OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice

Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice is a textbook written by James D. Foley, Andries van Dam, Steven K. Feiner, John Hughes, Morgan McGuire, David F. Sklar, and Kurt Akeley and published by Addison–Wesley. First published in 1982 as Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics, it is widely considered a classic standard reference book on the topic of computer graphics. It is sometimes known as the bible of computer graphics (due to its size).

## Editions
### First Edition

The first edition, published in 1982 and titled Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics, discussed the SGP library, which was based on ACM's SIGGRAPH CORE 1979 graphics standard, and focused on 2D vector graphics.

### Second Edition

The second edition, published 1990, was completely rewritten and covered 2D and 3D raster and vector graphics, user interfaces, geometric modeling, anti-aliasing, advanced rendering algorithms and an introduction to animation. The SGP library was replaced by SRGP (Simple Raster Graphics Package), a library for 2D raster primitives and interaction handling, and SPHIGS (Simple PHIGS), a library for 3D primitives, which were specifically written for the book.

### Second Edition in C

In the second edition in C, all examples were converted from Pascal to C. New implementations for the SRGP and SPHIGS graphics packages in C were also provided.

### Third Edition

A third edition covering modern GPU architecture was released in July 2013. Examples in the third edition are written in C++, C#, WPF, GLSL, OpenGL, G3D, or pseudocode.

## Awards

The book has won a Front Line Award (Hall of Fame) in 1998.
# Barrier certificate

A barrier certificate or barrier function is used to prove that a given region is forward invariant for a given ordinary differential equation or hybrid dynamical system. That is, a barrier function can be used to show that if a solution starts in a given set, then it cannot leave that set.
Showing that a set is forward invariant is an aspect of safety, which is the property where a system is guaranteed to avoid obstacles specified as an unsafe set.
Barrier certificates play the analogical role for safety to the role of Lyapunov functions for stability. For every ordinary differential equation that robustly fulfills a safety property of a certain type there is a corresponding barrier certificate.

## History

The first result in the field of barrier certificates was the Nagumo theorem by Mitio Nagumo in 1942. The term "barrier certificate" was introduced later based on similar concept in convex optimization called barrier functions.
Barrier certificates were generalized to hybrid systems in 2004 by Stephen Prajna and Ali Jadbabaie.

## Variants

There are several different types of barrier functions. One distinguishing factor is the behavior of the barrier function at the boundary of the forward invariant set $S$. A barrier function that goes to zero as the input approaches the boundary of $S$ is called a zeroing barrier function. A barrier function that goes to infinity as the inputs approach the boundary of $S$ are called reciprocal barrier functions. Here, "reciprocal" refers to the fact that a reciprocal barrier functions can be defined as the multiplicative inverse of a zeroing barrier function.
# Lien Township, Grant County, Minnesota

Lien Township is a township in Grant County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 117 at the 2000 census.
Lien Township was organized in 1874, and named for Ole E. Lien, an early Norwegian settler.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.3 square miles (89.0 km$^2$), of which 32.2 square miles (83.3 km$^2$) is land and 2.2 square miles (5.7 km$^2$) (6.40%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 117 people, 45 households, and 35 families residing in the township. The population density was 3.6 inhabitants per square mile (1.4/km$^2$). There were 66 housing units at an average density of 2.1 per square mile (0.81/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 100.00% White.
There were 45 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.3% were married couples living together, and 22.2% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 18.8% from 25 to 44, 35.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $41,875. Males had a median income of $20,750 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,580. There were 16.3% of families and 14.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including 4.5% of under eighteens and 12.5% of those over 64.
# Erich Mönch

