germany who graduated of TU Dresden. They are now based in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Thill won the Maaskant Prize for Young Architects 2005, and the firm designed the Dutch pavilion for a garden exhibition in Rostock, Germany in 2003 (The Hedge Building), and won design competitions for the renovation of the youth hostel in Prora (East Germany, 2004) and a "modest" concert hall in Raiding (Austria, 2005). According to the firm's website they have also constructed the HipHouse in Zwolle, a museum building in Veenhuizen, town houses in Amsterdam-Osdorp, terraced houses in Roosendaal, a town hall in Alblasserdam, a housing block in Amsterdam and other projects in a few European nations.

## Awards

Special Mention European Prize for Urban Public Space 2010 (Open Air Theatre Grotekerkplein Rotterdam).
# Lucigadus

Lucigadus is a genus of rattails.

## Species

There are currently 7 recognized species in this genus:
* Lucigadus acrolophus Iwamoto & Merrett, 1997
* Lucigadus borealis Iwamoto & Okamoto, 2015
* Lucigadus lucifer (H.M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912)
* Lucigadus microlepis (Günther, 1878) (Small-fin whiptail)
* Lucigadus nigromaculatus (McCulloch, 1907) (Black-spotted grenadier)
* Lucigadus nigromarginatus (H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912)
* Lucigadus ori (J. L. B. Smith, 1968) (Bronze whiptail)
# 1981 African Women's Handball Championship

The 1981 African Women's Handball Championship was the fourth edition of the African Women's Handball Championship, held in Tunisia from 17 to 31 July 1981. It acted as the African qualifying tournament for the 1982 World Women's Handball Championship.

## Draw

| Group A | Group B |
| Congo  Egypt  Ivory Coast | Algeria  Angola  Nigeria  Tunisia |

## Preliminary round
### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Congo | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Ivory Coast | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Semifinals |
| 3 | Egypt | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 19 July 1981 | Ivory Coast | 12–9 | Egypt |
| 19 July 1981 | | (7–6) | |
| 25 July 1981 | Congo | 12–10 | Egypt |
| 28 July 1981 | Congo | – | Ivory Coast |

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Tunisia (H) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 45 | 31 | +14 | 5 | Semifinals |
| 2 | Nigeria | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 49 | 33 | +16 | 4 | Semifinals |
| 3 | Algeria | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 3 | |
| 4 | Angola | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 36 | 66 | −30 | 0 | |
| 17 July 1981 | Tunisia | 17–10 | Angola |
| 17 July 1981 | | (9–6) | |
| 18 July 1981 | Algeria | 9–9 | Nigeria |
| 18 July 1981 | | (–) | |
| 21 July 1981 | Algeria | 20–13 | Angola |
| 21 July 1981 | | (–) | |
| 21 July 1981 | Tunisia | 11–11 | Nigeria |
| 21 July 1981 | | (4–4) | |
| 24 July 1981 | Tunisia | 17–10 | Algeria |
| 24 July 1981 | | (–) | |
| 25 July 1981 | Nigeria | 29–13 | Angola |
| 25 July 1981 | | (–) | |

## Knockout stage
### Bracket

| Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Congo |
| Nigeria | | |
| Nigeria | Congo | 11 |
| | Tunisia | 10 |
| Tunisia | Tunisia | 10 |
| Ivory Coast | | |
| Ivory Coast | Third place | Third place |
| | Nigeria | 12 |
| | Ivory Coast | 9 |
Fifth place bracket
| Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Egypt |
| Angola | | |
| Angola | Egypt | 16 |
| | Algeria | 17 |

### Fifth place game

| Algeria | 17–16 | Egypt |

### Third place game

| 25 July 1981 | Nigeria | 12–9 | Ivory Coast |
| 25 July 1981 | | (5–3) | |

### Final

| 30 July 1981 | Congo | 11–10 | Tunisia |

## Final ranking

* Qualified for the 1982 World Championship
| Rank | Team |
| | Congo |
| | Tunisia |
| | Nigeria |
| 4 | Ivory Coast |
| 5 | Algeria |
| 6 | Egypt |
| 7 | Angola |
# Malavoi

Malavoi was a Martinican band consisting of Mano Césaire, Jean-Paul Soïme, Christian de Negri, Denis Dantin, and Marcel Rémion. They formed in 1972, naming themselves after a kind of sugarcane and a street on Gorée, a Senegalese island. Many of the members were part of the Merry Lads, a band from the Lycée Schoelcher, and many had been students at Colette Franz, a music school.
Malavoi's style mixes French Antillean music with modern influences from across the Americas, especially Caribbean and Brazilian music, as well as jazz. Their early popular singles included "Albé" and "En lè mon là". The band was soon expanded to include saxophonist Bib Monville and pianist Paulo Rosine, who became the band's leader. The singers alternated and included Raymond Mazarin, Pierre Jabert, Maurice Marie-Louise, Pierre Pastel and Julien Constance.
Malavoi's first album was Malavoi, released in 1978 and featuring singer Ralph Thamar. The band broke up soon after, however, and didn't perform again until re-uniting under Rosine's leadership in 1981. Rosine greatly expanded the fiddle section, first to ten performers, then down to four with Philippe Porry taking over for Dantin, and also added Jean-José Lagier on cello. Malavoi's fame soon spread across the Caribbean and abroad with the 1983 album Zouel, featuring Thamar on vocals along with Marie-José Alie. They played at the Printemps de Bourges in 1983 and at the Caribbean festival in Cartagena, and won the Caribbean music prize, the Maracas d'Or, as well as scoring the film Rue Case Nègres (fr).
They continued touring widely into the late 1980s, in the United States, France, Japan, Russia, Brazil, Canada and Ecuador. Thamar was replaced by Pipo Gertrude in 1988. In the early 1990s, the band's popularity continued to grow, and the membership expanded with the addition of singer Tony Chasseur. Their 1992 Matebis included collaborations with numerous Caribbean musicians, including Jocelyne Béroard, Beethova Obas, Kali, Edith Lefel, Tanya Saint-Val (fr) and Philippe Lavil.
Malavoi's leader, Paulo Rosine, died in 1993. He was replaced by José Privat, while two French violinists, Jean-Luc Pino and Daniel Dato, also joined; the band's leader became Jean-Paul Soïme.
# 2S

2S or 2s may refer to:

## Science

* 2s electron in an atomic orbital
* 2S, a protein-folding intermediate with two disulphide bonds

## Transportation

* 2S gondola lift
* 2S, a series of Toyota S engines
* Birdman Chinook 2S, ultralight aircraft
* Southwind Airlines (IATA code), a Turkish airline

## Other uses

* Two-spirit, a term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe certain people in their communities who fulfill a traditional third-gender (or other gender-variant) ceremonial role in their cultures
* IIS, a draft status abbreviation for conscription into the United States armed forces
# Governor Huddleston

Governor Huddleston may refer to:
* Hubert Huddleston (1880–1950), Governor-General of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 1940 to 1947
* William Huddleston (colonial administrator) (1826–1894), Acting Governor of Madras in 1881
# Downbelow

Downbelow can refer to:
* Downbelow, also known as Pell's World, a fictional planet in C. J. Cherryh's Alliance-Union universe
** Downbelow Station, a 1981 science fiction novel by C. J. Cherryh
* Downbelow, an unused portion of Babylon 5 (fictional space station)