# Asghar Ali Engineer

Asghar Ali Engineer (10 March 1939 – 14 May 2013) was an Indian reformist writer and social activist. Internationally known for his work on liberation theology in Islam, he led the Progressive Dawoodi Bohra movement. The focus of his work was on communalism and communal and ethnic violence in India and South Asia. He was a votary of peace and non-violence and lectured all over world on communal harmony.
Engineer also served as head of the Indian Institute of Islamic Studies Mumbai, and the Centre for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS), both of which he founded in 1980 and 1993 respectively. He also made contributions to The God Contention, a website comparing and contrasting various worldviews. Engineer's autobiography A Living Faith: My Quest for Peace, Harmony and Social Change was released in New Delhi on 20 July 2011 by Hamid Ansari, the then vice-president of India.

## Biography

Asghar Ali Sheikh Kurban (sometimes rendered as Asghar Ali SK) was born 10 March 1939 in Salumbar, Rajasthan, the son of a Bohra priest, Shaikh Qurban Hussain. He was trained in Qur'anic tafsir (commentary), tawil (hidden meaning of Qur'an), fiqh (jurisprudence) and hadith (Prophet's sayings), and learned the Arabic language. He graduated with a degree in civil engineering from Vikram University in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, and served for 20 years as an engineer in the Bombay Municipal Corporation. In 1965, he began publishing newspaper articles under the name of "Asghar Ali Engineer." A reviewer explains that
    "He felt that the name Asghar Ali SK, did not sound good. His friend Zoeb Ansari suggested that he could take his professional name. It is common in India especially among Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Bohra Muslims to have a family name based on one’s occupation (Bandukwala or one who deals in guns, Mithaiwala or one who deals in sweets, Vakil or lawyer, Contractor,) or on the village name (Sidpurwala, Partapurwala). Going by this trend, Asghar Ali SK chose his professional name and not his village name which would have been Mandsaurwala. He penned his article in the Times of India under the name Asghar Ali Engineer –the name stayed."
In 1972, Engineer took voluntary retirement in order to devote himself to the Bohra reform movement in the wake of a revolt in Udaipur. He was unanimously elected as General Secretary of The Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra Community in its first conference in Udaipur in 1977. In 2004 due to criticism of the Dawoodi Bohra religious establishment he was expelled. In 1980, he set up the Institute of Islamic Studies in Mumbai to create a platform for progressive Muslims in India and elsewhere. Subsequently, through the 1980s, he wrote extensively on Hindu-Muslim relations, and growing communal violence in India. Asghar Ali Engineer has been instrumental in publicising the Progressive Dawoodi Bohra movement through his writings and speeches. In 1993, he founded 'Center for Study of Society and Secularism (CSSS)' to promote communal harmony. He did not support the ban on Salman Rushdie's "Satanic Verses" though he felt that the novel "is an attack" on religion.
He authored more than 50 books and many articles in various national and international journals. He was the founding chairman of the Asian Muslim Action Network, director of the Institute of Islamic Studies, and head of the Center for Study of Society and Secularism in Mumbai, where he closely worked with scholar and scientist Professor Dr Ram Puniyani. Engineer was also a supporter of the supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations.

## Beliefs on women's rights

Engineer wrote that "Women do not enjoy the status the Qur'an has given them in Muslim society today." Engineer believed that in this day and age women should be equal to men.
   Women had internalized their subjugation of men as the latter were the breadwinners. Since then women have become quite conscious of their new status.
Engineer believed that women should be treated as equal to men, and said that people who support an unjust order, or remain silent in view of gross injustices were not religious people. Women's inequality topped his priority list of injustices. However, critics said that his interpretations of the Qur'an were not strong enough to get people to change their beliefs surrounding women's place in Islam. Sikand thought that Engineer's opinion was based on his interpretation of the Qur'an and his outlook on the 21st century instead of the interpretations that the Qur'an has now. “His understanding of Islam is indelibly shaped by his concern for social justice and inter-communal harmony, of course.”