Erich Mönch (July 10, 1905 in Rötenbach bei Calw – 26 May 1977 in Unterjesingen bei Tübingen) taught for 20 years at the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart, was an important figure of Tübingen art scene after the Second World War, and after his retirement, he was an honorary member of the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart. He received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1970 at retirement for his contribution to the development of lithography.
He also gave German Scouting substantial impetus. His career in Scouts began in 1921, with the Jugendbewegung im Bund der Wehrtempler. His brother Otto, who served in World War II as a lieutenant, led a group there, with Erich Mönch. This group attached in 1926 to the newly founded Bund der Sturmtrupp-Pfadfinder, of the Deutsche Waldritterschaft. Graphic artist Helmut Hövetborn was the Bundesfeldmeister. There was no written Scout bylaws, but the members had to know the key statements of the Federation. In 1927 they acquired the Bund bei Döffingen (Kreis Böblingen) a large heath area on a mountain. Here, in the "Land of Youth", the national office was in the blockhouse style. Mönch was national Hauptfeldmeister Chief Scout.
In 1929, he and Helmut Hövetborn founded the Sturmtrupp-Pfadfinder-die Reichspfadfinderschaft im Deutschen Guttemplerorden (IOGT). After the Bundesthing (general assembly) in Roßlau the name was changed in "Sturmtrupp-Pfadfinder, eine deutsche Waldritterschaft". Helmut Hövetborn and Erich Mönch became Chief Scouts.
# Ciriaco del Llano

Ciriaco del Llano was a Peninsular Spanish General who notably commanded royalist forces during the Mexican War of Independence. Amongst his more famous battles, he commanded troops in the Siege of Cuautla.
He was born in 1756 Abanto (Somorrostro). Enter the Spanish Navy in 1775. Reach the rank of frigate captain. Later brigadier of the royal armies of Spain.
At the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence, Llano was a naval captain in command of a frigate. In August 1811, he participated in his first campaign against the Mexican insurgents where he handily defeated them at the Battle of Llanos de Apan. For his success in that engagement, he was promoted to the rank of colonel. His forces were later routed at the Battle of Izúcar in February 1812 by Mexican rebels under the command of Mariano Matamoros. Llano again distinguished himself at the Siege of Cuautla in 1812, gaining promotion to the rank of Brigadier.
He was assigned as quartermaster of Puebla for a time after the Siege of Cuatla. Shortly thereafter, he was given command of an army and defeated a rebel army under the command of Mariano Matamoros at the Battle of Puruarán in January 1814. Llano's forces successfully captured Matamoros who was tried and executed shortly after that battle.
In 1815, as chief general of the expeditionary corps at Cerro de Cóporo, Llano was forced to retreat after an unsuccessful attack.
From 1816 - 1821 he was the Intendant of Puebla. He was besieged at Puebla by a rebel army under the command of Nicolás Bravo in July 1821 and was obliged again to surrender his forces together with Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu, the future emperor of Mexico who was at that time fighting for the Spanish Crown. As per the terms of this agreement, all the troops under Llano's command were obliged to be transferred to Havana. After the loss of his army, Ciriaco del Llano returned to Spain.
# Jeff Allen (defensive back, born 1958)

Jeffrey Allen (born July 1, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the UC Davis Aggies. Allen was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the eighth round of the 1980 NFL draft. He also played in the NFL for the San Diego Chargers, and San Francisco 49ers, as well as one game for the Toronto Argonauts in the CFL. He appeared in 25 career NFL games, while making nine starts.

## Early career

Allen played college football at the University of California, Davis for the Aggies. In his final year with the Aggies (1980), he was awarded the Colby E. "Babe" Slater Award, which is awarded to the male athlete of the year.

## Professional career

Allen was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the eighth round (212th overall) of the 1980 NFL draft. In his rookie season, Allen played in all 16 regular season games for the Dolphins, where he was used primarily as a cornerback. He remained on the team through the off-season but was waived in mid-August.
The Toronto Argonauts were struggling heavily by August 1981 after losing eight consecutive games. Along with five other cut NFL players, Allen was signed in an attempt to improve the team. Allen and Elbert Roberts were expected to replace Marcellus Greene and Hank Williams. The Argonauts instead started Allen at safety for his CFL debut against the Calgary Stampeders on September 7, 1981. He was released the following week after starting only one game for the Argonauts. The Argonauts later re-signed Allen and traded him to the BC Lions for running back Calvin Murray, although Allen played no games for the Lions.
Before the 1982 season, the San Diego Chargers signed Allen. He played in the season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs. The secondary unit was praised for allowing only 3 points despite fielding two new starters, Allen and Andre Young. He went on to start in nine regular season games with the Chargers. Allen intercepted a pass from Terry Bradshaw intended for Lynn Swann in the Chargers' first round playoff win against the Pittsburgh Steelers, but the Chargers lost in the second round to the Miami Dolphins. Prior to the 1983 season, the Chargers traded Allen to the San Francisco 49ers for a draft pick, but Allen was cut during the preseason and never played for the 49ers.
# Céline Banza

Céline Banza (born on the 12th February 1997) is a singer-songwriter and guitarist from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She is the winner of the 2019 RFI Discoveries Music Award.

## Career

Banza was born in Kinshasa. She began her music career at a young age. In early 2010, she moved to Kisangani, where she met people who helped her develop a taste for music, dance, acting, and cinematography. At age 15, she returned to Kinshasa to study musicology at the National Institute of Arts where she met her band mates. In 2017, Banza made a brief appearance on The Voice Afrique Francophone. In the process, she created her own group, "Banza Musik", and participated the following year in the exhibition "Kinshasa 2050. women first! before devoting herself to her new musical project. In 2019, she performed at Jazz Kif in Kinshasa and Brazzaville. She won the 2019 edition of the RFI Discovery Awards She was chosen from among the ten finalists for the quality of her melodies and her voice. Asalfo, Charlotte Dipanda, Tiken Jah Fakoly, Fally Ipupa, Josey, Angélique Kidjo, Youssou N’Dour, Oumou Sangaré and Singuila were part of this jury. She released her first single "Te Rembi" in 2019 and her first album will be released in 2020.

## Discography
### Singles

| Year | Songs |
| 2019 | Te Rembi |
| 2019 | Legigi No Gbi |
| 2019 | Mbi Gwe |
| 2019 | Mbi Lo |
| 2019 | Sur Le Pave |
| 2019 | Mbi Yemo |
| 2019 | Songo Te He |
| 2020 | Na Mileli |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| 2019 | Céline Banza | Prix découvertes RFI 2019 | Won |
# Cesare Gravina

Cesare Gravina (23 January 1858 – 16 September 1954) was an Italian actor of the silent era who appeared in more than 70 films from 1911 to 1929.
Born in Naples, Gravina was an orchestra conductor in his native Italy. As the conductor at La Scala, he worked with performers such as Mary Garden and Enrico Caruso. At some point, he left music to become a character actor, not explaining his reasons for the career change with no one. As the owner of many theaters in South America, Gravina became financially secure to retire from motion pictures by 1924, but he preferred to remain in acting.