## Awards

Engineer was given several awards during his lifetime, including the Dalmia Award for communal harmony in 1990, an honorary D.Litt. by the University of Calcutta in 1993, the Communal Harmony Award in 1997 and the Right Livelihood Award in 2004 (with Swami Agnivesh) for his "strong commitment to promote values of co-existence and tolerance".

## Some works

* Origin and Development of Islam: An Essay on Its Socio-Economic Growth., by Asghar Ali Engineer, Asghar Ali Engineer Staff. Published by South Asia Books, 1980. ISBN 0-8364-0590-0.
* The Islamic State. Published by Vikas, 1980. ISBN 0-7069-1086-9.
* Sufism and Communal Harmony
* Islam and Its Relevance to Our Age. Published by Institute of Islamic Studies, 1984.
* On developing theory of communal riots. Published by Institute of Islamic Studies, 1984.
* Islam and Revolution. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1984.
* Islam and Muslims: a critical reassessment. Published by Printwell Publishers, 1985.
* Islam in South and South-east Asia. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1985. ISBN 81-202-0152-3.
* Indian Muslims: A Study of Minority Problems in India. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1985.
* Communalism in India, by Asgharali Engineer, Moin Shakir. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1985. ISBN 81-202-0153-1.
* The Role of minorities in freedom struggle. Institute of Islamic Studies (Bombay, India). Published by Ajanta Publications, 1986.
* Ethnic conflict in South Asia. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1987.
* Status of women in Islam. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1987. ISBN 81-202-0190-6.
* The Shah Bano controversy, Orient Longman, 1987. ISBN 0-86131-701-7.
* The Muslim communities of Gujarat: an exploratory study of Bohras, Khojas, and Memons. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1989. ISBN 81-202-0220-1.
* Religion and Liberation. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1989. ISBN 81-202-0264-3.
* Communalism and communal violence in India: an analytical approach to Hindu-Muslim conflict. Published by Ajanta Publications (India), 1989.
* Communal Riots in Post-independence India. Published by Orient Blackswan, 1991. ISBN 81-7370-102-4.
* Secular crown on fire: the Kashmir problem. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1991. ISBN 81-202-0311-9.
* Mandal Commission controversy. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1991. ISBN 81-202-0312-7.
* Rights of Women in Islam. Sterling Publishers, 1992.
* Communalisation of politics and 10th Lok Sabha elections, by Asgharali Engineer, Pradeep Nayak. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1993.
* The Bohras. South Asia Books, 1994. ISBN 0-7069-7345-3.
* Kerala Muslims: a historical perspective. Published by Ajanta Publications, 1995.
* Lifting the veil: communal violence and communal harmony in contemporary India. Sangam Books, 1995. ISBN 81-7370-040-0,.
* Problems of Muslim Women in India. Published by Institute of Islamic Studies, 1995.
* Rethinking Issues in Islam. Sangam Books Limited, 1998. ISBN 0-86311-768-6.
* Competing nationalisms in South Asia: essays for Asghar Ali Engineer, by Paul R. Brass, Achin Vanaik, Asgharali Engineer. Published by Orient Blackswan, 2002. ISBN 81-250-2221-X.
* Islam in India: The Impact of Civilizations. Shipra Publications, 2002. ISBN 81-7541-115-5.
* The Gujarat Carnage. Orient Longman, 2003 ISBN 978-81-250-2496-5.
* The Qurʼan, women, and modern society. Published by New Dawn Press Group, 2005. ISBN 1-932705-42-2.
* The State in Islam: Nature and scope. Hope India Publications, 2006. ISBN 81-7871-102-8.
* Islam in Contemporary World. Sterling Publishers, 2007. ISBN 1-932705-69-4.
* Islam in Post-Modern World. Hope India Publications, 2009.