## Partial filmography

* The White Pearl (1915) - Setsu
* Madame Butterfly (1915) - The Soothsayer
* Poor Little Peppina (1916) - Villato
* Hulda from Holland (1916) - Apartment Neighbor (uncredited)
* Less Than the Dust (1916) - Jawan
* The Price She Paid (1917) - Moldini
* The Siren (1917) - Her Father
* The Fatal Ring (1917)
* Miss Nobody (1917) - 'Daddy' Crespi
* Let's Get a Divorce (1918) - Head Waiter
* The Mysterious Client (1918) - Ton Cavallo
* The Street of Seven Stars (1918) - Minor Role
* Marriage For Convenience (1919) - Lazzare
* Mothers of Men (1920) - Mr. Schultz - Gaston Glass
* Scratch My Back (1920) - Johoda
* The Penalty (1920) - Art Teacher (uncredited)
* Madame X (1920) - Victor
* From Now On (1920) - Tony Lomazzi
* The Leopard Woman (1920) - Arab (uncredited)
* Beach of Dreams (1921) - Prof. Epnard
* God's Country and the Law (1921) - 'Poleon
* Foolish Wives (1922) - Cesare Ventucci
* Daddy (1923) - Cesare Gallo
* Merry-Go-Round (1923) - Sylvester Urban
* Circus Days (1923) - Luigi, the Clown
* The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) - (uncredited)
* The Humming Bird (1924) - Charlot
* The Virgin (1924) - The Money Lender
* The Family Secret (1924) - Tomaso Silvano
* Butterfly (1924) - Von Mandescheid
* The Rose of Paris (1924) - George
* Those Who Dare (1924) - Panka
* Greed (1924) - Zwerkow - Junkman (uncredited)
* The Charmer (1925) - Señor Sprott
* Contraband (1925) - Pee Wee Bangs
* The Phantom of the Opera (1925) - Opera House Manager (uncredited)
* Fifth Avenue Models (1925) - Ludani's Tenement Neighbor
* An Enemy Of Men (1925) - Tony Caruso
* The Man in Blue (1925) - Tony Sartori
* Don Dare Devil (1925) - Esteban Salazar
* A Woman's Faith (1925) - Odillon Turcott
* The Circus Cyclone (1925) - Pepe
* Flower of Night (1925) - Servant
* Monte Carlo (1926) - Count Davigny
* The Midnight Sun (1926) - Opera Director
* The Blonde Saint (1926) - Ilario
* The Magic Garden (1927) - Maestro
* The Road to Romance (1927) - Castro
* Cheating Cheaters (1927) - Tony Verdi
* The Divine Woman (1928) - Gigi
* The Trail of '98 (1928) - Henry Kelland - Berna's Grandfather
* The Man Who Laughs (1928) - Ursus
* How to Handle Women (1928) - Tony
* The Wedding March (1928) - Martin Schrammell - Mitzi's father
* Burning the Wind (1929) - Don Ramón Valdez
# Bunratty Upper

Bunratty Upper (Irish: Bun Raite Uachtarach) is a barony in County Clare, Ireland. This ancient geographical division of land is in turn divided into six civil parishes.

## Legal context

Baronies were created after the Norman invasion of Ireland as divisions of counties and were used the administration of justice and the raising of revenue. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they have been administratively obsolete since 1898. However, they continue to be used in land registration and in specification, such as in planning permissions. In many cases, a barony corresponds to an earlier Gaelic túath which had submitted to the Crown.

## Landscape

Bunratty Upper is a division of the former barony of Bunratty. This belonged to the Macnamara family, and was called Dangan-i-vigin. It is bounded to the north by the county of Galway. Within the county of Clare, it is bounded by the baronies of Tulla Upper (to the north-east), Tulla Lower (to the east), Bunratty Lower (to the south), Islands (to the south-west) and by Inchiquin (to the north-west). Lough Cullaunyheeda separates the barony from its neighbour, Tulla Lower.
The barony has an area of 53,844 acres (21,790 ha). The land is rocky, but able to support large numbers of sheep.
* Baronies of Clare. Bunratty Upper, coloured blue, is in the middle.
* Quin Abbey

## Parishes and settlements

Bunratty Upper contains the civil parishes of Clooney, Doora, Inchicronan, Kilraghtis, Quin and Templemaley. The main population centres are Quin and Crusheen. The barony now also includes the eastern and north-eastern edges of Ennis. However, most of Ennis, including its historic centre, is in the Barony of Islands.
# Fiona Balfour

Fiona Elizabeth Balfour AM (born 14 August 1958) is an Australian business executive in the field of information technology. She has been named Chief Information Officer of the Year in Australia four times: 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. In 2006 she was awarded the Pearcey Award for distinguished lifetime achievement and contribution to the development and growth of Australian IT professions, research and industry. In 2017 she was appointed to the board of the Western Sydney Airport Corporation by Urban Infrastructure Minister Paul Fletcher. In May 2021 she was appointed to the board of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by communications minister Paul Fletcher against the recommendations of an independent panel.

## Life

Balfour was born in Melbourne, Australia, and completed a bachelor of arts degree in English and history at Monash University in 1979. She initially worked in the public sector, in the Victorian State Public Service followed by the Commonwealth Government, in roles related to project management and project leadership. From 1985 to 1991 she worked in management consulting and continued her studies with a Graduate Diploma in Information Management from the University of New South Wales and an MBA from RMIT University.
In 1992, Balfour joined Qantas and held a variety of positions before being appointed Chief Information Officer and a member of the Qantas Executive Committee in 2001. In 2003, her roles was expanded to include IT, procurement, property, financial services, and human resources services.
In 2006, she was appointed Chief Information Officer at Telstra, a position she held for ten months. Balfour went on to hold a number of non-executive director positions and to teach at the University of New South Wales Business School. Balfour joined ABC board in 2021.
Balfour was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2023 King's Birthday Honours for "significant service to corporate governance, and to the aviation sector".
# Liena Vayzman

Liena Vayzman (born 1971) is an American photographer, art historian and curator. Her work is included in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art and the RISD Museum.
# Montfortista kirana

Montfortista kirana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets and slit limpets.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 4.5 mm and 12 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.
# Gamat

The word Gamat, the Malay word for sea cucumber, refers to medicinal remedies derived from several species of the Holothuroidea family.

## Uses

The golden sea cucumber (Stichopus horrens) is commonly used. Tripang Emas is usually the dried, powdered bodies of sea cucumbers made into a lotion or other topical salve.
It is sometimes mixed into clay and applied to the face as a mask treatment, or put in tea and consumed for stomach complaints. Users believe that a solution of sea cucumbers can heal cuts, skin eruptions, and ulcers, and claim that it has a beneficial effect on the immune system.

## Scarcity

Sea cucumbers in the waters of Malaysia have been over-harvested to supply consumers of the folk remedy, and as a result the animal and its products are becoming scarce. Efforts to restock the fishery have not generally been successful. Recently, a sea cucumber aquaculture operation was opened on the shores of several Malaysian islands to increase the gamat supply.
# Jerold Starr

Jerold M. Starr (May 12, 1941 – July 13, 2012) was an American writer, professor, and social activist.

## Biography

He was born in Detroit, Michigan, where he attended Mumford High School and Montieth College of Wayne State University. Starr earned a Ph.D. in sociology from Brandeis University in 1970. He taught 1969–76 at the University of Pennsylvania, 1976–2002 at West Virginia University and 2004–08 at the University of California at San Diego. Since 1980 he has lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Among his many awards, Starr has been a Fulbright Scholar, National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow and recipient of the Alfred McClung Lee Award from Sociological Abstracts for "Distinguished Career as a Humanist Sociologist."
Starr's works have focused on two areas: One is peace and conflict resolution, organized in the 1980s under "The Lessons of the Vietnam War" program of the Center for Social Studies Education. This program received the Veterans for Peace Medal for Educational Achievement and has been used in about 3,500 colleges and secondary schools. In the 1990s he founded Citizens for Independent Public Broadcasting, an effort to bring greater diversity to public television and media reform throughout the PBS and NPR systems.
Since 1984, Starr has been active in theatre as a board member, producer, actor, and playwright.

## Works

* Social Structure and Social Personality, nonfiction (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974)
* Cultural Politics: Radical Movements in Modern History, nonfiction (New York: Praeger, 1985)
* The Lessons of the Vietnam War: A Modular Textbook, nonfiction (Pittsburgh: Center for Social Studies Education, 1988)
* Air Wars: The Fight to Reclaim Public Broadcasting, nonfiction (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000)
* Buried: The Sago Mine Disaster, play (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Playwrights Theatre, 2006)
* Interesting Times, play (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Playwrights Theatre, 2008)